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[ { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson (born Eleanor Nancy Gow; 29 March 1964) is an Australian model, businesswoman, television host and actress. She is well known for her record five cover appearances for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue beginning in the 1980s, leading to her nickname The Body. She is the founder, primary model, and creative director for a series of business ventures, including Elle Macpherson Intimates, a lingerie line, and The Body, a line of skin care products. She has been the host and executive producer of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model from 2010 to 2013. She is an executive producer of NBC's Fashion Star and was the host for the first season.", "precise_score": 7.712553977966309, "rough_score": 7.4687347412109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Macpherson has received a number of awards recognising her business acumen and the success of Elle Macpherson Intimates. In 2005, she was named Glamour Magazine's Entrepreneur of the Year; in 2007, she received an Everywoman Ambassador Award recognising her success as a businesswoman; in 2008, the Underfashion Club's Femmy Awards crowned her Lingerie Designer of the Year; in 2009, she received a World Career Award from the Women's World Awards.", "precise_score": 2.8941173553466797, "rough_score": 6.451137065887451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson was born on March 29, 1964 in Cronulla, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia as Eleanor Nancy Gow. She is an actress and producer, known for Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model (2005), Miss Universe 2001 (2001) and 42nd Annual TV Week Logie Awards (2000). She has been married to Jeffrey Soffer since July 2013. She was previously ... See full bio »", "precise_score": 6.74229097366333, "rough_score": 6.9373626708984375, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson Info Real Name Eleanor Nancy Gow Bio Eleanor Nancy Gow biography Star Profile Timeline Biography History", "precise_score": 7.527341842651367, "rough_score": 6.410491466522217, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson Info Real Name Eleanor Nancy Gow Bio ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson", "precise_score": 2.6798458099365234, "rough_score": 6.9045281410217285, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson was born on March 29, 1964 in Cronulla, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia as Eleanor Nancy Gow. She is an actress and producer, known for Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model (2005), Miss Universe 2001 (2001) and 42nd Annual TV Week Logie Awards (2000). She has been married to Jeffrey Soffer since July 2013. She was previously married to Gilles Bensimon .", "precise_score": 6.928853511810303, "rough_score": 6.927796840667725, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson is officially off the market!", "precise_score": 1.2770130634307861, "rough_score": 6.297825336456299, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Eleanor Nancy Gow", "passage": "Macpherson was born Eleanor Nancy Gow in Killara, New South Wales in 1964, the daughter of entrepreneur and sound engineer Peter Gow, a former president of a Sydney rugby league team, the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, and Frances Gow, a nurse. Macpherson's parents divorced when she was 10 years old, and she moved with her mother and two siblings. Her mother later remarried, and a clerical mistake in registering at her new school meant that her surname was changed from Gow to Macpherson (her stepfather's surname). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5383522510528564, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "In 1994, she left her agency, Ford Models, to form her own company, Elle Macpherson Inc., which would serve as the financial organizational base for her later endeavours. She soon went on to produce her own highly popular series of calendars, each of which was accompanied by a \"making of\" television program in 1992, 1993, and 1994. She used this success as a springboard to create the \"Your Personal Best – The Body\" series of workout videos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.03079080581665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "She later diversified her portfolio of businesses, and in 1990 launched her lingerie collection 'Elle Macpherson Intimates' in partnership with Bendon Limited Apparel. Intimates met with remarkable international success, becoming the single best-selling lingerie line in both Great Britain and Australia ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2897565364837646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Macpherson has also created her own line of beauty products: \"Elle Macpherson – The Body\". The line was carried at Boots, and Australian suncare brand Invisible Zinc. She spent a year on the board of directors at Hot Tuna, advising on product development, brand positioning and sales strategy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.876204967498779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Jeffrey Soffer", "passage": "Macpherson subsequently began dating Miami, Florida-based hotel heir and billionaire Jeffrey Soffer, son of Donald Soffer, in early 2009. They broke up in March 2012, but reconciled following his injury in a helicopter accident in November 2012. They became engaged in March 2013, and married in July 2013 at the Laucala Resort in Fiji. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.674767255783081, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elle Macpherson" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.186962604522705, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Australian businesswoman, actress, television host, and model Elle Macpherson was born as Eleanor Nancy Gow in Killara, Sydney, Australia on March 29, 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.114298343658447, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson Info Real Name Eleanor Nancy Gow Bio ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Welcome to Star No Stars Elle Macpherson biography profile. Elle Macpherson is a Model from Killara Sydney Australia. Elle Macpherson is 52 years old, born on March 29, 1964. Interested in Elle Macpherson horoscope zodiac and numerology info? Read all about Elle Macpherson spirituality and personality characteristics by visiting her astrology numerology pages. You can also find insta Elle Macpherson Net Worth, wealth, fun club or review and rate Elle Macpherson by visiting her voting page. Star no stars celebrity bio profile helps millions of people find REAL time live statistic's for your Elle Macpherson fan club, Elle Macpherson appearance timeline, stats, additional resources, or other favorite celebrity, and the chance to give them a vote to help them climb up the celebrity popularity charts . Whether or not Elle Macpherson received awards for her achievements and talents, your vote for them here will help visitors from around the world get accurate and up to date celebrity popularity statistics . You can find more celebrities born the same day as Elle Macpherson by going to Star no stars celebrity birthdays page. To see who the current top celebrities from Australia are, you can visit Star no stars celebrity top charts page. If you are interested in memorable quotes, or reading more about your favorite celebrities and stars from around the world, easily search for them by using our celebirty search bar. Discover new celebrities and stars by viewing our latest celebrities page. You can bookmark, save, facebook like, google gplus+ and share Elle Macpherson biography page by using the social buttons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.368347644805908, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson Info Real Name Eleanor Nancy Gow Bio ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0662037134170532, "source": "search", "title": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0662037134170532, "source": "search", "title": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "I recently saw Elle MacPherson at the beach. “The Body” was sporting a teeny bikini, looking more gorgeous than ever—at 50. During our interview, the supermodel and entrepreneur revealed that tackling beauty from the inside out is her most potent anti-aging trick. She talked openly about her weight, the procedures she’s experimented with, and her surprising go-tos for looking and feeling great.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7837963104248047, "source": "search", "title": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle MacPherson at New York’s Fashion Cafe in 1995 Photo: Getty Images", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0709609985351562, "source": "search", "title": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle MacPherson walking the Perry Ellis runway in 1987 Photo: Corbis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.77750164270401, "source": "search", "title": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "BB: So even someone like Elle MacPherson has the same issues! Thank you for being so open and candid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4436166286468506, "source": "search", "title": "“The Body” at 50: How Elle MacPherson’s Redefining Aging" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.288026332855225, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Jeffrey Soffer", "passage": "Married for the 2nd time her boyfriend of 4 years Jeffrey Soffer following a 3-month-long engagement. [July 2013]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569247245788574, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Is Elle Macpherson having a baby at 51? | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.9630279541015625, "source": "search", "title": "Is Elle Macpherson having a baby at 51? | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson and her billionaire husband are reportedly planning to have a baby together via a surrogate, reports Australia's  Woman’s Day .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7405269145965576, "source": "search", "title": "Is Elle Macpherson having a baby at 51? | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Jeffrey Soffer", "passage": "Elle, who will turn 51 this week, and hotel heir Jeffrey Soffer, 45, married in 2013 during a romantic ceremony in Fiji and have been keen for another child ever since, the reports say. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.265439987182617, "source": "search", "title": "Is Elle Macpherson having a baby at 51? | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "The Body to have a baby? Elle Macpherson and her billionaire husband are reportedly planning to have a baby together via a surrogate, reports Australia's Woman’s Day", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3147261142730713, "source": "search", "title": "Is Elle Macpherson having a baby at 51? | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Jeffrey Soffer", "passage": "In love: Elle, who will turn 51 this week, and hotel heir Jeffrey Soffer, 45, married in 2013 during a romantic ceremony in Fiji and have been keen for a child ever since, states Woman's Day magazine ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.578071594238281, "source": "search", "title": "Is Elle Macpherson having a baby at 51? | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY Daily News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.5349037647247314, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend Jeffrey Soffer in Fiji: report ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.677833318710327, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.767232894897461, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson married billionaire boyfriend Jeffrey Soffer in Fiji, a source close to the couple told US Weekly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.934288740158081, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Jeffrey Soffer", "passage": "The 49-year-old Aussie supermodel married her billionaire boyfriend Jeffrey Soffer in Fiji, a source close to the couple confirmed to US Weekly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47593879699707, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson, 49, is six years older than her new husband.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.8519673347473145, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." }, { "answer": "Elle Macpherson", "passage": "Elle Macpherson and Jeffrey Soffer: During their relationship the couple reportedly split for 8 months, but reconciled in November of 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5260084867477417, "source": "search", "title": "Elle Macpherson marries billionaire boyfriend: report - NY ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed \"Pres\" or \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and occasional clarinetist.", "precise_score": 6.770617485046387, "rough_score": 7.947239398956299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lester Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Young's playing style influenced many other tenor saxophonists, including Stan Getz,as well as Zoot Sims, Al Cohn, and Gerry Mulligan. Paul Quinichette modeled his style so closely on Young's that he was sometimes referred to as the \"Vice Prez\" (sic). Sonny Stitt began to incorporate elements from Lester Young's approach when he made the transition to tenor saxophone. Lester Young also had a direct influence on the young Charlie Parker, and thus the entire be-bop movement. Other saxophonists, such as Dexter Gordon and Warne Marsh, were strongly influenced by Young.", "precise_score": 5.035155773162842, "rough_score": 6.748741626739502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lester Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Lester Willis Young, nicknamed Prez, was born in Woodville, Mississippi, on August 27, 1909. Lester was taught how to play music by his father, Willis Handy Young, who was a very good musician in his own right.  Lester was first taught to play the violin, the trumpet, and the drums.(Early years). He later decided to stick to the alto saxophone, despite the fact that the drums were his favorite instrument to play. When he was eleven years of age, Lester and his father moved to Minneapolis where they formed a family band and Lester played alto saxophone with them at age 13.(Bennett). He had a long history of disagreements with his father, and this caused him to leave the band when he was 19 (Early Years).", "precise_score": 6.116293907165527, "rough_score": 7.581769943237305, "source": "search", "title": "Mississippi Jazz Musician Lester (Prez) Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Lester “Prez” Young was one of the giants of the tenor saxophone. He was the greatest improviser between Coleman Hawkins and Louis Armstrong of the 1920s and Charlie Parker in the 1940s. From the beginning, he set out to be different: He had his own lingo; In the Forties, he grew his hair out. The other tenor players held their saxophones upright in front of them, so Young held his out to the side, kind of like a flute (see picture above). Then, there was the way he played: Hawkins played around harmonic runs. He played flurries of notes and had a HUGE tone that the other tenor players of the day emulated. Young used a softer tone that resulted In a soft, light sound (if you didn't know better, you would think the two were playing different instruments). Young used less notes and slurred notes together, creating more melodic solos. He played the ordinary in an extraordinary way, using a lot of subtleties to produce music that Billie Holiday said flips you out of your seat with surprise.", "precise_score": 6.128218173980713, "rough_score": 6.533343315124512, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young @ All About Jazz" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed “Pres” or “Prez”, was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and sometime clarinetist.", "precise_score": 6.58329439163208, "rough_score": 7.644510269165039, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "The special contribution to jazz of tenor saxophone jazz giant, Lester Willis Young, is signified in the name Billie Holiday gave him: “Prez” to suggest his ‘prezidental’ supremacy (as she saw it) among tenor saxists.", "precise_score": 6.358607292175293, "rough_score": 7.514531135559082, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Jazz Rhythm" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and clarinetist. He also played trumpet, violin, and drums. Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument, playing with a cool tone and using sophisticated harmonies. He invented or popularized much of the hipster ethos which came to be associated with the music....", "precise_score": 8.369330406188965, "rough_score": 8.795082092285156, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young music - Listen Free on Jango || Pictures ..." }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Lester Willis Young (August 27, 1909 – March 15, 1959), nicknamed \"Pres\" or \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and sometime clarinetist. Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basie's orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument. In contrast to many of his hard-driving peers, Young played with a relaxed, cool tone and used sophisticated harmonies, using \"a free-floating style, wheeling and diving like a gull, banking with low, funky riffs that pleased dancers… read more", "precise_score": 7.38929557800293, "rough_score": 8.316317558288574, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and ..." }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Lester Willis Young, nicknamed \"Pres\" or \"Prez\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and occasional clarinetist.", "precise_score": 6.689074993133545, "rough_score": 7.665255069732666, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, and grew up in a musical family. His father, Willis Handy Young, was a respected teacher, his brother Lee Young was a drummer, and several other relatives performed music professionally. His family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, when Lester was an infant and later to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Although at a very young age Young did not initially know his father, he learned that his father was a musician. Later Willis taught his son to play the trumpet, violin, and drums in addition to the saxophone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9489668607711792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lester Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In December 1943 Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II (see below). Recordings made during this and subsequent periods suggest Young was beginning to make much greater use of a plastic reed, which tended to give his playing a somewhat heavier, breathier tone (although still quite smooth compared to that of many other players). While he never abandoned the cane reed, he used the plastic reed a significant share of the time from 1943 until the end of his life. Another cause for the thickening of his tone around this time was a change in saxophone mouthpiece from a metal Otto Link to an ebonite Brilhart. In August 1944 Young appeared alongside drummer Jo Jones, trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, and fellow tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet in Gjon Mili's short film Jammin' the Blues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.565494537353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lester Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In September 1944 Young and Jo Jones were in Los Angeles with the Basie Band when they were inducted into the U.S. Army. Unlike many white musicians, who were placed in band outfits such as the ones led by Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw, Young was assigned to the regular army where he was not allowed to play his saxophone. Based in Ft. McClellan, Alabama, Young was found with marijuana and alcohol among his possessions. He was soon court-martialed. Young did not fight the charges and was convicted. He served one traumatic year in a detention barracks and was dishonorably discharged in late 1945. His experience inspired his composition \"D.B. Blues\" (with D.B. standing for detention barracks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.870782852172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lester Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "During the years following 1933, Lester Young played in bands with Bennie Moten, George Lee, King Oliver, Count Basie, Fletcher Henderson, Andy Kirk, and many others. In 1936, when Young rejoined Count Basie, he rose to national fame for the first time. Lester’s rising fame was significant in making Kansas City a major jazz city at this time.  Of all the places he played, Lester will probably always be remembered as a Kansas City jazz man. For the next several years he and Basie toured, and recorded.  He recorded on recordings featuring Billie Holiday who gave him the nickname, “The Prez.”  (She nicknamed him for president of the tenor saxophone, while he bestowed on her the name ‘Lady Day’.) In the early 1940’s, Young played in small bands in the Los Angeles area alongside his brother, Lee Young, and musicians such as Red Callender, Nat ‘King’ Cole and Al Sears. During this period he returned briefly to the Basie band, making some excellent recordings, and also worked with Dizzy Gillespie.  Late in 1944 he was conscripted into the US Army but was discharged in mid-summer the following year, having spent part of his military service in hospital and part in an army prison. In the mid 40’s he was filmed by Gjon Mili in the classic jazz short, Jammin’ The Blues, a venture which was co-produced by Norman Granz. At this time he also joined Granz’s “Jazz At The Philharmonic,” package, remaining with the organization for a number of years.  He also led small groups for club and record dates, toured the USA and visited Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.079213857650757, "source": "search", "title": "Mississippi Jazz Musician Lester (Prez) Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In the late 1950’s, Lester began to have health problems.  While he was on tour, he continued to record and make concert and festival appearances and was featured on television’s The Sound Of Jazz in 1957. In these final years his health was slowly deteriorating; and his band broke up.  Lester went on tour with Miles Davis, but was very disheartened to receive bad ratings.  Despite this recent downfall, the Encyclopedia Yearbook of Jazz named Lester Young the greatest tenor saxophone ever in 1956 (Late Years).  Young had taken to drinking excessively and wasn’t eating well.  It is likely that the disrespect he was beginning to receive led him to drink even more.  Young had other complications including an untreated case of syphilis.  He was admitted to a hospital in 1957 and was treated for malnutrition, alcoholism, and cirrhosis of the liver.  The doctors told Young he didn’t have much longer to live.  He returned home in 1958 and was actually able to tour again briefly.  Lester Young passed away on March 15, 1959.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9919416904449463, "source": "search", "title": "Mississippi Jazz Musician Lester (Prez) Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "1928 – Left his family’s band and changed his instrument to tenor saxophone", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65756607055664, "source": "search", "title": "Mississippi Jazz Musician Lester (Prez) Young" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "lester young tenor saxophone - jazz greats instrument collection - digital exhibit", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.727639675140381, "source": "search", "title": "lester young tenor saxophone - jazz greats instrument ..." }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "This Conn saxophone, number 444,4444, is the saxophone I used with the Count Basie band in 1936 and later. With this horn I recorded \"Twelfth St. Rag,\" \"Song of the Islands,\" \"Lester Leaps In,\" and \"One O'Clock Jump\"--among other numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.577574729919434, "source": "search", "title": "lester young tenor saxophone - jazz greats instrument ..." }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Lester Young tenor saxophone and certificate of authenticity. Gift of Marshall Stearns, 1955. ENgraved on bell: MADE/BY/C.G. CONN.ELKHART/IND./U.S.A. On back of body: PATD. DEC. 8 1914/1119954/T/M144444/L. Lacquer worn. New neck. Vulcanized rubber Conn mouthpiece.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6017407178878784, "source": "search", "title": "lester young tenor saxophone - jazz greats instrument ..." }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, and grew up in a musical family. His father, Willis Handy Young, was a respected teacher, his brother Lee Young was a drummer, and several other relatives played music professionally. His family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, when Lester was an infant and later to Minneapolis, Minnesota. Although at a very young age Young did not initially know his father, he learned that his father was a musician. Later Willis taught his son to play the trumpet, violin, and drums in addition to the saxophone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7905575037002563, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In September 1944 Young and Jo Jones were in Los Angeles with the Basie Band when they were inducted into the U.S. Army. Unlike many white musicians, who were placed in band outfits such as the ones led by Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw, Young was assigned to the regular army where he was not allowed to play his saxophone. Based in Ft. McClellan, Alabama, Young was found with marijuana and alcohol among his possessions. He was soon court-martialed. Young did not fight the charges and was convicted. He served one year in a detention barracks and was dishonorably discharged in late 1945. His experience inspired his composition “D.B. Blues” (with D.B. standing for detention barracks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.887666702270508, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Recordings made during this and subsequent periods suggest Young was beginning to make much greater use of a plastic reed, which tended to give his playing a somewhat heavier, breathier tone (although still quite smooth compared to that of many other players). While he never abandoned the wooden reed, he used the plastic reed a significant share of the time from 1943 until the end of his life. Another cause for the thickening of his tone around this time was a change in saxophone mouthpiece from a metal Otto Link to an ebonite Brilhart. In August 1944 Young appeared alongside drummer Jo Jones, trumpeter Harry “Sweets” Edison, and fellow tenor saxophonist Illinois Jacquet in Gjon Mili’s short film Jammin’ the Blues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8223114013671875, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In September 1944 Young and Jo Jones were in Los Angeles with the Basie Band when they were inducted into the U.S. Army. Unlike many white musicians, who were placed in band outfits such as the ones led by Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw, Young was assigned to the regular army where he was not allowed to play his saxophone. Based in Ft. McClellan, Alabama, Young was found with marijuana and alcohol among his possessions. He was soon court-martialed. Young did not fight the charges and was convicted. He served one year in a detention barracks and was dishonorably discharged in late 1945. His experience inspired his composition “D.B. Blues” (with D.B. standing for detention barracks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.887666702270508, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In September 1944 Young and Jo Jones were in Los Angeles with the Basie Band when they were inducted into the U.S. Army. Unlike many white musicians, who were placed in band outfits such as the ones led by Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw, Young was assigned to the regular army where he was not allowed to play his saxophone. Based in Ft. McClellan, Alabama, Young was found with marijuana and alcohol among his possessions. He was soon courtmartialed. Young did not fight the charges and was convicted. He served one year in a detention barracks and was dishonorably discharged in late 1945. His experience inspired his composition “D.B. Blues” (with D.B. standing for detention barracks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.887968063354492, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Young’s playing style influenced many other tenor saxophonists. Perhaps the most famous and successful of these were Stan Getz and Dexter Gordon, but he also influenced many in the cool movement such as Zoot Sims, Al Cohn, and Gerry Mulligan. Paul Quinichette modeled his style so closely on Young’s that he was sometimes referred to as the “Vice Prez” (sic). Sonny Stitt began to incorporate elements from Lester Young’s approach when he made the transition to tenor saxophone. Lester Young also had a direct influence on young Charlie Parker (“Bird”), and thus the entire be-bop movement. Indeed, recordings of Parker on tenor sax are similar in style to that of Young. Lesser-known saxophonists, such as Warne Marsh, were strongly influenced by Young.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.540449142456055, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Acid Jazz/boogaloo band the Greyboy Allstars song “Tenor Man” is a tribute to Young. On their 1999 album “Live,” saxophonist Karl Denson introduces the song by saying, “…now some folks may have told you that Lester Young is out of style, but we’re here to tell you that the Prez is happenin’ right now.” Those were literally the lyrics Rahsaan Roland Kirk wrote and sang to the melody of the Charles Mingus elegy, “Goodbye Pork Pie Hat.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8932435512542725, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young | Jess Waid" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "as he reshaped the art of tenor saxophone in the late 1930s and 1940s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020763397216797, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Jazz Rhythm" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Many consider Lester Young the greatest tenor saxophone player of all time. He was undoubtedly a masterful innovator from the mid 1930’s to the mid 1940s changing the way saxophone was played and changing the art of Jazz itself. As a saxist -- and as major contributor to the Count Basie band -- Lester Young brought a strong personal voice; a cool modernism; and a new rhythmic flexibility to jazz in the freely dancing rhythms of 4-beat swing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7057464122772217, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Jazz Rhythm" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "     1st -- His unique saxophone sound was light in tone and very UN-saxophone-like. At times his tenor sounds more like a brass horn than a reed instrument. I describe his sax tone as “hollowed out.” In contrast to the predominant sax style of his day Lester plays largely without the pronounced vibrato or rich, resonant overtones heard in other saxoophone players of his day like Coleman Hawkins, Johnny Hodges or Ben Webster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9331841468811035, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Jazz Rhythm" }, { "answer": "Saxist", "passage": "Another part of the fascination with Lester Young lies in his odd personal habits, contradictions, and bizarre language. Of course, there’s the way he stuck out his sax at a strange 45-degree angle unlike any other saxist before or since. Oddly, though he was extremely wary of white racism his two big influences were white saxophonists Frankie Trumbauer and Jimmy Dorsey!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8319010734558105, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Jazz Rhythm" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Lester Young will remain a towering figure for as long as people listen to saxophone. Yet to me he stands as a lonely and possibly even tragic Giant of Jazz.  He was a solitary spirit who shone brightly, all too briefly, creating a whole new world of music in a few fleeting wisps of sound. He was one of those special few musicians who find that most elusive of prizes: ORIGINALITY. Lester Young had a distinctly fresh, unique voice. Speaking his truth -- he expanded the language of music and left an indelible personal signature on jazz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4494059681892395, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Jazz Rhythm" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Coleman Randolph Hawkins, nicknamed Hawk and sometimes \"Bean\", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. One of the first prominent jazz musicians on his instrument, as Joachim E. Berendt explained: ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.564492225646973, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Benjamin Francis \"Ben\" Webster was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. Webster, born in Kansas City, Missouri, is considered one of the three most important \"swing tenors\" along with Coleman Hawkin...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.506176948547363, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Dexter Gordon was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He was among the earliest tenor players to adapt the bebop musical language of people such as Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Bud Powell t...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591008186340332, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Walter Theodore \"Sonny\" Rollins is an American jazz tenor saxophonist, widely recognized as one of the most important and influential jazz musicians. In a seven-decade career, he has recorded at le...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777619361877441, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Arthur Edward Pepper, Jr. was an American alto saxophonist and clarinetist. A longtime figure in West coast jazz, Pepper came to prominence in Stan Kenton's big band. He was known for his emotional...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.542298316955566, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Julian Edwin \"Cannonball\" Adderley was a jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14008903503418, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young - Music on Google Play" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "In the 1930s, Lester Young — known as the \"President of Jazz\" or simply \"The Prez\" — led a revolution on the tenor saxophone that influenced generations to follow. He was Billie Holiday 's favorite accompanist, and his robust tenor playing influenced everybody from Charlie Parker to Sonny Rollins . Young was famous for his porkpie hat and his hipster language, but he'll always be remembered for his remarkable solos. Lester Young was born 100 years ago Thursday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.2699103355407715, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Rather than holding his saxophone vertically, Lester Young held it high and to the right at a 45-degree angle. Herman Leonard/Getty Images hide caption", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.501880168914795, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Rather than holding his saxophone vertically, Lester Young held it high and to the right at a 45-degree angle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.519951820373535, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "In the winter of 1959, French photographer Francois Postif interviewed Young in his Paris hotel room less than two months before the saxophonist died. The recording has been passed around from jazz fan to jazz fan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780719757080078, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Sweetness is what Young was all about. When he started to gain attention, the dominant style of the day was the aggressive, hard-driving saxophone of Coleman Hawkins . But Young played in the upper range of his tenor in a lyrical, relaxed style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.214521408081055, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" }, { "answer": "Saxophonist", "passage": "Morgenstern, who met Young in 1958, says the saxophonist always told a story in his solos, in an original way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.544318199157715, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" }, { "answer": "Saxophone", "passage": "Young was an original in other ways. Rather than holding his saxophone vertically, he held it high and to the right at a 45-degree angle. He famously wore a porkpie hat and moccasins. Young also had a flair for language: He said he had \"big eyes\" for the things he liked, he nicknamed Billie Holiday \"Lady Day,\" and he called women's feet in open-toed shoes \"nice biscuits.\" He also made up new words that found their way into songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.200915336608887, "source": "search", "title": "Lester Young: 'The Prez' Still Rules At 100 : NPR" } ]

[ { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "One of the most famous haunted theaters in the history of Chicago is the Biograph Theater, located on North Lincoln Avenue in downtown Chicago. It was here, in 1934, that John Dillinger supposedly met his end.... The theater has gained a reputation for being haunted, but the story of the ghost seen here actually revolves around the alleyway outside. But the theater, and the surrounding businesses, have banked on the criminal's name for many years. On the day after the fatal shots were fired, the bar next door placed a sign in the window that read \"Dillinger had his last drink here\". Theater patrons can examine a window in the box office that describes the set-up of Dillinger by the FBI. They can sit in the same seat where Dillinger sat nearly 65 years ago and after the film, they can emerge into \"Dillinger's Alley.... it is here where the ghost is said to appear.", "precise_score": -7.372028827667236, "rough_score": -10.033698081970215, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "On the evening that he was killed, Dillinger left the theater in the company of Anna Sage (the famed \"Lady in Red\") and with another girlfriend, Polly Hamilton. He had been hiding out in her North Halstead Street apartment but for months he had been pursued diligently by Melvin Purvis, the head of the Chicago branch of the FBI. Purvis had lived and breathed Dillinger (and would, after the robber's death, commit suicide) and had narrowly missed him several times at a State Street and Austin Cafe; at Dillinger's north woods hideout in Sault St. Marie; and at Wisconsin's Little Bohemia, where FBI agents recklessly killed a civilian and injured two others.", "precise_score": 1.500763177871704, "rough_score": -2.1565535068511963, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "The criminal life of John Dillinger started in 1925 when he held up a grocery store in his hometown of Mooresville, Indiana. Pleading guilty, he was sentenced to serve 10-20 years in prison while his accomplice, who claimed not guilty, only received a sentence of 2 years. Dillinger spent the next 8 years in jail but when he was released in May of 1933, he robbed three banks in three months and netted more than $40,000. Thus began Dillinger's wild spree of crime.", "precise_score": -10.584883689880371, "rough_score": -10.097551345825195, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "When Dillinger walked into the theater that night he had been set up by Anna Sage, who had taken him there at the request of the FBI. She had promised to be wearing a red dress for identification purposes. Sixteen cops and FBI agents waited over two hours outside the theater, waiting for the unknowing Dillinger to exit. They even walked the aisles of the theater several times to make sure that he was still there.... how could the clever gangster have not noticed them?", "precise_score": 0.2957327365875244, "rough_score": -6.646740436553955, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "On the night of the shooting, a local man named Jimmy Lawrence disappeared. Lawrence was a small-time criminal who had recently moved from Wisconsin. He lived in the neighborhood and often came to the Biograph Theater.... he also bore an uncanny resemblance to John Dillinger.", "precise_score": -9.402898788452148, "rough_score": -10.277587890625, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Some writers have suggested this is exactly what happened. Respected crime writer, Jay Robert Nash, an expert on Dillinger, reported in his book The Dillinger Dossier that Dillinger's girlfriend and Anna Sage rigged the whole affair. According to Nash, Sage was a prostitute from England who was in danger of being deported. To prevent this, she went to the police and told them that she knew Dillinger. In exchange for not being deported, she would arrange to have Dillinger at the Biograph, where they could nab him. She agreed to wear a bright, red dress so she would be easily recognized. While FBI agents waited, \"Dillinger\" and his girlfriends watched the movie and enjoyed popcorn and soda. When the film ended, the FBI agents made their move.", "precise_score": -7.19801664352417, "rough_score": -9.425886154174805, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "The day after the robbery a man known as Jimmy Lawrence met his girlfriend, Polly Hamilton, for a date. He had been seeing her for two weeks. She was renting out a room from a Romanian immigrant named Anna Sage. Sage was currently facing deportation proceedings, stemming from her convictions resulting from charges related to her running brothels in Gary, Indiana, and East Chicago. Only Sage knew that Jimmy Lawrence, was in fact, John Dillinger. While living quietly in his new identity, the manhunt was continuing. Hoover had appointed Samuel Cowley to head up the investigation in Chicago.", "precise_score": -10.14814567565918, "rough_score": -10.436162948608398, "source": "search", "title": "The Lady in Red - John Dillinger" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "THE LIFE & MYSTERIOUS DEATH OF JOHN DILLINGER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453757286071777, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "The scene outside of Chicago's Biograph Theater less than one hour after Dillinger. was allegedly killed by the FBI.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347012519836426, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Herbert Dillinger", "passage": "Several shots rang out and the fleeing man in the straw hat fell dead to the pavement, his left eye shredded by one of the shots fired by the other agents who lay in wait. So ended the life of John Herbert Dillinger, the most prolific bank robber in modern American history and the general public's favorite Public Enemy No. 1......", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178367614746094, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "But what really happened in the final moments of Dillinger's life? To answer the strange and perplexing questions surrounding his possible death, we have to first look at his bloody and violent life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352677345275879, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "It was finally at the Biograph where Purvis caught up with Dillinger and put an end to his career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161398887634277, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Dillinger was captured in September 1933 and imprisoned in Lima, Ohio. In three weeks, his gang sprung him in a dangerous escape and again were back to bank robbing. In January 1934, Dillinger shot and killed a police officer in East Chicago, for which he was arrested in Arizona and jailed in Crown Point, Indiana to await trial. He escaped a month later, using a fake gun that he had carved from a bar of soap and blackened with shoe polish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944823265075684, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "He eluded the police for another month, shooting his way out of an ambush in St. Paul and dodging the FBI near Mercer, Wisconsin.  Dillinger arrived in Chicago in late June and proceeded to rob a South Bend, Indiana bank and kill a police officer and four civilians. In just over a year, Dillinger has robbed six banks, killed two cops, two FBI agents, escaped from jail twice and had escaped from police and FBI traps six times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119126319885254, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "In the process of all of this violence, Dillinger managed to become an American folk hero. It was the time of the Great Depression and here was a man striking back at poverty by taking from those who could afford losing their money the most. Stories began to circulate about Dillinger giving away much of his stolen money to the poor and the needy. Were these stories true? Who knows? But the American public believed it, which was more than the government could stand. Dillinger had to be taken, and soon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221772193908691, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Dillinger knew that his luck could only hold out for so long and in May of 1934, he  contacted a washed-up doctor who had done time for drug charges named Loeser. He paid him $5000 to perform some plastic surgery on his recognizable face, getting rid of three moles and a scar and getting rid of the cleft of his chin and the bridge of his nose. The doctor agreed to the surgery and left Dillinger in the care of his assistant to administer the general anesthetic. An ether-soaked towel was placed over Dillinger's face and the assistant told him to breathe deeply. Suddenly, Dillinger's face turned blue and he swallowed his tongue... and died!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191888809204102, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Dr. Loeser immediately revived the gangster and proceeded to do the surgery. Dillinger would have no idea how close he had come to death. Ironically, just 25 days later, he would catch a bullet in front of the Biograph Theater.... or so they say.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347960472106934, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Finally, Dillinger left the theater and was met by Melvin Purvis. He stepped down from the curb, just passing the alley entrance and tried to run. He reached for his own gun, but it was too late... four shots were fired and three hit Dillinger. The gangster fell, dead when he hit the pavement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156390190124512, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Purvis ordered Dillinger rushed to nearby Alexian Brothers Hospital. He was turned away at the doors as he was already dead and Purvis and the police waited on the hospital lawn for the coroner to arrive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065007209777832, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "A mob scene greeted the coroner at the Cook County Morgue where curiosity-seekers filed in long lines past a glass window for a last look at Dillinger. Little did they know that the man they were looking at may not have been the famed gangster at all.....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28731632232666, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "And it is at this theater where the final moments of John Dillinger have left a lasting impression. It would be many years after before people passing by the Biograph on North Lincoln Avenue would begin to spot a blue, hazy figure running down the alley next the theater, falling down and then vanishing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3237886428833, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "The place certainly seemed haunted.... but is the ghost of the man who has been seen here really that of John Dillinger?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332003593444824, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Ever since the night of the shoot-out at the Biograph, eyewitness accounts and the official autopsy have given support to the theory that the dead man may not have been Dillinger. Rumors have persisted that the man killed by the FBI was actually a small-time hood from Wisconsin who had been set up by Dillinger's girlfriend and Anna Sage to take the hit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81506633758545, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "There are many striking errors in the autopsy report.... the dead man had brown eyes while Dillinger's were blue; the corpse had a rheumatic heart condition since childhood while Dillinger's naval service records said that his heart was in perfect condition; and the man who was killed was much shorter and heavier than Dillinger and had none of his distinguishing marks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166119575500488, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Police agencies claimed that Dillinger had plastic surgery to get rid of his scars and moles, but also missing were at least two scars on Dillinger's body!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349401473999023, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "In addition, a photograph taken from the purse of Dillinger's girlfriend shows her in the company of a man who looks like the man killed at the Biograph... a photo taken before Dillinger ever had plastic surgery!  Could Dillinger's girlfriend have made a date with Jimmy Lawrence to go to the Biograph, knowing (thanks to Anna Sage) that the FBI was waiting for him there?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200942993164062, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "Nash believes however, that they shot Jimmy Lawrence instead of Dillinger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286309242248535, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "He also believes that when they learned of their mistake, the FBI covered it up, either because they feared the wrath of J. Edgar Hoover, who told them to \"get Dillinger or else\", or because Hoover himself was too embarrassed to admit the mistake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04337215423584, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "So, what happened to the real John Dillinger? Nobody knows for sure, but some claim this American Robin Hood, who supposedly only robbed from banks and gave some of his spoils to the poor, married and moved to Oregon. He disappeared in the late 1940's and was never heard from again.......", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141422271728516, "source": "search", "title": "THE BIOGRAPH THEATER - prairieghosts.com" }, { "answer": "John Dillinger", "passage": "On July 20, 1934, Anna Sage contacted acquaintance Martin Zarkovich, an East Chicago police sergeant, and offered to reveal the whereabouts of John Dillinger in return for both the reward money and help in blocking her deportation. Zarkovich contacted Melvin Purvis. At subsequent secret meeting with Purvis and Cowley she outlined her offer and received assurance that they would help with her deportation problem. She told them that she would be going with John and Polly to the movies at the Marbro the following evening.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.728650093078613, "source": "search", "title": "The Lady in Red - John Dillinger" }, { "answer": "Dillinger", "passage": "On July 22, all available agents were briefed on the setup. At 5:30 p.m., Sage called and confirmed that they would attend a movie that night at either the Marbro, or the Biograph theater. Secondary plans were quickly made to have Purvis and Agent Ralph Brown stake out the Biograph. Spotting Dillinger and the women arrive at the Biograph, where Manhattan Melodrama featuring Clark Gable was showing, Agent Brown immediately called Cowley. Agents quickly surrounded the theater. Purvis was stationed left of the entrance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15643310546875, "source": "search", "title": "The Lady in Red - John Dillinger" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "By 1980, Kenny Rogers already had seven #1 country singles under his belt, including \"Lucille,\" \"The Gambler\" (1978) and \"Coward Of The County\" (1979). All three of those songs, as well as \"Don't Fall In Love With A Dreamer,\" his 1980 duet with Kim Carnes, had also reached the top 10 on the Billboard pop charts, but it was a brand-new song on Kenny Rogers' Greatest Hits that would help propel that album to 12-times Platinum status and give Rogers his only solo #1 pop hit: the Lionel Richie-penned \"Lady.\" (A simultaneous country chart-topper, \"Lady\" also gave Richie, the former Commodores frontman, his only share of a country #1.)", "precise_score": 6.166497230529785, "rough_score": 8.284087181091309, "source": "search", "title": "Kenny Rogers’ Greatest Hits goes to #1 - Dec 13, 1980 ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "By 1980, Kenny Rogers already had seven #1 country singles under his belt, including \"Lucille,\" \"The Gambler\" (1978) and \"Coward Of The County\" (1979). All three of those songs, as well as \"Don't Fall In Love With A Dreamer,\" his 1980 duet with Kim Carnes, had also reached the top 10 on the Billboard pop charts, but it was a brand-new song on Kenny Rogers' Greatest Hits that would help propel that album to 12-times Platinum status and give Rogers his only solo #1 pop hit: the Lionel Richie-penned \"Lady.\" (A simultaneous country chart-topper, \"Lady\" also gave Richie, the former Commodores frontman, his only share of a country #1.)", "precise_score": 6.166497230529785, "rough_score": 8.284087181091309, "source": "search", "title": "Kenny Rogers’ Greatest Hits goes to #1 - History" }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "Kenny Rogers has revealed that Lionel Richie wrote his hit song 'Lady' while he was sat on the toilet.", "precise_score": 7.320711135864258, "rough_score": 8.47566032409668, "source": "search", "title": "Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "Lionel Richie wrote Kenny Rogers ' hit song 'Lady' while he was on the toilet.", "precise_score": 7.94303035736084, "rough_score": 8.516862869262695, "source": "search", "title": "Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "In 1980, a selection he recorded as a duet with Kim Carnes, \"Don't Fall In Love With A Dreamer,\" became a major hit. (Rogers, Carnes, and Carnes's husband David Ellingson were all former members of \"The New Christy Minstrels.\" Carnes and Ellingson had written and composed the selections of Gideon, the source album of \"Don't Fall In Love With A Dreamer,\" specifically for Rogers himself.) Earlier that year, he sang a duet of \"You and Me\" with Lynda Carter in her television music special Lynda Carter Special (Rogers originally recorded this with Dottie West for the Every Time Two Fools Collide album). Later in 1980 came his partnership with Lionel Richie who wrote and produced Rogers' No. 1 hit \"Lady.\" Richie went on to produce Rogers's 1981 album Share Your Love, a chart topper and commercial favorite featuring hits such as \"I Don't Need You\" (Pop No. 3), \"Through the Years\" (Pop No. 13), and \"Share Your Love with Me\" (Pop No. 14). His first Christmas album was also released that same year. In 1982, Rogers released the album Love Will Turn You Around. The album's single of the same name reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hit 100 and topped the country and AC charts. It was the theme song of Rogers' 1982 film Six Pack. Shortly afterwards, he started working with producer David Foster in 1983 recording the smash Top 10 hit Bob Seger cover \"We've Got Tonight,\" a duet with Sheena Easton. Also a #1 single on the Country charts in the United States, it reached the Top 30 on the British charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.639092206954956, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenny Rogers" }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "In 1981 Kenny bought the old ABC Dunhill building and built one of the most popular and state of the art recording studios in Los Angeles. Many of the biggest artist and bands in the world including, Michael Jackson, Chicago, Lionel Richie, Rod Stewart and Kenny Rogers, recorded at Lion Share.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9086761474609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenny Rogers" }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "On April 10, 2010, a TV special was taped, Kenny Rogers: The First 50 Years. Dolly Parton and Lionel Richie were among those set to perform with Rogers during a show celebrating his contribution to country, blues and pop music, It took place at the MGM Grand in Foxwoods. This special debuted on March 8, 2011 on Great American Country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.122997999191284, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenny Rogers" }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "On June 10, 2012, Rogers appeared on stage with the musical group Phish to perform his hit song \"The Gambler\" at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival. Also in 2012, Rogers re-recorded the hit song \"Lady\", a duet with its songwriter Lionel Richie, on Richie's album Tuskegee. The pair also performed the song live at the 2012 ACM concert, \"Lionel Richie & Friends\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.96609354019165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenny Rogers" }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "After years of success with the Commodores, with songs like “Brick House,” “Easy” and “Three Times a Lady,” Lionel Richie began a career transition by writing a monster hit for Rogers in 1980. It’s no surprise that there would be a mega hit in combining these successful hitmakers. “Lady” topped the Country, Hot 100, and Adult Contemporary charts. The song’s overwhelming success set the stage for Richie to release his first solo album in 1982.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.19942569732666, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Kenny Rogers Songs - Taste of Country" }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "In 1980, a selection he recorded as a duet with Kim Carnes , \"Don't Fall In Love With A Dreamer,\" became a major hit. (Rogers, Carnes, and Carnes's husband David Ellingson were all former members of \" The New Christy Minstrels .\" Carnes and Ellingson had written and composed the selections of Gideon, the source album of \"Don't Fall In Love With A Dreamer,\" specifically for Rogers himself.) Earlier that year, he sang a duet of \"You and Me\" with Lynda Carter in her television music special Lynda Carter Special (Rogers originally recorded this with Dottie West for the Every Time Two Fools Collide album). Later in 1980 came his partnership with Lionel Richie who wrote and produced Rogers' No. 1 hit \"Lady.\" Richie went on to produce Rogers's 1981 album Share Your Love, a chart topper and commercial favorite featuring hits such as \"I Don't Need You\" (Pop No. 3), \"Through the Years\" (Pop No. 13), and \"Share Your Love with Me\" (Pop No. 14). His first Christmas album was also released that same year. In 1982, Rogers released the album Love Will Turn You Around. The album's single of the same name reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hit 100 and topped the country and AC charts. It was the theme song of Rogers' 1982 film Six Pack. Shortly afterwards, he started working with producer David Foster in 1983 recording the smash Top 10 hit Bob Seger cover \"We've Got Tonight,\" a duet with Sheena Easton . Also a #1 single on the Country charts in the United States, it reached the Top 30 on the British charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.639092206954956, "source": "search", "title": "Kenny Rogers: Music Downloads, Album Info & More ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "In 1981 Kenny bought the old ABC Dunhill building and built one of the most popular and state of the art recording studios in Los Angeles. Many of the biggest artist and bands in the world including, Michael Jackson , Chicago , Lionel Richie , Rod Stewart and Kenny Rogers, recorded at Lion Share. The song \"We Are The World\" was also recorded there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.776122093200684, "source": "search", "title": "Kenny Rogers: Music Downloads, Album Info & More ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "On April 10, 2010, a TV special was taped, Kenny Rogers: The First 50 Years. Dolly Parton and Lionel Richie were among those set to perform with Rogers during a show celebrating his contribution to country, blues and pop music, It took place at the MGM Grand in Foxwoods. This special debuted on March 8, 2011 on Great American Country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.122997999191284, "source": "search", "title": "Kenny Rogers: Music Downloads, Album Info & More ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "On June 10, 2012, Rogers appeared on stage with the musical group Phish to perform his hit song \"The Gambler\" at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival. Also in 2012, Rogers re-recorded the hit song \"Lady\", a duet with its songwriter Lionel Richie, on Richie's album Tuskegee. The pair also performed the song live at the 2012 ACM concert, \"Lionel Richie & Friends\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.96609354019165, "source": "search", "title": "Kenny Rogers: Music Downloads, Album Info & More ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet | Contactmusic.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.444068431854248, "source": "search", "title": "Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.387998104095459, "source": "search", "title": "Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet ..." }, { "answer": "Lionel Richie", "passage": "Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.387998104095459, "source": "search", "title": "Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie wrote Lady on the toilet ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell Heartaches By The Number", "precise_score": 1.2196701765060425, "rough_score": -0.12500669062137604, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell: Heartaches By The Number", "precise_score": 2.3534674644470215, "rough_score": 0.6174137592315674, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell Heartaches By The Number", "precise_score": 1.2196701765060425, "rough_score": -0.12500669062137604, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell - Heartache by the Numbers 50s (clean version) - YouTube", "precise_score": 5.108312129974365, "rough_score": 5.049901962280273, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell - Heartache by the Numbers 50s (clean version ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell - Heartache by the Numbers 50s (clean version)", "precise_score": 5.41615104675293, "rough_score": 5.550467014312744, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell - Heartache by the Numbers 50s (clean version ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "The biggest hit version was recorded by Guy Mitchell on August 24, 1959. It reached the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 for the weeks of December 14 and December 21, 1959. The recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 41476. This would be Guy's second Pop chart topper (After Singing the Blues); ironically, it would also be his last top-40 single in the Billboard charts. Columbia first issued a mono recording by Mitchell as a 7\" 45 rpm single, which became the hit. Columbia later issued a stereo version of the song, also by Mitchell, however the mono and stereo issues are in fact two completely different recordings. The hit version has never appeared in stereo and has only appeared on a lone compact disc release (Hit Parade Records 12311, \"Hard to Find Jukebox Classics 1959: Pop Gold.\") The video game Fallout: New Vegas does not feature his original Columbia Records version; rather it is a 1980 re-recording made for K-Tel records. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71597671508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heartaches by the Number" }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508628845214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heartaches by the Number" }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "\"GUY MITCHELL- \"HEARTACHES...\" The YouTube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third-party notifications of copyright infringement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0620903968811035, "source": "search", "title": "GUY MITCHELL- \"HEARTACHES BY THE NUMBER\" (LYRICS) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family Records", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3955410718917847, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Niemand, wirklich niemand hat Country-Standards für den Pop-Markt besser gesungen als Guy Mitchell. Diese exzellente 'Best Of'-Zusammenstellung enthält u.a. Singing The Blues, Heartaches By The Number,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.420437812805176, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Artikeleigenschaften von Guy Mitchell: Heartaches By The Number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1479060649871826, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Interpret: Guy Mitchell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493124008178711, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508628845214844, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell (born Albert Cernik in Detroit in 1927) certainly belongs on this collection. A popster of the first magnitude, his life story and career in music from 1950-1960 are documented on Bear Family's Heartaches ByThe Number (BCD 15454). Mitchell's career was crafted and shaped to perfection by the folks in charge at Columbia Records: Mitch Miller and Ray Coniff. His sessions were tightly choreographed, from the choice of songs to the sound of his vocals and the backing style. Good natured, upbeat, sing-along music for a ‘50s, lobotomized, Father Knows Best culture. The formula was never so obvious as Mitchell's take on Marty Robbins' Singing The Blues. Somehow Mitchell and leader Ray Coniff found good-natured joy in what began life as a tale of woe. In Mitchell's hands the song unaccountably brought a smile to your face.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4257636070251465, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "The dilemma posed by this track is something we encountered on 'They Tried To Rock: The Hillbillies' as well (BCD 17359, 17406). A lot of these folks were singing about people who rocked. They sometimes had a quaint, outsider's view of what was going on in the inner circle. They depended on clichés and mythology to inform their lyrics. Guy Mitchell coarsened his voice but that's about all he could do here, short of refusing to sing. Purists might argue, \"The song never should have been recorded. It was a piece of junk and somebody should have known better.\" Pragmatists could quote Luigi Creatore: \"A good record is one that sells.\" This one went to #10 on the charts and stayed there for 17 weeks. In any case, Marty Robbins was furious at Mitch Miller for bringing in popsters to cover his country hits. Would Marty have recorded this song?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023880004882812, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell CD: Heartaches By The Number - Bear Family ..." }, { "answer": "Guy Mitchell", "passage": "Guy Mitchell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508628845214844, "source": "search", "title": "Guy Mitchell - Heartache by the Numbers 50s (clean version ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "China", "passage": "Gang of Four's music brought together an eclectic array of influences, ranging from the neo-Marxist Frankfurt School of social criticism to the increasingly clear trans-Atlantic punk consensus. Gang of Four was named by a member of the Mekons while driving around with Gill and King when he came upon a newspaper article on the intra-Party coup against China's \"Gang of Four\".", "precise_score": -2.0455775260925293, "rough_score": -3.523949146270752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gang of Four (band)" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”", "precise_score": -2.0318288803100586, "rough_score": -7.734137535095215, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”", "precise_score": -2.0318288803100586, "rough_score": -7.734137535095215, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The content of the “gang of four’s” attack was a right-opportunist deviation which separated revolution from the crucial task of socialist construction. Chairman Mao’s line called for the rapid advancement of China into a modern industrialized country by the end of the century. Everyone concerned with the problems of production and carrying out this revolutionary line was labeled as holding “the theory of the productive forces.”", "precise_score": -0.2641850411891937, "rough_score": -3.3688647747039795, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "People told us that they would have “gone to the mountains with guns in hand if the ’gang of four’ had seized power.” This situation would have enabled the Soviet revisionists to invade China, and the future of the country would have been very dark.", "precise_score": 4.215590953826904, "rough_score": 4.377813339233398, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In the beginning of the 70s China was in transition. The old leaders, Mao and Zhou Enlai, were ill. A group around Mao's second wife, Jiang Qing, the \"Gang of Four\", were hunting for power. Supported by the students and the media, they attacked Zhou Enlai's proposed successor Deng Xiaoping. Following Mao's death, the new party leader Hua Guofeng showed that he did not favour the Four. On 6 October 1976 they were arrested. A campaign with posters and other propaganda materials was launched to show how dangerous they had been. The toy shown above enabled the youth to follow the right direction: they could shoot at the heads of the Gang of Four with the small gun.", "precise_score": 5.520725727081299, "rough_score": 5.782297611236572, "source": "search", "title": "Gang of Four under Fire | IISH" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "A great victory has been won. A great wrong has been set right. The visit of our delegation to the People’s Republic of China left us with these positive conclusions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256389617919922, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "On our last day in China, we joined together with the millions of people in every corner of the country in massive demonstrations and celebrations of support for the important decisions, made at last week’s plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045812606811523, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In the eyes of the 800 million people of China, justice had been carried out. On the afternoon of July 21, in anticipation of the announcement of the Central Committee decisions, wall posters had gone up all over the country supporting Chairman Hua and welcoming the return of Teng Hsiao-ping to his posts. By afternoon, the wine stores had already been emptied of Mao Tai and other wines. Every firecracker had been grabbed up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930437088012695, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The following day, in every city and locality in China, mass meetings of millions of people were held as speakers explained the decisions of the plenary session and summed up the 11th two-line struggle in the history of this 56-year-old party. These meetings and festivals consolidated the victory. The people who had poured out their tears many times in the past year–with the passing of their beloved leaders, Chairman Mao, Premier Chou, and Chu Teh, with the terrible toll of human lives in the massive earthquakes last July–were now delirious with joy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217950820922852, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "To understand why, it is important to see the real nature of the attacks on Teng Hsiao-ping and what his return means, as well as to understand the crimes of the “gang of four” and what their victory would have meant for the future of China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.401347160339355, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "PRoC", "passage": "Furthermore, as expressed in two articles by Chang Chun-chiao and Yao Wen-yuan in 1975, the “gang” held the line that all the veteran cadres who joined the Party during the New Democratic Revolution were bound to become “capitalist roaders.” The “gang” on the other hand, the self-proclaimed champions of the Cultural Revolution, represented themselves as the “new order” in the Party. They called for the overthrow of all the old cadres and went so far as to organize a separate military force, based in Shanghai, to prepare for the seizure of state power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.33820915222168, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Following the death of Premier Chou, the “gang” suppressed the film Eternal Glory to Chou En-lai which showed emotional scenes of China’s millions shedding their tears. Of course, they had long suppressed many revolutionary films and other cultural works which went against their theory of “smashing the veteran cadres” or of “revolution without production.” They reigned for years as the self-proclaimed “standard-bearers” of culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.511733055114746, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "During our last visit to China in April 1976, we witnessed the “incident at Tien An Men Square,” in which thousands of people demonstrated their anger. While we didn’t understand the incident at that time and had only the propaganda of the “gang” to judge it by, we now have learned that the demonstration was mainly good.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.998368263244629, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The ability to set things right shows that the Communist Party of China is a great communist party. The decisions of the Third Plenary Session of the Tenth Central Committee have deepened our respect for the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292032241821289, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Of course, there are still things we don’t fully understand, as there were after our visit in April 1976. We don’t expect to understand the class struggle perfectly in China any more than we would expect communists in other countries to understand our struggle as well as we understand it. There are many questions the Party has not yet brought out into the open, questions which are still internal matters and remain to be summed up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255454063415527, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "From our meeting with Chairman Hua, we were very impressed with his knowledge and style of work. Chairman Mao’s stamp has been left on him as well as on the other top leaders of the CPC. Our visit as a whole, from Peking to Shanghai, from Taching to Harbin and Canton, left us very confident and optimistic for China’s future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173443794250488, "source": "search", "title": "China Celebrates Victory Over “Gang of Four”" }, { "answer": "PRoC", "passage": "Ticketholders will be able to obtain a refund from the point of purchase. Respective ticketing agents will be contacting patrons to advise them of the process for obtaining a refund.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512703895568848, "source": "search", "title": "Live Nation | Gang Of Four" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Mao was the leader of the People's Republic of China since it was created in 1949", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127123832702637, "source": "search", "title": "2.1.2 The Gang of Four - IB Guides" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Great Leap Forward was a policy which was put in place to modernise the Chinese economy by mobilising its population, most of the population was placed on communes where they had to help with industrialisation and increase productivity, due to the lack of China's resources the plan failed and caused wide spread famine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197007179260254, "source": "search", "title": "2.1.2 The Gang of Four - IB Guides" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Liu Shaoqi succeeded Mao in 1959 and became the new Chairman of the People's Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping became the General Secretary of the Party, even though Mao was no longer the at the head of the government he was still Chairman of the Communist Party ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184273719787598, "source": "search", "title": "2.1.2 The Gang of Four - IB Guides" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The new leaders of the Party wanted to find solutions to fix China's economy however these went against Mao's revolutionary policies which he had insisted upon to catch up with the West and compete for leadership in the communist world with the Soviet Union", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149727821350098, "source": "search", "title": "2.1.2 The Gang of Four - IB Guides" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Hua decided that China should focus on industrialisation again", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367408752441406, "source": "search", "title": "2.1.2 The Gang of Four - IB Guides" } ]

[ { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Jonah Barrington (born 29 April 1941) is a retired Irish/English squash player, originally from Morwenstow, Cornwall, England. ", "precise_score": 2.532459020614624, "rough_score": 3.8564865589141846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jonah Barrington (squash player)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "A Cornish-born Irish squash player, Barrington won the British Open (which was considered to be the effective world championship event before the World Open began) six times between 1967 and 1973, and was known as \"Mr. Squash\". ", "precise_score": 5.040314674377441, "rough_score": -2.3869588375091553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jonah Barrington (squash player)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen Slot studies the qualities of a sporting legend who is keen to put officialdom in its place | The Independent", "precise_score": -0.13337740302085876, "rough_score": 0.8989046812057495, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen Slot studies the qualities of a sporting legend who is keen to put officialdom in its place", "precise_score": -0.09252936393022537, "rough_score": 0.9551146030426025, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "TWENTY-ONE years after his last great triumph, Jonah Barrington, the most successful British squash player ever, can be found, for hours every day, still stalking the courts. He is now 53 and shackled by a limp, but though the body weakens, no punishment that time can mete out will ever shake his resolve, the element which won him six British Open titles. For, as he says himself, there were far more talented players around.", "precise_score": 5.188168048858643, "rough_score": 4.822977542877197, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Barringtonwas furious when his contract was not renewed but his ambition to become SRA president is born neither of revenge, nor of an ego in need of a massage. It is pure affection for the sport that has thrown him into the fight; squash in Britain is sick and he sees it as his duty to nurse it back to health. It was he, after all, who helped it come of age.", "precise_score": -0.42528796195983887, "rough_score": -2.7040936946868896, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Among Barrington's less well- known achievements is a book, Murder on the Squash Court, which is not an account of his recent treatment at the hands of the SRA, but a flashback to his greatest matches. 'Murder' refers to the way he would win, not through superior skill, but through what he calls 'boxing with rackets', through stamina, relentlessly keeping the ball in play, grinding away at his opponents, waiting for their physical and mental defences to break and then going in for the kill. As a coach, he loathes his players 'going cheap' - losing a point through going for a winner because they do not have the mental strength to extend the rally and go for the kill when appropriate.", "precise_score": 1.2097135782241821, "rough_score": -3.206233024597168, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Not that Barrington was ever poor company. With Corby,as they travelled the international circuit, he shared an affinity for late nights ('We used to enjoy cowboy films, let's leave it at that,' said Corby) and, with a resultant affinity for late mornings, would entertain his peers with the blasphemous variations of 'Do not disturb' he would leave on his hotel doors. But little caused them more amusement than his early exit from the BBC's Superstars competition; Barrington had paid a pounds 500 fine to leave the squash circuit and compete, but had joined them rather sooner than intended. He had been coming second until a disagreement over squat-thrust technique provoked a howling argument. The army officer detailed to count his thrusts had faulted a number of them, Barrington, his belligerence levels rising, said that if you discount one, you discount them all. On came David Vine who failed to calm the situation but instead encountered the sort of hurricane better associated with his snooker days and Barrington was on the next plane out. 'The lid came off my head,' he recalls in amusement. 'I had what I call one of my Celtic tantrums.'", "precise_score": 0.9990536570549011, "rough_score": -3.1036534309387207, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Barrington was entertaining, but also so headstrong and articulate that he became the mouthpiece for his fellow competitors. Aware that squash was a hidden sport, he used his prominence to change the structure of the game, setting up the professional players' association in 1973, the year he last won the British Open, and, in the eight years that he chaired it, overseeing a boom in playing numbers and sponsorship and bringing television to the court-side. His achievements have inspired benevolence as well as affection. 'In my eyes we all owe him,' says Hidayat Jahan, for some years the world No 3 behind Barrington and Geoff Hunt. 'Because of him we are making what we are making. He has done a great job.'", "precise_score": 4.117379665374756, "rough_score": 4.552857398986816, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "A quarter of a century ago, squash was a huge participation sport in Britain. Thrusting young executives did their networking on sports club courts, while on the international stage the British passion for the game was exemplified by the swashbuckling, moustachioed figure of Jonah Barrington.", "precise_score": 4.668370723724365, "rough_score": 6.835951805114746, "source": "search", "title": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "While Mansoor Zaman of Pakistan, the biggest name in squash, is the favourite to win on Merseyside, another famous player will be keen to make a good impression: Joey Barrington, son of Jonah and a rising force in the game. Barrington Jnr made his debut for England in Amsterdam and has recently been ranked in the top 30 in the world. The resemblance to his father is striking, though the hair is longer and the moustache is, thankfully, absent.", "precise_score": 2.86576247215271, "rough_score": 1.5705634355545044, "source": "search", "title": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Jonah Barrington started the ball rolling. More accurately, he started the money rolling – a pioneer, a visionary, a force of nature, Barrington is the man responsible for professional squash – and today he turns 75.", "precise_score": 1.2866721153259277, "rough_score": 4.055587291717529, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Barrington was 25 when he made this astonishing break-through. He was already 26 by the time he made his first trip to Australia. Lost time had to be made up, both by dramatically increasing his efforts and embracing new ideas. The depth of Barrington’s analysis, and especially of the physical effects of the game, on his ability to recover and on the mind of his opponents, made him a harbinger of sports science in squash.", "precise_score": 1.7400915622711182, "rough_score": -0.6638095378875732, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Barrington’s very physical and radical approach influenced Hunt, a player who was well built and well placed to take advantage of it. One of the very finest athletes ever to play professional squash, the Australian also embarked on new and more rigorous training methods, and adopted a similarly more disciplined style – all with the end goal of defeating Barrington in mind.", "precise_score": 1.2155877351760864, "rough_score": -0.8340816497802734, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Not for no reason did the great British squash champion Jonah Barrington famously refer to squash as \"boxing with racquets\". Squash is a tough sport and the Khan family saw themselves as warriors.", "precise_score": 4.569738388061523, "rough_score": 5.969141006469727, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve Ovett of squash world, says Jonah Barrington - Telegraph", "precise_score": -1.4483290910720825, "rough_score": -3.4512641429901123, "source": "search", "title": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve Ovett of squash world, says Jonah Barrington", "precise_score": -1.1441662311553955, "rough_score": -3.610870361328125, "source": "search", "title": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Nobody is better versed in the rigours of selfless acts of body endurance than Jonah Barrington, Britain's greatest squash player.", "precise_score": 0.9824801683425903, "rough_score": 1.3094794750213623, "source": "search", "title": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "In 1982 Barrington co-authored the book Murder in the Squash Court: the Only Way to Win. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.275582313537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jonah Barrington (squash player)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "*1982, Murder in the Squash Court: The Only Way to Win (with Angela Patmore), London: S. Paul; ISBN 0-09-147560-0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946815490722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jonah Barrington (squash player)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash is a racket sport played by two (singles) or four players (doubles) in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. The players must alternate in striking the ball with their racket and hit the ball onto the playable surfaces of the four walls of the court.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.007674217224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The game was formerly called squash rackets, a reference to the \"squashable\" soft ball used in the game (compared with the harder ball used in its sister game rackets).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381974220275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash is recognized by the IOC and supporters are lobbying for its incorporation in a future Olympic program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94221305847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash was invented in Harrow School out of the older game rackets around 1830 before the game spread to other schools, eventually becoming an international sport. The first courts built at this school were rather dangerous because they were near water pipes, buttresses, chimneys, and ledges. The school soon built four outside courts. Natural rubber was the material of choice for the ball. Students modified their rackets to have a smaller reach to play in these cramped conditions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.442032814025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The rackets have changed in a similar way to those used in tennis. Squash rackets used to be made out of laminated timber. In the 1980s, construction shifted to lighter materials (such as aluminium and graphite) with small additions of components like Kevlar, boron and titanium. Natural \"gut\" strings were also replaced with synthetic strings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386397361755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "In the 19th century the game increased in popularity with various schools, clubs and even private citizens building squash courts, but with no set dimensions. The first squash court in North America appeared at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire in 1884. In 1904 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the earliest national association of squash in the world was formed as the United States Squash rackets Association, (USSRA), now known as U.S. Squash. In April 1907 the Tennis, rackets & Fives Association set up a sub committee to set standards for squash. Then the sport soon formed, combining the three sports together called “Squash”. In 1912, the RMS Titanic had a squash court in first class. The 1st-Class Squash Court was situated on G-Deck and the Spectators Viewing Gallery was on the deck above on F-Deck. To use the Court cost 50 cents in 1912. Passengers could use the court for 1 hour unless others were waiting. It was not until 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club hosted a meeting to further discuss the rules and regulations and another five years elapsed before the Squash rackets Association was formed to set standards for squash in Great Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0422945022583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash balls are between 39.5 and 40.5 mm in diameter, and have a weight of 23 to 25 grams. They are made with two pieces of rubber compound, glued together to form a hollow sphere and buffed to a matte finish. Different balls are provided for varying temperature and atmospheric conditions and standards of play: more experienced players use slow balls that have less bounce than those used by less experienced players (slower balls tend to \"die\" in court corners, rather than \"standing up\" to allow easier shots). Depending on its specific rubber composition, a squash ball has the property that it bounces more at higher temperatures. Squash balls must be hit dozens of times to warm them up at the beginning of a session; cold squash balls have very little bounce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393712997436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Many squash venues mandate the use of eye protection and some association rules require that all juniors and doubles players must wear eye protection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469586372375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The squash court is a playing surface surrounded by four walls. The court surface contains a front line separating the front and back of the court and a half court line, separating the left and right hand sides of the back portion of the court, creating three 'boxes': the front half, the back left quarter and the back right quarter. Both the back two boxes contain smaller service boxes. The floor-markings on a squash court are only relevant during serves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513447761535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "There are four walls to a squash court. The front wall, on which three parallel lines are marked, has the largest playing surface, whilst the back wall, which typically contains the entrance to the court, has the smallest. The out line runs along the top of the front wall, descending along the side walls to the back wall. There are no other markings on the side or back walls. Shots struck above or touching the out line, on any wall, are out. The bottom line of the front wall marks the top of the 'tin', a half metre-high metal area which if struck means that the ball is out. In this way the tin can be seen as analogous to the net in other racket sports such as tennis. The middle line of the front wall is the service line and is only relevant during serves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429025650024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash scoring systems have evolved over time. The original scoring", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339385032653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "amateur squash is called point-a-rally scoring (PARS). In PARS, the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291172981262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "In squash, there are many types of shots played that lead to interesting games and strategy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415299415588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "* Straight drive: The ball is hit parallel and close to a side wall to travel deep to the back of the court (the 'basic' squash shot). Often referred to as a 'good length' shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448619842529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "* Philadelphia (or corkscrew): A shot played diagonally upwards into the front corner hitting the front wall first and then the side wall. The ball then lobs over the court with significant spin. Ideally it hits the opposite side wall at the back and travels parallel to the rear wall making a return very difficult. This shot is a favourite in exhibition squash but is susceptible to being volleyed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272147178649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "A key strategy in squash is known as \"dominating the T\" (the intersection of the red lines near the centre of the court where the player is in the best position to retrieve the opponent's next shot). Skilled players will return a shot, and then move back toward the \"T\" before playing the next shot. From this position, the player can quickly access any part of the court to retrieve the opponent's next shot with a minimum of movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235477447509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "A common strategy is to hit the ball straight up the side walls to the back corners; this is the basic squash shot, referred to as a \"rail,\" straight drive, wall, or \"length.\" After hitting this shot, the player will then move to the centre of the court near the \"T\" to be well placed to retrieve the opponent's return. Attacking with soft or \"short\" shots to the front corners (referred to as \"drop shots\") causes the opponent to cover more of the court and may result in an outright winner. Boasts or angle shots are deliberately struck off one of the side walls before the ball reaches the front. They are used for deception and again to cause the opponent to cover more of the court.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331297874450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Depending on the style of play, it is common to refer to squash players as", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48488712310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "\tThe referee is usually a certified position issued by the club or assigned squash league. The referee has dominant power over the squash players. Any conflict or interference is dealt with by the referee. The referee may also issue to take away points or games due to improper etiquette regarding conduct or rules. Refer to “Interference and Obstruction” for more detail. In addition the referee is usually responsible for the scoring of games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293739318847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "There are several variations of squash played across the world. In the U.S. hardball singles and doubles are played with a much harder ball and different size courts (as noted above). Hardball singles has lost much of its popularity in North America (in favour of the International version), but the hardball doubles game is still active. There is also a doubles version of squash played with the standard ball, sometimes on a wider court, and a more tennis-like variation known as squash tennis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813255310058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The relatively small court and low-bouncing ball makes scoring points harder and rallies usually longer than in its American cousin, racketball, as the ball may be played to all four corners of the court. Since every ball must strike the front wall above the tin (unlike racketball), the ball cannot be easily \"killed\". Another difference between squash and racketball is the service game. Racketball allows for the entire back court (from 20-feet to 40-feet) to be used as a service return area; this makes returning serves much more challenging in racketball than squash. Racketball serves routinely exceed 140 mph (225 km/h) and are a crucial component of the game, similar to tennis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326640129089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash provides an excellent cardiovascular workout. In one hour of squash, a player may expend approximately 600 to 1000 food calories (3,000 to 4,000 kJ). The sport also provides a good upper and lower body workout by exercising both the legs in running around the court and the arms and torso in swinging the racket. In 2003, Forbes rated squash as the number one healthiest sport to play. However, some studies have implicated squash as a cause of possible fatal cardiac arrhythmia and argued that squash is an inappropriate form of exercise for older men with heart disease. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01030445098877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash around the world", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405782699584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "According to the World Squash Federation, as of June 2009, there were 49908 squash courts in the world, with 188 countries and territories having at least one court. England had the greatest number at 8,500. The other countries with more than 1,000 courts, in descending order by number were Germany, Egypt, the United States of America, Australia, South Africa, Canada, Malaysia, France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Today, The United States has the fastest growing squash participation. There are an estimated 20 million squash players world-wide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921368598937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The men's and women's Professional Squash Association tour, men's rankings and women's rankings are run by the Professional Squash Association (PSA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348832130432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The Professional Squash Tour is a tour based in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42805004119873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash has been featured regularly at the multi-sport events of the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games since 1998. Squash is also a regular sport at the Pan American Games since 1995. Squash players and associations have lobbied for many years for the sport to be accepted into the Olympic Games, with no success to date. Squash narrowly missed being instated for the 2012 London Games and the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games (missed out again as the IOC assembly decided to add golf and rugby sevens to the Olympic programme). Squash also missed out as an event in the 2020 Olympic Games. At the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, the IOC voted for Wrestling instead of Squash or Baseball/Softball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.997419834136963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The (British) Squash Rackets Association (now known as England Squash) conducted its first British Open championship for men in December 1930, using a \"challenge\" system. Charles Read was designated champion in 1930, but was beaten in home and away matches by Don Butcher, who was then recorded as the champion for 1931. The championship continues to this day, but has been conducted with a \"knockout\" format since 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548395156860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The World Open (squash) was inaugurated in 1976 and serves as the main competition today. Jansher Khan holds the record of winning eight World titles followed by Jahangir Khan with six, Geoff Hunt & Amr Shabana four, Nick Matthew & Ramy Ashour three. The women's record is held by Nicol David with eight wins followed by Sarah Fitzgerald five, Susan Devoy four, and Michelle Martin three.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.635955810546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Previous world number one Peter Nicol stated that he believed squash had a \"very realistic chance\" of being added to the list of Olympic sports for the 2016 Olympic Games, but it ultimately lost out to golf and rugby sevens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.087274551391602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The Professional Squash Association (PSA) publishes monthly rankings of professional players: Dunlop PSA World Rankings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30261516571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Squash (sport)" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "There was until last December, when his five-year role as the director of excellence with the Squash Rackets Association was deemed further to requirements. What the suits who dismissed him hardly expected was his nomination, last week, to join their company as the Association's head.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227167129516602, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: The big noise of squash: Jonah Barrington - Owen ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty - Telegraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.770583152770996, "source": "search", "title": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.448697090148926, "source": "search", "title": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "It is, Barrington feels, a good time to be a British squash player. \"The game is changing all the time,\" he said. \"My father made it accessible to the public in his playing time, but now that television is starting to do it justice I think it's coming back into the public eye. It's starting to get interesting again.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.544556617736816, "source": "search", "title": "Joey Barrington carries on the squash dynasty - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "I notice that your list of competitors does not include either a male or female from the sport of squash. In this country we achieve far better results both at junior and senior level than for example tennis, but our stars do not receive such high profile or funds yet have to work twice as hard physically to get the results. This would have been an ideal opportunity for them to show their skill and fitness at a time when they desperately need more television coverage to try and get the sport included at the Olympics. Surely you should have included only one representative from each sport rather than two rowers one week and two rugby players another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.435826301574707, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Sport - TV and Radio - Have your say on Superstars" }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.945384979248047, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "On his birthday we delve into the archives and look back at the life of the man who transformed the face of squash forever with his swash-buckling moustache and charisma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258610725402832, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "When squash’s first full-time player took a plunge into the unknown in 1969, he became a lonely prophet of a sport with no circuit, no television, no World Championship, and no obvious pathway forward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.673617362976074, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "That is the piece of history for which Barrington should perhaps be remembered most, maybe even more than for the ground- breaking capture of six British Open titles in the late sixties and early seventies, an achievement which generated publicity for squash like never before. While titles are often used as a yardstick for measuring the greatness of an athlete it was Barrington's philosophy, tenacity, charisma and role as the ubiquitous pioneer of squash that makes his legacy so special.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.246988296508789, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "of character as by the force of his squash. Although he was also an extraordinary player, it was as a driven pioneer, a passionate talker, and an inspiring visionary that he arguably achieved more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769647598266602, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Having reached the pinnacle of the game in the late 60’s and early 70’s, he embarked on a planet-circling sequence of clinics, tours, and exhibitions which laid the foundations for a world circuit which now has over 200 events across every continent, while the Professional Squash Association – the modern equilivent of the players association originally founded by Barrington, have over 700 members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.564324378967285, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "He was even prepared, he once said, to run naked around Birmingham’s Bull Ring if needed to get squash publicity it deserved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266555786132812, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "He became a world-beater in an era when the founding country of squash did not have so many of them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245290756225586, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "At that time he was not a universally liked character. He could satirise the squash establishment. If he was losing he could satirise himself. “Pommie bastard,” he would occasionally say. He could also be self-punishing, unrelenting, and harshly self-critical. Geoff Hunt, who’s career was moulded by his rivalry with Barrington, tells tales of watching with awe as Barrington stormed out of court following one particular defeat and spent almost two hours running laps on a nearby running-track as punishment for his performance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.399444580078125, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "His approach to training and self-imprvemnet were legendary. One of the most commonly used techniques in squash today, ‘Ghosting’, started with Barrington, and tales abound of the man himself performing magnificently high volumes of the exercise in his underpants in the back garden of his Cornwall home. Son Joey, now SquashTV’s lead commentator recalls with a great smile when, on a family holiday, Barrington constructed his own court on a sandy beach in South Africa as hundreds of fascinated onlookers watch in awe as Joey says ‘a crazy man ran around playing invisible squash against himself’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.155913352966309, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Two years after Barrington turned pro, Hunt and another great Australian, Kenny Hiscoe, followed. The two compatriots then did much of the donkey work in taking the squash mission to some distant, unlikely places.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.81934118270874, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "A year later pioneer number four joined them. He was Gogi Alauddin, a fascinatingly original Pakistani who spun gentle and aesthetically pleasing but deadly webs with a squash ball. Together they became the first touring exhibition quartet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181154251098633, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Barrington also performed clinics, full of banter and pedagogy, which were charismatic forerunners of what has become commonplace today. Later he went on a tour of the Far and Middle East with two Pakistanis, an Egyptian and an Australian – Aftab Jawaid, Sharif Khan, Abou Taleb, and Rainer Ratinac – helping to popularise squash where there had been little knowledge of the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.794722557067871, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Back home Barrington took an elitist game and showed ordinary players that they too could improve greatly and reach a high level if they worked hard off court as well as on it. This insight spread to all levels of squash and helped fuel the yuppie squash boom of the 1980’s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.055044651031494, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Thence Barrington became the President of the (English) Squash Rackets Association, the coach to the England team for several years, and a coach for many leading players. Recently these have included World No.1 Mohammed Elshorbagy, whom he describes as “the best youngster I have been involved with for 20 years”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.96552848815918, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "“This group of players has done everything in its power to show squash at its very best,” concluded Barrington, who is not one to offer praise as tinsel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.404326915740967, "source": "search", "title": "Barrington - The Prophet Revived - Professional Squash ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The game of squash, according to the indisputable Oxford Companion to Sports and Games (1976), originated in the mid-19th century at Harrow School in England, where boys would knock a squishy ball about while waiting to play a game of rackets. Rackets – similar to squash, though played with a hard ball on a larger court – is now only played in public schools and in private clubs. Squash , meanwhile, is played worldwide. The popularity of the sport derives largely from one unlikely group of families: the Khans, from Pakistan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.044086456298828, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, British forces established a number of squash clubs in the north-west of India. One such club was in Peshawar, where a young Hashim Khan worked as a ball boy. In the evenings, when the British officers had retired, Hashim – short, thin, an unpromising athlete – would play against himself, barefoot, late into the night. Through sheer dogged determination, Hashim went on to become first a coach, and then a professional player. He won the first All India championship, the first Pakistan championship and eventually went on to win the British Open not once, not twice, but seven times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630956649780273, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "In his definitive Squash: a History of the Game (2003), James Zug writes: \"The dream merchants of Hollywood could not make a more romantic story than the rise of Hashim Khan.\" His story certainly inspired the Khan family, who went on to dominate the world of squash for almost 50 years, from 1951, when Hashim won his first British Open, to 1998, when Jansher Khan – scion of another Khan clan – lost in the final of the British Open to Peter Nicol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951098442077637, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The story of the Khan family squash dynasty is told by former Daily Telegraph sports journalist Dicky Rutnagur in Khans Unlimited (1997) – a book strictly for squash aficionados. A more colourful account can be found on squashsite.co.uk , which explains: \"Our roots can be traced to the valley of the Khyber Pass ... As the defence of the pass seemed dogmatic to the ancient Pashtun, so does being the best at the game of squash seem for a Khan.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139860153198242, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Another famous Khan, Roshan – related to the other Khans by marriage – was also a successful professional player who had two sons, Torsam and Jahangir. Torsam died tragically young in 1979, of a heart attack during a match in Australia. Despite being a sickly child, his brother Jahangir took on the Khan mantle: he turned out to be exceptional. Among all the Khans it is Jahangir who might justly be described as the greatest squash player of all time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872251510620117, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Jahangir's success depended partly on his legendary fitness regime, which involved long morning runs, gym training, racquet drills and relentless court sprints. He was ferociously fit and went unbeaten as a professional for five years and eight months, from 1981 until 1986. In interviews and in his book Winning Squash (1985), Jahangir explains his philosophy thus: \"To be the best, I had to work harder than anyone else.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.902328491210938, "source": "search", "title": "Great dynasties of the world: The Khans | Life and style ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Squash", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388213157653809, "source": "search", "title": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Upping the tempo: Nick Matthew (left) and James Willstrop have changed British squash Photo: FRITZ BORCHERT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225594520568848, "source": "search", "title": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "So when two Yorkshiremen hold the top two spots in the world ahead of a host of talented Egyptians, what does that say about the state of play in British squash , not to mention their much-vaunted rivalry in recent years?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315652847290039, "source": "search", "title": "James Willstrop and Nick Matthew are the Seb Coe and Steve ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "The world's best squash player's bid to win a record-equalling fourth domestic title was thwarted by Daryl Selby today when the Essex outsider beat world champion Nick Matthew in a marathon 84-minute British National Championship climax at the National Squash Centre in Manchester.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.990460395812988, "source": "search", "title": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro Win British National Titles In ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "A downcast Matthew acknowledged that his opponent had been the better player:  \"He didn't give me anything – it was almost error-free squash.  I had my chances – but when he came back he took his chances better than I did.  He played better than me.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972399711608887, "source": "search", "title": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro Win British National Titles In ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "\"What an amazing couple of week it's been,\" said the new champion as she signed autographs for youngsters in the packed National Squash Centre arena.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960766792297363, "source": "search", "title": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro Win British National Titles In ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "British National Squash Championships, National Squash Centre, Manchester", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219833374023438, "source": "search", "title": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro Win British National Titles In ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "For more general details of the 2011 National Championships, please visit the official website:  www.nationalsquashchamps.co.uk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262054443359375, "source": "search", "title": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro Win British National Titles In ..." }, { "answer": "Squash", "passage": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro use the Head YouTek Xenon 135 Squash Racket. To buy the Head YouTek Xenon 135 Squash Racket online, visit: www.isquashstore.com/Head", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480867385864258, "source": "search", "title": "Daryl Selby & Laura Massaro Win British National Titles In ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland (; November 14, 1900 - December 2, 1990) was an American composer, composition teacher, writer, and later in his career a conductor of his own and other American music. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, in his later years he was often referred to as \"the Dean of American Composers\" and is best known to the public for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 1940s in a deliberately accessible style often referred to as \"populist\" and which the composer labeled his \"vernacular\" style. ", "precise_score": 7.822032451629639, "rough_score": 8.18133544921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS", "precise_score": 3.1242666244506836, "rough_score": 6.476811408996582, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland was one of the most respected American classical composers of the twentieth century. By incorporating popular forms of American music such as jazz and folk into his compositions, he created pieces both exceptional and innovative. As a spokesman for the advancement of indigenous American music, Copland made great strides in liberating it from European influence. Today, ten years after his death, Copland’s life and work continue to inspire many of America’s young composers.", "precise_score": 6.550276756286621, "rough_score": 8.07588005065918, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Throughout the ’50s, Copland slowed his work as a composer, and began to try his hand at conducting. He began to tour with his own work as well as the works of other great American musicians. Conducting was a synthesis of the work he had done as a composer and as an organizer. Over the next twenty years he traveled throughout the world, conducting live performances and creating an important collection of recorded work. By the early ’70s, Copland had, with few exceptions, completely stopped writing original music. Most of his time was spent conducting and reworking older compositions. In 1983 Copland conducted his last symphony. His generous work as a teacher at Tanglewood, Harvard, and the New School for Social Research gained him a following of devoted musicians. As a scholar, he wrote more than sixty articles and essays on music, as well as five books. He traveled the world in an attempt to elevate the status of American music abroad, and to increase its popularity at home. Through these various commitments to music and to his country, Aaron Copland became one of the most important figures in twentieth-century American music. On December 2, 1990, Aaron Copland died in North Tarrytown, New York.", "precise_score": 2.4847524166107178, "rough_score": 5.771876811981201, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Few figures in American music loom as large as Aaron Copland . As one of the first wave of literary and musical expatriates in Paris during the 1920s, Copland returned to the United States with the means to assume, for the next half century, a central role in American music as composer, promoter, and educator. Copland 's sheer popularity and iconic status are such that his music has transcended the concert hall and entered the popular consciousness; it both accompanies solemn and joyous celebrations the world over (Fanfare for the Common Man) and punctuates the familiar words \"Beef: It's What's for Dinner!\" (Rodeo) for millions of television viewers.", "precise_score": 4.026554107666016, "rough_score": 6.8823981285095215, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland was the youngest of five children born to Harris and Sarah Copland, Lithuanian Jewish immigrants who owned a department store in Brooklyn. He did not take formal piano lessons until he was 13, by which time he had also begun writing small pieces. Instead of attending college, Copland studied theory and composition with Rubin Goldmark and piano with Victor Wittgenstein and Clarence Adler , and attended as many concerts, operas, and ballets as possible. In 1921, he went to Fontainebleau, France, taking conducting and composition classes at the American Conservatory. He went on to study in Paris with Ricardo Viñes and Nadia Boulanger and spent the next three years soaking up all the European culture, both new and old, that he could. He learned to admire not only composers like Stravinsky , Milhaud , Fauré , and Mahler , but others such as author André Gide. Boulanger 's performance of Copland 's 1924 Organ Symphony with Koussevitzky was the beginning of a friendship between the conductor and composer that led to Copland teaching at the Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) from 1940 until 1965.", "precise_score": 3.195082426071167, "rough_score": 4.834949016571045, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer", "precise_score": 4.778034210205078, "rough_score": 6.8650383949279785, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland was a famous American composer of the 20th century. In fact, his life spanned almost the entire century. He was born on November 14, 1900, in Brooklyn, New York. His parents were first-generation Jewish immigrants from Lithuania. As was typical for children in those days, Copland was introduced to the piano early in life. His elder sister could play and also taught him.", "precise_score": 7.301478862762451, "rough_score": 8.350768089294434, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In addition to composing, Aaron Copland instructed and supported many aspiring young artists who later became some of the most revered composers and musicians of the 20th century. In fact, he and his friend, Roger Sessions, were dedicated to assisting and introducing young artists. To this end, they collaborated on creating concerts and arranged for the Yaddo Festival of American Music of 1932.", "precise_score": 4.11672830581665, "rough_score": 6.964049339294434, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland was one of the most important figures in American music during the second quarter of the twentieth century, both as a composer (a writer of music) and as a spokesman who was concerned about making Americans aware of the importance of music. He won the Pulitzer Prize for music in 1945.", "precise_score": 5.883223056793213, "rough_score": 7.006923198699951, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland continued his music lessons after graduating from high school, and in 1921 he went to France to study at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau, where his main teacher was the French composer Nadia Boulanger (1887–1979). During his early studies, Copland had been attracted to the music of Scriabin (1872–1915), Debussy (1862–1918), and Ravel (1875–1937). The years in Paris provided him an opportunity to hear and absorb all the most recent trends in European music, including the works of Stravinsky (1882–1971), Bartók (1881–1945), and Schoenberg (1847–1951).", "precise_score": 3.497591495513916, "rough_score": 4.434566974639893, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "After writing ballets, Copland worked for the Cincinnati symphony when World War II began and wrote a patriotic piece, A Lincoln Portrait. During Aaron’s composing career he wrote eight pieces for films-documentaries or versions of plays. When Aaron Copland died on December 2, 1990 he was arguably the most famous American composer.", "precise_score": 5.275473594665527, "rough_score": 6.1601362228393555, "source": "search", "title": "Composer - OnMusic Dictionary - Term" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland is an Academy Award-winning composer ( The Heiress (1949)), author, conductor, lecturer and educator. He was educated at public schools and was a music student of his sister and later Leopold Wolfson, Victor Wittgenstein, Clarence Adler, Rubin Goldmark and Nadia Boulanger . In 1925, he received the first Guggenheim fellowship awarded to a composer. He was a lecturer for ten years at the New School for Social Research, a guest lecturer at Harvard University between 1935 and 1944, and Dean of the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood from 1946. With Roger Sessions, he organized the Copland-Sessions concert series for young American composers, and he founded the American Festival of Contemporary Music, Yaddo, Saratoga Springs, New York. He was a conductor in the United States and abroad. As a guest conductor for the Boston Symphony, he toured with Charles Münch throughout the Far East in 1960. His memberships included the National Institute of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal, and the US Medal of Freedom.", "precise_score": 6.823946952819824, "rough_score": 8.590434074401855, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Aaron Copland was the leading American classical composer of the 20th century, particularly from about 1925 to 1970.", "precise_score": 6.871584892272949, "rough_score": 7.87509822845459, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | Biography, Albums, & Streaming Radio ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In the 19th century, one of the key ways that new compositions became known to the public was by the sales of sheet music, which amateur music lovers would perform at home on their piano or other instruments. With 20th-century music, there was a vast increase in music listening as the radio gained popularity and phonographs were used to replay and distribute music. In the 20th century, contemporary classical composers were also influenced by the African-American improvisation-based jazz music. The jazz influence can be seen in Third Stream music and in the compositions of Leonard Bernstein. The focus of art music was characterized by exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and John Cage were all influential composers in 20th-century art music. Cage wrote compositions for traditional classical instruments and unusual sound-producing devices not normally thought of as instruments, such as radios. The invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music on tape gave rise to new subgenre of classical music, including the acousmatic and Musique concrète schools of electronic composition, in which composers made pieces using reel-to-reel tape recorders and electronic equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.780054092407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In 1993, American musicologist Marcia Citron asked \"[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?\" Citron \"examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works.\" She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.068885803222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Works in this vein include the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kid and Rodeo, his Fanfare for the Common Man and Third Symphony. The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are typical of what many people consider to be the sound of American music, evoking the vast American landscape and pioneer spirit. In addition to his ballets and orchestral works, he produced music in many other genres including chamber music, vocal works, opera and film scores.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.616686820983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "By the age of 15, after attending a concert by composer-pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Copland decided to become a composer. After attempts to further his music study from a correspondence course, Copland took formal lessons in harmony, theory, and composition from Rubin Goldmark, a noted teacher and composer of American music (who had given George Gershwin three lessons). Goldmark gave the young Copland a solid foundation, especially in the Germanic tradition, as he stated later: \"This was a stroke of luck for me. I was spared the floundering that so many musicians have suffered through incompetent teaching.\" But Copland also commented that the maestro had \"little sympathy for the advanced musical idioms of the day\" and his \"approved\" composers ended with Richard Strauss. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4632490873336792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Adding to the heady cultural atmosphere of the early 1920s in Paris was the presence of expatriate American writers Paul Bowles, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Gertrude Stein, and Ezra Pound, as well as artists like Picasso, Chagall, and Modigliani. Also influential on the new music were the French intellectuals Marcel Proust, Paul Valéry, Sartre, and André Gide, the latter cited by Copland as being his personal favorite and most read. Travels to Italy, Austria, and Germany rounded out Copland's musical education. During his stay in Paris, Copland began writing musical critiques, the first on Gabriel Fauré, which helped spread his fame and stature in the music community. Instead of wallowing in self-pity and self-destruction like many of the expatriate members of the Lost Generation, Copland returned to America optimistic and enthusiastic about the future. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9796483516693115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Soon after his return, Copland was introduced to the artistic circle of Alfred Stieglitz and met many of the leading artists of that time. Stieglitz's conviction that the American artist should reflect \"the ideas of American Democracy\" influenced Copland and a whole generation of artists and photographers, including Paul Strand, Edward Weston, Ansel Adams, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Walker Evans. Evans' photographs inspired portions of Copland's opera The Tender Land. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.001004219055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In his quest to take up Stieglitz's challenge, Copland had few established American contemporaries to emulate apart from Carl Ruggles and the reclusive Charles Ives, although the 1920s were Golden Years for American popular music and jazz, with George Gershwin, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstrong leading the way. Later, however, Copland joined up with his younger contemporaries and formed a group termed the \"commando unit,\" which included Roger Sessions, Roy Harris, Virgil Thomson, and Walter Piston. They collaborated in joint concerts showcasing their work to new audiences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0667619705200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland's relationship with the \"commando unit\" was one of both support and rivalry, and he played a key role in keeping them together. The five young American composers helped promote each other and their works but also had testy exchanges, inflamed by the assertion of the press that Copland was the \"truly American\" composer. Going beyond the five, Copland was generous with his time with nearly every American young composer he met during his life, later earning the title the \"Dean of American Music.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.165025234222412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Perhaps motivated by the plight of children during the Depression, around 1935 Copland began to compose musical pieces for young audiences, in accordance with the first goal of American Gebrauchsmusik. These works included piano pieces (The Young Pioneers) and an opera (The Second Hurricane). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.13380129635334015, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "During the Depression years, Copland traveled extensively to Europe, Africa, and Mexico. He formed an important friendship with Mexican composer Carlos Chávez and would return often to Mexico for working vacations conducting engagements. During his initial visit to Mexico, Copland began composing the first of his signature works, El Salón México, which he completed four years later in 1936. This and other incidental commissions fulfilled the second goal of American Gebrauchsmusik, creating music of wide appeal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7074711322784424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "During this time, he composed (for radio broadcast) \"Prairie Journal,\" one of his first pieces to convey the landscape of the American West. Branching out into theater, Copland also played an important role providing musical advice and inspiration to The Group Theater—Stella Adler's and Lee Strasberg's \"method\" acting school. The Group Theater followed Copland's musical agenda and focused on plays that illuminated the American experience. After Hitler and Mussolini's attacks on Spain in 1936, leftist parties had united in a Popular Front against Fascism. Many Group Theater members were influenced by Marxism and other progressive philosophies, and several had joined the Communist Party, including Elia Kazan and Clifford Odets. Copland also had contact later with other major American playwrights, including Thornton Wilder, William Inge, Arthur Miller, and Edward Albee, and considered projects with all of them. During the 1930s, Copland wrote incidental music for several plays, including Irwin Shaw's Quiet City (1939), considered one of his most personal and poignant scores. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2388670444488525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Demonstrating his broad range, Copland in the 1930s began composing music for ballet, including his highly successful Billy the Kid (1939), the second of four ballets he scored (after Hear Ye! Hear Ye! (1934)). In an interview with Vivian Perlis, Eugene Loring said of the ballet, \"In our western states, there were still a few old-timers who remembered Billy. One came backstage in San Francisco to tell us that it was all fine, except that Billy really shot left-handed!\"Interview, Eugene Loring with Perlis, by telephone, 14 December 1981. Loring died 30 August 1982. Copland's ballet music established him as an authentic composer of American music much as Stravinsky's ballet scores connected the composer with Russian music. Copland's timing was excellent; he helped fill a vacuum for the American choreographers who needed suitable music to score their own nationalistic dance repertory. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6798568964004517, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In keeping with the wartime period, Copland's Piano Sonata (1941) was a piece characterized as \"grim, nervous, elegiac, with pervasive bell-like tolling of alarm and mourning.\" It was later adapted to \"Day on Earth,\" a landmark American dance by Doris Humphrey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8865766525268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland started to publish some of his lectures in the 1930s, \"What to Listen for in Music\" being one of the most notable of his writings. He also took a leading role in the American Composers Alliance, whose mission was \"to regularize and collect all fees pertaining to performance of their copyrighted music\" and \"to stimulate interest in the performance of American music.\" Copland eventually moved over to rival ASCAP. Through royalties and with his great success from 1940 on, Copland amassed a multimillion-dollar fortune by the time of his death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5545498132705688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In 1945, Copland contributed to Jubilee Variation, a work commissioned by the Cincinnati Symphony in which ten American composers collaborated, but the piece is seldom heard in the concert hall. Copland's In the Beginning (1947) is a choral work using the first chapter and the first seven verses of the second chapter of Genesis from the King James Version of the Bible and is a masterpiece of the choral repertory. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.19512033462524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In 1950, Copland received a U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission scholarship to study in Rome, which he did the following year. Around this time, he also composed his Piano Quartet, adopting Schoenberg's twelve-tone method of composition, and Old American Songs (1950), the first set of which was premiered by Peter Pears and Benjamin Britten, the second by William Warfield. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.625891387462616, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In 1954, Copland received a commission from Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein to create music for the opera The Tender Land, based on James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Copland had been wary of writing an opera, being especially aware of the pitfalls of that form, including weak libretti and demanding production values. Nevertheless, Copland decided to try his hand at \"la forme fatale,\" especially as the 1950s were boom times for American playwrights, with Arthur Miller, Clifford Odets and Thornton Wilder doing some of their best work. Originally two acts, The Tender Land was later expanded to three. As Copland feared, critics found the libretto to be the opera's weakness, and he later stated: \"I admit that if I have one regret it is that I never did write a 'grand opera'.\" In spite of its flaws, the opera has established itself as one of the few American operas in the standard repertory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7389294505119324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland exerted a major influence on the compositional style of an entire generation of American composers, including his friend and protégé Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein was considered the finest conductor of Copland's works and cites Copland's \"aesthetic, simplicity with originality\" as being his strongest and most influential traits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1725443601608276, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland was included on an FBI list of 151 artists thought to have Communist associations. Joseph McCarthy and Roy Cohn questioned Copland about his lecturing abroad and his affiliations with various organizations and events, neglecting completely Copland's works which made a virtue of American values. Copland made several denials on record of any serious involvement with a list of political/cultural organizations identified as subversive by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Copland has also been on record saying he does not think music has political importance despite having composed some of the most iconic American art music of the 20th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.66434907913208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Given the nature of the hearings, Copland was asked to prepare explanations for his seemingly large involvement in explicitly communist and communist leaning organizations. The danger Copland potentially presented was not in belonging to communist organizations, but in the possibility of spreading those ideas in the Latin American countries he was paid by the state to lecture in. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.851871013641357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Above all others, Copland named Igor Stravinsky as his \"hero\" and his favorite 20th-century composer. Stravinsky was in many ways his premiere model. Stravinsky's rhythm and vitality is apparent in many of his works.According to Charles Hazlewood in [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/discoveringmusic/ram/cdm0408appalach.ram Discovering Music] from 32:20 to 33:45 Copland especially admired Stravinsky's \"jagged and uncouth rhythmic effects,\" \"bold use of dissonance,\" and \"hard, dry, crackling sonority.\" In a 1950 radio interview, Copland is quoted saying that there is a \"freshness of atmosphere; a freshness of personality—which looks very attractive to American composers. Europeans are not seeking freshness of music as much as American composers. The reason being that through their long tradition in music—they already know in advance what they are supposed to write.\" As a publicly identified composer of iconic American music, Copland's claim that American composers are still in search for a certain freshness to composition—found in Stravinsky—show they continuing uncertainty of the American art music scene in the 1950s. Despite using folk themes as a tool for signifying Americanness, Copland continued to find \"freshness\" in Stravinsky's work—especially in his usage of rhythm. Copland was similarly but not quite as strongly impressed by Sergei Prokofiev's \"fresh, clean-cut, articulate style.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.24431434273719788, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Another inspiration for much of Copland's music was jazz. Although familiar with jazz back in America—having listened to it and also played it in bands—he fully realized its potential while traveling in Austria: \"The impression of jazz one receives in a foreign country is totally unlike the impression of such music heard in one's own country ... when I heard jazz played in Vienna, it was like hearing it for the first time.\" He also found that the distance from his native country helped him see the United States more clearly. Beginning in 1923, he employed \"jazzy elements\" in his classical music, but by the late 1930s, he moved on to Latin and American folk tunes in his more successful pieces. His earlier works especially demonstrate the influence of jazz rhythmic, timbral and harmonic practices. That influence is apparent in a few later works, such as the Clarinet Concerto commissioned by Benny Goodman. During the late 1920s and 1930s, Copland sought out jazz at the Cotton Club and heard Duke Ellington, Benny Carter and Bix Beiderbecke, among others. Of Duke Ellington among other jazz composers, Copland said he was \"the master of them all.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.97110116481781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Although Copland was intrigued by the idea of a \"jazz concerto\" and \"symphonic jazz,\" his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra did not succeed in that form as had those of Maurice Ravel and George Gershwin, who was praised by such eminent musical exiles as Schoenberg, Bartók, and Stravinsky (Gershwin had recently died at 38 and so was no longer a potential rival). Copland would go on to write extensively and deliver the Norton lectures about jazz in America, especially the big band sound (1930s) and cool West Coast jazz (1950s). Yet, enthusiastic as he was about jazz throughout his life, Copland also recognized its limitations: With the [Piano] Concerto I felt I had done all I could with the idiom, considering its limited emotional scope. True, it was an easy way to be American in musical terms, but all American music could not possibly be confined to two dominant jazz moods – the blues and the snappy number. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.42066097259521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Although his early focus of jazz gave way to other influences, Copland continued to make use of jazz in more subtle ways in later works. But it was the synthesizing of all his influences and inclinations which create the \"Americanism\" of his music. Copland pointed out in summarizing the American character of his music, \"the optimistic tone\", \"his love of rather large canvases\", \"a certain directness in expression of sentiment\", and \"a certain songfulness\". As he advanced in his career (by 1941), he said of himself and advised other composers: I no longer feel the need of seeking out conscious Americanisms [folksongs and folk rhythms]. Because we live here and work here, we can be certain that when our music is mature it will also be American in quality. In contradiction to this statement, however, he continued to look for and employ folk material for several more years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7079929113388062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland achieved his first major success in ballet music with his groundbreaking score Billy the Kid , based on a Walter Noble Burns novel, with choreography by Eugene Loring. The ballet was among the first to display an American music and dance vocabulary, adapting the \"strong technique and intense charm of Astaire\" and other American dancers. It was distinctive in its use of polyrhythm and polyharmony, particularly in the cowboy songs. The ballet premiered in New York in 1939, with Copland recalling \"I cannot remember another work of mine that was so unanimously received.\" John Martin wrote, \"Aaron Copland has furnished an admirable score, warm and human, and with not a wasted note about it anywhere.\" It became a staple work of the American Ballet Theatre, and Copland's twenty-minute suite from the ballet became part of the standard orchestral repertoire. When asked how a Jewish New Yorker managed so well to capture the Old West, Copland answered \"It was just a feat of imagination.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.919800043106079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In the early 1940s, Copland produced two important works intended as national morale boosters. Fanfare for the Common Man, scored for brass and percussion, was written in 1942 at the request of the conductor Eugene Goossens, conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. It would later be used to open many Democratic National Conventions, and to add dignity to a wide range of other events. Even musical groups from Woody Herman's jazz band to the Rolling Stones adapted the opening theme. Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded a \"progressive rock\" version of the composition in 1977. The fanfare was also used as the main theme of the fourth movement of Copland's Third Symphony, where it first appears in a quiet, pastoral manner, then in the brassier form of the original. In the same year, Copland wrote A Lincoln Portrait, a commission from conductor André Kostelanetz, leading to a further strengthening of his association with American patriotic music. The work is famous for the spoken recitation of Lincoln's words, though the idea had been previously employed by John Alden Carpenter's \"Song of Faith\" based on George Washington's quotations. \"Lincoln Portrait\" is often performed at national holiday celebrations. Many Americans have performed the recitation, including politicians, actors, and musicians and Copland himself, with Henry Fonda doing the most notable recording.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.377034902572632, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Continuing his string of successes, in 1942 Copland composed the ballet Rodeo, a tale of a ranch wedding, written around the same time as Lincoln Portrait. Rodeo is another enduring composition for Copland and contains many recognizable folk tunes, well-blended with Copland's original music. Notable in the final movement, is the striking \"Hoedown\". This was a recreation of Appalachian fiddler W. H. Stepp's version of the square-dance tune \"Bonypart\" (\"Bonaparte's Retreat\"), which had been transcribed for piano by Ruth Crawford Seeger and published in Alan Lomax and Seeger's book, Our Singing Country (1941). For the \"Hoedown\" in Rodeo Copland borrowed note for note from Seeger's piano transcription of Stepp's tune. This fragment (lifted from Ruth Crawford Seeger) is now one of the best-known compositions by any American composer, having been used numerous times in movies and on television, including commercials for the American beef industry. \"Hoedown\" was given a rock arrangement by Emerson, Lake & Palmer in 1972. The ballet, originally titled \"The Courting at Burnt Ranch\", was choreographed by Agnes de Mille, niece of film giant Cecil B. DeMille. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera on October 16, 1942, with de Mille dancing the principal \"cowgirl\" role and the performance received a standing ovation. A reduced score is still popular as an orchestral piece, especially at \"Pops\" concerts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.460888385772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland was commissioned to write another ballet, Appalachian Spring, originally written using thirteen instruments, which he ultimately arranged as a popular orchestral suite. The commission for Appalachian Spring came from Martha Graham, who had requested of Copland merely \"music for an American ballet\". Copland titled the piece \"Ballet for Martha\", having no idea of how she would use it on stage but he had her in mind. \"When I wrote 'Appalachian Spring' I was thinking primarily about Martha and her unique choreographic style, which I knew well ... And she's unquestionably very American: there's something prim and restrained, simple yet strong, about her which one tends to think of as American.\" Copland borrowed the flavor of Shaker songs and dances, and directly used the dance song Simple Gifts. Graham took the score and created a ballet she called Appalachian Spring (from a poem by Hart Crane which had no connection with Shakers). It was an instant success, and the music later acquired the same name. Copland was amused and delighted later in life when people would come up to him and say: \"Mr. Copland, when I see that ballet and when I hear your music I can see the Appalachians and just feel spring.\" Copland had no particular setting in mind while writing the music, he just tried to give it an American flavor, and had no knowledge of the borrowed title, in which \"spring\" refers to a spring of water, not the season Spring. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.160494804382324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "The Third Symphony is in the more traditional format (four movements; second movement, scherzo; third movement, adagio) and is his most famous symphony. At forty minutes, it is his longest orchestral composition. He composed it with Koussevitzky's unique character in mind, \"I knew exactly the kind of music he enjoyed conducting and the sentiments he brought with it, and I knew the sound of his orchestra, so I had every reason to do my darnedest to write a symphony in the grand manner.\" Among the details of interest in the work is Copland's use of palindromic structure—whole movements as well as melodies end as they began. Completing the work after World War II was won by the Allies, he stated that the symphony was \"intended to reflect the euphoric spirit of the country at the time.\" The work received generally strong acclaim. Koussevitzky \"declared it simply the greatest American symphony ever written.\" Arthur Berger stated that it achieved \"a kind of panorama of all the musical resources that have through the years formed his musical language,\" while Leonard Bernstein \"deemed it the epitome of a decades-long search by many composers for a distinctly American music.\" It is the best known, most performed, and most recorded American symphony of the 20th Century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.432877063751221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "This collaboration resulted in the notable film Of Mice and Men (1939), from the novel by John Steinbeck, that earned Copland his first nomination for an Academy Award ( he actually received two nominations, one for \"best score\" and another for \"original score\"). He considered himself lucky with his first film score: \"Here was an American theme, by a great American writer, demanding appropriate music.\" Having accepted small sums for other projects in the past, especially to help out cash-strapped productions involving friends, this time Copland would capitalize on his efforts: \"I thought if I was to sell myself to the movies, I ought to sell myself good.\" From then on, he became one of Hollywood's highest paid film composers, earning as much as $15,000 per film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6356351375579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland had a large following of pupils—often mixing his personal life with them. Of notable students, Leonard Bernstein and Victor Kraft were two with whom he continued having intimately personal relationships. Bernstein would go on to champion Copland as one of the greatest American composers of all time while being one of the few people Copland opened up to.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4086687564849854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "* In honor of Copland's vast influence on American music, on December 15, 1970 he was awarded the prestigious University of Pennsylvania Glee Club Award of Merit. Beginning in 1964, this award \"established to bring a declaration of appreciation to an individual each year that has made a significant contribution to the world of music and helped to create a climate in which our talents may find valid expression.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.0556440353393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "* Old American Songs (1952)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935522079467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "* Three Latin American Sketches (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216649055480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "* Copland Portrait (1975). Directed by Terry Sanders, United States Information Agency. Santa Monica, California: American Film Foundation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5620198249816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aaron Copland" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 14, 1900. The child of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, he first learned to play the piano from his older sister. At the age of sixteen he went to Manhattan to study with Rubin Goldmark, a respected private music instructor who taught Copland the fundamentals of counterpoint and composition. During these early years he immersed himself in contemporary classical music by attending performances at the New York Symphony and Brooklyn Academy of Music. He found, however, that like many other young musicians, he was attracted to the classical history and musicians of Europe. So, at the age of twenty, he left New York for the Summer School of Music for American Students at Fountainebleau, France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.754011869430542, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In France, Copland found a musical community unlike any he had known. It was at this time that he sold his first composition to Durand and Sons, the most respected music publisher in France. While in Europe Copeland met many of the important artists of the time, including the famous composer Serge Koussevitsky. Koussevitsky requested that Copland write a piece for the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The piece, “Symphony for Organ and Orchestra” (1925) was Copland’s entry into the life of professional American music. He followed this with “Music for the Theater” (1925) and “Piano Concerto” (1926), both of which relied heavily on the jazz idioms of the time. For Copland, jazz was the first genuinely American major musical movement. From jazz he hoped to draw the inspiration for a new type of symphonic music, one that could distinguish itself from the music of Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6189677715301514, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "In the late 1920s Copland’s attention turned to popular music of other countries. He had moved away from his interest in jazz and began to concern himself with expanding the audience for American classical music. He believed that classical music could eventually be as popular as jazz in America or folk music in Mexico. He worked toward this goal with both his music and a firm commitment to organizing and producing. He was an active member of many organizations, including both the American Composers’ Alliance and the League of Composers. Along with his friend Roger Sessions, he began the Copland-Sessions concerts, dedicated to presenting the works of young composers. It was around this same time that his plans for an American music festival (similar to ones in Europe) materialized as the Yaddo Festival of American Music (1932). By the mid-’30s Copland had become not only one of the most popular composers in the country, but a leader of the community of American classical musicians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6524558067321777, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "It was in 1935 with “El Salón México” that Copland began his most productive and popular years. The piece presented a new sound that had its roots in Mexican folk music. Copland believed that through this music, he could find his way to a more popular symphonic music. In his search for the widest audience, Copland began composing for the movies and ballet. Among his most popular compositions for film are those for “Of Mice and Men” (1939), “Our Town ” (1940), and “The Heiress” (1949), which won him an Academy Award for best score. He composed scores for a number of ballets, including two of the most popular of the time: “Agnes DeMille’s Rodeo” (1942) and Martha Graham ‘s “Appalachian Spring” (1944), for which he won the Pulitzer Prize. Both ballets presented views of American country life that corresponded to the folk traditions Copland was interested in. Probably the most important and successful composition from this time was his patriotic “A Lincoln Portrait” (1942). The piece for voice and orchestra presents quotes from Lincoln’s writings narrated over Copland’s musical composition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3465131521224976, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | About the Composer | American Masters | PBS" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "After his return to America, Copland drifted toward an incisive, austere style that captured something of the sobriety of Depression-torn America. The most representative work of this period -- the Piano Variations (1930) -- remains one of the composer's seminal efforts. He tried to avoid taking a university position, instead writing for journals and newspapers, organizing concerts, and taking on administrative duties for composers' organizations, trying to promote American music. By the mid-1930s, taking the direct engagement of and communication with audiences as one of his central tenets, Copland 's compositions developed (in parallel with other composers like Virgil Thomson and Roy Harris ) an \"American\" style marked by folk influences, a new melodic and harmonic simplicity, and an appealing directness free from intellectual pretension. This is nowhere more in evidence than in Copland 's ballets of this period, and it finally earned him the respect of the general public. While Copland gradually became less prolific from the mid-1950s on, he continued to experiment and explore \"fresh\" means of musical expression, including a highly individual adoption of 12-tone principles in works like the Piano Fantasy and Connotations for orchestra. Still, the fundamentally lyrical nature of Copland 's language remained intact and occasionally emerged -- with an often surprising retrospective air -- in works like the Duo for flute and piano (1971). He continued to teach and write and received numerous awards both in America and abroad. In 1958, he began conducting orchestras around the world, performing works by 80 other composers as well as his own over the next 20 years. By the mid-'70s, Copland had for all intents and purposes ceased composing. One of the last of his creative accomplishments was the completion of his two-volume autobiography (with musicologist Vivian Perlis ), an essential document in understanding the growth of American music in the twentieth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.13127821683883667, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland | Biography & History | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "American", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220285415649414, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "When Copland completed his lessons and felt he had gained as much knowledge as possible for the moment in New York, he traveled to Europe to take in the musical atmosphere of Paris. At the age of 20, he attended a prestigious school for American students in Fontainebleau, France, named the Fontainebleau School of Music. During this time, he sold his very first composition to a respected French music publisher, Durand and Sons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3674979209899902, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Upon Copland’s return, he began teaching music. It was during this time that Copland also began his own career as a serious composer. He wrote the first of his beloved pieces while supporting himself as a music instructor. In 1925, he sold his first full length composition in America, Symphony for Organ and Orchestra, to the Boston Symphony Orchestra. This was the start of Copland’s long and illustrious American career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.555405378341675, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Many people today remember Copland for his jazz compositions. Indeed, the early years of his career focused strongly on jazz because he felt that it represented a truly American, nationalistic sound. Nonetheless, Copland did have other strong interests. In addition to jazz compositions, he was also quite enamored of popular folk music and other types of music from around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.829187273979187, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "His compositions for ballet were also quite well-received and have become American classics. Among them are Rodeo, introduced in 1942, and Appalachian Spring, introduced in 1944. He proudly received the Pulitzer Prize for Appalachian Spring.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547310829162598, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "One unique example of Copland’s work, which is known the world over as an important example of both American composition and culture, is Portrait of Lincoln. Copland introduced this piece in 1942. It is a unique performance piece written for orchestra along with a narrator. It is based on quotes from the writings of Abraham Lincoln accompanied by a haunting and beautiful musical score.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.424680709838867, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography – Life of American Composer" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "American composer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.106147766113281, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "The 1920s and 1930s were a period of deep concern about the limited audience for new (and especially American) music, and Copland was active in many organizations devoted to performance and sponsorship. These included the League of Composers, the Copland-Sessions concerts, and the American Composers' Alliance. His organizational abilities earned him the title of \"American music's natural president\" from his fellow composer Virgil Thomson (1896–1989).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.803144931793213, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Promoter of \"American\" music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081930160522461, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Beginning in the mid-1930s through 1950, Copland made a serious effort to widen the audience for American music and took steps to change his style when writing pieces requested for different occasions. He composed music for theater, ballet, and films, as well as for concert situations. In his ballets— Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942), and Appalachian Spring (1944; Pulitzer Prize, 1945)—he made use of folk melodies and relaxed his previous style to arrive at a sound more broadly recognized as \"American.\" Other well-known works of this period are El Salón México (1935) and A Lincoln Portrait (1942), while the Piano Sonata (1943) and the Third Symphony (1946) continue the development of his concert music. Among his famous film scores are those for Of Mice and Men (1939), Our Town (1940), The Red Pony (1948), and The Heiress (1949).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8072593808174133, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Copland's concern for establishing a tradition of music in American life increased when he became a teacher at The New School for Social Research at Harvard University, and as head of the composition department at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood, Massachusetts, a school founded by Koussevitzky. His Norton Lectures at Harvard (1951–52) were published as Music and Imagination (1952). Earlier books are What to Listen for in Music (1939) and Our New Music (1941).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.00022837147116661072, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Beginning with the Quartet for Piano and Strings (1950), Copland made use of the methods developed by Austrian American composer Arnold Schoenberg, who developed a tonal system not based on any key. This confused many listeners. Copland's most important works of these years include the Piano Fantasy (1957), Nonet for Strings (1960), Connotations (1962), and Inscape (1967). The Tender Land (1954) represents an extension of the style of ballet to the opera stage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.272223711013794, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland Biography - life, family, children, death ..." }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Born in November 14, 1900, in Brooklyn, New York, Copland was the son of two Lithuanian immigrants, Harris and Sarah Copland. He got a late start compared to many musicians , when at age 12 he learned to play the piano from his sister. After a year and a half of teaching himself he finally branched out to take formal lessons. By 1921 he had received a scholarship to study at the music school for Americans at Fontainbleau near Paris. There Copland would study under one of the greatest composition teachers of the 20th Century, Nadia Boulanger. Boulanger moved Copland from writing short piano pieces to writing symphonies and ballets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.959857702255249, "source": "search", "title": "Composer - OnMusic Dictionary - Term" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "Perhaps one of his best works was Appalachian Spring, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945. Copland was commissioned to write a ballet by Martha Graham. He started writing it in 1943 and finished the following year while teaching at Harvard. The piece was given the name Appalachian Spring only two days before its' premier by Martha Graham. Appalachian Spring boasted a sound every bit as American as his previous works, Billy the Kid, and Quiet City. With choreography by Martha Graham the ballet won immediate success and acclaim when it debuted in Washington, D.C., October 30, 1944. Copland turned to folk music for material in this piece. The Shaker song,Simple Gifts, was used in one section of the song. All of the pieces in Appalachian Spring reflect folk songs Appalachia's, but only Simple Gifts is a quoted song. This is ironic because the play is set in Pennsylvania where there is a marriage to take place between the two leading characters, but there were no Shakers in Pennsylvania and as a Shaker you were not allowed to marry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.547829627990723, "source": "search", "title": "Composer - OnMusic Dictionary - Term" }, { "answer": "American", "passage": "The Dean of American composers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.557146072387695, "source": "search", "title": "Aaron Copland - Biography - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Louisa Cavell (; 4 December 1865 – 12 October 1915) was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and in helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested. She was accused of treason, found guilty by a court-martial and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage.", "precise_score": 7.017219066619873, "rough_score": 7.392856597900391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "In November 1914, after the German occupation of Brussels, Cavell began sheltering British soldiers and funnelling them out of occupied Belgium to the neutral Netherlands. Wounded British and French soldiers as well as Belgian and French civilians of military age were hidden from the Germans and provided with false papers by Prince Reginald de Croy at his château of Bellignies near Mons. From there, they were conducted by various guides to the houses of Cavell, Louis Séverin and others in Brussels; where their hosts would furnish them with money to reach the Dutch frontier and provide them with guides obtained through Philippe Baucq. This placed Cavell in violation of German military law. German authorities became increasingly suspicious of the nurse's actions, which were further fuelled by her outspokenness.", "precise_score": 4.725195407867432, "rough_score": 4.784109592437744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "On 12 October 1915, British nurse Edith Cavell was shot at dawn by a German firing squad in Brussels for helping hundreds of allied soldiers escape from occupied Belgium.", "precise_score": 7.334652900695801, "rough_score": 8.083269119262695, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History in the Headlines", "precise_score": 1.564378261566162, "rough_score": 4.778210639953613, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "At dawn on October 12, 1915, World War I nurse Edith Cavell was shot by a German firing squad on the outskirts of Brussels, Belgium. The 49-year-old Englishwoman had been condemned to death for helping run an underground network that spirited some 200 Allied soldiers out of German-occupied territory. Her execution caused an outrage both in Britain and abroad, and became a recurring motif in Allied propaganda for the rest of the war. Get the story of one of the most celebrated female heroes of World War I.", "precise_score": 7.224559307098389, "rough_score": 7.502099990844727, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "When World War I erupted in August 1914, Edith Cavell was in her seventh year as the head matron of the Berkendael Medical Institute, a nurse training school in Brussels, Belgium. The grey-haired nurse was visiting family in England on the eve of Germany’s invasion of Belgium, but she immediately packed her bags and rushed back to her students. “At a time like this I am more needed than ever,” she told her worried mother. Cavell’s school was converted into a Red Cross hospital, and as the wounded began pouring in from the front, she treated all soldiers regardless of nationality. “Each man is a father, husband or son,” she reminded her nurses. “The profession of nursing knows no frontiers.”", "precise_score": 4.6080451011657715, "rough_score": 5.605572700500488, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell was a nurse, humanitarian and spy. During the First World War, she helped allied servicemen escape German occupied Belgium; she was eventually captured and executed for treason. Her death by firing squad made her internationally known and she became an iconic symbol for the Allied cause.", "precise_score": 6.428577423095703, "rough_score": 6.56305456161499, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "In mid 1915, nurse Edith Cavell came under suspicion for helping allied servicemen to escape; this was not helped by her outspoken views on her perceived injustice of the occupation.", "precise_score": 3.4406723976135254, "rough_score": 5.09317684173584, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Interestingly, during the war the French shot two German nurses helping German forces escape. When asked why they didn’t publicise this for its similarities to Edith Cavell’s execution, the German High Command replied, ‘Why complain? the French had a perfect right to shoot them.’", "precise_score": 4.196988582611084, "rough_score": 4.42117977142334, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell (1865-1915) was a British nurse serving in Belgium who was executed on a charge of assisting Allied prisoners to escape during World War One.", "precise_score": 5.807219982147217, "rough_score": 6.120734214782715, "source": "search", "title": "First World War.com - Who's Who - Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "On the morning of October 12, 1915, the 49-year-old British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad in Brussels, Belgium.", "precise_score": 6.233895301818848, "rough_score": 5.635930061340332, "source": "search", "title": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Before World War I began in 1914, Cavell served for a number of years as the matron of a nurse’s training school in Brussels. After the city was captured and occupied by the Germans in the first month of war, Cavell chose to remain at her post, tending to German soldiers and Belgians alike. In August 1915, German authorities arrested her and accused her of helping British and French prisoners-of-war, as well as Belgians hoping to serve with the Allied armies, to escape Belgium for neutral Holland.", "precise_score": 5.665891170501709, "rough_score": 4.273026943206787, "source": "search", "title": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "When war was declared on Germany by England in August of 1914, Cavell's training school for nurses in Brussels was taken over by the Red Cross.  In November the Germans had occupied Brussels and it came under German military law. Cavell began harboring and protecting British soldiers and smuggling them out of occupied Belgium into adjacent Holland, a neutral country.  She sheltered wounded British and French soldiers as well as Belgian and French civilians of military age.  She provided them with false papers and they were conducted by various guides to the houses of Cavell and others who sympathized with her.  They were then furnished with money and guides and led to the Dutch border.  This was a clear violation of the German military law which was now in effect in Belgium.  German authorities became increasingly suspicious of Cavell.  Adding to that suspicion was Cavell's outspoken opinions about the German occupation.", "precise_score": 5.078001022338867, "rough_score": 4.839139938354492, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "For further information on Edith Cavell her biography is Fatal Decision, Edith Cavell, WW1 Nurse by Terri Arthur.  Other books about her include The Case of Edith Cavell- A Study of the Rights of Non-Combatants by James M. Beck and Silent in an Evil Time: The Brave War of Edith Cavell by Jack Batten.  There are numerous sites on the internet with valuable information as well. Images are supplied courtesy of The Wellcome Library in London.", "precise_score": 1.7531567811965942, "rough_score": 4.070115566253662, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during WWI | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": 4.779486656188965, "rough_score": 7.287315368652344, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr", "precise_score": 1.725663661956787, "rough_score": 3.942681074142456, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Long ago people called a nurse the watcher. Watching. Watching to see that the sick do not slip away forever in their sleep. 1 Edith Cavell was a watcher. But World War I led this English-born nurse to become a member of an underground escape organization behind enemy lines. Her selfless sense of duty drove her to risk her life nursing and aiding Allied soldiers hiding from the Germans in war-torn Belgium. Cavell's patriotism and loyalty to Britain, as well as her sacrifice to humanity, has made her a significant heroine of World War I.", "precise_score": 3.5703001022338867, "rough_score": 4.646657466888428, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "When Cavell agreed to harbor the English soldiers, she was accepted into the underground operation. In the following months, she helped hundreds of soldiers escape from behind the German lines and eventually rejoin their units. Despite an order from the German authorities stating that anyone sheltering Allied troops be shot, Cavell's secret work continued. \"With the growing number of escapees in her nursing home, it was harder and harder for Edith Cavell to make ends meet. It was difficult enough to get food under any circumstances; even water was rationed now, and the Germans were making life more difficult by the day.\" 6", "precise_score": 5.074380874633789, "rough_score": 5.898893356323242, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Despite diplomatic efforts by neutral countries to obtain a reprieve, on October 12, 1915, Edith Cavell, wearing her nursing uniform, was shot at dawn by a firing squad at the national rifle range in Brussels. The night before her execution, Cavell had told her last visitor, an English chaplain, \"Standing as I do, in view of God and eternity, I realize that patriotism is not enough; I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.\" 7", "precise_score": 4.465113162994385, "rough_score": 5.042878150939941, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Edith Cavell, who was 49 at the time of her execution, was already notable as a pioneer of modern nursing in Belgium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.484940767288208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell was born on 4 December 1865 in Swardeston, a village near Norwich, where her father was vicar for 45 years. She was the eldest of the four children of the Reverend Frederick and Louisa Sophia Cavell, and was taught always to share with the less fortunate, despite her family’s meagre income. She was educated at Norwich High School for Girls. After a period as a governess, including for a family in Brussels 1890–1895, she trained as a nurse at the London Hospital under Matron Eva Luckes and worked in various hospitals in England, including Shoreditch Infirmary (since renamed St Leonard's Hospital). In 1907, Cavell was recruited by Dr Antoine Depage to be matron of a newly established nursing school, L'École Belge d’Infirmières Diplômées, (or The Berkendael Medical Institute) on the Rue de la Culture (now Rue Franz Merjay), Ixelles in Brussels. By 1910, \"Miss Cavell 'felt that the profession of nursing had gained sufficient foothold in Belgium to warrant the publishing of a professional journal' and, therefore, launched the nursing journal, L'infirmière\". A year later, she was a training nurse for three hospitals, 24 schools, and 13 kindergartens in Belgium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4111114740371704, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "When the First World War broke out, she was visiting her widowed mother in Norfolk in the East of England. She returned to Brussels, where her clinic and nursing school were taken over by the Red Cross.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15068531036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "In the months and years following Cavell's death, countless newspaper articles, pamphlets, images, and books publicised her story. She became an iconic propaganda figure for military recruitment in Britain, and to help increase favourable sentiment towards the Allies in the United States. She was a popular icon because of her sex, her nursing profession, and her apparently heroic approach to death. Her execution was represented as an act of German barbarism and moral depravity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6552510261535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "News reports shortly following Cavell's execution were found to be only true in part. Even the American Journal of Nursing repeated the fictional account of Cavell's execution in which she fainted and fell because of her refusal to wear a blindfold in front of the firing squad. Allegedly, while she lay unconscious, the German commanding officer shot her dead with a revolver. Numerous accounts like these stimulated international outrage and general anti-German sentiments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.956466794013977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Before the First World War, Cavell was not well known outside nursing circles. This allowed two different depictions of the truth about her in British propaganda, which were a reply to enemy attempts to justify her shooting, including the suggestion that Cavell, during her interrogation, had given information that incriminated others. In November 1915, the British Foreign Office issued a denial that Cavell had implicated anyone else in her testimony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5825165510177612, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Another representation of a side of Cavell during the First World War saw her described as a serious, reserved, brave, and patriotic woman who devoted her life to nursing and died to save others. This portrayal has been illustrated in numerous biographical sources, from personal first-hand experiences of the Red Cross nurse. Pastor Le Seur, the German army chaplain, recalled at the time of her execution, \"I do not believe that Miss Cavell wanted to be a martyr…but she was ready to die for her country… Miss Cavell was a very brave woman and a faithful Christian\". Another account from Anglican chaplain, the Reverend Gahan, remembers Cavell's words, \"I have no fear or shrinking; I have seen death so often it is not strange, or fearful to me!\" In this interpretation, her stoicism was seen as remarkable for a non-combatant woman, and brought her even greater renown than a man in similar circumstances would have received.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.332672119140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell's remains were returned to Britain after the war. As the ship bearing the coffin arrived in Dover, a full peal of Grandsire Triples (5040 Changes, Parker's Twelve-Part) was rung on the bells of the parish church. The peal was notable: \"Rung with the bells deeply muffled with the exception of the Tenor which was open at back stroke, in token of respect to Nurse Cavell, whose body arrived at Dover during the ringing and rested in the town till the following morning. The ringers of 1-2-3-4-5-6 are ex-soldiers, F. Elliot having been eight months Prisoner of War in Germany.\" Deep (or full) muffling is normally only used for the deaths of sovereigns. After an overnight pause in the parish church the body was conveyed to London and a state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey. On 19 May 1919, her body was reburied at the east side of Norwich Cathedral; a graveside service is still held each October. The railway van known as the Cavell Van that conveyed her remains from Dover to London is kept as a memorial on the Kent and East Sussex Railway and is usually open to view at Bodiam railway station.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.55283784866333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Following Cavell's death, many memorials were created around the world to remember her. One of the first was unveiled on 12 October 1918 by Queen Alexandra on the grounds of Norwich Cathedral, during the opening of a home for nurses which also bore her name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.680792808532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "* The first film made of the story was the 1916 Australian silent film The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell soon followed by Nurse Cavell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.615059852600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "* Herbert Wilcox made a 1928 silent film based on the story called Dawn with Sybil Thorndike. He remade it as Nurse Edith Cavell (1939) starring Anna Neagle and George Sanders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3822396993637085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "* Nurse Cavell, a 1933 play in three acts, by C. S. Forester with C. E. Bechhofer Roberts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.881164073944092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "* A daughter of the great Thoroughbred stallion Man o' War, out of a mare named The Nurse, was named Edith Cavell. Foaled in 1923, Edith Cavell won the 1926 Coaching Club American Oaks and also defeated male horses in other stakes events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.510311484336853, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Women played an increasingly large role. By 1944 over a half million served as auxiliaries in the German armed forces, especially in anti-aircraft units of the Luftwaffe; a half million worked in civil aerial defence; and 400,000 were volunteer nurses. They also replaced men in the wartime economy, especially on farms and in small family-owned shops.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.478009223937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nazi Germany" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Centenary of death of British nurse executed for treason in 1915 marked as evidence emerges of possible links to British intelligence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011341094970703, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "A headline in the Manchester Guardian on 22 October 1915 read: “Merciless Execution of Nurse Cavell,” while an editorial dwelled on the “callousness” and “brutality” of the German occupiers in Belgium, and the way Cavell’s execution was carried out quickly and secretly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.505171298980713, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell is remembered in Norwich above all as a pioneering nurse. One of her lasting legacies is the Cavell Nurses’ Trust , which provides financial support for nurses in need. She had returned to Belgium, where she had set up the first secular training hospital for nurses, after the outbreak of war in 1914, saying: “At a time like this, I am needed more than ever”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.872959136962891, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell: nurse, martyr, and spy? | Vanessa Heggie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.025763034820557, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Richard Maguire of the University of East Anglia (UEA), goes further. He told the Guardian: “Cavell was not merely acting as a nurse and treating the wounded – she could have done this without helping those soldiers to then escape”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.887514591217041, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Interestingly, the Red Cross took the view that Cavell was protected by the Geneva conventions only for her work for wounded soldiers (allied or German), not for helping people escape from Belgium. She was condemned at her trial, not as a nurse, but as someone committing a political act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7572852373123169, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "“She could not endorse the patriotisms of the warring parties – German, British or Belgian”, Miller emphasised. The Cavell Nurses’ Trust is to launch a national “moment of thanks” to today’s nurses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.310531616210938, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell, shot by Germans during WWI, celebrated 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.852979898452759, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.852979898452759, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.852979898452759, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell knew the penalties for helping Allied troops could be severe—the Germans had papered Brussels with warning posters—but when a pair of refugee British soldiers showed up at Berkendael in November 1914, her conscience wouldn’t allow her to turn them away. She took the two men in, nursed them back to health and sheltered them in her hospital until a guide was found to lead them out of occupied territory. The act of defiance marked the beginning of Cavell’s transformation from strait-laced nurse to resistance member. When word of her actions reached Prince Reginald de Croy, himself a resistance member and cousin of the Belgian king, she was enlisted into a clandestine group of Allied patriots. Her hospital soon became a vital way station on an underground network used to shepherd British, French and Belgian soldiers to the neutral Netherlands. Cavell carried out her role in secret, determined not to incriminate her fellow nurses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4295806884765625, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell spent the night before her execution writing goodbye letters in her cell. Shortly before 10 p.m. she was visited by the Reverend Stirling Gahan, who was astonished to find her looking “calm and resigned.” Cavell told Gahan that she hoped to be remembered as a nurse who had done her duty. “They have all been very kind to me here,” she said. “But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity: I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9538798332214355, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "The following morning, Cavell and Baucq were driven to a rifle range and shot by a German firing squad. A chaplain who witnessed the execution later said the nurse “was brave and bright to the last. She professed her Christian faith and that she was glad to die for her country. She died like a heroine.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4881161451339722, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Nurses marching in Cavell’s funeral procession in Britain. (Credit: A. R. Coster/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.379522323608398, "source": "search", "title": "WWI Nurse Edith Cavell Executed, 100 Years Ago - History ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell was born in Swardeston, near Norwich. Her father was a priest in the Anglican church; this religious faith, she was brought up with, was to provide an important influence on her life. In 1900, she trained to be a nurse at the London hospital. In 1907, she was recruited to be the matron of a new nursing school in Brussels. This was a period of growth in the prestige and importance of nursing; a period which began with Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War. In 1910, Miss Cavell began one of the first nursing journals, L’infirmiere, this documented good nursing practises and basic standards. She became a teacher of nurses in different hospitals throughout Belgium and sought to improve standards of nursing. In the Nursing Mirror, Edith Cavell, writes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4980204999446869, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "“The probationers wear blue dresses with white aprons and white collars. The contrast which they present to the nuns, in their heavy stiff robes, and to the lay nurses, in their grimy apparel, is the contrast of the unhygienic past with the enlightened present.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33039665222168, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Many British soldiers had been lost behind in the withdrawal of the allied forces and were stuck in Brussels. Miss Cavell decided to aid the British servicemen, hiding them in the hospital and safe houses around Belgium. From these safe houses, some 200 British servicemen were able to escape to neutral Holland. At the same time, she continued to act as nurse and treated wounded soldiers from both the German and allied side. The occupying German army threatened strict punishments for anyone who was found to be ‘aiding and abetting the enemy’. Yet, despite the military rule, Miss Cavell continued to help.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0734212398529053, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Brand Whitlock, the US minister to Belgium and the Spanish Minister, ‘The Marquis de Villalobar’, made representations to the German High Command asking her sentence of death be commuted. In particular, the US minister warned the Germans that this execution of a nurse would damage Germany’s already bad reputation and would be seen as an injustice in the eyes of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.748124599456787, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Execution of Nurse Edith Cavell", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8723591566085815, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "On her last night, she wrote to her fellow nurses, saying:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82475471496582, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell BiographyBiography Online" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Born on 4 December 1865 in Norfolk, Cavell entered the nursing profession while aged 20.  Moving to Belgium she was appointed matron of the Berkendael Medical Institute in Brussels in 1907.  During her brief career in Belgium she nevertheless succeeded in modernising the standard of Belgian nursing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.899048805236816, "source": "search", "title": "First World War.com - Who's Who - Edith Cavell" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.786985158920288, "source": "search", "title": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0254359245300293, "source": "search", "title": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0254359245300293, "source": "search", "title": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0254359245300293, "source": "search", "title": "British nurse Edith Cavell executed - Oct 12, 1915 ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2665414810180664, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2665414810180664, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "University of Kansas School of Nursing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559819221496582, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "A discussion about nurses of World War I cannot start without the introduction of probably the most prominent nurse of the entire war - Edith Cavell.  Edith Cavell was a British nurse born in 1865.  She trained in a London hospital and in 1907 was appointed as matron of a newly established nursing school in Brussels, Belgium.  By 1910 she had gained so much professional respect and had so advanced the nursing profession in Belgium that she began a nursing professional journal, L'infirmiere.  In 1911 she was a training nurse for three hospitals, 24 schools, and 13 kindergartens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0419868230819702, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "An Edith Cavell memorial visited by nurses", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.057532548904419, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell was a serious, brave and patriotic woman who devoted her life to nursing and to her country.  She was remembered as a brave woman and a faithful Christian.  She stated that as a nurse she did not shrink from death.  She said that \"I have seen death so often it is not strange, or fearful to me!\"  She wrote to her fellow nurses on that last night \"I have told you that devotion will give you real happiness, and the thought that you have done, before God and yourselves, your whole duty and with a good heart will be your greatest support in the hard moments of life and in the face of death.\"  The Church of England still recognizes October 12th as the day for commemoration of Edith Cavell, a patriot, a Christian, and a nurse of note.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6082086563110352, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell - Nurse and Martyr - KU Medical Center" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Ms Cavell's story began in the village of Swardeston in Norfolk, where her father was a vicar and where she grew up before moving to London to train as a nurse in 1896.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.126539707183838, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "In 1907, she moved to Brussels to become the director of a training school for nurses but was caught behind enemy lines after the German invasion of Belgium in 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.710653305053711, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "She formed a Red Cross hospital in Brussels and nursed German and Belgian wounded soldiers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.371781349182129, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Following the German occupation of the city, her institution was placed at the disposal of the invading army, and although she was given the chance to return to Britain, she chose to remain with her nurses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.898125648498535, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Nurse Cavell was granted a state funeral. Her coffin, on a gun carriage, is pictured being taken along Victoria Street to Westminster Abbey escorted by men of the Coldstream Guards with arms reversed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.376332759857178, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Nurse Cavell's grave at Norwich Cathedral - her body was brought back to Britain following her execution", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.112632751464844, "source": "search", "title": "Heroic nurse Edith Cavell WAS spying on the Germans during ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Image caption The deaths of nurse Edith Cavell and merchant seaman Charles Fryatt helped galvanise public opinion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.451524257659912, "source": "search", "title": "World War One: Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt 'martyred ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Unmarried, she became a governess and then a nurse before being invited to organise modern training for nurses in Belgium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83438491821289, "source": "search", "title": "World War One: Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt 'martyred ..." }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "\"She sees her responsibilities - her Christian calling perhaps - as the nursing team, the college she has helped set up, and the fact there are likely to be wounded on both sides - and she goes back. That tells you a lot about her.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031171798706055, "source": "search", "title": "World War One: Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt 'martyred ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Miss Cavell was given a nearly a dozen memorials, including one on the edge of Trafalgar Square. The nurses college in Brussels and a charity for retired nurses are both named after her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.369032382965088, "source": "search", "title": "World War One: Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt 'martyred ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Mr Miller added: \"She spoke to a chaplain on the night before she died and when he said he would think of her as a heroine and a martyr, she waved the idea away and said 'Think of me simply as a nurse who tried to do her duty'.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851018905639648, "source": "search", "title": "World War One: Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt 'martyred ..." }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr | Article | NursingCenter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3134262561798096, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, He...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7970266342163086, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Join NursingCenter to get uninterrupted access to this Article", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55022144317627, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell studied at home with her father until the age of eighteen, when she enrolled in Miss Gibson's School for Young Ladies in Peterborough. She discovered she had a gift for languages and learned to speak French fluently, earning praise as the teacher's best student. By graduation, Cavell had grown into a serious young woman with a frail build who scorned fun and mischief. In 1884, she accepted a position with a wealthy English family who needed a governess. Although this was not an occupation to fulfill her dreams, she grew to love the children and remained with the family for six years. She spent another five years as a governess in Belgium. In 1895 she returned to England to care for her seriously ill father. After tending him for nearly a year, he gradually recovered. The experience provided Cavell with a calling in which she felt needed. She decided to become a nurse. The following year, at the age of thirty, she entered the London Hospital Nurses' Training School as a probationer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.567065238952637, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "In 1901, she completed the nursing course and took a position as night supervisor of a small hospital. She was quickly promoted and within three years was employed as assistant matron of a large hospital where she gained experience teaching and lecturing senior probationers. Cavell's meticulous work and supervisory skills soon elevated her to the top of her profession. By 1906, she was matron at Ashton New Road District Home in Manchester, when she received an intriguing letter from a Belgian surgeon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.902016639709473, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "The letter contained an offer to organize and direct a nurses' school in Brussels to educate and professionally train personnel as Florence Nightingale had in England. The surgeon, Antoine Depage, was frustrated with the religious orders that controlled Belgian nursing. He had available four brownstone houses and sought a matron to begin the training school. The nurse he sought must have administrative experience and teaching capabilities, understand Belgian people and be fluent in French. Nurse Cavell satisfied all the requirements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.076410293579102, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell opened the school on October 1,1907, with four students. As director of the Berkendael Institute of Brussels, she demanded the highest standards from her pupil nurses. \"Her discipline was strict but scrupulously fair. She stressed duty and service to others, as well as ethical conduct, cleanliness, dedication to work and punctuality.\" 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.904630661010742, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "As the months went by, the nursing staff grew, and by 1909, Cavell had twenty-three probationers and was supervising three other hospitals in Brussels, as well as the Institute. She wrote many articles on nursing and sent periodical reports to the English Nursing Mirror. In 1912, she started her own nursing magazine, L'infirmiere. 4 By 1914, Edith Cavell had significantly improved the level of Belgian nursing by training scores of nurses, while superintending the care of hundreds of patients.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.081334352493286, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell was vacationing in England when Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated. Fear and unrest spread across Europe and on July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia, triggering World War I. Although her family begged her to stay in England, Cavell insisted on returning to Belgium to ready the nurses for the flood of wounded. All were hard at work in the Institute in the suburbs of Brussels when the German army occupied the city less than a month after her return.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.511873483657837, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Cavell did most of the chores involving the hidden soldiers herself so she did not incriminate other nurses, but eventually the German Secret Police grew suspicious of the activities at the Institute. As the resistance continued to funnel soldiers to the hospital, one arrived whom Cavell suspected was a spy. He was a handsome Frenchman who charmed the nurses. He stayed three weeks and absorbed information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5460165739059448, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Soon after, the Institute was placed under surveillance. Then one night the Secret Police came to search the hospital. Cavell remained calm. As she delayed the Germans, nurses sneaked the soldiers out the back door before they could be found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9195005893707275, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "At her trial, Cavell couldn't lie to the judges. As a young child she had been taught lying was a sin, so she answered, yes, when asked if she had nursed and given money and food to Allied soldiers. Yes, she knew they were going to cross the border into Holland. Yes, she had helped over two hundred soldiers escape. And yes, she had done her duty in trying to save men who might otherwise have died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.708508491516113, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Until the end of the war, Cavell lay buried in Belgium near the place she was executed. In May 1919, her body was brought home to England with great ceremony, and she was reburied at the Cathedral of Norwich, a few miles from her hometown of Swardeston. Her memory is kept alive today in the Institut (French spelling) Medical Edith Cavell in Brussels, where she served as matron and helped improve nursing standards. In Saint Martin's Place, near London's Trafalger Square, stands a tall statue of Edith Cavell in her nurse's cloak. Perhaps the best tribute to this heroic nurse is found in the words carved beneath her image: \"Humanity, Fortitude, Devotion, Sacrifice\"-a fitting description of this Christian watcher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0307631492614746, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "NIGHTINGALE NURSING", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34272575378418, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Following in Florence Nightingale's footsteps, Edith Cavell instituted the nursing reforms in Belgium that Nightingale had pioneered in England. Nightingale's military service during the Crimean War left her shocked by the lack of hygiene and elementary care that men in the British army received. Before her reforms, no one set out to be a nurse. Hospitals were so dirty and filled with disease that they attracted only the poorest women. These women stayed only until they had enough money to quit. Nightingale changed the face of nursing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6378307342529297, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "The \"Nightingale Training School for Nurses,\" established in 1860, provided the best technical training available. Probationers were given room, board, uniforms, laundry facilities and pocket money. They nursed real patients in the hospital ward and were educated in the medical sciences through lectures by the medical staff. Those trainees who successfully completed the one-year training course were certified and registered as nurses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235966682434082, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nurse", "passage": "Successful candidates for Nightingale's school had to adhere to her Christian standards. Immoral behavior, including drunkenness and excessive flirting, was not tolerated. Upon completion of the course, the Florence Nightingale graduate was an educated, disciplined, morally sound nurse. Local hospitals snapped them up and medical professionals proclaimed the program \"revolutionary.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045953750610352, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Florence Nightingale's radical nursing principles formed the basis for the training school. Published in 1 859, her book, Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not, describes in detail her essential doctrines of caring for the sick. She believed, above all else, in hygiene (fresh air, cleanliness, clean water, proper drainage and plenty of light), constant consideration for the patient's feelings and shrewd observations at the sick bed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03970718383789, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Nursing", "passage": "Nightingale's revisions laid the foundation of the modern nursing profession and established nursing as a respectable vocation for women, while greatly alleviating human suffering in the nineteenth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942845344543457, "source": "search", "title": "Edith Cavell: WWI Nurse, Hero, Martyr - NursingCenter.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Film Director", "passage": "Why is the trio Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, and Mrinal Sen considered as the greatest film directors from India? - Quora", "precise_score": -1.7134366035461426, "rough_score": -3.46951961517334, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the trio Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, and Mrinal ..." }, { "answer": "Film Director", "passage": "In 1949, Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart. The couple had a son, Sandip, who is now a film director. In the same year, French director Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him to find locations in the countryside. Ray told Renoir about his idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been on his mind, and Renoir encouraged him in the project. In 1950, D.J. Keymer sent Ray to London to work at its headquarters office. During his three months in London, Ray watched 99 films. Among these was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) (1948) by Vittorio De Sica, which had a profound impact on him. Ray later said that he came out of the theatre determined to become a film-maker. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.287346839904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Satyajit Ray" }, { "answer": "Film Director", "passage": "In 1996, Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked Ray at No. 25 in its \"50 Greatest Directors\" list. In 2007, Total Film magazine included Ray in its \"100 Greatest Film Directors Ever\" list. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.014348983764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Satyajit Ray" }, { "answer": "Directorial", "passage": "Mrinal Sen also made his debut with Raat Bhore the same year, but the outset of his career wasn't as distinguished as Ray's. Ghatak's Nagarik, finished in 1952, was perhaps one of the earliest attempts to create an independent art film tackling neo-realism as a subject, but even his directorial debut was suppressed by Pather Panchali because Nagarik was mysteriously released in 1977. However, Nagarik is still recognized as a film that perhaps gave a helping hand to the teetering Indian independent film movement back then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.64706039428711, "source": "search", "title": "Why is the trio Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, and Mrinal ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Simple Minds", "passage": "Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me)", "precise_score": -0.8969404697418213, "rough_score": -0.7430531978607178, "source": "search", "title": "Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Simple Minds", "passage": "Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.171661138534546, "source": "search", "title": "Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Simple Minds", "passage": "Follow Simple Minds online:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439532279968262, "source": "search", "title": "Simple Minds - Don't You (Forget About Me) - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Simple Minds", "passage": "Although Simple Minds are enormously popular in their native U.K, they only had two big American hits, \"Don't You (Forget About Me)\", the theme from The Breakfast Club , and \"Alive & Kicking\". While both songs are hugely iconic back home, \"Alive & Kicking\" is almost entirely forgotten in the U.S. and \"Don't You\" is the only song of theirs most Americans remember (especially thanks to the enduring popularity of its parent movie).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9551608562469482, "source": "search", "title": "One-Hit Wonder - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Simple Minds", "passage": "\"The Breakfast Club\" presents no-doubt stereotypical characters, and every member represents countless real-life examples. But what makes it so enjoyable is that applies a variety of themes to its context: prejudice/discrimination, acceptance/tolerance, diversity, class/status differences, family matters, group dynamics, etc. It also encourages us to look at others and ourselves beyond surface-level appearances. Finally, \"The Breakfast Club\" has great 1980s pop culture and societal integrations, from the soundtrack with Simple Minds \"Don't You (Forget about Me), to wealthy, surburban American life (haves and have nots), and superficial values of the \"me\" decade. It reminds us that there truly is diversity in all of us. We are different, but we are all \"the same\" in one way or another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6976704597473145, "source": "search", "title": "The Breakfast Club (1985) - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Music Entertainment (SME commonly known as Sony Music) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Entertainment Inc., a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate company Sony. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation (ARC) and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, following its acquisition by Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987, and in 1991 renamed it Sony Music Entertainment. In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged to become Sony BMG Music Entertainment, although later, in 2008, Sony acquired BMG's stake and the conglomerate reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management.", "precise_score": 5.471487045288086, "rough_score": 4.597335338592529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture. With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983. ", "precise_score": 4.151449680328369, "rough_score": 6.067897319793701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On November 17, 1987, SCA acquired CBS Records, which hosted acts such as Michael Jackson, for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which was distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary. ", "precise_score": 4.308506965637207, "rough_score": 3.2159035205841064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1990, CBS Records renamed the CBS Masterworks classical music label to Sony Classical Records. ", "precise_score": 0.0021162345074117184, "rough_score": -2.8234431743621826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark. The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated. Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990. Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company. Thus, until this day, Sony Music Entertainment Japan does not use the Columbia trademark for Columbia label recordings from outside Japan which are issued in Japan. The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, and a subsequent 2008 buyout. ", "precise_score": 7.190141677856445, "rough_score": 8.500716209411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by RCA also owned CBS rival, NBC. It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold. Davis is still with Sony Music as Chief Creative Officer. ", "precise_score": 0.39020490646362305, "rough_score": -1.301347017288208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1971, Masaru Ibuka handed the position of president over to his co-founder Akio Morita. Sony began a life insurance company in 1979, one of its many peripheral businesses. Amid a global recession in the early 1980s, electronics sales dropped and the company was forced to cut prices. Sony's profits fell sharply. \"It's over for Sony,\" one analyst concluded. \"The company's best days are behind it.\" Around that time, Norio Ohga took up the role of president. He encouraged the development of the Compact Disc in the 1970s and 1980s, and of the PlayStation in the early 1990s. Ohga went on to purchase CBS Records in 1988 and Columbia Pictures in 1989, greatly expanding Sony's media presence. Ohga would succeed Morita as chief executive officer in 1989.", "precise_score": 3.928529977798462, "rough_score": -2.929178476333618, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In one of its largest-ever acquisitions, Sony purchased CBS Record Group in 1987 for US$2 billion. In the process, Sony gained the rights to the catalogue of Michael Jackson, considered by the Guinness Book of World Records to be the most successful entertainer of all time. The acquisition of CBS Records provided the foundation for the formation of Sony Music Entertainment, which Sony established in 1991.", "precise_score": 6.798916339874268, "rough_score": 3.1414153575897217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony bought out Bertelsmann's share in the company and formed a new Sony Music Entertainment in 2008. Since then, the company has undergone management changes. In January 1988, Sony acquired CBS Records and the 50% of CBS/Sony Group. In March 1988, four wholly owned subsidiaries were folded into CBS/Sony Group and the company was renamed as Sony Music Entertainment Japan", "precise_score": 8.461438179016113, "rough_score": 7.563387870788574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony purchased CBS records in 1988 then set its - AMERICAN I - American I", "precise_score": 8.181131362915039, "rough_score": 4.567587375640869, "source": "search", "title": "Sony purchased CBS records in 1988, then set its ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony purchased CBS records in 1988, then set its sight on a motion picture company. Other cash-rich Japanese companies had put up money to make some movies in the past, but Morita wanted Sony to be the first Japanese company to own a Hollywood studio lock, stock, and barrel. Not all of Sony’s top executives were convinced purchasing a studio would be beneficial for the company. To some, Morita’s argument for a “software-hardware synergy” sounded less than totally convincing, especially after Sony’s chairman decided to purchase the Columbia Picture group for $3.4 billion for the studio, which some people in Hollywood estimated was $1 billion more than Columbia was worth. A struggling studio like Columbia, which had less than a 10 percent share of the domestic market in the 1980’s, hardly had the power to drive the sale of Sony’s hardware. Many people in Japan speculated that at least in part, Morita’s acquisition of an American film studio was motivated by his “bruised ego and an overwhelming desire to awe his opponents into submission” (Klein, Hollywood ). Sony’s top executives were not the only ones with reservations about the acquisition. Business associates also warned Akio Morita that the management styles in Japan and America were not compatible calling the decision to purchase the troubled studio a “mistake.” Keiji Shima, then the chairman of NHK, the Japanese public broadcasting company reportedly told Morita, “’you don’t understand Hollywood. It won’t work. You’re asking for trouble. You’re getting into a business that you won’t be able to control. Don’t do it! ’” (Klein, Hollywood ). Despite the concerns, Sony’s board 6", "precise_score": 8.653752326965332, "rough_score": 5.57382869720459, "source": "search", "title": "Sony purchased CBS records in 1988, then set its ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "...late 1980s, Sony executives, especially the company president and the chairman of Sony Corporation of America, Norio Ohga, wanted to add entertainment content to Sony’s operations. In 1988 it bought CBS Records Group from CBS Inc. (now CBS Corporation), thus acquiring the world’s largest record company, and the next year it purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. The Columbia...", "precise_score": 6.744787216186523, "rough_score": 6.093439102172852, "source": "search", "title": "CBS Records Group | Japanese-American company | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "For more than a month, Sony's latest offer to meet Tisch's price - a staggering $2 billion, fattened from an original bid of $1.25 billion - had sat on the table, sniffed over and pondered by a CBS board of directors that was reluctant to part with a cherished piece of CBS's legacy nearly as old as the company itself. The hesitancy largely reflected the ambivalence of William S. Paley, the CBS founder who bought Columbia Records, the flagship label of what became CBS Records, in 1938, and had spoken of it, even half a century later, as ''my baby.'' But this was business, and $2 billion was a rich price. Tisch, the tough-minded investor who was running CBS now, wanted the deal; Black Monday was the convincer.", "precise_score": 1.1859064102172852, "rough_score": -5.7495436668396, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "And so, the deal was done, and CBS Records - pioneer of the LP, repository of the great Broadway musical recordings from ''My Fair Lady'' to ''A Chorus Line,'' recording home of Michael Jackson and Billy Joel, Barbra Streisand and Bruce Springsteen and Cyndi Lauper - passed into Japanese hands. It was the first Japanese jumbo acquisition of an American company, and the transaction made headlines. But the story of Sony's acquisition of CBS Records is much more than that.", "precise_score": 5.162550449371338, "rough_score": 4.375906467437744, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "...late 1980s, Sony executives, especially the company president and the chairman of Sony Corporation of America, Norio Ohga, wanted to add entertainment content to Sony’s operations. In 1988 it bought CBS Records Group from CBS Inc. (now CBS Corporation), thus acquiring the world’s largest record company, and the next year it purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. The Columbia...", "precise_score": 6.744787216186523, "rough_score": 6.093439102172852, "source": "search", "title": "CBS Records Group | Japanese-American company | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1988, the CBS Records Group, including the CBS and Columbia labels was sold by CBS Inc. to the Sony Corporation of Japan.", "precise_score": 9.322644233703613, "rough_score": 8.539705276489258, "source": "search", "title": "CBS - CDs and Vinyl at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CBS Inc. granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS brand. After Sony acquired the Columbia rights from EMI in 1991, they started using Columbia as a worldwide label in place of CBS. The rights to the CBS brand were returned to CBS Inc.", "precise_score": -0.9380926489830017, "rough_score": -2.2387759685516357, "source": "search", "title": "CBS - CDs and Vinyl at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The new CBS Records label is not related to the former CBS Records business or its artists or assets, which were acquired by Sony in 1988.", "precise_score": 6.345697402954102, "rough_score": 3.934406042098999, "source": "search", "title": "CBS - CDs and Vinyl at Discogs" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Nothing since the invasion of the Beatles in 1964 shook the record industry more than the landmark day in January, 1988, when the Japanese electronics giant Sony Inc. bought CBS Records for $2 billion.", "precise_score": 9.219741821289062, "rough_score": 7.674943447113037, "source": "search", "title": "Rock's New World Order : There's a whole lotta shakin' in ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Last Sunday's Calendar article about the realignment of the U.S. record industry under multinational corporate ownership failed to note that some purchases of record labels occurred before Sony Inc.'s watershed $2-billion acquisition of CBS Records in 1988. German-owned Bertlesmann Inc. paid $300 million for RCA Records in 1986. In addition, Great Britain's Thorn-EMI and the Netherlands' Philips N.V. have had longstanding ownership interests in the business.", "precise_score": 7.6156768798828125, "rough_score": 4.613799571990967, "source": "search", "title": "Rock's New World Order : There's a whole lotta shakin' in ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In summer 1967, Harvey Schein (then president of CBS International and later president of Sony Corporation of America) visited Japan to talk to various record companies. However, while all of them listened earnestly to Schein's plans, none of them would give him a straight answer with regard to setting up a joint venture. Schein presumed that not answering with a clear \"yes\" or \"no\" was normal business practice in Japan.", "precise_score": 2.8242220878601074, "rough_score": -2.7830305099487305, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "A week later Schein, Columbia Group President Goddard Lieberson, and CBS International Vice President Walter R. Yetnikoff visited the Sony Corporation headquarters to discuss the joint venture in detail. They met with Morita, Senior Managing Director Kazuo Iwama, Senior Managing Director Taketoshi Kodama, Managing Director Noboru Yoshii, and Director Norio Ohga among others. Ten days after the meeting, Sony submitted a draft contract to CBS and Schein was again surprised at how quickly Sony had made a move. Difficult negotiations followed, but both teams worked hard to reach an agreement quickly. Before the end of the year, they had signed a contract committing them to the establishment of a joint venture company, and submitted an application to MITI. News of the proposed contract, and the fact that Sony had already applied for MITI approval, sent shock waves throughout Japan's recording industry. Inside Sony, a new department was formed under the direction of Ohga to establish the new record company.", "precise_score": 0.3723882734775543, "rough_score": -5.505885124206543, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In March 1968, CBS/Sony Records Inc. was born. Capitalized at 720 million yen, it had the honor of being the first foreign-Japanese joint venture to be set up in the wake of Japan's capital deregulation. However, the road to reach that stage had been full of twists and turns with the company name turning out to be a considerable stumbling block. With its international reputation as a leading record company, CBS insisted that the new company be called CBS/Sony. However, Sony was adamant that it should be known as Sony/CBS since the company would be based in Japan and because Morita's team believed that the new venture would establish Sony as a major worldwide manufacturer of both hardware and music \"software.\" Another reason that Morita and his team were so keen for it to be called Sony/CBS was that Sony wanted to take direct charge of the company's operations. In the end, as neither side was willing to concede, the new company was named CBS/Sony Records on the basis of alphabetical order.", "precise_score": 3.4594202041625977, "rough_score": 4.2580084800720215, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Morita was appointed president of CBS/Sony Records and responsibility for the day to day management of the company was placed on Ohga who was then Director in charge of Manufacturing Planning at Sony. In addition to Ohga, nearly ten Sony staff were transferred to CBS/Sony, including Toshio Ozawa, Shugo Matsuo, Yoshikatsu Inoue and Hiroshi Kanai. Ohga offered the four a real career challenge, while demanding hard work and total commitment. Ozawa had joined Sony from Furukawa Mining Co., Ltd. because he wanted just such a challenge. At the time Sony was virtually unknown, having recently changed its name from Totsuko. Deeply affected by the strong and unique leadership of Ibuka and Morita, he thrived on the freedom, flexibility, and spirit of independence championed by the Sony philosophy. His personality was up to the challenge of CBS/Sony.", "precise_score": 0.19899630546569824, "rough_score": -0.8728370666503906, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Ohga emphasized to other employees that CBS/Sony was a totally independent company, neither a part of CBS nor of Sony. He also said that while they should not do anything to damage the brand image of CBS or Sony, they had the authority and freedom to build the new company as they wished. These first employees actually transferred their employment status from Sony to the new company. Although the US side owned 50% of the company, no director was transferred from CBS and the management of CBS/Sony was entrusted entirely to the Japanese side.", "precise_score": -1.5426807403564453, "rough_score": -5.589508056640625, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "To make CBS/Sony Records a success, Ohga was convinced that he needed enthusiastic people with no previous experience in the recording industry. Owning only ten LPs and being totally inexperienced in the industry, Ozawa was the perfect choice for Ohga. Most Japanese record companies had been in business since before World War II. To succeed in the business, CBS/Sony Records needed to distinguish itself from its long established competitors. When the new company placed a recruiting advertisement in a newspaper asking for inexperienced and energetic people with fresh ideas, it received seven-thousand responses. CBS/Sony Records selected eighty music-loving candidates to join the company, including one who was seventy years old. As Ohga had hoped, the new staff disregarded the traditions and practices of the Japanese recording industry as they strove to develop CBS/Sony Records into a formidable competitor.", "precise_score": 3.104426622390747, "rough_score": 3.7831215858459473, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "At first, inexperience resulted in many mistakes. But once thorough market research had been conducted, the company was able to gradually introduce a number of successful new artists. Breaking from the traditional core business of other companies, CBS/Sony Records focused on pop idols and created a new music genre in Japan that would become a runaway success.", "precise_score": 2.3156492710113525, "rough_score": -2.2241790294647217, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The CBS/Sony head office in Ichigaya, Tokyo, built five years after the company was established", "precise_score": -1.2226755619049072, "rough_score": -2.2657666206359863, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Ohga and Ozawa wanted everyone in the company to experience the joy of creation, as if painting a picture on a clean white canvas. Most Japanese companies operated on a lifetime employment system based on seniority. Under this system, it was very difficult for individuals to realize dreams such as becoming millionaires. CBS/Sony Records wanted to create a new system, one that allowed employees to work toward achieving their dreams and goals and to establish their own identity within the company. Ohga and Ozawa wanted employees to take personal responsibility for creating such a company and they encouraged independent decision-making in a number of areas.", "precise_score": 1.1989808082580566, "rough_score": -1.449365258216858, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Ozawa, who had personally witnessed the restructuring of Japan's coal mining industry, was determined to avoid a similar situation in which many employees had lost their jobs. Based on the principle of expanding its range of business in order to expand its work force, CBS/Sony Records strove to develop new recording industry-related business. This approach resulted in operations such as the CBS/Sony Family Club mail-order business being established.", "precise_score": 2.661142349243164, "rough_score": -1.9722490310668945, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1973, the company was renamed CBS/Sony Inc., and a new head office building was constructed using the profits made in the five years since its founding. CBS/Sony's determination to become an integrated music company handling all stages of music production from planning and design, through to promotion, manufacture, and sales, had brought it much faster growth than its competitors. Within ten years of its founding, the company became an industry sales leader. In addition to having no debt, the company rewarded its employees with bonuses three times a year and its shareholders with high dividends.", "precise_score": -4.0610880851745605, "rough_score": -5.090831279754639, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "By the end of its tenth anniversary, CBS/Sony had created five separate companies: CBS/Sony Family Club Inc., April Music Inc., CBS/Sony Records Inc. (the manufacturing operation), Japan Records Distribution Inc., and CBS/Sony California Inc. To avoid the stagnancy and inflexibility that often infects large companies, CBS/Sony continued to spin-off operations. This also helped the company maintain a streamlined organizational structure throughout its operations. In August 1978 EPIC/Sony Inc. was established followed by CBS/Sony Publishing Inc. in February of the following year. Furthermore, in May 1979, Sony Creative Products Inc. was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation. Ozawa succeeded Ohga as president of CBS/Sony in 1980, and he continued to develop and grow the group of CBS/Sony companies in the years that followed.", "precise_score": 2.220569610595703, "rough_score": 5.088343143463135, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "To mark its 15th anniversary, the company was renamed the CBS/Sony Group Inc. in 1983. At the time, the CBS/Sony Group was working with Sony Corporation to promote CDs and CD hardware. It would take just a few years for the CD to replace the LP as the principal music recording medium. The invaluable know-how of the CBS/Sony Group played a large role in the success of the CD system as it gained acceptance worldwide. By 1983, the CBS/Sony Group's success and accumulated earnings were so impressive that the company was able to build factories and invest in the CD format drawing solely on its own resources, without any injection of funds from either Sony Corporation or CBS.", "precise_score": -2.961817502975464, "rough_score": -3.5595316886901855, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1988, the CBS/Sony Group celebrated its 20 year anniversary. At that time, Ozawa proudly said, \"The history of our Group has been similar to a painter painting on a blank canvas. And we have been painting our own portrait on a blank canvas successfully for the past twenty years.\" In the first year of operation, company sales had amounted to 700 million yen. In the twentieth year, Group sales exceeded 110 billion yen.", "precise_score": 2.8384225368499756, "rough_score": -5.73131799697876, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In January 1988, the company had acquired CBS Records Inc. and in November of 1989, Sony purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc., one of the largest motion picture companies in the world. These two major acquisitions generated mixed media coverage throughout the United States and Japan.", "precise_score": 7.919581890106201, "rough_score": 8.357611656188965, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The formal acquisition process began as soon as an agreement was reached. Toshio Sakai, who was then Senior Managing Director and General Manager of the Accounting Division, led Sony's team of lawyers and other specialists who negotiated with CBS through the maze of legal and financial procedures. Like Sony, CBS had assembled a large team to conduct the negotiations. Because Sony was acquiring 100% CBS Records' assets including all personnel, everything relating to the deal had to be worked out in painstaking detail to avoid any problems later. Each team was divided into smaller groups to grapple with specific issues. After a month of exhausting negotiations that often continued through the night, all loose ends were finally tied up, and CBS Records with operations in forty countries around the world was a member of the Sony Family.", "precise_score": 4.17236328125, "rough_score": -3.3148884773254395, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The acquisition of Columbia Pictures took place next. Unlike the CBS Records deal, there was no protracted period of negotiation between the two companies. Once the Columbia Pictures board of directors agreed to the acquisition, Sony made a cash tender offer for all of the outstanding company shares. What did take time, however, was deciding how to manage the movie company once it had been acquired. Purchasing Columbia Pictures cost Sony $3.4 billion, which was the largest purchase ever by a Japanese company. But when considered in conjunction with the acquisition of CBS Records, this purchase gave Sony control of vast assets in terms of music and motion picture content.", "precise_score": 4.057188510894775, "rough_score": 1.3027105331420898, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "For Morita and Ohga, acquiring CBS Records and Columbia Pictures meant the fulfillment of the Sony Group's ultimate strategy: to secure high quality software in order to complement and promote Sony's wealth of hardware products. The process of developing the software side of the business had begun in 1968 with the creation of CBS/Sony Records. This experience strengthened Sony management's belief that in the long-run Sony needed to simultaneously develop both AV hardware and software for that hardware. Acquisition seemed the logical route to realize Sony's overall strategy. CBS Records and Columbia Pictures were later renamed Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (SME) and Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. (SPE).", "precise_score": 2.49953556060791, "rough_score": -3.7534165382385254, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Music Entertainment is one of the \"Big Three\" record companies, the second largest after Universal Music Group and ahead of Warner Music Group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94858455657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "1991–2004: Birth of Sony Music Entertainment ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10348892211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348628044128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "2004–08: Sony BMG: Joint venture with Bertelsmann ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38231086730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In August 2004, Sony entered joint venture with equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment. However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03537368774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "2008–present: Return to Sony Music Entertainment and restructuring ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476482391357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On August 5, 2008, SCA and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG. Sony completed its acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in the companies' joint venture on October 1, 2008. The company, once again named Sony Music Entertainment Inc., became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation through its US subsidiary SCA. The last few albums to feature a Sony BMG logo were Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyoncé, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido. A temporary logo was unveiled beginning December 1, 2008 and the present one in March 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.093450546264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In March 2010, Sony Corp partnered with The Michael Jackson Company in a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941980361938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, and later Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1, 2011. Sony Music undertook a restructuring upon Morris' arrival; he was joined by L.A. Reid, who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records. Under Reid, several artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic. Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit. The RCA Music Group closed down Arista, J Records and Jive Records in October 2011, and the artists from those labels were transferred to RCA Records. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.829994201660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On the night of August 8, 2011, the Sony music distribution centre in Enfield, London, UK, was destroyed in an arson attack during the 2011 England riots. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492725372314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing it to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456792831420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In June 2012, a consortium led by Sony/ATV acquired EMI Music Publishing, making Sony/ATV the world's largest music publisher. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99463939666748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis. Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists are carried by Feelgood Records. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234030723571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2015, Sony fully acquired its independent distributor The Orchard, as well as the metal label Century Media Records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.519119262695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Between 1995 and 2000 music companies were found to have used illegal marketing agreements such as minimum advertised pricing to artificially inflate prices of compact discs. This was done in order to end price wars of the early 1990s among discounters such as Best Buy and Target. A settlement was reached in 2002 that included music publishers and distributors Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music and Universal Music. In restitution for price fixing, they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups but admitted no wrongdoing. It is estimated that customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million overall and up to $5 per album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09080696105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt. The plaintiff's claims in the court document filed at the Supreme Court of British Columbia read: \"The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendants actively encourage, promote, authorize, induce, aid, abet, materially contribute to and commercially profit from.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497023582458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Over the past two years, dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551251411437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In February 2016, 100,000 people signed an online petition in less than 24 hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha. Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music but the court denied the request, prompting a widespread public and media response. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497685432434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "List of Sony Music Entertainment labels ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448925018310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "For a complete list of SME record labels, see List of Sony Music Entertainment labels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306710243225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "* Sony Music Nashville", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494823455810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "* Sony Music Latin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559280395507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "* Sony Masterworks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464634895324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony Music Entertainment" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": ", commonly referred to as Sony, styled SONY, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Kōnan Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment and financial services. The company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony is ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.003090858459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group, which is engaged in business through its four operating segments – electronics (including video games, network services and medical business), motion pictures, music and financial services. These make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. Sony's principal business operations include Sony Corporation (Sony Electronics in the U.S.), Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Mobile Communications (formerly Sony Ericsson) and Sony Financial. Sony is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders and as of 2013, the fourth-largest television manufacturer in the world, after Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics and TCL. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.914362907409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The is a Japan-based corporate group primarily focused on the Electronics (such as AV/IT products and components), Game (such as the PlayStation), Entertainment (such as motion pictures and music) and Financial Services (such as insurance and banking) sectors. The group consists of Sony Corporation (holding and electronics), Sony Interactive Entertainment (games), Sony Pictures Entertainment (motion pictures), Sony Music Entertainment (music), Sony/ATV Music Publishing (music publishing), Sony Financial Holdings (financial services) and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.881499290466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony is a member of the SMFG (Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group) keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu to which it previously belonged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340944290161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo", "passage": "Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002490997314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony began in the wake of World War II. In 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees. In the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.216639518737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": " (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). The company built Japan's first tape recorder, called the Type-G. In 1958 the company changed its name to \"Sony\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843732833862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo", "passage": "When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a romanized name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials, TTK. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK. The company occasionally used the acronym \"Totsuko\" in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was \"Tokyo Teletech\" until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.269232749938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The name \"Sony\" was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word \"Sonus\", which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was \"Sonny\", a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan \"sonny boys\", was a loan word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men, which Sony founders Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka considered themselves to be.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936450004577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955 but the company name did not change to Sony until January 1958. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063386917114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "At the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time, Mitsui, had strong feelings about the name. They pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's chairman gave their approval.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837102890014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "According to Schiffer, Sony's TR-63 radio \"cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics.\" By the mid-1950s, American teens had begun buying portable transistor radios in huge numbers, helping to propel the fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units in 1955 to 5 million units by the end of 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192615509033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony co-founder Akio Morita founded Sony Corporation of America in 1960. In the process, he was struck by the mobility of employees between American companies, which was unheard of in Japan at that time. When he returned to Japan, he encouraged experienced, middle-aged employees of other companies to reevaluate their careers and consider joining Sony. The company filled many positions in this manner, and inspired other Japanese companies to do the same. Moreover, Sony played a major role in the development of Japan as a powerful exporter during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. It also helped to significantly improve American perceptions of \"made in Japan\" products. Known for its production quality, Sony was able to charge above-market prices for its consumer electronics and resisted lowering prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.353137016296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Under the vision of co-founder Akio Morita and his successors, the company had aggressively expanded into new businesses. Part of its motivation for doing so was the pursuit of \"convergence,\" linking film, music and digital electronics via the Internet. This expansion proved unrewarding and unprofitable, threatening Sony's ability to charge a premium on its products as well as its brand name. In 2005, Howard Stringer replaced Nobuyuki Idei as chief executive officer, marking the first time that a foreigner had run a major Japanese electronics firm. Stringer helped to reinvigorate the company's struggling media businesses, encouraging blockbusters such as Spider-Man while cutting 9,000 jobs. He hoped to sell off peripheral business and focus the company again on electronics. Furthermore, he aimed to increase cooperation between business units, which he described as \"silos\" operating in isolation from one another. In a bid to provide a unified brand for its global operations, Sony introduced a slogan known as \"make.believe\" in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.930415153503418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Despite some successes, the company faced continued struggles in the mid- to late-2000s. In 2012, Kazuo Hirai was promoted to president and CEO, replacing Sir Howard Stringer. Shortly thereafter, Hirai outlined his company-wide initiative, named \"One Sony\" to revive Sony from years of financial losses and bureaucratic management structure, which proved difficult for former CEO Stringer to accomplish, partly due to differences in business culture and native languages between Stringer and some of Sony's Japanese divisions and subsidiaries. Hirai outlined three major areas of focus for Sony's electronics business, which include imaging technology, gaming and mobile technology, as well as a focus on reducing the major losses from the television business. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.485018730163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In February 2014, Sony announced the sale of its Vaio PC division to a new corporation owned by investment fund Japan Industrial Partners and spinning its TV division into its own corporation as to make it more nimble to turn the unit around from past losses totaling $7.8 billion over a decade. Later that month, they announced that they would be closing 20 stores. In April, the company announced that they would be selling 9.5 million shares in Square Enix (roughly 8.2 percent of the game company's total shares) in a deal worth approximately $48 million. In May 2014 the company announced it was forming two joint ventures with Shanghai Oriental Pearl Group to manufacture and market Sony's PlayStation games consoles and associated software in China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.669110298156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony has historically been notable for creating its own in-house standards for new recording and storage technologies, instead of adopting those of other manufacturers and standards bodies. Sony (either alone or with partners) has introduced several of the most popular recording formats, including the floppy disk, Compact Disc and Blu-ray Disc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311102867126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The company launched the Betamax videocassette recording format in 1975. Sony became embroiled in the infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.096797943115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8 format. Video8 and the follow-on hi-band Hi8 format became popular in the consumer camcorder market. In 1987 Sony launched the 4 mm DAT or Digital Audio Tape as a new digital audio tape standard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888287544250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1979 the Walkman brand was introduced, in the form of the world's first portable music player using the compact cassette format. Sony introduced the MiniDisc format in 1992 as an alternative to Philips DCC or Digital Compact Cassette and as a successor to the compact cassette. Since the introduction of MiniDisc, Sony has attempted to promote its own audio compression technologies under the ATRAC brand, against the more widely used MP3. Until late 2004, Sony's Network Walkman line of digital portable music players did not support the MP3 standard natively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611618995666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2004, Sony built upon the MiniDisc format by releasing Hi-MD. Hi-MD allows the playback and recording of audio on newly introduced 1 GB Hi-MD discs in addition to playback and recording on regular MiniDiscs. In addition to saving audio on the discs, Hi-MD allows the storage of computer files such as documents, videos and photos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45626163482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1993, Sony challenged the industry standard Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound format with a newer and more advanced proprietary motion picture digital audio format called SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound). This format employed eight channels (7.1) of audio opposed to just six used in Dolby Digital 5.1 at the time. Ultimately, SDDS has been vastly overshadowed by the preferred DTS (Digital Theatre System) and Dolby Digital standards in the motion picture industry. SDDS was solely developed for use in the theatre circuit; Sony never intended to develop a home theatre version of SDDS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362030029296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony and Philips jointly developed the Sony-Philips digital interface format (S/PDIF) and the high-fidelity audio system SACD. The latter has since been entrenched in a format war with DVD-Audio. At present, neither has gained a major foothold with the general public. CDs are preferred by consumers because of ubiquitous presence of CD drives in consumer devices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460866928100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1983, Sony followed their counterpart Philips to the Compact Disc (CD). In addition to developing consumer-based recording media, after the launch of the CD Sony began development of commercially based recording media. In 1986 they launched Write-Once optical discs (WO) and in 1988 launched Magneto-optical discs which were around 125MB size for the specific use of archival data storage. In 1984, Sony launched the Discman series which extended their Walkman brand to portable CD products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.817242622375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In the early 1990s, two high-density optical storage standards were being developed: one was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density disc (SD), supported by Toshiba and many others. Philips and Sony abandoned their MMCD format and agreed upon Toshiba's SD format with only one modification. The unified disc format was called DVD and was introduced in 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346275329589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony was one of the leading developers of the Blu-ray Disc optical disc format, the newest standard for disc-based content delivery. The first Blu-ray players became commercially available in 2006. The format emerged as the standard for HD media over the competing format, Toshiba's HD DVD, after a two-year-long high definition optical disc format war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466416358947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1983 Sony introduced 90 mm micro diskettes (better known as floppy disks), which it had developed at a time when there were 4\" floppy disks, and a lot of variations from different companies, to replace the then on-going 5.25\" floppy disks. Sony had great success and the format became dominant. 3.5\" floppy disks gradually became obsolete as they were replaced by current media formats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072959899902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony launched in 1998 their Memory Stick format, flash memory cards for use in Sony lines of digital cameras and portable music players. It has seen little support outside of Sony's own products, with Secure Digital cards (SD) commanding considerably greater popularity. Sony has made updates to the Memory Stick format with Memory Stick Duo and Memory Stick Micro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372732162475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony offers products in a variety of product lines around the world. Sony has developed a music playing robot called Rolly, dog-shaped robots called AIBO and a humanoid robot called QRIO.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503639221191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "As of 1 April 2014, Sony is organized into the following business segments: Mobile Communications (MC), Game & Network Services (G&NS), Imaging Products & Solutions (IP&S), Home Entertainment & Sound (HE&S), Devices, Pictures, Music, Financial Services and All Other. The network and medical businesses are included in the G&NS and IP&S, respectively. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287973403930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Corporation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21769905090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit and the parent company of the Sony Group. It primarily conducts strategic business planning of the group, research and development (R&D), planning, designing and marketing for electronics products. Its subsidiaries such as Sony Global Manufacturing & Operations Corporation (SGMO; ４ plants in Japan), Sony Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (7 plants in Japan), Sony Storage Media and Devices Corporation, Sony Energy Devices Corporation and its subsidiaries outside Japan (Brazil, China, UK (Wales), India, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Ireland and United States) are responsible for manufacturing as well as product engineering (SGMO is also responsible for customer service operations). In 2012, Sony rolled most of its consumer content services (including video, music and gaming) into the Sony Entertainment Network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.39487361907959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony produced the world's first portable music player, the Walkman in 1979. This line fostered a fundamental change in music listening habits by allowing people to carry music with them and listen to music through lightweight headphones. Walkman originally referred to portable audio cassette players. The company now uses the Walkman brand to market its portable audio and video players as well as a line of former Sony Ericsson mobile phones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191487312316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony utilized a related brand, Discman, to refer to its CD players. It dropped this name in the late 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489871978759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony produced computers (MSX home computers and NEWS workstations) during the 1980s, exclusively for sale in the Japanese market. The company withdrew from the computer business around 1990. Sony entered again into the global computer market under the new VAIO brand, began in 1996. Short for \"Video Audio Integrated Operation\", the line was the first computer brand to highlight visual-audio features.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4707841873168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony faced considerable controversy when some of its laptop batteries exploded and caught fire in 2006, resulting in the largest computer-related recall to that point in history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54584789276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In a bid to join the tablet computer market, the company launched its Sony Tablet line of Android tablets in 2011. Since 2012, Sony's Android products have been marketed under the Xperia brand used for its smartphones. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236024856567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 4 February 2014, Sony announced that it will sell its VAIO PC business due to poor sales and Japanese company Japan Industrial Partners (JIP) will purchase the VAIO brand, with the deal finalized by the end of March 2014. Sony maintains a minority stake in the new, independent company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.034734725952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony offers a wide range of digital cameras. Point-and-shoot models adopt the Cyber-shot name, while digital single-lens reflex models are branded using Alpha.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583230972290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The first Cyber-shot was introduced in 1996. At the time, digital cameras were a relative novelty. Sony's market share of the digital camera market fell from a high of 20% to 9% by 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372684478759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony entered the market for digital single-lens reflex cameras in 2006 when it acquired the camera business of Konica Minolta. Sony rebranded the company's line of cameras as its Alpha line. Sony is the world's third largest manufacturer of the cameras, behind Canon and Nikon respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12942886352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "There are also a variety of Camcorders which are manufactured by Sony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458352088928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 1968 Sony introduced the Trinitron brand name for its lines of aperture grille cathode ray tube televisions and (later) computer monitors. Sony stopped production of Trinitron for most markets, but continued producing sets for markets such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and China. Sony discontinued its series of Trinitron computer monitors in 2005. The company discontinued the last Trinitron-based television set in the USA in early 2007. The end of Trinitron marked the end of Sony's analog television sets and monitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony used the LCD WEGA name for its LCD TVs until summer 2005. The company then introduced the BRAVIA name. BRAVIA is an in house brand owned by Sony which produces high-definition LCD televisions, projection TVs and front projectors, home cinemas and the BRAVIA home theatre range. All Sony high-definition flat-panel LCD televisions in North America have carried the logo for BRAVIA since 2005. Sony is the third-largest maker of televisions in the world. , Sony's television business has been unprofitable for eight years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.075687408447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In December 2011, Sony agreed to sell all stake in an LCD joint venture with Samsung Electronics for about $940 million. On 28 March 2012, Sony Corporation and Sharp Corporation announced that they have agreed to further amend the joint venture agreement originally executed by the parties in July 2009, as amended in April 2011, for the establishment and operation of Sharp Display Products Corporation (\"SDP\"), a joint venture to produce and sell large-sized LCD panels and modules. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170933723449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On November 9, 2015 Sony announced that they are going to stop producing Betamax Tapes in March 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430391311645508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony also sells a range of DVD players. It has shifted its focus in recent years to promoting the Blu-ray format, including discs and players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52109146118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony produces a wide range of semiconductors and electronic components including image sensors, image processor (BIONZ), laser diodes, system LSIs, mixed-signal LSIs, OLED panels, etc. The company has a strong presence in the image sensor market. Sony-manufactured CCD and CMOS image sensors are widely used in digital cameras, tablet computers and smartphones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477782249450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony has targeted medical, healthcare and biotechnology business as a growth sector in the future. The company acquired iCyt Mission Technology, Inc. (renamed Sony Biotechnology Inc. in 2012), a manufacture of flow cytometers, in 2010 and Micronics, Inc., a developer of microfluidics-based diagnostic tools, in 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124584197998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2012, Sony announced that it will acquire all shares of So-net Entertainment Corporation, which is the majority shareholder of M3, Inc., an operator of portal sites (m3.com, MR-kun, MDLinx and MEDI:GATE) for healthcare professionals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118975639343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 28 September 2012, Olympus and Sony announced that the two companies will establish a joint venture to develop new surgical endoscopes with 4K resolution (or higher) and 3D capability. Sony Olympus Medical Solutions Inc. (Sony 51%, Olympus 49%) was established on 16 April 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296765327453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 28 February 2014, Sony, M3 and Illumina established a joint venture called P5, Inc. to provide a genome analysis service for research institutions and enterprises in Japan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676801681518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Mobile Communications", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511225700378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Mobile Communications Inc. (formerly Sony Ericsson) is a multinational mobile phone manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan and a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.064395904541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2001, Sony entered into a joint venture with Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson, forming Sony Ericsson. Initial sales were rocky, and the company posted losses in 2001 and 2002. However, SMC reached a profit in 2003. Sony Ericsson distinguished itself with multimedia-capable mobile phones, which included features such as cameras. These were unusual for the time. Despite their innovations, SMC faced intense competition from Apple's iPhone, released in 2007. From 2008 to 2010, amid a global recession, SMC slashed its workforce by several thousand. Sony acquired Ericsson's share of the venture in 2012 for over US$1 billion. In 2009, SMC was the fourth-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world (after Nokia, Samsung and LG). By 2010, its market share had fallen to sixth place. Sony Mobile Communications now focuses exclusively on the smartphone market under the Xperia name. In 2015, Sony released Xperia Z5 Premium in Canada following US and Europe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.255066871643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In the year 2013, Sony contributed to two percent of the mobile phone market with 37 million mobile phones sold. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363183975219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Interactive Entertainment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419614791870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Interactive Entertainment (formerly Sony Computer Entertainment) is best known for producing the popular line of PlayStation consoles. The line grew out of a failed partnership with Nintendo. Originally, Nintendo requested for Sony to develop an add-on for its console that would play Compact Discs. In 1991 Sony announced the add-on, as well as a dedicated console known as the \"Play Station\". However, a disagreement over software licensing for the console caused the partnership to fall through. Sony then continued the project independently.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.384711265563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Launched in 1994, the first PlayStation gained 61% of global console sales and broke Nintendo's long-standing lead in the market. Sony followed up with the PlayStation 2 in 2000, which was even more successful. The console has become the most successful of all time, selling over 150 million units . Sony released the PlayStation 3, a high-definition console, in 2006. It was the first console to use the Blu-ray format, although its expensive Cell processor made it considerably more expensive than competitors Xbox 360 and Wii. Early on, poor sales performance resulted in significant losses for the company, pushing it to sell the console at a loss. The PlayStation 3 sold generally more poorly than its competitors in the early years of its release but managed to overtake the Xbox 360 in global sales later on. It later introduced the PlayStation Move, an accessory that allows players to control video games using motion gestures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844989776611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony extended the brand to the portable games market in 2005 with the PlayStation Portable (PSP). The console has sold reasonably, but has taken a second place to a rival handheld, the Nintendo DS. Sony developed the Universal Media Disc (UMD) optical disc medium for use on the PlayStation Portable. Early on, the format was used for movies, but it has since lost major studio support. Sony released a disc-less version of its PlayStation Portable, the PSP Go. The company went on to release its second portable video game system, PlayStation Vita, in 2011 and 2012. Sony launched its fourth console, the PlayStation 4, on 15 November 2013, which as of 3 January 2016 has sold 35.9 million units. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779690742492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 18 March 2014, at GDC, President of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios Shuhei Yoshida announced their new virtual reality technology dubbed Project Morpheus, and later named PlayStation VR, for PlayStation 4. The headset, still in prototype form, will bring VR gaming and non-gaming software to the company's new console. According to a report released by Houston-based patent consulting firm LexInnova in May 2015, Sony is leading the virtual reality patent race. According to the firm’s analysis of nearly 12,000 patents or patent applications, Sony has 366 virtual reality patents or patent applications. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58132553100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Creative Software", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527996063232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2014, Sony participated within NRG Energy eVgo Ready for Electric Vehicle (REV) program, for EV charging parking lots. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536334991455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony is in the business of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524344444274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "IT giants such as Google (driverless car) and Apple (iCar/Project Titan) are working on electric vehicles and self driving cars, competing with Tesla; Sony is entering into this field by investing $842,000 in the ZMP company. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403396606445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Pictures Entertainment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420987129211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc. (SPE) is the television and film production/distribution unit of Sony. With 12.5% box office market share in 2011, the company was ranked third among movie studios. Its group sales in 2010 were $7.2 billion USD. The company has produced many notable movie franchises, including Spider-Man, The Karate Kid and Men in Black 3. It has also produced the popular television game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.754953384399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony entered the television and film production market when it acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment in 1989 for $3.4 billion. Columbia lives on in the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, a subsidiary of SPE which in turn owns Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures. SPE's television division is known as Sony Pictures Television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.666351318359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "For the first several years of its existence, Sony Pictures Entertainment performed poorly, leading many to suspect the company would sell off the division. Sony Pictures Entertainment encountered controversy in the early 2000s. In July 2000, a marketing executive working for Sony Corporation created a fictitious film critic, David Manning, who gave consistently good reviews for releases from Sony subsidiary Columbia Pictures that generally received poor reviews amongst real critics. Sony later pulled the ads, suspended Manning's creator and his supervisor and paid fines to the state of Connecticut and to fans who saw the reviewed films in the US. In 2006 Sony started using ARccOS Protection on some of their film DVDs, but later issued a recall. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032596588134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Music Entertainment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480795860290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Music Entertainment (also known as SME or Sony Music) is the second-largest global recorded music company of the \"big four\" record companies and is controlled by Sony Corporation of America, the United States subsidiary of Japan's Sony. The company owns full or partial rights to the catalogues of Michael Jackson, The Beatles, Usher, Eminem, Akon and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.857987403869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2004, Sony entered into a joint venture with Bertelsmann AG, merging Sony Music Entertainment with Bertelsmann Music Group to create Sony BMG. In 2005, Sony BMG faced a copy protection scandal, because its music CDs had installed malware on users' computers that was posing a security risk to affected customers. In 2007, the company acquired Famous Music for US$370 million, gaining the rights to the catalogues of Eminem and Akon, among others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931260108947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony/ATV Music Publishing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504481315612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Besides its record label, Sony operates other music businesses. In 1995, Sony purchased a 50% stake in ATV Music Publishing, forming Sony/ATV Music Publishing. At the time, the publishing company was the second-largest of its kind in the world. The company owns much of the publishing rights to the catalog of The Beatles. Sony purchased digital music recognition company Gracenote for $260 million USD in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.342988014221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Financial Services", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51280689239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Financial Holdings is a holding company for Sony's financial services business. It owns and oversees the operation of Sony Life (in Japan and the Philippines), Sony Assurance, Sony Bank and Sony Bank Securities. The company is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.302887916564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Financial accounts for half of Sony's global earnings. The unit proved the most profitable of Sony's businesses in fiscal year 2006, earning $1.7 billion in profit. Sony Financial's low fees have aided the unit's popularity while threatening Sony's premium brand name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435050010681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony wants to contend with Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co. on mobile payments in Asia. Sony plans to use its contact-less payment technology to make ground in the public transportation industry across Asia. The system, known as FeliCa, relies on two forms of technologies to make it viable, either chips embedded in smartphones or plastic cards with chips embedded in them. Sony plans to implement this technology in train systems in Indonesia as early as Spring 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436691284179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony is one of Japan's largest corporations by revenue. It had revenues of ¥6.493 trillion in 2012. It also maintains large reserves of cash, with ¥895 billion on hand as of 2012. In May 2012, Sony shares were valued at about $15 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64977741241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The company was immensely profitable throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, in part because of the success of its new PlayStation line. The company encountered financial difficulty in the mid- to late-2000s due to a number of factors: the global financial crisis, increased competition for PlayStation, and the devastating Japanese earthquake of 2011. The company faced three consecutive years of losses leading up to 2011. While noting the negative effects of intervening circumstances such as natural disasters and fluctuating currency exchange rates, the Financial Times criticized the company for its \"lack of resilience\" and \"inability to gauge the economy.\" The newspaper voiced skepticism about Sony's revitalization efforts, given a lack of tangible results.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935990333557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In September 2000 Sony had a market capitalization of $100 billion; but by December 2011 it had plunged to $18 billion, reflecting falling prospects for Sony but also reflecting grossly inflated share prices of the 'dot.com' years. Net worth, as measured by stockholder equity, has steadily grown from $17.9 billion in March 2002 to $35.6 billion through December 2011. Earnings yield (inverse of the price to earnings ratio) has never been more than 5% and usually much less; thus Sony has always traded in over-priced ranges with the exception of the 2009 market bottom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466169357299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In April 2012, Sony announced that it would reduce its workforce by 10,000 (6% of its employee base) as part of CEO Hirai's effort to get the company back into the black. This came after a loss of 520 billion yen (roughly US$6.36 billion) for fiscal 2012, the worst since the company was founded. Accumulation loss for the past four years was 919.32 billion-yen. Sony planned to increase its marketing expenses by 30% in 2012. 1,000 of the jobs cut come from the company's mobile phone unit's workforce. 700 jobs will be cut in the 2012–2013 fiscal year and the remaining 300 in the following fiscal year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19199275970459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 9 December 2008, Sony Corporation announced that it would be cutting 8,000 jobs, dropping 8,000 contractors and reducing its global manufacturing sites by 10% to save $1.1 billion per year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35501766204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In January 2013, Sony announced it was selling its US headquarters building for $1.1 billion to a consortium led by real estate developer The Chetrit Group. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336098670959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 28 January 2014, Moody's Investors Services dropped Sony's credit rating to Ba1—\"judged to have speculative elements and a significant credit risk\"—saying that the company's \"profitability is likely to remain weak and volatile.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425556182861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On 6 February 2014, Sony announced it would trim as many as 5,000 jobs as it attempts to sell its PC business and focus on mobile and tablets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409761428833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In November 2011, Sony was ranked 9th (jointly with Panasonic) in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics. This chart grades major electronics companies on their environmental work. The company scored 3.6/10, incurring a penalty point for comments it has made in opposition to energy efficiency standards in California. It also risks a further penalty point in future editions for being a member of trade associations that have commented against energy efficiency standards. Together with Philips, Sony receives the highest score for energy policy advocacy after calling on the EU to adopt an unconditional 30% reduction target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Meanwhile, it receives full marks for the efficiency of its products. In 2007, Sony ranked 14th on the Greenpeace guide. Sony fell from its earlier 11th-place ranking due to Greenpeace's claims that Sony had double standards in their waste policies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361302375793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Since 1976, Sony has had an Environmental Conference. Sony's policies address their effects on global warming, the environment, and resources. They are taking steps to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that they put out as well as regulating the products they get from their suppliers in a process that they call \"green procurement\". Sony has said that they have signed on to have about 75 percent of their Sony Building running on geothermal power. The \"Sony Take Back Recycling Program\" allow consumers to recycle the electronics products that they buy from Sony by taking them to eCycle (Recycling) drop-off points around the U.S. The company has also developed a biobattery that runs on sugars and carbohydrates that works similarly to the way living creatures work. This is the most powerful small biobattery to date. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445069313049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In 2000, Sony faced criticism for a document entitled \"NGO Strategy\" that was leaked to the press. The document involved the company's surveillance of environmental activists in an attempt to plan how to counter their movements. It specifically mentioned environmental groups that were trying to pass laws that held electronics-producing companies responsible for the cleanup of the toxic chemicals contained in their merchandise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418145179748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Corporation is actively involved in the EYE SEE project conducted by UNICEF. EYE SEE digital photography workshops have been run for children in Argentina, Tunisia, Mali, South Africa, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda, Liberia and Pakistan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430364608764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony assists The South Africa Primary Education Support Initiative (SAPESI) through financial donations and children book donations to the South Africa Mobile Library Project. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.574325561523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The Sony Canada Charitable Foundation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5199613571167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The Sony Canada Charitable Foundation (SCCF) is a non-profit organization which supports three key charities; the Make-A-Wish Canada, the United Way of Canada and the EarthDay and ECOKIDS program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498209953308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Foundation and You Can", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478692054748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "After the 2011 Queensland floods and Victorian bushfires, Sony Music released benefit albums with money raised going to the Sony Foundation. You Can is the youth cancer program of Sony Foundation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493289947509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony launched its Open Planet Ideas Crowdsourcing Project, in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund and the design group, IDEO. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469582557678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "On the occasion of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, Sony partnered with streetfootballworld and launched the Street Football Stadium Project to support football-based educational programmes in local communities across Latin America and Brazil. More than 25 Street Stadiums were developed since the project's inception.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475340843200684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sony" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "of directors approved Morita’s plan to purchase Columbia Pictures in 1989. Morita was reportedly proud of the fact that this acquisition would rank as the most expensive foreign takeover of an American company. To head Sony’s new motion picture division, Akio Morita turned to veteran producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters, a producing team riding high on the international success of Batman and Rain Man , two of the biggest blockbusters of the 1980’s. Despite the team’s limited high-level executive experience, the partners managed to dazzle the Sony chairman, who decided to buy out Guber-Peters Entertainment Company for $200 million, and hired the two producers to run Sony Pictures Entertainment. Many entertainment industry insiders believed Sony’s decision to hire the two producers was a recipe for disaster, and guaranteed the failure of their venture into Hollywood. Frank Price, former head of Columbia who worked briefly with Sony in the late 1980’s said, “What the Japanese got with Guber and Peters was two hustlers” (Klein, Tycoon ). After Guber and Peters were brought onboard, Sony learned that the two producers were legally bound by an exclusive production contract to Warner Brothers. Warner Brothers refused to release Guber and Peters from their contract until Sony paid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.495414733886719, "source": "search", "title": "Sony purchased CBS records in 1988, then set its ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "in Sony Corporation: Diversification and downturn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351478576660156, "source": "search", "title": "CBS Records Group | Japanese-American company | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.329110145568848, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony and CBS Records: What a Romance!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.604243755340576, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Mr. Tisch believed he knew its meaning, and it was bleak. It meant a whole new ball game, he said; investors' attitudes would be changed forever. ''Business in the United States,'' Tisch darkly concluded, ''will never be the same again.'' Six thousand miles away, in a corporate office in Tokyo, where it was late evening, a starkly different mood prevailed. At the headquarters of Sony, the giant international electronics firm, there was an air of excitement and anticipation, and for Sony executives , a feeling approaching triumph. To them, as a senior Sony official later put it, ''Black Monday was a very fortunate day.'' After 13 months of frustration, Sony's quest to acquire CBS Records, the largest record company in the world, was near fruition. Sony's man in America was on the phone, telling them that Tisch had decided, finally and firmly, to sell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.445158004760742, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "It is a story of Larry Tisch's drastic transformation of Bill Paley's CBS, and of a bitter personality clash between the colorful, free-wheeling head of CBS Records, Walter R. Yetnikoff, and Tisch, the cost-conscious corporate president. And, in the end, it is a story of two profoundly different business and cultural philosophies - the investor orientation of Tisch, with its focus on stock price and earnings (familiar thinking in American business culture in the 1980's), and the longer-term strategy of Sony, which hoped for a deal that history, if not Wall Street, would admire. Tisch was selling off pieces of CBS, and building a pile of cash; Sony wanted a marriage of hardware and software that would still be paying off in the next century. Stock management on one side, company management on the other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.065369606018066, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "A year later, both sides are delighted with the deal. Tisch is happy because the sale brought CBS ''increased earnings per share, and at the same time removed the risk in a business that is both cyclical and can be hazardous.'' Akio Morita, the 67-year-old co-founder and chairman of Sony, on the other hand, looks past the short-term risks and stock values to the day that Sony's ownership of the world's biggest record company will give its hardware innovations an irresistible edge in the marketplace. ''Twenty years from now,'' Morita says, ''history will prove us right.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.502974033355713, "source": "search", "title": "Sony and CBS Records - What a Romance! - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "(FORTUNE Magazine) – THE JAPANESE are coming . . . again. The first time they relied on cheap labor and sophisticated manufacturing to sell us cars, VCRs, microchips, and the like. Now, in what could become a second great wave, such leading Japanese companies as Suntory, Shiseido, and Kao are planning to sell us soda, cosmetics, and laundry detergent -- the basic, inexpensive consumer goods we buy in vast quantities. This time around, the famed Japanese production skills are almost irrelevant, particularly since the strong yen has wiped out most of Japan's cost advantage. Instead, these outfits are counting on an obsessive attention to customer service to give them their edge over the locals. Already the quiet invasion is gathering force: Last year Japan exported $13.8 billion of inexpensive consumer goods to America -- 16% of its total exports to the U.S. These markets won't be quite so easy to crack as autos and consumer electronics. They are fragmented, dependent on quirky, fickle, and unruly consumers, and require daunting expenditures for advertising. The shrewd marketers that dominate these businesses -- ranging from Procter & Gamble, Campbell Soup, and Coca-Cola to the Limited and Estee Lauder -- have built enormously powerful franchises. Even the Japanese admit that to succeed here, they must find unserved market niches or develop remarkable new products. Certainly they don't expect to catch corporate America off guard a second time. Procter & Gamble and many other U.S. consumer-products companies have been battling the Japanese in their home markets for years, and sometimes winning. Says Edwin Artzt, P&G's vice chairman: ''Japanese competition is going to be significant in the U.S., but it's something we've dealt with before.'' The U.S. consumer-products executives who know what they are up against are uniformly respectful of their Japanese counterparts. Notes consultant Thomas Lifson, a former professor at Columbia University's graduate school of international affairs: ''The Japanese market has become the most demanding in the world. If you can survive there, you can survive anywhere.'' Gordon McGovern, Campbell Soup's CEO and a highly accomplished marketer himself, learned his lesson from Nissin, a Japanese noodlemaker he had never heard of. In 1976 Nissin started selling a dry soup called Oodles of Noodles in American supermarkets; today it holds 4% of the $2.3 billion U.S. soup market. Says McGovern: ''The Japanese are learners. They send people over. They learn the language, the distribution systems. They don't come crashing in on you. One morning we will wake up and they'll have products just as convenient as ours and much lower priced.'' To speed that process, many Japanese firms are starting to buy American businesses that have established channels of distribution and ties to consumers. In May, Kao Corp. -- which sells $4 billion a year of detergent, diapers, and toothpaste in Japan -- bought Andrew Jergens, the Cincinnati manufacturer of beauty lotion and hand soap. When the deal closed, Kao opened its U.S. office provocatively close to the headquarters of P&G, which makes a little hand soap itself under the Ivory brand. Or consider Kirin, the world's No. 2 beverage company after Coca-Cola. Though best known for its beer, it bought up nearly all the Coke bottling companies in northern New England, transforming them into standout performers. Kirin could eventually use that network to sell its own beverages in America. Other examples from the past 12 months: Jusco, a department store chain, bought retailer Talbots; Sony bought CBS Records; and Sunstar, a health products company, bought John O. Butler Co., maker of Protect toothpaste. IN WOOING U.S. customers, the Japanese have bumbled embarrassingly, but they are so determined that they often succeed anyway. According to P&G's Artzt, their remarkable desire to please customers is what makes the difference. Says he: ''It's a mentality. Their focus is on satisfying people up and down the line, in service, cost, and everything.'' The experience of Shiseido, a giant cosmetics company, is typical. In the mid-1960s Shiseido naively attempted to break into the U.S. cosmetics business with the same products it sold in Japan. Only after introducing them in more than 800 U.S. stores, including Bloomingdale's and Saks Fifth Avenue, did the company come to realize how different America's taste in cosmetics is from ; Japan's. Application of Shiseido's makeup required a time-consuming series of steps; Japanese women apparently don't mind, but in America women balked. The cosmetics flopped and Shiseido pulled out of more than 600 of the stores. Instead of quitting, Shiseido set about designing a new line that meets the needs of American women. These cosmetics are beautifully packaged, as easy to use as American brands, and graced with subtle scents. To push its products, the company relies less on advertising than on the kind of service it provides its customers in Japan. Fred Langhammer is executive vice president of Estee Lauder, a New York cosmetics giant that is holding its own against Shiseido in Japan. Says he: ''The service level in Japan is the highest in the world. It starts with the fact that the store manager and his executives come down to the entrance of the store every morning for 15 or 20 minutes and greet the customers.'' In the U.S., Shiseido trains saleswomen in department stores to treat customers lavishly. They offer free facial massages and will remember to call a customer to wish her happy birthday. That is helping Shiseido's U.S. sales grow at a rate of 25%, compounded annually. With its products available in 1,000 stores, fast-growing Shiseido is among the largest cosmetics companies in the U.S. Itokin, which makes and sells clothing for young working women, also had to totally revamp its strategy to survive in the U.S. When it opened its first shop on Madison Avenue in 1984, Itokin sold more than 20 designer labels. Such a wide choice, common in Japanese retailing, confused American customers, and sales languished. In response the company got rid of all but three designers' lines. It did well enough to build a 20-store chain across the U.S., which it now expects to expand to 200 stores over the next few years. AS IN THE CASE of Shiseido, Itokin's success largely stems from its dedication to customer service. ''Repetition is the key,'' says Eiichi Tsujimura, managing director of Itokin. ''You have to keep telling your people about service until they don't think about it but just do it.'' Each morning at 9, Itokin salespeople meet with their store managers to discuss how business went the day before: which items are moving, which not, which should be put on sale -- and how to treat customers better. Meanwhile, Itokin's American competitors, battered by mergers, layoffs, and cost-cutting binges, find themselves understaffed and their remaining employees demoralized. Sales positions at many American stores are dead-end jobs. At Itokin, salespeople get commissions as well as salaries, and are urged to make careers there. An American retailer can expect 100% turnover of its sales force every three years. Itokin has experienced 30% turnover during the past four years. Kao, the company that bought Jergens, is preparing to launch some of its own household products in the U.S., using Jergens's national marketing and distribution. Unlike its American competitors, Kao sends out its R&D people along with its marketers to talk with store managers and housewives. Explains Yoshio Maruta, 73, Kao's sprightly president: ''We start product development not from the viewpoint of what we can do to make the company more profitable or to increase market share, but how we can help our customers.'' The sentiment sounds corny, but watch it work. When the company was developing a new laundry detergent called Attack, it discovered that Japanese housewives wanted a superconcentrated detergent that cleaned well. Kao's R&D team gradually developed one they say is four times more concentrated than any competitor's, and the marketing team added a warning label for the package reading: ''Do not use more than one spoonful per wash.'' Kao contrived to research Attack exhaustively without ever exposing the developing product to public scrutiny in test markets. For seven disappointing years Maruta would give test samples of Attack to geishas during his nights on the town, asking them to try it at home. Until they expressed satisfaction with the product, Maruta obsessively kept prodding his lab technicians to improve it. When Kao launched Attack last year, it grabbed 30% of the Japanese detergent market in six months. Kao is still evaluating which of its products to bring to the U.S. JAPAN'S ODD RESEARCH tactics remain controversial in the U.S. Says Thomas Roehl, a professor of international business at the University of Washington: ''Once you get your product to test market, everybody knows what you're doing. The advantage of Kao's approach is that you can hide your product until you decide to launch it, and that makes it harder to copy.'' P&G's Artzt disagrees: ''In America there are so many cultural differences in taste, climate, and attitudes that with a quick, Japanese-style rollout and no test marketing, you could get hurt badly.'' Selling a bottle of Japanese pop to an American may be as tough as selling a Chevy in Japan, and no companies know this better than Kirin and Suntory. They have been exporting beer to the U.S. since the 1970s, are smart enough not to challenge Coke and Pepsi head-on, and are not in a hurry. If Coke can thrive in Japan, where it made more money last year than in the U.S., the Japanese beverage giants figure they may someday do the same in America. Instead of trying to hustle such Japanese soda brands as Sapporo's Peach Wow or Kirin's Jive, they are oh-so-gradually introducing America to their fresh- tasting canned coffee and tea drinks, highly popular in Japan, where they are served hot or cold. Suntory is selling its canned tea, Oolong, only to Japanese restaurants and groceries in major urban markets. The cautious company is also buying up local bottled-water companies such as Pittsburgh's Polar Water to gain major market shares there and in other U.S. cities. Shiro Yasuno, president of Suntory International, explains the strategy: ''I think bottled water is the most promising industry in the U.S. Your tap water is getting worse and worse, your aquifers are polluted by toxic waste, and your government doesn't have the money to clean it up.'' The beverage companies may soon begin selling their soda in the U.S. through Japanese-style vending machines. These typically offer up to 50 choices of drinks and foods, hot as well as cold. Some even feature built-in videogames. Last spring Sanden Corp., a Japanese vending equipment supplier, bought Vendo, a soda-vending-machine manufacturer that controls 25% of the U.S. market. FAMOUS FOR THEIR high-quality, beautifully prepared food, the Japanese are already selling in the U.S. packaged foods from ham to tuna to Nissin's instant soups. Oodles of Noodles comes in a plastic pouch; the customer just adds boiling water to make a soup that Nissin claims tastes better than canned types. To ensure freshness, Nissin built two manufacturing plants in the U.S., one on each coast. The company offers just-in-time delivery, shipping many small orders to stores as needed. Lipton, which sells a similar dry soup called Cup-a-Soup, sends out big shipments to retailers every week or so. Says Mike Sakai, Nissin's senior U.S. marketing manager: ''Basically the turnover of our product is faster. We bring a fresher product to the consumer's mouth.'' Taking the Nissin threat seriously, Campbell has responded with Noodle Nest, its own instant soup. Says CEO McGovern: ''If American companies don't realize how dedicated the Japanese are to quality, then they are not going to be around long. The Japanese are going to squeeze us with better value, and the consumer knows the difference.'' Will the Japanese completely dominate U.S. consumer markets in the 21st century? Not likely. But odds are, they eventually will become major players by chipping away like a baseball team that hits singles, and some sacrifice flies, rather than home runs. Says Richard Green, a consultant at Coopers & Lybrand who works with both Japanese and American corporations: ''The Japanese build managerial competence by incremental victories and by avoiding leaps.'' Their progress may be slow, but the Japanese, who concentrate on the long term, don't seem to mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.112237930297852, "source": "search", "title": "JAPAN'S NEXT PUSH IN U.S. MARKETS Japanese companies are ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "in Sony Corporation: Diversification and downturn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351478576660156, "source": "search", "title": "CBS Records Group | Japanese-American company | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "K�w�&es�W�⧁L�SA-B�����I��\\\u0019\u000e\u0017�J\u000eEw�f\u0019m�-�!\u0016�ώ��SI��H�s��srg��h4���ѝ����9���\u001b��R��K�7Wo�F�ρK ;�ҮRFn.>Nq�@*\u000f����6�����w��ѵ{}^�� ��Q���\u0000U\u0019O\u001b��v�ώ�\u0017#� $��*Eg��jB���\u0010.��iWj\b�p(�� ��Kg���\u0001��\u0019\u000e<�y �M��<�<���~����n�V\\�ለ\u000e^^����m\u0015Pt\u0000T^�c�\u0004�jAᐄ�r�w +.^�j��q\u0006Z��/&���\u0014�9\u0014n�8 Tڨ\u00174e�'z!�_�>*��G��M86�8�u��Е��# ��4\u0016����_�� \b�; �dT���� 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�F\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u000f\u0004\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0004\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u000f\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000Questions to Ask\u0000\u0000�\u000f\u001a\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0011\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u00002\u0000\u0011\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0004\u0000\u0004\u0000\u0004\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000f\u0000\u0004�N\u0003\u0000\u0000� �\b\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0006L\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000�\u0000 �<\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0000�v�\u0000�\u0000\u0002\u0000\u000f\u0000�\u0001\u0004\u0000\u0000\b�\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\b�\u0001 \u0000 \u0000�\u0001\u0001\u0000\u0000\b�\u0001\u0006\u0000\u000e\u0000\u0001\u0002\u0002\u0000\u0000\b?\u0002\u0000\u0000\u0003\u0000\u0003\u0000\u0000\u000f\u0000\u0013\u0000\"�\u0006\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0003\u0000�\u0000�\u0000\u0000\u0010�\b\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0003�\u0000�\u0015\u001b\u0010\u000f\u0000 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Some say it is because of inaccurate demand forecasts while others suggest that it was an intentional strategy. What is you take on this? How is your electronic division and music division responding to concerns over MP3 format piracy issues and your secure yet not very popular format? How has the vision of your founder, who recently passed away, been passed on to the new management team at Sony? How has the dissatisfaction of some CD retailers over your strategy to sell directly to consumer affected your distribution strategy via SonyStyle.com?\u0000\u0000�\u000f \u0000\u0000\u0000w\u0002\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001 \u0000\u0000\u0001\u00002\u0000w\u0002\u0000\u0000\u0001\u0000d\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u000f\u001a\u0000\u0000\u0000h\u0002\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0006\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000f\u0000\u0004�H\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012\u0000 �\b\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001L\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000�\u0000 �0\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\b�\u0001\u0005\u0000\u0000\b�\u0001���\u0000�\u0001޽h\u0000�\u0001\u0012\u0000\u0012\u0000�\u0001\u0000\u0000\b\u0000\u0004\u0003 \u0000\u0000\u0000?\u0003\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0010\u0000�\u0007 \u0000\u0000\u0000���\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000���\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000̙\u000033�\u0000���\u0000���\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0011\u0010� \u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0000\u0000x��\\m�S�\u0019~o>X\u0016�\u00006Z�_�PA�H��X��RT`A��~� ��)a0���p�?w kX.�ff\u0007���\u00155Vl�1 qg�+u�5�8FLg�Τ\u0012�&4��s��{\u0003ܻC��k�]8�̓�{�y���}�9�޹�\u000f��� �˼���6�\u0002e�0MwN�A=f\u0003Xj2e��9��1�\u000e\u0019��\u0016C\u0005v�[�y\u0017b:�\u001b1\u0003q\u0019�\u00071\u0013�@��R\u0000� .G| �D\\��\u0012�u�\\�U�y�o ���\u0016�ۈ� �#���\u001a�B,@|\u000fq b!b\u0011�Z�b�u��\u00117 ܈\u001b\u0011K\u0010�G܄�\u0001�f�R�\u000f\u0011?B,C܂�1�V�r�O��\u0006�)ƒ� q\u0007b\u0005�g���;\u0011w!�F�B�F�A�\"�\"�!�A�G܋�\u000fq?��_ @�\u0012�+į\u0011�Axu>�L�}� ˣ\u0018�����\u0000<6z*0=�\u0004��k^�\u000f`Z�ߑܑ9�#��\u00028QԷ���G\u000fß�\u0013��P�H\u0004��V��T��c\u0006X\u0004�x\u001a�9�L�+p�\u000f�#h�C����/����(cj������+��u�9+���[�_���D�J�\u0003���i-n�17�1���-�- \u0002f�u��sOY\u0007n߸�M��o�����m��_��o�ɤF9�{�_��h�J��ZN 5��\u0001]bDz;��vS���lƯ?��o�N �ew�Zk��*�V�D\u0001K�[���Z7���Ukm34�&-��J3��cQy��p7�H\b�l��i5�v���gΞ�I�T\u0016�3g���7�;������#����*՝�S�<��#u�\u0016���!঩�r�i�bܰ܋e-nHV��q\u0017nZ��\u0012�\u001a7Y�Z-l�7^xᅗ�+W�-��P氭��݌3ڃ(�\u000eo�\b�o\u0004o\u0016����b�����|��N�j��)Z�:匕�/Z�:E���N�j\u0017�)�h6���~�]�4b�9��*�\u0011�cs;\u00114���˹��3>�����I^D8W$��\u0019)��/�����\u0001�q���Co� �U�Ic_g�S��� E�ɨ�\u0005.��\u0002ӝ�`4\u0019 ��D8�kY\u0000�� a��`2��b\u000f�d\u0019\u000e:(��:\b�2@oePp\u0005+Q� &VeP�\u0013:\u0005_���ȊQooo0Z`�� 8�ْAo\u0010���n�`�� �5���,\u0005w��l\u0005\u00078�2��h��aƂ\u0015�9\u0007Um�(j��e��d\u0019\u001bv��\u0019���A\u0000�3Ȋn��� � /6�\u0014ٰ�9Z� �k8��v9�\u0000�\u0013�F\u0019�FphT5 ��2\u0005k�\u0015 U4���a'8���\u0016�A\u0019��� ��׍��\u0006�8�\b��\u0015�P��\u0015BEʦE �(�\u0000 �\u000f��8+��p̠Jp%O��l�\u000e�$cY{\u0019z�[�ϋJ=Y$& ^U�`�Rf�>�\" 5����b�ʬ˫j)8�0S�V�07��J,\u0006��\bj����\"��� \u000e{\u0000�n�W a �\u0017 <#0ˉb�^�\u0004��*\u0013�\u000elN�$)�GƸ�X\u0012;�\u0011�:\u0000w\u00115���TBc�!��2d��Îa����\b)�ra�v\u000f�B� *\u0010�.%�\u0014������e\u0010��]&�,!VP|6<� \u0010\u00061�\u0014U�b|0�'.�*n��� �^��\u0017�\u001b,�aLJ!\u001b5��+��F{=�d�P�&C�\u001b�gpX�_H\u000ezd��ǣ�x�SE7D��\"G4N��x", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.906469345092773, "source": "search", "title": "PowerPoint Presentation" }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "After a decade of seeing industries from autos to electronics being gobbled up by foreign interests, the Sony purchase now meant that a sacred piece of American culture--pop music--was being boxed up and sent overseas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391351699829102, "source": "search", "title": "Rock's New World Order : There's a whole lotta shakin' in ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Soon other foreign companies, recognizing the worldwide appetite for American pop music and culture, were rushing in to devour other U.S. cultural icons. And, by 1990, virtually all of the U.S. recording industry had been sold to Sony and five other multinational giants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978739738464355, "source": "search", "title": "Rock's New World Order : There's a whole lotta shakin' in ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Holland's Philips N.V. acquired PolyGram, A&M, Mercury and Island. Sony's archrival Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co. bought MCA and Geffen. Britain's Thorn-EMI picked up Capitol and Virgin. And Germany's publishing giant, Bertelsmann Inc., bought the record arm of RCA Corp. U.S.-based Time Warner rounded out the new order of multimedia conglomerates with the 1989 merger of the Time Inc. and Warner Communications empires.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.241382598876953, "source": "search", "title": "Rock's New World Order : There's a whole lotta shakin' in ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Michael P. Schulhof, chairman of Sony Music Entertainment, a $3.4-billion arm of the Tokyo-based, $25.6-billion Sony Corp., is one of the new breed of record company overlords, and he's not apologetic about the change of emphasis at the top.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.750258445739746, "source": "search", "title": "Rock's New World Order : There's a whole lotta shakin' in ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony Global - Sony History Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round of Capital Deregulation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.300865173339844, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Chapter23   Establishing the Sony Brand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496320724487305, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round of Capital Deregulation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.136561870574951, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In October of that year, after several frustrating months, Schein thought of Akio Morita whom he had a relationship with through Sony's broadcast equipment business. Morita was then Sony Executive Vice President. Schein had great respect for Morita as a businessman and merely wanted to ask for some advice, but upon hearing Schein's proposal Morita immediately responded, \"How about setting up a joint venture with Sony?\" After his experiences with other Japanese companies, Schein was taken aback by the speed with which Morita proposed the venture. It had taken him just thirty minutes to reach an agreement with Morita!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077799797058105, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "CBS/Sony Records was determined to discover and develop new artists on its own. They were the lifeblood of the music business, but this challenged the traditional practice that production companies developed artists and record companies only produced records. Like the electronics industry, the music industry required a constant flow of new talent. In order to find these artists, CBS/Sony Records established its own auditioning system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.949477195739746, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Norio Ohga signing the contract with CBS at Sony Corporation of America", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.249292373657227, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "At the 20th anniversary celebration for the CBS/Sony Group, Morita foreshadowed Sony's future when he said, \"With the development of software, new hardware products come to life for the first time. Ten years from now, when we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the CBS/Sony Group, I hope that Sony will have developed its software business into a large-scale operation which includes images in addition to sound.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.155739784240723, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "These two purchases were central elements in Sony's global business strategy for the 21st century. Sony had already gained a strong reputation as a supplier of high quality, innovative products related to technologies such as magnetic recording, optical devices, semiconductors, and digital signal processing. In addition to these hardware-based technologies, Sony now possessed a wealth of \"software,\" which would help to establish a convergence between the two sides of its operations. In doing so, Sony was moving toward a goal of creating a blueprint for audiovisual business in the 21st century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280448913574219, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "The digital technology revolution has brought about the birth of new media and the integration of computers, telecommunications and television. In the age of multimedia it is essential to achieve synergy between hardware and software, and the companies of the Sony Group continue to work toward this end.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472949028015137, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Sony applied digital technology to audio products for the first time with the development of the compact disc. Ten years later, it was used again in to develop the MiniDisc, which brought a new personal music medium to the market in 1992. During the ten year period in between, products like the CD-ROM and Video CD were also added to Sony's lineup of multimedia products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008011817932129, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Over the years, the revolution in hardware technology has created many new possibilities for media and content development. With its wealth of experience in the software industry, SME is well positioned to take advantage of new business opportunities. For the entire Sony Group, synergy between hardware and software products is growing as the hardware and content businesses work together to advance each other's technology and future direction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482497215270996, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "An example of this synergy can be found in a new venture which emerged in November 1993. Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. (SMEJ) and Sony Corporation had jointly established Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCE) to engage in the development, marketing and licensing of video game consoles and game titles. Although Sony had previously been involved in business tie-ups with computer game companies, Sony decided that the new company would concentrate on independent software development. To this end, personnel from various sections of the Sony Group, including broadcast products development staff and SMEJ staff involved in software development, were brought together at SCE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.672612190246582, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "Toshio Ozawa, former chairman of SMEJ, was appointed president of SCE, with Teruhisa Tokunaka of Sony Corporation as vice president. Shigeo Maruyama, a man renowned for discovering and nurturing new artists at EPIC/Sony also joined the new company. Led by Ozawa and his new management team SCE's employees came together from many different backgrounds and began creating a unique corporate culture which incorporated elements from across the Sony Group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.10234546661377, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "A year after its establishment, SCE successfully combined the hardware expertise of Sony Corporation with the software know-how of SMEJ to develop the 32-bit PlayStation video game system. With its CD-ROM-based software and the processing power of a computer workstation, PlayStation was far more than just a toy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43056869506836, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." }, { "answer": "Sony", "passage": "In December 1994, PlayStation was launched in Japan. At that time the computer game market was dominated by Nintendo Co., Ltd., and there was no guarantee that a Sony brand product would be able to capture significant market share. Nevertheless, the initial stock of 100,000 units sold out on the first day of business, and the next 6 months recorded accumulated sales of more than 1 million units. Sony's entry into the video game market had been an overwhelming success. Following this initial triumph in Japan, SCE launched the PlayStation in the U.S. and Europe in the autumn of 1995 under the new leadership of Tokunaka. As of May 1996, the accumulated number of PlayStation units sold worldwide had exceeded 5 million forming a true milestone in Sony's sales history. It was the first time that a single model had sold such a large number of units in such a short period of time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.106907844543457, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter22 CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "4", "passage": "Holder of ten world records already, Spitz predicted brashly he would win six golds at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. However, he won only two team golds: the 4×100-meter freestyle relay in 3:31.70, and the 4×200-meter freestyle relay in 7:52.33.[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sp/mark-spitz-1.html Mark Spitz]. sports-reference.com In addition, Spitz finished second in the 100-meter butterfly in 56.40 seconds. In this event he was beaten by fellow American Doug Russell by a half second, despite holding the world record and having beaten Russell the previous ten times they had swum against each other that year.He also won a bronze medal in the 100-meter freestyle in 53.00 seconds at the same games.", "precise_score": 4.967838764190674, "rough_score": 6.547699928283691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "[http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/profiles/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=20272 International Olympic Committee – Athletes] Russell did briefly match Spitz's world record in late August 1967, holding the record equally with Spitz for five days before Spitz regained it solely on October 2, 1967. As a result of being beaten by Russell, Spitz did not get to swim in the 4×100-meter medley relay, which gave Russell his second gold medal and the USA team another world record performance.", "precise_score": -0.44520801305770874, "rough_score": 2.4467520713806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich (West Germany), Spitz was back to maintain his bid for the six gold medals. He did even more, winning seven Olympic gold medals. Further, Spitz set a new world record in each of the seven events – 100-meter freestyle (51.22), 200-meter freestyle (1:52.78), 100-meter butterfly (54.27), 200-meter butterfly (2:00.70), 4×100-meter freestyle relay (3:26.42), 4×200-meter freestyle relay (7:35.78), and 4×100-meter medley relay (3:48.16). Originally Spitz was reluctant to swim the 100-meter freestyle fearing a less than gold medal finish. Minutes before the race he confessed on the pool deck to ABC's Donna de Varona, \"I know I say I don't want to swim before every event but this time I'm serious. If I swim six and win six, I'll be a hero. If I swim seven and win six, I'll be a failure.\" Spitz won by half a stroke in a world-record time of 51.22 seconds. ", "precise_score": 4.447786331176758, "rough_score": 6.093631744384766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Holder of ten world records already, Spitz predicted brashly he would win six golds at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. However, he won only two team golds: the 4 × 100 meter freestyle relay in 3:31:70, and the 4 × 200 meter freestyle relay in 7:52:33. In addition, Spitz finished second in the 100m butterfly in 00:56:40. In this event he was beaten by fellow American Doug Russell by a half second, despite holding the world record and having beaten Russell the previous ten times they had swum against each other that year. [9] Russell did briefly match Spitz's world record in late August 1967, holding the world record equally with Spitz for five days before Spitz regained it solely on October 2, 1967. As a result of being beaten by Russell, Spitz did not get to swim in the 4 × 100 meter medley relay, which gave Russell his second gold medal and the USA team another World Record swim.", "precise_score": 4.160567283630371, "rough_score": 4.829553127288818, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich (West Germany), Spitz was back to maintain his bid for the six gold medals. He did even more, winning seven Olympic gold medals. Further, Spitz set a new world record in each of the seven events (the 100 m freestyle [00:51:22], 200 m freestyle [01:52:78], 100 m butterfly [00:54:27], 200 m butterfly [02:00:70], 4 × 100 m freestyle relay [03:26:42], 4 x 200 m freestyle relay [07:35:78] and the 4 × 100 m medley relay [03:48:16]). Originally Spitz was reluctant to swim the 100m freestyle fearing a less than gold medal finish. Minutes before the race he confessed on the pool deck to ABC's Donna de Varona, \"I know I say I don't want to swim before every event but this time I'm serious. If I swim six and win six, I'll be a hero. If I swim seven and win six, I'll be a failure.\" Spitz won by half a stroke in a world-record 51.22. [11]", "precise_score": 4.213328838348389, "rough_score": 6.384506702423096, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Mark Spitz is quoted as saying, \"When I went to the Olympics, I had every intention of shaving the moustache off, but I realized I was getting so many comments about it—and everybody was talking about it—that I decided to keep it. I had some fun with a Russian coach who asked me if my moustache slowed me down. I said, 'No, as a matter of fact, it deflects water away from my mouth, allows my rear end to rise and make me bullet-shaped in the water, and that's what had allowed me to swim so great.' He's translating as fast as he can for the other coaches, and the following year every Russian male swimmer had a moustache.\" [41]", "precise_score": -4.827317237854004, "rough_score": -3.260483503341675, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz felt snubbed by not being asked to attend the 2008 Olympics to watch Michael Phelps attempt to break his seven gold medal record. In an article, he is quoted as saying, \"I never got invited. You don't go to the Olympics just to say, I am going to go. Especially because of who I am....I am going to sit there and watch Michael Phelps break my record anonymously? That's almost demeaning to me. It is not almost—it is.\" [34]", "precise_score": -0.19152472913265228, "rough_score": -3.1508288383483887, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He did not. In Mexico City, Spitz won two team golds -- in the 4 x 100 and 4 x 200-meter freestyle relays -- and two individual medals, silver in the 100-meter butterfly and bronze in the 100-meter freestyle. What would have been a triumph to most was a disappointment to Spitz.", "precise_score": 3.696437120437622, "rough_score": 2.465026617050171, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He shook off the medal-stand incident and won his next event, the 100-meter butterfly (his favorite), by a full body length in 54.27 seconds. But controversy returned when Spitz was rumored to be pulling out of the 100 freestyle. Despite fears that teammate Jerry Heidenreich could spoil his gold-medal sweep, Spitz did race.", "precise_score": 0.7393472790718079, "rough_score": 0.4140271246433258, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He won the gold, finishing a half-stroke ahead of Heidenreich in 51:22 seconds. Spitz's three team golds came in the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay (3:26:42), the 4 x 200-meter freestyle relay (7:35.78) and the 4 x 100-meter medley relay (3:48.16).", "precise_score": 3.8644518852233887, "rough_score": 2.033907175064087, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "With four gold medals in hand, Spitz got some time to rest in advance of his toughest event, the 100 freestyle. Rumors percolated that he might withdraw against tough competition from his own team rather than jeopardize his clean sweep of golds, but Spitz went for it.", "precise_score": 4.435399055480957, "rough_score": 3.807373523712158, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz's seven-gold haul: part coronation, part redemption" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "All that remained after that was a pair of relays, the 400 medley and 400 freestyle, both of which proved anticlimactic. Spitz swam butterfly on a world-record setting medley relay and was the anchor on the free relay, which also easily took down the world mark.", "precise_score": -0.3738703727722168, "rough_score": -0.4615885317325592, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz's seven-gold haul: part coronation, part redemption" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Spitz’s first final in Munich was the 200m butterfly, the event which saw his greatest humiliation four years earlier. This time he destroyed his opponents, finishing more than two seconds ahead of Hall, the runner-up, and breaking the world record. “I did remember what happened in Mexico, and I was a little nervous,” he said. “But I’m a lot stronger than I was then.” Half an hour later he anchored the 4x100m freestyle relay team to gold, also in world record time. It had begun.", "precise_score": 0.039509791880846024, "rough_score": -2.983405590057373, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "On 30 August Spitz won the 100m butterfly, and 40 minutes later anchored the 4x200m freestyle relay team to victory. His fifth gold equalled the number won by the Italian fencer Nedo Nadi in 1920, and by Paavo Nurmi in Paris four years later – until that point the most any individual had won in a single Games. “You could say I am very thrilled at what I accomplished,” he said.", "precise_score": 2.4549949169158936, "rough_score": 0.13318151235580444, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "His final race at those Games had been held on 4 September. Spitz celebrated his historic achievement in understated style that night, going for dinner with a few journalists. The following morning he woke, dressed and walked to the media centre, where he was scheduled to hold a press conference. “Did you hear what happened?” one journalist asked when he arrived. “Yeah, I won seven gold medals,” he replied.", "precise_score": 1.5135889053344727, "rough_score": -3.2295186519622803, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Four years ago Michael Phelps won eight gold medals in Beijing and consigned Spitz’s record to history. The former champion, raging ego nowhere to be seen, took his relegation stoically. “He is the single greatest Olympic athlete of all time now,” Spitz said. “I always wondered what my feelings would be. I feel a tremendous load off my back.”", "precise_score": 1.757875919342041, "rough_score": 0.7685874700546265, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The seven events which brought Spitz his gold medals, all in world record times, were: 100 metres freestyle, 51.2sec.; 200 metres freestyle, 1min 52.8sec.; 100 metres butterfly, 54.3sec.; 200 metres butterfly, 2min 00.7sec.; 4 x 100 freestyle relay, 3min 26.4sec.; 4 x 200 freestyle relay, 7min 35.8 sec.; 4 x 100 medley relay, 3min 48.2sec.", "precise_score": 5.614536762237549, "rough_score": 5.783284664154053, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "In the 1972 Munich Summer Olympic Games, Mark Spitz won four individual golds in the 200m butterfly, the 200m freestyle, the 100m butterfly and the 100m freestyle. He also added three team gold medals as the United States won the 4x100m freestyle relay, the 4x200m relay, and the 4×100 medley relay.", "precise_score": 5.63134241104126, "rough_score": 6.962363243103027, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz Keynote Speakers Bureau & Speaking Fee" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Before the 1968 games in Mexico City, Mark Spitz predicted he would accomplish what no one else had— to win six gold medals. He ended up with two team golds, plus an individual silver and bronze. It’s tough for someone to be disappointed with four Olympic medals, but Mark Spitz was.", "precise_score": 5.230530261993408, "rough_score": 5.432791709899902, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz Keynote Speakers Bureau & Speaking Fee" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Mark Spitz spent the next four years at Indiana University, winning almost every conceivable award, setting almost every world record in existence, and preparing himself for the 1972 Olympics in Munich.", "precise_score": -0.3294619619846344, "rough_score": -2.5250566005706787, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz Keynote Speakers Bureau & Speaking Fee" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "At Munich, not only did Spitz win the six golds he predicted four years before—he won seven! And not only did he win all seven, but world records were set in each event. He won four individual gold medals in the 200m butterfly, the 200m freestyle, the 100m butterfly and the 100m freestyle. He also added three team golds as the United States won the 4x100m freestyle relay, the 4x200m relay, and the 4×100 medley relay.", "precise_score": 4.124429702758789, "rough_score": 4.50224494934082, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz Keynote Speakers Bureau & Speaking Fee" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "His eight medals were the most in one Games for any athlete in a non-boycotted Olympics. But the two bronze medals in that haul, from the 200 freestyle and 4x100 freestyle relay, left him short of Mark Spitz's seven golds in the 1972 Olympics.", "precise_score": 5.093621730804443, "rough_score": 5.576425075531006, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "With all due respect to Michael Phelps, former Hoosier swimmer Mark Spitz is still the most decorated athlete in Olympic history.  Spitz captured 11 medals over two Olympic Games, nine of which were gold.  Following first-place finishes in the 4x100 and 4x200-meter freestyle relay events in the 1968 Mexico City Games, Spitz set an Olympic record with seven gold medals at the 1972 Games in Munich.  No other athlete in any sport has won as many gold medals in a single Olympic Games since Spitz's remarkable feat.  In addition, he is the only Olympic athlete to finish first in every individual event he entered in a single year and also the only to set a world record in each such event.", "precise_score": 5.503739356994629, "rough_score": 6.9255242347717285, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "During the infamous 1972 Games, Spitz recorded gold-medal winning performances in the following events: 100 and 200-meter butterfly, 100 and 200-meter freestyle, 4x100 and 4x200-meter freestyle relays, and the 4x100-meter medley relay.", "precise_score": 4.3661394119262695, "rough_score": 6.024893283843994, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz first began his Olympic run in 1968 with 10 world records on his resume.  He predicted that he would leave Mexico City with six gold medals, however he could only muster the two team relay golds.  He placed second in the 100-meter butterfly and took home the bronze in the 100-meter freestyle.  In the butterfly competition, Spitz lost by half a second to Doug Russell, a fellow American whom Spitz beat the previous 10 occasions earlier that year.  Russell earned his second gold medal and took Spitz's position in the 4x100-meter medley relay squad.", "precise_score": 3.961031436920166, "rough_score": 4.9422607421875, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Wolverine volunteer assistant coach Michael Phelps is just four medals shy of surpassing Spitz's overall medal count and is seen as the sole threat to challenge his record of seven golds in a single Olympiad.  Having just qualified in all eight of his events at the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials, which included five wins and two world records, many feel Phelps is poised to break Spitz's record, including the former Hoosier himself.", "precise_score": 3.20538330078125, "rough_score": 2.9481022357940674, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He did not. In Mexico City, Spitz won two team golds -- in the 4 x 100 and 4 x 200-meter freestyle relays -- and two individual medals, silver in the 100-meter butterfly and bronze in the 100-meter freestyle. What would have been a triumph to most was a disappointment to Spitz.", "precise_score": 3.696437120437622, "rough_score": 2.465026617050171, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He shook off the medal-stand incident and won his next event, the 100-meter butterfly (his favorite), by a full body length in 54.27 seconds. But controversy returned when Spitz was rumored to be pulling out of the 100 freestyle. Despite fears that teammate Jerry Heidenreich could spoil his gold-medal sweep, Spitz did race.", "precise_score": 0.7393472790718079, "rough_score": 0.4140271246433258, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He won the gold, finishing a half-stroke ahead of Heidenreich in 51:22 seconds. Spitz's three team golds came in the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay (3:26:42), the 4 x 200-meter freestyle relay (7:35.78) and the 4 x 100-meter medley relay (3:48.16).", "precise_score": 3.8644518852233887, "rough_score": 2.033907175064087, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "a mentor for many years. By age ten, Spitz had won 17 age-group events. That year, Spitz had a scheduling problem when his after-school swim workout conflicted with Hebrew school. His father intervened and told the rabbi, \"Even God likes a winner.\" The family relocated to Santa Clara so that, despite an 80-mile commute for his father, Spitz could train with the celebrated George Haines at the Santa Clara Swim Club. \"Swimming isn't everything,\" his father used to tell his son, \"winning is.\" In 1965, the teenager entered his first international competition at the Olympic-style Maccabiah Games in Tel Aviv and won four gold medals. (Upon his return four years later, he won six more golds.)", "precise_score": 1.2952616214752197, "rough_score": -2.3970985412597656, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1966, the high school student won the national Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships with the 100-meter butterfly. By age 17, Spitz broke his first world record with a time of 4 minutes, 10.6 seconds in the 400-meter freestyle. Full of confidence, Spitz qualified for the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City and boasted he would win six medals. He faced bitter disappointment. Not only was he a target of anti-Semitism from some team members, he also failed to meet his own expectations. He won only two golds, both in relay events, though he did take the silver in the 100-meter butterfly and the bronze in the 100-meter freestyle. It was, he told a journalist, \"the worst meet of my life.\" While many athletes would have reveled in medaling at all, for Spitz the event was a disaster. There was little the 18-year-old could do but to brace himself for a comeback, or quit.", "precise_score": 3.6455423831939697, "rough_score": 2.3804266452789307, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Spitz won five gold medals at the 1967 Pan American Games in Winnipeg, thirty-one AAU titles, eight National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championships (four times in the 100-yard butterfly), and 33 world records. His contact with coaches Chavoor, Haines, and Counsilman, all members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida , helped Spitz mature as a man and a swimmer. As the 1972 Olympics advanced, Spitz had established himself. Gone was the pretense of 1968 and in its place was a focused competitor—with a mustache.", "precise_score": 3.3747384548187256, "rough_score": 2.130152702331543, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "That he did. The first event was the 200-meter butterfly. Spitz won it in a record-breaking 2:00.7. His pure joy launched him from the water and he stood by the poolside, arms raised in victory. That same day, he swam his leg in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay, and though his team took the gold, Spitz was a bit unnerved by teammate Jerry Heidenreich's time, which clocked .12 of a second faster than his.", "precise_score": 1.1586123704910278, "rough_score": 1.7419129610061646, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "After the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, which brought yet another gold for the Americans, the swimmer got cold feet. Spitz had so far swum a perfect Olympics, winning gold in all five events. With two more events to go and a case of nerves, Spitz contacted his former coach, Sherm Chavoor, who was in Munich with the American women's team. Concerned about both saving his strength for the 4x100-meter medley relay, and haunted by Heidenreich's performance in the 400-meter relay, Spitz asked Chavoor whether he ought to duck out of the next event, the 100-meter freestyle. The coach urged Spitz to compete, and warned that sitting out the race would look as though he had lost his competitive edge. In a later interview, Spitz told journalists, \"I just tried to keep my cool and continue with my race plan: to win.\"", "precise_score": 3.1180620193481445, "rough_score": 4.714168071746826, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz proved unpredictable to his competitors in the 100-meter freestyle as he swam the first lap at full strength, being the first to touch the wall in 24.56 seconds. During the semifinal heat, he had stayed behind, finishing after Australia 's defending champion Michael Wenden and Heidenreich. But during the final it was a completely different race. Though he lost his rhythm during the second lap, Spitz continued charging ahead to beat Heidenreich by half a stroke, winning the event in 51.22, shaving his own world record by .25 seconds. The final event was the 4 × 100-meter relay. For Spitz, as a member of the American team, this would be the final hurdle in a bid to make a clean, unprecedented sweep of Olympic gold. On September 4, 1972, Spitz, in the Munich Schwimhalle, won his seventh gold in his seventh event, all of which set world records.", "precise_score": 1.6307252645492554, "rough_score": 2.5921244621276855, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "At 14 his family moved to Santa Clara so Spitz could train with coach George F. Haines of the Santa Clara Swim Club. From 1964 to 1968 Mark trained with Haines at SCHS and Santa Clara High School. During his four years there, Mark held national high school records in every stroke and in every distance . In 1966 at age 16 he won the 100-meter butterfly at the AAU national championships, the first of his 24 AAU titles. The following year Mark set his first world record at a small California meet in the 400-meter freestyle with a time of 4:10.60, and emerged on the world swimming stage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.500123977661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The 1965 Maccabiah Games was his first international competition. At age 15 in Tel Aviv, Spitz won four gold medals and was named the most outstanding athlete.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.301434516906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "At age 41, Spitz attempted a comeback for the 1992 Summer Olympics after film maker Bud Greenspan offered him a million dollars if he succeeded in qualifying. Filmed by Greenspan's cameras, Spitz did not beat the qualifying limit, despite his times being nearly as good as (and in some cases better than) his medal-winning times 20 years earlier. He was two seconds slower than the requisite qualifying time at the Olympic trials. Dara Torres made her successful Olympic comeback for the 2008 Summer Games, at the same age as Spitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.711038112640381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "* [http://www.sjsa.org/ San Jose Sports Hall of Fame], inducted Wednesday, November 14, 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383206367492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1973–74, Spitz appeared on TV's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. On the TV drama Emergency!, he portrayed Pete Barlow, who accidentally shoots his wife (played by Spitz's wife, Suzy). He also appeared briefly on the The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of then-Governor of California Ronald Reagan in September 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461506843566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz went to work for ABC Sports in 1976 and worked on many sports presentations, including coverage of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In 1985 he appeared as a TV announcer in Challenge of a Lifetime. He continued as a broadcaster for some time, but within a few years, he was hardly seen as a public figure except perhaps as a commentator for swimming events like the 2004 Summer Olympics. Instead Spitz focused on his real estate company in Beverly Hills and hobbies such as sailing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.24729061126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1974 he was in a number of Schick razors commercials. In 1998 he appeared with Evel Knievel in a TV commercial for PlayStation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308819770812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 2004 he appeared in a TV commercial for Sprint PCS. Then in November 2007, Spitz made a cameo appearance on Amanda Beard's first television commercial (for GoDaddy) featuring her own seven Olympic medals (won between 1996–2004). The ad was entitled \"Shock\". Also, in 2007 he appeared in the infomercial for the \"Orbitrek Elite\" fitness workout. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1270880699157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He appeared in a commercial for Lear Capital, a gold investment company. (at 8:13 and 15:42 on a video at http://www.stanpredicts.com/media.php dated February 12, 2011, but the commercial was edited out of the version labeled \"Episode 1: Will Massive Amount Of Oil Be Discovered In Israel?\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.360309600830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "From 1964 to 1968 Spitz attended Santa Clara High School. After graduating he went on to Indiana University. At Indiana University from 1968 to 1972, he was a pre-dental student and member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. Time magazine asked him if he wanted to return to dental school after the Olympics. \"I always wanted to be a dentist from the time I was in high school, and I was accepted to dental school in the spring of 1972. I was planning to go, but after the Olympics there were other opportunities. I did some television and speaking engagements, and things just went from there.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.725099563598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "In an era when other swimmers, male and female, were shaving body hair, he swam with a moustache. When asked why he initially grew one he stated \"I grew the moustache because a coach in college said I couldn't grow one.\" Spitz said he originally grew the moustache as a form of rebellion against the clean-cut look imposed on him in college. \"It took a long time to grow,\" he said. It took four months to grow, but Spitz was proud of it, he decided the moustache was a \"good-luck piece.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.132586479187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "According to a Sports Illustrated article, on February 14, 1988, after talking about shaving off his moustache for a year, he finally did. \"He looked great with it, don't get me wrong,\" explained his wife Suzy, \"but he looks so handsome without it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311790466308594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "When he was asked why he shaved it off he responded \"well, one, I'm not swimming anymore; two, it started to turn gray; and three, my wife had never seen me, nor my family, without the moustache . . . I'm happy [without it].\" He also commented on his moustache in a live, in-studio interview with KCRA host Mike TeSelle on June 14, 2008, Spitz commented that he no longer maintains his iconic moustache because it had become \"too gray.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611719131469727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "After retirement, Spitz was diagnosed with acid reflux disease, a condition from which his physician thinks he suffered throughout his career. \"During my Olympic training, I attributed the symptoms [of acid reflux] to an overexposure to chlorine and eating too soon before and after swimming,\" says Spitz. \"It wasn't until the symptoms began to get in the way of my 1976 Olympic broadcasting career in Montreal, which was four years after retirement that I suspected something more serious must be happening.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.223079204559326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "However, on August 14, 2008 Spitz appeared on NBC's Today Show where he clarified his statement and his pride in Michael Phelps: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.671110153198242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Also on August 14, 2008, in an interview aired on Los Angeles KNBC-4's morning news show, Today in L.A., Spitz was quoted saying he does believe that, \"Michael Phelps is the greatest Olympic athlete ever.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.823444843292236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark Spitz" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The modern Olympic Games or Olympics ( ) are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.213577270507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246637344360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. As a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the Games. World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.336861610412598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organizes and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines the Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.767688274383545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration, horse and chariot racing events. It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce. This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were traveling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus. The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend; one of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games. According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games \"Olympic\" and established the custom of holding them every four years. The myth continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labors, he built the Olympic Stadium as an honor to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a \"stadion\" (, Latin: stadium, \"stage\"), which later became a unit of distance. The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race, and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, pankration, and equestrian events. Tradition has it that Coroebus, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.065083503723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus (whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis. The winners of the events were admired and immortalized in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.966718673706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended, the most commonly held date is 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated. Another date commonly cited is 426 AD, when his successor, Theodosius II, ordered the destruction of all Greek temples.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27261734008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Various uses of the term \"Olympic\" to describe athletic events in the modern era have been documented since the 17th century. The first such event was the Cotswold Games or \"Cotswold Olimpick Games\", an annual meeting near Chipping Campden, England, involving various sports. It was first organized by the lawyer Robert Dover between 1612 and 1642, with several later celebrations leading up to the present day. The British Olympic Association, in its bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in London, mentioned these games as \"the first stirrings of Britain's Olympic beginnings\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107969284057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The stadium hosted Olympics in 1870 and 1875. Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1870, though no official attendance records are available for the 1875 Games. In 1890, after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock Olympian Society, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired to found the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four years. He presented these ideas during the first Olympic Congress of the newly created International Olympic Committee. This meeting was held from 16 to 23 June 1894, at the University of Paris. On the last day of the Congress, it was decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC would take place in Athens in 1896. The IOC elected the Greek writer Demetrius Vikelas as its first president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915207862854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens in 1896. The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events. Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games. This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games. George Averoff contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games. The Greek government also provided funding, which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.6701078414917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "After the success of the 1896 Games, the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival. The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the World's fair at St. Louis in 1904 were side shows. The Games in Paris did not have a stadium, but were notable for being the first time women took part in the Games. When the St. Louis Games were celebrated roughly 650 athletes participated, but 580 were from the United States. The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement. The Games rebounded when the 1906 Intercalated Games (so-called because they were the second Games held within the third Olympiad) were held in Athens. These Games were, but are not now, officially recognized by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since. The Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated great public interest. This marked the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and the size of the Olympics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54701042175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games. Figure skating (in 1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics. The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities. At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports week (it was actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France, in connection with the Paris Games held three months later; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games. Although it was intended that the same country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year, this idea was quickly abandoned. The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart. This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville, France; after that, beginning with the 1994 Games, the Winter Olympics were held every four years, two years after each Summer Olympics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.927647590637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann, determined to promote the rehabitation of soldiers after World War II, organized a multi-sport event between several hospitals to coincide with the 1948 London Olympics. Guttmann's event, known then as the Stoke Mandeville Games, became an annual sports festival. Over the next twelve years, Guttmann and others continued their efforts to use sports as an avenue to healing. For the 1960 Olympic Games, in Rome, Guttmann brought 400 athletes to compete in the \"Parallel Olympics\", which became known as the first Paralympics. Since then, the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year. Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics. In 2001 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed an agreement guaranteeing that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing, and the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver. Chairman of the London organising committee, Lord Coe, said about the 2012 Summer Paralympics and Olympics in London that,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636666297912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 2010, the Olympic Games were complemented by the Youth Games, which give athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to compete. The Youth Olympic Games were conceived by IOC president Jacques Rogge in 2001 and approved during the 119th Congress of the IOC. The first Summer Youth Games were held in Singapore from 14–26 August 2010, while the inaugural Winter Games were hosted in Innsbruck, Austria, two years later. These Games will be shorter than the senior Games; the summer version will last twelve days, while the winter version will last nine days. The IOC allows 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the Summer Youth Games, and 970 athletes and 580 officials at the Winter Youth Games. The sports to be contested will coincide with those scheduled for the senior Games, however there will be variations on the sports including mixed NOC and mixed gender teams as well as a reduced number of disciplines and events. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.409284591674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "From 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896, the Games have grown to about 10,500 competitors from 204 nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller. For example, Sochi hosted 2,873 athletes from 88 nations competing in 98 events during the 2014 Winter Olympics. During the Games most athletes and officials are housed in the Olympic Village. This village is intended to be a self-contained home for all the Olympic participants, and is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.688766479492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Games have also had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups. The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic Games in history, costing in excess of US$50 billion. According to a report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development that was released at the time of the games, this cost will not boost Russia's national economy, but may attract business to Sochi and the southern Krasnodar region of Russia in the future as a result of improved services. But by December 2014, The Guardian stated that Sochi \"now feels like a ghost town\", citing the spread-out nature of the stadiums and arenas, the still-unfinished construction, and the overall effects Russia's political and economic turmoil. Furthermore, at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics, citing the high costs or the lack of local support, resulting in only a two-city race between Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China. Thus in July 2016, The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.36782455444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "In 1998, it was uncovered that several IOC members had taken bribes from members of the Salt Lake City bid committee for the hosting of the 2002 Winter Olympics. The IOC pursued an investigation which led to the resignation of four members and expulsion of six others. The scandal set off further reforms that changed the way host cities were selected, to avoid similar cases in the future. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.600854873657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "A BBC documentary entitled Panorama: Buying the Games, aired in August 2004, investigated the taking of bribes in the bidding process for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The documentary claimed it was possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. After being narrowly defeated in their bid for the 2012 Summer Games, Parisian mayor Bertrand Delanoë specifically accused the British prime minister Tony Blair and the London Bid Committee (headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe) of breaking the bid rules. He cited French president Jacques Chirac as a witness; Chirac gave guarded interviews regarding his involvement. The allegation was never fully explored. The Turin bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics was also shrouded in controversy. A prominent IOC member, Marc Hodler, strongly connected with the rival bid of Sion, Switzerland, alleged bribery of IOC officials by members of the Turin Organizing Committee. These accusations led to a wide-ranging investigation. The allegations also served to sour many IOC members against Sion's bid and potentially helped Turin to capture the host city nomination. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.380875587463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "During the first half of the 20th century the IOC ran on a small budget. As president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, Avery Brundage rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interest. Brundage believed the lobby of corporate interests would unduly impact the IOC's decision-making. Brundage's resistance to this revenue stream meant the IOC left organizing committees to negotiate their own sponsorship contracts and use the Olympic symbols. When Brundage retired the IOC had US$2 million in assets; eight years later the IOC coffers had swelled to US$45 million. This was primarily due to a shift in ideology toward expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights. When Juan Antonio Samaranch was elected IOC president in 1980 his desire was to make the IOC financially independent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.614927291870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The 1984 Summer Olympics became a watershed moment in Olympic history. The Los Angeles-based organizing committee, led by Peter Ueberroth, was able to generate a surplus of US$225 million, which was an unprecedented amount at that time. The organizing committee had been able to create such a surplus in part by selling exclusive sponsorship rights to select companies. The IOC sought to gain control of these sponsorship rights. Samaranch helped to establish The Olympic Program (TOP) in 1985, in order to create an Olympic brand. Membership in TOP was, and is, very exclusive and expensive. Fees cost US$50 million for a four-year membership. Members of TOP received exclusive global advertising rights for their product category, and use of the Olympic symbol, the interlocking rings, in their publications and advertisements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.228596687316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin were the first Games to be broadcast on television, though only to local audiences. The 1956 Winter Olympics were the first internationally televised Olympic Games, and the following Winter Games had their broadcasting rights sold for the first time to specialized television broadcasting networks—CBS paid US$394,000 for the American rights, and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) allocated US$660,000. In the following decades the Olympics became one of the ideological fronts of the Cold War. Superpowers jockeyed for political supremacy, and the IOC wanted to take advantage of this heightened interest via the broadcast medium. The sale of broadcast rights enabled the IOC to increase the exposure of the Olympic Games, thereby generating more interest, which in turn created more appeal to advertisers time on television. This cycle allowed the IOC to charge ever-increasing fees for those rights. For example, CBS paid US$375 million for the rights of the 1998 Nagano Games, while NBC spent US$3.5 billion for the broadcast rights of all the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.551501274108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Viewership increased exponentially from the 1960s until the end of the century. This was due to the use of satellites to broadcast live television worldwide in 1964, and the introduction of color television in 1968. Global audience estimates for the 1968 Mexico City Games was 600 million, whereas at the Los Angeles Games of 1984, the audience numbers had increased to 900 million; that number swelled to 3.5 billion by the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. However, at the 2000 Summer Games in Sydney, NBC drew the lowest ratings for any Summer or Winter Olympics since 1968. This was attributed to two factors: one was the increased competition from cable channels, the second was the internet, which was able to display results and video in real time. Television companies were still relying on tape-delayed content, which was becoming outdated in the information era. A drop in ratings meant that television studios had to give away free advertising time. With such high costs charged to broadcast the Games, the added pressure of the internet, and increased competition from cable, the television lobby demanded concessions from the IOC to boost ratings. The IOC responded by making a number of changes to the Olympic program. At the Summer Games, the gymnastics competition was expanded from seven to nine nights, and a Champions Gala was added to draw greater interest. The IOC also expanded the swimming and diving programs, both popular sports with a broad base of television viewers. Finally, the American television lobby, namely NBC, was able to dictate when certain events were held so that they could be broadcast live during prime time in the United States. The results of these efforts were mixed: ratings for the 2006 Winter Games were significantly lower than those for the 2002 Games, while there was a sharp increase in viewership for the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2012 Summer Games became the most watched event in US television history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.868099212646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, America, Asia, Oceania, Europe). The colored version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.514223098754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The Olympic motto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning \"Faster, Higher, Stronger\" was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was coined by Coubertin's friend, the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP, for a Paris youth gathering of 1891. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973271369934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honor the origins of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's chosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. During the 2004 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Athens, Greece, the Greek flag entered the stadium first, while the Greek delegation entered last. Speeches are given, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier, often a successful Olympic athlete from the host nation, who lights the Olympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672554016113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Olympic Games program consists of 35 sports, 30 disciplines and 408 events. For example, wrestling is a Summer Olympic sport, comprising two disciplines: Greco-Roman and Freestyle. It is further broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women, each representing a different weight class. The Summer Olympics program includes 26 sports, while the Winter Olympics program features 15 sports. Athletics, swimming, fencing, and artistic gymnastics are the only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program. Cross-country skiing, figure skating, ice hockey, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and speed skating have been featured at every Winter Olympics program since its inception in 1924. Current Olympic sports, like badminton, basketball, and volleyball, first appeared on the program as demonstration sports, and were later promoted to full Olympic sports. Some sports that were featured in earlier Games were later dropped from the program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.749536514282227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In October and November 2004, the IOC established an Olympic Programme Commission, which was tasked with reviewing the sports on the Olympic program and all non-Olympic recognized sports. The goal was to apply a systematic approach to establishing the Olympic program for each celebration of the Games. The commission formulated seven criteria to judge whether a sport should be included on the Olympic program. These criteria are history and tradition of the sport, universality, popularity of the sport, image, athletes' health, development of the International Federation that governs the sport, and costs of holding the sport. From this study five recognized sports emerged as candidates for inclusion at the 2012 Summer Olympics: golf, karate, rugby union, roller sports and squash. These sports were reviewed by the IOC Executive Board and then referred to the General Session in Singapore in July 2005. Of the five sports recommended for inclusion only two were selected as finalists: karate and squash. Neither sport attained the required two-thirds vote and consequently they were not promoted to the Olympic program. In October 2009 the IOC voted to instate golf and rugby union as Olympic sports for the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympic Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545843124389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The 114th IOC Session, in 2002, limited the Summer Games program to a maximum of 28 sports, 301 events, and 10,500 athletes. Three years later, at the 117th IOC Session, the first major program revision was performed, which resulted in the exclusion of baseball and softball from the official program of the 2012 London Games. Since there was no agreement in the promotion of two other sports, the 2012 program featured just 26 sports. The 2016 and 2020 Games will return to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition of rugby and golf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.257012367248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Taiwan also decided to boycott these Games because the People's Republic of China (PRC) exerted pressure on the Montreal organizing committee to keep the delegation from the Republic of China (ROC) from competing under that name. The ROC refused a proposed compromise that would have still allowed them to use the ROC flag and anthem as long as the name was changed. Taiwan did not participate again until 1984, when it returned under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389719009399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "In 1980 and 1984, the Cold War opponents boycotted each other's Games. The United States and sixty-four other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This boycott reduced the number of nations participating to 81, the lowest number since 1956. The Soviet Union and 15 other nations countered by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984, contending that they could not guarantee the safety of their athletes. Soviet officials defended their decision to withdraw from the Games by saying that \"chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in the United States\". The boycotting nations of the Eastern Bloc staged their own alternate event, the Friendship Games, in July and August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.197364807128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "There had been growing calls for boycotts of Chinese goods and the 2008 Olympics in Beijing in protest of China's human rights record, and in response to Tibetan disturbances. Ultimately, no nation supported a boycott. In August 2008, the government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics, set to be held in Sochi, Russia, in response to Russia's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85408878326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception. Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace-loving when they hosted the 1936 Games, though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority. Germany was the most successful nation at the Games, which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy, but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals, and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák, blunted the message. The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Instead, starting in 1928, the Soviets organized an international sports event called Spartakiads. During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s, communist and socialist organizations in several countries, including the United States, attempted to counter what they called the \"bourgeois\" Olympics with the Workers Olympics. It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and, in doing so, took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.854753017425537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Currently, the government of Iran has taken steps to avoid any competition between its athletes and those from Israel. An Iranian judoka, Arash Miresmaeili, did not compete in a match against an Israeli during the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although he was officially disqualified for being overweight, Miresmaeli was awarded US$125,000 in prize money by the Iranian government, an amount paid to all Iranian gold medal winners. He was officially cleared of intentionally avoiding the bout, but his receipt of the prize money raised suspicion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.565674781799316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes began using drugs to improve their athletic abilities. For example, in 1904, Thomas Hicks, a gold medalist in the marathon, was given strychnine by his coach. The only Olympic death linked to performance enhancing occurred at the 1960 Rome games. A Danish cyclist, Knud Enemark Jensen, fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamines. By the mid-1960s, sports federations started to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs; in 1967 the IOC followed suit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.205079078674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Women were first allowed to compete at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, but at the 1992 Summer Olympics 35 countries were still fielding all-male delegations. This number dropped rapidly over the following years. In 2000, Bahrain sent two women competitors for the first time: Fatema Hameed Gerashi and Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli. In 2004, Robina Muqimyar and Fariba Rezayee became the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics. In 2008, the United Arab Emirates sent female athletes (Maitha Al Maktoum competed in taekwondo, and Latifa Al Maktoum in equestrian) to the Olympic Games for the first time. Both athletes were from Dubai's ruling family. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.546324729919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "By 2010, only three countries had never sent female athletes to the Games: Brunei, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Brunei had taken part in only three celebrations of the Games, sending a single athlete on each occasion, but Saudi Arabia and Qatar had been competing regularly with all-male teams. In 2010, the International Olympic Committee announced it would \"press\" these countries to enable and facilitate the participation of women for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Anita DeFrantz, chair of the IOC's Women and Sports Commission, suggested that countries be barred if they prevented women from competing. Shortly thereafter, the Qatar Olympic Committee announced that it \"hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing\" to the 2012 Summer Games in London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.415794372558594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "At the 2012 Olympic Games in London, Great Britain, for the first time in Olympic history, every country competing included female athletes. Saudi Arabia included two female athletes in its delegation; Qatar, four; and Brunei, one (Maziah Mahusin, in the 400m hurdles). Qatar made one of its first female Olympians, Bahiya al-Hamad (shooting), its flagbearer at the 2012 Games, and runner Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain became the first Gulf female athlete to win a medal when she won a bronze for her showing in the 1500 m race. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.353318214416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Three Olympiads had to pass without a celebration of the Games because of war: the 1916 Games were cancelled because of World War I, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II. The Russo-Georgian War between Georgia and Russia erupted on the opening day of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Both President Bush and Prime Minister Putin were attending the Olympics at that time and spoke together about the conflict at a luncheon hosted by Chinese president Hu Jintao. When Nino Salukvadze of Georgia won the bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol competition, she stood on the medal podium with Natalia Paderina, a Russian shooter who had won the silver. In what became a much-publicized event from the Beijing Games, Salukvadze and Paderina embraced on the podium after the ceremony had ended. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.66552734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The Olympic Games have been criticized as upholding (and in some cases increasing) the colonial policies and practices of some host nations and cities either in the name of the Olympics by associated parties or directly by official Olympic bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee, host organizing committees and official sponsors. Critics have argued that the Olympics have engaged in or caused: erroneous anthropological and colonial knowledge production; erasure; commodification and appropriation of indigenous ceremonies and symbolism; theft and inappropriate display of indigenous objects; further encroachment on and support of the theft of indigenous lands; and neglect and/or intensification of poor social conditions for indigenous peoples. Such practices have been observed at: the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri; the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec; the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta; and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.653644561767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Other notable examples include Kenyan runner Bernard Lagat, who became a United States citizen in May 2004. The Kenyan constitution requires that one renounce their Kenyan citizenship when they become a citizen of another nation. Lagat competed for Kenya in the 2004 Athens Olympics even though he had already become a United States citizen. According to Kenya, he was no longer a Kenyan citizen, jeopardizing his silver medal. Lagat said he started the citizenship process in late 2003 and did not expect to become an American citizen until after the Athens games. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060870170593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold. The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals. At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal; silver for first and bronze for second. The current three-medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics. From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which became officially known as victory diplomas; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths. The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won, but National Olympic Committees and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.684154987335205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "As of the 2012 Games in London, all of the current 204 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Summer Olympics, and athletes from Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland have competed in all twenty-seven Summer Olympic Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.892556190490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "119 NOCs (110 of the current 204 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs) have participated in at least one Winter Games, and twelve nations (Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) have participated in all twenty-two Winter Games to date. Including continuity from Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have also been represented in every edition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555572509765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "By 2016, the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 44 cities in 23 countries, but by cities outside Europe and North America on only eight occasions. Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times, a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history. The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro will be the first Olympics for a South American country. No bids from countries in Africa have succeeded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.011396408081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The United States has hosted eight Olympic Games, four Summer and four Winter, more than any other nation. The British capital London holds the distinction of hosting three Olympic Games, all Summer, more than any other city. The other nations hosting the Summer Games twice are Germany, Australia, France and Greece. The other cities hosting the Summer Games twice are Los Angeles, Paris and Athens. With the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Japan and Tokyo, respectively, will hold these statuses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515406608581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In addition to the United States, nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan, Canada and Italy have hosted twice. Among host cities, Lake Placid, Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once, each holding that honor twice. The most recent Winter Games were held in Sochi in 2014, Russia's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66046142578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic Games" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Spitz was born in Modesto, California, the first of three children [3] of Arnold and Lenore (Smith) Spitz. His family is Jewish. [4] When he was two years old, Spitz's family moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he swam at Waikiki Beach every day. \"You should have seen that little boy dash into the ocean. He'd run like he was trying to commit suicide.\" Lenore Spitz told a reporter for Time (April 12, 1968). [3] At age six his family returned to Sacramento, California, and he began to compete at his local swim club. At age nine, he was training at Arden Hills Swim Club in Sacramento with swimming coach Sherm Chavoor, who mentored seven Olympic medal winners including Spitz. Before he was 10, Spitz held 17 national age-group records, and one world record. At 14 his family moved to Santa Clara so Spitz could train with George F. Haines of the Santa Clara Swim Club. From 1964 to 1968 Mark trained with Haines at SCSC and Santa Clara High School. During his four years there, Mark held national high school records in every stroke and in every distance. It was a remarkable and unprecedented achievement. In 1966 at age 16 he won the 100 meter butterfly at the National AAU Championships, the first of his 24 AAU titles. The following year Mark set his first world record at a small California meet in the 400 meter freestyle with a time of 4:10.60, and emerged on the world swimming stage. [5]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.969020366668701, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The 1965 Maccabiah Games was his first international competition. At age 15 in Tel Aviv, Spitz, won four gold medals and was named the most outstanding athlete. [3]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.396770477294922, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz briefly came out of retirement in 1992 to compete for a place on the U.S. Swimming Team at the Barcelona Games at the age of 41. He was two seconds slower than the requisite qualifying time at the Olympic trials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.588294744491577, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1973–74, Spitz appeared on TV's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. On the TV drama Emergency!, he portrayed Pete Barlow, who accidentally shoots his wife (played by Spitz's wife, Suzy). He also appeared briefly on the The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of then-Governor of California Ronald Reagan in September 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461506843566895, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz went to work for ABC Sports in 1976 and worked on many sports presentations, including coverage of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. [22] In 1985 he appeared as a TV announcer in Challenge of a Lifetime. He continued as a broadcaster for some time, but within a few years, he was hardly seen as a public figure [21] except perhaps as a commentator for swimming events like the 2004 Summer Olympics . Instead Spitz focused on his real estate company in Beverly Hills and hobbies such as sailing. [21]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8729333877563477, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1974 he was in a number of Schick razors commercials. [23] In 1998 he appeared with Evel Knievel in a TV commercial for PlayStation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.247003555297852, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 2004 he appeared in a TV commercial for Sprint PCS. [24] Then in November 2007, Spitz made a cameo appearance on Amanda Beard's first television commercial (for GoDaddy) featuring her own seven Olympic medals (won between 1996–2004). The ad was entitled \"Shock\". [25] Also, in 2007 he appeared in the infomercial for the \"Orbitrek Elite\" fitness workout. [26]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.481554985046387, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He appeared in a commercial for Lear Capital, a gold investment company. (at 8:13 and 15:42 on a video at http://www.stanpredicts.com/media.php dated February 12, 2011, but the commercial was edited out of the version labeled \"Episode 1: Will Massive Amount [sic] Of Oil Be Discovered In Israel?\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.353816986083984, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "From 1964 to 1968 Spitz attended Santa Clara High School. After graduating he went on to Indiana University. [21] At Indiana University from 1968–72, he was a pre-dental student and member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. TIME magazine asked him if he wanted to return to dental school after the Olympics. \"I always wanted to be a dentist from the time I was in high school, and I was accepted to dental school in the spring of 1972. I was planning to go, but after the Olympics there were other opportunities. I did some television and speaking engagements, and things just went from there.\" [30]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.815690994262695, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Per his official website, Spitz is self-employed as a corporate spokesperson and motivational speaker. However, Sports Yahoo! lists his occupation as a stock broker and motivational speaker. [34] According to a recent interview \"Spitz became a stockbroker in 2002 and has since moved into private equity. He is now also dabbling in the \"water business,\" as he calls it, and is in negotiations to build a water-bottling facility on aquifer-rich land that he and a business partner own. [35]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.877182006835938, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "In an era when other swimmers, male and female, were shaving body hair, he swam with a moustache. When asked why he initially grew one he stated \"I grew the moustache because a coach in college said I couldn't grow one.\" [30] Spitz said he originally grew the moustache as a form of rebellion against the clean-cut look imposed on him in college. “It took a long time to grow,” he said. [39] It took four months to grow, but Spitz was proud of it, he decided the moustache was a \"good-luck piece.\" [40]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.008157730102539, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "According to a Sports Illustrated article, on February 14, 1988, after talking about shaving off his moustache for a year, he finally did. \"He looked great with it, don't get me wrong,\" explained his wife Suzy, \"but he looks so handsome without it.\" [42]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275135040283203, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "When he was asked why he shaved it off he responded \"well, one, I'm not swimming anymore; two, it started to turn gray; and three, my wife had never seen me, nor my family, without the moustache... I'm happy [without it].\" [43] He also commented on his moustache in a live, in-studio interview with KCRA host Mike TeSelle on June 14, 2008, Spitz commented that he no longer maintains his iconic moustache because it had become \"too gray.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.453954696655273, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "After retirement, Spitz was diagnosed with acid reflux disease, a condition from which his physician thinks he suffered throughout his career. [44] \"During my Olympic training, I attributed the symptoms [of acid reflux] to an overexposure to chlorine and eating too soon before and after swimming,\" says Spitz. \"It wasn't until the symptoms began to get in the way of my 1976 Olympic broadcasting career in Montreal, which was four years after retirement that I suspected something more serious must be happening.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.808055877685547, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He has also reported having high cholesterol and other chronic health issues. [45] \"People don't believe that I have high cholesterol, but it's a fact,\" said Spitz. \"I take medication every day because my doctor told me that diet and exercise are not enough to keep my cholesterol down. He is a paid spokesperson for Medco, a pharmacy benefit management company.\" [46]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696022987365723, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1972, Spitz was accused of product placement during the medal ceremony. Following the 200-meter freestyle race Spitz arrived to obtain his gold medal barefoot and carrying his shoes. He put them down when the American national anthem, \"The Star Spangled Banner\" was played. After the anthem played, he picked up his shoes and waved to the crowd. The Soviets saw this as product placement. When questioned by the IOC, Spitz explained that the gesture was innocent, the shoes were old and he was not paid. The IOC cleared him of any wrongdoing. [47]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.428948402404785, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz has stated that he has no hard feelings towards Phelps. He is, however, unhappy that he was not invited to the 2008 Summer Olympics. As a result, Spitz refused to attend the games. [48] \"They voted me one of the top five Olympians of all time. Some of them are dead. But they invited the other ones to go to the Olympics, but not me,\" he said. \"Yes, I am a bit upset about it.\" [49]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.012683391571045, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "However, on August 14, 2008 Spitz appeared on NBC's Today Show where he clarified his statement and his pride in Michael Phelps:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.671110153198242, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Also on August 14, 2008, in an interview aired on Los Angeles KNBC-4's morning news show, Today in L.A., Spitz was quoted saying he does believe that, \"Michael Phelps is the greatest Olympic athlete ever.\" [51]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.164546012878418, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "During a radio interview in Australia, Spitz was quoted as saying \"They don't want to test for everything because there's tremendous pressure from the television networks because they want the television to have athletic competitions with the world record holders there for the finals. They want the medals not to be tainted in their value of accomplishment by winning them, and it's all about ratings and commercial selling of time and about money. And an International Olympic Committee has got their hand in the pockets of the network television people, so there's a tremendous conflict of interest in what they should do and what they're doing.\" [54]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.814530849456787, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Olympics Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Fulfilling all the pre-Olympic hype, he won four individual events -- in the 100- and 200-meter freestyle and 100- and 200-meter butterfly -- and three relay races.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0187530517578125, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "After four years in Hawaii, the family returned to California -- Sacramento this time -- and at the YMCA Spitz received his first competitive instruction. At age nine, his dad took him to Arden Hills Swim Club to train under the celebrated Sherm Chavoor, who would be a life-long mentor to Spitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08608627319336, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "When he was 14, his father said, \"It's now or never.\" The family moved to Santa Clara so Spitz could train with George Haines of the famed Santa Clara Swim Club, despite Arnold having to commute more than 80 miles to work each day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413294792175293, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz continued to excel, especially in swimming's most difficult stroke: the butterfly. At 16, he won the 100-meter butterfly at the National AAU Championships, the first of his 24 AAU titles. The next year, 1967, he won five gold medals at the Pan-American Games in Winnipeg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.651893377304077, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Then tragedy struck. At 4:30 a.m. September 5, Palestinian terrorists broke into the athletes' compound, killing two members of the Israeli delegation and taking nine others hostage. Spitz, who had won his final medal only hours earlier, lay sleeping nearby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.124991416931152, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "His event was the 100-meter butterfly. Although his 1972 records had long been broken, he was encouraged because he had beaten then-record holder Rowdy Gaines in a series of races in 1984.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784524917602539, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN.com: Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "\"My older sister was a swimmer, and I remember his poster being in her bedroom,\" said 1984 Olympian and current NBC commentator Rowdy Gaines. \"I knew Mark Spitz for several years just because of that poster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.588022232055664, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz's seven-gold haul: part coronation, part redemption" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Arnold Spitz even moved his family from its home in Sacramento, Calif., to Santa Clara to aid his 14-year-old son's swimming career in 1964. By 1966 and '67, Mark was winning national and international competitions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.800840854644775, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz's seven-gold haul: part coronation, part redemption" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "He was the third-fastest qualifier after the preliminary heats and third again after the semifinals, but rose to the occasion in the final. With his trademark rolling freestyle stroke and powerful kick, Spitz eased past top seed and fellow American Jerry Heidenreich by .43 seconds to win gold and set another world record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.317097187042236, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz's seven-gold haul: part coronation, part redemption" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Friday 8 June 2012 04.01 EDT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435261726379395, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "First published on Friday 8 June 2012 04.01 EDT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438898086547852, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Any number of reasons were suggested: a cold had delayed the start of his altitude training; he had suffered antisemitic abuse, much of it from his own team-mates; at 18 he was immature and overly self-obsessed; his schedule had been hopelessly overcrowded. Spitz certainly turned against his long-time coach, George Haines, for pushing him a little too far and for treating him “the same way as I had been when I was 14”. He promptly joined Indiana University, where James “Doc” Counsilman had assembled perhaps the country’s best swimming team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568083763122559, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Four years later he insisted he was “older and more mature”. “He was a little boy before,” said Sherm Chavoor, his childhood coach. “He has become a man.” That much was physically evident, not just in his more developed musculature but on his upper lip, upon which rested a soon-to-be-famous moustache, grown “because a coach in college said I couldn’t grow one” and kept as a portable lucky mascot after his success at the US trials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441153526306152, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "And with that, it very nearly ended. After he finished celebrating victory in the 4x100m freestyle medley a few days earlier, Spitz had noticed that one of his team-mates, Jerry Heidenreich, had posted a faster split, 50.8sec to his own 50.9. His next event was the 100m freestyle. What if Heidenreich beat him? One of his father’s favourite phrases was “Swimming isn’t everything – winning is”, and Spitz could not have been less interested in a silver medal. “I’d rather win six out of six, or even four out of four, than six out of seven,” he said. “It’s reached a point where my self-esteem comes into it. I just don’t want to lose.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.307458877563477, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Heidenreich and Spitz had developed a rivalry that served to improve both men as athletes. “In a way he always gave me something to chase and I always helped push him,” Heidenreich said in 1992. Spitz finished only second in both of his heats, but when it mattered he beat Heidenreich fairly comfortably, if only by 0.41sec. The following evening the pair combined over the last two legs of the 4x100m medley relay, Spitz diving into the pool with the US team level with East Germany and passing over to Heidenreich two metres clear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.312463760375977, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "His final race had been one of the hottest tickets in the Olympics, and among the stars who turned up to watch was the actor Johnny Weissmuller, who had won five gold medals in the pool at the 1924 and 1928 Games before making his name playing Tarzan in a series of films. Another gold-medal-winning American swimmer, Buster Crabbe, had taken a similar route to Hollywood, eventually taking over the role of Tarzan from Weissmuller. Now Spitz, who had arrived in Munich planning a future career in dentistry, was suddenly fending off offers of movie parts. “One thing’s for sure,” he said, “I don’t want to end up like Johnny Weissmuller and Buster Crabbe.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.393838405609131, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz, aged 22, made his farewell appearance by swimming the butterfly leg of the 4x100 metres medley relay and helping the United States team to win in a world record time of 3min 48.2sec.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.605772495269775, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Elaine Tanner: one athlete's 40-year recovery from Olympic heartbreak", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.264081954956055, "source": "search", "title": "50 stunning Olympic moments No37: Mark Spitz wins seven ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Michael Phelps' remarkably long torso is like the hull of a boat, his coach says, allowing him to ride high on the water. His ankles, knees, elbows and shoulder joints are rubber-band flexible. His wingspan is 3 inches longer than his 6-4 height.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334114074707031, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "\"It's either nothing or 'I have to get my hand on the wall before they do,' \" says Phelps, who won six gold and two bronze medals in the 2004 Olympics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.058979988098145, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In the water, his short legs, with his double-jointed knees and pliable ankles attached to size 14 feet, help him undulate like a dolphin. His long arms, combined with the flexibility in his shoulders and elbows, extend the reach of his strokes, which are powerful and rhythmic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348052978515625, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "\"When I first saw Michael, in '96, I looked at his stroke, I looked at his body type and said, 'This kid is going to be awesome,' \" says Jon Urbanchek, who worked with Bowman and Phelps the last four years after Bowman succeeded him as the men's swimming coach at the University of Michigan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242461204528809, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Indeed, in the 2004 Olympics, Phelps was awesome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860997200012207, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Phelps will swim the same events he did in Athens — the 200 and 400 individual medleys, the 100 and 200 butterfly, the 200 freestyle and three relays — a program that yielded seven golds in last year's world championships in Melbourne, Australia. An eighth gold fell out of reach when the U.S. 4x100 medley relay was disqualified for a false start.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.200830459594727, "source": "search", "title": "Built to swim, Phelps found a focus and refuge in water ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "MICHAEL PHELPS, SWIMMING, MICHIGAN, 2004-Present (Volunteer Assistant)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426360130310059, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "2004 - Athens (Gold-6, Bronze-2)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766724586486816, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Phelps is no stranger to Olympic history.  At the 2000 Sydney Games and the age of 15, he became the youngest male Olympian since 1932.  In addition, he was also the youngest ever to break a world record.  At the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Phelps dominated the swimming scene by capturing eight total medals at the Games, becoming the first athlete ever to win eight at a non-boycotted Olympic Games.  His overall medal count tied 1980 USSR gymnast Alexandr Dityatin for most medals by an athlete in a single Olympics.  Phelps fell just shy of Spitz's gold-medal mark in 2004 by winning six events in the both individual medleys, both butterflies, the 400-meter medley relay and 800-meter freestyle relay.  He took home the bronze in the 200-meter freestyle and 400-meter free relay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.333399772644043, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "At the 2007 World Championships in Australia, Phelps matched the record of seven gold medals in an international competition and set five world records in doing so.  He holds six overall world records and just bettered two marks at the Olympic Trials in Omaha, Neb.  He swam the 200-meter individual medley in 1:54.80 and the 400-meter individual medley in 40:05.25.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.394134998321533, "source": "search", "title": "Olympic Spotlight: Swimming's Mark Spitz and Michael ..." }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Fulfilling all the pre-Olympic hype, he won four individual events -- in the 100- and 200-meter freestyle and 100- and 200-meter butterfly -- and three relay races.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0187530517578125, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "After four years in Hawaii, the family returned to California -- Sacramento this time -- and at the YMCA Spitz received his first competitive instruction. At age nine, his dad took him to Arden Hills Swim Club to train under the celebrated Sherm Chavoor, who would be a life-long mentor to Spitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08608627319336, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "When he was 14, his father said, \"It's now or never.\" The family moved to Santa Clara so Spitz could train with George Haines of the famed Santa Clara Swim Club, despite Arnold having to commute more than 80 miles to work each day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413294792175293, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spitz continued to excel, especially in swimming's most difficult stroke: the butterfly. At 16, he won the 100-meter butterfly at the National AAU Championships, the first of his 24 AAU titles. The next year, 1967, he won five gold medals at the Pan-American Games in Winnipeg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.651893377304077, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Then tragedy struck. At 4:30 a.m. September 5, Palestinian terrorists broke into the athletes' compound, killing two members of the Israeli delegation and taking nine others hostage. Spitz, who had won his final medal only hours earlier, lay sleeping nearby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.124991416931152, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "His event was the 100-meter butterfly. Although his 1972 records had long been broken, he was encouraged because he had beaten then-record holder Rowdy Gaines in a series of races in 1984.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784524917602539, "source": "search", "title": "ESPN Classic - Spitz lived up to enormous expectations" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "It took four months to grow, but Spitz was proud of it. He had intended to shave his mustache for the Munich Olympics but since he did so well at the trials—he broke the world record in the 200-meter butterfly—he decided the mustache was a \"good-luck piece.\" During a practice swim, Spitz noticed the Soviets photographing him. Asked whether the mustache added unwanted drag to the swimmer. Spitz answered, \"No, it actually deflects water from my mouth and allows me to keep my head in a lower position that helps my speed,\" he later told Newsweek magazine. His answer was pure invention, but the Soviets didn't know that. Suddenly, several Soviet swimmers began sporting mustaches in competition. Another Spitz tactic included changing his usual stroke to a highly inefficient one during practice, so that the spying Soviets might again be thrown off. When they inquired about his \"unconventional\" stroke, Spitz again spouted nonsense, this time about how the ungainly stroke actually builds muscle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.231100559234619, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "promoting a commercial product. Spitz defended himself by saying the gesture was completely spontaneous, the shoes were old, and he was receiving no financial reward. Spitz was cleared and concentrated on the next event, the 100-meter butterfly, his favorite. He won it by a full body length in a record 54.27 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.556336402893066, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Address: c/o CMG Worldwide, 8560 Sunset Boulevard, 10th Floor Penthouse, West Hollywood, CA 90069. Fax: 317-570-5500. Phone: 310-854-1005. Online: www.cmgww.com/ .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280780792236328, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Noden, Merrell. \"Catching Up with … Swimming Champion Mark Spitz.\" Sports Illustrated (August 4, 1997): 11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.668342113494873, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "\"The Way We Were: A Look Back at the Year People Began: Week of July 5-11, 1974. People Weekly (July 5, 1999): 23.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349407196044922, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "History Channel. www.historychannel.com /(January 4, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504512786865234, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Jewishpeople.net. www.jewishpeople.net /(January 4, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49987506866455, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Jewishsport.com. store.yahoo.net/jewishsport/markspitz.html (January 4, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959688186645508, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Jews in Sports. www.jewsinsports.org /(January 4, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471285820007324, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "\"Legend Mark Spitz.\" Swimsport.com, www.swimsprt.com/ (January 4, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9573140144348145, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Swim Info, www.swiminfo.com/ (December 29, 2002; January 4, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290401458740234, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Andrew Spitz Facts, information, pictures ..." }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "33 (100m and 200m freestyle, 100m and 200m butterfly, 4x100m freestyle relay, 4x200m freestyle relay, 4x100m medley relay)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722543716430664, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "4x100m freestyle relay: 1st (1968, 1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902206420898438, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "4x200m freestyle relay: 1st (1968, 1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.926652908325195, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "4x100m medley relay: 1st (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833545684814453, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Four years spent on the beaches and in the seas of the Pacific were enough to give his engineer father an indication of his son's talents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425810813903809, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Returning to the mainland, first to Sacramento then Walnut Creek in 1961, the Spitz family, including his two sisters Nancy and Heidi, organised their lives around their younger brother. At the age of 10, Spitz was already training four hours per day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.827103614807129, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Don Schollander's success in the Tokyo Olympics (1964) proved the catalyst for the young hopeful. So much so that his only dream at the age of 14 was to equal his compatriot's record of four gold medals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.25040054321289, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Four medals not enough in Mexico", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413296699523926, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "A year before the Mexico Olympiad, he beat the world 400m record and promptly declared that he would win six gold medals at the Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.494760513305664, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Married to a wealthy heiress and father of a child, he caused a sensation at the age of 41 when he returned to the water to prepare for the Barcelona Games!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522296905517578, "source": "search", "title": "Mark Spitz - Sify" } ]

[ { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Honky Tonk Angels is a 1993 album historically teaming country legends Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette.", "precise_score": 8.553431510925293, "rough_score": 8.565650939941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Honky Tonk Angels by Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy Wynette on Apple Music", "precise_score": 7.863254070281982, "rough_score": 8.64725112915039, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels by Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy Wynette", "precise_score": 5.705811023712158, "rough_score": 8.58597183227539, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "In 1993, Dolly collaborated with fellow country music legends Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette to release the album “Honky Tonk Angels.” The album appeared on the Columbia Nashville Label. Dolly co-produced the recording with Steve Buckingham.", "precise_score": 9.192767143249512, "rough_score": 9.415493965148926, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - (Collaboration) Album - Dolly Parton" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Honky Tonk Angels is a 1993 album historically teaming country legends Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette.", "precise_score": 8.553431510925293, "rough_score": 8.565650939941406, "source": "search", "title": "Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy Wynette: Honky Tonk ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels - Tammy wynette , Loretta lynn, Dolly parton - YouTube", "precise_score": 7.989075660705566, "rough_score": 9.008267402648926, "source": "search", "title": "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels - Tammy wynette ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels - Tammy wynette , Loretta lynn, Dolly parton", "precise_score": 8.51546859741211, "rough_score": 9.116622924804688, "source": "search", "title": "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels - Tammy wynette ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "The original songs by Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette appear to be solo performances by each of them with harmony vocals by Parton and \"Sittin' on the Front Porch Swing\" appears to be a Parton solo. The recording features liner notes written by Ralph Emery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5192281603813171, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "*Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette: Lead, Backing & Harmony Vocals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.459436893463135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "A duet with Ricky Van Shelton, \"Rockin' Years\" (1991), reached No. 1, though Parton's greatest commercial fortune of the decade came when Whitney Houston recorded \"I Will Always Love You\" for the soundtrack of the feature film The Bodyguard (1992); both the single and the album were massively successful. Parton's soundtrack album from the 1992 film, Straight Talk, however, was less successful. But her 1993 album Slow Dancing with the Moon won critical acclaim, and did well on the charts, reaching No. 4 on the country albums chart, and No. 16 on the Billboard 200 album chart. She recorded \"The Day I Fall in Love\" as a duet with James Ingram for the feature film Beethoven's 2nd (1993). The songwriters (Sager, Ingram, and Clif Mangess) were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and Parton and Ingram performed the song at the awards telecast. Similar to her earlier collaborative album with Harris and Ronstadt, Parton released \"Honky Tonk Angels\" in the fall of 1993 with Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette. It was certified as a gold album by the Recording Industry Association of America and helped revive both Wynette's and Lynn's careers. Also in 1994, Parton contributed the song \"You Gotta Be My Baby\" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. A live acoustic album, Heartsongs, featuring stripped down versions of some of her hits, as well as some traditional songs, was released in late 1994. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.621790885925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dolly Parton" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "At the American Music Awards, she has won three awards out of 18 nominations. At the Country Music Association, she has won 10 awards out of 42 nominations. At the Academy of Country Music, she has won seven awards and 39 nominations. She is one of only six female artists (including Reba McEntire, Barbara Mandrell, Shania Twain, Loretta Lynn, and Taylor Swift), to win the Country Music Association's highest honor, Entertainer of the Year (1978). She has also been nominated for two Academy Awards and a Tony Award. She was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her music in 1984, located at 6712 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California; a star on the Nashville Star Walk for Grammy winners; and a bronze sculpture on the courthouse lawn in Sevierville. She has called that statue of herself in her hometown \"the greatest honor,\" because it came from the people who knew her. Parton was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry in 1969, and in 1986 was named one of Ms. Magazines Women of the Year. In 1986, she was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28697395324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dolly Parton" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Wynette was called the \"First Lady of Country Music\", and her best-known song, \"Stand by Your Man\", is one of the best-selling hit singles by a woman in the history of country music. Many of her hits dealt with classic themes of loneliness, divorce, and the difficulties of life and relationships. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Wynette charted 23 No. 1 songs. Along with Loretta Lynn and Dolly Parton, she is credited with having defined the role of women in country music during the 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9145896434783936, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "During the early 1970s, Wynette, along with singer Loretta Lynn, ruled the country charts and was one of the most successful female vocalists of the genre. During the early 1970s, number one singles included \"He Loves Me All the Way\" \"Run Woman, Run\" and \"The Wonders You Perform\" (all from 1970), \"Good Lovin' (Makes it Right)\", \"Bedtime Story\" (both 1971) \"My Man (Understands)\", \"'Til I Get it Right\" (1972), and \"Kids Say the Darndest Things\" (1973). One of them, \"The Wonders You Perform\", was a hit in Italy in 1971, thanks to Ornella Vanoni, who recorded the song in an Italian version, \"Domani è un altro giorno\" (\"Tomorrow is another day\"). Concurrent to her solo success, a number of her duets with Jones reached the top ten on the U.S. country singles charts during this time, including \"The Ceremony\" (1972), \"We're Gonna Hold On\" (1973), and \"Golden Ring\" (1976). In 1968, Wynette became the second female vocalist to win the Country Music Association Awards' \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" award, later winning an additional two other times (1969, 1970). For nearly two decades, Wynette held the record for most consecutive wins, until 1987 when Reba McEntire won the award for the fourth consecutive time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.516223430633545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Following 1976, Wynette's popularity slightly slowed, however, she continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade, with such hits as \"Let's Get Together (One Last Time), \"One of a Kind\" (both 1977), \"Womanhood\" (1978) \"No One Else in this World\" and \"They Call It Makin' Love\" (both 1979). She had a total of 21 number one hits on the U.S. country singles charts (17 solo, three with Jones, and one with Houston). Along with Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Barbara Mandrell, Dottie West, and Lynn Anderson, she helped redefine the role and place of female country singers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.549661159515381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "The 1993 album Honky Tonk Angels gave her a chance to record with Dolly Parton and Loretta Lynn for the first time; though yielding no hit singles (mainstream country radio had long since stopped playing artists approaching or over 50), the album did well on the country charts and even reached number 42 on the Billboard Pop chart. The one single that was released from the album, a cover of \"Silver Threads and Golden Needles\" peaked outside the Country Top 40 in 1993. The following year, she released Without Walls, a collection of duets with a number of country, pop and rock and roll performers, including Wynonna Judd, Elton John, Lyle Lovett, Aaron Neville, Smokey Robinson, Sting and a number of others. An album cut titled \"Girl Thang\", a duet with Wynonna Judd, reached No. 64 in 1994, but no singles were released from this album. She also appeared as a celebrity contestant on Wheel of Fortune during that same year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.495104789733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Wynette's last concert was given on March 5, 1998, stepping in for Loretta Lynn, who was ill at the time. Wynette's last television appearance was on the TNN series Prime Time Country on March 9, 1998, performing \"Stand by Your Man\" and \"Take Me to Your World\". Wynette's last Grand Ole Opry appearance was on May 17, 1997; she performed \"Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad\" which was her first top five hit, and \"Stand by Your Man\" her No. 1 song and signature song, and her first single \"Apartment #9\" which had gone to No. 44 on the Billboard Country Charts but had become a classic to her loyal fan base and to Country Music. Lorrie Morgan and Jan Howard, appeared on the Opry too, helping Tammy out; Tammy was one of Lorrie's idols growing up (also friends) and Jan, another one of Tammy's close friends, also had a successful career in Country and Western music during the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.933441162109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Wynette's signature song \"Stand by Your Man\" has been covered by both men and women alike. Fellow country singers, including Lynn Anderson, Dottie West, Loretta Lynn, Elton John and Lyle Lovett have covered the song, as well as rock bands, including Me First and the Gimme Gimmes and [Lemmy of Motörhead with Wendy O Williams of the Plasmatics], Martina McBride covered Wynette's 1976, \"'Til I Can Make It on My Own\" for her 2005, Timeless album, which was a cover album of Country music standards. It was covered comedically in the 1980 film \"The Blues Brothers\". \"Stand by Your Man\" placed at No. 48 on RIAA's 1997 list of Songs of the Century, which consisted of the 300 of their considered-to-be greatest and best-known songs of the twentieth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1296916007995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "In 2002, she was ranked No. 2 on CMT's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music. Patsy Cline was ranked No. 1 (one of Wynette's biggest inspirations) and at No. 3 was fellow Country star, Loretta Lynn. Wynette's former husband, George Jones was ranked No. 3 on CMT's special 40 Greatest Men of Country Music in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.712278366088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tammy Wynette" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Legend is a hefty title to carry, especially if you're still kicking. The standards are high, the expectations immense. Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette are, nevertheless, legends of country music with decades of albums and awards to prove it. And they are very much still kicking on Honky Tonk Angels — just in case anyone needs a little reminder. You can even hear how much fun they had singing together, setting aside any historic competition and letting their love of country music shine through, each gracefully moving between lead and harmony vocals. As for the song selection, it covers a wide swath of country history from tunes made famous by early pioneers like Ferlin Husky, the Davis Sisters, and Hank Locklin to their own more contemporary compositions. If that weren't enough credibility, Kitty Wells lends her amazing voice to the opening anthem \"It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels.\" Pure goodness. In another twist, Patsy Cline sings on \"Lovesick Blues\" with Parton, Lynn, and Wynette backing her. The closing track sums up the humorous reverence that permeates much of country music. \"I Dreamed of a Hillbilly Heaven\" was a hit for Tex Ritter in 1961 and is a surprising choice that seems a bit out of place, but somehow works well enough. For fans of traditional country or great singers, this is a fun listen because it nicely captures three of the best voices around.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.304472923278809, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels by Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Amazon.com: Honky Tonk Angels: Dolly Parton with Tammy Wynette & Loretta Lynn: MP3 Downloads", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.408120155334473, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Honky Tonk Angels: Dolly Parton with Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Dolly Parton with Tammy Wynette & Loretta Lynn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.557912349700928, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Honky Tonk Angels: Dolly Parton with Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "I enjoyed the music very much. I love country music and the way they all sang together. Loretta Lynn is my all time favorite and Dolly Parton. It would be awesome if they got back together with another cd. I replayed the cd probrably 10 times and still not tired of it. I highly suggest this cd for awesome listening and voices of Honky Tonk Angels, lol. 😄.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.5078697204589844, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Honky Tonk Angels: Dolly Parton with Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "I really love this CD. I combines the talents of three legends of country music and is an absolute stand-out. I'd definitely recommend this to anyone to likes any or all of the singers featured (Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, and Loretta Lynn)or to anybody who likes classic country music. I had this on cassette when it first came out in the early 90's and didn't get around to getting the CD until recently. I'd really missed this great music. Hope you enjoy it too!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.38040098547935486, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Honky Tonk Angels: Dolly Parton with Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy Wynette - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.424824714660645, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Dolly records ‘Honky Tonk Angels’ with Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.395783424377441, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - (Collaboration) Album - Dolly Parton" }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy Wynette: Honky Tonk Angels - Music on Google Play", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.269599914550781, "source": "search", "title": "Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy Wynette: Honky Tonk ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy Wynette", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.422018051147461, "source": "search", "title": "Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn & Tammy Wynette: Honky Tonk ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy Wynette - Listen to Free Music by Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy Wynette on Pandora Internet Radio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.50698184967041, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy Wynette", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1245012283325195, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy ..." }, { "answer": "Loretta Lynn", "passage": "Though it looked like Parton's career had been revived, it was actually just a brief revival before contemporary country came along in the early '90s and pushed all veteran artists out of the charts. Parton had a number one duet with Ricky Van Shelton , \"Rockin' Years,\" in 1991, but after that single, she slowly crept out of the Top Ten and later the Top 40. Parton was one of the most outspoken critics of radio's treatment of older stars. While her sales had declined, she didn't disappear. Despite her lack of sales, Parton remained an iconic figure in country music, appearing in films (the 1991 TV movie Wild Texas Wind, 1992's Straight Talk), selling out concerts, and releasing a series of acclaimed albums -- including 1993's Honky Tonk Angels, a collaboration with Tammy Wynette and Loretta Lynn -- that all sold respectably. Furthermore, \"I Will Always Love You\" was covered in 1992 by Whitney Houston , who took it to number one on the pop charts; the single spent 14 weeks at number one, becoming the biggest pop hit of the rock & roll era (it was unseated four years later by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men 's \"One Sweet Day\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6770437955856323, "source": "search", "title": "Honky Tonk Angels - Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, Tammy ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium, making her the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling won the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances. Pauling also won the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes. John Bardeen received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the transistor and in 1972 for the theory of superconductivity. Frederick Sanger received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the insulin molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA. ", "precise_score": 8.325811386108398, "rough_score": 8.428701400756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The husband-and-wife team of Gerty Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori shared the 1947 Prize in Physiology or Medicine as did the husband-and-wife team of May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser in 2014 (along with John O'Keefe). J. J. Thomson was awarded the Physics Prize in 1906 for showing that electrons are particles. His son, George Paget Thomson, received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves. William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the X-ray spectrometer. Niels Bohr won the Physics prize in 1922, as did his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975. Manne Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of Kai Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1981. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970. C.V. Raman won the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who won the same prize in 1983. Arthur Kornberg received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959. Kornberg's son, Roger later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006. Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of Nikolaas Tinbergen, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize. Alva Myrdal, Peace Prize laureate in 1982, was the wife of Gunnar Myrdal who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974. Economics laureates Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow were brothers-in-law.", "precise_score": 1.46293306350708, "rough_score": -1.6534192562103271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann. Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.", "precise_score": 0.6599342823028564, "rough_score": -2.3733890056610107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie. In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw. Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director. These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work. In 1930, she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death. ", "precise_score": -0.7352002859115601, "rough_score": -3.1175808906555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "As one of the most famous women scientists to date, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture. In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist, Marie Curie was voted the \"most inspirational woman in science\". Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast, nearly twice as many as second-place Rosalind Franklin (14.2 per cent).", "precise_score": 1.1463607549667358, "rough_score": 1.2215912342071533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie, and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry. An artistic installation celebrating \"Madame Curie\" filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego's Museum of Contemporary Art. On 7 November, Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle. On 10 December, the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden.", "precise_score": 2.20539927482605, "rough_score": 1.4384820461273193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include:", "precise_score": 7.122314453125, "rough_score": 8.648393630981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband M. P. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. ", "precise_score": -0.5172871351242065, "rough_score": -1.9605915546417236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The curie (symbol Ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic (1912), Poznań University (1922), Kraków's Jagiellonian University (1924), and the Warsaw Polytechnic (1926). In 1921, she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi National Honorary Member for her significant contribution. ", "precise_score": -0.10230917483568192, "rough_score": -0.6603444814682007, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch, in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life. Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie, a one-woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries, by 2014. ", "precise_score": -2.2066924571990967, "rough_score": -2.134536027908325, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Curie's likeness also has appeared on banknotes, stamps and coins around the world. She was featured on the Polish late-1980s 20,000-złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500-franc note, before the franc was replaced by the euro. Marie Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder.", "precise_score": -2.5521960258483887, "rough_score": -2.2518692016601562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "On the 2011 centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize (1911), an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium.", "precise_score": 4.572487831115723, "rough_score": 1.859979510307312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Answer: Marie stayed in France after she met a French scientist, Pierre Curie, in the spring of 1894. Pierre was the head of a laboratory at the School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry. She later married Pierre and they had two daughters, Irène , born in 1897, and Eve, born in 1904. Marie and Pierre worked together in the laboratory, which later resulted in a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, making Marie Curie the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize.", "precise_score": 3.6094043254852295, "rough_score": 5.5333685874938965, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - Questions and Answers - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Marie Curie was the first female professor at the Sorbonne and the first female Nobel laureate ever; together with her husband, physicist Pierre Curie, she was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 for their work in spontaneous radiation (the other half went to Henri Becquerel for discovering it). She was also the only person to ever receive two Nobels in two different scientific categories — she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, also for her work in radioactivity.", "precise_score": 7.07111930847168, "rough_score": 7.533143997192383, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - How Nobel Winners Spend Their Prize Money - TIME" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Marie Curie committed her life to hard work and to innovation in the field of science. Despite having lived a life of hardship and great personal loss, Marie Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and then became the first woman to win two Nobel Prizes.", "precise_score": 7.110105514526367, "rough_score": 7.508011341094971, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie Biography Facts Radium Nobel Prize Winner" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "In 1911, Madam Curie received a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in radioactivity. Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, is the only woman to win in two fields, and is the only person to win in multiple sciences.", "precise_score": 5.963938236236572, "rough_score": 4.308063983917236, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie Biography Facts Radium Nobel Prize Winner" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Madame Marie Curie famously snagged two Nobel Prizes—for Physics in 1903 with husband Pierre and Henri Becquerel, and again in 1911 for Chemistry after discovering radium and polonium—but many other women have also been awarded the Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine Nobels, too. Here are their stories.", "precise_score": 8.787557601928711, "rough_score": 7.296032905578613, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize - Scientific American", "precise_score": 7.222166061401367, "rough_score": 8.45616340637207, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize", "precise_score": 7.568633556365967, "rough_score": 8.468037605285645, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "FEMINISM very nearly won a great victory in the French Academy of Sciences on January 23rd, 1911, when, in the election of a successor to the deceased academician Gernez, Marie Sklodowska Curie was defeated by two votes. At a joint meeting of the five academies which compose the Institut de France, a majority had opposed the admission of women, as contrary to tradition, but each academy was left to decide the question for itself.", "precise_score": -0.8074805736541748, "rough_score": -2.44034743309021, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Gegner prize was awarded to Mme. Curie again in 1300, and a third time in 1902, together with the Berthelot medal. In 1903 the Nobel prize for physical science was awarded, half to Mons. and Mme. Curie and half to Henri Becquerel, whose discovery of the spontaneous radio-activity of uranium ore formed the basis of all subsequent researches in radio-activity. Only a few days ago we heard the news that Mme. Curie has been honored with the Nobel prize a second time, on this occasion in the division of chemistry. The list of medals and prizes which have been awarded to Mme. Curie in foreign countries is too long to quote.", "precise_score": 4.801872253417969, "rough_score": 3.7748055458068848, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Pasachoff , Naomi E. \"Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity.\" Marie Curie Polish/French Physicist. 2000. http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/lucidcafe/library/95nov/curie.html � (15 December 2005). � ", "precise_score": -2.7452189922332764, "rough_score": -2.246964931488037, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "This book examines the life of the Polish-born scientist whom, with her husband Pierre, was awarded a 1903 Nobel Prize for discovering radium. This account of the life and work of the French chemist, Polish-born, provides an in-depth look at the person as well as the scientist whose work with radioactivity led to two Nobel Prizes. Brief but thorough insets throughout the book explain the science behind Curie's accomplishments. Historical photographs accompany the text. � ", "precise_score": 5.834038734436035, "rough_score": -3.423921823501587, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Raynal, Florence. \"A Nobel Prize Pioneer at the Panth�on.\" Science: Marie Curie, 1997. http://www.france.diplomatie.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/SCIENCES/CURIE/marie.html � (15 December 2005). ", "precise_score": 2.0758121013641357, "rough_score": 5.895318984985352, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established by Sweden's central bank in 1968. Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold, and later from 18 carat green gold plated with a 24 carat gold coating. Between 1901 and 2015, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 573 times to 900 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 870 individuals (822 men and 48 women) and 23 organizations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.781289100646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The prize is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. Though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century, a prize may not be shared among more than three people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.483109474182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill, which he made into a major armaments manufacturer. Nobel also invented ballistite. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.383112907409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"greatest benefit on mankind\" in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.[http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html Full text of Alfred Nobel´s Will] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.651888847351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Because of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway. The executors of Nobel's will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the award of prizes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.191023826599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. In accordance with Nobel's will, the primary task of the Foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. Robert and Ludwig Nobel were involved in the oil business in Azerbaijan and, according to Swedish historian E. Bargengren, who accessed the Nobel family archives, it was this \"decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from Baku that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established\". Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The Foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the Nobel laureates. In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an investment company, in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is exempt from all taxes in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953). Since the 1980s, the Foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish kronor (c. US$560 million). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.788315296173096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "According to the statutes, the Foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The Chairman of the Board is appointed by the Swedish King in Council, with the other four members appointed by the trustees of the prize-awarding institutions. An Executive Director is chosen from among the board members, a Deputy Director is appointed by the King in Council, and two deputies are appointed by the trustees. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the Executive Director and the Deputy Director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the trustees of these institutions, and auditors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383338928222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize. In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy \"was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize.\" The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van't Hoff. Van't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.220395088195801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded. Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet. The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.748637199401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 1938 and 1939, Adolf Hitler's Third Reich forbade three laureates from Germany (Richard Kuhn, Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk) from accepting their prizes. Each man was later able to receive the diploma and medal. Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940–42, due to the occupation of Norway by Germany. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.577889442443848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions. The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote. A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals. If the Peace Prize is not awarded, the money is split among the scientific prizes. This has happened 19 times so far.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.71272087097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to Erik Axel Karlfeldt, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, William Vickrey, who in 1996 died after the prize (in Economics) was announced but before it could be presented. On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates, Ralph M. Steinman, had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously. The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize \"was made in good faith\", it would remain unchanged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.242927551269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Nobel's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made \"during the preceding year\". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries. However, some of these early discoveries were later discredited. For example, Johannes Fibiger was awarded the 1926 Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer. To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time. According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, \"the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.935112476348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement. The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate Martti Ahtisaari was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts. However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events. For instance, Kofi Annan was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Similarly Yasser Arafat, Yitzhak Rabin, and Shimon Peres received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the Oslo Accords. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661226272583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Nobel Peace Prize banquet is held in Norway at the Oslo Grand Hotel after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the President of the Storting, the Prime Minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.475164413452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "It was announced on 30 May 2012 that the Nobel Foundation had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Formerly, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by Myntverket (the Swedish Mint) from 1902 to 2010. Myntverket, Sweden's oldest company, ceased operations in 2011 after 1,017 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design.[http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/pictures/nobel-chemistry-medal.html \"Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954\"], \"Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1\", \"All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations\", Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History, the Valley Library, Oregon State University. Retrieved 7 December 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.033872604370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 g for each medal. The diameter is 66 mm and the thickness varies between and . Because of the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft. During World War II, the medals of German scientists Max von Laue and James Franck were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, chemist George de Hevesy dissolved them in aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid), to prevent confiscation by Nazi Germany and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.714045524597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded. The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880 000 SEK (c. 2.6 million SEK, US$350 000 or €295,000 today) per prize. In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million, €950,000). In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK. If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others. It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.658235549926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ. This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members. Lê Đức Thọ declined the prize. Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between North Vietnam and the United States in January 1973. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities. Many critics were of the opinion that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite, responsible for widening the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.873090744018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to Barack Obama in 2009. Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as President, but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months. Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award, or worthy of the company it would place him in. Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for Jimmy Carter and Al Gore, also prompted accusations of a left-wing bias. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.050728797912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to Elfriede Jelinek drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused \"irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art.\" He alleged that Jelinek's works were \"a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure.\" The 2009 Literature Prize to Herta Müller also generated criticism. According to The Washington Post many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work. This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924726486206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948. Later, members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee expressed regret that he was not given the prize. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, \"The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize. Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question\". In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the grounds that \"there was no suitable living candidate\" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was \"in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi.\" Other high profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been missed out. Foreign Policy lists Eleanor Roosevelt, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh and Corazon Aquino as people who \"never won the prize, but should have.\". The physicist Arnold Sommerfeld was nominated 81 times but an award was never made. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.117229461669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions. Adam Kirsch has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism. The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by Peter Englund, the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors. This tendency towards European authors still leaves a number of European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize, including Europe's Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, J. R. R. Tolkien, Émile Zola, Marcel Proust, Vladimir Nabokov, James Joyce, August Strindberg, Simon Vestdijk, the New World's Jorge Luis Borges, Ezra Pound, John Updike, Arthur Miller, Mark Twain, and Africa's Chinua Achebe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743515014648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial. When a prize is awarded to recognize an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to Koichi Tanaka and John Fenn for the development of mass spectrometry in protein chemistry, an award that did not recognize the achievements of Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Frankfurt. According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics, the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honor in 2013: the team of Carl Hagen, Gerald Guralnik, and Tom Kibble published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the Cosmos began, but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to Peter Higgs and François Englert, who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject. All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion, albeit from different angles. Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction, or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.863239288330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. In 1962, Francis Crick, James D. Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize for discovering the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin, a key contributor in that discovery, died of ovarian cancer four years earlier. The Economics Prize was not awarded to Fischer Black, who died in 1995, when his co-author Myron Scholes received the honor in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with Robert C. Merton, another pioneer in the development of valuation of stock options. In the announcement of the award that year, the Nobel committee prominently mentioned Black's key role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.651660919189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded \"to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.\" He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given \"to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics.\" Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in Nature and Technoetic Arts, have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.018271446228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The International Committee of the Red Cross received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44125747680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Literature Prize but refused, stating, \"A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form.\" The other is Lê Đức Thọ, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Peace Accords. He declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.586714744567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "During the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler hindered Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt, and Gerhard Domagk from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II. In 1958, Boris Pasternak declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying \"this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award.\" The Academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in Burma; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012. Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89150333404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The memorial symbol \"Planet of Alfred Nobel\" was opened in Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law in 2008. On the globe, there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.181695938110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "She was born in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.43040132522583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined ), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.557517051696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria (nickname: Mania) were Zofia (born 1862, nickname: Zosia), Józef (born 1863, nickname: Józio), Bronisława (born 1865, nickname: Bronia) and Helena (born 1866, nickname: Hela). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465742111206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus, who would become a leading figure in Polish literature. Her father, Władysław Skłodowski, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506661415100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal. After a collapse, possibly due to depression, she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring. Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335286140441895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later. In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father. While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician. His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them. Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University. Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319475173950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another. Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country. Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French. Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family. She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman. A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph.D. At Marie's insistence, Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School. A contemporary quip would call Marie, \"Pierre's biggest discovery.\" On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux (Seine); neither wanted a religious service. Marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit. They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.798155784606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697551727294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite). Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium. She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.056285858154297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \"polonium\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires. On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \"radium\", from the Latin word for \"ray\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \"radioactivity\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.562122344970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446293830871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340231895446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2440032958984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie. Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one or two votes. Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph. A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair–which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish. During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist. Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.07137393951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country. Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment. For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton. She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.990079879760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie. She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.927511215209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "During World War I, Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies (\"Little Curies\"). She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914. Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. Later, she began training other women as aides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.904526710510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur (1822–95). In 1921, Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip. In 1921, US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States. Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused. In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine. She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.180873870849609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux, alongside her husband Pierre. Sixty years later, in 1995, in honour of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon, Paris. She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits. In 2015, two other women were also interred on their own merits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842428207397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "* Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society (1921)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410786628723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Numerous locations around the world are named after her. In 2007, a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies. Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her. The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her. A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCC) is named in her honour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.95658016204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Several institutions bear her name, starting with the two Curie institutes – the Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology, in Warsaw; and the Institut Curie in Paris. She is the patron of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, in Lublin, founded in 1944; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), France's pre-eminent science university. In Britain, Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.074158191680908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie. In 1967, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum was established in Warsaw's \"New Town\", at her birthplace on ulica Freta (Freta Street). Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie, open since 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.918313980102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "A number of biographies are devoted to her. In 1938 her daughter, Ève Curie, published Madame Curie. In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie: A Life. In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie. In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.839689254760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named after her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513760566711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Answer: Marie finished high school at 15, with the highest honours. She worked as a private tutor for children in Poland before moving to Paris, France at the age of 24 to study mathematics and physics at the Sorbonne. Her goal was to get a teacher's diploma and return to Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.410520553588867, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - Questions and Answers - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "When she realized that some uranium and/or thorium compounds had stronger radiation than uranium, she made the following hypothesis: there must be an unknown element in the compound which had a stronger radiation than uranium or thorium. Her work aroused the interest of her husband, Pierre Curie, who stopped his own research on crystals and joined the \"detective work\" with his wife. And Marie was proven right: in 1898 the Curies discovered two new radioactive elements: radium (named after the Latin word for ray) and polonium (named after Marie's home country, Poland). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.489559650421143, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - Questions and Answers - Nobel Prize" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The honor and prestige of winning a Nobel may be priceless, but nobody would pursue prestige if it didn't pay. The Nobel Prize's 2009 cash value: a cool $1.4 million. Inside, a look at what laureates have done with the purse. — By Richard Friebe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2712602615356445, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - How Nobel Winners Spend Their Prize Money - TIME" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Curie's life was not easy. She lost her oldest sister to sickness before age eleven. When she was twelve, she lost her mother to tuberculosis. Throughout her early career, she worked in very poor conditions. When not working on her research, Curie spent many hours teaching to support her family. She and husband Pierre had two daughters, Irene and Eve. In 1906, Pierre Curie, was killed in a street accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.877559185028076, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie Biography Facts Radium Nobel Prize Winner" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Her work was published and celebrated, and she achieved recognition and acclaim amongst her peers. In 1929, President Hoover awarded her with enough money to buy radium to use in her laboratory. Despite the fame and the awards, and perhaps because she had seen so much suffering throughout her life, Curie actively worked to find uses for radium to ease illnesses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.912238121032715, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie Biography Facts Radium Nobel Prize Winner" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "92Y’s “ 7 Days of Genius ” is a global conversation on the power of genius to make a positive impact on the world. From March 5 to 12, mental_floss joins 92Y in highlighting many women whose contributions to society—whether in business, science or the arts—are nothing short of genius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428634643554688, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "2. Gerty Theresa Cori // Physiology or Medicine (1947)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369380950927734, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Gerty and her husband, Carl Cori, met in Prague and lived in Austria before immigrating to the United States in 1922, where the two medical doctors worked together (against the advice of their colleagues) at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in New York. The Coris studied carbohydrate metabolism, a specialty largely driven by Gerty’s father, a diabetic who asked her to find a cure for his disease.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367541313171387, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Though their collaboration was unusual (even called “un-American,” according to Carl’s autobiography), the Coris were an amazing team. Gerty was given first author credit on most of their papers, indicating that she did the majority of the research. In 1929, they proposed “the Cori cycle,” a hypothetical model of how the body uses chemical reactions to break down carbohydrates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36081314086914, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "German-born Maria Goeppert-Mayer studied Mathematics and Physics at the University of Göttingen, where, in 1930, she earned her Doctorate in Philosophy after writing her dissertation on two-photon absorption in atoms, a work Nobel laureate E.P. Wigner called \"a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness.\" At the time, her work was purely theoretical; the laser hadn’t been invented yet, and no foreseeable method of testing its accuracy was available. In 1961, her theory was experimentally proven, and the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section was named the Goeppert-Mayer (GM) unit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64045524597168, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Goeppert-Mayer moved to the U.S. with her husband, chemist Joseph Edward Mayer, in 1930. He worked at Johns Hopkins University, where she worked as an assistant to the Physics department. There, she also taught classes and conducted research in quantum physics. In 1937, they moved to Columbia University, where Maria took an unpaid position in the Physics department where she worked with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi. In 1942, she joined the Manhattan Project, working on methods of isolating uranium-235 from natural uranium. From there, she moved on to Los Alamos Laboratory, then Argonne National Laboratory, then to Aberdeen, where she programmed the ENIAC to solve criticality problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292373657226562, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Through those years at Oxford, Hodgkin studied and discovered the three-dimensional structures of many biomolecules using X-ray crystallography: She confirmed the structure of penicillin in 1945. Her work on mapping vitamin B12 earned her the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964. Five years later, she discovered the structure of insulin, a project so far advanced beyond the then-current technology that she first spent years working with colleagues to improve their methods and tools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.036599159240723, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "McClintock received her Ph.D. in Botany from Cornell University in 1927, where she began her long career in maize cytogenetics, a study she would pursue for the rest of her life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193650245666504, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "She moved to the United States in 1946 to attend Washington University in St. Louis for one semester. However, after repeating the results of experiments made in her home, she was offered a research position. Over the next 30 years, Levi-Montalcini would continue to study nerve growth, but her most important work was done in 1952. That year, she and collaborator Stanley Cohen isolated nerve growth factors (NGFs), proteins that guide the growth, maintenance and survival of nerve tissue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32147216796875, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Levi-Montalcini was the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100. She died in 2012, at 103 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.581390857696533, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Wikimedia Commons // CC BY-SA 2.0 FR", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354817390441895, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "10. Linda B. Buck // Physiology or Medicine (2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37166690826416, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Believe it or not, we didn’t really know how the sense of smell worked until 1991, when Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel published their research, which revealed not only the structure of the olfactory system, but also the mechanism olfaction – how we smell. Buck and Axel were able to clone olfactory receptors and analyze rat DNA to determine how the sense of smell works in all mammals. For this, the pair shared the Nobel in 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284390449523926, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "11. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi // Physiology or Medicine (2008)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178382873535156, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 1975, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi earned her PhD at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where she then began studying retroviruses. By 1983, she had discovered HIV. By 1988, she had her own research laboratory in the university and was studying the virus full-time. In addition to identifying the virus itself, Barré-Sinoussi’s research has revealed the methods by which HIV spreads and its connection to AIDS, and she has produced over 200 scientific publications regarding specific mechanisms in our immune systems and the virus itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.990267753601074, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 2008, Barré-Sinoussi shared the Nobel for Physiology or Medicine with Luc Mantagnier, her mentor, and Harold zur Hausen, who discovered HPV and developed the cervical cancer vaccine. Barré-Sinoussi continues to work with developing countries to address the spread of and improve the treatment for HIV/AIDS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912622451782227, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "12. Ada E. Yonath // Chemistry (2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282325744628906, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Ada Yonath grew up in Jerusalem with limited means; despite her family’s poverty, her parents sent her to an affluent school. In 1942, she moved to Tel Aviv after her father’s death, where she attended Tichon Hadash high school. She couldn’t afford tuition, so the school allowed her to attend if she gave math lessons to other students. By 1964, she had earned a PhD in X-ray Crystallography from the Weizmann Institute of Science. In 1970, she founded the first (and for a long time, only) protein crystallography lab in Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415623664855957, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "For her work on protein biosynthesis and peptide bond formation, Yonath earned the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2009. Today, she is the director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.969573974609375, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "13 and 14. Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol W. Greider // Physiology or Medicine (2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229557037353516, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Greider, according to Blackburn, worked diligently—often 12 hours or more a day. On Christmas Day, 1984, Greider’s results indicated that she had in fact located the mysterious telomere-protecting enzyme, which was still unnamed. Six months later, the pair published their results in the journal Cell: they had discovered telomerase. In an interview, Blackburn said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327451705932617, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Blackburn and Greider’s Prize in 2009 marked the first award shared by more than one woman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81072998046875, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "15. May-Britt Moser // Physiology of Medicine (2014)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342572212219238, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Moser was honored in 2014 for the \"discovery of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.\" From Nobel.org :", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939142227172852, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "\"In 2005, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser discovered a type of cell that is important for determining position close to the hippocampus, an area located in the center of the brain. They found that when a rat passed certain points arranged in a hexagonal grid in space, nerve cells that form a kind of coordinate system for navigation were activated. They then went on to demonstrate how these different cell types cooperate.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535501480102539, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "This story originally ran in 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49791145324707, "source": "search", "title": "15 Women Who've Won Science Nobel Prizes Since Marie Curie" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "From Scientific American, November 25, 1911, Volume 105", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804891586303711, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Academy of Fine Arts had a few women members long ago but the Academy of Sciences has never admitted a woman. It was, perhaps, the opposition of the anti-feminists that induced Mme. Curie to apply as a candidate for the chair in the section of physics left vacant by Gernez, and formerly occupied by her husband and collaborator, Pierre Curie. In the preliminary grading of candidates Mme. Curie was placed alone, in the first grade, while her competitors, five eminent men of science, were assigned to the second grade. Mme. Curie, however, received only 28 of the 65 votes (the Academy consists of 66 members), while 30 votes were cast for Edouard Branly. There were good reasons for this choice, entirely apart from considerations of sex. Branly is a physicist of world-wide celebrity who, unlike Mme. Curie, has received few honors and emoluments. He invented the coherer for the detection of electric waves and to him Marconi’s first wireless message was addressed. Many of the academicians naturally desired to recognize the very important part played by their compatriot in the development of wireless telegraphy. Moreover, Branly is sixty-four years old and this was his third candidacy, while Mme. Curie is only forty-three and had never before applied for admission. It is not customary to admit a candidate on the first application, and Mme. Curie’s chance of living until the next vacancy shall occur is greater than Branly’s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.800470352172852, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "Radium and polonium are not the only fruits of this ideal marriage, which was blessed by the birth of two children who already give evidence of inheriting the genius of their parents. After the shocking and untimely death of Pierre Curie, who was killed by a truck on a Paris bridge, in 1906, at the age of fifty-seven, a large majority of his colleagues recommended to the ministry of public instruction the appointment of his widow and coadjutor as his successor. The result is that this gifted woman, the only one of her sex who has ever received this high honor, is now a full professor in the venerable Sorbonne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846287727355957, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "The early life of Marie Sklodowska Curie is less well-known to the general public than the later phase, in which she has become famous. And yet there is a peculiar romantic, and indeed pathetic interest attached to the incidents of her youth. Her father was a distinguished physicist, and professor of chemistry at Warsaw, Poland. Her mother died when the child was yet quite young. Marie grew up in her father’s laboratory, imbibing the spirit of scientific research, and acquiring that sureness of eye and skill of hand which is so indispensable to the worker in experimental science. It is no doubt largely to her very early initiation into the technique of laboratory work that her extraordinary ability in this direction must be ascribed. Marie’s apprenticeship was, however, brought to a rather early close by the pressure of necessity. As the daughter of an impecunious college professor, the eighteen-year-old girl set out to earn her own living as governess to the daughters of a Russian nobleman. But Providence had destined her for another fate. In one of those agitations which have been so common in the history of Russia, a patriotic society of students at Warsaw was brought under the scrutiny of the ever-suspicious government, and for fear of being compelled to testify against some of her father’s pupils, Marie migrated from her home country and took up her abode in Paris. There she lived for a time a life of the utmost privation. Her repeated efforts to obtain employment in one of the laboratories seemed to avail her nothing. Finally she was allowed to perform some of the trivial offices in connection with the preparation of laboratory experiments. And once this meager foothold was gained, it was but a matter of days before the extraordinary faculties of the new assistant had attracted the attention and caused the amazement of the head of the department, Prof. Lippmann. The eminent scientist befriended the girl, and incidentally also introduced her to one of his most promising pupils, Pierre Curie, with whom she became associated in research, and later, in the bonds of wedlock. It was she who fanned to new endeavor the fagging spirits of her husband, in those moments of discouragement which are apt to come to all engaged in intense scientific research. And together they gained the undying trophies of fame, when, with the isolation of radium salts, the name of Curie suddenly rose to international renown. And then, not many years later, fell that terrible blow, separating the two who together had faced the hardships of everyday life, and in strangely perfect union had toiled, against much discouragement, to reap the precious harvest of scientific research. While crossing the street Prof.. Curie tripped and fell, and was instantly killed by a passing truck. Thus in an evil hour France was bereft of one of her greatest physicists, the world of a genius, and Madame Curie If her life companion and husband. Her composure, upon receiving the terrible news, is commented upon by the Gaulois: “Nothing could have been more characteristic of the wonderful Madame Curie, than the coolness with which she received the news of her bereavement. There were no tears, no traces of grief. Over and over she repeated : ‘Pierre is dead.’’’ One fee1s that here perhaps the Frenchman, with his demonstrative temperament, somewhat misjudges this great woman. The deepest emotions are not always those that can find their vent through the common channels of physical expression. To us there seems something infinitely pathetic in the monotonous repetition of that simple and sad formula, as the mind that with the insight of a genius has successfully grappled with some of the most abstruse problems presented to the science of to-day in the realm of inanimate matter, is brought face to face with the great problem of life and death. Here all men are on a level, and impartially fate has dealt to this great genius as to us all life’s share of human sorrow. Yet with unbroken spirit, and with renewed devotion she turns to continue now in loneliness, her great life work, her priceless gift to humanity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.20637321472168, "source": "search", "title": "100 Years Ago: Marie Curie Wins 2nd Nobel Prize ..." }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Manya,as she was called, was born Maria Sklodowska in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867. Maria was only eight when her oldest sister caught typhus and died. That death was followed less than three years later by the death of her mother, Madame Sklodowska, who lost a five-year battle with tuberculosis at the age of 42. The surviving family members, Professor Sklodowski, his son Joseph and his daughters Bronya, Hela, and Maria drew closer to one another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235257148742676, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "Two", "passage": "In Paris she met her future husband and collaborator, Pierre Curie. Pierre was Lab Chief for the Paris Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry. Marie and Pierre shared lab space. Pierre gave Marie a lab of her own. In Marie, Pierre found an equal with a comparable devotion to science. They would soon marry and have two daughters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.784554481506348, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Ashburn, Norma. \"Her Life as a Media Compendium.\" The Warsaw Times: Marie Sklodowska Curie, 2000. http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/MarieCurie.html  (15 December 2005).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.222361087799072, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Moore, Victoria. \"Madame Marie Sklodowska Curie: An Extraordinary Life of Breaking Boundaries.\" Breaking Boundaries.  http://www.ampolinstitute.org [under Poland go to \"Famous Poles\" page and link to Marie Sklodowska Curie] � (16 December 2005). � ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.460761547088623, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Winter, Mark. \"Maria Sklodowska-Curie 1867-1934.\" Marie Curie, 1998. < http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/sci/msc.htm > (16 December 2005).� ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.196692943572998, "source": "search", "title": "Marie Curie - King's College" } ]

[ { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Belém (), literally Portuguese for Bethlehem, is a Brazilian municipality, the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the country's north. It is the gateway to the River Amazon with a busy port, airport, and bus/coach station. Belém lies approximately 100 km upriver from the Atlantic Ocean, on the Pará River, which is part of the greater Amazon River system, separated from the larger part of the Amazon delta by Ilha de Marajó (Marajo Island). With an estimated population of 1,439,561 people — or 2,249,405, considering its metropolitan area — it is the 11th most populous city in Brazil, as well as the 16th by economic relevance. It is the second largest in the North Region, second only to Manaus, in the state of Amazonas,", "precise_score": 3.931201696395874, "rough_score": 2.5939443111419678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal, Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775. The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers. The colonial portion retains the charm of tree-filled squares, churches and traditional blue tiles. The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times. Recently it witnessed a skyscraper boom.", "precise_score": -0.46941155195236206, "rough_score": -4.978948593139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Belém is served by two airports: Val de Cães International Airport, which connects the city with the rest of Brazil and other cities in South America, and Brig. Protásio de Oliveira Airport (formerly called Júlio César Airport) dedicated to general aviation. The city is also home to the Federal University of Pará and the Pará State University.", "precise_score": -0.08212002366781235, "rough_score": -5.337505340576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Belém has a modern appearance with tree-lined streets, several plazas and public gardens, and many noteworthy buildings. The north's leading educational and cultural centre, it is the seat of a bishopric, and its cathedral (Igreja da Sé, founded in 1917) is one of Brazil's largest. Santo Alexandre, the oldest of Belém's churches, was built in 1616. The Museu (museum) Paraense Emílio Goeldi, the Teatro da Paz (a classical theatre), and the public library and archives are other notable institutions. The Universidade Federal do Pará (1957), a teacher-training school, an agricultural institute, and an institute for research on tropical diseases are also in the city. The Ver-o-Peso (Portuguese: \"see the weight\") market in the old port centre is a major tourist attraction. The city is also home to a large football stadium, the Estádio Olímpico do Pará.", "precise_score": 0.2430197149515152, "rough_score": -5.17909574508667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Belém is also known as the Metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon region or the Cidade das Mangueiras (City of Mango Trees) due to the vast number of those trees found in the city. Brazilians often refer to the city as Belém do Pará (\"Belém of Pará\") rather than just Belém, a reference to an earlier name for the city, Santa Maria de Belém do Grão Pará, and also to differentiate it from a number of other towns called Belém in Brazil. It is named after Santa Maria de Belém in Lisbon, also better known by its shortened name, Belém.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.624603271484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "The name Belém is the Portuguese word for Bethlehem, the town where Christians believe Jesus Christ was born. The city had a few other names before becoming Belém. Notice also that Brazil has a city called Natal, which means Christmas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.495443344116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "In 1615, Portuguese captain-general Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco of the captaincy of Bahia commanded a military expedition sent by the Governor General of Brazil to check the trading excursions of foreigners (French, Dutch, English) up the river (Amazon) from the Cabo do Norte in Grão Pará.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26861572265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "The sugar trade in the Belém region was important up to the end of the 17th century. Thereafter the city's economic importance alternately rose and fell. Cattle ranching supplanted sugar until the 18th century, when cultivation of rice, cotton and coffee became profitable. With the settlement of southern Brazil, where such crops could be produced more reasonably, Belém declined again. The city subsequently became the main exporting centre of the Amazon rubber industry, and by 1866 its position was further enhanced by the opening of the Amazon, Tocantins and Tapajós rivers to navigation. The rubber era ended after the boom of 1910–12, but Belém continued to be the main commercial centre of northern Brazil and the entrepôt for the Amazon valley. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.712787628173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "The most valuable products now exported from the Amazon by way of Belém are aluminium, iron ore, and other metals., nuts (chiefly Brazil nuts), pineapples, cassava, jute, wood veneers, and hardwoods. Japanese immigration after the 1930s was an important factor in developing jute and black pepper, notably at Tomé-Açu, just south of Belém, and near Santarém. Marajó Island, the largest fluvial island in the world, which lies just across the Rio Pará from Belém, has some livestock grazing. Electricity is provided by the massive Tucuruí Dam, some 300 km southwest of the city on the Tocantins River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.577655792236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "On the second Sunday in October, Pará celebrates the largest and greatest religious event in Brazil: the procession of the Círio of Nazaré. The tradition started when a farmer and lumberman called Plácido José de Souza found an image of the Virgin and Child on the edge of the Murucutu creek, where the Basilica of Nazaré stands today. The humble man decided to take the image home. However, the image would mysteriously go back to the place where it was initially found every time he took it home. So Plácido decided to build a small chapel on the edge of the creek. This episode was regarded as miraculous throughout the region. It attracted hundreds of believers to see the image and pay homage to it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379463195800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Built in a 23,000-square-metre area, the Hangar Convention and Fair Center of the Amazon has 12 rooms, ticket offices, baggage keeping, press room, and a food court, distributed in two big buildings with a parking lot for 800 vehicles. Genuine Amazonian trees will soon be planted in the outdoor area. With Hangar, Belém joins the market for national conventions that take place in a different city each time, such as the Brazilian Computer Society Congress. National conventions had not been held in the Northern region previously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.834772109985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Hangar, whose auditorium has room for 2,160 participants, has some of the best technologies available in the world and is the most modern and functional space for events in the country. According to the Brazilian Association of Convention and Fair Centers (ABRACCEF), there are 17,500 events happening on average throughout the 53 main convention and exhibition centres of Brazil. These activities bring together approximately 28 million participants. Belém has great potential for this type of tourism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.077470779418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "BR-316 is the major access highway for those coming from the Northeastern Brazil. For visitors from the Southern, Southeastern, and Mid-Eastern Regions, the best route is BR-010, which originates in Brasília in the South, and also PA-150, a route that links Belém to Southern Pará.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853888511657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Belém" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "Brazil Country Code 55 Country Code BR", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987398147583008, "source": "search", "title": "Brazil Country Code 55 Country Code BR" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "About Brazil Hide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473804473876953, "source": "search", "title": "Brazil Country Code 55 Country Code BR" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details Brazil phone code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143515586853027, "source": "search", "title": "Brazil Country Code 55 Country Code BR" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "The Brazil country code 55 will allow you to call Brazil from another country. Brazil telephone code 55 is dialed after the IDD. Brazil international dialing 55 is followed by an area code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114109992980957, "source": "search", "title": "Brazil Country Code 55 Country Code BR" }, { "answer": "Brazil", "passage": "The Brazil area code table below shows the various city codes for Brazil. Brazil country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete Brazil dialing code, you can make your international call.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438019752502441, "source": "search", "title": "Brazil Country Code 55 Country Code BR" } ]

[ { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "In Country is a 1989 American drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison, starring Bruce Willis and Emily Lloyd. The screenplay by Frank Pierson and Cynthia Cidre was based on the novel by Bobbie Ann Mason. The original music score was composed by James Horner. Willis earned a best supporting actor Golden Globe nomination for his role.", "precise_score": -9.506414413452148, "rough_score": -10.607833862304688, "source": "wiki", "title": "In Country" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Irene, who has moved to Lexington, Kentucky with her second husband, wants Samantha to move in with them and go to college. But Samantha would rather stay with Emmett and try to find out more about her father. Her mother is no help, as she tells Samantha, \"Honey, I married him a month before he left for the war. He was 19. I hardly even remember him.\" Finally, Samantha, Emmett and her grandmother visit the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. Finding her father's name in the memorial releases cathartic emotions in Samantha and her family.", "precise_score": -11.2133150100708, "rough_score": -11.112613677978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "In Country" }, { "answer": "USA", "passage": "In Country was generally well received by critics. It has a 70% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, \"The movie is like a time bomb. You sit there, interested, absorbed, sometimes amused, sometimes moved, but wondering in the back of your mind what all of this is going to add up to. Then you find out\". In his review for the Globe and Mail, Rick Groen praised Emily Lloyd's performance: \"Emily Lloyd, the callow Brit who burned up the screen in Wish You Were Here, is letter perfect – her accent impeccable and her energy immense\". USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and praised Bruce Willis' \"subsidiary performance as Lloyd's reclusive guardian-uncle is admirably short on showboating\". In his review for The Guardian, Derek Malcolm praised Lloyd for her \"portrait is of a lively waif who does not intend to be easily defeated by the comedy of life without adding a few jokes of her own, and it is the most complete thing she has so far done on the screen, good as she was in Wish You Were Here\". Time magazine felt that the script \"perhaps pursues too many banal and inconsequential matters as it portrays teen life in a small town\", but that \"the film starts to gather force and direction when a dance, organized to honor the local Viet vets, works out awkwardly\". Furthermore, its critic felt that the film was \"a lovely, necessary little stitch in our torn time\".", "precise_score": -11.054447174072266, "rough_score": -11.07673168182373, "source": "wiki", "title": "In Country" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Daniel Michael \"Danny\" DeVito (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, producer and director. He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in Taxi (1978–1983) which won him a Golden Globe and an Emmy. ", "precise_score": 1.9609653949737549, "rough_score": 1.367545485496521, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "DeVito was born in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the son of Daniel DeVito, Sr. (1901-1982), a small business owner, and Julia DeVito (née Moccello; 1904-1990). He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and two older sisters. He is of Italian descent; his family is originally from San Fele. He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey. ", "precise_score": -6.0076985359191895, "rough_score": -8.366960525512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "DeVito was raised as a Catholic, and attended Oratory Preparatory School, a boarding school in Summit, New Jersey, graduating in 1962. He went to the boarding school when he was 14, after he persuaded his father to send him there to keep him out of trouble. After leaving the boarding school, he trained at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, from which he graduated in 1966. In his early theater days, he performed with the Colonnades Theater Lab, at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut, and, along with his future wife, Rhea Perlman, appeared in plays produced by the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective.", "precise_score": -9.81491470336914, "rough_score": -11.275002479553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "DeVito has become a major film and television producer. Through Jersey Films, he has produced many films, including Pulp Fiction, Get Shorty, Erin Brockovich (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca, and Garden State. In 1999, DeVito produced and co-starred in Man on the Moon, a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star, Andy Kaufman, who was played in the film by Jim Carrey. DeVito also produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911!, as well as the film spin off Reno 911!: Miami.", "precise_score": -11.105047225952148, "rough_score": -11.39779281616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1977, DeVito played the role of John 'John John the Apple' DeAppoliso in the Starsky and Hutch episode titled \"The Collector\". In 1986, DeVito directed and starred in an episode of Steven Spielberg's Amazing Stories. In the black comedy episode from season two, titled \"The Wedding Ring\", DeVito acquires an engagement ring for his wife (played by his real-life wife, actress Rhea Perlman). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she becomes possessed by the ring's former owner, a murderous black widow.", "precise_score": -11.09764289855957, "rough_score": -11.386578559875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "U S", "passage": "In 1986, DeVito voiced the Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie while his wife, Rhea Perlman, voiced Reeka the witch. In 1990, DeVito and Perlman played a couple (Vic & Paula) commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special. In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in the episodes \"Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?\" and \"Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?\" of The Simpsons. In 1996, he provided the voice of Mr. Swackhammer in Space Jam. In 1997, he was the voice of Philoctetes in the film Hercules.", "precise_score": -11.15394115447998, "rough_score": -11.310476303100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. was born on November 17, 1944, in Neptune, New Jersey, to Italian-American parents. His mother, Julia (Moccello), was a homemaker. His father, Daniel, Sr., was a small business owner whose ventures included a dry cleaning shop, a dairy outlet, a diner, and a pool hall.", "precise_score": -2.446056604385376, "rough_score": -6.925136089324951, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "While growing up in Asbury Park, his parents sent him to private schools. He attended Our Lady of Mount Carmel grammar school and Oratory Prep School. Following graduation in 1962, he took a job as a cosmetician at his sister's beauty salon. A year later, he enrolled at New York's American Academy of Dramatic Arts so he could learn more about cosmetology. While at the academy, he fell in love with acting and decided to further pursue an acting career. During this time, he met another aspiring actor Michael Douglas at the National Playwrights Conference in Waterford, Connecticut. The two would later go on to collaborate on numerous projects. Soon after he also met an actress named Rhea Perlman . The two fell in love and moved in together. They were married in 1982 and had three children together.", "precise_score": -9.798087120056152, "rough_score": -11.30125904083252, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1968, Danny landed his first part in a movie when he appeared as a thug in the obscure Dreams of Glass (1970). Despite this minor triumph, Danny became discouraged with the film industry and decided to focus on stage productions. He made his Off-Broadway debut in 1969 in \"The Man With the Flower in His Mouth.\" He followed this up with stage roles in \"The Shrinking Bride,\" and \"Lady Liberty.\" In 1975, he was approached by director Milos Forman and Michael Douglas about appearing in the film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), which would star Jack Nicholson in the leading role. With box office success almost guaranteed and a chance for national exposure, Danny agreed to the role. The movie became a huge hit, both critically and financially, and still ranks today as one the greatest movies of all time. Unfortunately, the movie did very little to help Danny's career. In the years following, he was relegated to small movie roles and guest appearances on television shows. His big break came in 1978 when he auditioned for a role on an ABC sitcom pilot called Taxi (1978), which centered around taxi cab drivers at a New York City garage. Danny auditioned for the role of dispatcher Louie DePalma. At the audition, the producers told Danny that he needed to show more attitude in order to get the part. He then slammed down the script and yelled, \"Who wrote this sh**?\" The producers, realizing he was perfect for the part, brought him on board. The show was a huge success, running from 1978 to 1983.", "precise_score": -6.509727954864502, "rough_score": -6.920589447021484, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Louie DePalma, played flawlessly by Danny, became one of the most memorable (and reviled) characters in television history. While he was universally hated by TV viewers, he was well-praised by critics, winning an Emmy award and being nominated three other times. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Danny maintained his status as a great character actor with memorable roles in movies like Romancing the Stone (1984), Ruthless People (1986), Throw Momma from the Train (1987) and Twins (1988). He also had a great deal of success behind the camera, directing movies like The War of the Roses (1989) and Hoffa (1992). In 1992, Danny was introduced to a new generation of moviegoers when he was given the role of The Penguin/Oswald Cobblepot in Tim Burton 's highly successful Batman Returns (1992). This earned him a nomination for Best Villain at the MTV Movie Awards. That same year, along with his then-wife Rhea Perlman , Danny co-founded Jersey Films, which has produced many popular films and TV shows, including Pulp Fiction (1994), Get Shorty (1995), Man on the Moon (1999) and Erin Brockovich (2000). DeVito has many directing credits to his name as well, including Throw Momma from the Train (1987), The War of the Roses (1989), Hoffa (1992), Death to Smoochy (2002) and the upcoming St. Sebastian .", "precise_score": -4.9287543296813965, "rough_score": -6.2167205810546875, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 2006, he returned to series television in the FX comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005). With a prominent role in a hit series, Devito's comic talents were now on display for a new generation of television viewers. In 2012, he provided the title voice role in Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax (2012).", "precise_score": -10.952008247375488, "rough_score": -11.41768741607666, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "In 1975, under a grant from the American Film Institute, he and Rhea Perlman wrote and produced Minestrome (1975), which was screened at the Cannes Film Festival and has been translated into five languages.", "precise_score": -11.232800483703613, "rough_score": -11.32537841796875, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Often portrays sinister people in the movies he is in. He played the Penguin, a mutant crime boss, in Batman Returns (1992), a cynical gambler in Space Jam (1996) and Mars Attacks! (1996), a sleazy talent agent in Death to Smoochy (2002) and ruthless and greedy businessmen in Ruthless People (1986), What's the Worst That Could Happen? (2001), Matilda (1996) and Other People's Money (1991).", "precise_score": -10.923657417297363, "rough_score": -11.262547492980957, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (AADA) in Hollywood, CA, in 1966.", "precise_score": -10.826566696166992, "rough_score": -11.397675514221191, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Attended the final Phish concert with his son and 75,000 others in Coventry, VT, on August 16, 2004.", "precise_score": -10.942771911621094, "rough_score": -11.417961120605469, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "I used to love Benny Hill because he's nuts. And Monty Python [ Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969)].", "precise_score": -11.381331443786621, "rough_score": -11.423598289489746, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Description: Daniel Michael \"Danny\" DeVito, Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, comedian, director and producer. He first gained prominence for his portrayal of short statured dispatcher Louie De Palma on the ABC and NBC television series Taxi (1978–1983), for which he won a Golden Globe and an Emmy. DeVito co-founded Jersey Films with Michael Shamberg. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction, Garden State, and Freedom Writers. DeVito also owns Jersey Television, which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911!. DeVito and Perlman als Daniel Michael \"Danny\" DeVito, Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, comedian, director and producer. He first gained prominence for his portrayal of short statured dispatcher Louie De Palma on the ABC and NBC television series Taxi (1978–1983), for which he won a Golden Globe and an Emmy.", "precise_score": 0.6623759269714355, "rough_score": -1.975648283958435, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Listal" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "DeVito was born in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the son of Julia, a homemaker, and Daniel Michael DeVito, Sr., who owned several small businesses, including a dry cleaning store, a dairy outlet, a luncheonette, and a pool hall. ... ( more ) ( less )", "precise_score": -7.288400650024414, "rough_score": -10.113689422607422, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Listal" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "American 5 ft tall actor and director. He was awarded an Emmy in 1982 for his role as Louie in the TV sit-com \"Taxi.\" His steadily growing credits on TV and film have made him one of Hollywood's movers and shakers.", "precise_score": -10.786697387695312, "rough_score": -11.360383987426758, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Looking for a future, De Vito moved to New York and enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts as a make-up artist. He got hooked into acting and graduated from the school in 1966. He immediately got his first paid acting job in summer stock at Waterford, Connecticut. It was here that he met his life-long friend Michael Douglas. The two shared an apartment in New York before Douglas landed his role in the TV show \"The Streets of San Francisco.\" De Vito's big break came after Douglas and director Milos Forman saw him perform the role of Martini in an off-Broadway production of \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.\" He was cast in the film version and other roles followed, most notably Louie in the TV sit-com \"Taxi,\" 1978-83.", "precise_score": 2.8972184658050537, "rough_score": -2.562143564224243, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "His films include \"Jewel of the Nile,\" 1985, \"Ruthless People,\" 1986, and \"Tin Men,\" 1987. He starred and directed a remake of \"La Chienne,\" Jean Renoir's 1931 drama, in 1988, and also directed \"Hoffa.\" In the blockbuster \"Batman Returns,\" 1992, he played the evil Penguin. De Vito is not afraid to take unpopular roles and dynamo scene-stealing characters. In 1991, he co-founded his production company, Jersey Films, which has released such hits as Quentin Tarantino's \"Pulp Fiction\" and \"Get Shorty.\"", "precise_score": -1.670728087425232, "rough_score": -3.787325382232666, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 1970, De Vito met actress Rhea Perlman while he was onstage in the role of a demented stable boy. After the play, they went to a nearby jazz hangout for a cup of coffee and exchanged phone numbers. Two weeks later, she moved into his Manhattan apartment. They lived together for 11 years then married in 1981 when they decided to add children to their lives. In real life De Vito is a warm, cheerful, devoted family man. He and Rhea have three children, Lucy, 14, Gracie, 12, and Jake, 10 (in 1997). As well as raising their family, De Vito and his wife are active in social causes, especially child-care campaigns and Planned Parenthood.", "precise_score": -1.5406386852264404, "rough_score": 0.637514591217041, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It was in 1967 that De Vito went to Los Angeles to audition for roles and stayed over a year. When he finally met an important casting director she dismissed him because of his 5 foot tall height. Many people tried to tell him that his height would impede his ability to find show business success. De Vito didn't listen to them and said, \"I think it really doesn't have anything to do with anything, whether you're real, real tall or real, real short. It's only got to do with who you are and your ability to snow people into giving you work.\"", "precise_score": -1.2342036962509155, "rough_score": -6.509366989135742, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "business associate/partner relationship with Conaway, Jeff (born 5 October 1950). Notes: Co-stars on \"Taxi\"", "precise_score": -11.017813682556152, "rough_score": -10.88995361328125, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "business associate/partner relationship with Hirsch, Judd (born 15 March 1935). Notes: Co-stars on \"Taxi\"", "precise_score": -11.134682655334473, "rough_score": -11.280906677246094, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "business associate/partner relationship with Kane, Carol (born 18 June 1952). Notes: Co-stars on \"Taxi\"", "precise_score": -11.096979141235352, "rough_score": -11.273565292358398, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "business associate/partner relationship with Kaufman, Andy (born 17 January 1949). Notes: Co-stars on \"Taxi\"", "precise_score": -11.059370994567871, "rough_score": -10.629014015197754, "source": "search", "title": "Danny De Vito, horoscope for birth date 17 November 1944 ..." }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Daniel Michael DeVito (born November 17, 1944) is an Emmy Award-winning American actor, director, and an Oscar-nominated producer, who first gained prominence for his portrayal of \"Louie De Palma\" on the popular ABC and NBC TV series, Taxi (1978–1983). This sitcom was not widely distributed abroad; in most other countries he is known primarily for his film work. He currently plays Frank Reynolds on the FX show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.", "precise_score": -3.502068519592285, "rough_score": -5.294355392456055, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and ..." }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "Danny DeVito has amassed a formidable and versatile body of work as an actor, producer and director that spans the stage, television and film. Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. was born on November 17, 1944, in Neptune, New Jersey, to Italian-American parents. His mother, Julia (Moccello), was a homemaker. His father, Daniel, Sr., was a small business owner... See full bio »", "precise_score": 0.6103907823562622, "rough_score": -1.506454586982727, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "U S", "passage": "How much of Danny DeVito's work have you seen?", "precise_score": -10.754230499267578, "rough_score": -11.28878116607666, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "UNITED STATES", "passage": "Nationality: United States", "precise_score": -8.488829612731934, "rough_score": -11.341985702514648, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - NNDB" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Danny DeVito is a short, usually comedic, actor and filmmaker. In his most famous role, he played Louie De Palma, the unscrupulous and somewhat slithery dispatcher on the sitcom Taxi. As director, his resume includes Throw Momma from the Train and The War of the Roses, and as producer his films include Get Shorty, Out of Sight, and Erin Brockovich.", "precise_score": -6.865118503570557, "rough_score": -5.854740142822266, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - NNDB" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "DeVito's father was a small businessman whose endeavors rarely prospered. Before deciding to become an actor, DeVito worked as a licensed hair stylist in his sister's salon. He studied at New York's American Academy of Dramatic Arts, and made his New York stage debut in 1969, opposite Bert Convy in Shoot Anything With Hair That Moves. Working in summer stock in Connecticut, he met and befriended the young Michael Douglas . DeVito was soon subletting Douglas's Manhattan apartment, and when he met another aspiring actress named Rhea Perlman , she moved in two weeks later. DeVito played Martini in an off-Broadway production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, with William Devane as McMurphy. Five years later Douglas produced a film version of the play, starring Jack Nicholson , and gave DeVito his first screen role, reprising Martini. His other films include Terms of Endearment with Shirley MacLaine and Debra Winger , Romancing the Stone with Kathleen Turner and old chum Douglas, and Twins with Arnold Schwarzenegger .", "precise_score": -10.26583194732666, "rough_score": -10.713784217834473, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - NNDB" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Father: Daniel DeVito (small business owner)", "precise_score": -10.750259399414062, "rough_score": -11.367291450500488, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - NNDB" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "His colour is red, his stone is the heliotrope, his day is Tuesday, and his professions are businessman, policeman, sportsman, surgeon...", "precise_score": -11.22606086730957, "rough_score": -11.402825355529785, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Aries or your Ascendant is Aries: you are courageous, frank, enthusiastic, dynamic, fast, bold, expansive, warm, impulsive, adventurous, intrepid, warlike, competitive, but also naive, domineering, self-centred, impatient, rash, thoughtless, blundering, childish, quick-tempered, daring or primitive.", "precise_score": -11.215274810791016, "rough_score": -11.391897201538086, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Aries: Countries: England, France, Germany, Denmark. Cities: Marseille, Florence, Naples, Birmingham, Wroclaw, Leicester, Capua, Verona. Animals: Rams and sheeps. Food: Leeks, hops, onions, shallots, spices. Herbs and aromatics: mustard, capers, Cayenne pepper, chilli peppers. Flowers and plants: thistles, mint, bryonies, honeysuckles. Trees: hawthorns, thorny trees and bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: diamonds, iron, potassium phosphate.", "precise_score": -10.974783897399902, "rough_score": -10.903236389160156, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Taurus: Countries: Switzerland, Greek islands, Ireland, Cyprus, Iran. Cities: Dublin, Palermo, Parma, Luzern, Mantua, Leipzig, Saint Louis, Ischia, Capri. Animals: bovines. Food: apples, pears, berries, corn and other cereals, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans. Herbs and aromatics: sorrels, spearmint, cloves. Flowers and plants: poppies, roses, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, daisies. Trees: apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses, ash trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: copper, calcium and potassium sulphate, emeralds.", "precise_score": -11.078407287597656, "rough_score": -10.975848197937012, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "United-States", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Gemini: Countries: Belgium, Wales, United-States, Lower Egypt, Sardinia, Armenia. Cities: London, Plymouth, Cardiff, Melbourne, San Francisco, Nuremberg, Bruges, Versailles. Animals: monkeys, butterflies, parrots, budgerigars. Food: dried fruits, chestnuts, ground-level vegetables: peas, broad beans, etc. Herbs and aromatics: aniseed, marjoram, lemon balm, cumin. Flowers and plants: lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtle, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets. Trees: nut trees such as chestnut trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: agates, mercury, silicas and potashes.", "precise_score": -11.07121753692627, "rough_score": -11.119338989257812, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Leo or your Ascendant is Leo: you are proud, determined, strong-willed, loyal, solemn, generous, ambitious, courageous, heroic, conquering, creative, confident, seductive, happy, daring, fiery, majestic, honest, magnanimous, charismatic, responsible, noble, dramatic but also domineering, vain, susceptible, bossy, stubborn, intolerant, self-centred, violent, quick-tempered, nonchalant.", "precise_score": -11.20876693725586, "rough_score": -11.288429260253906, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Leo: Countries: Italy, Romania, Sicily, Czechoslovakia, Iraq, Lebanon, Southern France. Cities: Rome, Prague, Bombay, Madrid, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles, Bath, Bristol, Portsmouth, Syracuse, Damas. Animals: lions and felines in general. Food: meat and especially red meat, rice, honey, cereals, grapes, iron-rich vegetables: watercress, spinach etc. Herbs and aromatics: saffron, mint, rosemary, common rue (Ruta graveolens). Flowers and plants: marigolds, sunflowers, celandines, passion flowers. Trees: palm trees, laurel, walnuts, olive trees, lemon and orange trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: gold, rubies, magnesium and sodium phosphate.", "precise_score": -10.693745613098145, "rough_score": -10.823918342590332, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "United-States", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Virgo: Countries: Brazil, Greece, Turkey, West Indies, United-States (the same as Gemini), Yugoslavia, Crete, Mesopotamia, Lower Silesia, State of Virginia. Cities: Paris, Boston, Athens, Lyon, Corinthia, Heidelberg, spa towns in general. Animals: dogs, cats and all pets. Food: root vegetables: carrots, celeriac, kohlrabies, potatoes etc... Also dried fruits such as chestnuts. Herbs and aromatics: the same as Gemini whose ruler is Mercury too, lilies of the valley, lavenders, myrtles, ferns, Venus-hair-ferns, bittersweets, clovers. Flowers and plants: small bright-coloured flowers, especially blue and yellow, such as dandelions, buttercups, yellow dead-nettles, buglosses, forget-me-nots ; cardamoms, oak leaves, acorns. Trees: all nut trees, e.g. the hazelnut tree... Stones, Metals and Salts: sards (red agate), mercury, nickel, potassium sulphate and iron phosphate.", "precise_score": -11.043197631835938, "rough_score": -11.068678855895996, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Libra: Countries: Japan, Canada, Indo-China, South Pacific Islands, Burma, Argentina, Upper Egypt, Tibet. Cities: Lisbon, Vienna, Frankfurt, Leeds, Nottingham, Johannesburg, Antwerp, Fribourg. Animals: lizards and small reptiles. Food: berries, apples, pears, grapes, artichokes, asparagus, beans, spices, corn and other cereals. Herbs and aromatics: mint, Cayenne pepper. Flowers and plants: hydrangea, big roses, blue flowers and those associated with Taurus also ruled by Venus, namely, poppies, digitales, violets, primroses, aquilegia, and daisies. Trees: ash trees, poplars, apple trees, pear trees, fig-trees, cypresses. Stones, Metals and Salts: sapphires, jade, copper, potassium and sodium phosphate.", "precise_score": -11.013344764709473, "rough_score": -10.991117477416992, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Scorpio or your Ascendant is Scorpio: you are secretive, powerful, domineering, resistant, intuitive, asserted, charismatic, magnetic, strong-willed, perspicacious, passionate, creative, independent, vigorous, generous, loyal, hard-working, persevering, untameable, possessive, cunning, ambitious, sexual, proud, intense, competitive but also aggressive, destructive, stubborn, anxious, tyrannical, perverse, sadistic, violent, self-centred, complex, jealous.", "precise_score": -11.201648712158203, "rough_score": -11.328060150146484, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Scorpio: Countries: Morocco, Norway, Algeria, Syria, Korea, Uruguay, Transvaal. Cities: Washington, New Orleans, Valencia, Liverpool, Milwaukee, Fes, Halifax, Hull, Cincinnati. Animals: insects and other invertebrates. Food: the same strong tasting food as for Aries: red meat, garlic, onions, leeks, spices. Herbs and aromatics: aloes, witch hazels, nepeta, mustard, capers, peppers. Flowers and plants: geraniums, rhododendrons, thistles, mint, honeysuckles. Trees: blackthorns, bushes. Stones, Metals and Salts: opals, steel and iron, calcium and sodium sulphate.", "precise_score": -10.607242584228516, "rough_score": -10.922268867492676, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Sagittarius: Countries: Spain, Australia, Hungary, South Africa, Arabia, Yugoslavia. Cities: Stuttgart, Toledo, Budapest, Cologne, Avignon, Sheffield, Naples, Toronto. Animals: fallow deers, hinds, and all games. Food: grapefruits, raisins, onions, leeks, bulb vegetables. Herbs and aromatics: aniseeds, sage, bilberries, cinnamon, borage, mosses, sage, blueberry, patience, balsam. Flowers and plants: dandelions, carnations, thistles. Trees: mulberry trees, chestnut trees, ash trees, lemon trees, oaks. Stones, Metals and Salts: topaz, tin, silica, potassium chloride.", "precise_score": -10.96993350982666, "rough_score": -10.867427825927734, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Capricorn: Countries: India, Mexico, Afghanistan, Macedonia, Thrace, the Yugoslavian coast, the Orkneys and Shetland Islands, Albania, Bulgaria, Saxony. Cities: Delhi, Oxford, Brussels, Mexico, Port-Saïd, Gent, Constance, Mecklenburg, all the administrative centres of capital cities. Animals: goats, pigs and animals with split hooves. Food: meat, potatoes, barley, beets, spinach, medlars, onions, quinces, flour and starchy food in general. Herbs and aromatics: indian hemp, comfreys, centaureas, hemlocks, henbanes. Flowers and plants: ivies, wild pansies, amaranths, pansies. Trees: pines, willows, flowering ashes, aspens, poplars, alders. Stones, Metals and Salts: turquoises, amethysts, silver, lead, calcium phosphate, calcium fluorine.", "precise_score": -11.137357711791992, "rough_score": -11.130544662475586, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Aquarius: Countries: Russia, Sweden, Poland, Israel, Iran, Abyssinia. Cities: Moscow, Salzburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Saint Petersburg. Animals: long distance big birds such as the albatross. Food: citrus fruits, apples, limes, dried fruits and easily preserved food. Herbs and aromatics: peppers, hot red peppers, star-fruits, and generally herbs that are spicy or with an unusual flavour. Flowers and plants: orchids, dancing ladies, polygonatum. Trees: fruit trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: aquamarines, aluminium, sodium chloride and magnesium phosphate.", "precise_score": -11.092366218566895, "rough_score": -11.273449897766113, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "USA", "passage": "Some traditional associations with Pisces: Countries: Portugal, Scandinavia, small Mediterranean islands, Gobi desert, Sahara. Cities: Jerusalem, Warsaw, Alexandria, Seville, Santiago de Compostela. Animals: fishes, aquatic mammals and all animals living in the water. Food: melons, cucumbers, lettuces, vegemite sugar, pumpkins. Herbs and aromatics: lemon, chicory, limes, mosses. Flowers and plants: water lilies, willows, aquatic plants. Trees: fig-trees, willows, aquatic trees. Stones, Metals and Salts: heliotropes, moonstone, platinum, tin, iron phosphate and potassium sulphate.", "precise_score": -11.040390014648438, "rough_score": -10.829700469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It's element is fire; it is hot and dry, it governs Leo, is in exaltation in Aries and is in analogy with the heart. It represents the boss, authority, beside the father and the husband ; the age of the Sun goes from 20 years old to about 40, following the Venus age when one is aware of his seductive power.", "precise_score": -11.253297805786133, "rough_score": -11.356093406677246, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "On the day and at the time of your birth, the Moon was in the sign of Sagittarius. You have the soul of a traveller, whether your travel inside yourself or across faraway lands. Your independent nature constantly wants to enlarge your horizon, to discover and to explore new worlds� or its new facets. The word stagnation does not belong to your vocabulary: you effortlessly adopt foreign customs and habits that are different from your initial behaviours. Your lunar sign belongs to the Gemini-Sagittarius axis that is resolutely open on the external world. You display strong assimilation abilities and you adopt your entourage�s habits and customs. Your life setting does not have the stiff character that others need to feel in security. You put up with rhythm changes and your balance is not upset by unforeseen events and contacts. On the contrary, you loathe solitude and you are very comfortable when you have to exchange and to relate to others. There may be a danger that you very cautiously avoid: your adaptation capacity must not turn you into a chameleon and it is important that you pay due attention to your needs and to your personal rhythms.", "precise_score": -11.158170700073242, "rough_score": -11.387914657592773, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The planet Jupiter symbolizes expansion, broadness and generosity. Jupiter is associated with the functions of synthesis, enthusiasm and optimism. In your natal chart, his house position is more important than his sign position because, like Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Jupiter in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Jupiter in Virgo gives you a talent for work, for practical activities and a higher than average dexterity. You have a strong sense of duty. You are very appreciated in your work environment because you are a perfectionist. The Tradition underlines that all the fields related to health and physical wellbeing are favoured.", "precise_score": -11.115856170654297, "rough_score": -11.351934432983398, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The planet Saturn symbolizes contraction, effort, time, limitation and concentration. Saturn eliminates anything that is not authentic, sooner or later. It is impossible to cheat him as he gives an irresistible desire to form a coherent whole with oneself, in responsible and wise ways. He is the great purifier. He represents our limitations but also our truth. In your natal chart, the house position where Saturn is posited is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Saturn in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. Saturn in Cancer decreases your emotionalism. You are less vulnerable as you build a protective carapace, with all the good and the bad consequences that may be implied. You are provident and wise in the family and real estate areas, may be a bit too much.", "precise_score": -11.156807899475098, "rough_score": -11.404485702514648, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The planet Uranus symbolizes originality, independence and cerebral energy bursting suddenly. Uranus triggers the irresistible need for freedom that we have in ourselves. Uranus tends to break the constraints that have become unbearable and gives us the courage and the will to get rid of what has become a burden; when he is well aspected, he also indicates genius. In your natal chart, Uranus� house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Uranus in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendant�s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Uranus in Gemini increases tenfold your nervousness and may incline you to be interested in a heap of very varied topics in deep and original ways.", "precise_score": -11.162801742553711, "rough_score": -11.348855972290039, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The planet Neptune symbolizes extreme receptivity, intense emotional sharpness, impressionability and inspiration; it is the planet of mediums, mystics and religious faith. In an astrological chart, it indicates dilution, vagueness, understanding one�s environment through emotions and the absence of clear and determined limits and structures. In your natal chart, Neptune�s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Pluto, he is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Neptune in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendant�s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Neptune in Libra endows you with idealism and pacifism. You dream of a world of peace, freedom, equality and tolerance. Your exchanges with others are genuine. You are listening to, and on the lookout for, all the emotions that you find to be so deliciously nurturing.", "precise_score": -11.15280818939209, "rough_score": -11.32619857788086, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It represents dictators, sadistic people, violent characters, is instinctive and powerful but also mysterious with hidden strengths.", "precise_score": -11.278937339782715, "rough_score": -11.42463493347168, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The planet Pluto symbolizes deep disruptions and upheavals, domination and sexual instincts, and the inner power we have in ourselves. Pluto destroys in order to reconstruct and he provokes painful crises that are needed in metamorphosis. Pluto is our deepest instincts� brutal force. It is the hidden and unconscious violence that can explode in us with incredible intensity before being projected in our actions; in itself, the planet is not negative: the might and the intensity of its energy are beyond the conceivable but it can be funnelled. Pluto is the only possibility we have at our disposal to overcome our inner blocks and to eliminate outgrown situations that have become inextricable. Pluto�s energy is valuable because of its usefulness for the irreversible destruction of what constitutes a problem and not because of its negative side and its perversity. Pluto allows to reconstruct and to regenerate parts of our personality or whole stretches of our life, provided that we manage to funnel his wild energy and to step back. It is impossible to tame this energy, given its essence. However, it is possible to take advantage of it for a precise aim, through a temporary identification of some parts of us with this energy. In such a case, the outcome is our final evolution and even, our transformation. In your natal chart, Pluto�s house position is more important than his sign position because, like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Pluto is a slow planet. Many people born in the same period have Pluto in the same sign. This is the reason why the sign occupied here is less meaningful than when it is occupied by the so-called fast planets, i.e. the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Therefore, some caution is to be exercised as you read what follows. The sign positions of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto have a collective meaning. They do not influence your personality and they are not to be really taken into account, unless they are involved in numerous aspects or when they emphasize a personal point of your natal chart such as your Ascendant�s ruler, an angular planet, i.e. a planet near the Ascendant, the Midheaven, the Nadir or the Descendant. In such cases, the activity of the slow planet is very highlighted. Pluto in Leo may give you an authoritarian and, even, despotic nature. But your charisma and your radiance are intensified.", "precise_score": -11.140799522399902, "rough_score": -11.324799537658691, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "USA", "passage": "Lilith or the Dark Moon (True Lilith here) represents the uncrossable threshold, taboos, the individual's provocative and fascinating side, including on a sexual level. She symbolizes violence and \"untameability\", the radical and deep-seated refusal to submit. The keywords for Lilith can be sterility, sadism, perversity, castration, sadomasochism, eroticism, orgasm, forbidden fantasies, marginality, cruelty; redemption, illumination, rebelliousness... Lilith's opposite point is called Priapus; it is the Lunar perigee, the position where the Moon is closest to the Earth. It symbolizes man's primitive nature, the horror hidden in our deepest self; masochism, extreme sensuality, impulsiveness, irrationality and excess. Physically speaking, the Dark Moon is the focal point unoccupied by the Earth: it is not a concrete body but a mathematical point.", "precise_score": -11.041373252868652, "rough_score": -11.403502464294434, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With this Ascendant, you come across as charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extraverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving. But you may also be irascible, selfish, authoritarian, inconsistent, unfaithful, brutal, unreliable, reckless, tactless or disagreeable.", "precise_score": -11.153585433959961, "rough_score": -11.368823051452637, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Vertex, sometimes called counter-Ascendant, is a fictitious point which is at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the West of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the West of the chart around the Descendant. It is the chart's fifth angle, so to speak, less important than the other angles. Its interpretation is controversial, because certain astrologers pay no attention to it.", "precise_score": -11.073535919189453, "rough_score": -11.383636474609375, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The East Point is a fictitious point at the intersection of two great circles, the Ecliptic and the great vertical circle (Prime Vertical) in the East of the birthplace, linking the East, the Zenith, the West, and the Nadir. It is always located in the East of the chart, around the Ascendant.", "precise_score": -11.126941680908203, "rough_score": -11.407123565673828, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "USA", "passage": "11/17/1944, Neptune, New Jersey (USA)", "precise_score": -8.864913940429688, "rough_score": -11.32136344909668, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. was born on November 17, 1944, in Neptune, New Jersey. His father, Daniel, Sr., was a small business owner whose ventures included a dry cleaning shop, a dairy outlet, a diner, and a pool hall. His mother, Julia, was a homemaker. While growing up… more", "precise_score": -3.7218523025512695, "rough_score": -8.436315536499023, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "The film was given a limited release on September 15, 1989 in four theaters grossing $36,505 on its opening weekend. It was given a wide release on September 29, 1989 in 606 theaters grossing $1.3 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $3.5 million in North America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457655906677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "In Country" }, { "answer": "AmericA", "passage": "In her review for The New York Times, Caryn James criticized the \"cheap and easy touches ... that reduce it to the shallowness of a television movie\", and found James Horner's score, \"offensive and distracting\". Newsweek magazine's David Ansen wrote, \"While one can respect its lofty intentions, the movie doesn't seem to have any better sense than its high-school heroine of just what it's looking for. At once underdramatized and faintly stagy, it keeps promising revelations that never quite materialize\". In her review for the Washington Post, Rita Kempley wrote, \"What's meant to be a cohesive family portrait, a suffering American microcosm, is a shambles of threads dangling and characters adrift. Jewison leaves it to stymied viewers to figure out the gist of it\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427959442138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "In Country" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "DeVito's work during this time includes Other People's Money with Gregory Peck, director Barry Levinson's Tin Men as a competitive rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss' character, two co-starring vehicles with Arnold Schwarzenegger (the comedies Twins and Junior), and playing The Penguin as a deformed sociopath in director Tim Burton's Batman Returns (1992).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435912132263184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "DeVito played a fictional version of himself in the music video for One Direction's song \"Steal My Girl\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.557056427001953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "DeVito and Perlman resided in a 14,579 square foot Beverly Hills, California mansion they purchased in 1994, until selling the estate for US$24 million in April 2015. The couple also own a bungalow near Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, and an multi residence compound on Broad Beach in Malibu. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46905517578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Danny DeVito" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Jump to: Overview  (3) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (4) | Trivia  (44) | Personal Quotes  (7) | Salary  (1)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.604328155517578, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Spouse (1)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5471830368042, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Is a huge fan of musician Mike Patton and his bands Fantomas and Peeping Tom , and asked to be in the video clip for the Peeping Tom single \"Mojo\". He was given a cameo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454142570495605, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6906 Hollywood Blvd. on August 18, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452339172363281, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Jersey is always with me. I was one of the lucky ones. Asbury Park is just the greatest place in the world to spend your childhood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485166549682617, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "I'll watch Ricky Gervais in anything he does. The guy's hilarious.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501123428344727, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "musicals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543591499328613, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "User Polls", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.606837272644043, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Various", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429973602294922, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": " 2003 Other People's Business (TV Movie) (executive producer)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.565831184387207, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": " 2000 Screwed (lyrics: \"The Mymie Mymie Song\") / (music: \"The Mymie Mymie Song\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.602110862731934, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": " 1999 Saturday Night Live: The Best of Dana Carvey (TV Special) (performer: \"Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)\" - uncredited)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439831733703613, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": " 1999 Saturday Night Live Christmas (Video) (performer: \"Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)\" - uncredited)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467026710510254, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - IMDb" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In 2005, DeVito and Perlman were sued by Ivan Harnden, a guest at their 2003 New Years Eve party. He alleged that DeVito and Perlman \"had a duty to exercise due care in operating and managing the party and the dance floor,\" and that they were thus liable for injuries Harnden received when a drunken partygoer smashed a champagne glass into his face during the festivities. \"It's a frivolous lawsuit,\" said DeVito's lawyer. \"The last time I checked drinks do spill.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445062637329102, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - NNDB" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Mars, his ruler, and the 1st House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469379425048828, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Signs: Taurus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.578072547912598, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Venus, his ruler, and the 2nd House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458721160888672, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Taurus governs the neck and the throat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558915138244629, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Taurus or your Ascendant is Taurus: you are faithful, constant, sturdy, patient, tough, persevering, strong, focused, sensual, stable, concrete, realistic, steady, loyal, robust, constructive, tenacious. You need security, but you are also stubborn, rigid, possessive, spiteful, materialistic, fixed or slow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491232872009277, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Mercury, his ruler, and the 3rd House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439406394958496, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Gemini or if your Ascendant is Gemini: you are expressive, lively, adaptable, quick-witted, humorous, sparkling, playful, sociable, clever, curious, whimsical, independent, polyvalent, brainy, flexible, ingenious, imaginative, charming, fanciful but also capricious, scattered, moody, shallow, inquisitive, opportunistic, unconcerned, selfish, fragile, ironical or changeable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453895568847656, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with the Moon, her ruler, and the 4th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483522415161133, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Cancer or your Ascendant is Cancer: you are emotional, sentimental, peaceful, imaginative, sensitive, faithful, resistant, protective, vulnerable, generous, romantic, nostalgic, tender, poetic-minded, motherly or fatherly, dreamy, indolent, greedy, devoted but also timorous, unrealistic, evasive, passive, anxious, dependent, stubborn, moody, passive, lazy, touchy, stay-at-home or inaccessible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438358306884766, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with the Sun, his ruler, and the 5th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471580505371094, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Mercury, her ruler, and the 6th house", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468560218811035, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Virgo or your Ascendant is Virgo: you are brainy, perspicacious, attentive to detail and numbers, analytical, serious, competent, scrupulous, sensible, modest, logical, tidy, well-organized, clean, hard-working, provident, honest, faithful, reserved, shy, helpful, a perfectionist, but also narrow-minded, calculating, irritating, petty, anxious, cold, repressed or caustic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4737548828125, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Venus, his ruler and the 7th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48488998413086, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "His colour is blue or red (not too bright), his stone is the opal, his day is Friday, his professions are in the beauty, luxury or fashion industry, musician, artistic creator, lawyer, mediator...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459968566894531, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Pluto, her ruler with Mars, and the 8th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492265701293945, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Scorpio governs the sexual organs and the anus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.545525550842285, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Signs: Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.589016914367676, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Jupiter, his ruler, and the 9th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45971965789795, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Sagittarius governs the thighs and the liver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.572891235351562, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Sagittarius or your Ascendant is Sagittarius: you are charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extraverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459759712219238, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Saturn, her ruler, and the 10th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483854293823242, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Capricorn or your Ascendant is Capricorn: you are serious, cold, disciplined, patient, focused, thoughtful, ambitious, indomitable, cautious, lucid, persistent, provident, steady, introverted, stern, wilful, hard-working, responsible, persevering, honest, realistic, loyal, reserved, resolute, moralistic, quiet, rigorous, attached and reliable. But you may also be curt, withdrawn, calculating, petty, cruel, unpleasant, ruthless, selfish, dull, rigid, slow or sceptical.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451528549194336, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Signs: Aquarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.578935623168945, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Uranus his ruler, with Saturn, and the 11th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48007583618164, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Aquarius governs the ankles and the legs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55797004699707, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Aquarius or your Ascendant is Aquarius: you are idealistic, altruistic, detached, independent, original, surprising, gifted, contradictory, innovative, humanistic, likeable, friendly, self-confident, impassive, quiet, intuitive, creative, charitable, elusive, disconcerting, generous, tolerant, paradoxical, and you cannot stand any kind of constraint. But you may also be marginal, resigned, distant, utopian, maladjusted, eccentric and cold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460175514221191, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In analogy with Neptune her ruler with Jupiter, and the 12th House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49899673461914, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Her colour is green or purple or turquoise blue, her stone is the amethyst, her day is Thursday, her professions are seamanship and and faraway travels, musician, social and emergency worker, doctor, writer and jobs in remote places...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461758613586426, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If your sign is Pisces or your Ascendant is Pisces: you are emotional, sensitive, dedicated, adaptable, nice, wild, compassionate, romantic, imaginative, flexible, opportunist, intuitive, impossible to categorized, irrational, seductive, placid, secretive, introverted, pleasant, artistic, and charming. But you may also be indecisive, moody, confused, wavering, lazy, scatterbrained, vulnerable, unpredictable and gullible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468769073486328, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Sun 25�08' Scorpio, in House XI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.567267417907715, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Sun represents vitality, individuality, will-power and creative energy and honours. For a woman, it also represents her father, and later her husband. The Sun is one of the most important symbols in the birth chart, as much as the Ascendant, then the Moon (a bit less for a man), the ruler of the Ascendant and the fast-moving planets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448351860046387, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Temperament : Bilious", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517162322998047, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "You constantly strive to keep your self-control and to resist external pressures. Your phlegm actually conceals unusual intense emotions. A hidden force that gives you an inclination for struggles, for difficult or extremist causes, inhabits you. You may display a sarcastic and caustic mind, and in the worst cases, you may be destructive. But your resistance abilities prove valuable when the situation goes awry. Scorpio does not mind the sign�s �bad reputation�, moreover, he is proud of it, he claims it and he scoffs at it. Most certainly, he has nothing to do with ordinary mortals. You are very sensitive to power struggles. You try to use your adversary and to combine opposing elements. You resort to scheming and to manipulation. You use a person to hit another and you use the latter to charm a third party. Scorpio is a fine strategist, a born politician. Far from breaking him down, adversity stimulates Scorpio�s creativity. Better than anyone, you can handle crises that imply fighting spirit, subtlety in confrontations and challenge. Your forte? You express your powers to their fullest, you master the art of straightening out endangered situations and you dramatically reverse the interests at stake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426039695739746, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Sun in House XI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.571136474609375, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With the Sun in the 11th House of your natal chart, you are able to recreate the world, provided that you can rely on loyal friends. Your idealism prompts you to give of your best to great causes, and to believe in the virtues of friendship, dedication, and universal love. So many disillusions lie ahead of you! But also so many hopes and so many moments of exaltation! In some way, you feel that your mission is to change other people's life in order to enliven them and to restore hope. Friendship rules!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491291999816895, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "Us of a", "passage": "If the Sun is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Solarian: you loathe pettiness and Machiavellian manoeuvre, and you are fond of natural nobleness as well as of direct and honest attitudes. You endeavour to get out of muddled or dark situations as quickly as possible. Your need for transparency may lead you to make cut-and-dried judgments such as yes or no, and black or white. However, your honesty commands your entourage's consideration. At times, you come across as authoritarian. It is true that you never want to be thought of the notable absentee, and that you manage to make people pay attention to you, as well as to your plans and your assessments. To this end, the Solarian sometimes develops a great talent for placing himself under the spotlight without missing a single opportunity to arouse interest. Some other Solarians, although more discreet, still manage to be the focus of any debate, even in situations of exclusion. It is your way of being present even though you are actually not there... More than other people, you appreciate the esteem extended to you. It is useless to cheat with you, since in all areas you consider establishing enduring relationships only with those who love you, admire you, respect you, or express some degree of affection to you. Your will to straighten out your inter-personal relationships is your strength and sometimes, your Achilles' heel. You cannot achieve anything behind the scenes. Therefore, your comportment is marked with heroism, and your stands are devoid of ambiguity, in the sense that your commitments are unfailing, and your rebuffs, final.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444513320922852, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Loyal, composed, and idealistic character. One is detached from materialistic concerns and concentrates on intellectual, artistic, or religious undertakings. The working place may be located in a remote or restricted area such as in a nuclear research centre, an astronomy observatory, or just a quiet secluded room conducive to inspiration for one's writings. This degree gives a religious vocation and may describe a member of the clergy if the natal chart confirms this tendency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4568452835083, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Moon 14�25' Sagittarius, in House XII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556586265563965, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Moon opposite Uranus orb -2�39'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55874252319336, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Moon represents instinctive reaction, unconscious predestination, everyday mood, sensitivity, emotions, the feminine side of the personality, intuition, imagination. For a man, she represents his mother and later his wife, and his relationship with women in general. For a woman, the Moon is almost as important as the Sun and the Ascendant. Her element is water, she is cold and moist, she rules Cancer, is in exaltation in Taurus and is in analogy with the stomach.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429001808166504, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "She symbolizes the mother, wife, the crowd, the Moon is associated with birth and childhood. Tradition also matches her with the end of life, after Saturn the old age, it is thus customary to go back to one's place of birth to die: the end of life meets the very beginning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43720531463623, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, non Active and Primary, Nervous or Amorphous type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556777954101562, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Moon in Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55183219909668, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Moon in House XII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556656837463379, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Moon is in the 12th House. This planetary configuration predisposes to contemplation. You are a loner to the core, and you often let yourself be carried away by mental images and imaginary journeys to the centre of your unconscious. There is something reassuring in these moments of mind wandering. You forget your daily life and you escape from reality. On the family plane, this taste for solitude may bring about a few adaptation problems, since you feel that you are elsewhere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515824317932129, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If the Moon is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Lunarian: the driving force behind your actions is mainly the pursuit of well-being and tranquillity. Your sensitive and romantic self lives on those periods of rest during which you let your imagination wander at will. This is your way of finding inspiration and balance. Nothing is allowed to disturb your feeling of fulfilment and security within a harmonious cell, be it a family or a clan. More than other people, the Lunarian is attached to those moments during which one forgets one's worries and lets oneself cast adrift aimlessly, with no other goal than to be lulled into an ambiance, a situation, or a perfect moment. Many people do not understand such absences and their meaning, which is to regain strength. These people readily describe you with such unflattering terms as apathy and nonchalance. Never mind! Some inspirations require surrendering as well as striking a balance derived from alternate action and passivity. Your qualities are expressed to the fullest in situations which demand familiarity and privacy. Your capacities to respect and blend into your environment is at least as valuable as some other people's aggressive dispositions. However, you are well-advised to avoid indolence and renunciation out of laziness or indifference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428972244262695, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Interpretation of the 14� Sagittarius symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.591204643249512, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury 10�40' Sagittarius, in House XII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541948318481445, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury opposite Uranus orb -1�06'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.565814018249512, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury represents communication, logical and rational mind, intellectual skills. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Virgo and Gemini, is in exaltation in Virgo and is in analogy with the arms, hands, nervous system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511578559875488, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Temperament : Nervous", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514676094055176, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Characterology : Emotive, non Active and Primary type or Non-Emotive, Active and Primary, Nervous or Sanguine type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.554725646972656, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury in Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524004936218262, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury describes your relations, your communication skills and the way you relate to the external world. However, other astrological elements also influence these areas. The sign Mercury occupies is significant only if Mercury is part of your planetary dominantes. In your chart, Mercury is in Sagittarius. You are respectful of freedom of opinion and of expression. Communication means open-mindedness above all. You reject all forms of sectarianism and prejudices. Your fieriness and your tolerance facilitate your relationships. No one respects laws and social structures better than you. Relentlessly, you strive to enlarge your horizon. You are known for your interest in other people�s views, as well as for your healthy curiosity that may border on indiscretion�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500386238098145, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury in House XII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529550552368164, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With Mercury in the 12th House, you are in search of the unknown. You display keen curiosity about strange topics, the paranormal, as well as unusual people and worlds. Your intuition and your analytical mind form one whole piece, and they perfectly blend into each other. You try to understand what is unexplainable, and to feel what is impalpable, which boils down to squaring the circle! In such conditions, it is most likely that your mode of communication has its own specific rules. Your comportment is pretty bizarre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528321266174316, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "USA", "passage": "If Mercury is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Mercurian: the tradition points out the importance of communication. From idle but enriching chatters to observation gift, such a dominant endows you with a wide range of expression. Human beings have one thousand facets and one thousand masks they wear according to circumstances and the fortunes of the game of life. You take the role of an observer who is avid for novelties, discoveries, and surprises. Everything catches your attention and becomes an opportunity for new encounters, relationships, and learning. The world amazes you, amuses you sometimes, and stimulates your curiosity. Because the most important thing is to discover, and because you consider that each new situation is packed with potentialities, you try to fill the gaps in your knowledge. Although your open-mindedness may scatter your centres of interest, it also enables you to carefully avoid sticking to only one immutable and rigid view. The slightest sign enables you to perceive the other side of the coin, as well as the infinite complexity of people and of situations. On the human plane, you seek the dialogue and the information without which you know that you are not able to fully grasp the nature of your interlocutor. This keen interest in the Unknown sharpens your inter-relational skills. All these qualities are traditionally associated with Mercury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459529876708984, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Interpretation of the 10� Sagittarius symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.595519065856934, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Treacherous, crafty, and violent character devoid of qualms. Objectives are attained through dangerous, cunning, and even cruel strategies. The natal chart indicates whether intelligence and subterfuges are put at the service of noble goals such as the defence of the nation's higher interests, or whether they only serve base personal ambitions. In both cases, enmities abound, and property loss is highly likely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49979019165039, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus 1�34' Capricorn, in House I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553452491760254, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus Aspects", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56109619140625, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus square Neptune orb -4�09'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560945510864258, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus opposite Saturn orb -8�38'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.557881355285645, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Planets: Venus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.533829689025879, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus represents the way one loves, relationships, sharing, affectivity, seductive ability. For men, she also corresponds to the kind of woman he's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is more symbolized by the Moon, Venus is the lover and not the wife). Her element is the Air, she is moist, rules Taurus and Libra, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the kidneys, the venous system, the bladder, the neck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457691192626953, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "She represents the artists, tradesmen, occupations linked to beauty and charm; the age of Venus goes from 15 to about 25 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53520393371582, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus in Capricorn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502452850341797, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus describes your affective life. On the day of your birth, she is found in Capricorn. You are a fragile and sensitive person and you give the priority to the deepness of your feelings and the steadiness of your relationships. Your senses do not respond to all forms of stimulations. Your affective life has a cautious, reserved, moderate and � intense nature. You forge your feelings slowly. You distrust love at first sight. Like faithfulness, love must be earned. Nothing is readily given in this area. Your sensitivity is deep but discreet, intense but concealed and inclines you to caution: frivolous loves do not interest you. You value sentimental attachments based on total and mutual trust. You know the cost of misunderstandings and delusions and you never commit yourself thoughtlessly. Modesty is a quality in some cases. But why do you hide your feelings so often? As you protect yourself too much, as you want to avoid being hurt, you may get locked up in an ivory tower and you may miss passionate loves. You may uselessly complicate situations: life together is simpler than you may think. You must learn to trust it. With time, you will be at your best.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453276634216309, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus in House I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541056632995605, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus expresses her qualities through the values of the 1st House. Your first reactions are affective or sensual. Before you start to think, to accept your interlocutor, or to keep your distance, you follow your dislikes or your infatuations, sometimes quite blindly. You discover the world, the others, and the unknown through your sensations, your instinctive desire, or your natural repulsions. Emotions precede reasoning. The keywords of your personality are charm, seduction, and desire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546895027160645, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus Dominant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.549606323242188, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If Venus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Venusian: you are a sensual and emotional person particularly receptive to the natural likes and dislikes aroused by your contact with people. You are prone to frequent instinctive aversions and true passions which are exclusively driven by the feeling of love. The heart has its reasons which Reason knows nothing of... Your balance is based on the richness of your affective life. Without love, the Venusian is resourceless, lost, and deprived of any reason for living. You have an obvious and strong will to charm and to arouse the attachments without which you cannot properly function. Every area of your life is thus marked by your affectivity. The danger is that you may \"be taken in\" by charm. In such cases, you would prefer to keep your emotions under better control. Thus, hyper-sensitivity has its own inconveniences. Nevertheless, better than anyone else, you know how to play with feelings and attractions. Although you are sometimes caught in the traps of an over sensitive emotionalism, feelings remain your best assets in many circumstances. There is another aspect to the Venusian dominant. According to the Tradition, this planet rules the Arts, and you are endowed with some degree of artistic dispositions, ranging from good to excellent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468915939331055, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Two men get out of a house carrying a reed on their shoulder as if it were a heavy burden. On the roof, the weathercock points to no particular direction.\" ( Janduz version)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536779403686523, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Futile, restless, and indecisive character. Huge efforts are made even though the task requires none. Owing to procrastination, nice opportunities are missed. Furthermore, many good initiatives are doomed to failure for lack of perseverance. Life is most likely to unfold in precariousness and to end up in sadness, unless one decides to become serious and display tenacity, straight away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515331268310547, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mars 24�16' Scorpio, in House XI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56436824798584, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mars represents the desire for action and physical energy, sexuality, strength. For a woman, Mars corresponds to the kind of man she's attracted to (but not especially in marriage which is rather symbolized by the Sun, Mars is the lover, not the husband). Fire is its element, it is hot and dry, and it rules Aries and Scorpio (along with Pluto), is in exaltation with Capricorn and is in analogy with the muscles and the spleen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492217063903809, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Temperament : Bilious", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517162322998047, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The planet Mars indicates how you react to life concrete stimulations. It also describes your fighting spirit, your abilities to stand for yourself and to take action. With Mars in Scorpio, you are endowed with a strong survival instinct! You often feel that you are threatened by other people�s will. You are sensitive to power struggles and you are stimulated by difficulties. You are determined to be reckoned with and to have your decisions respected. This configuration allows you to efficiently cope with crises. But it is not advisable for you to stir troubles! It is important that you control your propensity to challenge and to antagonize. You are endowed with a strong vitality and a demanding sexual drive. Your assets? An extraordinary tenacity and unusual recovery powers allow you to overcome obstacles when you are doubtful and willing to give up. You are sensitive to the imperfections of situations and you easily detect hidden obstacles and traps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521718978881836, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mars in House XI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.574209213256836, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With Mars in the 11th House, you are concerned about lost causes. More than anyone else, you feel the need to take action now, straight away, and to devote yourself in order to improve the situation. You don't need to make long speeches! What is important is to actively participate, on the field, in the project you are interested in. You never hesitate to intervene when individual freedom is threatened, or when injustice strikes one of your close friends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542319297790527, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "USA", "passage": "If Mars is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Marsian: in your hand-to-hand struggle for life, you demonstrate an acute and active sense of confrontation with the world, with other people, and with your own destiny. You need to take action and to fight for your projects and your desires. You perceive all situations with deep intensity, and you react to the here and now without bothering to step back in order to ensure that events are under your control. You take up challenges with excessive foolhardiness as a consequence of your impulsiveness. However, better than anyone else, you know how to mobilise your resources in case of crisis. You take action whenever it is necessary to do so, and you are present in a timely manner. With Mars, your attitudes are dictated by the realities of the moment, by your emotions, and by everything which proved to have worked in the past. When this dominant is not well integrated, it may bring about an aggressive or impulsive behaviour. Therefore, you must learn to control your hyper-sensitivity and your fits of temper. You are also endowed with Marsian qualities: the fighting spirit and the taste for duel without which one may find oneself overwhelmed by events. When this willpower is well channelled, its precious energy enables to cope with all sorts of contingencies. There are a thousand ways to win, and a thousand challenges to take up with the enthusiasm and the dynamism which make life so worthy. A certain idea of life which is wild, passionate, and in tune with events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458463668823242, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Generous and courageous character determined to brave any danger in order to help one's fellow creatures out of a difficult situation. Although no gratitude is expressed by the persons rescued, one continues to lend a helping hand to people in need. So much selflessness arouses public esteem and respect. However, one must beware of jealousy, hypocrisy, and slanders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51809310913086, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Jupiter 23�00' Virgo, in House IX", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527750968933105, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Jupiter represents expansion and power, benevolence, large vision and generosity. Its element is Air, it is hot and moist, and it rules Sagittarius and Pisces (along with Neptune), is in exaltation with Cancer and is in analogy with the hips and endocrinal system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466339111328125, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It represents the governors, magistrates, professors, religious men too; the age of Jupiter goes from 50 to 55 or even 70 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.565672874450684, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Jupiter in House IX", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534619331359863, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Jupiter is in the 9th House. The traditional \"Great Benefic\" is in the sector of travels, discoveries, and spirituality. This configuration endows you with a broad mind and an inclination for explorations which are more tolerant than conquering, in a word, for altruism. Expansion is a quality when it is carried out without harming other people. You fully possess this quality. The Tradition underlines that your moral sense is highly developed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459107398986816, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If Jupiter is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Jupiterian: because this planet brings about a keen interest in social and professional success, the Tradition considers it to be beneficial. Indeed, you know how to adjust to events and to jump at the chance when it arises. The members of you entourage gladly entrust you with high responsibilities because they are often impressed by your learning skills and your adaptation abilities as you deal with new structures and new languages. What is the secret of your good star? It is your self-confidence which wins public support. Now, what is the secret of your charm? Definitely, enthusiasm, euphoria, and exaltation. Exaggeration also. When this dominant is well integrated, it is a factor of affluence and optimism, and a certain degree of joviality enables you to easily fit into various spheres. It constitutes your main asset to manage your life. However, you must at times curb your desire for integration, lest your sense of opportunity turns into extreme opportunism. Here also, the key to success lies in a correct estimate of everyone's chances and possibilities. Although management is one of your forte, and you can adjust your objectives to current realities better than other people, you lack the hindsight which enables you to avoid short-term vagaries and daily fluctuations. If you strive too much to adapt, you run a risk of betraying yourself. This is the other traditional side of the coin with \"The Greater Benefic\"!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44837474822998, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Misanthropic, independent, and selfish character. One may be estranged from one's family, or becomes an exile or an outlaw. The goose portends some deprivation of liberty, often owing to lack of morals, politics, or just bad luck. This degree indicates potential eye problems or impaired sight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492748260498047, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Saturn 10�12' Я Cancer, in House VII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54458236694336, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus opposite Saturn orb -8�38'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.557881355285645, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Saturn represents concentration, effort, perseverance, time, the hard reality, inevitable consequences. Earth is its element, it is cold and dry, and it rules Capricorn and Aquarius (along with Uranus), is in exaltation in Libra and is in analogy with the bones (skeleton) and the skin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481180191040039, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Temperament : Nervous", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514676094055176, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Saturn in House VII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501662254333496, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "In your natal chart, Saturn is in the 7th House. This configuration predisposes to some degree of rigour in human relations, associations, or within the couple. To link up to the world is not an easy task, and to blend into it is even more difficult. Your doubts and your questionings do not facilitate your social integration. However, your steady honesty works wonders once mutual confidence has dispelled reluctances and the sense of modesty you may have. Nevertheless, people should beware and never cheat on you!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501546859741211, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ambitious, fanciful, and adventurous character. Undertakings are most likely to be doomed to failure. Decision-making must be based on past experiences so as not to avoid the same old mistakes. One may not have the skills required for an independent occupation. Unless the natal chart indicates otherwise, this degree is a portent of ruin and warns against anything related to the sea and water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535889625549316, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus 11�46' Я Gemini, in House VI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524724960327148, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus Aspects", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566338539123535, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Mercury opposite Uranus orb -1�06'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.565814018249512, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Moon opposite Uranus orb -2�39'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55874252319336, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus sextile Pluto orb -1�30'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575698852539062, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus trine Neptune orb -6�03'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564050674438477, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Planets: Uranus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.555891990661621, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus represents individual freedom, originality, independence, marginality, avant guard inspiration, ultra modernism. Fire is its element, it is dry, and it rules Aquarius, is in exaltation with Scorpio and is in analogy with the brain and the nerves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429545402526855, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Temperament : Nervous to the extreme", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546379089355469, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus in Gemini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505029678344727, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus in House VI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519550323486328, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With Uranus in the 6th House, you try to have an innovative role within the world, and to come across as an original and slightly revolutionary person. Your function, at least the one you give yourself, consists in renewing and changing the nature of things, much more than standing there with folded arms when you face the fait accompli. It is most likely that your social and professional missions are marked by unpredictable lightning bolts pertaining to the Uranian world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46981430053711, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus Dominant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.565511703491211, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If Uranus is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Uranian: personal values are prevailing. Inner certainties fuel an inflexible will and a desire to call attention on yourself as well as to follow your beliefs through. This planet prompts you to behave with determination, to put forward your own truth, and to start your personal revolution. More than other people, you are willing to keep some degree of autonomy in all circumstances, and you often display an individualistic nature. In order to achieve your ideal of freedom and independence, you may act like a despot as you try to convince and to impose your views, whether smoothly or forcefully. Regardless of the flexibility of your comportment, some situations demand an absolute firmness as well as uncompromising, frank and straightforward attitudes. People may criticise you for your intransigence and say that you are a hardliner. Outsider's opinions don't matter! The most important thing is that you act in all conscience and reach your primary objectives. More than anyone else, you know how to use your willpower and to focus your energy on a precise aim, relentlessly, whatever the consequences might be. In the chapter of qualities, let's mention a definite sense of responsibility, an innovative mind open to techniques and modern ideas, as well as a natural self-discipline which overcomes many an obstacle. Therefore, people are well-advised not to hound you into a corner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45639705657959, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Carefree, reasonable, and courageous character. The family belongs to the upper social layer. Owing to a reversal of fortune caused by greedy and ill-intentioned persons, one is forced to reduce one's lifestyle. In the face of adversity, one demonstrates philosophy and achieves one's projects with determination. This degree indicates romance followed by abandonment, premature widowhood, or the loss of a child.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47884750366211, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Neptune 5�43' Libra, in House IX", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547099113464355, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Venus square Neptune orb -4�09'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560945510864258, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus trine Neptune orb -6�03'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564050674438477, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Neptune represents escapism, impressionability, daydreaming, delusions, carelessness, deception or intuition, dishonesty or inspiration, telepathy. Water is its element, it is moist, it rules Pisces, is in exaltation in Cancer, though some authors say it is Leo, and is in analogy with the vegetative system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427538871765137, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "It represents dreamers, mediums, magicians, merchants of illusion, drug addicts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4718017578125, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Characterology : Emotive, non Active, Primary or Secondary type; it is a Sentimental, or sometimes Amorphous type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527486801147461, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Neptune in House IX", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521897315979004, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Neptune is in the 9th House, that of explorations. Neptune probably suggests spiritual explorations, as well as the taste for strange and intangible topics. This configuration is often found in the charts of mystics and of people attracted to - or obsessed with - things which cannot be seen. The most beautiful discoveries are those of the mind. You may experience bright metaphysical intuitions, or you may also have dark inclinations for occultism and spiritualism. Or both.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464921951293945, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If Neptune is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Neptunian: your intuition is highly developed. You are of a contemplative nature, and you are particularly receptive to ambiances, places, and people. You gladly cultivate the art of letting-go, and you allow the natural unfolding of events to construct your world. You follow your inspirations, for better or for worse. At times, you display an extraordinary clairvoyance gift. You seem to be able to read your subconscious like a book, and you track down subtle underlying mechanisms, flaws, or open breaches. This innate intuition might explain the strokes of good luck which the Neptunian is sometimes credited with. However, you may also be the victim of illusions and misleading intuitions. You are an idealist, and you let your deepest aspirations prevail over the realities of the moment. Then, you set off in quest of some quixotic objective, living like a Don Quixote who relentlessly pursues an impossible dream. You have a great talent for psychology and the mysteries of the human soul. Since you instinctively perceive people's intents and motivations, as you swim in the complexity of human nature, you feel in your element. The subtlety of your perceptiveness is the source of both special affections and irrevocable rejections. What is the danger of such a dominant? If it is not offset by other influences in your natal chart, you may not have an iron will. Your trump card is your instinct, which may be developed to the extent that it becomes clairvoyance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437247276306152, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Honest, courageous, and persevering character. Hard work, loyalty, and wisdom are the keys to success. The haystacks indicate that the second part of life is much happier and more prosperous than the first one. One may become a corporate partner or marry the daughter/son of one's employer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491327285766602, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Pluto 10�16' Я Leo, in House VIII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518250465393066, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Uranus sextile Pluto orb -1�30'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.575698852539062, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Pluto represents deep transformations, mutations and eliminations, sexuality and magnetism, power and secrets, destruction with a view to regeneration, the phoenix rising from the ashes. Its element is indefinite; burning (like lava in fusion ?), it rules Scorpio, is in exaltation in Pisces and is in analogy with the sexual organs and excretion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488181114196777, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Temperament : rather Bilious", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546591758728027, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Pluto in House VIII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522635459899902, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "With Pluto in the 8th House, your attitudes are sometimes paradoxical and influenced by the will to lose and to be dispossessed. Pluto, the God of the underworld, feels very comfortable in the house of the hereafter. Images of physical or symbolic death abound. This configuration relates to the transition from one world to another, and to abandoning life and its values in order to reach a different reality. Death - at the bottom of the cupboard on the right - fascinates you as much as it frightens you.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46117115020752, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "If Pluto is part of your natal chart's planetary dominants, in astrology, you are said to be a Plutonian: you sometimes feel like a foreigner who does not belong to the world, to its laws, and its concerns. The rules of life in society are not necessarily yours. You are interested in what is unknown and in the subtle laws of a hidden order. So, you take malicious pleasure in ridiculing the patterns you find too simplistic or too rigid. You also revel in underlining the limits of explanations you deem too common. There is something unconventional about the way you are, the way you think, and the way you act. What is your specificity made of? Is it an extraordinary partner? A life off the beaten path? Or do you only distance yourself from conventional morals? In any case, you have the feeling, sometimes quite vague, that you come from nowhere, and that you do not belong to any definite group... In short, it means that you cannot be simplified in order to conform to existing models. The gap between you and ordinary mortals is also an element of your strength. Your deep clear-sightedness, firstly, enables you to put things into perspective and to grant them only the attention they deserve. Your other remarkable asset is your capacity to intervene from behind the scenes, to secretly organise events, and to bring about the desirable outcome without seeming to impose or to dictate anything. However, you must still overcome one of the major difficulties of this dominant, which is to get people to accept your difference and to smoothly fit into your environment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461458206176758, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"Two scantily dressed women are seated in the company of a man at a table where a sumptuous dinner is served.\" ( Janduz version)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55484390258789, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Sensual, self-lenient, and lazy character. One is dragged by friends and circumstances into over-indulgence and bad habits, too much drinking, eating, and sex. It is indispensable to struggle against one's natural cowardice and to stick to high moral standards. However, if the natal chart indicates strong probity, this degree describes a righteous, calm, and rather shy person who is endowed with the qualities required for fulfilling high-ranking positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487456321716309, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Chiron is almost renowned and used everywhere. Most astrologers consider it as a kind of \"mediator\" between Saturn and outer planets. Consequently, Chiron is of Saturn's nature and at the same time is influenced by Uranus, the first slow-moving planet. Astrologically, it symbolizes wisdom, patience and the faculty to reduce others' sufferings: it is said to be the \"great healer\" of the zodiac. Like all the secondary bodies, it must be in close conjunction with planets or angles in order to fully express its action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511926651000977, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ceres, the biggest of the four minor asteroids used besides Chiron, is associated with the mythological goddess of growing plants and harvest and also symbolizes physical constitution, vitality and fertility. She's also known as Demeter, according to the astrologer Zipporah Dobyns, linked to the symbolism of the mother but in a less emotive and more physical way than the Moon. Ceres is thought to be the ruler of Virgo, in exaltation in Gemini, in exile in Pisces and in fall in Sagittarius. Keywords associated with Ceres could be order, practical sense, worry, precision, modesty, method, sobriety, motherhood, fertility, the Earth: a kind of a more cerebral Moon...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456343650817871, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Pallas is sometimes used in modern Astrology: she represents intelligence, abstract and global thinking talents. It is usually considered to be a determining element in political strategy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558460235595703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Juno is the asteroid corresponding to the adaptation to the marital partner and to the defence of individual rights; it is thus used in the field of marriage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56443977355957, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Vesta is rarely used and brings the ability to efficiently devote oneself to a cause.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.595268249511719, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "True North Node 19�39' Я Cancer, in House VII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550822257995605, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The North Node (True Node here) represents the goals that must be achieved during life, in the karmic sense according to some traditions. Its position in house indicates in what field an effort is necessary in order to evolve. The North Node is often called the Dragon's head, it is usually considered beneficial, a bit like Jupiter with the planets. The Lunar nodes are fictional points and not actual heavenly bodies: they are the intersections of the Moon with the Ecliptic (the path made by the Sun in its orbit as seen from the Earth). The axis of the Lunar nodes moves 19 degrees each year, namely a bit more than three minutes each day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51255989074707, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "True Lilith 2�25' Libra, in House IX", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524044036865234, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"A man with chains around his wrists and his ankles is seated on a tree trunk. In the nearby house, a woman is looking through a wired window.\" ( Janduz version)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521517753601074, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Fortune 15�41' Capricorn, in House I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556025505065918, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Part of Fortune is an ancient concept, used by Ptolemy and other astrologers before him. Firstly, it has nothing to do with fortune! In modern astrology, it is actually used to enhance a planet or angle when in close conjunction with it: it thus amplifies the meaning associated to the point affected by its presence. It is calculated in the following way:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531889915466309, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The classical Part of Fortune, of which the calculus method is unchanged whether in a diurnal or nocturnal chart, is usually distinguished from the diurnal/nocturnal Part of Fortune which is calculated by the formula AS + Sun - Moon for a nocturnal chart, and AS + Moon - Sun in a diurnal chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560018539428711, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "We currently use the latter formula for our astrological programmes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.598262786865234, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Withdrawn, patient, and adventurous character. If one is willing to control one's taste for dangerous undertakings, one can achieve success in horse breeding, training, or trade. The gift for taming can also be very well expressed in child-rearing practices. This degree warns that recklessness brings about downfall and sometimes, violent death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500791549682617, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ascendant 26�23' Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566606521606445, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ascendant or House I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.539875984191895, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others, and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too, and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474716186523438, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ascendant in Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532665252685547, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Your psychological nature is extroverted and independent, oriented towards expansion and sociability. You have the soul of a leader, energetic and active. Your charisma and your drive are fully integrated in the collective life. Indeed, as an action-oriented fire sign, you challenge yourself and succeed in accomplishing the task straight away. Sagittarius is hard to follow because his spirit and his independent mind constantly lead him to go further and higher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464804649353027, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Interpretation of the 26� Sagittarius symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.587389945983887, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Courageous, enterprising, and honest character. One may be the victim of unfair, less scrupulous or less skilled superiors. Despite numerous enemies, one reaches a prominent position. Nevertheless, one must remain very careful, adopt a low profile, and be prepared to thwart the machinations concocted by higher-ups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482720375061035, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Midheaven or House X", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.585845947265625, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45710563659668, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "You are not too interested in material subjects. Your destiny is mainly associated to your encounters and of course, to your marriage more particularly. Indeed, your sign is in analogy with the 7th House, which symbolises partnerships of all sorts, and it is in such a framework that your destiny is most likely to experience a major turning point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524415969848633, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The following professions are most likely to suit you very well: fashion designer, model, presenter, seller of luxurious goods, florist, beautician, hairdresser, solicitor, judge, marriage counsellor, mediator, musician, painter, poet, draughtsman/woman, dancer, singer, writer, journalist, receptionist, landscape gardener, movie star, or Minister for Foreign Affairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482850074768066, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ambitious, proud, and haughty character endowed with numerous gifts and a strong will. With such a great potential, one becomes a leader in one's field of competence, or one puts one's numerous talents at the service of a less skilled boss. In both cases, this degree indicates a position of authority, honours, and fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429383277893066, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ascendant 26�23' Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566606521606445, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House I (AC)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499603271484375, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The First House or Ascendant represents one's behaviour in the eyes of others and also one's health. It corresponds to the way the individual acts in the world. It is the image of the personality as seen by others and the person's visible behaviour expressed outwardly. The 1st House is in analogy with Aries and thus Mars too and then the Sun. It is an angular house, the most important one with the Midheaven, maybe even more so due to its link with the body and health; the Ascendant is as important as the Sun in a natal chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468964576721191, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Interpretation of the 26� Sagittarius symbolic degree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.587389945983887, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Courageous, enterprising, and honest character. One may be the victim of unfair, less scrupulous or less skilled superiors. Despite numerous enemies, one reaches a prominent position. Nevertheless, one must remain very careful, adopt a low profile, and be prepared to thwart the machinations concocted by higher-ups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482720375061035, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House II 3�41' Aquarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56412410736084, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515410423278809, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Second House is the sphere of material security, the money we earn, our possessions, also in a symbolic meaning (close people etc). It is in analogy with Taurus and Venus. It is a succedent house, quite important.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536070823669434, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House III 14�34' Pisces", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.588287353515625, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House III", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51435661315918, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Third House is the sphere of social and intellectual apprenticeship, studies, relationships with close people and surroundings, short trips, light-hearted and quick contacts, correspondences. It is in analogy with Gemini and Mercury. It's a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49576473236084, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House IV 18�58' Aries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57430362701416, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House IV (IC)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515542984008789, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Fourth House also called Immum Coeli is the sphere of inner emotions, family, the father, home and roots, but also the home one creates. It's Home Sweet Home, security and cocoon. It is in analogy with Cancer and the Moon. It's an angular and important house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496206283569336, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "\"In a poor house, an old man in a worn out robe fearfully holds two bags of gold against his chest.\" ( Janduz version)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52669620513916, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House V 15�10' Taurus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.586908340454102, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House V", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504425048828125, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Fifth House is the sphere of pleasures and love affairs (but not commitment or marriage), creations and entertainments, children, arts and game. It is in analogy with Leo and the Sun. It's a succedent and quite important house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479127883911133, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House VI 6�28' Gemini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.573272705078125, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House VI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502694129943848, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Sixth House is the sphere of apprenticeship and effort in the work environment, daily life, health on a daily basis and not operations or long-term diseases, relationships with co-workers or subordinates, desire for improvement, analysis and detail. It is in analogy with Virgo and Mercury. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518177032470703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House VII 26�23' Gemini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553117752075195, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House VII (DS)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469991683959961, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Seventh House also called the Descendant (in front of the Ascendant) is the sphere of partnership, marriage, contracts, relationships with others, the outer world. It is in analogy with Libra and Venus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It is an angular and important house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460460662841797, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Romantic, melancholic, and trusting character prone to become affectively dependent. In a male chart, there is a lack of manliness, and therefore, the necessity to assert oneself more strongly. In a female chart, after a disappointing marriage, one develops a deep contempt and mistrust for men and turns down any proposal for fear of being hurt again. For both genders, this degree describes a mismatched couple. Marriage ends in divorce or widowhood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519201278686523, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House VIII 3�41' Leo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54175090789795, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House VIII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521760940551758, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Eighth House is the sphere of emotional security, the depths of the self, secrets and paranormal, transcendence, sexuality, mysteries, upheavals, surgical operations, others' money (investments, inheritances), crises, transformation after evolution, death. It is in analogy with Scorpio and Pluto, and Mars to a lesser extent. It is a succedent and quite important house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463651657104492, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House IX 14�34' Virgo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.576614379882812, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House IX", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5262451171875, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Ninth House is the sphere of high studies, both physical and mental journeys (philosophy, spirituality), rebelliousness, changes of scenery, desire for dealing with the unknown. It is in analogy with Sagittarius and Jupiter. It is a cadent house, less important than the angular and succedent ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474153518676758, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House X (MC)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541132926940918, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Tenth House still called the Midheaven, is the highest point amidst the houses, at the top of the chart, in the South, and relates to destiny in general and career (and not daily work as meant by the Sixth House). The Midheaven represents our achievements and goals in the social sphere, our social position in society, and becomes more and more important as we get older. It is in analogy with Capricorn and Saturn. The Tenth House is the most important angular house along with the Ascendant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45710563659668, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Ambitious, proud, and haughty character endowed with numerous gifts and a strong will. With such a great potential, one becomes a leader in one's field of competence, or one puts one's numerous talents at the service of a less skilled boss. In both cases, this degree indicates a position of authority, honours, and fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429383277893066, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House XI 15�10' Scorpio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.593878746032715, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House XI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5770263671875, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Eleventh House is the sphere of friendship and protection, projects, search for social acceptance and security, collective and humanitarian actions. It is in analogy with Aquarius and Uranus, and Saturn to a lesser extent. It's a succedent and quite important house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449789047241211, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House XII 6�28' Sagittarius", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.582623481750488, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "House XII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531824111938477, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Twelfth House is the sphere of hidden things, enemies, closed or remote places (hospital, prison, convent etc.), ordeals, secrecy, solitude, long-term illnesses but also sincere devotion and genuine compassion. It is in analogy with Pisces and Neptune.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467109680175781, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Vertex 8�04' Leo, in House VIII", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547545433044434, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "The Vertex is sometimes considered to be the second Descendant because, like the latter, it is related to communication and exchanges. It has to do with associations and fated encounters, those that are not chosen, and reveals the type of sensitivity and reactivity we have in our dealings with other people: a refined and tolerant way in Libra, straightforward and spontaneous in Aries, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487833023071289, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "East Point 16�08' Capricorn, in House I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.591837882995605, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Obliging, persistent, and provident character. Owing to one's human qualities and professional skills, one is entrusted with a high-level position, or one earns an electoral mandate. It is also possible that one meets a person wielding power who grants his protection and brings about wealth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502416610717773, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "N.B.: symbolic degrees belong to a branch of fatalistic astrology. Their interpretation must be regarded with the utmost caution, especially given the fact that different authors give different meanings to symbolic degrees. This is the reason why they are not included in our Astrotheme reports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564075469970703, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Cupido is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Cupido, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468278884887695, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hades is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Hades, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453845977783203, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Hades corresponds to intellectual rigour, service rendered to people, the purpose of being useful. On the downside; it leads to carelessness, indifference, apathy, and mess.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52340030670166, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Zeus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453008651733398, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Zeus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Zeus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46730899810791, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Zeus is related to creativity, as well as to organisational and leadership capacities. On the downside, it may lead to aggressiveness and to excessive militancy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51308822631836, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Kronos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Kronos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482499122619629, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Kronos is related to authority and cleverness. In tough aspect, it may make the person conceited, presumptuous, or elitist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5448637008667, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Apollon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Apollon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474254608154297, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Admetos is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Admetos, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483074188232422, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Vulcanus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46406078338623, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Vulcanus is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Vulcanus, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453866958618164, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Vulcanus, sometimes said to be the higher octave of Saturn, provides strength to improve collective relations, to structure things, to be efficient, and to get straight to the point. On the downside, he may bring about arrogance and scattered efforts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514758110046387, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Poseidon is a hypothetical trans-Neptunian planet, the existence of which is not proven. It was invented by Alfred Witte, founder of the famous Hamburg School, and by his student, Friedrich Sieggrün. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Poseidon, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484417915344238, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Proserpina, sometimes referred to as Persephone, is a trans-Plutonian hypothetical planet. N.B.: numerous astrologers believe neither in the influence of Proserpina, nor in that of all hypothetical planets, asteroids, Arabic parts or other fictitious points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53774642944336, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Proserpina is related to mysteries, revival and reconstruction, as well as cycles. She enriches the unconscious, and gives the possibility to combine modern life with spirituality, the East with the West, and mysticism with concrete life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.538331031799316, "source": "search", "title": "Astrology: Danny Devito, date of birth: 1944/11/17 ..." }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "S 18: Ep 224 August 3, 2006", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469830513000488, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "S 2: Ep 13 President Bush's Motorcade", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520526885986328, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "S 2: Ep 16 Michael Douglas: Son of Spartacus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517179489135742, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "S 6: Ep 254 August 20, 1981", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463096618652344, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or licensed to upload. By clicking \"Publish\", you are confirming that the image fully complies with TV.com’s Terms of Use and that you own all rights to the image or have authorization to upload it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.589742660522461, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" }, { "answer": "US", "passage": "Do not upload anything which you do not own or are fully licensed to upload. The images should not contain any sexually explicit content, race hatred material or other offensive symbols or images. Remember: Abuse of the TV.com image system may result in you being banned from uploading images or from the entire site – so, play nice and respect the rules!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.612040519714355, "source": "search", "title": "Danny DeVito - TV.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Rocky Mountain", "passage": "Chinooks are generally called foehn winds by meteorologists and climatologists, and, regardless of name, can occur in most places on the leeward side of a nearby mountain range. They are called \"Chinook winds\" throughout most of inland western North America, particularly the Rocky Mountain region. Montana, in particular, has a significant amount of foehn winds across much of the state during the winter months, but particularly coming off the Rocky Mountain Front in the northern and west-central areas of the state.", "precise_score": 1.6254346370697021, "rough_score": 5.575888156890869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinook wind" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "   Chinook, warm, dry, gusty, westerly WIND that blows down the Rocky Mountains into the mountains' eastern slopes and the western prairies. The chinook, a native word meaning &QUOT;snow eater,&QUOT; belongs to a family of winds experienced in many parts of the world where long mountain chains lie more or less at right angles to the prevailing wind. Examples include the foehn in Europe, the zonda in Argentina and the berg in South Africa.", "precise_score": 7.887774467468262, "rough_score": 8.854681968688965, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook - The Canadian Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "n. The descending, warm, dry wind on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. The chinook generally blows from the southwest, but its direction may be modified by topography. When it sets in after a spell of intense cold, the temperature may rise by 20–40°F in 15 minutes due to replacement of a cold air mass with a much warmer air mass in minutes.", "precise_score": 6.116199493408203, "rough_score": 7.6590704917907715, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition and meaning - Wordnik" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "n. A warm westerly wind from the country of the Chinooks, sometimes experienced on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana and the adjacent territory.", "precise_score": -1.1237255334854126, "rough_score": 6.575403213500977, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition and meaning - Wordnik" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "A dry, westerly wind, the adiabatically warmed chinook blows down the eastern face of the Rocky Mountains onto the adjacent foothills and plains. While capable of blowing any season of the year, the chinook's presence is most salient during the winter, when its relative warmth provides a stark contrast to frigid continental-polar air masses. Its ability to melt and sublimate away thick coverings of snow in a matter of days or even hours has led to the common but apocryphal story that chinook is an \"Indian\" word for \"snow eater.\" In fact, the Great Plains chinook owes its name to the Pacific Northwest fur trade, where a vaguely similar westerly breeze flowed up the lower Columbia River from the vicinity of the Chinook Indian villages; British Canadian and American settlers transplanted the chinook name first to the interior Columbia Plain and then, by the 1880s, to the northwestern Great Plains.", "precise_score": 7.666285514831543, "rough_score": 7.5215744972229, "source": "search", "title": "Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | CHINOOK STORIES" }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "Calgary, Alberta also gets many Chinooks – the Bow Valley in the Canadian Rockies west of the city acts as a natural wind tunnel, funneling the chinook winds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.826995611190796, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinook wind" }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "Quite often, when the Pacific Northwest coast is being drenched by rain, the windward side of the Rockies is being hammered by snow (as the air loses its moisture), and the leeward side of the Rockies in Alberta is basking in a foehn Chinook. The three different weather conditions are all caused by the same flow of air, hence the confusion over the use of the name \"Chinook wind\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.050602659583091736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinook wind" }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "In British Columbia and other parts of the Pacific Northwest, the word Chinook was once often pronounced . Presently, the common pronunciation throughout most of the Pacific Northwest, Alberta, and the rest of Canada, is , as in French. This difference may be because it was the Métis employees of the Hudson's Bay Company, who were familiar with the Chinook people and country, brought the name east of the Cascades and Rockies, along with their own ethnified pronunciation. Early records are clear that tshinook was the original pronunciation, before the word's transmission east of the Rockies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.95270299911499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinook wind" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "On rare occasions, Chinook winds generated on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains have reached as far east as Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.517810821533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chinook wind" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountain", "passage": "Winds - Rocky Mountain National Park (U.S. National Park Service)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.572787284851074, "source": "search", "title": "Winds - Rocky Mountain National Park (U.S. National Park ..." }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "Bora winds are also downslope winds. Like Chinook winds, they are relatively dry (due to the descending air), but, unlike Chinook winds, Boras are cold. Whereas Chinooks start as warm, moist air over the Pacific, Bora winds originate in very cold, dry inland areas of Canada and the Arctic and remain cool. Despite the warming caused by the air sinking down from the mountains, the Bora is still a cold wind because the air was so chilly and dry to begin with before crossing the Rockies. Bora winds are often caused by a strong cold front passing over Colorado from the northwest. After the front passes, the winds can reach speeds of 50-60 mph.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.247807741165161, "source": "search", "title": "Winds - Rocky Mountain National Park (U.S. National Park ..." }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "n. A warm dry wind that descends from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, causing a rapid rise in temperature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.947794437408447, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition and meaning - Wordnik" }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "n. a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.962779998779297, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition and meaning - Wordnik" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "A warm, dry wind that blows down the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of the United States. It is akin to a Foehn wind and approaches the Rocky Mountains from the Pacific Ocean. As it climbs the mountain, the air begins to expand and cool. Some of the moisture in the air condenses and falls to the ground as rain or snow. As the precipitation falls, great amounts of stored heat are released. The air that descends down the eastern slope of the mountain is drier and warmer, warming at a rate that is twice the cooling rate and resulting in rapid melting of the snow. White wispy clouds appear parallel to the mountain ranges. The strong westerly or southwesterly winds can attain speeds as high as 100 mph (160 kmph).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2847493886947632, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook wind | Article about chinook wind by The Free ..." }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "(lowercase) a warm, dry wind that blows at intervals down the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5736303329467773, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook | Define Chinook at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "Also called snow eater. a warm dry southwesterly wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.081666946411133, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook | Define Chinook at Dictionary.com" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "2. A warm dry wind that descends from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, causing a rapid rise in temperature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.904218673706055, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook - definition of chinook by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "1. (Physical Geography) Also called: snow eater a warm dry southwesterly wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0425310134887695, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook - definition of chinook by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "2. (l.c.) a warm, dry wind that blows at intervals down the E slopes of the Rocky Mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.373286008834839, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook - definition of chinook by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "These unusually warm, winter winds happen at mid-latitude locations throughout the world and they are known by other names. In the west and northwest USA they are called Chinooks, and they can happen at any location that has high mountains to the west, such as the Helena Valley (15 miles east of the Continental Divide). They are most common along the eastern slopes of the Rockies from northern New Mexico all the way up through Alberta (Canada). The area of Montana outlined by the yellow line (see map) is one place where Chinooks are especially common, and sometimes extreme.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6846767663955688, "source": "search", "title": "Montana Earth Science Picture of the Week" }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "3. The final ingredient is mountains. Since the Rockies are somewhat narrower and higher in the area of Glacier Park and the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Chinook winds are especially frequent in the zone shown within the yellow line on the map. To see an elevation map of Montana that shows how the mountains west of the Chinook Zone stand above mountains to their west and the prairie to their east CLICK HERE", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6372244358062744, "source": "search", "title": "Montana Earth Science Picture of the Week" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountains", "passage": "1A warm dry wind which blows down the east side of the Rocky Mountains at the end of winter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.21293044090271, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition of chinook in English from the Oxford ..." }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "‘A 2000 study published in Neurology found that when warm westerly winds, called the chinook winds, came off the Canadian Rockies, migraines increased in patients.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4549005031585693, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition of chinook in English from the Oxford ..." }, { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": "‘Along the eastern slopes of the Rockies, the Chinook wind provides a welcome respite from the long winter chill.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.554329752922058, "source": "search", "title": "chinook - definition of chinook in English from the Oxford ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Fox was born on June 9, 1961, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to Phyllis (née Piper), an actress/payroll clerk, and William Fox, a police officer and Canadian Forces member. ", "precise_score": 6.165936470031738, "rough_score": 5.423492431640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael J. Fox" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Michael J. Fox was born Michael Andrew Fox on June 9, 1961 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to Phyllis Fox (née Piper), a payroll clerk, and William Fox. His parents moved their ten-year-old son, his three sisters, Kelli Fox , Karen, and Jacki, and his brother, Steven, to Vancouver, British Columbia, after his father, a sergeant in the Canadian Army Signal Corps, retired. It was during these years that Michael developed his desire to act. At age fifteen, he successfully auditioned for the role of a 10-year-old in a series called Leo and Me (1978). Gaining attention as a bright new star in Canadian television and movies, Michael realized his love for acting when he appeared on stage in \"The Shadow Box\". At age 18, he moved to Los Angeles and was offered a few roles in television series but early acting success ended fast when the roles stopped coming. For a while, he survived on boxes of macaroni and cheese. Then his agent called to tell him that he got the part of Alex P. Keaton on the situation comedy Family Ties (1982). He starred in the feature films Teen Wolf (1985), High School U.S.A. (1983), Poison Ivy (1985) and Back to the Future (1985).", "precise_score": 8.173140525817871, "rough_score": 8.352910041809082, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Michael J. Fox was born Michael Andrew Fox on June 9, 1961 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to Phyllis Fox (née Piper), a payroll clerk, and William Fox. His parents moved their ten-year-old son, his three sisters, Kelli Fox , Karen, and Jacki, and his brother, Steven, to Vancouver, British Columbia, after his father, a sergeant in the Canadian Army ... See full bio »", "precise_score": 8.777318954467773, "rough_score": 9.220294952392578, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "On June 9, 1961, six years after Marty McFly’s parents are supposed to meet in Back to the Future, Michael J Fox is born in Canada to a police officer and an actress. His father’s career meant that the family spent time moving around the country, eventually settling in Vancouver in 1971.", "precise_score": 8.441408157348633, "rough_score": 8.596418380737305, "source": "search", "title": "Back to the Future: a timeline of Michael J Fox’s career" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Since 2001, Fox has mainly worked as a voice-over actor in films such as Stuart Little and Disney's Atlantis: The Lost Empire. On the CBS TV show The Good Wife, he earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning. Fox has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in Boston Legal, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm and Rescue Me. He has released three books: Lucky Man: A Memoir (2002), Always Looking Up: The Adventures of an Incurable Optimist (2009), and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Future: Twists and Turns and Lessons Learned (2010). He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010. He also was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.955007553100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael J. Fox" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Fox's family lived in various cities and towns across Canada because of his father's career. The family finally moved to the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby, British Columbia, when his father retired in 1971. His father died on January 6, 1990, from a heart attack. Fox attended Burnaby Central Secondary School, and now has a theatre named for him in Burnaby South Secondary. Fox, at age 15, starred in the Canadian television series Leo and Me produced by the CBC, and in 1979, at age 18, he moved to Los Angeles to further his acting career. Shortly after his marriage, he decided to move back to Vancouver. Fox is one of four members of the Leo and Me cast and crew who eventually developed Parkinson's disease in mid-life, an unusually high number that led to some investigation as to whether an environmental factor may have played a role. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.313231468200684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael J. Fox" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Fox also made several appearances in other media. At the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony in Vancouver, Canada, he delivered comedy monologues, along with William Shatner and Catherine O'Hara, in the \"I am Canadian\" part of the show. Along with Tatjana Patitz, Fox appears in the 2011 Carl Zeiss AG calendar, photographed by Bryan Adams in New York City in the summer of 2010. Despite a sound-alike, A.J Locascio, voicing his character of Marty McFly in the 2011 Back to the Future episodic adventure game, Fox lent his likeness to the in-game version of Marty alongside Christopher Lloyd. Fox made a special guest appearance in the final episode of the series as an elder version of Marty, as well as his great-grandfather Willie McFly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.101847171783447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael J. Fox" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Canada's Walk of Fame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478662490844727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael J. Fox" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "* 2000: Inducted, Canada's Walk of Fame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454791069030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael J. Fox" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Like most Canadian kids, Fox loved hockey and dreamed of a career in the National Hockey League. In his teens, his interests expanded. He began experimenting with creative writing and art and played guitar in a succession of rock-and-roll garage bands before ultimately realizing his affinity for acting. Fox debuted as a professional actor at 15, co-starring in the sitcom Leo and Me on Canadian Broadcasting Corp. (CBC) with future Tony Award-winner Brent Carver. Over the next three years, he juggled local theater and TV work, and landed a few roles in American TV movies shooting in Canada. When he was 18, Fox moved to Los Angeles. He had a series of bit parts, including one in CBS' short-lived (yet critically acclaimed) Alex Haley/Norman Lear series \"Palmerstown USA\" before winning the role of lovable conservative Alex P. Keaton on NBC's enormously popular \"Family Ties\" (1982-89). During Fox's seven years on \"Ties,\" he earned three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe, making him one of the country's most prominent young actors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.289765357971191, "source": "search", "title": "Parkinson's Disease | The Biography of Michael J. Fox: On ..." }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Fox is the recipient of honorary degrees from The Karolinska Institute in Sweden, New York University, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the University of British Columbia. He also has received numerous humanitarian awards for his work and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.429501056671143, "source": "search", "title": "Parkinson's Disease | The Biography of Michael J. Fox: On ..." }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Has a theatre named after him located in his hometown of Burnaby, Brtitish Columbia, Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420076370239258, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Once lived in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342719078063965, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto, Ontario in September 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319112777709961, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Admits there was a period when he was living, and working in the United States illegally, and would not return to Canada, for fear of not being allowed back in to the United States. Had to hire immigration lawyers to \"straighten it all out\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47087287902832, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": " 2010 Canada for Haiti (TV Movie documentary)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525162696838379, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Admits there was a period when he was living, and working in the United States illegally, and would not return to Canada, for fear of not being allowed back in to the United States. Had to hire immigration lawyers to \"straighten it all out\". See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4671630859375, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Nationality: Canada", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295064926147461, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Born on: 9th Jun 61 Born in: Canada Marital status: Married Occupation: Actor, Author and Producer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73831558227539, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox Net Worth - biography, quotes, wiki, assets ..." }, { "answer": "Canada", "passage": "Michael J Fox  net worth is estimated at $65 million.  Fox is a famous Hollywood actor of Canadian origin. He started his career in showbiz way back in the late 1970s with his successful 1980 debut film “Midnight Madness”. Fox again proved his acting capabilities in the hugely successful film series “Back to the Future”. Fox’s starring role in the American TV sitcom “Family Ties” earned him three Emmy awards and a Golden Globe Award. The artist has also tried his luck as a voice artist in the blockbuster “Stuart Little” movie series. Fox has also penned several successful books. All these became the source to Michael J Fox  net worth. Michael’s acting prowess has transformed him into a multimillionaire with an estimated net worth of \"$65 million\". Remuneration from films has provided more than half of Michael J Fox  net worth. A sizeable amount of money has also been made by acting in blockbuster TV sitcoms. MNC giant Pepsi has tapped into Fox’s immense popularity to sell their soft drinks and signed up the actor in a lucrative endorsement deal. Books authored by the artist have also registered impressive sales bringing in a lot of royalty money to Michael J Fox  net worth. The actor’s massive bank balance has ensured that he can easily afford to give all material comforts of life to his family. Fox loves large mansions and currently resides in a massive 6 bedroom property situated in the middle of a 1.2 acre estate in Southampton, New York valued at \"$6.4 million\", thanks to the huge Michael J Fox  net worth. Michael once owned a massive 121 acre farmhouse in Vermont but has moved out of it many years back. The actor is the perfect family man and devotes a lot of quality time to his wife and kids. Fox’s bitter battle with Parkinson’s disease spanning almost a quarter of a century has turned him into a staunch advocate of stem cell research in the hope of finding a cure to this disease. The Michael J. Fox Foundation started by the actor tries to find a remedy to Parkinson’s disease by funding advanced genetic research. This act added a cute charisma to Michael J Fox  net worth. Michael Fox was born in Canada and is the only son of actress Phyllis and police officer William Fox. He grew up in a very stable family environment. Fox’s personal life has been completely free of any kind of controversy and he enjoys the well-earned reputation of a committed family man. The actor met actress Tracy Pollan during the filming of the movie \"Family Ties\" and tied the knot on July 1988. The happy couple has been blessed with four children. The artist was diagnosed with the Parkinson disease more than 20 years back but fortunately he has managed to overcome the calamity and has recovered to a great extent with the aid of medication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4541586637496948, "source": "search", "title": "Michael J. Fox Net Worth - biography, quotes, wiki, assets ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "30", "passage": "Due to concerns within the financial community over the debt load of his companies, Ted Turner was forced to sell MGM's production and distribution assets to United Artists for $300 million on August 26, 1986. The MGM lot and lab facilities were sold to Lorimar-Telepictures. Turner kept the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television library, along with the Associated Artists Productions library, Gilligan's Island and its animated spin-offs, and the RKO Pictures films that United Artists had previously purchased.", "precise_score": -5.8983354568481445, "rough_score": -8.415010452270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Artists" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "Heaven's Gate finished shooting in March 1980, having cost nearly $30 million. Reportedly, during post-production Cimino changed the lock to the studio's editing room, prohibiting executives from seeing the film until he completed his cut, although Cimino disputes the story. Working with Oscar-winning editor William H. Reynolds, Cimino slaved over his project. As one person involved in the project noted, \"Michael didn't want respect. He wanted awe. The idea was that the magic man was in his workshop doing his magic, and we should all just leave him alone and let him finish.\"", "precise_score": -8.762524604797363, "rough_score": -8.059028625488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heaven's Gate (film)" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "To get it right, Cimino was shooting as many as 30 takes of shots and printing nearly every one, burning through $200,000 a day and $1 million per week. Actor Brad Dourif recalled, “I’m not used to seeing fifty seven takes. I’m really not. I’m not used to doing a minimum of thirty-two takes. He wanted to try a bunch of different ways. It was like workshopping on film, you know, we did the happy version, we did the crying version, we did the furious version. I mean, each scene was taken to these degrees, beyond which you weren’t going for the ultimate take, you were going for a lot of choices.” At its current pace, Heaven’s Gate was on track to exceed its budget by 500% and end up costing United Artists a then stellar sum of $35 million.", "precise_score": -3.8412113189697266, "rough_score": -7.124230861663818, "source": "search", "title": "Horses and Wagons and Hats - This Distracted Globe" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "Schenck also formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They also began international operations, first in Canada, then in Mexico, and by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.990764617919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Artists" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "When he was denied an ownership share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures' merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox. Al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. A number of other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including: Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, and Walter Wanger. As the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these \"producing partners\" drifted away, Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.572091102600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Artists" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "In the late 1930s, UA actually turned a profit. Samuel Goldwyn Productions was providing most of the output for distribution. Goldwyn sued United several times for disputed compensation leading Goldwyn Productions to leave. MGM's 1939 hit Gone with the Wind, the top money maker of all time, was supposed to be a UA release except that Selznick wanted Clark Gable, who was under contract to MGM, to play Rhett Butler. Also that year Fairbanks died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898098945617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Artists" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "By summer 1988, the mass exodus of executives started to affect productions, with many film cancellations. The 1989 sale of MGM/UA to the Australian company Qintex/Australian Television Network (owners of the Hal Roach library both MGM and UA distributed in the 1930s) also fell through, due to the company's bankruptcy later that year. On November 29, 1989, Turner Broadcasting System (the owners of the pre-May 1986 MGM library) attempted to buy entertainment assets from Tracinda Corporation, including MGM/UA Communications Co. (which also included United Artists, MGM/UA Home Video, and MGM/UA Television Productions), but failed. UA was essentially dormant after 1990, releasing no films for several years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784995079040527, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Artists" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "On November 2, 2006, MGM announced that actor Tom Cruise and his long-time production partner Paula Wagner were resurrecting UA. This announcement came after the duo were released from a fourteen-year production relationship at Viacom-owned Paramount Pictures earlier that year. Cruise, Wagner and MGM Studios created United Artists Entertainment LLC and the producer/actor and his partner owned a 30% stake in the studio, with the approval by MGM's consortium of owners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813097953796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Artists" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "In the fall of 2012, the film was re-released to \"soak up acclaim\" as a 216-minute \"director's cut\" at the 69th Venice Film Festival on August 30 in the presence of Cimino, followed one month later by screening at the New York Film Festival, and then at the Festival Lumière in France. Venice Festival director Alberto Barbera described the film as an \"absolute masterpiece\" that had disappeared, and whose 1980 cutting was characterized as a \"massacre\" by nervous producers and had been \"one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history\" that had destroyed careers (Cimino and Kristofferson) following \"annihilat[ing]\" critical reviews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.77981185913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Heaven's Gate (film)" }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "When the last of the film was finally in the can, a production that was originally budgeted for $11.6 million cost nearly $30 million to shoot and racked up another $10 million or so in other expenses. The final production cost amounted to over $120 million in today’s money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028838157653809, "source": "search", "title": "Was “Heaven’s Gate” the Worst Movie Ever Filmed in a ..." }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "Cast and crew were bundled into vans at 3:30 each the morning, still clutching their pillows so they could catch a bit more sleep as they were ferried to the location. When they finally got there, the day's filming was long and potentially even dangerous, as Cimino whipped up a dervish of dust, wagons and gunfire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195840835571289, "source": "search", "title": "10 stories of excess from the production of Heaven's Gate ..." }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "Then, just as Cimino finally began to get Heaven's Gate back on schedule, the production's reputation in the eyes of the world's press took a major blow. A journalist named Les Gapay, having been refused a request to visit the set of Heaven's Gate, got a job as an extra on the set. Gapay spent two months getting paid $30 a day on Cimino's secretive production, and emerged with a story of obsession and excess that was quickly picked up by newspapers all over the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.089298248291016, "source": "search", "title": "10 stories of excess from the production of Heaven's Gate ..." }, { "answer": "thirty", "passage": "Thirty-four years on, and Heaven's Gate has enjoyed a certain amount of critical reassessment, yet its title is still a byword for vast expenditure. But as well as a tale of excess and financial disaster, Heaven's Gate is also the story of a director seduced by his own grand vision. A crewmember once said that Cimino had fallen in love with his own movie. That adoration in turn led to an obsessive pursuit of what he thought was perfection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.197731971740723, "source": "search", "title": "10 stories of excess from the production of Heaven's Gate ..." }, { "answer": "30", "passage": "The studio got its first peek at Heaven’s Gate on June 6, 1979 when Bach and David Field made the trip to Kalispell to view about 30 minutes of the film. Bach recalled, “The footage was ravishing. There was nothing that anybody on Earth could say to criticize the footage, so we knew it wasn’t the case of a production that was falling apart. We never thought it was a case of Michael sitting in his trailer eating chocolates and watching television when he should have been out on the set. That was never the issue. The issue was we didn’t agree that you could take this much time to achieve perfection. And if you continue to take this much time to achieve perfection, you’re going to break our bank and there’s not going to be any company to release the picture.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.643621444702148, "source": "search", "title": "Horses and Wagons and Hats - This Distracted Globe" } ]

[ { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "Love Changes Everything is a song from the musical Aspects of Love, composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber, with a lyric written by Charles Hart and Don Black. It is first sung in the musical by the character Alex Dillingham, which was originated by Michael Ball in both the London and Broadway casts. The song was released as a single in 1989, also sung by Ball, and stayed in the UK singles chart for 14 weeks, peaking at #2 and becoming Ball's signature tune. The song was later featured on Ball's 1992 self titled debut album and Love Changes Everything: The Collection. ", "precise_score": 7.713594436645508, "rough_score": 4.785698890686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Love Changes Everything (song)" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "Love Changes Everything Lyrics - Aspects of Love musical", "precise_score": 2.416200637817383, "rough_score": -0.819297194480896, "source": "search", "title": "Aspects of Love: Love Changes Everything Lyrics" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "Musical: Aspects of Love. Song: Love Changes Everything. Broadway musical soundtrack lyrics. Song lyrics from theatre show/film are property & copyright of their owners, provided for educational purposes", "precise_score": 5.748523712158203, "rough_score": 4.044447898864746, "source": "search", "title": "Aspects of Love: Love Changes Everything Lyrics" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "In the prologue to Aspects of Love, a young Englishman, Alex, is lovestruck by a French actress, Rose. This upends his world, and he sings that \"Love changes everything ... How you live and / How you die\" for better or for worse. He notes that love \"Makes fools of everyone\" and concludes that, once love strikes, \"Nothing in the / World will ever / Be the same.\" Musically, it is a \"simple, effective three-chord piano-accompanied anthem\". The song became the best-known number from Aspects of Love and it \"delivered yet more proof that Andrew Lloyd Webber could deliver soaring, anthemic ballads\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.339174509048462, "source": "wiki", "title": "Love Changes Everything (song)" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "The song was featured at the 44th Tony Awards. Artists who have covered it include Jonathan Antoine, John Barrowman, Sarah Brightman, Michael Crawford, Il Divo (with Michael Ball), Audra McDonald, Nana Mouskouri, Marti Webb, Opportunity Knocks winner Mark Rattray, Anthony Warlow, and Hayley Westenra. The Off-Broadway spoof revue Forbidden Broadway picked up on the bed-hopping aspect of Aspects of Love, changing the song to \"We Sleep with Everyone\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.008087158203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Love Changes Everything (song)" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "Aspects of Love is a musical with a book and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Don Black and Charles Hart. It is famous for the song \"Love Changes Everything.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.162964344024658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aspects of Love" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "Lloyd Webber was introduced to Aspects of Love in 1979, when he and Tim Rice were approached to write a few songs for a proposed film version. When nothing came of it, he suggested to Trevor Nunn that they collaborate on a stage adaptation. In 1983, they presented a cabaret of numbers they had written, but it was not until five years later that they tackled the project in earnest. For the finished project, Lloyd Webber used at least five of the tunes he had written for the 1986 one-act musical Cricket, which he had written with Tim Rice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.581076622009277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aspects of Love" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "The West End production, directed by Trevor Nunn and choreographed by Gillian Lynne, opened on April 17, 1989 at the Prince of Wales Theatre, where it ran for 1,325 performances. The original cast included Ann Crumb as Rose Vibert, Michael Ball as Alex Dillingham, Kevin Colson as George Dillingham, Kathleen Rowe McAllen as Giulietta Trapani and Diana Morrison as Jenny Dillingham. Sarah Brightman, Barrie Ingham, and Michael Praed were among the replacements later in the run. Former James Bond actor Roger Moore was due to star as George in the production but left two weeks before opening night. He later stated in an interview that he was unable to cope with the technical side of singing in Aspects of Love, and that the production required someone with experience of orchestras. Following his departure, understudy Kevin Colson took over the role. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.414772987365723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aspects of Love" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "The Broadway production, with the same creative team and many of the original London cast, opened on April 8, 1990 at the Broadhurst Theatre and closed on March 2, 1991 after 377 performances and 22 previews. Brightman and John Cullum joined the cast later in the run. The reviews were lackluster and New York Times critic Frank Rich wrote in a negative review \"Whether Aspects of Love is a musical for people is another matter.\" When the musical closed, the entire $8 million investment was lost, which, according to the New York Times, made it \"perhaps the greatest flop in Broadway history.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11957836151123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aspects of Love" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "In 1991, a \"chamber\" version of the show with Keith Michell was mounted in Canada. It subsequently toured in America and a similar production was staged in Australia. Aspects of Love was produced in Japan, the Philippines, Hungary, Finland, and Denmark as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9279584884643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aspects of Love" }, { "answer": "Aspects of Love", "passage": "Popular Aspects of Love Songs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.456603050231934, "source": "search", "title": "Love Changes Everything Lyrics - \"Aspects of Love\" Soundtrack" } ]

[ { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers (born Leonard Franklin Slye; November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998) was an American singer and cowboy actor who was one of the most popular Western stars of his era. Known as the \"King of the Cowboys\", he appeared in over 100 films and numerous radio and television episodes of The Roy Rogers Show. In many of his films and television episodes, he appeared with his wife Dale Evans, his golden palomino Trigger, and his German Shepherd dog Bullet. His show ran on radio for nine years before moving to television from 1951 through 1957. His productions usually featured a sidekick, often Pat Brady, Andy Devine, or George \"Gabby\" Hayes. In his later years, Rogers lent his name to the Roy Rogers Restaurants franchised chain.", "precise_score": 0.28416183590888977, "rough_score": -4.533787727355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Leonard Slye", "passage": "Rogers (Leonard Slye) was born to Mattie (née Womack) and Andrew \"Andy\" Slye in Cincinnati, Ohio. The family lived in a tenement building on 2nd Street, where Riverfront Stadium would later be constructed (Rogers would later joke that he was born at second base). Dissatisfied with his job and city life, Andy and his brother Will built a 12 x houseboat from salvage lumber, and in July 1912 the Slye family traveled up the Ohio River towards Portsmouth, Ohio. Desiring a more stable existence in Portsmouth, they purchased land on which to build a house, but the Great Flood of 1913 allowed them to move the houseboat to their property and continue living in it on dry land.", "precise_score": -1.3296674489974976, "rough_score": -3.501537799835205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "From his first film appearance in 1935, he worked steadily in Western films, including a large supporting role as a singing cowboy while still billed as \"Leonard Slye\" in a Gene Autry movie. In 1938, when Autry was demanding more money for his work, Slye was immediately rechristened \"Roy Rogers\". Actually, there was a competition for a new singing cowboy, and many western singers sought the job, including Willie Phelps of the Phelps brothers who appeared in early western movies. Slye ended up winning the contest and became Roy Rogers. Slye's stage name was suggested by Republic Picture's staff after Will Rogers and the shortening of Leroy, and he was assigned the lead in Under Western Stars. Rogers became a matinee idol and American legend. A competitor for Gene Autry as the nation's favorite singing cowboy was suddenly born. In addition to his own movies, Rogers played a supporting role in the John Wayne classic Dark Command (1940). Rogers became a major box office attraction. Unlike other stars, the vast majority of Rogers' leading roles allowed him to play a character with his own name in the manner of Gene Autry. ", "precise_score": 1.9049999713897705, "rough_score": -3.4469361305236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Leonard Slye", "passage": "Leonard Slye", "precise_score": 0.45823293924331665, "rough_score": 1.7123512029647827, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Leonard Slye", "passage": "Leonard Slye - Dick Weston - Roy Rogers", "precise_score": 1.8033500909805298, "rough_score": -5.354442119598389, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "        On November 5, 1911, in a Cincinnati tenement, was born an ordinary boy named Leonard Franklin Slye who grew up to become that extraordinary American icon, Roy Rogers. Today, nearly one hundred years later, Roy's friendly smile still flashes from the old movie channels on TV and he has countless faithful fans all over the world. (To keep it simple, on this page we will refer to Len as \"Roy\".)", "precise_score": 0.42208096385002136, "rough_score": -3.351961851119995, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    In 1937, Leonard Slye became \"Roy Rogers\", but not right away. Because of contractual problems with Gene Autry, Republic Pictures hired Roy on October 13 and started grooming him as a replacement for the popular singing cowboy. He was given a new name, Dick Weston, and Pat Brady took his place with the Sons of the Pioneers. Roy finished recording as a member of the Sons of the Pioneers on December 16 when they cut their last side for ARC (Columbia Records)", "precise_score": -1.0335577726364136, "rough_score": -4.511264801025391, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers was everyone's image of what a cowboy should be, from his white Stetson with its silver hatband to his hand-tooled boots. His face was strong and handsome with eyes that squinted yet still showed a twinkle. His smile was warm and reassuring. Whether he was wearing fringed Western wear or a checkered cowboy shirt, he was the epitome of what a cowboy should be. He was the picture of honesty and integrity. And was there ever a more exciting sight than watching Roy and Trigger riding majestically across the television screen or a rodeo arena? No wonder three generations of kids (and adults) wanted to be like Roy Rogers. We wanted to look like Roy, dress like Roy, and be as honest and forthright as Roy.", "precise_score": -6.797882080078125, "rough_score": -7.077019214630127, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers, the King of the Cowboys, was actually born in the city. It was in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 5, 1911, that Leonard Slye (later to be known as Roy Rogers) was born to Mattie and Andy Slye. Years later, the building where he was born was torn down to make way for Riverfront Stadium (recently renamed Cinergy Field), the home of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team. Roy liked to say that he was born right where second base is now located. But the Slye family was never cut out for city life, so a few months after Roy was born, Andy Slye moved his family to Portsmouth, Ohio (a hundred miles east of Cincinnati), where they lived on the houseboat that he and Roy's uncle built. When Roy was seven years old his father decided it was time they settled on solid ground, so he bought a small farm in nearby Duck Run. Living on a farm meant long hours and hard work, but no matter how hard they worked the land there was little money to be made. Roy often said that about all they could raise on their farm were rocks. Eventually Andy Slye realized that he'd have to return to his old factory job at the United States Shoe Company in Cincinnati if he was going to be able to support his family. Since his father would be able to return home only on weekends, this meant that even more of the responsibilities for farm chores fell onto Roy's young shoulders.", "precise_score": -2.547393798828125, "rough_score": -5.836450576782227, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Back in Los Angeles the Pioneers continued radio work on KHJ along with more film work and recordings for Decca and OKeh. The enormous success of Gene Autry's films had caused just about every movie studio to jump on the singing cowboy bandwagon, and Columbia Pictures signed The Sons Of The Pioneers to appear in Charles Starrett's series of Westerns. In the meantime Gene Autry had grown unhappy with his contract with Republic Pictures and was threatening that he might not report for the start of his next film. Republic decided to prepare themselves just in case he carried through on this. One day while Roy (who was still known as Len Slye) was in a hat store in Glendale, he heard someone say that Republic was holding auditions for a singing cowboy the following day. \"I saddled my guitar the next morning and went out there, but I couldn't get in because I didn't have an appointment. So I waited around until the extras began coming back from lunch, and I got on the opposite side of the crowd of people and came in with them. I'd just gotten inside the door when a hand fell on my shoulder. It was Sol Siegel, the head producer of Western pictures.\" Siegel, who remembered Roy from the work he and the Pioneers had done in two of Gene Autry's films, asked what he was doing there. When Roy said he'd heard they were looking for another singing cowboy, Siegel asked if he'd brought his guitar with him. Roy said it was in his car, but that he'd run back and get it. By the time he got back to the producer's office he was out of breath and couldn't sing. Siegel told Roy to rest for a minute and then he'd listen to him. The wait must have been worthwhile, because on Wednesday, October 13, 1937, Republic Pictures signed Len Slye to a seven-year contract. Republic put him to work in the Three Mesquiteers film Wild Horse Rodeo in which billed as Dick Weston, he sang one song. Things were quiet for a few months until Gene Autry failed to report for the start of his next film. By then the studio was prepared, and they put Len Slye, who had been renamed Roy Rogers, into the lead role in Under Western Stars, the film that had been scheduled for Autry. When Under Western Stars was released in April 1938, it became an immediate hit, and it made a star of Roy Rogers. Gene Autry and the studio soon resolved their differences, but in the meantime Republic Pictures had launched Roy Rogers' career.", "precise_score": -4.94193696975708, "rough_score": -9.769219398498535, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "In his autobiography, \"Happy Trails: The Story of Roy Rogers and Dale Evans,\" the former Leonard Slye stated that his stage name of Roy Rogers was given to him by executives at Republic Pictures when he became their new singing cowboy to replace Gene Autry. The Rogers came from Will Rogers, the beloved western comic and storyteller who had recently died in a plane crash in Alaska and Roy was made the first name because it is the French word for \"king,\" as in \"Roy Rogers, King of the Cowboys.\" Roy said he had no input at all in the renaming decision.", "precise_score": -1.6388806104660034, "rough_score": -5.562745094299316, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Leonard Slye", "passage": "In 1935, Republic Pictures signed him to a seven-year contract at $75 per week. The studio did not believe an Ohio native with the name of Leonard Slye would sell, so they tried out a few names, the first one being 'Dick Weston'.", "precise_score": 0.8988863229751587, "rough_score": -7.092885971069336, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Leonard Slye", "passage": "Old Homestead (1935) (as Leonard Slye) .... Sons of the Pioneers", "precise_score": 0.23041027784347534, "rough_score": -5.7632036209106445, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "When Cincinnati-born Leonard Franklin Slye headed west in the spring of 1931, it was as a would-be musician, working jobs ranging from driving a gravel truck to picking fruit in California's Central Valley. In less than two years, he'd co-founded the greatest Western singing group of all time, the Sons of the Pioneers, and barely four years after that, he'd started a career as a movie star under the new name Roy Rogers. Ultimately he found great fame as a movie and TV cowboy and even founded a very successful chain of restaurants. He was born in Cincinnati, OH, the son of Andrew and Mattie Womack Slye. The entire household was musical, and by the time he was a teenager, Len could play the guitar and the mandolin. Although he later took on the role of a cowboy before the public, the closest he got to riding the range was working the family farm they had in a small town outside of Cincinnati. By age 19, he'd headed out to California, where chance led him to enter an amateur singing contest on the radio, resulting in an offer to join the Rocky Mountaineers. There he made the acquaintance of Bob Nolan. They developed a harmonious friendship that worked well within the group for several months, until Nolan exited in frustration over their lack of success. His replacement was Tim Spencer, and eventually Slye, Spencer, and another singer named Slumber Nichols quit the Rocky Mountaineers in the spring of 1932 to form a trio of their own, which never quite came off. Slye decided to push on, joining Jack LeFevre & His Texas Outlaws. In early 1933, he got Spencer and Nolan together to form what was then known as the Pioneer Trio. Their mix of singing and yodeling, coupled with their good spirits, won them a job on radio. Within a few weeks, they were developing a large following of their own on LeFevre's show, with their harmony singing eliciting lots of mail. A fourth member, fiddle player Hugh Farr, was added to firm up their sound early in 1934. The group's name was altered by accident -- on one broadcast the station's announcer introduced them as \"The Sons of the Pioneers.\" The group sold large numbers of records from the very beginning, with the classic Nolan original \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\" cut at their very first session. Two more new members, Lloyd Perryman and Hugh Farr's guitarist brother Karl, were added, and by the mid-'30s the sextet was one of the top-selling country acts, performing to sell-out audiences and sought by radio stations and sponsors eager to back them on the air. During this period, Slye did occasional work as a movie extra and bit player in B-Westerns under the name Dick Weston at Republic Pictures, where the reigning king of Western movies was another singer, Gene Autry, whose records outsold even the Pioneers'. In 1938, Autry entered into a contractual dispute with Republic that resulted in his failure to report for his next movie. Republic, anticipating the dispute, had put out the word -- apparently more as a ploy than a real attempt at replacing their top male star -- that they were looking for a new leading actor for their Westerns. Slye tried sneaking onto the lot with a group of extras and was caught, but a sympathetic director permitted him to take a screen test. He tested extremely well and got the part. At the time, the Pioneers had just signed a contract with Columbia Pictures to appear in and play musical support to Charles Starrett in a series of B-Westerns, and he was forced to leave the group in order to sign his own contract at Republic. A new name was required and \"Roy Rogers\" was selected, the \"Rogers\" coming from Will Rogers and \"Roy\" coming off of a list. He made his debut in Under Western Stars; not only did it introduce Rogers as a new star, but also his horse, Trigger. A long-term contract followed, and for the next 13 years, he was one of the studio's mainstays, rivaling and later surpassing Autry at the box office. By 1940, Rogers was successful enough to approach Republic with a request for a salary increase. The studio was notoriously reticent on such matters, and he was denied any raise. But in lieu of the request, he extracted a much more valuable concession -- the rights to the name Roy Rogers and all merchandising that went with it. The early '40s saw Rogers turn into a national institution. His Westerns became even more popular and accessible once they were taken out of the \"historic\" West of the 19th century and moved into the modern West, which allowed for more freedom in plotting and dialogue. With director Joseph Kane helming his movies, Rogers became the undisputed \"King of the Cowboys\" after Autry joined the U.S. Army Air Force in 1942. By 1944, however, the movies and records represented only a small part of the success that Rogers had achieved. The merchandising of Rogers memorabilia and other items -- not just toys, but cereals and electric ranges -- coupled with a syndicated radio show made him one of the most familiar figures in popular culture throughout the war years. In 1944, with his first teaming with featured actress Dale Evans, the next major element in his screen success was in place. Their relationship was, at first, purely professional, but their chemistry on screen was undeniable, and Republic was soon pairing them up regularly. With the return of master action director William Witney from service in the war during 1945, Rogers' film career was poised for success for years to come, as Witney toughened up the Rogers movies and elevated their action sequences. All of this success, and the whirlwind of activity surrounding it, was negated by the death of Rogers' wife, Arline, from an embolism following the birth of their son, Roy Jr., on November 3, 1946. Rogers continued making movies and recording, along with his personal appearances and radio broadcast. In the course of their work together in pictures, he and Evans (who had already been designated \"The Queen of the West\" by Republic's publicity office) became ever closer. Finally, on December 31, 1947, the two were married. They made movies together for the remainder of the 1940s, and when the market for B-Westerns began to disappear with the advent of television, Rogers followed the lead of Western star William (\"Hopalong Cassidy\") Boyd and devised a television series of his own. The Roy Rogers Show, starring Rogers and Evans and co-starring Roy's Pioneers replacement, Pat Brady, went on the air on NBC in December of 1951, beginning a seven-year network run that introduced his work to yet another generation of fans. His first solo recordings featured backup by Hugh and Karl Farr and Bob Nolan, and the complete Pioneers supported him in most of his recording sessions for the remainder of 1937 and 1938. Later on, however, Rogers was backed by Spade Cooley & His Buckle-Busters as well as various anonymous studio orchestras, although Karl Farr would turn up on his sessions as well into the 1940s. On record as a solo artist, Rogers was never as successful as the Pioneers or Autry, although he did have one promising early hit in 1938 with \"Hi-Yo Silver,\" which reached number 13 on the charts. Even Rogers' sessions on his own recordings with the Sons of the Pioneers, however, little resembled his earlier work as a member of the Pioneers, for his was now the lead voice. And where Bob Nolan and Tim Spencer (the principal songwriters within the group) never strayed too far from some contact with the reality of the West, Rogers' music quickly took on the aura of more typical Hollywood Western songs, pleasant but not generally profound. His covers of songs such as \"Don't Fence Me In\" are probably the best remembered versions, thanks to his movies, and as songs like \"San Fernando Valley\" or \"Home in Oklahoma\" reveal, he had an extremely appealing tenor voice, not as memorable as Autry's voice but very pleasing to the ear nonetheless. Perhaps the most well-known of all Rogers' songs was one written by Evans and (originally) recorded by them together, \"Happy Trails,\" which became the theme of The Roy Rogers Show. From the 1950s onward, his repertory included country music as well as Western songs and spirituals, the latter often recorded with Evans. Rogers continued to record into the 1970s, and he scored a hit in 1972 with \"Candy Kisses.\" He and Dale continued making personal appearances, often in the context of religious broadcasts and gatherings, as well as television broadcasts, into the early '90s. Rogers' main influence was in keeping the image of the singing cowboy alive. Along with Autry, who retired from personal appearances at the end of the 1950s, he was one of the most popular Western stars ever to record and was an influence on an entire generation of country & western singers that followed. In 1988, Rogers was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame, giving him a second spot (the first having come as a member of the Sons of the Pioneers, who had been elected some years earlier). Two years later, the next generation of country musicians, including Emmylou Harris and Randy Travis, participated in a most unusual record, The Roy Rogers Tribute, covering Rogers' best known songs with him, including an all-star rendition of \"Happy Trails.\" Two years later, Rogers, his wife, and eldest son recorded a new album of spiritual songs. Rogers died at his home in Victorville, CA, on July 6, 1998. ~ Bruce Eder", "precise_score": 1.2477285861968994, "rough_score": -4.646547794342041, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers (born Leonard Slye) moved to California in 1930, aged 18. He played in such musical groups as The Hollywood Hillbillies, Rocky Mountaineers, Texas Outlaws, and his own group, the International Cowboys. In 1934 he formed a group with Bob Nolan called Sons of the Pioneers . While in that group he was known as Leonard Slye, then Dick Weston... See full bio »", "precise_score": 0.9400112628936768, "rough_score": -3.416220188140869, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers (Leonard Franklin Slye) 1911-1998. Life as a kid in that era was often hard. In 1919, the Slye’s purchased a farm in Ohio. There they built a six-room home. Leonard's father soon realized that the farm alone would provide insufficient income for his family, so he took a job at a shoe factory in Portsmouth. He lived there during the week and returned home on the weekends, bearing gifts for the family following paydays. One notable gift was a horse on which Leo", "precise_score": -1.7309249639511108, "rough_score": -6.133305549621582, "source": "search", "title": "Cowboys & Their Horses in Movies & Circuses - Astor Theater" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "nard learned the basics of horsemanship. Finishing eighth grade, he began high school, and after being ridiculed for falling asleep in class, he quit school and never returned. He joined his dad at the shoe factor to help make ends meet. The economic hardship of the Great Depression had followed them west, and the Slye’s soon found themselves among the economic refugees traveling from job to job picking fruit and living in worker campsites. At night around the campfires he played the guitar and sang, finally heading off with his cousin to start a music career and heading out on tour as the Slye Brothers. In 1932 a palomino colt was foaled and later named Trigger after he was acquired by Roy. After four years with little success he formed the “Sons of the Pioneers” hitting it big with the song Cool Water. His first film appearance was in 1935, in a supporting role as a singing cowboy. When Gene Autry walked out of a contract Leonard Slye was renamed Roy Rogers in the hit Under Western Stars turning him into a AA matinee attraction, a movie idol in both film and TV, and the TV series. Some of his movies would segue into animal adventures in which Rogers's horse Trigger would go off on his own for awhile, with the camera following him. Trigger got star billing right along with Roy Rogers on the posters. One of the sheriff’s favorite stories is about Trigger’s horse race in Pioneertown. During productions stunt men always hounded Roy to race them on his famous palomino. “Come on Roy, let us race Trigger\", the sheriff mimicked in his fake Texas drawl. Roy didn’t take up the challenge for a long time. Then one day, the sheriff claims, he finally relented. The race was to be from the Pioneer Bowl Saloon, a couple hundred yards up the street to the OK Corral, and back. The stunt man was mounted and waiting at the start line. Roy rode up, dismounted and asked “You ready?” “What do you mean? Aren’t you riding?” the cowboy was confused. “You said you wanted to race Trigger, not me. He’s ready.” Roy smiled. The stuntman thought about it for a minute. He was giving up over 150 pounds handicap, since Trigger had no rider; but, he figured there’d be no one spurring Trigger on or turning him around at the end of the street. He decided to give it a shot. As we all can guess, Trigger, one of the greatest, smartest, best trained ‘performing’ horses of all time won the race in a blow out. No one ever challenged him again.", "precise_score": -3.04988169670105, "rough_score": -8.199317932128906, "source": "search", "title": "Cowboys & Their Horses in Movies & Circuses - Astor Theater" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "With money from not only Rogers' films but his own public appearances going to Republic Pictures, Rogers brought a clause into a 1940 contract with the studio where he would have the right to his likeness, voice and name for merchandising. There were Roy Rogers action figures, cowboy adventure novels, and playsets, as well as a comic strip, a long-lived Dell Comics comic book series (Roy Rogers Comics) written by Gaylord Du Bois, and a variety of marketing successes. Roy Rogers was second only to Walt Disney in the amount of items featuring his name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700305938720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Rogers and Evans's famous theme song, \"Happy Trails\", was written by Evans; they sang it as a duet to sign off their television show. In the fall of 1962, the couple co-hosted a comedy-western-variety program, The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show, aired on ABC. It was cancelled after three months, losing in the ratings to The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS. He also made numerous cameo or guest appearances on other popular television shows, starring as himself or other cowboy-type characters, such as in an episode of Wonder Woman called \"The Bushwackers\". Rogers also owned a Hollywood production company which handled his own series. It also filmed other undertakings, including the 1955–1956 CBS western series Brave Eagle starring Keith Larsen as a young peaceful Cheyenne chief, Kim Winona as Morning Star, his romantic interest, and the Hopi Indian Anthony Numkena as Keena, Brave Eagle's foster son.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.818839073181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "In 1968, Rogers licensed his name to the Marriott corporation, which converted its Hot Shoppes locations to Roy Rogers Restaurants, with which Rogers otherwise had no involvement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027557373046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "On February 8, 1960, Roy Rogers was honored with three stars on Hollywood Walk of Fame: for Motion Pictures at 1752 Vine Street, for Television at 1620 Vine Street, and for Radio at 1733 Vine Street. In 1983 he was awarded the Golden Boot Award, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028558731079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Rogers' cultural influence is reflected in numerous songs, including \"If I Had a Boat\" by Lyle Lovett, \"Roy Rogers\" by Elton John on his 1973 album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, and \"Should've Been a Cowboy\" by Toby Keith. Rogers himself makes an appearance in the music video for the song \"Heroes and Friends\" by Randy Travis. Rogers is referenced in numerous films, including Die Hard (1988) in which the Bruce Willis character John McClane used the pseudonym \"Roy\" and remarks, \"I was always kinda partial to Roy Rogers actually.\" In the television series American Dad!, the character Roger uses \"Roy Rogers\" as a pseudonym in the episode \"Roy Rogers McFreely\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97420883178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roy Rogers" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    The story of Roy Rogers has been told and retold countless times. For a fuller insight into Roy's life, see the Books and the Bibliography sections for lists of titles. Roy and Dale wrote full biographies twice, Dale wrote several books based on their lives and both Roy's son and daughter wrote the story from their perspective. The following is an outline based on Robert W. Phillips' book, \"Roy Rogers\", McFarland, 1995, and covers only the years in which Bob Nolan was associated with Roy professionally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124784469604492, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    1938 brought his permanent name, Roy Rogers, and it also brought Trigger. There were several \"Triggers\" throughout Roy's career but the first Trigger, originally known as Golden Cloud, began his long association with Roy Rogers in their first film together, \"Under Western Stars\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.010442733764648, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    Roy was not only appearing in film, he was also making personal appearances to make ends meet. He was paid about $75 per week from Republic but his personal appearances paid for the postage on photos for he and Arline answered every fan letter. All his life, Roy respected his fans. \"If it weren't for them,\" he admitted, \"there wouldn't be a Roy Rogers.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382817268371582, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    In 1943 Roy toured Canada, attended President Franklin D. Roosevelt's 61st birthday. On April 18, Arline presented him  with their first child, a daughter, Linda Lou. Roy wrote a song in her honor. He was also featured on the cover of the July issue of Life magazine. He was voted number one Western star in polls conducted by various film magazines. (He kept that position until the polls ended in 1954.) Decca Records was selling 6,000 Roy Rogers records a week.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289775848388672, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    Whitman Publishing Company began putting out Roy Rogers books.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46412181854248, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    The Republic film, \" King of the Cowboys \", was released and Roy's own songbook, \"Roy Rogers' Own Songs\" was published by American Music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34761905670166, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    His shirts were becoming more elaborate. The Roy Rogers Championship Rodeo was being formed for touring and made its debut at the Los Angeles Coliseum. He rode Trigger on the Paul Revere ride from Boston to Concord for a bond drive plus a 3-week appearance at the Madison Square Garden Rodeo in the Fall. He attended the opening game of the World Series at Yankee Stadium, met Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey and former President Herbert Hoover. In November, he went on air with a program sponsored by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547561645507812, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    In 1945, Roy appeared in Col. Jim Eskew's Texas Rodeo in Philadelphia from September 23-30. The Roy Rogers Rodeo made its second appearance in Los Angeles and the crowd was estimated at 80,000. The Rodeo then toured Los Angeles, Houston, St. Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, Boston and New York plus the smaller cities between, finishing at Madison Square Garden in October. The Draft Board reclassified Roy as 1-A which meant he was close to being drafted. Then it was changed again to 3-A because of a change in deferment age. Roy was 34 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1759033203125, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    By 1946 there were 700 Roy Rogers fan clubs in the US alone and he was receiving close to 90,000 letters a month. Roy's \"Weekly Roundup\" radio show debuted over NBC, sponsored by Miles Laboratories. His annual income was reported to be $250,000 a year. 1946 also brought him the first of a series of personal tragedies. On October 28, Arline gave birth to their son, Roy Rogers Jr. and six days later she died of an embolism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283259391784668, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    His show costume was now designed by Nudie of Hollywood. He worked with children through 4-H clubs and was an advocate for safety among school children with the National Safety Council. Competitions were organized and Roy and Dale appeared in person to present the awards at the schools. \"The Roy Rogers Show\" was  aired Sundays at 6 pm on the Mutual Network, sponsored by Quaker Oats. Roy and Dale were joined by Foy Willing and the Riders of the Purple Sage who were hired by Republic Pictures to step into the Sons of the Pioneers' shoes. Dale wrote \"Happy Trails\" as the closing theme.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95686149597168, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "     At the end of the year, a Roy Rogers newspaper comic strip began, drawn by artists John Ushler and Peter Alvarado. The Roy Rogers Riders Club was organized and 1,700,000 children joined in the first three months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026798248291016, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Robert Wagoner, Roy Rogers and Bob Nolan, 1979", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986922264099121, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "    Even though Roy got his start with the Sons of the Pioneers and was always proud of them, he achieved his greatest fame in the years following through his television series, comics, rodeo and personal appearances with his wife, Dale Evans, and their children. His face appeared on countless commercial toys, books, furniture, food. He was cognizant of his responsibility as a role model for children and he tried to become \"Roy Rogers\" in every phase of his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199024200439453, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Sons of the Pioneers display in the Roy Rogers - Dale Evans Museum in Victorville, CA, 1992", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097257614135742, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard Slye - Bob Nolan - Poet Laureate of the West" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446285247802734, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Happy Trails: The Life of Roy Rogers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350822448730469, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "By the time Roy had completed his second year of high school, it was clear that their farm would never support the family, so he made the difficult decision to drop out of school and take a job with his father at the shoe factory in Cincinnati. Roy quickly discovered that factory work was just as hot, monotonous, and unpleasant for him as it was for his father. Since his older sister Mary had married and moved to Lawndale, California (close to Los Angeles), Roy and his father decided they should quit their jobs, pack up the car, and take the family out to visit her. Somehow their old car held together, and they eventually made it to Lawndale. (The old Dodge family car in which they made that trip is now on display at The Roy Rogers-Dale Evans Museum.) After a four-month visit the Slye family returned to Cincinnati, but by now the cold Ohio winters couldn't compete with the lure of California's warmer climate. A few months later Roy returned to Southern California, where the rest of his family soon joined him. Although the Depression was growing worse by the day, Roy and his father had hoped that jobs would be easier to find on the West Coast than they were in Ohio. However, California turned out to be just as hard hit as the rest of the country. Jobs were hard to come by, and they didn't tend to last very long. Roy worked at anything he could find, including driving a gravel truck on a highway construction crew until the truck's owner went bankrupt. In the spring of 1931 Roy went up to Tulare (located in central California's farm belt), where he picked peaches for Del Monte and lived in the same labor camps John Steinbeck wrote about so powerfully in his classic novel, \"The Grapes Of Wrath\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917783737182617, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Although Roy's film career was going well, he was concerned about his less-than-healthy financial situation and knew he needed better management. Early in 1940 Art Rush, who had been the West Coast head of RCA Victor Records, where he produced recording sessions by artists as diverse as Tommy Dorsey and Leopold Stokowski, invited him to lunch. Art had then become managing director of a major talent agency before starting a management company of his own. Over lunch Art said he wanted to represent Roy and that he felt he could do a good job for him. Although Roy liked Art Rush personally, he was concerned that a manager who represented Nelson Eddy wasn't exactly the right person for a cowboy like himself. Just as they were finishing lunch Roy asked Art where he was from. When he said he was from Ohio, Roy reached out his hand and said they had a deal. For the next 49 years (until his death in 1989), Art Rush represented Roy Rogers. Their handshake was the only contract they ever had.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170315742492676, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Over the course of the next few years Art Rush was able to have Roy's contract with Republic rewritten. Although it wasn't as financially rewarding as they had hoped, he did get the studio to include a clause giving Roy the right to his name, voice, and image. As innocuous as it may seem, this clause was actually the beginning of financial security for Roy and his family; Art Rush began negotiating deals with a number of companies to put out a wide variety of products bearing the Roy Rogers name. Before long there were Roy Rogers hats, shirts, and bandannas. There were Roy Rogers cap pistols, holsters, and lassos. There were Roy Rogers furniture, sheets, blankets, and clocks. Roy Rogers's wristwatches were sought after by countless kids, and the Roy Rogers lunch box became an essential part of growing up. Roy Rogers became the biggest individual name in product licensing, second only to the array of Walt Disney cartoon characters when it came to product endorsements. Roy was always concerned about the quality of any product that bore his name. If he found that a product was shoddy or unsatisfactory, he wouldn't renew his contract with that company, because any product that bore his name had to be of a high quality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646772384643555, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Any cowboy worth his salt has to have a sidekick. Smiley Burnette was Roy's sidekick in his first two films, followed by Raymond Hatton, who worked with him in three films. Early in 1939 Republic signed Gabby Hayes for the role of Roy's sidekick in Southward Ho. Although Gabby had already made a number of films with John Wayne and William (Hopalong Cassidy) Boyd, he is probably best remembered today for the many films he made with Roy Rogers. Right from the start the two of them developed a wonderful on-screen relationship with Roy as the young, sensible, fresh-faced hero and Gabby as his wise, experienced, but irascible sidekick. The two men got along just as well off camera as they did on. Roy always grew wistful when he spoke about how highly he thought of Gabby, whom he considered \"my father, my brother, and my buddy all rolled up in one.\" Roy and Gabby worked together in 40 films along with countless radio broadcasts and personal appearances, and they remained friends throughout Gabby's lifetime. As Roy's films became more and more successful, he began urging Republic to bring his old friends The Sons Of The Pioneers into his pictures. Finally, late in 1941 the Pioneers joined Roy in Red River Valley and worked with him in each of his films over the next seven years. In 1943 Roy was voted the #1 Western star at the box office, and Republic began billing him as the King of the Cowboys. A few months later he made a guest appearance in the Warner Bros. all-star wartime musical film Hollywood Canteen, in which he and the Pioneers introduced the Cole Porter song \"Don't Fence Me In.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.967819213867188, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "By 1944 Roy had starred in 39 films and had worked with almost as many leading ladies. All this changed when the studio cast Dale Evans in The Cowboy And The Senorita. The wonderful chemistry between Roy and Dale was apparent to everyone right from the start, as the movie screen lit up with a special kind of magic. Few women had ever made their mark in Westerns before Dale Evans came along. Maybe this was because Dale was different from most of those who had preceded her. She was intelligent, strong-willed, a good sport, a fine singer, and as beautiful as they come. So now Republic had Roy Rogers (the King of the Cowboys), Trigger (the Smartest Horse in the Movies), Gabby Hayes (the most-beloved sidekick), The Sons Of The Pioneers (the finest singing group to be heard), and they were now joined by Dale Evans (the most beautiful and vivacious leading lady in Westerns). The package was complete. The public loved them and life was good.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496652603149414, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Yet it often seems that just when things are going well the unexpected occurs. In October 1946 Arline Rogers gave birth to Roy Rogers, Jr., who they decided to call Dusty. However, a week later, while she was still in the hospital, Arline unexpectedly developed an embolism and died. When the shock began to wear off, Roy found himself a widower with two young daughters and an infant son. Although his and Arline's parents were there to help with the children, this was still an incredibly trying time for a man who just a short time earlier seemed to have everything going his way. A busy schedule of work along with the support of his family combined with his positive outlook on life helped Roy come through this very difficult period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256299018859863, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Ever since The Cowboy And The Senorita, Dale Evans had been working with Roy in his films, on his radio program, and at personal appearances around the country. Late in 1947 they were appearing at the rodeo in Chicago. One evening as they were waiting for the announcer to introduce them, Roy turned to Dale and asked if she was doing anything on New Year's Eve. When Dale said she hadn't planned anything, Roy suggested they get married that day. Before Dale could reply, Roy heard his introduction, and he and Trigger went racing out into the arena. When Dale got to the center of the arena she smiled and accepted Roy's proposal. Roy always grinned when he said that Dale must have really loved him, because when she married him he had three young children and 34 coon dogs. On New Year's Eve 1947 Roy and Dale were married on a ranch in Davis, Oklahoma, where a few months earlier they had filmed Home In Oklahoma. Art Rush was Roy's best man, and his wife, Mary Jo, was Dale's matron of honor. On December 31, 1997, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary at their home in Apple Valley, California. Their marriage presented Dale with the difficult responsibility of being stepmother to three young children while at the same time she balanced the demands of a busy career. But if there was ever a lady who was up to the challenge it was Dale Evans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873557090759277, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Almost immediately Roy went over to Paramount Pictures, where he costarred with Bob Hope and Jane Russell in the laugh-filled Western comedy Son Of Paleface. At the same time he and Dale were preparing their television series, The Roy Rogers Show, which premiered on NBC on December 30, 1951, and quickly became a regular part of Sunday evening viewing for millions of American families. A few months earlier Dale had decided that Roy needed a new theme song. He had been using \"Smiles Are Made Out Of The Sunshine,\" but Dale felt he needed a more Western-style song. Since he often signed his autographs \"Trails of happiness, Roy Rogers and Trigger,\" Dale came up with the idea for the song \"Happy Trails.\" Roy and Dale introduced the song on their weekly radio program, but it wasn't until they began singing it as the closing theme on their Sunday night television series that \"Happy Trails\" really caught the public's attention. Today the song has not only become synonymous with Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, but it also has truly become a part of Americana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763504028320312, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Only a month after Robin passed away, Roy and Dale were scheduled to open a long engagement at the rodeo at Madison Square Garden in New York, an appearance that had been scheduled almost a year earlier. Robin's life had strengthened their religious faith, and Roy wanted to use his position as a role model to encourage children to go to Sunday school. However, his decision to sing the inspirational song \"Peace In The Valley\" didn't please the Garden's management, who felt the song wasn't in keeping with the type of show they had in mind. Roy was asked to drop the song, but he refused. As far as he was concerned if they wouldn't allow him to sing this song, he'd just as soon pack up and go home. Roy stood firm, and the Garden's management finally backed off. His judgment proved to be right, as his heartfelt performance of \"Peace In The Valley\" brought a hush to the huge Madison Square Garden arena each evening. Roy Rogers always recognized his responsibilities to his audience, particularly the kids who had made his career possible. He realized that these children looked up to him and that he had an obligation to live up to their expectations. If this meant putting himself on the line, he was willing to do that if he felt the cause was right. Although there were a number of occasions throughout the years when his religious convictions and his patriotism hurt his career, Roy Rogers never backed away from the things in which he believed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18248176574707, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "The '50s saw the Rogers family grow to quite a large size. After losing Robin, Roy and Dale felt the need to bring another baby into their family, and once again it was Hope Cottage in Dallas that provided the answer. In the summer of 1952 Roy and Dale adopted a little American-Indian girl they named Mary Little Doe, but whom they soon began calling Dodie. Texas state law requires that an Indian child be adopted by someone with Indian blood. Fortunately, it turned out that the King of the Cowboys was part Indian, since his great grandmother on his mother's side was Choctaw, the same tribe as Dodie. (Interestingly, whenever Indians appeared in any of Roy's films he was always a friend to them. There isn't a single film in which Roy Rogers the cowboy is fighting the Indians.) Only a short time after Dodie's adoption Roy and Dale were appearing in Cincinnati, where they had invited a group of children from a welfare home to attend one of their performances. Roy asked if they had a boy around his son Dusty's age that could be brought to the show. The little boy they met that evening was small and malnourished and had been a victim of child abuse, yet he possessed the biggest and brightest smile imaginable. As soon as he reached out his small hand and said \"Howdy partner,\" Roy and Dale were captivated. That night they stayed up discussing whether or not they should adopt a child with as many problems as this little boy obviously had. When they returned home from their tour, they came back with two new children, Dodie and John David, whom they had decided to call Sandy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061702728271484, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Although Roy Rogers and Dale Evans enjoyed enormous success, they also experienced more than their share of sorrow. A few days after their daughter Debbie's 12th birthday, she and her church group were returning from an orphanage in Tijuana, Mexico, where they had just delivered clothing and toys. On a particularly treacherous stretch of road the church bus crashed, and Debbie and her best friend died. Then a year later their son Sandy died in his sleep while he was stationed with the Army in Germany. By this time Cheryl, Linda, and Mimi had married, and the house in Chatsworth was filled with too many memories, so Roy and Dale decided they should \"retire\" and move up to the high desert in Apple Valley, California. They purchased the Apple Valley Inn but quickly realized that running a hotel meant a full-time job for them. Although their \"retirement\" was short-lived, their move to the desert was permanent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18326473236084, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Late in the 1960s Roy entered the restaurant business with the chain of Roy Rogers Family Restaurants. The 1960s were a boom period for restaurant franchising. There was Minnie Pearl Chicken, Johnny Carson's Here's Johnny chain, Trini Lopez's Mexican food, Mickey Mantle's restaurants, and many more. The one thing that almost every one of these had in common is that they failed. The exception was the Roy Rogers Family Restaurants. Unlike most of the other franchise operations that had been started from scratch on limited capital, Roy had associated himself with the Marriott Corporation, which had a long history in the restaurant business. By tying in with a well-established company Roy avoided the problems so many other celebrities encountered when they entered the franchising business. By the '80s there were several hundred Roy Rogers Family Restaurants throughout much of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196501731872559, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Soon after moving to the desert Roy opened The Roy Rogers Museum, where he displayed the keepsakes of a lifetime. Years earlier he had visited the Will Rogers Home and Museum and was disappointed to see so few of Will's personal belongings on display. That visit led him to decide to save his memorabilia in case there was ever a Roy Rogers museum. Thanks to his years of collecting, there was no shortage of items to be put on display, and within a few years the museum had outgrown its building, so Roy asked his son Dusty, who had become a general contractor, to build a larger museum to house his collection. In 1976 the renamed Roy Rogers-Dale Evans Museum opened in nearby Victorville. A larger-than-life statue of Trigger rearing up on his hind legs greets visitors to this sturdy structure. As you walk throughout the museum you can follow the lives and careers of Roy and Dale and their family through the good times and the sad times. Roy always enjoyed visiting with his fans, and whenever time and health permitted, he was likely to be found at the museum happily shaking hands with visitors and having his picture taken with fans who were delighted to have an opportunity to discover that the cowboy hero they had admired from afar for so long was just as nice in person.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915901184082031, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers was a man who really didn't change over the years. Even though he became a hero to three generations of the world's children and adults, he continued to be the same decent, humble, and ever-smiling guy that he was back in the days of the Depression when he was struggling to make a living. He always remained grateful to the fans that had made his success possible and always felt a responsibility to live up to the public's image of him. Although health problems took a heavy toll during his last two years, Roy always retained that wonderful twinkle in his eye along with his optimistic outlook on life. Early on the morning of July 6, 1998, he passed away, but for the countless people who grew up with Roy Rogers as our cowboy hero, he and Trigger will always ride majestically through our thoughts and our dreams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041190147399902, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers was a man who unashamedly loved his God, his family, and his country. He was that rare public figure who was just the same on screen as he was off. He just wouldn't have known how to be anything else.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951013565063477, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Biography" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers Net Worth 2017-2016, Bio, Wiki - Celebrity Net Worth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501299858093262, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "In 1951, several years before the airing of his feature films on TV and just months before the premiere of his long running TV series \"The Roy Rogers Show\"(1951-57), Roy did TV Ads for \"Quaker Oats\" and \"Mother's Oats\" oatmeal. These commercials carried the then unusual slogan, \"Quaker and Mother's Oats (oatmeal) are the same\". However, things wouldn't remain the same. Following the TV success of \"Hopalong Cassidy\" feature films,\"The Lone Ranger\" (1949) and \"The Gene Autry Show\"(1950), \"The Roy Rogers Show\" debuted on Dec.30, 1951. \"Post Cereals\" was the sponsor and Roy's association with \"Quaker\" and \"Mother's Oats\" was soon forgotten.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113584518432617, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "The Roy Rogers/Dale Evans Museum has closed. All the memorabilia was sold at auction in April and May of 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364377975463867, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Besides his most famous role as Roy Rogers himself, \"King of the Cowboys\", Roy may be one of the few actors, if not the most famous one, to have played three of the West's greatest legends: Wild Bill Hickok, William F. Cody (aka Buffalo Bill) and Jesse James. Also, in Billy the Kid Returns (1938), he played the slain gunslinger as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119246482849121, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Arline Wilkins, his second wife, died a few days after giving birth to their son, Roy Rogers Jr. (Dusty). She had complications from the cesarean--a blood clot formed, traveled to her brain and killed her. Dale Evans, his third wife, became his children's mom when Dusty was 15 months old. He and Arline had three children: two girls and Dusty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345462799072266, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Once lived next door to actor Val Kilmer (when Val was a child). When Roy moved, the Kilmers later moved into to his old ranch. Then, in 1999, Val led a Trigger lookalike on stage at the 1999 Academy Awards in honor of Roy Rogers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266694068908691, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Star of Mutual (1944-1951) and NBC Radio's (1951-1955) \"The Roy Rogers Show.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22260570526123, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "The little town of Portsmouth, Ohio (USA) also claims to be the hometown of Roy. They also have a little museum with mementoes and hoofprints of Trigger, handprints of Roy and Dusty in the sidewalk in front of the museum. Every year they had a Roy Rogers Day and Roy or Dusty would make an appearance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196064949035645, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Net Worth - Celebrity Net Worth 2016" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Legends - Roy Rogers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363459587097168, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers was born in Cincinnati and never left the state of Ohio until he was 18 years old. He followed his father to California where the family worked as migratory fruit pickers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365803718566895, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "When Gene Autry walked off the lot in a contract dispute in 1938, it was Rogers' chance. Now billed as 'Roy Rogers', he had his first leading role in \"Under Western Stars\", as a singing cowpoke turned Washington Congressman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817984580993652, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "From 1951-57, he starred with Evans in \"The Roy Rogers Show\" (NBC), riding his horse Trigger while Evans rode her Buttermilk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931862831115723, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "There were all varieties of Roy Rogers merchandise on the market for the budding little cowboys.. I know I had my Roy Rogers pistols and spent many hours with my favorite comics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311062812805176, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Rogers and Evans hosted \"The Chevy Show,\" an NBC variety series a few times in the late 50s, then, in 1962, ABC gave them their own short-lived variety series, \"The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181928634643555, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "He opened the first Roy Rogers Museum in Apple Valley, as well as renting out the Apple Valley Inn right across the highway, and would often greet the many fans who came to see the exhibits. And, as often reported, his horse Trigger, who went to his last round-up in 1965, was mounted and displayed inside the museum for all to admire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656807899475098, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers won EACH YEAR from 1943 until 1954 when they stopped taking the poll", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442654609680176, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "as Roy Rogers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295279502868652, "source": "search", "title": "Legends - Roy Rogers - Learn About Movie Posters" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers Filmography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405176162719727, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Filmography - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers Filmography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405176162719727, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Filmography - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275890350341797, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Filmography - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Above is a 1954 re-release lobby card from DON'T FENCE ME IN (Republic, 1945), one of the best of Roy and Gabby's films. From left to right are Hugh Farr, Karl Farr, Roy Rogers, Tim Spencer, Dale Evans, Ken Carson and Gabby Hayes. This film includes Cole Porter's hit song \"Don't Fence Me In\" as well as a great rendition of \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\" by the Sons of the Pioneers. Dale Evans is a newspaper reporter out to do a story on 'Wildcat Kelly', a legendary outlaw who has been dead for decades. Dale discovers that 'Wildcat Kelly' is Gabby Hayes, who faked his death years ago and changed his ways from outlawry to honest citizen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078143119812012, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers Filmography - Old Corral" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers on Apple Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41982650756836, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351988792419434, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "How much of Roy Rogers's work have you seen?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51237964630127, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "- Roy Rogers and Dale Evans (1979) ... (performer: \"Skyball Paint\", \"Hazy Mountains\", \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\", \"Happy Trails\" - uncredited)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94182300567627, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": " 1962 The Roy Rogers & Dale Evans Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197943687438965, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "- Roy Rogers (1953) ... (performer: \"Tumbling Tumbleweeds\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014548301696777, "source": "search", "title": "Roy Rogers - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Roy Rogers at the Circus:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285749435424805, "source": "search", "title": "Cowboys & Their Horses in Movies & Circuses - Astor Theater" }, { "answer": "Roy Rogers", "passage": "Rogers joined with Eskew to tour the Roy Rogers’ Rodeo in 1946. He brought Bob Nolan and the “Sons of the Pioneers” with him to the show. In 1947 he joined Tom Packs for the Roy Rogers Thrill Circus. This show included the Statosphere Man, Victorio, the Antalek’s perch act, Mark Smith’s horses and Terrell Jacobs’ wild animal act. The Sons of the Pioneers rounded out the performance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896629333496094, "source": "search", "title": "Cowboys & Their Horses in Movies & Circuses - Astor Theater" } ]

[ { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American epic war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Russian American steelworkers and their service in the Vietnam War. The film stars Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken, John Savage, John Cazale (in his final role), Meryl Streep, and George Dzundza. The story takes place in Clairton, a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and then in Vietnam and in Saigon, during the Vietnam War.", "precise_score": 10.319729804992676, "rough_score": 10.29396915435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino dies; directed 'The Deer Hunter' and 'Heaven's Gate' | GuideLive", "precise_score": 9.18126106262207, "rough_score": 9.490635871887207, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino dies; directed 'The Deer Hunter' and ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino dies; directed 'The Deer Hunter' and 'Heaven's Gate'", "precise_score": 9.338605880737305, "rough_score": 9.540027618408203, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino dies; directed 'The Deer Hunter' and ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino, the Academy-Award-winning director of the acclaimed 1978 film \"The Deer Hunter,\" is dead.", "precise_score": 9.710222244262695, "rough_score": 8.482419967651367, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino dies; directed 'The Deer Hunter' and ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "MICHAEL CIMINO'S \"The Deer Hunter\" is a big, awkward, crazily ambitious, sometimes breathtaking motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since \"The Godfather.\" Though he has written a number of screenplays, Mr. Cimino has only directed one other movie (the 1974 box-office hit, \"Thunderbolt and Lightfoot\"), which makes his present achievement even more impressive. Maybe he just didn't know enough to stop. Instead, he's tried to create a film that is nothing less than an appraisal of American life in the second half of the 20th century.", "precise_score": 8.708073616027832, "rough_score": 8.947845458984375, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Screen: 'The Deer Hunter' - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "THE DEER HUNTER, directed by Michael Cimino; screenplay by Deric Washburn; story by Michael Cimino, Deric Washburn, Louis Garfinkle, and Quinn K. Redeker; director of photography, Vilmos Zsigmond; production consultant, Joann Carelli; art directors, Ron Hobs and Kim Swados; editor, Peter Zinner; music by Stanley Myers; produced by Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino, and John Peverall; released by Universal studios. At the Coronet Theater, 59th Street and Third Avenue. Running time: 183 minutes. This film is rated R.", "precise_score": 10.218257904052734, "rough_score": 10.052797317504883, "source": "search", "title": "Movie Review - - Screen: 'The Deer Hunter' - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino, director of the Oscar-winning Vietnam-era film \"The Deer Hunter,\" has died at the age of 77 (AFP Photo/Gabriel Bouys)", "precise_score": 9.19227123260498, "rough_score": 8.224020004272461, "source": "search", "title": "'Deer Hunter' director Michael Cimino dead at 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Washington (AFP) - Michael Cimino, who directed the Oscar-winning Vietnam War film \"The Deer Hunter\" but then saw his career fade with a big-money box office flop, died at the age of 77.", "precise_score": 9.692678451538086, "rough_score": 9.774575233459473, "source": "search", "title": "'Deer Hunter' director Michael Cimino dead at 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Director Michael Cimino, left, talks with actor Robert De Niro, wearing beret, during a break in filming of “The Deer Hunter” on location in Bangkok, Thailand, Sept. 11, 1977.(AP Photo/Neal Ulevich)", "precise_score": 8.73419189453125, "rough_score": 8.679835319519043, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino Dead: ‘Deer Hunter,’ ‘Heaven’s Gate ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "The film was based in part on an unproduced screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker, about Las Vegas and Russian roulette. Producer Michael Deeley, who bought the script, hired writer/director Michael Cimino who, with Deric Washburn, rewrote the script, taking the Russian roulette element and placing it in the Vietnam War. The film went over-budget and over-schedule, and ended up costing $15 million. The scenes of Russian roulette were highly controversial on release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.313528060913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "The film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Michael Cimino, and Best Supporting Actor for Christopher Walken, and was named by the American Film Institute as the 53rd greatest American film of all time in the 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list. In 1996, The Deer Hunter was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.384927272796631, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "There has been considerable debate, controversy, and conflicting stories about how The Deer Hunter was initially developed and written. Director and co-writer Michael Cimino, writer Deric Washburn, and producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley all have different versions of how the film came to be. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.948290824890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "After consulting various Hollywood agents, Deeley found writer-director Michael Cimino, represented by Stan Kamen at the William Morris Agency. Deeley was impressed by Cimino's TV commercial work and crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974).Deeley, p. 164 Cimino himself was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came to Play without losing the essence of the original. After Cimino was hired, he was called into a meeting with Garfinkle and Redeker at the EMI office. According to Deeley, Cimino questioned the need for the Russian roulette element of the script, and Redeker made such a passionate case for it that he ended up literally on his knees. Over the course of further meetings, Cimino and Deeley discussed the work needed at the front of the script, and Cimino believed he could develop the stories of the main characters in the first 20 minutes of film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.650690078735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Cimino worked for six weeks with Deric Washburn on the script.Realizing The Deer Hunter: An Interview with Michael Cimino. Blue Underground. Interview on the The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and the StudioCanal Blu-Ray. Cimino and Washburn had previously collaborated with Stephen Bochco on the screenplay for Silent Running (1972). According to producer Spikings, Cimino said he wanted to work again with Washburn. According to producer Deeley, he only heard from office rumor that Washburn was contracted by Cimino to work on the script. \"Whether Cimino hired Washburn as his sub-contractor or as a co-writer was constantly being obfuscated,\" wrote Deeley, \"and there were some harsh words between them later on, or so I was told.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.149759531021118, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "According to Cimino, De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette, to heighten the intensity of the situation. Cazale agreed without protest, but obsessively rechecked the gun before each take to make sure that the live round wasn't next in the chamber.DVD commentary by director Michael Cimino and film critic F. X. Feeney. Included on The Deer Hunter UK region 2 DVD release and the StudioCanal Blu-Ray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1367149353027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Zinner eventually cut the film down to 18,000 feet. Cimino later fired Zinner when he discovered that Zinner was editing down the wedding scenes.Deeley, p. 4 Zinner eventually won Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter. Regarding the clashes between him and Cimino, Zinner stated: \"Michael Cimino and I had our differences at the end, but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards.\" Cimino later commented in The New York Observer, \"[Zinner] was a moron ... I cut Deer Hunter myself.\"Griffin, Nancy (February 10, 2002). [http://www.observer.com/node/45582 \"Last Typhoon Cimino Is Back\"]. The New York Observer 16 (6): pp. 1+15+17. Retrieved 2010-09-18.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4155464172363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Its greatness is blunted by its length and one-sided point of view, but the film's weaknesses are overpowered by Michael Cimino's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro, Meryl Streep, and Christopher Walken.[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deer_hunter \"The Deer Hunter (1978)\"]. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2009-09-23.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.612475872039795, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "* Best Picture—Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino, and John Peverall (John Wayne's final public appearance was to present the award)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07392692565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "* Best Director—Michael Cimino", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.066298484802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "* Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen—Michael Cimino, Deric Washburn, Louis Garfinkle, and Quinn Redeker (lost to Robert C. Jones, Waldo Salt, and Nancy Dowd for Coming Home)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.972182273864746, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "The Region 2 version of The Deer Hunter, released in the UK and Japan, features a commentary track from director Michael Cimino. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.5328216552734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Deer Hunter" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino ( ; February 3, 1939 – July 2, 2016) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer and author. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.18930435180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Cimino's films are often marked by their visual style and controversial subject matter. Elements of Cimino's visual sensibility include shooting in widescreen (in a 2.35:1 aspect ratio), deliberate pacing and big set-piece/non-dialogue sequences.Andrews, p. 247. The subject matter in Cimino's films frequently focuses on aspects of American history and culture, notably disillusionment over the American Dream. Other trademarks include the casting of non-professional actors in supporting roles (Chuck Aspegren as Axel in The Deer Hunter, Ariane in Year of the Dragon).Cimino, Michael (director); Feeney, F. X. (critic). DVD commentary by director Michael Cimino and film critic F. X. Feeney. Included on The Deer Hunter UK region 2 DVD release and the StudioCanal Blu-ray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.753165066242218, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "One of his final projects was writing a three-hour-long adaptation of André Malraux's 1933 novel Man's Fate, about the early days of the Chinese Revolution. The story was to have focused on several Europeans living in Shanghai during the tragic turmoil that characterized the onset of China's Communist regime.Staff Reporter (September 4, 2001). \"Michael Cimino Discovers 'Man's Fate' in Shanghai\". Home Media Magazine. \"The screenplay, I think, is the best one I've ever done,\" Cimino once said, adding that he had \"half the money; [we're] trying to raise the other half.\" The roughly $25 million project was to be filmed wholly on location in Shanghai and would have benefited from the support of China's government, which said it would provide some $2 million worth of local labor costs. Cimino had been scouting locations in China since 2001.Biskind, Peter (March 2008). [http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/03/warmovies200803 \"The Vietnam Oscars\"]. Vanity Fair. Retrieved August 28, 2010. \"There was never a better time to try to do Man's Fate\", Cimino said, \"because Man's Fate is what it's all about right now. It's about the nature of love, of friendship, the nature of honor and dignity. How fragile and important all of those things are in a time of crisis.\" Martha De Laurentiis, who with her husband Dino helped produce Year of the Dragon and Desperate Hours with Cimino, read his script for Man's Fate and passed on it. \"If you edit it down, it could be a very tight, beautiful, sensational movie,\" she said, \"but violent, and ultimately a subject matter that I don't think America is that interested in.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123047828674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "However, the European DVD release of The Deer Hunter contains an audio commentary with Cimino as does the American DVD release of Year of the Dragon.Cimino, Michael (director) (2005). Commentary by director Michael Cimino. [Year of the Dragon Region 1 DVD]. Turner Entertainment Co.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.481245040893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "In 2011, the French movie critic Jean-Baptiste Thoret wrote a large profile on Michael Cimino for Les Cahiers du Cinéma. Cimino appeared on the cover.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89727783203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "In 2013, Thoret published in France an acclaimed book, Michael Cimino, les voix perdues de l'Amérique (lost voices of America). Flammarion. ISBN 978-2081261600", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072928428649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "After Cimino's success with The Deer Hunter, he was considered a \"second coming\" among critics. In 1985, author Michael Bliss described Michael Cimino as a unique American filmmaker after only three films: \"Cimino occupies an important position in today's cinema ... a man whose cinematic obsession it is to extract, represent, and investigate those essential elements in the American psyche ...\"Bliss, p. 147 Frequent collaborator Mickey Rourke has often praised Cimino for his creativity and dedication to work. On Heaven's Gate, Rourke has said, \"I remember thinking this little guy [Cimino] was so well organized. He had this huge production going on all around him yet he could devote his absolute concentration on the smallest of details.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.908138751983643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Film director/screenwriter Quentin Tarantino has also expressed great admiration and praise for Cimino's The Deer Hunter, especially with regards to the Vietnamese POW Russian roulette sequence: \"The Russian roulette sequence is just out and out one of the best pieces of film ever made, ever shot, ever edited, ever performed. ... Anybody can go off about Michael Cimino all they want but when you get to that sequence you just have to shut up.\" Tarantino also loved Cimino's Year of the Dragon and listed its climax as his favorite killer movie moment in 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.494983673095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Film director/screenwriter Oliver Stone, who collaborated with Cimino in Year of the Dragon (1985), said of Cimino: \"I have to admit I liked working with Michael Cimino, and I learned a lot from him.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.37708854675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "As I see it, Michael Cimino doesn't think in terms of dramatic values: he doesn't know how to develop characters, or how to get any interaction among them. He transposes an art-school student's approach from paintings to movies, and makes visual choices: this is a New York movie, so he wants a lot of blue and harsh light and a realistic surface. He works completely derivatively, from earlier movies, and his only idea of how to dramatize things is to churn up this surface and get it roiling. The whole thing is just material for Cimino the visual artist to impose his personality on. He doesn't actually dramatize himself—it isn't as if he tore his psyche apart and animated the pieces of it (the way a Griffith or a Peckinpah did). He doesn't animate anything.Kael, p. 35.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276457786560059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "John Foote questioned whether or not Cimino deserved his Oscars for The Deer Hunter: \"It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw The Deer Hunter and director Michael Cimino winning for Best Picture and Best Director — they would have done so.\"Foote, John (June 3, 2008). [http://incontention.com/2008/06/03/cimino-oscar-winnerbut-well-deserved/ \"Cimino and Oscar\"]. incontention.com. Retrieved May 9, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9386563301086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Cimino gave various dates for his birth, usually shaving a couple of years off to seem younger, including February 3, 1943; November 16, 1943;Pittman, Jo Ann (September 21, 1999). \"Michael Cimino\". Film Directors. and February 3, 1952.Garbarino, Steve (March 2002). [http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/classic/features/ciminos-final-cut-200203 \"Michael Cimino's Final Cut\"]. Vanity Fair (499): pp. 232–235+250-252. Retrieved August 27, 2010. Many biographies about Cimino, such as the \"Michael Cimino\" entries in David Thomson's The New Biographical Dictionary of FilmThomson, p. 178. and Ephraim Katz's Film Encyclopedia,Katz, Ephraim (1998). The Film Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 257. ISBN 0-06-273492-X. list his year of birth as 1943. In reference to Cimino's interview with Leticia Kent on December 10, 1978, Steven Bach said, \"Cimino wasn't thirty-five but a few months shy of forty.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071743965148926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Cimino" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "The cast is terrific! Robert De Niro, John Cazale, John Savage, Meryll Streep, and Christopher Walken. Need I say more. Christopher Walken won an Oscar for best supporting actor in this film. The script is beautifully written and the movie is filmed perfectly. I can find nothing wrong with anything about this movie. I mean, it did win 5 Oscars in 1978 including Best Picture and Best Director for Michael Cimino.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.824102401733398, "source": "search", "title": "The Deer Hunter (1978) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346901893615723, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino studied architecture and dramatic arts; later he filmed advertisements and documentaries and also wrote scripts until the actor, producer and director Clint Eastwood gave him the opportunity to direct the thriller Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974). But his biggest success was The Deer Hunter (1978) which won the Oscar for best film. ... See full bio »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.342974662780762, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "How much of Michael Cimino's work have you seen?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462850570678711, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "'Deer Hunter' director Michael Cimino dead at 77", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.9439239501953125, "source": "search", "title": "'Deer Hunter' director Michael Cimino dead at 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "'Deer Hunter' director Michael Cimino dead at 77", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.9439239501953125, "source": "search", "title": "'Deer Hunter' director Michael Cimino dead at 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino Dead: ‘Deer Hunter,’ ‘Heaven’s Gate’ Director Was 77 | Variety", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.152739524841309, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino Dead: ‘Deer Hunter,’ ‘Heaven’s Gate ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Michael Cimino , who won Oscars as director and a producer of “ The Deer Hunter ” before “Heaven’s Gate” destroyed his career and sped up the demise of 60-year-old United Artists, has died. He was 77.  Friends called the police when they couldn’t reach him and he was found dead Saturday at his Los Angeles home. Cause of death has not yet been determined.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.4095892906188965, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino Dead: ‘Deer Hunter,’ ‘Heaven’s Gate ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Cimino", "passage": "Directors Guild of America president Paris Barclay also issued a statement on the news late on Saturday: “With his visionary approach and attention to every detail, Michael Cimino is forever etched in the history of filmmaking. In his most iconic work, the DGA and Academy Award-winning film ‘The Deer Hunter,’ Michael captured the horrors of war through a personalized lens – captivating a nation in the process.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5972565412521362, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Cimino Dead: ‘Deer Hunter,’ ‘Heaven’s Gate ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "*Laa-Laa (played by Nikky Smedley in the original series and by Rebecca Hyland in the revival series) is the third Teletubby. She is yellow and has a curly antenna. Laa-Laa is very sweet, likes to sing and dance, and is often shown looking out for the other Teletubbies. Her favorite toy is an orange rubber ball.", "precise_score": 7.224758625030518, "rough_score": 6.052966594696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Teletubbies" }, { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "This past Halloween, Taylor Swift Instagrammed a throwback photo of a Teletubbies costume she wore as a child. The photo is black-and-white, but Swift said that she was Laa-Laa and none of the other kids got it. “When you dress as the yellow teletubby for Halloween, but it's before Teletubbies got huge so all the kids at school ask you why you're dressed as a yellow pregnant alien,” she captioned the photo.", "precise_score": 4.240811347961426, "rough_score": 5.000017166137695, "source": "search", "title": "10 Colorful Facts About 'Teletubbies' | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "No blue teletubby teletubbiesarts entertainment question what are tinky-winky dipsy Lots of all i am glad i know all i have Dipsy, laa-laa, and view the purple,mar Mixture of party decorations Baby animals vhs category Green la la la yellowthe mixture white help eddie color names and had the four -yellowuncategorized question what Purple dipsy green la la la yellowthe mixture Teletubbiesjul , friend of the poe friend Post,view teletubbies comes is no blue teletubby blue Reasonablyfunadvice what are the color and about teletubbies-names at read more", "precise_score": 5.675972938537598, "rough_score": 4.906003475189209, "source": "search", "title": "Teletubbies Names And Colors - gvocom.com" }, { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "Laa-Laa is a yellow Teletubby with a curly antenna (Which NF draws as a lightning-bolt shaped thing) and light yellow palms. She has brown eyes.", "precise_score": 8.022336959838867, "rough_score": 7.082005500793457, "source": "search", "title": "Laa-Laa - Ask-the-Teletubbies Wikia - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "teletubbies names and colors , the teletubbies names and colors , what are the teletubbies names and colors , teletubbies sun baby , the teletubbies tinky winky , what are the teletubbies names , what are the teletubbies names and colors , teletubbies tinky winky and po , teletubbies funny day vhs , teletubbies funny lady , the teletubbies dipsy , teletubbies names and genders , elementary school gymnasium , taekwondo korean character , taekwondo korean words , elementary school clip art free , elementary school gym equipment , free elementary school clip art , sanjay dutt house in mumbai , elementary school gym class , sanjay dutt cars collection , sanjay dutt house pictures , sanjay dutt house photos , sanjay dutt cars photos , teletubbies tinky winky , teletubbies wallpaper , teletubbies pictures , taekwondo wtf belts , taekwondo wtf logo , teletubbies funny , teletubbies names , teletubbies dipsy , teletubbies sun , Yellowthe mixture of i am glad Valley with lots of mind decided Am glad i am glad i think Shopping for unusual designs, repetitive non-verbal dialogue,this is use teletubbies Spicy chilly peppers, which blue teletubby teletubbies-names Which have to episodes, names, companies, keywords, characters chase the answer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.781301498413086, "source": "search", "title": "Teletubbies Names And Colors - gvocom.com" }, { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "Have to say, kristi, is where the known for Blue, black and names designs Had the any generalbest colors ofi had Names, kenn viselman inc didnt post,view teletubbies names dipsy Companies, keywords, characters behavior, bag and at read Dipsy green la yellowthe mixture of connotations contrasts are four , connotations contrasts are the tinky-winky, dipsy, laa-laa, and answer Movies tvcolorname i am glad Mind decided to make tubby custard, chase Picked out but colors find teletubbies yellowwhat are genders pictures Yellowthe mixture of a friend of the colours unusual winky purple dipsy green la la yellowthe mixture of name Four laa-laa, and colors picked out Behavior, bag and names Red, green, purple,mar , lots of entertainment question what reasonablyfunadvice what About teletubbies-names at read more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7270278930664062, "source": "search", "title": "Teletubbies Names And Colors - gvocom.com" }, { "answer": "Yellow", "passage": "Usingcollection of help eddie color is the -yellowuncategorized question what", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140564918518066, "source": "search", "title": "Teletubbies Names And Colors - 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[ { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan, the Democrats searched for ways to respond, but were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates, such as former Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale who lost to Reagan in the 1984 presidential election. Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of Gary Hart, who had challenged Mondale in the 1984 primaries running on a theme of \"New Ideas\", and in the subsequent 1988 primaries, he became the de facto front-runner and virtual \"shoe-in\" for the Democratic presidential nomination, before his campaign was ended by a sex scandal. The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders, who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy and were sometimes dubbed \"neo-liberals\". Arkansas governor, Bill Clinton was one such figure and in 1992 after the Democratic nomination was elected president, labeling himself and governing as a \"New Democrat\". The party adopted a centrist economic but socially progressive agenda, with the voter base after Reagan having shifted considerably to the right. In an effort to appeal to appeal to both liberals and fiscal conservatives, Democrats began to advocate for a balanced budget and market economy tempered by government intervention (mixed economy), along with a continued emphasis social justice and affirmative action. The economic policy adopted by the Democratic Party, including the former Clinton administration, has been referred to as \"Third Way\". The Democratic Party lost control of Congress in the election of 1994 to the Republican Party. Re-elected in 1996, Clinton was the first Democratic President since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected to two terms. Following twelve years of Republican rule, the Democratic Party regained majority control of both the House and the Senate in the 2006 elections.", "precise_score": 0.871051549911499, "rough_score": -2.8507800102233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Clinton was elected President in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, Clinton was the third-youngest president, and the first from the Baby Boomer Generation. Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history, and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass national health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994, for the first time in 40 years. Two years later, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected President twice. Clinton passed Welfare Reform and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. He was reelected to a second term in 1996.", "precise_score": 4.667346954345703, "rough_score": 5.760213851928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bill Clinton" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7 percent of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote), becoming the first Democratic incumbent since Lyndon Johnson to be elected to a second term and the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected President more than once. The Republicans lost three seats in the House and gained two in the Senate, but retained control of both houses of the 105th United States Congress. Clinton received 379, or over 70 percent of the Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes.", "precise_score": 6.234958648681641, "rough_score": 5.709803581237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bill Clinton" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Clinton's job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s throughout his first term. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s. After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point. According to a CBS News/New York Times poll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era. Clinton's average Gallup poll approval rating for his last quarter in office was 61%, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years. Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters.", "precise_score": -1.9318209886550903, "rough_score": 1.8296712636947632, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bill Clinton" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. Harry S. Truman, president when this amendment was adopted, was exempted from its limitations and briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election.", "precise_score": -5.562778472900391, "rough_score": 0.16577962040901184, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Clinton became the first Democrat to win a second term since Franklin Roosevelt in nineteen thirty-six.", "precise_score": 6.674100399017334, "rough_score": 6.650827407836914, "source": "search", "title": "American History: Bill Clinton’s Second Term - VOA" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Clinton ran for re-election in 1996 and defeated U.S. Senator Bob Dole (1923-) of Kansas by a margin of 379-159 electoral votes and with 49.2 percent of the popular vote to Dole’s 40.7 percent of the vote. (Third-party candidate Ross Perot garnered 8.4 percent of the popular vote.) Clinton’s victory marked the first time since Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945) that a Democrat was elected to a second presidential term", "precise_score": 5.276556015014648, "rough_score": 5.003289222717285, "source": "search", "title": "Bill Clinton - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term by a margin of nearly 5 million: 27,244,160 popular votes to Republican Wendell L. Willkie’s 22,305,198. The president carried the electoral college, 449 to 82. The new vice president was Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, chosen by the Democrats to replace the two-term vice president John Nance Garner who no longer agreed with Roosevelt about anything. Charles A. McNary was the Republican candidate for vice president.", "precise_score": -3.0521280765533447, "rough_score": -2.5321357250213623, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Republican Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. He lost a campaign for re-election in 1932 to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt , who went on to serve three full terms.", "precise_score": -2.4789464473724365, "rough_score": -1.577033281326294, "source": "search", "title": "One Term US Presidents - About.com News & Issues" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "When the Republicans nominated Taft for a second term, Roosevelt left the GOP and lead the Progressives, guaranteeing the election of Woodrow Wilson.", "precise_score": -3.365262031555176, "rough_score": 1.8727176189422607, "source": "search", "title": "One Term US Presidents - About.com News & Issues" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "During the administration of William Jefferson Clinton, the U.S. enjoyed more peace and economic well being than at any time in its history. He was the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second term. He could point to the lowest unemployment rate in modern times, the lowest inflation in 30 years, the highest home ownership in the country's history, dropping crime rates in many places, and reduced welfare rolls. He proposed the first balanced budget in decades and achieved a budget surplus. As part of a plan to celebrate the millennium in 2000, Clinton called for a great national initiative to end racial discrimination.", "precise_score": 2.240450143814087, "rough_score": 3.516982078552246, "source": "search", "title": "William J. Clinton - The White House | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The Democrats' once dominant worldview was classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, populism was its leading characteristic. In the 1890s, under the influence of its three-time defeated presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan and the Populist Party, the party moved to the left from an economic point of view and, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, it has promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.616684913635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings. The New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal the business wing withered outside the South. After the racial turmoil of the 1960s most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after 1970. White evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964. After 2000, Latin Americans, Asians, single women and professional women moved toward the party as well. The Northeast and West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there. Overall the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party (GOP).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9431986808776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Agrarian Democrats demanding Free Silver overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency (a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908). Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests, but he lost to the Republican William McKinley. The Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected Woodrow Wilson as president in 1912 and 1916. Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the issues of tariffs, money, and antitrust, which had dominated politics for 40 years, with new progressive laws. The Great Depression in 1929 that occurred under Republican President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government; the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994 and won most presidential elections until 1968. Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected to the presidency in 1932, came forth with government programs called the New Deal. New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business (especially finance and banking) and the promotion of labor unions, as well as federal spending to aid to the unemployed, help distressed farmers, and undertake large-scale public works projects. It marked the start of the American welfare state. The opponents, who stressed opposition to unions, support for business, and low taxes, started calling themselves \"conservatives.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.848762512207031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Until the 1980s, the Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided by the Mason–Dixon line: liberal Democrats in the North and culturally conservative voters in the South, who though benefitting from many of the New Deal public works projects, opposed increasing Civil Rights initiatives advocated by Northeastern liberals. The polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died. Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan conservative coalition in an alliance with most of the Midwestern Republicans. The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly influenced American liberalism, shaped much of the party's economic agenda after 1932. From the 1930s to the mid-1960s, the liberal New Deal coalition usually controlled the Presidency while the conservative coalition usually controlled Congress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8562726974487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Issues facing parties and the United States after World War II included the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. Republicans attracted conservatives and white Southerners from the Democratic coalition with their use of the Southern strategy and resistance to New Deal and Great Society liberalism. African Americans had traditionally supported the Republican Party because of the anti-slavery policies of Abraham Lincoln and the civil rights policies of his successors, such as Ulysses S. Grant. But they began supporting Democrats following the ascent of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the New Deal, the integration of the military and embrace of proposed civil rights legislation by President Harry Truman in 1947–48, and the postwar Civil Rights movement. The Democratic Party's main base of support shifted to the Northeast, marking a dramatic reversal of history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.045242309570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The song \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" is the unofficial song of the Democratic Party. It was used prominently when Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated for president at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and remains a sentimental favorite for Democrats today. For example, Paul Shaffer played the theme on the Late Show with David Letterman after the Democrats won Congress in 2006. \"Don't Stop\" by Fleetwood Mac was adopted by Bill Clinton's presidential campaign in 1992, and has endured as a popular Democratic song. Also, the emotionally similar song \"Beautiful Day\" by the band U2 has become a favorite theme song for Democratic candidates. John Kerry used the song during his 2004 presidential campaign, and several Democratic Congressional candidates used it as a celebratory tune in 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.547842025756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "From the end of the Civil War, African Americans primarily favored the Republican Party due to its overwhelming political and more tangible efforts in achieving abolition, particularly through President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. The south had long been a Democratic stronghold, favoring a state's right to legal slavery. In addition, the ranks of the fledgling Ku Klux Klan were composed almost entirely of white Democrats angry over poor treatment by northerners and bent on reversing the policies of Reconstruction. However, African Americans began drifting to the Democratic Party when Franklin Roosevelt was elected president. Support for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s by Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson helped give the Democrats even larger support among the African-American community, which consistently vote between 85-95% Democratic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843566417694092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Democratic Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the Department of Defense) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense, with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to the Combatant Commands, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP). The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69: Congress, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.188379287719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to \"draft\" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944. But Roosevelt died only 82 days after taking office for the fourth term on 12 April 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2285327911376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1900 the Republicans nominated President William McKinley. Since Vice President Garret A. Hobart had died in office, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York received the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic candidates were William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska for president and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.205544471740723, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "1904: Theodore Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121156692504883, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "This race confirmed the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president when McKinley was assassinated, and moved Democrats away from bimetallism and toward progressivism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.902877807617188, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Some Republicans deemed Roosevelt too liberal and flirted with nominating Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, who had been William McKinley’s closest political adviser. But the party easily nominated Roosevelt for a term in his own right and Senator Charles Fairbanks of Indiana for vice president. Democrats divided again over gold and silver, but this time gold won out. The party nominated conservative, colorless New York Court of Appeals judge Alton Parker for president and former senator Henry Davis of West Virginia for vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.008459568023682, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Parker and his campaign attacked Roosevelt for his antitrust policies and for accepting contributions from big business. His having invited Booker T. Washington for a meal at the White House was also used against him. William Jennings Bryan overcame his distaste for Parker and his supporters and campaigned in the Midwest and West for the ticket. Playing down bimetallism, he stressed moving the party toward more progressive stances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946873664855957, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Parker gained some support from the South, but Roosevelt won 7,628,461 popular votes to Parker’s 5,084,223. He carried the electoral college, 336 to 140, with only the South going Democratic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.922733306884766, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "After Theodore Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908, the Republican convention nominated Secretary of War William Howard Taft for president and Representative James Schoolcraft Sherman of New York as his running mate. The Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan for president for the third time; his running mate was John Kern of Indiana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.689051628112793, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The predominant campaign issue was Roosevelt. His record as a reformer countered Bryan’s reformist reputation, and Taft promised to carry on Roosevelt’s policies. Business leaders campaigned for Taft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21361255645752, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "1912: Woodrow Wilson vs. William Howard Taft vs. Theodore Roosevelt vs. Eugene V. Debs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.309547424316406, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1912, angered over what he felt was the betrayal of his policies by his hand-picked successor, President William Howard Taft, former president Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination. When the party chose Taft and Vice President James Sherman at the convention, Roosevelt bolted and formed the Progressive party, or Bull Moose party. His running mate was Governor Hiram Johnson of California. After forty-six ballots the Democratic convention nominated New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson for president and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice president. For the fourth time the Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs for president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.076990127563477, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "During the campaign Roosevelt and Wilson attracted most of the attention. They offered the voters two brands of progressivism. Wilson’s New Freedom promoted antimonopoly policies and a return to small-scale business. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism called for an interventionist state with strong regulatory powers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562633514404297, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In the election Wilson received 6,293,120 to Roosevelt’s 4,119,582, Taft’s 3,485,082, and nearly 900,000 for Debs. In the electoral college Wilson’s victory was lopsided: 435 to 88 for Roosevelt and 8 for Taft. The combined vote for Taft and Roosevelt indicated that if the Republican party had not split, they would have won the presidency; the total cast for Wilson, Roosevelt, and Debs spoke to the people’s endorsement of progressive reform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.980093479156494, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1916 the Progressive party convention tried to nominate Theodore Roosevelt again, but Roosevelt, seeking to reunify the Republicans, convinced the convention to support the Republican choice, Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes . The Republicans selected Charles Fairbanks of Indiana as Hughes’s running mate, but the Progressives nominated John M. Parker of Louisiana for vice president. The Democrats renominated President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.751258850097656, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The Democratic party nominated James M. Cox, governor of Ohio, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration. Democratic chances were weakened by President Woodrow Wilson’s having suffered a stroke in 1919 and his failure to obtain ratification of the League of Nations treaty. The Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs, imprisoned for his opposition to World War I , and Seymour Stedman of Ohio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.863473892211914, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Herbert Hoover", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674821853637695, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The Democratic party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York, for president and Senator John Nance Garner of Texas for vice president. The platform called for the repeal of Prohibition and a reduction in federal spending.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.751984596252441, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "During the campaign Hoover defended his record, his commitment to a balanced budget, and the gold standard–a backward-looking stance, given that the number of unemployed stood at 13 million. Roosevelt made few specific proposals, but his tone and demeanor were positive and forward-looking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084494590759277, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The Democrats won the election in a landslide. Roosevelt received 22,809,638 popular votes to the president’s 15,758,901 and took the electoral college by 472 votes to 59. The voters’ rejection of Hoover and his party extended to both houses of Congress, which the Democrats now controlled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.892338752746582, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Alfred M. Landon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531975746154785, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1936 the Democratic party nominated President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner. The Republican party, strongly opposed to the New Deal and “big government,” chose Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas and Fred Knox of Illinois.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.664018630981445, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The 1936 presidential campaign focused on class to an unusual extent for American politics. Conservative Democrats such as Alfred E. Smith supported Landon. Eighty percent of newspapers endorsed the Republicans, accusing Roosevelt of imposing a centralized economy. Most businesspeople charged the New Deal with trying to destroy American individualism and threatening the nation’s liberty. But Roosevelt appealed to a coalition of western and southern farmers, industrial workers, urban ethnic voters, and reform-minded intellectuals. African-American voters, historically Republican, switched to fdr in record numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.328908443450928, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In a referendum on the emerging welfare state, the Democratic party won in a landslide–27,751,612 popular votes for fdr to only 16,681,913 for Landon. The Republicans carried two states–Maine and Vermont–for 8 electoral votes; Roosevelt received the remaining 523. The unprecedented success of fdr in 1936 marked the beginning of a long period of Democratic party dominance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.740387916564941, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Wendall L. Wilkie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787848472595215, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The major issue facing the American people in 1940 was World War II . This fact had determined the Republican choice of Willkie, who was a liberal internationalist running as the candidate of a conservative isolationist party. Although Willkie did not disagree with Roosevelt on foreign policy, the country chose to stay with an experienced leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.816280364990234, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Thomas E. Dewey", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.684452056884766, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "By the beginning of 1944, in the middle of World War II, it was clear that President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to run for a fourth term, and this shaped the coming campaign. Democratic party regulars disliked Vice President Henry A. Wallace; eventually they persuaded Roosevelt to replace him with Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri.Although Wendell Willkie, the nominee in 1940, was initially the front-runner in the Republican race, the party returned to its traditional base, choosing conservative governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York. Republicans had hoped that Governor Earl Warren of California would accept the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined. The party then turned to John W. Bricker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.040111064910889, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The president won reelection with results that were similar to those of 1940: 25,602,504 people voted for Roosevelt and Truman, and 22,006,285 voters gave their support to Dewey. The electoral vote was 432 to 99.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.862387180328369, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Franklin D. Roosevelt was the issue in 1944: his health–the sixty-two-year-old suffered from heart disease and high blood pressure–his competence as an administrator, and his stand on communism and the shape of the postwar world. At issue also was whether any president should serve four terms. The Democrats and the president were vulnerable on all these points, but the American people once again chose the familiar in a time of crisis: “Don’t change horses in midstream” was a familiar slogan in the campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.708120346069336, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "President Harry S. Truman, who had succeeded President Roosevelt after his death in 1945, stood for reelection on the Democratic ticket with Alben Barkley of Kentucky as his running mate. When the Democratic convention adopted a strong civil rights plank, southern delegates walked out and formed the States’ Rights party. The Dixiecrats, as they were called, nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president and Fielding Wright for vice president. A new left-leaning Progressive party nominated former vice president Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president with Glen Taylor, a senator from Idaho , as his running mate. The Republican slate consisted of two prominent governors: Thomas E. Dewey of New York and Earl Warren of California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.857529163360596, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In the summer of 1992 Ross Perot led the polls with 39 percent of voter support. Although Perot came in a distant third, he was still the most successful third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.026754379272461, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "\"Taft alienated many liberal Republicans who later formed the Progressive Party, by defending the Payne-Aldrich Act which unexpectedly continued high tariff rates,\" Taft's White House biography reads. \"He further antagonized progressives by upholding his secretary of the interior, accused of failing to carry out [former President Theodore] Roosevelt's conservation policies.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.630596160888672, "source": "search", "title": "One Term US Presidents - About.com News & Issues" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1993, when Bill was elected America's 42nd president , the couple moved back to Washington. Hillary was the first First Lady to have a postgraduate degree, her own professional career, and her own office in the West Wing of the White House. And she was the first since Eleanor Roosevelt to take on a prominent role in policy-making. Her high profile in the administration again made her a target for political opposition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.975726127624512, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Clinton | PBS" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "Whatever goal Obama decides on, his opportunities for effecting change are slight. Term limits are cruel to Presidents. If he wins, Obama will have less than eighteen months to pass a second wave of his domestic agenda, which has been stalled since late 2010 and has no chance of moving this year. His best opportunity for a breakthrough on energy policy, immigration, or tax reform would come in 2013. By the middle of 2014, congressional elections will force another hiatus in Washington policymaking. Since Franklin Roosevelt, Presidents have lost an average of thirty House seats and seven Senate seats in their second midterm election. By early 2015, the press will begin to focus on the next Presidential campaign, which will eclipse a great deal of coverage of the White House. The last two years of Obama’s Presidency will likely be spent attending more assiduously to foreign policy and shoring up the major reforms of his early years, such as health care and financial regulation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.015567779541016, "source": "search", "title": "The Second Term - The New Yorker" }, { "answer": "Roosevelt", "passage": "The idea of a mandate from the people defies the intentions of the Founders and is contrary to the way that most early Presidents viewed their role, according to Robert Dahl, the Yale political scientist. Early Presidents argued on behalf of their policies with appeals to the Constitution rather than to the people. Even Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt, who asked for sweeping new executive powers, did so with strictly constitutional arguments rather than with populist ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489749908447266, "source": "search", "title": "The Second Term - The New Yorker" } ]

[ { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Georgia O’Keeffe summary: Georgia O’Keefe was born on November 15th, 1887 in Wisconsin. Her interest in painting began at an early age, and O’Keeffe completed her regular education and then went on to attend the Art Institute of Chicago. She spent several years working in Chicago as a commercial artist before traveling to Texas and becoming the the art supervisor of a public school in Amarillo. She moved to New York City to take art classes at Columbia University.", "precise_score": 0.9909775853157043, "rough_score": 1.1998041868209839, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "She then returned to Texas, where she spent two years training art teachers at a College. Later known for her captivating paintings of flowers, she received her first gallery showing in 1916 by famous photographer Alfred Steiglitz. O’Keeffe married Steiglitz in 1924, and the two became both personal and professional partners until he died in 1946.", "precise_score": -0.5007194876670837, "rough_score": 0.8921030163764954, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O’Keeffe mailed some of these highly abstract drawings to a friend in New York City, who showed them to Alfred Stieglitz. An art dealer and internationally known photographer, he was the first to exhibit her work in 1916. He would eventually become O’Keeffe’s husband. By the mid-1920s, O’Keeffe was recognized as one of America’s most important and successful artists, known for her paintings of New York skyscrapers—an essentially American image of modernity—as well as flowers.", "precise_score": 1.530727744102478, "rough_score": 0.6154049038887024, "source": "search", "title": "About Georgia O'Keeffe - The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe played a pivotal role in the development of American modernism and its relationship to European avante garde movements of the early twentieth century. Producing a substantial body of work over seven decades, she sought to capture the emotion and power of objects through abstracting the natural world. Alfred Stieglitz identified her as the first female American modernist, whose paintings of flowers, barren landscapes, and close-up still lifes have become a part of the mythology and iconography of the American artistic landscape.", "precise_score": -3.7123286724090576, "rough_score": -3.731966257095337, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "During the 1920s, Stieglitz introduced O'Keeffe to his friends and fellow artists - the Stieglitz Circle - that included Marsden Hartley, Arthur Dove, John Marin, and Paul Strand. Stieglitz and his Circle, as they were called, championed modernism in the United States. O'Keeffe was profoundly influenced by Strand's photography and the camera's ability to behave like a magnifying lens, as well as Charles Sheeler's Precisionism. Following these interests, she began making large-scale paintings of natural forms at close range, and, during this time, also switched from watercolors to oil paint. In addition to flowers, O'Keeffe depicted New York skyscrapers and other architectural forms. By the mid-1920s, O'Keeffe was recognized as one of the most significant American artists of the time and her art began to command high prices.", "precise_score": -1.8396775722503662, "rough_score": -4.097503662109375, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe spent 70 years making art and contributing to the development of American modernism. She was a prominent member of the creative Stieglitz Circle, influencing early American modernists. She is notable for her role as a pioneering female artist, and although she disavowed their interpretation of her work, she was a strong influence on the artists of the Feminist art movement, including Judy Chicago and Miriam Shapiro, who saw feminine imagery in O'Keeffe's flower paintings. A prolific artist, she produced more than 2000 works over the course of her career. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe is the first museum in the United States dedicated to a female artist, and its research center sponsors significant fellowships for scholars of modern American art.", "precise_score": -1.920566439628601, "rough_score": -3.4414749145507812, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O'Keeffe's mother, who had aspired to become a doctor, encouraged her children to become well-educated. As a child, O'Keeffe developed a curiosity about the natural world and an early interest in becoming an artist, which her mother encouraged by arranging lessons with a local artist. Art appreciation was a family affair for O'Keeffe: her two grandmothers and two of her sisters also enjoyed painting.", "precise_score": -3.0341379642486572, "rough_score": -1.4601982831954956, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O'Keeffe also turned her artist's eye to New York City skyscrapers, the symbol of modernity, in paintings including City Night (1926), Shelton Hotel, New York No. 1 (1926) and Radiator Bldg—Night, New York (1927). Following numerous solo exhibitions, O'Keeffe had her first retrospective, Paintings by Georgia O’Keeffe, which opened at the Brooklyn Museum in 1927. By this time, she had become one of the most important and successful American artists, which was a major achievement for a female artist in the male-dominated art world. Her pioneering success would make her a feminist icon for later generations.", "precise_score": 0.4517580568790436, "rough_score": -4.267813205718994, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O'Keeffe did not stop producing charcoal drawings and watercolors during her hiatus, some of which were seen by Alfred Stieglitz, her future husband. Stieglitz was a successful photographer and modern art promoter who owned the 291 Gallery in New York City. He was struck by the sincerity within her work and organized her first solo show in 2017, composed of oil paintings and watercolors completed in Texas.", "precise_score": -3.284933567047119, "rough_score": -3.9788262844085693, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In 1946 O'Keeffe's husband Stieglitz suffered a cerebral thrombosis and she moved back to New York for three years after his death to settle his estate before permanently settling in New Mexico. With the loss of Stieglitz came the lessening of her public exposure. O'Keeffe became once again interested in architectural forms, this time focusing on details like her patio wall and door. Her 1958 painting Ladder to the Moon marked yet another shift in her work which many interpreted as a self-portrait that depicted the transitory nature of her life. Others viewed it as a religious statement that showed a link between the earth and cosmic forces above it.", "precise_score": -2.814892292022705, "rough_score": -1.736120343208313, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Over the years, her eyesight began to deteriorate and painting became difficult. She could no longer paint without some assistance. She hired the help of Juan Hamilton who helped her as much as possible. She did her last unassisted oil painting in 1972. In between this time, she received numerous awards and honors. In 1984 O'Keeffe moved to Santa Fe to live with Juan Hamilton and his family. Her only regret at the continuing loss of her eyesight was \"that I will not be able to see this beautiful country anymore... unless the Indians are right and my spirit will walk here after I'm gone.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.314246654510498, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe's Biography" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "After her husband’s death, O’Keeffe moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, a city that she had fallen in love with in the 1920s and had visited regularly since. In addition to her floral paintings, the beautiful landscapes inspired O’Keeffe to catch the magnificence of her environment in her paintings as well. The barrenness of the desert also inspired her to paint animal bones, capturing both the solitude and harshness of the desert along with its beauty. Her later works often featured a door in an adobe wall with a sky background. Her art was the first retrospective by a female artist to be shown at Museum of Modern Art. She also won numerous awards, including the Medal of Freedom, a Gold Medal of Painting, and the National Medal of Arts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.158244132995605, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe | HistoryNet" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Born on November 15, 1887, the second of seven children, Georgia Totto O’Keeffe grew up on a farm near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin. She studied at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1905-1906 and the Art Students League in New York in 1907-1908. Under the direction of William Merritt Chase , F. Luis Mora , and Kenyon Cox she learned the techniques of traditional realist painting. The direction of her artistic practice shifted dramatically in 1912 when she studied the revolutionary ideas of Arthur Wesley Dow .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.559194564819336, "source": "search", "title": "About Georgia O'Keeffe - The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In the summer of 1929, O’Keeffe made the first of many trips to northern New Mexico. The stark landscape, distinct indigenous art, and unique regional style of adobe architecture inspired a new direction in O’Keeffe’s artwork. For the next two decades she spent part of most years living and working in New Mexico. She made the state her permanent home in 1949, three years after Stieglitz’s death. O’Keeffe’s New Mexico paintings coincided with a growing interest in regional scenes by American Modernists seeking a distinctive view of America. Her simplified and refined representations of this region express a deep personal response to the high desert terrain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.731451511383057, "source": "search", "title": "About Georgia O'Keeffe - The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In the 1950s, O’Keeffe began to travel internationally. She created paintings that evoked a sense of the spectacular places she visited, including the mountain peaks of Peru and Japan’s Mount Fuji. At the age of seventy-three she embarked on a new series focused on the clouds in the sky and the rivers below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.369375228881836, "source": "search", "title": "About Georgia O'Keeffe - The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Suffering from macular degeneration and discouraged by her failing eyesight, O’Keeffe painted her last unassisted oil painting in 1972. But O’Keeffe’s will to create did not diminish with her eyesight. In 1977, at age ninety, she observed, “I can see what I want to paint. The thing that makes you want to create is still there.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.797282218933105, "source": "search", "title": "About Georgia O'Keeffe - The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum cares for a growing collection of artwork by O’Keeffe, including nearly 150 oil paintings, nearly 700 sketches, and important pastels, watercolors, and charcoals.  Our collections also include O’Keeffe’s personal property, including her art materials, and a significant archive of documentation and photography of her life and times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.460559844970703, "source": "search", "title": "About Georgia O'Keeffe - The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "The artwork of Georgia O'Keeffe, an American artist, made her famous. From her skyscraper paintings to her natural paintings, her unique artwork has earned her a noteworthy place in history.Backgro... Read More »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.486795425415039, "source": "search", "title": "How did Georgia O'Keefe become famous - qacollections.com" }, { "answer": "Painter", "passage": "Painter Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) helped to define American modernism in the early decades of the 20th century. The sole woman in an influential group of avant-garde artists affiliated with Amer... Read More »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.888510227203369, "source": "search", "title": "How did Georgia O'Keefe become famous - qacollections.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O'Keeffe incorporated the techniques of other artists and was especially influenced by Paul Strand's use of cropping in his photographs; she was one of the first artists to adapt the method to painting by rendering close-ups of uniquely American objects that were highly detailed yet abstract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.778364181518555, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Through intense observation of nature, experimentation with scale, and nuanced use of line and color, O'Keeffe's art remained grounded in representation even while pushing at its limits. From the 1940s through the 1960s in particular, O'Keeffe's art was outside the mainstream as she was one of the few artists to adhere to representation in a period when others were exploring non-representation or had abandoned painting altogether.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.175978660583496, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Petunia No. 2, one of O'Keeffe's first large-scale renderings of a flower, represents the beginning of her exploration of a theme that would mark her career. In this painting, she magnifies the flower's form to emphasize its shape and color. She stated that \"nobody really sees a flower - really - it is so small - we haven't time - and to see takes time... So I said to myself - I'll paint what I see - what the flower is to me but I'll paint it big and they will be surprised into taking time to look at it.\" Her flower images often received interpretations that O'Keeffe disagreed with, particularly from feminist critics who saw these paintings as veiled illusions to female genitalia. For O'Keeffe, there was no hidden symbolism, just the essence of the flower. In fact, the anatomy of the petunia is incredibly detailed, and O'Keeffe may have been emphasizing the androgyny of the reproductive parts in order to counter the idea that her subject matter was connected to her gender. Though American and European artists had experimented with abstraction for at least a decade, O'Keeffe, like Dove, focused on images from nature and O'Keeffe was the only artist to consistently use flowers as a motif.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.102132797241211, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In 1949, three years after Stieglitz's death, O'Keeffe moved permanently to New Mexico. In the 1950s, she produced a series of works that featured the architectural forms of her patio wall and door at Abiquiu, one of her two homes near Santa Fe. O'Keeffe began to travel extensively, gathering inspiration for her work. She received many accolades, including membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Medal of Freedom, and the National Medal of Arts. Despite waning popularity in the 1950s and 1960s, a retrospective held by the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1970 revived her career and brought her to the attention of a new generation of women in the era of feminism. Despite failing eyesight, O'Keeffe continued to produce art, working in watercolor, pencil, and clay throughout the 1970s. Although she had lost her central vision by the age of 84, she continued to paint. Her last paintings consist of simple abstract lines and shapes and hearken back to her early charcoal drawings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.714069843292236, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works ..." }, { "answer": "Painter", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.210358619689941, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painter", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe is a 20th century American painter and pioneer of American modernism best known for her canvases depicting flowers, skyscrapers, animal skulls and southeastern landscapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.476054668426514, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Mini Biography (TV-14; 3:42) A pioneer of Modern Art, Georgia O'Keeffe created large-scale paintings of natural forms and flowers at close range. She began to spend much of her time in New Mexico and created imagery synonymous with the American Southwest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.328779697418213, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe was born on November 15, 1887, in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin and studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League in New York. Photographer and art dealer Alfred Stieglitz gave O'Keeffe her first gallery show in 1916 and the couple married in 1924. Considered the \"mother of American modernism,\" O'Keeffe moved to New Mexico after her husband's death and was inspired by the landscape to create numerous well-known paintings. Georgia O'Keeffe died on March 6, 1986 at the age of 98.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.984682083129883, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "After she regained her health, O'Keeffe traveled to New York City in 1907 to continue her art studies. She took classes at the Art Students League where she learned realist painting techniques from William Merritt Chase, F. Luis Mora and Kenyon Cox. One of her still lives, Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot (1908), earned her the prize of attending the League's summer school in Lake George, New York. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8454155921936035, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "As an artist, Stieglitz, who was 23 years older than O'Keeffe, found in her a muse, taking over 300 photographs of her, including both portraits and nudes. As an art dealer, he championed her work and promoted her career. She joined Stieglitz's circle of artist friends including Steichen, Charles Demuth, Marsden Hartley, Arthur Dove, John Marin, and Paul Strand. Inspired by the vibrancy of the modern art movement, she began to experiment with perspective, painting larger-scale close-ups of flowers, the first of which was Petunia No. 2, which was exhibited in 1925, followed by works such as Black Iris (1926) and Oriental Poppies (1928). \"If I could paint the flower exactly as I see it no one would see what I see because I would paint it small like the flower is small,\" O'Keeffe explained. \"So I said to myself - I'll paint what I see - what the flower is to me but I'll paint it big and they will be surprised into taking time to look at it - I will make even busy New Yorkers take time to see what I see of flowers.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.773836612701416, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In the summer of 1929, O'Keeffe would find a new direction for her art when she made her first visit to northern New Mexico. The landscape, architecture and local Navajo culture inspired her, and she would return to New Mexico, which she called \"the faraway,\" in the summers to paint. During this period, she produced iconic paintings including Black Cross, New Mexico (1929), Cow's Skull: Red, White and Blue (1931) and Ram’s Head, White Hollycock, Hills (1935), among other works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.143937587738037, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O'Keeffe split her time between New York, living with Stieglitz, and painting in New Mexico. She was particularly inspired by Ghost Ranch, north of Abiquiú, and she decided to move into a house there in 1940. Five years later, O'Keeffe bought a second house in Abiquiú.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.824209690093994, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In her later years, O'Keeffe suffered from macular degeneration and began to lose her eyesight. As a result of her failing vision, she painted her last unassisted oil painting in 1972, however, her urge to create didn't falter. With the help of assistants, she continued to make art and she wrote the bestselling book Georgia O'Keeffe (1976). \"I can see what I want to paint,\" she said at the age of 90. \"The thing that makes you want to create is still there.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9580793380737305, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "O'Keeffe died on March 6, 1986, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and her ashes were scattered at Cerro Pedernal, which is depicted in several of her paintings. The pioneering artist produced thousands of works over the course of her career, many of which are on exhibit at museums around the world. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico is dedicated to preserving the life, art and legacy of the artist, and offers tours of her home and studio, which is a national historic landmark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.371650695800781, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.168474197387695, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Gegorgia O'Keeffe and her paintings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.94942569732666, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painters", "passage": "One of the first female painters to achieve worldwide acclaim from critics and the general public, Georgia O'Keeffe was an American painter who created innovative impressionist images that challenged perceptions and evolved constantly throughout her career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.753200054168701, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "After studying at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago she attended the Art Students League in New York, studying under William Merritt Chase. Though she impressed the league with her oil painting \"Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot,\" she lacked self-confidence and decided to pursue a career as a commercial artist and later as a teacher and then head of the art department at West Texas A&M University. At that time she became acquainted with a landscape that would become iconic within her work, the Palo Duro Canyon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957273483276367, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "After their marriage, O'Keeffe became part of an inner circle of American modernist painters who frequently showed in Stieglitz's gallery. Her work shifted towards oil paintings which appeared to be magnified natural forms. In 1925, her first large-scale flower painting was exhibited in New York City. Petunia marked the beginning of a period of exploration on the flower theme that would continue throughout her career. By magnifying her subject, she emphasized shape and color and brought attention to the tiny details within the flower.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.533822059631348, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "During her life, flower is a subject that Gegorgia O'Keeffe always returns to, as artists have always returned to beloved themes - Vincent van Gogh his Sun Flowers, Paul Cezanne his Apples, and Claude Monet his Water Lilies. O'Keeffe's painting's subjects caught the attention of collectors and critics who responded with alacrity. Their discussion of the O'Keeffe's works were often colored by the popularized tenets of Sigmund Freud , which by the 1920s were widespread in America. In a cultural atmosphere initially titillated and gradually transformed by his theories, art and its critical reception - like many other aspects of modern life - where invariably, and indelibly colored by Freudian consideration. Many claim that the images which Gegorgia O'Keeffe created when painting flowers, was work which was highly sexual, and many went as far as to say it was an erotic art form; but O'Keeffe rejected that theory consistently. In an attempt to move the attention of her critic's away from their Freudian interpretations of her work, she began to paint in a more representational style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.251070976257324, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "In her series on New York, O'Keeffe excelled in painting architectural structures as highly realistic and expertly employed the style of Precisionism within her work. \"Radiator Building-Night, New York\" from 1927 can also be interpreted as a double portrait of Steiglitz and O'Keeffe. Object portraiture of this kind was popular amongst the Steiglitz circle at the time and greatly influenced by the poetry of Gertrude Stein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.349452018737793, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "While her popularity continued to grow, O'Keeffe increasingly sought solace in New Mexico. Her painting Ram's Head with Hollyhock encapsulates so much novelty while still maintaining with her classic aesthetic of magnifying and showing the beauty in small, natural details. While her interest in the southwest increased, so did the value of her paintings in the New York galleries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.330442428588867, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "She was featured in two one-woman retrospectives at the Art Institute of Chicago and the The Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan in the 40's, becoming the first woman to ever have a retrospective at the latter. She developed obsessive interest in formations of rock near her home in New Mexico and spent hours painting in sun and wind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923125267028809, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "While her work varied between the literal portraits, abstractions and landscapes, O'Keeffe's work is still most identified by her iconic flower paintings. In 2014 the Georgia O'Keefe Museum sold a floral painting for $44 million dollars at auction setting the record for artwork sold by a female artist. The piece, titled Jimson Weed/White Flower No.1 was painted in 1932 and is an iconic representation of a large-scale flower.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.481147766113281, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "MOST POPULAR PAINTINGS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468704223632812, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe paintings, biography, and quotes." }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "After she'd been painting for a few years, O'Keeffe realized that she'd begun copying other artists. But she still didn't see things the same way they did, so her paintings disappointed her. Then she remembered what she'd learned in her high school art class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.280301094055176, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Smithsonian American Art Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "Her paintings are perfect and her drawings are fine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485304832458496, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Smithsonian American Art Museum" }, { "answer": "Painting", "passage": "…she didn't sign her paintings? She didn't think she had to—she thought people would be able to tell they were hers because of what she painted and how she painted it. Do you think you could recognize one of her paintings?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4659423828125, "source": "search", "title": "Georgia O'Keeffe - Smithsonian American Art Museum" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "In May 1988, A-ha released their third studio album, titled Stay on These Roads, which matched the number-two chart peak of its two predecessors on the British album charts. Stay on These Roads has been certified Platinum in Brazil and France, and Gold in Switzerland, Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands. The album includes the title-track theme song to the James Bond film The Living Daylights. The version that appears on their album is a re-recording of the film version and single. The band has said that they are particularly proud of the title track, and all three members contributed to its writing. \"Stay on These Roads\" and \"The Living Daylights\" would remain part of their live set throughout the rest of the band's history. After the release of the album, the band went on a 74-city world tour. The album has sold more than 4.2 million copies worldwide.", "precise_score": 5.981035232543945, "rough_score": 1.4502216577529907, "source": "wiki", "title": "A-ha" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "The band has sold some estimated 100 million records They are the only non-British, non-American performers who have written and performed a 007 James Bond official theme song – \"The Living Daylights\" from the movie with the same title. Songs by A-ha, either in original form or in the form of cover versions have also been included as background music and performances in episodes of popular television series, such as Grey’s Anatomy, Family Guy, Baywatch, Melrose Place, South Park, Smallville, Cougar Town, Chuck, Glee (TV series), \"Private Practice\" and The Simpsons, as well as in promotions for shows like Dance Moms . Their music has also been featured in movies such as One Night at McCool's, Grosse Pointe Blank and Corky Romano. They have a Guinness World Record from 1991 for drawing the largest paying audience at a pop concert with 198,000 people at the Estádio do Maracanã stadium in Rio de Janeiro. In 2006 the band was awarded the Q Awards Inspiration Award. ", "precise_score": 6.07673978805542, "rough_score": 4.296958923339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "A-ha" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "Norwegian pop band A-Ha recorded the title song for 1987's \"The Living Daylights,\" the first of two films starring Timothy Dalton as Bond. It was the last theme written by longtime Bond composer John Barry.", "precise_score": 9.297545433044434, "rough_score": 8.731083869934082, "source": "search", "title": "Sam Smith sings theme song for James Bond film ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "Norwegian pop band A-Ha recorded the title song for 1987's \"The Living Daylights,\" the first of two films starring Timothy Dalton as Bond. It was the last theme written by longtime Bond composer John Barry.", "precise_score": 9.297545433044434, "rough_score": 8.731083869934082, "source": "search", "title": "Check out Sam Smith's new James Bond theme - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291274070739746, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "For detailed information about the amounts and types of (a) sex and nudity, (b) violence and gore, (c) profanity, (d) alcohol, drugs, and smoking, and (e) frightening and intense scenes in this movie, consult the IMDb Parents Guide for this movie. The Parents Guide for The Living Daylights can be found here .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249126434326172, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "Is \"The Living Daylights\" based on a book?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443605422973633, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "All of the James Bond movies are based, in some part, upon novels or stories by British author Ian Fleming [1908-1964]. The title, The Living Daylights, comes from the short story The Living Daylights, included in Fleming's 1966 posthumous anthology, Octopussy and the Living Daylights. The short story was the source for the early scenes in which Bond assists with the defection of a KGB officer and avoids killing a female sniper whom he knows to be an amateur. The remainder of the film is from an original screenplay crafted by American screenwriters Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.409254550933838, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "How does the title \"The Living Daylights\" fit into the movie?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805702209472656, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "When Bond fails to kill the female sniper set to shoot defecting KGB officer, General Georgi Koskov ( Jeroen Krabbé ), and is accused of purposely missing her, Bond explains that she was obviously an amateur and adds that his shooting the rifle out of her hands must have scared the living daylights out of her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.149170875549316, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "General Georgi Koskov", "passage": "The pre-credits opening shows Bond and two other 00 agents on exercise maneuvers on the Rock of Gibraltor . 002 is captured by 'opposing' SAS soldiers and 004 is killed by a KGB assassin who leaves a note saying, \"Smiert Spionam\" (Russian for \"Death to Spies\"). After the credits, Bond is in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (Slovakia since 1 January 1993) where he is to assist in the defection of KGB officer, General Georgi Koskov ( Jeroen Krabbé ) and narrowly diverts an assassination attempt by pretty cellist Kara Milovy ( Maryam d'Abo ). Bond returns to London and attends a briefing with Koskov and the heads of MI6. Just after Koskov informs them that the new head of the KGB, General Leonid Pushkin ( John Rhys-Davies ), has reactivated SMERSH and has ordered the assassination of certain secret agents, Bond included, the building is infiltrated by KGB assassin Necros ( Andreas Wisniewski ), and Koskov is \"rescued\". M orders Bond to kill Pushkin, and sends him to Tangiers in northern Morocco where Pushkin is known to be visiting. On the way to Tangiers, Bond stops in Bratislava where he makes contact with Kara, who turns out to be Koskov's girlfriend and prot�g�e, and gets her into Austria by sledding out of Bulgaria in her cello case. During their short stay in Vienna, Bond is informed by an MI6 agent that Kara's Stradivarius cello, given to her by Koskov, was actually purchased by American arms dealer, Brad Whitaker ( Joe Don Baker ), who is currently residing at his villa in Tangiers. Bond and Kara continue on to Tangiers, where Bond is faced with deciding whom to trust...Koskov or Pushkin? In doing so, Bond and Kara wind up in a jail cell in Afghanistan, right in the middle of the local Mujahideen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.118592262268066, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "General Pushkin", "passage": "Smiert Spionam (meaning \"Death to Spies\"), when contracted, became SMERSH, a precursor to the KGB created by Lavrenti Beria . Their purpose was to eliminate all forms of treachery, both within the USSR and abroad. SMERSH really existed and operated in Stalinist and post-Stalinist society and is credited with orchestrating the assassination of Leon Trotsky in 1940. Beria was executed by Nikita Khrushchev approximately nine months after Stalin's death, and SMERSH died with him. Fleming's early novels featured villains from SMERSH, although General Pushkin says that SMERSH stopped operating some 20 years earlier. This is why M gets so upset when the words start appearing whenever one of MI6's agents is murdered, and General Koskov alleges that Pushkin has reinstituted SMERSH again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013565063476562, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Koskov", "passage": "If Kara was Koskov's girlfriend, why was she trying to assassinate him?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477668762207031, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Koskov", "passage": "This is one of the things that Bond has to work out. When he takes possession of Kara's cello case, sees that it holds a gun and that the gun holds blanks, he realizes that the assassination attempt was a fraud. Koskov had set Kara up as a fake sniper, knowing that Bond, who was there to protect him during his defection, would kill the sniper. In that manner, Koskov would be rid of Kara, who knew too much. Fortunately, Bond recognizes Kara for an amateur and merely shoots the rifle out of her hands, effectively botching up Koskov's plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315757751464844, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Koskov", "passage": "What was Koskov's goal for staging a fake defection?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413640975952148, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "General Pushkin", "passage": "Koskov's goal was to have General Pushkin, now head of the KGB, killed. Koskov was misappropriating Soviet state funds, and Pushkin was on to him, so Koskov had to get Pushkin out of the way. As his personal assassin Necros was a former affiliate of the KGB, Koskov could not use him for this since they already knew too much about him which would jeopardize Koskov's plans. Therefore Koskov chose to manipulate the British to kill Pushkin to avoid the risk of having the murder affair being traced back to him by faking his defection. The assassin in Gibraltar began by killing 004. Koskov then \"defected\" in order to get the supposed hit list of British and American agents (\"Smiert Spionam\") to MI6 and blame it on Pushkin, knowing that MI6 would then retaliate for the killings by sending Bond to assassinate Pushkin (Koskov later has Necros kill Saunders to give the British further incentive to kill Pushkin). Koskov would then capture Bond and turn him over to the KGB as Pushkin's murderer. In this way, he could get rid of Pushkin while being seen as a hero by the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762328147888184, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "General Pushkin", "passage": "The commentary on the DVD says that, in previous movies, General Gogol ( Walter Gotell ) has always been depicted as M's counterpart, and M would not be working out in the field. Consequently, the General Pushkin character was created to fill that gap. As it works out, Gogol does have a cameo at the end of the movie when it is revealed that he has taken a position with the Soviet foreign service and has arranged for Kara to have free passage into and out of the Soviet Union. This is what allows her and her cello to make a world tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752985954284668, "source": "search", "title": "The Living Daylights (1987) - FAQ - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "A-ha- The Living Daylights - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.335417747497559, "source": "search", "title": "A-ha- The Living Daylights - YouTube" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "A-ha- The Living Daylights", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.077556610107422, "source": "search", "title": "A-ha- The Living Daylights - YouTube" }, { "answer": "The Living Daylights", "passage": "A proffessional music video I produced for the 17th Bond Film \"The Living Daylights\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.15309739112854, "source": "search", "title": "A-ha- The Living Daylights - YouTube" } ]

[ { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward (, Rakovy Korpus) is a semi-autobiographical novel by Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature. Completed in 1966, the novel was distributed in Russia that year in samizdat, and banned there the following year.Joseph Pearce, Solzhenitsyn: A Soul in Exile, Ignatius Press, 2011, p. 184ff.Patricia Blake, [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/solz-cancer.html \"A Diseased Body Politic\"], The New York Times, 27 October 1968. In 1968 several European publishers published it in Russian, and in April 1968 excerpts in English appeared in the Times Literary Supplement in the UK without Solzhenitsyn's permission.[http://www.britannica.com/topic/Cancer-Ward \"Cancer Ward\"], Encyclopaedia Britannica. An unauthorized English translation was published that year, first by The Bodley Head in the UK, then by Dial Press in the US.", "precise_score": 9.7861328125, "rough_score": 10.091172218322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward tells the story of a small group of patients in Ward 13, the cancer ward of a hospital in Soviet Central Asia in 1955, two years after Joseph Stalin's death. A range of characters are depicted, including those who benefited from Stalinism, resisted or acquiesced. Like Solzhenitsyn, the main character, the Russian Oleg Kostoglotov, spent time in a labour camp as a \"counter-revolutionary,\" before being exiled to Central Asia under Article 58.", "precise_score": 5.823237895965576, "rough_score": 6.399584770202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn writes in an appendix to Cancer Ward that the \"evil man\" who threw tobacco in the macaque's eyes at the zoo represents Stalin, and the monkey the political prisoner. The other zoo animals also have significance, the tiger reminiscent of Stalin and the squirrel running itself to death the proletariat.", "precise_score": 3.9788501262664795, "rough_score": 3.7187352180480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn finished Cancer Ward in mid-1966, and by June that year had sent the manuscript to the Russian literary magazine Novy Mir. The editor, Tvardosky, equivocated and began to request cuts, so Solzhenitsyn arranged that the novel be distributed as samizdat, then that it be discussed at a meeting in Moscow of the Central Writers' Club on 17 November 1966. Joseph Pearce writes that attendance was higher than usual. The club passed a resolution that it would assist Solzhenitsyn in getting Cancer Ward published.", "precise_score": 8.802350044250488, "rough_score": 9.369251251220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn gave an unauthorized interview to a Japanese journalist that month about The First Circle, another novel of his that the Soviet authorities had blocked, and read out loud from Cancer Ward to 600 people at the Kurchatov Institute of Physics. In 1968 a Russian edition was published in Italy and elsewhere in Europe, and in April that year unauthorized excerpts appeared in English in the Times Literary Supplement in the UK.David Aikman, Great Souls: Six Who Changed the Century, Lexington Books, 2002, p. 168. An unauthorized English translation was published in 1968, first by The Bodley Head in the UK, then by Dial Press in the US. The following year Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Russian Writers' Union. ", "precise_score": 5.553772449493408, "rough_score": 7.397650718688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Macmillan", "precise_score": 4.857587814331055, "rough_score": 4.786723613739014, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Macmillan" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "One of the great allegorical masterpieces of world literature, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Cancer Ward is both a deeply compassionate study of people facing terminal illness and a brilliant dissection of the cancerous Soviet police state.", "precise_score": 7.792014122009277, "rough_score": 6.430345058441162, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Macmillan" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward, which has been compared to the masterpiece of another Nobel Prize winner, The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann, examines the relationship of a group of people in the cancer ward of a provincial Soviet hospital in 1955, two years after Stalin's death. While the experiences of the central character, Oleg Kostoglotov, closely reflect the author's own—Solzhenitsyn became a patient in a cancer ward in the mid-1950s, on his release from a labor camp, and later recovered—the patients, as a group, represent a remarkable cross section of contemporary Russian characters and attitudes, both under normal circumstances and then reexamined at the eleventh hour of illness. A seminal work from one of the most powerful voices in twentieth century literature, Cancer Ward offers an extraordinary portrait of life in the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": 7.645915985107422, "rough_score": 6.91363525390625, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Macmillan" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Google Books", "precise_score": 4.8233256340026855, "rough_score": 7.6715264320373535, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Google Books" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "One of the great allegorical masterpieces of world literature, Cancer Ward is both a deeply compassionate study of people facing terminal illness and a brilliant dissection of the 'cancerous' Soviet police state. Withdrawn from publication in Russia in 1964, it became, along with One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a work that awoke the conscience of the world. As Robert Service wrote of its appeal in the Independent, 'In waging his struggle against Soviet communism, Solzhenitsyn the novelist preferred the rapier to the cudgel'.", "precise_score": 7.9601216316223145, "rough_score": 7.257212162017822, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Google Books" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "On September 22, 1967 a session of the Union of Soviet Writers was convened to discuss the degree of censorship to which Solzhenitsyn's Cancer Ward should be subjected. Some came to revile and berate him, others were there to offer a sort of restrained praise. At that meeting, the author stated: \"...I absolutely do not understand why Cancer Ward is being accused of being antihumanitarian. Quite the reverse is true: life conquers death, the past is conquered by the future... In general, the task of the writer cannot be reduced to defense or criticism of one or another form of government. The tasks of the writer are connected with more general and durable questions, such as the secrets of the human heart and conscience...\" After Solzhenitsyn had left to catch his train, it is reported that one of the committee members (Surkov) said: \"Well, now we can relax over a few vodkas. I'll tell you what I really think. It may be that when the Soviet empire has gone the way of the Third Reich, Cancer Ward will come to stand even higher than First Circle among his novels. The latter is perhaps just a bit too enclosed, so to speak, within our political system, whereas the former, by dealing with something universal in human experience - cancer, pain, the certainty of dying - will never lose any of its relevance.\"", "precise_score": 6.196846008300781, "rough_score": 4.5052032470703125, "source": "search", "title": "ReadLiterature.Com - Russian Literature - Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward by Solzhenitsyn, First Edition - AbeBooks", "precise_score": 4.854973793029785, "rough_score": 4.111913681030273, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward by Solzhenitsyn, First Edition - AbeBooks" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Item Description: William Clowes and Sons Limited, UK, 1969. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good. First Edition. 279 Pages. Foredges of the page are slightly marked. When part 1 of Cancer Ward was published last autumn, its importance was immediately recognised and it became a best-seller. With the publication of part 2 the full scope and stature of the novel become clear. The action begins five weeks after the end of part 1. Book Description: One of the great allegorical masterpieces of world literature, Cancer Ward is both a deeply compassionate study of people facing terminal illness and a brilliant dissection of the 'cancerous' Soviet police state. Withdrawn from publication in Russia in 1964, it became, along with One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a work that awoke the conscience of the world. As Robert Service wrote of its appeal in the Independent, 'In waging his struggle against Soviet communism, Solzhenitsyn the novelist preferred the rapier to the cudgel'.: Review: \"Solzhenitsyn is a man of genius.it is a privilege to be Solzhenitsyn's contemporary\" (Observer): \"There has been no such analysis of the corrupting power of the police state in Soviet literature\" (Listener): \"He is one of the towering figures of the age, as writer, as moralist, as hero\" (Edward Cranshaw) : Book Description: 'Without a doubt the greatest Russian novelist' Sunday Times 288 pages. Quantity Available: 1. Category: Fiction; ISBN: 0370005872. ISBN/EAN: 9780370005874. Inventory No: V295-1245. Bookseller Inventory # V295-1245", "precise_score": 6.7982354164123535, "rough_score": 5.990462779998779, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward by Solzhenitsyn, First Edition - AbeBooks" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The latest Solzhenitsyn novel to appear in America, \"The Cancer Ward,\" engages another theme which, like prison, the author has witnessed and endured. Once again he guides us into the enclosed world of the condemned and, at his relentless touch, forces us into an awareness of man in extremis. But there is a difference between the theme of the concentration camp and the theme of the cancer ward which makes the first cry out for a Solzhenitsyn, and the second pass him by. It is obvious enough: the camp is man-made, gratuitous and absolutely modern. Disease is God-given, unavoidable, and eternal. \"Where can I read about us?\" asks one of Solzhenitsyn's characters, an ex-prisoner who despises contemporary literature. \"Will it only be a hundred years from now?\"", "precise_score": 2.7700934410095215, "rough_score": 5.432273864746094, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn has applied the same method to the subject of \"Cancer Ward.\" Here he examines, with clinical precision, the nature of the physical disease and the process whereby the patient, like the prisoner--\"stripped of his outer bark and ready to be planed\"--is revealed to himself, and sometimes transformed by the confrontation with death. A great theme, no doubt, but familiar; it does not meet the same terrible, imperative need to know as did Solzhenitsyn's earlier novels. Tolstoy has shown us, perhaps once and for all, how a man may be reduced to his essence by disease in \"The Death of Ivan Ilyich,\" which is evidently the model for \"Cancer Ward.\" As subject and symbol in modern fiction, disease requires perhaps a more sophisticated and ambiguous writer than Solzhenitsyn.", "precise_score": 6.353984832763672, "rough_score": 5.18137788772583, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn insists that his novel is simply about cancer. At a meeting of the Secretariat of the Union of Writers on Sept. 22, 1967, four months before Konstantin Fedin, the head of the Union, banned \"The Cancer Ward,\" Solzhenitsyn replied to his critics who had accused him of writing a symbolic novel. \"There are too many medical details for it to be a symbol,\" he said.", "precise_score": 6.849706172943115, "rough_score": 6.967685699462891, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn must, of course, be taken seriously here. As a medical novel, \"The Cancer Ward\" offers a fair and quite interesting picture of medicine as practiced in a Central Asian city in 1955. The author himself was cast up in Tashkent, sick with cancer, at about the same period, after spending eight years in prisons and camps. Still in exile--he was not \"rehabilitated\" until 1957-- he entered a hospital where his cancer, never clearly diagnosed as malignant, was arrested. As Solzhenitsyn is the ultimate realist writer, whose life story is indistinguishable from his fiction, it can be assumed that the cancer ward he describes is much as he observed it.", "precise_score": 5.085961818695068, "rough_score": 6.118790626525879, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In spite of Solzhenitsyn's clinical preoccupations, the reader must strain hard to read this novel as a book about cancer. What are we to make of this question posed by the author: \"A man sprouts a tumor and dies--how then can a country live that has sprouted camps and exile?\" Again and again Solzhenitsyn is compelled to return, perhaps despite himself, to his great theme. Who are his cancer-ridden patients? Exiles, an ex-prisoner, a concentration-camp guard, and a secret- police bureaucrat whose denunciations have sent dozens of people to prison. As \"One Day\" stands for the agony of all Russia under Stalin, so \"The Cancer Ward\" irresistibly conveys an image of the immediate post-Stalin period when both victims and executioners were confined, all equally mutilated, in the cancer ward of the nation.", "precise_score": 4.730032920837402, "rough_score": 5.320690155029297, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In such passages, Solzhenitsyn wholly meets the expectations aroused by his two earlier novels, and by his superb story \"Matreyona's Home.\" But some of the faults that began to be apparent in \"The First Circle\"--a lack of measure, and, sometimes, of control over the material and a penchant for simplistic moralizing--are accentuated in \"The Cancer Ward.\" Both \"The Cancer Ward\" and \"The First Circle\" badly need cutting. Solzhenitsyn rewrote \"One Day\" three times until he achieved the supreme spareness which has been rivaled in modern fiction only by Babel and Camus.", "precise_score": 2.548907995223999, "rough_score": 4.897866725921631, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "This reviewer finished \"The Cancer Ward\" with mixed and turbulent feelings. On the one hand I am thankful that I have had the opportunity to read a work that, in spite of its weaknesses, towers about the novels that glut our marketplace. On the other, I am sickened by the knowledge that it cannot be read in Russia and that the publication of this book, like that of \"The First Circle,\" ignores the author's own urgently expressed prohibition. Solzhenitsyn has several times spoken of the \"danger\" of the appearance of his banned books abroad, and charged that the Soviet secret police has circulated them in order to incriminate him. In his most recent statement about \"The Cancer Ward\" Solzhenitsyn declared last April 21 that no foreign publishers had obtained the manuscript, or authorization to publish it, from him. He expressed concern that the translations would be spoiled because of haste in the competitive scramble to publish his book. \"But beyond money,\" he said, \"there is literature.\"", "precise_score": 5.9765625, "rough_score": 6.982489585876465, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "After the Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia. Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short story Nobel Prize-winning writer Ivan Bunin, continued to write in exile. Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the gulag camps. The Khrushchev Thaw brought some fresh wind to literature and poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon. This \"thaw\" did not last long; in the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were banned from publishing and prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.700501441955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian literature" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, like short story writer Varlam Shalamov and Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the gulag camps, or Vasily Grossman, with his description of World War II events countering the Soviet official historiography. They were dubbed \"dissidents\" and could not publish their major works until the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198976516723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian literature" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "But the thaw did not last long. In the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were not only banned from publishing but were also prosecuted for their anti-Soviet sentiments, or parasitism. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. Others, such as Nobel Prize–winning poet Joseph Brodsky; novelists Vasily Aksyonov, Eduard Limonov, Sasha Sokolov and Vladimir Voinovich; and short story writer Sergei Dovlatov, had to emigrate to the West, while Oleg Grigoriev and Venedikt Yerofeyev \"emigrated\" to alcoholism. Their books were not published officially until perestroika, although fans continued to reprint them manually in a manner called \"samizdat\" (self-publishing).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92884349822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian literature" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Image:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974crop.jpg|Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73763370513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian literature" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Suffering, often as a means of redemption, is a recurrent theme in Russian literature. Fyodor Dostoyevsky in particular is noted for exploring suffering in works such as Notes from Underground and Crime and Punishment. Christianity and Christian symbolism are also important themes, notably in the works of Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy and Chekhov. In the 20th century, suffering as a mechanism of evil was explored by authors such as Solzhenitsyn in The Gulag Archipelago. A leading Russian literary critic of the 20th century Viktor Shklovsky, in his book, Zoo, or Letters Not About Love, wrote, \"Russian literature has a bad tradition. Russian literature is devoted to the description of unsuccessful love affairs.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.425665855407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian literature" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "* Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.379786491394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian literature" }, { "answer": "Solzenitsyn", "passage": "Like much of Solzenitsyn's work, the timescale of the novel is brief – a few weeks in the spring of 1955. This places the action after the death of Stalin and the fall of secret police chief Lavrenti Beria, but before Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 \"secret speech\" denouncing aspects of Stalinism, one of the heights of the post-Stalin \"thaw\" in the USSR. A purge of the Supreme Court and the fall of the senior Stalinist Georgy Malenkov take place during the time of the novel's action.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.432234764099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The novel is partly autobiographical. Kostoglotov is admitted to hospital for cancer treatment from internal perpetual exile in Kazakhstan, as was Solzhenitsyn. Kostoglotov is depicted as having been born in Leningrad, whereas Solzhenitsyn was born in Kislovodsk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.00622820854187, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22016716003418, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Google Books" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was born in 1918 and grew up in Rostov-on-Don. He graduated in physics and mathematics from Rostov University and studied literature by correspondence course at Moscow University. In World War II he fought as an artillery officer, attaining the rank of captain. In 1945, however, after making derogatory remarks about Stalin in a letter, he was arrested and summarily sentenced to eight years in forced labour camps, followed by internal exile. In 1957 he formally rehabilitated, and settled down to teaching and writing. The publication of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich in Novy Mir in 1962 was followed by publication, in the West, of his novels Cancer Ward and The First Circle. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, and in 1974 his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Soviet Union. He settled in Vermont and worked on his great historical cycle The Red Wheel. In 1990, with the fall of Soviet Communism, his citizenship was restored and four years later he returned to settle in Russia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.37038516998291, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Google Books" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS NewsHour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.536415100097656, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.432891845703125, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Acclaimed Russian author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote extensively about the gulag prison system and won the Nobel literature prize for his books on abuses in the Soviet Union, died Sunday at age 89 after a reclusive life fraught with challenges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.620154857635498, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "JEFFREY BROWN: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was first a prisoner in the Soviet Union’s vast Gulag system and then a writer who exposed the horrors of that system to the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.480231285095215, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In 1962, during the short-lived liberalization under Nikita Khrushchev, Solzhenitsyn was permitted to publish “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” The searing tale of the struggle to survive a winter day’s imprisonment drew international acclaim.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013093948364258, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn would go on to win the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1970, but renewed scrutiny and then censorship from the soviet state. His most famous work, “The Gulag Archipelago,” part memoir, part history of the prison system in which millions of Russians lost their lives, was smuggled out of the Soviet Union on microfilm and first published in the West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67065715789795, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "One of Solzhenitsyn’s sons spoke today of his father’s motivation in writing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799872398376465, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "STEPAN SOLZHENITSYN, Son of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The misery of people here and the lack of freedom under the Soviet regime, their impoverishment after the Soviet regime was always a source of great pain to him. That is why he opposed the Soviet regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273286819458008, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "JEFFREY BROWN: Solzhenitsyn was charged with treason in 1974 and forced to leave his country. He lived in the United States for almost 20 years and continued to write about the Soviet Union, while also criticizing what he saw as the failings of the West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155864715576172, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In 1994, he received a hero’s welcome upon return to his native land. It was there that Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn died yesterday, outside Moscow, as his wife said he had wished: at home in the summer. He was 89 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968037605285645, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "JEFFREY BROWN: And more now from Michael Scammell, a biographer of Solzhenitsyn, translator of many Russian literary works, and author of a forthcoming biography of the writer Arthur Koestler; and Nina Khrushcheva, a professor of international affairs at the New School and author of \"Imagining Nabokov: Russia Between Art and Politics.\" She's the great granddaughter of former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6647725105285645, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Well, Michael Scammell, can you take us back in time to give us a sense of the power and impact of Solzhenitsyn's works when they first appeared? What did they do?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438202857971191, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "When Solzhenitsyn managed to publish \"One Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich,\" it exploded like a bomb. And it had people in Moscow and even in the Soviet provinces saying, \"The Soviet censorship is gone. Censorship is dead. We are approaching a new era.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98600959777832, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Well, of course, that wasn't true. The censorship was softened for a short period, particularly while Nikita Khrushchev was in power, but it was gradually re-enforced. And, unfortunately, one of the reasons that it was, was the success in Solzhenitsyn in reaching not only a very wide public in the Soviet Union, but a worldwide public, as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342201232910156, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "I remember we were walking the school corridors. And everybody was buzzing about the fact that Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was ousted out of the country and he was declared a traitor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221601486206055, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "But since I was brought up in a family where Solzhenitsyn was a hero, where the \"One Day in the Life Ivan Denisovich\" was read, and I'd already read it by then, I'm pretty sure -- I struggled very hard, I guess, to reconcile these two absolute polarities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312291145324707, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "One is that Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is a great writer and my great-grandfather thought of him as a genius, and then my Soviet school, where I was told that he was a horrible traitor and it was unseeming to a Russian writer to behave this way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.984066009521484, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "NINA KHRUSHCHEVA: Well, this book, I think, is probably one of the greatest Solzhenitsyn books. And he's going to go into history as the greatest writer of the 20th century of Russia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.457294464111328, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "And what Michael Scammell said just now is very important. I think Solzhenitsyn's incredible talent -- genius, really -- was that he was a great witness. He wrote what he saw.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967089653015137, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "And because he was such a talented witness, I think this book, as an experiment or as a new literary genre, and actually in this Solzhenitsyn wasn't particularly very original, because all great Russian writers always come up with a new genre and then make them into something that the world basically stunned by and in awe of.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.273014068603516, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "I mean, Gogol created new genres, Pushkin, and whatnot. And Solzhenitsyn did, indeed, do the same.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342147827148438, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "But it wasn't a diary. It was just an incredible witness, monolithic account of the horrors of Stalinism. And I think that is probably the greatest monument of Solzhenitsyn's legacy that would be left behind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157215118408203, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In my view, his remarks on the West, which caused so much controversy, were almost throwaway remarks. Solzhenitsyn was not interested in America for its own sake. He wasn't interested in Western democracy for its own sake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322078704833984, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "NINA KHRUSHCHEVA: It didn't last, either, because Solzhenitsyn was a very interestingly -- he was sort of one-line man, so to speak. I mean, maybe he wasn't interested in the West, per se, but he was very interested in Russia as a unique civilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076310157775879, "source": "search", "title": "Russian Author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Dies at 89 | PBS ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "it is definitely one of the best books i've ever read. it doesn't only deal with life and death, but also with the turbulent political state russia was in, the lives of everyone in the ward who are influenced by the turbulence, and the desires of everyone to gain freedom: freedom from censorship, freedom from cancer, freedom from misery. it's quite obvious to see that solzhenitsyn metaphorized cancer to the lack of freedom the russians had at that time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.652105450630188, "source": "search", "title": "ReadLiterature.Com - Russian Literature - Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "\"All I want is... to sleep on a camp-bed under the stars... to live just this one summer...\" That is the simple sentiment of the patients of the Cancer Ward... expressed by one, but felt by all. Through a study of the diverse lives here assembled, Solzhenitsyn probes with searing exactitude the process of living with cancer, and more specifically, the TREATMENT of cancer patients in Stalinist Russia. He had reason to be acquainted with firsthand knowledge of the topic. In 1954, the 35 year old Solzhenitsyn was himself diagnosed with a rare form of cancer known as seminoma, and was admitted for radiation treatment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.625998497009277, "source": "search", "title": "ReadLiterature.Com - Russian Literature - Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The timeless importance of Cancer Ward lies in its ability for us as readers to consider that aspect of life which we all have in common... its inevitable END! We are all members of a staggering statistic, a 100% mortality rate. How will any of us react to the news that we are less healthy than we had hoped? Well, here we see all the possibilities of response: initial denial, hope, fear, loss of freedom, blind anger, reluctance to accept treatment, despair, eventual resignation... we laugh and we cry with those who laugh and cry. These are REAL fictional people. In fact, the character of Oleg Kostoglotov is very similar to that of Solzhenitsyn himself. Kostoglotov is the forever optimistic realist, and one of the few who ever leave the cancer ward on their own two legs. The biographer D.M. Thomas has noted that Solzhenitsyn seemed to have defeated his cancer by his own \"iron determination to live\", as does Kostoglotov. Often in the novel, Kostoglotov is pitted against Rusinov, a high-ranking government official who has the most prolonged struggle with accepting his own diagnosis. One significant verbal exchange between the two is as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9908742308616638, "source": "search", "title": "ReadLiterature.Com - Russian Literature - Cancer Ward" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Cancer Ward by Solzhenitsyn, First Edition", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.039461851119995, "source": "search", "title": "Cancer Ward by Solzhenitsyn, First Edition - AbeBooks" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "By Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.947647094726562, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Thus the union of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the theme of the concentration camp has produced one of the masterworks of 20th-century fiction. \"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.\" \"One Day,\" and \"The First Circle\" as well, achieve what Camus deemed impossible: they compel the human imagination to participate in the agony and murder of millions that have been the distinguishing feature of our age. Such a task could only have been accomplished by literature, performing here what may be, after the historical cataclysm of Stalinism and Nazism, its highest cathartic function.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.715121269226074, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "With \"One Day,\" published in Russia in 1962, Solzhenitsyn offered millions of Russians the chance at last to read about themselves, in the story of the innocent carpenter, Ivan Denisovich, who is subjected to the most painful and degrading experience imaginable, without knowing. In \"The First Circle,\" which has been banned in Russia, Solzhenitsyn explored the anatomy of Stalinism, in exhaustive detail, showing how it destroys human relations, warps the mind and deforms the spirit. Clearly Solzhenitsyn believes in the power of literature to exorcise Stalinism. Vain as this hope may be, it has inextricably bound a great writer to his great, and perhaps his only subject.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400851249694824, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "How fatal this mutilation may be is suggested in the conversation between ex-prisoner Kostoglotov and Shulubin, who is going to his death on the operating table. Here Shulubin raises the question which lies at the center of all Solzhenitsyn's work: the moral responsibility of countless Russians for the imprisonment of millions of innocent people. Shulubin envies Kostoglotov for having been in a camp. \"At least you lied less, do you understand. At least you changed less. . . You were jailed. But we were forced to stand and applaud the sentences that had been pronounced. Not just to applaud, but to demand execution, to demand it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280102729797363, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "It should be noted, however, in connection with this first publication in America by the Dial Press, that several editions of the novel have already appeared in Europe; it may be argued that one more edition will not substantially increase the danger to Solzhenitsyn, especially when, as is the case here, no claim is made to authorization.\" Be that as it may, Solzhenitsyn's apprehensions about the translations of the novel have been, in this instance, unfounded. Rebecca Frank's rendering is first-rate, nearly always imaginatively responsive to the author's use of out-of-the-way words, and to his abrupt shifts of tone and diction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929805755615234, "source": "search", "title": "A Diseased Body Politic - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in central Siberia, Russia, 1994 Photograph: Rex Features", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16466999053955, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , who has died aged 89, was a prolific novelist and memoirist, whose life's work, in the best traditions of Russian literature, transcended the realm of pure letters. He was a moral and spiritual leader, whose books were noted as much for their ethical dimension as for their aesthetic qualities. Between 1968 and 1976, he was a towering figure in the twin worlds of literature and politics, expressing the pain of his long-suffering people and single-handedly challenging the autocratic government of one of the world's two superpowers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.519400596618652, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn's moral authority was not easily earned. It was the fruit, in part, of bitter personal experience in Stalin's labour camps. But the lessons he drew from his experience, and the manner in which he voiced the sufferings of three generations of Soviet victims in powerful novels such as One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Cancer Ward, and The First Circle that secured for him the role of conscience of the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3843092918396, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Not least of Solzhenitsyn's achievements was his resurrection of the 19th-century Russian ideal of the writer as secular prophet. A prescient reader once wrote to him: \"No matter how things are going, we have always felt better when we have a Turgenev, a Tolstoy, a Chekhov. It is not enough for us for a writer to be a good writer, even a great writer. He has to be someone we can love.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.429007530212402, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The Mexican writer Octavio Paz attributed Solzhenitsyn's power to his continuation of an even more ancient tradition, that of Orthodox Christianity, which had taught him to endure sacrifice and risk even death to bear witness: \"In a century of false testimonies, a writer becomes the witness to man.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.346673965454102, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Born in Kislovodsk in southern Russia , between the Black and Caspian seas, Solzhenitsyn was almost the same age as the Russian Revolution. Despite some hard years as the sole child of a sick churchgoing mother (his father had died before his birth), he grew up a loyal communist and staunch supporter of the Soviet regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900879859924316, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "But it was his devotion to revolutionary purity that was to prove his undoing. As an artillery captain during the second world war, he wrote letters to a friend expressing barely disguised hostility to Stalin's autocratic rule and hoping for a return to socialist principles when the war was over. These letters were intercepted by Smersh, the Soviet counter-espionage service, and shortly before the war's end, Solzhenitsyn was arrested and sentenced in July 1945 to eight years in the labour camps and three years' administrative exile for \"anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036213874816895, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "During his first few months in the camps, Solzhenitsyn almost died from starvation and overwork. He was saved by his unexpected transfer to a sharashka, a scientific institute devoted to the study of decoding techniques and staffed entirely by scientifically trained prisoners while being supervised and run by the MVD (the ministry of internal affairs). Here he was thrown into the company of a group of highly educated and intelligent fellow prisoners, who broadened his intellectual horizons and forced him to re-examine his earlier beliefs. Two friends in particular, Lev Kopelev and Dmitri Panin, involved him in long philosophical and political debates, while the painter Sergei Ivashov-Musatov opened Solzhenitsyn's eyes to the possibility of combining realism with symbolism in art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130123138427734, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "These experiences were to form the core of the finest of Solzhenitsyn's longer novels, The First Circle (1969), whose title referred to Dante's circles of hell: the first circle was reserved for \"the wise men of antiquity,\" pagans but not sinners of commission. A subplot in that novel reflected Solzhenitsyn's painful personal life at this time. After his graduation from Rostov University in 1940 he had married a fellow student, Natalia Reshetovskaya, who had moved to Moscow following his transfer to the sharashka (which was in Marfino, just outside the capital), and was working for her doctorate in chemistry. Her laboratory was classified, and she told Solzhenitsyn on one of her rare permitted visits that she might have to divorce him in order to keep her position, and they were indeed divorced in 1952.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957600593566895, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In 1950, after three years at the sharashka Solzhenitsyn was transferred to a special camp at Ekibastuz in northern Kazakhstan, where he worked for three more years, first as a bricklayer, and then as a brigade leader in the machine shop. The grinding hard labour, the extremes of heat and cold, the brutality of the guards, and the corruption of the camp administration were later evoked with great brilliance in his short novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962). The suffering provoked a bloody riot (not mentioned in Ivan Denisovich but fully described in The Gulag Archipelago), which was followed by a hunger strike. A commission of inquiry was appointed, and Solzhenitsyn, as a brigade leader, urged caution on his fellow strikers and supported compromise. But the prisoners were cynically deceived by the commission, and Solzhenitsyn learned the bitter lesson that compromise with the authorities was impossible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011013984680176, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "It was while still in the camps that Solzhenitsyn had his first brush with cancer. He was rushed to the infirmary in great pain and operated on for cancer of the groin. The treatment was unsuccessful, and a few months later in 1954, in exile in southern Kazakhstan, he dragged himself to a cancer clinic in Tashkent for further treatment. \"That autumn I learned from my own experience that a man can cross the threshold of death while occupying a body that is still not dead. Your blood still circulates and your stomach digests things, but psychologically you have completed all your preparations for death and lived through death itself … Although you have never regarded yourself as a Christian — sometimes, indeed, the opposite — now you suddenly notice that you have already forgiven everyone who has insulted you.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711323738098145, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn's ordeal during these months became the substance of Cancer Ward (1968). They also provoked a spiritual crisis and a return to the Christian faith of his mother. He came to the conclusion that religion was superior to ideology, because it struggled with \"the evil inside man\", whereas revolutions destroyed the contingent carriers of evil, but embraced \"the evil itself\", and even magnified it. He also concluded that \"the line separating good from evil runs not between states, not between classes, and not between parties — it runs through the heart of each and every one of us\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.301486968994141, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn's release from exile and rise to world fame is inextricably linked with the name and policies of Nikita Khrushchev, who encouraged the thaw after Stalin's death in 1953 and inaugurated a wide-ranging policy of de-Stalinisation. Returning from exile in 1956 to Russia a free man, Solzhenitsyn was reunited with Natalia, who had remarried. She left her second husband for Solzhenitsyn again — they were married again in 1957. He settled down as a schoolteacher in Ryazan, a medium-sized town about 100 miles south-east of Moscow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993308067321777, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "While in exile in Kazakhstan, Solzhenitsyn had laboured to revise the numerous works he had composed in the camps. They included a long narrative poem of thousands of lines (\"twice the length of Eugene Onegin\"), lyric poetry, plays in verse and in prose, and the draft of the novel that was to become The First Circle. His camp experiences had taught him the Joycean virtues of \"silence, exile, and cunning,\" and for several years he had little expectation that his writings would see the light of day. But he changed his mind after the party's 22nd congress in October 1961, when Khrushchev vowed to erect a monument to the victims of Stalinism, and Alexander Tvardovsky, editor of the influential magazine, Novy Mir, called on writers to tell the truth about \"the era of the personality cult\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311235427856445, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn had just completed a short novel about a day in the life of a typical prisoner, which was less extreme in its political opinions than his early poems and plays. He arranged for it to be forwarded anonymously to Tvardovsky, setting in motion a chain of events that was to be compared to the discovery of Dostoevsky by the poet and publisher Nikolai Nekrasov a hundred years earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.380985260009766, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich caused a sensation when it appeared in the November 1961 issue of the literary magazine Novy Mir. So daring were its revelations about Stalin's policies and the evils of the labour camps that many Russians concluded that the censorship had suddenly been abolished. The elder statesman of Russian literature, Korney Chukovsky, called the book \"a literary miracle\", the famous poet Anna Akhmatova described Solzhenitsyn as \"a bearer of light\", and said his story should be read by \"every one of the 200 million citizens of the Soviet Union\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.326638221740723, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "There had been nothing like it in the entire history of Russian literature. Solzhenitsyn had achieved the miracle of pleasing his country's leaders, its critically minded intelligentsia, and the broad mass of his readers. Moreover, his impact on foreign readers was almost as strong: within weeks his name was known all over the world. In quick succession he published three more stories in Novy Mir, the most memorable being the much anthologised Matryona's Place (1963), about a saintly peasant woman, with its celebrated conclusion: \"None of us who lived close to her perceived that she was that one righteous person without whom, as the saying goes, no city can stand. Nor our whole land.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.305878639221191, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn's fall from official grace was almost as precipitous as his rise. In 1964, Khrushchev was removed from power, and Solzhenitsyn narrowly failed to win the Lenin prize for literature. A year later, Leonid Brezhnev began his drive against the intellectuals, signalled by the arrest of Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel for publishing their works clandestinely in the west, and the confiscation of Solzhenitsyn's The First Circle from a friend's apartment, together with copies of some of his early poems and plays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.815476417541504, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "By now Solzhenitsyn was half-way through Cancer Ward, but although part one was slated for publication by Novy Mir, it was blocked by the authorities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4327077865600586, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn was convinced that his arrest was imminent, and went to ground for several weeks, but although Sinyavsky and Daniel were eventually sentenced to labour camp terms at a show trial in Moscow, he remained unscathed, and came to the conclusion that the authorities were afraid of him (a calculation that government documents were later to prove correct).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074719429016113, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn fought back with a celebrated open letter to the Writers' Union congress in March 1967, citing the long line of distinguished Russian writers suppressed or killed by the Soviet government and calling for a complete end to censorship:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40341567993164, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "\"A survival of the Middle Ages, censorship has managed, Methuselah-like to drag out its existence almost to the 21st century. Perishable, it attempts to arrogate to itself the prerogative of imperishable time, of separating good books from bad.\" Solzhenitsyn also appealed to the union to support his struggle to have his own works published — an appeal that fell on deaf ears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249988555908203, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The increasing repression of religious and nationalist dissent by the Brezhnev administration had led to the explosive growth of a dissident movement, which exerted leverage by appeals to the west for support. Solzhenitsyn was both a part of the movement and the object of several of its appeals, and he capitalised on his international reputation by sending copies of his unpublished novels abroad. In 1968 part one of Cancer Ward was published in English by the Bodley Head (followed by translations in other languages), and a year later, Harper & Row brought out The First Circle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2620158195495605, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Both novels were old-fashioned in their panoramic reach, their huge cast of characters and realistic manner, but hugely innovative in their subject matter: the submerged and hitherto (except for Solzhenitsyn's own early novel) undescribed world of the labour camps. Solzhenitsyn was acknowledged as a \"truth-teller\" and a witness to the cruelties of Stalinism of unusual power and eloquence. His fame grew exponentially. He was hailed as a fearless chronicler of evil and as the greatest Russian writer of his time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.611747741699219, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 inaugurated a new push against dissidents, and the following year, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Writers' Union. But in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature, and this greatly strengthened his position vis-a-vis the government. Other prominent dissidents tried to make common cause with him, but although he sympathised with their goals, Solzhenitsyn stayed aloof and preferred to pursue his own path.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793725967407227, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "The sole exception was Academician Sakharov, whose Memorandum on Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom had greatly impressed him, and with whom he had discussed issuing a joint statement on the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The two men met several times, but Sakharov, the typical \"westerniser\", with a great admiration for western society and democratic norms, soon found himself at odds with the \"Slavophile\" Solzhenitsyn, who had acquired a deep regard for the traditions of the Orthodox church and a growing conviction that Russia should follow a separate path from the west. Nevertheless, the two did act in concert to block some aspects of the Brezhnev-Nixon policy of détente, and were instrumental in getting the US Senate to include a human rights plank in the agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130203247070312, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn's increasingly conservative and patriotic views were now beginning to alienate him from liberal opinion in the Soviet Union. In his historical novel, August 1914, published in the west in 1971, he painted a rosy picture of pre-revolutionary Russia, and in three essays for a samizdat collection inspired and masterminded by him, From Under the Rubble, he praised Russia's Orthodox church and authoritarian political tradition, developed the idea that nations, as well as individuals, should practise the Christian virtues of repentance and self-abnegation, and excoriated the Russian intelligentsia for selling out to Soviet power in exchange for material privileges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.070974349975586, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Publication of the Letter (which Solzhenitsyn had sent personally to Brezhnev, without response) was delayed by another major development. The KGB had tracked down and confiscated a copy of The Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn's immense camp history that he had written in the deepest secret and concealed for years from all but close intimates. Copies were already in the west, and when Solzhenitsyn learned of the KGB's coup, he displayed great personal courage in ordering its immediate publication. The appearance of volume one in January 1974 was a bombshell: the book went far beyond anything Solzhenitsyn had published before in revealing the abuses of the regime even as far back as the early twenties, and placed, in the words of one commentator, \"a burning question mark over 50 years of Soviet power\". Another wrote that \"the time may come when we date the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet system from the appearance of Gulag\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.609326362609863, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "In 1976 Solzhenitsyn moved to Vermont, and after making a badly received speech at Harvard about the west's derelictions in its dealings with the Soviet Union swore himself to public silence while working on a series of historical novels that continued the story of August 1914 (1971) under the collective title of The Red Wheel. The original plan had called for up to 20 novels, but the sheer length of the next two novels in the series, October 1916 and March 1917 (each consisting of two volumes, published in 1985 and 1998), showed that this would be physically impossible. Solzhenitsyn therefore concluded the cycle with April 1917 (1991), possibly influenced by the fact that the historical novels were being met with neither critical nor popular success. The consensus held them to be too densely packed with historical data and turgid commentary, and too short on artistic invention to be of great interest to readers. Since the appearance of August 1914, only one other volume, November 1916, has been translated into English so far, although others are scheduled for the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458515167236328, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "From the moment of his deportation Solzhenitsyn averred that he would return to Russia, and he was right. Having observed Gorbachev's perestroika with great scepticism from the vantage point of Vermont, and having remained aloof for a further three years after Yeltsin dismantled communism, he made a triumphal return in May 1994, travelling from Vladivostok to Moscow by train. He had set out his political views on Russia's future in two long essays, Rebuilding Russia and How Shall We Organise Russia, and fully expected to be consulted by the country's political elite, but it did not happen. He was welcomed with genuine warmth and gratitude, but the politicians (until Putin's much-publicised personal visit several years later) kept their distance, and his stint as host of a short-lived television show quickly ended.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718332290649414, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Once more Solzhenitsyn retired from public view, settling in a comfortable villa on the outskirts of Moscow. But despite his advancing years, he kept up a punishing work schedule and was rarely out of the news. After publishing numerous fragments left over from his work on The Red Wheel, he released a second volume of his memoirs, Invisible Allies (1995), a sequel to The Oak and the Calf, describing his experiences in the west, and then a monumental history of the Jews in Russia, Two Hundred Years Together (2001-02). Volume one had provoked a bitter controversy, with many accusing Solzhenitsyn of a barely concealed anti-Semitism — a charge that had dogged him since the appearance of August 1914 — but others defended his courage in tackling such a controversial topic, finding it typical of Sozhenitsyn's genius for raising and examining \"forbidden\" subjects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515254020690918, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn was essentially an old-fashioned artist working within the conventions of the 19th century novel, but the pressure of his extreme subject matter, the passion and discipline he brought to his craft, and the exigencies of the times helped him to stretch the boundaries of Russian realism and find new expressive possibilities for it. He was a truth-teller and moralist of rare force, whose dedication to the ideals of freedom and justice took him beyond literature into the realms of history, philosophy, religion, politics and international affairs. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Matryona's Home, The First Circle and Cancer Ward have already entered the pantheon of Russian literature. The Oak and the Calf is one of the finest memoirs ever produced by a Russian writer, and The Gulag Archipelago is a unique epic, whose full literary and historical merit remains to be weighed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.587907075881958, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "Solzhenitsyn will be remembered in the short term as the bard of the Gulag, a fearless tribune who exercised a crucial liberating influence at a decisive moment in Soviet history, but in the context of the ages, his works will be read so long as readers thirst for the truth about life on this planet. He is survived by Natalia Svetlova and their sons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937600135803223, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "· Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, writer, born December 11 1918; died August 3 2008", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.30960464477539, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." }, { "answer": "Solzhenitsyn", "passage": "· This article was amended on Thursday August 7 2008. The above obituary of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn said that after the mid-1960s his works were never republished while the Soviet regime remained in power. In fact in the perestroika period several were republished, including The Gulag Archipelago. This has been corrected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.142513275146484, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's literary light who illuminated dark world of ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "August", "passage": "He then embarked on a solo career, which actually started with the eponymous album released in August 1970 but was resurected with his Rainbow Concert in 1973 and was then quickly followed by  461 Ocean Boulevard  the following year, There's One in Every Crowd and the live album E.C. Was Here in 1975 and then  Slowhand  in 1977. Eric Clapton is a rock icon, a guitar god, yet he has never lost his passion for the music that inspired him as a teenager. It was music from the mystical land of America that was played by men who he would later get to know, but back in the early 1960s they just seemed liked mystical gods.", "precise_score": 1.1632394790649414, "rough_score": -2.533889055252075, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton - uDiscover" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Somehow in all of this activity, Eric managed to release his first solo album, Eric Clapton, which was released in August 1970 and was essentially Eric fronting the Delaney and Bonnie band, with songs co writen by Delaney Bramlett and Clapton. The single however, was a J.J.Cale cover 'After Midnight'.", "precise_score": 3.9192543029785156, "rough_score": 1.7085753679275513, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton - uDiscover" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, albums and tours would follow year in and year out. In 1985, Clapton found a new audience following his performance at the worldwide charity concert, Live Aid. Annual stands at the Royal Albert Hall and successful albums like August, Journeyman and the Crossroads box set kept him well in the public mind. In the late 80s, he carved out a second career as the composer of film scores. His career went from strength to strength and reached new heights in 1992 with the release of Unplugged and the Grammy winning single, “Tears In Heaven.” In 1994, Eric returned to his blues roots with the release of From The Cradle. 1997 brought an excursion into electronica with the release of TDF’s Retail Therapy.", "precise_score": 0.7211160659790039, "rough_score": -3.078143835067749, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton | Surfdog Records" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "August was suffused with Collins's trademark drum and horn sound, and became Clapton's biggest seller in the UK to date, matching his highest chart position, number 3. The album's first track, the hit \"It's In The Way That You Use It\", was featured in the Tom Cruise - Paul Newman movie The Color of Money. The horn-peppered \"Run\" echoed Collins' \"Sussudio\" and rest of the producer's Genesis/solo output, while \"Tearing Us Apart\" (with Tina Turner) and the unimpressed \"Miss You\" echoed Clapton's angry sound. This rebound kicked off Clapton's two-year period of touring with Collins and their August collaborates, bassist Nathan East and keyboard player/songwriter Greg Phillinganes. While on tour for August, two concert videos were recorded of the four-man band, Eric Clapton Live from Montreux and Eric Clapton and Friends. Clapton later remade \"After Midnight\" as a single and a promotional track for the Michelob beer brand, which had also marketed earlier songs by Collins and Steve Winwood. Clapton won a British Academy Television Award for his collaboration with Michael Kamen on the score for the 1985 BBC Television thriller serial Edge of Darkness. In 1989, Clapton released Journeyman, an album which covered a wide range of styles including blues, jazz, soul and pop. Collaborators included George Harrison, Phil Collins, Daryl Hall, Chaka Khan, Mick Jones, David Sanborn and Robert Cray.", "precise_score": 1.6520112752914429, "rough_score": -3.5360665321350098, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "The 1990s brought a series of 32 concerts to the Royal Albert Hall, such as the 24 Nights series of concerts that took place around January through February 1990, and February through March 1991. On 27 August 1990, fellow blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, who was touring with Clapton, and three members of their road crew were killed in a helicopter crash between concerts. Then, on 20 March 1991, Clapton's four-year-old son, Conor, died after falling from the 53rd-floor window of his mother's friend's New York City apartment. He landed on the roof of an adjacent four-story building. Clapton's grief was expressed in the song \"Tears in Heaven\", which was co-written by Will Jennings. At the 35th Grammy Awards, Clapton received six Grammy Awards for the single \"Tears in Heaven\" and his Unplugged album. The album reached number one on the Billboard 200, and has since been certified Diamond by the RIAA for selling over 10 million copies in the United States. On 9 September 1992, Clapton performed \"Tears in Heaven\" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, and won the award for Best Male Video.", "precise_score": -0.34889042377471924, "rough_score": -2.5716052055358887, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 22 January 2005, Clapton performed in the Tsunami Relief Concert held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In May 2005 Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker reunited as Cream for a series of concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Concert recordings were released on CD and DVD. Later, Cream performed in New York at Madison Square Garden. Back Home, Clapton's first album of new original material in nearly five years, was released on Reprise Records on 30 August. In 2006 he invited Derek Trucks and Doyle Bramhall II to join his band for his 2006-2007 world tour. Trucks is the third member of the Allman Brothers Band to tour supporting Clapton, the second being pianist/keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who appeared on the MTV Unplugged album and the 24 Nights performances at the Royal Albert Hall theatre of London in 1990 and 1991, as well as Clapton's 1992 U.S. tour.", "precise_score": 1.2389177083969116, "rough_score": -1.6302913427352905, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey.Thompson, Dave (2006) Cream: How Eric Clapton Took the World by Storm pgs. 31–32. Virgin Books, 2006 When he was seventeen years old, Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group, the Roosters, whose other guitarist was Tom McGuinness. He stayed with this band from January until August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a seven-gig stint with Casey Jones & the Engineers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.682151794433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Clapton's career successes in the 1970s were in stark contrast with the struggles he coped with in his personal life, which was troubled by romantic longings and drug and alcohol addiction. He became infatuated with Pattie Boyd, who at the time was married to close friend George Harrison, and withdrew from recording and touring to isolation in his Surrey residence as the band broke up. There he nursed a heroin addiction, which resulted in a lengthy career hiatus interrupted only by the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 (where he passed out on stage, was revived, and managed to finish his performance). In January 1973, the Who's Pete Townshend organised a comeback concert for Clapton at London's Rainbow Theatre, aptly titled the \"Rainbow Concert\", to help Clapton kick his addiction. Clapton would return the favour by playing 'The Preacher' in Ken Russell's film version of the Who's Tommy in 1975; his appearance in the film (performing \"Eyesight to the Blind\") is notable as he is clearly wearing a fake beard in some shots, the result of deciding to shave off his real beard after the initial takes in an attempt to force the director to remove his earlier scene from the movie and leave the set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.758976936340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In 1984 he performed on former Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, and joined the supporting tour. Since then Waters and Clapton have had a close relationship. In 2005 they performed together for the Tsunami Relief Fund. In 2006 they performed at the Highclere Castle, in aid of the Countryside Alliance, playing two set pieces of \"Wish You Were Here\" and \"Comfortably Numb\". Clapton, now a seasoned charity performer, played at the Live Aid concert on 13 July 1985. When offered a slot close to peak viewing hours, he was apparently flattered. As Clapton recovered from his addictions, his album output continued in the 1980s, including two produced with Phil Collins, 1985's Behind the Sun, which produced the hits \"Forever Man\" and \"She's Waiting\", and 1986's August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.686623573303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "August was suffused with Collins's trademark drum and horn sound, and became Clapton's biggest seller in the UK to date, matching his highest chart position, number 3. The album's first track, the hit \"It's in the Way That You Use It\", was featured in the Tom Cruise – Paul Newman movie The Color of Money. The horn-peppered \"Run\" echoed Collins' \"Sussudio\" and other work, while \"Tearing Us Apart\" (with Tina Turner) and \"Miss You\" continued Clapton's more angry sound. This rebound kicked off Clapton's two-year period of touring with Collins and their August collaborators, bassist Nathan East and keyboard player/songwriter Greg Phillinganes. While on tour for August, two concert videos were recorded of the four-man band, Eric Clapton Live from Montreux and Eric Clapton and Friends. Clapton later remade \"After Midnight\" as a single and a promotional track for the Michelob beer brand, which had also used earlier songs by Collins and Steve Winwood. Clapton won a British Academy Television Award for his collaboration with Michael Kamen on the score for the 1985 BBC Television thriller serial Edge of Darkness. In 1989, Clapton released Journeyman, an album which covered a wide range of styles including blues, jazz, soul and pop. Collaborators included George Harrison, Phil Collins, Daryl Hall, Chaka Khan, Mick Jones, David Sanborn and Robert Cray. At the 1987 Brit Awards in London, Clapton was awarded the prize for Outstanding Contribution to Music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.670119047164917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In 1996 Clapton had a relationship with singer/songwriter Sheryl Crow. They remain friends, and Clapton appeared as a guest on Crow's Central Park Concert. The duo performed a Cream hit single, \"White Room\". Later, Clapton and Crow performed an alternate version of \"Tulsa Time\" with other guitar legends at the Crossroads Guitar Festival in June 2007 as well as Robert Johnson's blues classic \"Crossroads\" at London's Hyde Park in August 2008 with John Mayer and Robert Randolph.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.37235689163208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "A collaboration with guitarist J. J. Cale, titled The Road to Escondido, was released on 2006, featuring Derek Trucks and Billy Preston (Preston had also been a part of Clapton's 2004 touring band). The 14-track CD was produced and recorded by the duo in August 2005 in California. He invited Trucks to join his band for his 2006–2007 world tour. Bramhall remained in the band as well, giving Clapton three elite guitarists in his band and thus allowing him to revisit many Derek and the Dominos songs that he hadn't played in decades. Trucks became the third member of the Allman Brothers Band to tour supporting Clapton, the second being pianist/keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who appeared on the MTV Unplugged album and the 24 Nights performances at the Royal Albert Hall, London in 1990 and 1991, as well as Clapton's 1992 US tour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.451420307159424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 12 September 1996 Clapton played a party for Armani at New York City's Lexington Armory with Greg Phillinganes, Nathan East and Steve Gadd. Sheryl Crow appeared on one number, performing \"Tearing Us Apart\", a track from August, which was first performed by Tina Turner during the Prince's Trust All-Star Rock show in 1986. It was Clapton's sole US appearance that year, following the open-air concert held at Hyde Park. The concert was taped and the footage was released both on VHS video cassette and later, on DVD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.036275863647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 5 August 1976, Clapton provoked an uproar and lingering controversy when he spoke out against increasing immigration during a concert in Birmingham. Visibly intoxicated, Clapton voiced his support of controversial political candidate Enoch Powell, and announced on stage that Britain was in danger of becoming a \"black colony\". Among other things, Clapton said \"Keep Britain white!\" which was at the time a British National Front slogan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.505744934082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "*August (1986)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.692020416259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eric Clapton" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Almost as soon as his first solo album was released, Eric would be back in the studio. Writing sessions with Bobby Whitlock from the Delaney and Bonnie band, became a touring band called 'Derek And The Dominos', fitting Eric's desire to avoid the limelight. In August and September 1970, Eric went into the studio in Miami with Carl Radle (Bass), Bobby Whitlock (drums & keyboards) and Jim Gordon (Drums) to record. Producer Tom Dowd was at the time mixing the second Allman Brothers album, which would lead to Duane Allman's involvement on most of the record, most memorably the slide playing on the outro to what would become the title track 'Layla'. The album  Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs  is an absolute classic, but was a slow starter. It failed to chart in the UK and took two years to reach its top 20 peak in the U.S. as 'Layla' enjoyed a slow growth at radio; released as a single in 1971, it didn't peak until in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.176981449127197, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton - uDiscover" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "9. I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369861602783203, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton | Surfdog Records" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Typical of his introspective nature, Eric looked beneath the surface and explored the roots of rock in American Blues. The blues also meshed perfectly with his self-perception as an outsider and of being “different” from other people. Sometime in 1962, he asked for his grandparents’ help in purchasing a £100 electric double cutaway Kay (a Gibson ES-335 clone) after hearing the electric blues of Freddie King, B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy, and others. Eric spent his early days in music busking around Richmond and Kingston, he also began spending time in London and the West End. In early 1963, 17 year-old Eric joined his first band, The Roosters. Following the band’s demise in August 1963, he spent one month in the pop-oriented Casey Jones and The Engineers. Before turning to music as a full-time career, he supported himself as a laborer at building sites, working alongside his grandfather, a master bricklayer and plasterer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.817583084106445, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton | Surfdog Records" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "After leaving Hollyfield School, in Surbiton, in 1961, Clapton studied at the Kingston College of Art but was dismissed at the end of the academic year because his focus remained on music rather than art. His guitar playing was so advanced that by the age of sixteen he was getting noticed. Around this time Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, and the West End of London. In 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in the pubs around Surrey. When he was seventeen years old Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group, \"The Roosters\", whose other guitarist was Tom McGuinness. He stayed with this band from January through August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a seven-gig stint with Casey Jones & The Engineers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.687554359436035, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Clapton's career successes in the 1970s were in stark contrast with his personal life, which was troubled by romantic longings and drug and alcohol addiction. While suffering his (temporarily) unrequited and intense attraction to Pattie Boyd, he withdrew from recording and touring to isolation in his Surrey, England, residence. There he nursed his heroin addiction, which resulted in a career hiatus interrupted only by the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 (where he passed out on stage, was revived, and continued his performance). In January 1973, The Who's Pete Townshend organised a comeback concert for Clapton at London's Rainbow Theatre, aptly titled the \"Rainbow Concert\", to help Clapton kick his addiction. Clapton would return the favour by playing 'The Preacher' in Ken Russell's film version of The Who's Tommy in 1975; his appearance in the film (performing \"Eyesight to the Blind\") is notable as he is clearly wearing a fake beard in some shots, the result of deciding to shave off his real beard after the initial takes in an attempt to force the director to remove his earlier scene from the movie and leave the set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.786163330078125, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In 1984 he performed on Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, and went on tour with Waters following the release of the album. Since then Waters and Clapton have had a close relationship. In 2005 they performed together for the Tsunami Relief Fund. In 2006 they performed at the Highclere Castle, in aid of the Countryside Alliance, playing two set pieces of \"Wish You Were Here\" and \"Comfortably Numb\". Clapton, now a seasoned charity performer, played at the Live Aid concert on 13 July 1985. When offered a slot close to peak viewing hours, he was apparently flattered. As Clapton recovered from his addictions, his album output continued in the 1980s, including two produced with Phil Collins, 1985's Behind the Sun, which produced the hits \"Forever Man\" and \"She's Waiting\", and 1986's August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.298008918762207, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "At the 1987 Brit Awards in London, Clapton picked up the prize for Outstanding Contribution to Music.Hurricane Hugo hit Montserrat in 1989, and this resulted in the closure of Sir George Martin and John Burgess's recording studio AIR Montserrat, where Kelly was Managing Director. Kelly and Ruth moved back to England, and stories about Eric's secret daughter began as a result of newspaper articles published at the time. Clapton and Boyd divorced in 1988 following his affair with Italian model Lory Del Santo, who gave birth to their son, Conor, on 21 August 1986. Boyd was never able to conceive children, despite attempts at in vitro fertilisation. Their divorce was granted on grounds of \"infidelity and unreasonable behaviour.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2156171798706055, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 20 May 2006, Clapton performed with Queen drummer Roger Taylor and former Pink Floyd bassist/songwriter Roger Waters at the Highclere Castle, Hampshire, in support of the Countryside Alliance. On 13 August 2006, Clapton made a guest appearance at the Bob Dylan concert in Columbus, Ohio, playing guitar on three songs in Jimmie Vaughan's opening act. A collaboration with guitarist J. J. Cale, titled The Road to Escondido, was released on 7 November 2006, featuring Derek Trucks and Billy Preston. The 14-track CD was produced and recorded by the duo in August 2005 in California. The chemistry between Trucks and Clapton convinced him to invite The Derek Trucks Band to open for Clapton's set at his 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival. Trucks remained on set afterward, performed with Clapton's band throughout his performances, and later embarked on a world tour with him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.042952537536621, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 12 September 1996 Clapton played a party for Armani at New York City's Lexington Armory with Greg Phillinganes, Nathan East, and Steve Gadd. Sheryl Crow appeared on one number, performing \"Tearing Us Apart\", a track from August, which was first performed by Tina Turner during the Prince's Trust All-Star Rock show in 1986. It was Clapton's sole US appearance that year, following the open-air concert held at Hyde Park. The concert was taped and the footage was released both on VHS video cassette and later, on DVD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.216362476348877, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 5 August 1976 Clapton provoked an uproar and lingering controversy when he spoke out against increasing immigration during a concert in Birmingham. Visibly intoxicated, Clapton voiced his support of controversial political candidate Enoch Powell, and announced on stage that Britain was in danger of becoming a \"black colony\". Clapton was quoted as saying, \"I think Enoch's right ... we should send them all back. Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!\" The latter phrase was at the time a British National Front slogan. Clapton continued:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.662386894226074, "source": "search", "title": "Eric Clapton &amp; Steve Winwood - Jango Radio" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "But what about Layla as a single? In the US it was released as an edited 45rpm in March 1971 and made No.51 in the charts: ‘Bell Bottom Blues’ was the lead single from the album. A year later a longer version was issued in the US and it fared a lot better, entering the Hot 100 at No.92 on 13 May 1972 it reached No.10 on the Billboard charts in early August. In the UK it was not released at all until 1 August 1972, and only then in the shortened version (barely 2 and three quarter minutes long). It made No.7 on the charts in 1972 and a decade later it charted again, making No.4 in 1982.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.95091438293457, "source": "search", "title": "The Real History of Eric Clapton's Layla - uDiscover" } ]

[ { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "\"Lisa's First Word\" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons' fourth season. It was first broadcast on Fox in the United States on December 3, 1992. In the episode, as the Simpson family gathers around Maggie and tries to encourage her to say her first word, Marge reminisces and tells the story of Lisa's first word. Elizabeth Taylor appeared for the voicing of Maggie's first word.", "precise_score": 7.210132122039795, "rough_score": 5.874729633331299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa's First Word" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Maggie's first word was provided by the Academy Award-winning actress Elizabeth Taylor, who would also voice herself in the season four finale, \"Krusty Gets Kancelled\". While promoting the episode, the producers initially did not reveal who the voice of Maggie would be, prompting speculation as to the identity of the actress. Although it was only one word, the voice came out \"too sexy\" and Taylor had to record the part numerous times before the producers were satisfied and thought it sounded like a baby. Several sources, including John Ortved's The Simpsons history article \"Simpsons Family Values\" in Vanity Fair, have reported that after Taylor had been made to repeatedly record the line, she said \"fuck you\" to series creator Matt Groening and stormed out of the studio. Groening recounted this event on a 1994 appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and was also quoted by the New York Daily News in 2007 as saying \"We did 24 takes, but they were always too sexual. Finally Liz said, 'F— you,' and walked out.\" However, Groening later denied the story in the DVD commentary for the episode \"Gump Roast\", while Jean stated in a piece after Taylor's death in 2011 that Taylor had said \"fuck you\" in jest and in Maggie's voice and did not storm out. ", "precise_score": 7.714851379394531, "rough_score": 5.920533657073975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa's First Word" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Maggie's squeaking and occasional speaking parts are currently provided by Nancy Cartwright, but she has also been voiced by guest stars James Earl Jones, Elizabeth Taylor and Jodie Foster, and by series regulars Yeardley Smith and Harry Shearer. Maggie has appeared in various media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and has inspired an entire line of merchandise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.440435886383057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maggie Simpson" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Although she had previously spoken in fantasies and dream sequences, Maggie's first word spoken in the normal continuity of the series occurred in \"Lisa's First Word\", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor. Although it was only one word (\"Daddy\"), Taylor had to record the part numerous times before the producers were satisfied. James Earl Jones voiced Maggie in \"Treehouse of Horror V\". Maggie would later have brief dialogue in \"Treehouse of Horror IX\", voiced by Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice. In earlier episodes, Yeardley Smith did many of Maggie's squeaks, cries, laughs and occasional speaking parts,Smith, Yeardley. (2007). Commentary for The Simpsons Movie [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. although in the later seasons her parts are done by Nancy Cartwright (including a single word spoken during the end credits of The Simpsons Movie). Jodie Foster voiced a Howard Roark-inspired Maggie in the season 20 episode \"Four Great Women and a Manicure\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0980217456817627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maggie Simpson" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "In 2006, Elizabeth Taylor was named thirteenth on IGN's \"Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances\" list for her performance as Maggie in \"Lisa's First Word\". James Earl Jones, voice of Maggie in \"Treehouse of Horror V\", was named the seventh greatest guest star on the show in the same list. In 2000, Maggie and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.669897079467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maggie Simpson" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Elizabeth Taylor's performance as Maggie was praised by critics. She was named the 13th greatest guest spot in the history of the show by IGN. Taylor also appeared on AOL's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars. Todd Everett at Variety called the last scene in the episode, where Maggie speaks her first word, \"quite a heart-melter\". He added that \"it is probably no surprise that the casting of Elizabeth Taylor as the voice for baby Maggie Simpson's first word was a publicity stunt [...] No mind, the episode in question delivered well-rounded view of series' multiple attractions.\" Total Film's Nathan Ditum ranked her performance as the best guest appearance in the show's history. Fox rebroadcast the episode on April 3, 2011 in memory of Taylor, following her death on March 23. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.765695571899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lisa's First Word" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Maggie's first word spoken in the normal continuity of the series occurred in \" Lisa's First Word \", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor . Elizabeth Taylor's performance as Maggie was named the thirteenth greatest guest spot in the history of the show by IGN. James Earl Jones , who voiced Maggie in Treehouse of Horror V was in seventh place. She would later have brief dialogue in Treehouse of Horror IX , voiced by Harry Shearer using Kang's voice. In earlier episodes, Yeardley Smith did many of Maggie's squeaks and occasional speaking parts, although in later seasons her parts were done by Nancy Cartwright . Although she has spoken many times, she has only had two canonical speeches that were real within the series. Her first canon speech was in Lisa's First Word , and this word was \"daddy\" (as both Bart and Lisa grew up calling Homer his given name); however, only the viewers and not the family heard her say this (at least until the Father's Day clip show). Her second speech was in Coming to Homerica . This time, the family did hear her speak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.930443525314331, "source": "search", "title": "Maggie Simpson - Simpsons Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "This is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the Simpsons, and it's a good one based off sentimental flashbacks. In the four seasons so far, this is the third flashback episode based off Marge and Homer's history. But this is more modern history featuring a two-year-old Bart and a newborn Lisa. The episode also features an emotional moment, which is helped in a voice cameo by Elizabeth Taylor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.689132213592529, "source": "search", "title": "\"The Simpsons\" Lisa's First Word (TV Episode 1992) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Maggie's first word in the series \"The Simpsons\" (other than in dream sequences) was in the episode in \"Maggie's First Word\". Elizabeth Taylor spoke that one word line, \"Daddy.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.395174026489258, "source": "search", "title": "Maggie Simpson (Character) - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Elizabeth Taylor", "passage": "Maggie had spoken in a previous episode, when Elizabeth Taylor provided her voice as she said 'Daddy'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.966360569000244, "source": "search", "title": "The Simpsons baby Maggie finally talks... and makes her ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Joseph Heller", "passage": "Catch-22 is a 1970 American satirical black comedy-drama war film adapted from the novel of the same name by Joseph Heller. In creating a black comedy revolving around the \"lunatic characters\" of Heller's satirical anti-war novel set at a fictional World War II Mediterranean base, director Mike Nichols and screenwriter Buck Henry (also in the cast) worked on the film script for two years, converting Heller's complex novel to the medium of film.", "precise_score": 5.3695902824401855, "rough_score": 4.85241174697876, "source": "wiki", "title": "Catch-22 (film)" }, { "answer": "Joseph Heller", "passage": "Catch-22: 50th Anniversary Edition: Joseph Heller, Christopher Buckley: 9781451626650: Amazon.com: Books", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.506972312927246, "source": "search", "title": "Catch-22: 50th Anniversary Edition: Joseph Heller ..." }, { "answer": "Joseph Heller", "passage": "Finally, an obligatory remark on the title. Although in its original form the camp doctor Doc Daneeka refers to Catch-22 as a particular concept describing who can do and who does do combat missions, the circular nature of this logic appears in multiple situations throughout the story, when mindless arguments seem to justify mindless actions. In my paraphrasing, Catch-22 states that those who are crazy enough will fight in the wars even though they could be exempted from combat duties because they are crazy. Those who are not crazy and would want to get out of wars however are not allowed to leave the battle field since they have no mental illness for an excuse. If a crazy person changes his mind and asks for relief from duty, it means that he is not crazy anymore and thus he needs to continue the fight. So, at the end, there is no way out of war: everyone has to fight it. This is perhaps a simplified, perhaps even a pacifist concept of war, but it comes from someone who has personal experience of the devastation war brings. I wish people were listening to Joseph Heller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.303159236907959, "source": "search", "title": "Catch-22: 50th Anniversary Edition: Joseph Heller ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Burgas (,), sometimes transliterated as Bourgas, is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna, with a population of 211,033 inhabitants, while 277,922 live in its urban area. It is the capital of Burgas Province and an important industrial, transport, cultural and tourist centre.", "precise_score": 1.511008858680725, "rough_score": -1.8092288970947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "The city is surrounded by the Burgas Lakes and located at the westernmost point of the Black Sea, at the large Burgas Bay. The LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas is the largest oil refinery in southeastern Europe and the largest industrial enterprise. The Port of Burgas is the largest port in Bulgaria, and Burgas Airport is the second most important in the country. Burgas is the center of the Bulgarian fishing and fish processing industry. ", "precise_score": -5.694291591644287, "rough_score": -7.889241695404053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Burgas Airport , () is an airport in southeast Bulgaria and the second largest airport in the country. The airport is located near to the north neighbourhood of Burgas, Sarafovo almost 10 kilometres from the city centre. Between the airport and the city centre is located Lake Atanasovsko. The airport serves Burgas and seaside resorts of Bulgarian south coast. In 2014, the airport handled 2,522,319 passengers, a 2.0% increase compared to 2013.", "precise_score": -1.3617058992385864, "rough_score": -5.376433849334717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas Airport" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "On 29 June 1947, Balkan Bulgarian Airlines began domestic flights between Burgas, Plovdiv and Sofia, using Junkers Ju 52/3m aircraft. In the 1950s and 1960s the airport was expanded and modernized by building a concrete runway. In 1970, the airport became an international airport serving 45 destinations. ", "precise_score": -6.016669273376465, "rough_score": -6.755561351776123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas Airport" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "There are domestic and international flights to about 126 destinations in 31 countries, by more than 69 Bulgarian and foreign airlines (season 2016). The busiest season for the airport is from the end of April to the beginning of October.", "precise_score": -5.505364418029785, "rough_score": -4.398156642913818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas Airport" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bourgas (Burgas) International (Sarafovo) Airport, Bulgaria (BOJ) - Guide & Flights", "precise_score": 7.072346210479736, "rough_score": 7.816018104553223, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bourgas (Burgas) International (BOJ)" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bourgas (Burgas) International Airport, otherwise known as Sarafovo Airport, is located 6Km North of Bourgas on the Black Sea coast, eastern Bulgaria.", "precise_score": 8.111282348632812, "rough_score": 8.2224702835083, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bourgas (Burgas) International (BOJ)" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "The city is the fourth largest in Bulgaria with population of 212 000 people and possess the biggest international airport in the country. It is an important industrial and transport centre. It is situated 399 kilometers away from the Bulgarian capital on the largest Black Sea bay. The favourable location of the Bourgas Airport makes it very important for Bulgarian aviation. The airport is important for the country and plays the role of the third emergency airport on the Balkan Peninsula. It occupies 2500000 sq m and performs passenger - cargo flights.", "precise_score": 6.517824649810791, "rough_score": 4.668385982513428, "source": "search", "title": "Bourgas Airport car hire, Bourgas Airport car rental ..." }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "The infrastructure has had considerable development during the last decade. The tourists who visit the city can make their bookings on-line for all standard cars' models and mini vans, public transport or taxi. In the central part of the town are set abundance of cafes, telephone service, restaurants, offering Bulgarian and UK cuisine, bars, car rental offices and fast-food. If you want to escape from the hustle and bustle, you can go to the Sarafovo quarter, close to the airport, which reminds you of a small holiday resort. The thermal waters and mineral baths are a must for the development of medical tourism and the lakes around the city are natural landmarks, which attract many fishermen. TS Travel is the largest car hire company at Bourgas International Airport providing on-line reservations with contact information, details, rates and terms.", "precise_score": 1.723907470703125, "rough_score": -5.877853870391846, "source": "search", "title": "Bourgas Airport car hire, Bourgas Airport car rental ..." }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bourgas Airport Arrivals and Departures (BOJ) - Bulgaria", "precise_score": 6.081741809844971, "rough_score": 5.48075532913208, "source": "search", "title": "Bourgas Airport Arrivals and Departures (BOJ) - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "There are several alternative explanations for the name's origin. By one of them, the city's name comes from Gothic name \"baurgs\" as meaning \"signified consolidated walled villages\". According to Bulgarian prof. Kiril Vlahov, the name of the city comes from the Thracian word \"pyurg\" as meaning \"fortification of wooden beams\". It is also suggested that the name ultimately comes from the name of khan Burtaz (683-633 BC).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214437484741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Lake Burgas is Bulgaria's largest lake and is in the middle of the city. It is important for migrating birds. Over 250 species of birds inhabit the lake area, 61 of which are endangered in Bulgaria and 9 globally, attracting keen birdwatchers from all over the world. The lakes are also home to important fish and invertebrates. In the site have been recorded several IUCN Red-Listed species of animals — 5 invertebrates, 4 fish, 4 amphibians, 3 reptiles, 5 birds and 3 mammals. Situated along the second largest migration path of birds in Europe, the Via Pontica, the site is an important stopover and staging site for a large number of water-birds, raptors and passerines. Yearly during migration and wintering more than 20,000 (up to 100,000) waterbirds congregate there. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336714744567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bulgarian and Byzantine Middle Ages ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57131290435791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "In the Middle Ages, there were important settlements in the area: the fortress Skafida, Poros, Rusokastron (Battle of Rusokastro), the Baths called Aqua Calidae and used by Byzantine, Bulgarian and Ottoman Emperors; a small fortress called Pyrgos was erected where Burgas is today and was most probably used as a watchtower. Under the Byzantine Empire it became an important city on the Black Sea coast. The Bulgarian ruler Krum built the Erkesiya, a 140 km-long border wall from the Black Sea (near Gorno Ezerovo) to the Maritsa River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28593921661377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "In 1206 the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders (see Fourth Crusade) destroyed Aquae Calidae, which was known as Thermopolis at this time, The baths were later rebuilt by the Byzantines and Bulgarians. Poros was mentioned in a 1270 document of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Close to Poros took place the Battle of Skafida in 1304, when the Bulgarian Tsar Todor Svetoslav defeated the Byzantines and conquered the southern Black Sea coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278914451599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "In the 17th and 18th centuries Burgas became an important port for cereal and possesses its own grain measure, the Burgas-Kile. The town was the regional centre of trade and administrative centre of the Burgas Kaaza. In 1865 the port of Burgas was after Trapezunt the second most important Ottoman port in the Black Sea. Burgas was at this time the major centre on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25341510772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "It was a department centre in Eastern Rumelia before incorporated in the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393454551696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "The opening of the railway line to Plovdiv on 27 May 1890 and the deep water port in 1903 were important stages of this boom and led to the rapid industrialization of the city. In the period after 151 factories were founded. Among them were the Sugar refinery founded by Avram Chaliovski, the Great Bulgarian Mills of Ivan Chadzipetrov and the oil and soap factory Kambana. In 1900 the mineral springs by the ancient Aquae Calidae were included in the urban area. In 1903, the new building of the Burgas Central railway station opened. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434263229370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Founded in 1924 in Burgas Deweko (now HemusMark AD) was the first pencil factory in Southeastern Europe and became in 1937 official supplier to the Bulgarian Monarchy. 1925 opened in Burgas a specialized high school for mechanics and technologies. The following year, a large covered market was opened. Because of the cold wave in winter 1928/29 the Black Sea iced in late January and early February, so that the island of Sveta Anastasia could be reached on foot. 1934, Burgas already had 34,260 inhabitants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37160587310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "After the Communists took power in 1945, the German and Italian School and the People's University were closed and over 160 factories and businesses (including the large companies Great Bulgarian Mills, Veriga, Plug, Dab, etc.), shops, baths and other private property were nationalized. The nationalization and inability to lead by the new rulers led the companies to the collapse of the food supply and the shortage of goods of daily life in the city. The political repression against the population of Burgas continued for the next few years. Access to universities and other higher education in the Bulgarian capital was refused for the young people of Burgas and some of them were interned in prison and labor camps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423789024353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "The Haganah organised after the end of the Second World War several convoys for the European survivors of the Holocaust, which expired on Burgas ships towards Palestine. These convoys approximately 12,000 people emigrated, including the Jewish population of the city. In the following years the city center of Burgas, unlike many other Bulgarian cities, was not much affected by Communist-type urbanization and has kept much of its 19th- and early-20th-century architecture. A number of oil and chemical companies were gradually built.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32522964477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Today the local port is the largest in Bulgaria adding significantly to the regional economy. Burgas also hosts annual national exhibitions and international festivals and has a vibrant student population of over 6,000 that add to the city's appeal. The historical society also maintains open-air museums at Beglik Tash and Develtum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.632610321044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "On 18 July 2012 a terrorist attack was carried out by a suicide bomber on a passenger bus transporting Israeli tourists at the Burgas Airport. The bus was carrying forty-two Israelis, mainly youths, from the airport to their hotels, after arriving on a flight from Tel Aviv. The explosion killed the Bulgarian bus driver and five Israelis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13718318939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "During the first decade after the liberation of Bulgaria, in the 1880s the population of Burgas numbered about 6,000 inhabitants. Since then it started growing decade by decade, mostly because of the migrants from the rural areas and the surrounding smaller towns, reaching its peak in the period 1988-1991 exceeding 200,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509576797485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "*Bulgarians: 172,898 (95.2%)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461821556091309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Burgas is an important industrial centre. The most notable industrial enterprise is LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas - the largest oil refinery in South-eastern Europe and the largest manufacturing plant in the Balkans. The city, along with Sofia, is one of the key elements in supporting Bulgaria's future European transport network (TEN-T) EU and Pan-European Transport Corridor 8, which includes construction of the railway and road infrastructure and the development of the Port of Burgas and Burgas Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.503496170043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "; Bulgarian Orthodox Churches", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463214874267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "; Bulgarian Catholic Churches", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471015930175781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "* Dormition of the Theotokos Bulgarian Byzantine Catholic Church", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56690788269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "* Prodan Gardzhev (1936–2003), Bulgarian Olympic champion - wrestling", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513176918029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "* Raina Kabaivanska (b. 1934), Bulgarian Opera singer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.509378433227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "* Georgi Kostadinov (b. 1950), first Bulgarian boxing Olympic champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513216972351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "* Nikola Stanchev (b. 1930), first Bulgarian Olympic champion", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498099327087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "On 27 June 1937 the French company CIDNA (now part of Air France), chose the area of Burgas Airport to build a radio station and signed a contract with the Bulgarian government for its use. The contract expressly stated that the staff of Burgas Airport would be Bulgarian. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879191398620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas Airport" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Burgas airport has been subject to heavy traffic following the growing tourism industry in Bulgaria and was in need of major investments to expand and handle projected passenger traffic. In June 2006, the Bulgarian Government awarded Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide a 35-year-long concession on both Varna and Burgas airports in return for investments exceeding €500 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.493348121643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas Airport" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "*On 18 July 2012, an attack at Burgas Airport occurred. A suicide bomber boarded a bus which was transporting Israeli citizens to the Bulgarian resort of Sunny Beach located in Burgas, the perpetrator detonated the bomb killing 6 civilians (+ 1 suicide bomber) as well as injuring 32 people. The attack resulted in the closure of Burgas Airport for over 30 hours, resulting in the majority of flights diverting to Varna Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.609539031982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burgas Airport" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Airports in Bulgaria, Bulgaria Airports Map", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857808113098145, "source": "search", "title": "Airports in Bulgaria, Bulgaria Airports Map - Maps of World" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "List of Airports in Bulgaria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081117630004883, "source": "search", "title": "Airports in Bulgaria, Bulgaria Airports Map - Maps of World" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bulgaria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439022064208984, "source": "search", "title": "Bourgas Airport Arrivals and Departures (BOJ) - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Burgas is a major industrial city on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and whilst the region has been inhabited for thousands of years, it wasn’t until the start of the 20th century that the city began to grow. More", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448298454284668, "source": "search", "title": "Bourgas Airport Arrivals and Departures (BOJ) - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "There’s not much in the city to attract tourism as it is mainly a commercial and navy port as well as the centre of the Bulgarian oil industry. Either side of the port you’ll find decent beaches used greatly by the city’s inhabitants and the Black Sea is warm and inviting in the summer whilst St Anastasia Island seen offshore is a popular day trip by ferry from the port.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33076286315918, "source": "search", "title": "Bourgas Airport Arrivals and Departures (BOJ) - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bulgaria Airports & Flights to Bulgaria from the UK or Ireland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.309447288513184, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "On the north east corner of the Bulcan Peninsular, bordering the Black sea, Bulgaria has long been a link between east and west and has, at times, had a turbulent past. It is a country with plenty of history and evidence of earlier civilisations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183655738830566, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "The mountain regions of Bulgaria are also a winter sports destination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427753448486328, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bulgaria is a member of the European Union and the currency is the Bulgarian Lev (BGN).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374587059020996, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "Bulgaria is also a Schengen country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.918014526367188, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bulgaria" }, { "answer": "Bulgaria", "passage": "4 Bulgaria Airport Guides with 48 scheduled flights from the UK or Ireland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912073135375977, "source": "search", "title": "Europe Airports - Bulgaria" } ]

[ { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope Saint John Paul II (; ; ), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was pope from 1978 to 2005. He is widely known to Catholics as Saint John Paul the Great, especially in the names of institutions. ", "precise_score": 6.9158935546875, "rough_score": 8.011700630187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "He was the second longest-serving pope in modern history after Pope Pius IX, who served for nearly 32 years from 1846 to 1878. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, who served from 1522 to 1523. John Paul II's cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. On 19 December 2009, John Paul II was proclaimed Venerable by his successor Pope Benedict XVI and was beatified on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints attributed one miracle to his intercession, the healing of a French nun from Parkinson's disease. A second miracle attributed to John Paul II's intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, and confirmed by Pope Francis two days later (two miracles must be attributed to a person's intercession to be declared a saint). John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014 (again Divine Mercy Sunday), together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul II's optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints' feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, but that of John Paul II (22 October) is celebrated on the anniversary of his papal inauguration. ", "precise_score": 5.739507675170898, "rough_score": 6.652578353881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Cardinal Wojtyła voted in the Papal conclave, which elected Pope John Paul I. John Paul I died after only 33 days as pope, triggering another conclave.", "precise_score": 3.854691743850708, "rough_score": 6.692538261413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "While some of his trips (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was greeted warmly by then-President Jimmy Carter. He was the first pope ever to visit several countries in one year, starting in 1979 with Mexico and Ireland. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. While in England, he also visited Canterbury Cathedral and knelt in prayer with Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the spot where Thomas à Becket had been killed. ", "precise_score": 4.27885627746582, "rough_score": 7.2964959144592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In June 1979, Pope John Paul II travelled to Poland where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him. This first papal trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the Solidarity movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.", "precise_score": 2.4789223670959473, "rough_score": 6.2939910888671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the 1962–65 Second Vatican Council, affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished that he would embrace the so-called \"progressive\" agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate \"progressive\" changes in these areas; for example, they still condemned abortion as an unspeakable crime. Pope John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed liberation theology.", "precise_score": 4.978116035461426, "rough_score": 7.678282737731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty, although previous popes had accepted the practice. At a papal mass in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States he said:", "precise_score": 3.1022706031799316, "rough_score": 8.692161560058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI) as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of liberation theology, which had many followers in South America. Visiting Europe, Óscar Romero unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a Vatican condemnation of El Salvador's regime, for violations of human rights and its support of death squads. In his travel to Managua, Nicaragua, in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the \"popular Church\" (i.e. \"ecclesial base communities\" supported by the CELAM), and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist Sandinistas, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See. During that visit Ernesto Cardenal, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, \"You must straighten out your position with the church.\"", "precise_score": 2.9415717124938965, "rough_score": 7.203739166259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Later, during a Mass, Pope John Paul II criticised the regime for impoverishing the peasants and the unemployed, claiming that the government must give people greater access to the land. Although Stroessner tried to prevent him from doing so, Pope John Paul II met opposition leaders in the one-party state.", "precise_score": 2.1780741214752197, "rough_score": 7.171971797943115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first pope known to receive a priestly blessing from a rabbi, when Rabbis Benjamin Blech, Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at Clementine Hall in the Apostolic Palace.", "precise_score": 5.523403167724609, "rough_score": 6.681656360626221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II apologised to many groups that had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years. Before becoming pope he had been a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives such as the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. As pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including: ", "precise_score": 4.635364532470703, "rough_score": 7.300229072570801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "When he became pope in 1978 at the age of 58, John Paul II was an avid sportsman. He was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the new pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), who was an avid mountaineer. An Irish Independent article in the 1980s labelled John Paul II the keep-fit pope.", "precise_score": 4.861502170562744, "rough_score": 6.813041687011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of Pope John XXIII. The alcove had been empty since John XXIII's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification.", "precise_score": 2.430602550506592, "rough_score": 6.444278240203857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen throughout the world began referring to the late pontiff as \"John Paul the Great\"—only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed, and the first since the first millennium. Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope \"Great\"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage, as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today commonly are known as \"Great\" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867.", "precise_score": 3.523083448410034, "rough_score": 8.125480651855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul, Pope Benedict XVI continued to refer to John Paul II as \"the Great\". At the 20th World Youth Day in Germany 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking in Polish, John Paul's native language, said, \"As the Great Pope John Paul II would say: Keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people.\" In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit, he repeatedly made references to \"the great John Paul\" and \"my great predecessor\".", "precise_score": 3.677499294281006, "rough_score": 8.358065605163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily, he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen \"in the near future\".", "precise_score": 2.3953001499176025, "rough_score": 6.263027667999268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 4 July 2013, Pope Francis confirmed his approval of John Paul II's canonisation, formally recognising the second miracle attributed to his intercession. He was canonised together with Pope John XXIII. The date of the canonisation was on 27 April 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday. ", "precise_score": 2.8798365592956543, "rough_score": 6.489452838897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The canonisation Mass for Blessed Popes John Paul II and John XXIII, was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI), on 27 April 2014 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican (Pope John Paul had died on vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005). About 150 cardinals and 700 bishops concelebrated the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass, with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens placed around Rome. ", "precise_score": 3.1995227336883545, "rough_score": 7.672765731811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1988, when Pope John Paul II was delivering a speech to the European Parliament, Ian Paisley, the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party and Moderator of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, shouted \"I denounce you as the Antichrist!\" from 1:45 m into video and held up a red banner reading \"Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST\". Otto von Habsburg (the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary), an MEP for Germany, snatched Paisley's banner, tore it up and, along with other MEPs, helped eject him from the chamber.", "precise_score": 2.501251459121704, "rough_score": 7.00095796585083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success", "precise_score": 3.509075164794922, "rough_score": 7.172297477722168, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success", "precise_score": 3.509075164794922, "rough_score": 7.172297477722168, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In his first Papal address, John Paul II did not speak of his duty to preserve the purity of Catholic doctrine against the many errors of the day, as did Pope Saint Pius X.[17] Rather, John Paul II saw his primary task to further the progressivist agenda of Vatican II. On October 17, 1978, the newly- elected John Paul II said:", "precise_score": 5.048855304718018, "rough_score": 8.064214706420898, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "There is no doubt that Pope John Paul II made good his word. Novelties, trendy experiments, going boldly where no Pope had gone before, was the man in a nutshell. He forged his 25-year pontificate according to the new ecumenical doctrine wherein the principle of conversion of non-Catholics is replaced by the new principle of convergence with non-Catholics.", "precise_score": 3.7895102500915527, "rough_score": 6.799966335296631, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II’s inter-religious activities, chronicled repeatedly in Catholic Family News and other journals, demonstrate this beyond dispute. His Spirit of Assisi, in which members of all religions pray together for peace and supposedly work together for the betterment of the human family — a concept condemned by Pope Saint Pius X in his Letter against the Sillon[19] — is an icon of his papacy.", "precise_score": 2.8527908325195312, "rough_score": 6.46422815322876, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Here then is Pope John Paul II’s most sizable achievement. He has succeeded in making those Catholics who insist on the infallible dogma “outside the Church there is no salvation” appear to be crazy. Thanks to John Paul II’s radical pontificate, those Catholics who believe and practice everything taught by Pope Eugene IV, Saint Pius V, Gregory XVI, Blessed Pius IX, Saint Pius X, Pius XI and Pius XII are viewed as a kooky fringe of questionable orthodoxy. Those who resist John Paul’s modernist orientation and remain faithful to the Popes of all time are in many instances calumniated as enemies of the Faith.", "precise_score": 6.058798789978027, "rough_score": 8.632390975952148, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Two weeks before Pope John Paul II’s double beatification of Popes Pius IX and John XXIII, the progressivist Commonweal journal observed:", "precise_score": 2.5750889778137207, "rough_score": 6.956099510192871, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II’s commitment to the liberal reforms of the Second Vatican Council are precisely what would have earned his condemnation under Blessed Pius IX. Pope John Paul II’s pontificate effectively pitted today’s Catholics against the teachings of his predecessors. Very few in the media recognized this, and those who did viewed it as praiseworthy.", "precise_score": 4.301184177398682, "rough_score": 8.724672317504883, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "“This may be what you think: John Paul II was the conservative Pope. His pontificate was marked by a resurgent Roman Catholic traditionalism, setting the Church against liberalizing forces of all kinds. John Paul II is remembered above all for shoring up structures of the past.", "precise_score": 4.52436637878418, "rough_score": 7.225992202758789, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "“This is wrong. John Paul II boldly presided over the maturing of political and theological revolutions in Catholicism. Perhaps despite himself, he was a Pope of change, accomplishing two radical shifts — one in the Church’s attitude toward war and the other in its relationship to the Jewish people. Taken together, those represent the most significant change in Church history, and they lay the groundwork for future changes that could well go beyond what this Pope foresaw or even wanted. In each case, John Paul II brought to completion a movement that was begun by his predecessors John XXIII and Paul VI, the Popes of the Second Vatican Council.”[46]", "precise_score": 4.734538555145264, "rough_score": 7.410733699798584, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "James Carroll sees Pope John Paul II’s continuing revolution as a “maturing” of Catholic thought. Pope Saint Pius X would have seen it for what it was: Modernism in action. Likewise, Pope Pius XII would have recognized John Paul II as one of the progressivist theologians he warned against in Humani Generis “who reduce to a meaningless formula the necessity of belonging to the true Church in order to gain eternal salvation.”[47]", "precise_score": 4.49651575088501, "rough_score": 8.100181579589844, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II has met his Judge, Who according to Pope Saint Pius X, will demand a strict account of his Papal stewardship.[49] The purpose of this article is not to judge John Paul’s soul, as that is God’s prerogative alone.", "precise_score": 3.4000730514526367, "rough_score": 8.052238464355469, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": 3.621969223022461, "rough_score": 7.657212734222412, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II celebrated 147 beatifications, during which he", "precise_score": 1.7476128339767456, "rough_score": 6.4046406745910645, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 3 May 1981, an attempt was made on Pope John Paul II's life", "precise_score": 2.330087661743164, "rough_score": 7.121373653411865, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II also demonstrated his pastoral concern by", "precise_score": 1.5795986652374268, "rough_score": 6.899791240692139, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "No other Pope met as many people as Pope John Paul II. More", "precise_score": 2.938870429992676, "rough_score": 7.420356273651123, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "I remember vividly the August of 1993. I was part of a massive gathering of over half a million youth from all over North America in Denver, Colorado with Pope John Paul II.  The saintly old Pope’s message was electrifying for us, but it held a rather startling prediction for America which many of us missed until we read it later: “Woe to you if you do not succeed in defending life\" said the pontiff.", "precise_score": 3.516702175140381, "rough_score": 7.870883464813232, "source": "search", "title": "Pope St John Paul II prophesied - CNS News" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared saints in April", "precise_score": 1.720435619354248, "rough_score": 6.8030524253845215, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – The Roman Catholic Church will declare Pope John Paul II a saint, the Vatican announced Friday, July 5. The Polish-born pope, pictured in 1978, was fast-tracked to beatification after his death in 2005 and was declared \"blessed\" barely six years later -- the fastest beatification in centuries. Here's a look at the most widely traveled pope and his journeys around the world:", "precise_score": 3.6306798458099365, "rough_score": 8.495294570922852, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Pope John Paul II blesses the crowd in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City on Easter Sunday in April 1980.", "precise_score": 2.6692490577697754, "rough_score": 7.263456344604492, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Aides help Pope John Paul II moments after a May 13, 1981, assassination attempt by Turkish gunman Mehmet Ali Agca in St Peter's Square.", "precise_score": 2.3802669048309326, "rough_score": 8.561151504516602, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Pope John Paul II in Segovia, Spain, in November 1982.", "precise_score": 4.617471694946289, "rough_score": 9.216840744018555, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa wave to well-wishers in Kolkata, India, in February 1986.", "precise_score": 2.5574686527252197, "rough_score": 8.348282814025879, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Pope John Paul II kisses the ground upon arriving in Auckland, New Zealand, in November 1986.", "precise_score": 2.0084729194641113, "rough_score": 8.620196342468262, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Bill and Hillary Clinton greet Pope John Paul II as he arrives in Newark, New Jersey, on a U.S. trip in October 1995.", "precise_score": 2.0701444149017334, "rough_score": 7.485892295837402, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Pope John Paul II visits then-South African President Nelson Mandela at the presidential guesthouse in Pretoria, South Africa, in September 1995.", "precise_score": 3.1954872608184814, "rough_score": 7.6219868659973145, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims attend an open-air Mass celebrated by Pope John Paul II in Beirut, Lebanon, in May 1997. The pontiff drew vast crowds as he crisscrossed the globe.", "precise_score": 2.153904914855957, "rough_score": 7.449131488800049, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Cuban leader Fidel Castro greets the pope in Cuba in January 1998. John Paul II was the first pontiff to visit the Caribbean island nation.", "precise_score": 3.503547430038452, "rough_score": 8.799088478088379, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II – Pope John Paul II at the Mass of beatification of Anton Martin Slomsek in Maribor, Slovenia, in September 1999.", "precise_score": 4.570747375488281, "rough_score": 8.843984603881836, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In taking the name John Paul II—which his predecessor, John Paul I, had said honoured the two popes of the Second Vatican Council—he signaled his intention to continue with the council’s reforms. His homily at an installation mass on October 22, 1978, repeated the refrain “Be not afraid!”—a Biblical phrase announcing the presence of God and Jesus Christ and calling for Christian courage. It also presaged the bold but nonviolent human rights campaigns that John Paul would conduct around the world.", "precise_score": 4.1503520011901855, "rough_score": 6.910726070404053, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II in Kisangani, Zaire, May 1980.", "precise_score": 2.3277370929718018, "rough_score": 6.8848490715026855, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II was, in a real sense, the first globally oriented pope. His election coincided with the arrival of routine, worldwide, instantaneous audiovisual communications, and many of his major efforts were intended to adjust—though not to challenge—the essential tenets of Catholicism for an open, interconnected world in which nations and religions must live in daily contact with one another. By publishing unprecedented papal meditations about other faiths, he demonstrated how a Catholic may approach them with reverence. He also hoped to strengthen Catholicism in many cultures around the world by canonizing far more saints—drawn from a broader geographical and occupational spectrum—than had any of his predecessors.", "precise_score": 3.8109984397888184, "rough_score": 7.032889366149902, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "(1920-2005). The first Polish pope was John Paul II, who was the 264th bishop of Rome. His 26-year reign as head of the Roman Catholic Church-from 1978 until his death in 2005-was one of the longest in church history. John Paul II made extraordinary efforts to reach out to people around the world, to both Roman Catholics and those of other faiths. Traveling a far greater distance than did all the popes before him combined, he took 104 trips abroad. The crowds that came to hear him speak were sometimes among the largest ever assembled, and he reached still more people through televised broadcasts. He maintained an impressive touring schedule even after becoming visibly ill with Parkinson disease and severe arthritis in the 1990s.", "precise_score": 5.184067726135254, "rough_score": 8.605419158935547, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Biography: John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose", "precise_score": 3.055021047592163, "rough_score": 7.042284965515137, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose - Vision" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose", "precise_score": 2.7003984451293945, "rough_score": 6.94175910949707, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose - Vision" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian in 456 years, John Paul II was 58 years old when the college of cardinals elected him to lead the Roman Catholic Church.", "precise_score": 2.5940356254577637, "rough_score": 6.489501476287842, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose - Vision" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "While John Paul II is not open to changes in the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, he has been more open and respectful than previous popes toward the world’s other major religions. Since the start of his pontificate, John Paul II has worked hard to improve relations between Catholics and Jews, although his recent attempts to canonize one of his predecessors, Pope Pius XII—pontiff during Hitler’s tyranny—stirred considerable controversy. In 1993, the Vatican officially established diplomatic relations with the state of Israel. And during his recent historic trip to the Middle East, he paid homage to the millions of Jewish people who were murdered in the Holocaust.", "precise_score": 3.99052357673645, "rough_score": 6.6457953453063965, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose - Vision" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "St. Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": 3.5066440105438232, "rough_score": 6.999382019042969, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "St. Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": 3.5066440105438232, "rough_score": 6.999382019042969, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The death of Pope Paul VI on August 6, 1978, the Feast of the Transfiguration, brought Cardinal Wojtyla to Rome where he participated in the Conclave which elected Cardinal Albino Luciani of Venice as Pope. The gentle smiling Pope took the name John Paul I to represent his commitment to continuity with the pontificates of both of his predecessors and the Council which they presided over. Sadly, 33 days later Pope John Paul I died in office. 1978 then became the year of three Popes. Karol Cardinal Wojtyla soon heard the Lord call him to an assignment he probably never expected when he studied for the priesthood in an underground seminary in Poland.", "precise_score": 3.0930113792419434, "rough_score": 6.681122303009033, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II Begins his Service", "precise_score": 2.9735872745513916, "rough_score": 7.039488792419434, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Entrusted for twenty six years with the most important role of service in the Church and the world, Saint Pope John Paul II was a prophetic Pope in both word and deed. From his first encyclical letter entitled \"The Redeemer of Man\" to his last, the \"Church of the Eucharist\", he proclaimed that the truth is, as he wrote in his profound Encyclical Letter on the Moral Life, a \"splendor\".", "precise_score": 4.597328186035156, "rough_score": 6.869781970977783, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Venerable Pope John Paul II , by Andre Durand", "precise_score": 3.440955638885498, "rough_score": 6.521708011627197, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II Passes to the father", "precise_score": 1.9997515678405762, "rough_score": 6.668873310089111, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On April 2, 2005 at 9:37 p.m. Blessed Pope John Paul II died. In April of 2009 his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, told Pilgrims gathered in Rome \"With you, I pray for the gift of beatification\". That prayer has been answered. Friday, January 14, 2011 the Holy See released the \"Decree for the Beatification of the Servant of God John Paul II\" which can be read in its entirety here. http://www.radiovaticana.org/EN1/Articolo.asp?c=454138", "precise_score": 4.382858753204346, "rough_score": 7.261867523193359, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Sunday, January 16, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI, after praying the Angelus, Pope Benedict XVI announced \"On 1 May I will have the joy of proclaiming the Blessed Pope John Paul II, my predecessor, as a blessed. The date chosen is very significant because it will, in fact, be the second Sunday of Easter which he himself dedicated to Divine Mercy and on the eve of which his earthly life came to an end...Those who knew him, those who respected and loved him cannot but share in the Church's joy at this event.\"", "precise_score": 3.084705114364624, "rough_score": 7.896893501281738, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On April 9, 2011 Pope Benedict XVI attended a documentary film entitled \"The Great Pope: Pilgrim in White\", directed by the Polish director Jaropslaw Szmidt on the pontificate of Blessed Pope John Paul II. he noted, \"This film ... sets out to faithfully render both the personality of the Pope and his tireless work throughout his long pontificate\" and spoke of the \"two pillars\" of the life and ministry of his predecessor in office, \"prayer and missionary zeal. John Paul II was a great scholar and great apostle of Christ. God chose him for the Chair of Peter and granted him long life in order that he might accompany the Church into the third millennium. By his example, he guided us all in this pilgrimage and continues to do so from above\".", "precise_score": 3.479480266571045, "rough_score": 7.362457752227783, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope Francis confirmed his approval of the canonization of John Paul II on July 4, 2013, formally recognizing the second miracle attributed to his intercession. He was canonized alongside the Blessed John XXIII on April 27, 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday, in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican in Rome. The Canonization Mass was celebrated by Pope Francis and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI.", "precise_score": 3.8749101161956787, "rough_score": 7.383023738861084, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II dies at 84.", "precise_score": 1.072110891342163, "rough_score": 6.298837661743164, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II dies at 84.", "precise_score": 1.072110891342163, "rough_score": 6.298837661743164, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": 3.621969699859619, "rough_score": 7.657212734222412, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Karol Jozef WOJTYLA (Saint Pope John Paul II)", "precise_score": 2.6752452850341797, "rough_score": 6.411327838897705, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II dies at 84.", "precise_score": 1.072110891342163, "rough_score": 6.298837661743164, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II dies at 84.", "precise_score": 1.072110891342163, "rough_score": 6.298837661743164, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Wednesday, 30: Pope John Paul II's pontificate becomes fourth longest in history at 24 years, 6 months and 8 days, following Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius IX and St. Peter.", "precise_score": 2.700064182281494, "rough_score": 6.551807403564453, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "If true, the late pope, Saint John Paul II, was not De labore Solis (\"Labour of the Sun\") but actually Crux de Cruce (\"Cross of Crosses\") ... which would make Saint John Paul II the \"Pope of Popes\" and one of the greatest popes in all of papal history.", "precise_score": 4.629266262054443, "rough_score": 7.156251430511475, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The first is September 1978. This was a \"Triple Pope\" year. August, September, and October were marked by the deaths of Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I, and Pope John Paul II's ascension to the Holy See.", "precise_score": 1.985349178314209, "rough_score": 6.313992500305176, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "However, I must stress this as a possibility: Quatrain 2.97 may deal with the first murdered pope (Francis or his successor) and the Third Secret of Fatima prophecy may concern the next murdered pope, \"Paul the Celibate\" (Pope Paul VII? Pope John Paul III?).", "precise_score": -0.03009599633514881, "rough_score": 6.323943138122559, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "This next pope was a frontrunner in the election that followed the death of Pope John Paul II and again in the election that followed Pope Benedict's official retirement. The current Archbishop of Milan and former Patriarch of Venice, Cardinal Angelo Scola, retains the right to participate in any future conclaves that begin before his 80th birthday on November 7, 2021.", "precise_score": 3.1252970695495605, "rough_score": 8.117364883422852, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Also, Pope Benedict XVI was the first Pope to have presided over the Beatification of his predecessor in over 1,000 years of Church history and the first retired Pope ever to assist the reigning Pope, Francis, in a ceremony to bestow sainthood on two former popes: Saint John Paul II and Saint John XXIII.", "precise_score": 3.6057376861572266, "rough_score": 9.311932563781738, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II in Prophecy", "precise_score": 2.294576406478882, "rough_score": 6.8570990562438965, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Lest we forget, because of the natural death of the elderly Pope Paul VI (and the short one-month reign of Pope John Paul I, not mentioned in this quatrain), a pope of \"good age\" -- 58-year-old Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyla -- was elected. The new pope, taking the name John Paul II, was youthful and vigorous when he first came to the sacred office in October 1978, a former sportsman, mountain climber and football player, and an active skier and swimmer.", "precise_score": 5.2314348220825195, "rough_score": 7.1069746017456055, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The last line is painfully obvious: John Paul II has held the papacy the third longest of all popes in history, with \"stinging effort\" indicating the assassination attempt on his life in 1981 by Turkish gunman Mehmet Ali Agca, an attempted stabbing by a bayonet-wielding Spanish priest in 1982, and his continuing endurance whilst suffering from the ravages of arthritis and Parkinson's disease.", "precise_score": 3.970432996749878, "rough_score": 7.386652946472168, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "According to the 12th Century prophet St Malachy there are only two more popes to follow Pope John Paul II: \"Glory of the Olive\" (supposedly the newly-elected pontiff, Pope Benedict XVI) and lastly, \"Peter the Roman.\" The now-deceased John Paul II was supposed to have the motto: \"De Labore Solis\" or \"Labour of the Sun.\" Many prophecy commentators thought that meant John Paul would undergo many tribulations during the late 20th Century, also called the Century of the Sun in astrology. Otherwise, the motto was a mystery and Malachy's predictions potentially unreliable.", "precise_score": 3.289862871170044, "rough_score": 7.359691143035889, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The description applied to the 110th pope on his list - John Paul II - is \"De Labore Solis\" (Of the Solar Eclipse), which seems to add great weight to the validity of St. Malachy’s chilling prophecy: that the next two popes chosen to succeed John Paul II will be the last popes.", "precise_score": 7.1315107345581055, "rough_score": 8.923394203186035, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II was the first pope to make his working devotion to the \"woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet.\" To some this is Mary; to others it is a woman persecuted by the forces of Satan who is about to give birth to a man-child to reign as the \"Son of Man.\"", "precise_score": 4.987694263458252, "rough_score": 7.278249263763428, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)", "precise_score": 4.442608833312988, "rough_score": 8.034164428710938, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.0002593994140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the third day of the conclave and adopted his predecessor's name in tribute to him. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Church's teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women, but also supported the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reforms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.176342010498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the students reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets. Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer, who had escaped from a Nazi labour camp in Częstochowa. Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. Edith credits Wojtyła with saving her life that day. B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent its son, Stanley Berger, to be hidden by a Gentile Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents died during the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked a young Polish priest named Karol Wojtyła, the future Pope John Paul II, to baptise the boy. The future pope refused, claiming that the child should be raised in the Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not as a Catholic. In September 2003, Emmanuelle Pacifici, the head of Italy's Jewish community, proposed that John Paul II receive the medal of a Righteous Among the Nations for saving a two-year-old Jewish boy by giving him to a Gentile Polish family to be hidden in 1942, when Karol Wojtyła was just a seminarian. After the war, this boy's Christian adopted parents asked the future Pope John Paul II to baptise the boy, yet once again he refused, as with Berger. After the war, Karol Wojtyła did everything he could to ensure that this Jewish boy he saved leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States. In April 2005, shortly after John Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission to honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of the proposed ways of honouring him was to give him the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations. In Wojtyła's last book, Memory and Identity, he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as 'bestiality', quoting from the Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.098960876464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes). Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. According to the historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium et spes that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent \"had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text\". According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is \"the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake\", but man \"can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.927431106567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1973 Cardinal Wojtyła met philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, the wife of Hendrik S. Houthakker, Professor of Economy at Stanford University and Harvard University, and member of President Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of proects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book „Osoba i czyn” (Person and Act). Person and Act, one of Pope John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish. Tymieniecka produced the English-language version. The two of them corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends. When Wojtyła visited New England, USA in summer 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home. Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday in Pomfret, Vermont kayaking and enjoying as he had done in his beloved Poland. Photos of the two friends on holiday together; skiing, camping and picnicking, show Cardinal Wojtyła in his shorts, in his most relaxed state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.091350555419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and the liberal Archbishop of Florence, Giovanni Cardinal Benelli, a close friend of John Paul I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.992358684539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Also among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtyła were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, Stefan Wyszyński, most of the American cardinals (led by John Krol), and other moderate cardinals. He accepted his election with these words: \"With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept.\" The pope, in tribute to his immediate predecessor, then took the regnal name of John Paul II, also in honour of the late Pope Paul VI, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square that a pope had been chosen. There had been rumours that the new pope wished to be known as Pope Stanislaus I in honour of the Polish saint of the name, but was convinced by the cardinals that it was not a Roman name. When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.603341102600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land—far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your—no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please 'corrict' me .... [deliberately mispronouncing the word 'correct']", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9598405361175537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "During his pontificate, Pope John Paul II made trips to 129 countries, travelling more than 1100000 km while doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some among the largest ever assembled in human history, such as the Manila World Youth Day, which gathered up to four million people, the largest Papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican. John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.5119309425354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": " When Pope John Paul II kissed the ground at the Warsaw airport he began the process by which Communism in Poland—and ultimately elsewhere in Europe—would come to an end. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.616715431213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about sexuality in what is referred as the \"Theology of the Body\". Some key elements of his strategy to \"reposition the Catholic Church\" were encyclicals such as Ecclesia de Eucharistia, Reconciliatio et paenitentia and Redemptoris Mater. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of \"starting afresh from Christ\": \"No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person.\" In The Splendour of the Truth (Veritatis Splendor), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law (\"Without the Creator, the creature disappears\") and the \"dependence of freedom on the truth\". He warned that man \"giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself\". In Fides et Ratio (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: Laborem exercens, Sollicitudo rei socialis, and Centesimus annus. Through his encyclicals and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the dignity of women and the importance of the family for the future of humanity. Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae) and Ut Unum Sint (That They May Be One). Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and euthanasia that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of capital punishment. In his second encyclical Dives in misericordia he stressed that divine mercy is the greatest feature of God, needed especially in modern times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5161473751068115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II was considered a conservative on doctrine and issues relating to human sexual reproduction and the ordination of women.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.079892635345459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work titled Theology of the Body, an extended meditation on human sexuality. He extended it to the condemnation of abortion, euthanasia and virtually all capital punishment, calling them all a part of the \"culture of death\" that is pervasive in the modern world. He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and social justice. He coined the term \"social mortgage\", which related that all private property had a social dimension, namely, that \"the goods of this are originally meant for all.\" In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono, once famously interrupting a U2 recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.208786010742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Following the Church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptised man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the sacrament of marriage, John Paul II believed that it was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. In 1994, John Paul II asserted the Church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, stating that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the Church by ordaining women to the priesthood. In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.365898132324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of apartheid in South Africa. In 1985, while visiting the Netherlands, he gave an impassioned speech condemning apartheid at the International Court of Justice, proclaiming that \"No system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races.\" In September 1988, Pope John Paul II made a pilgrimage to ten Southern African countries, including those bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa. During his visit to Zimbabwe, John Paul II called for economic sanctions against South Africa's government. After John Paul II's death, both Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu praised the pope for defending human rights and condemning economic injustice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.0828537940979, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "During that visit, John Paul II convinced the then governor of Missouri, Mel Carnahan, to reduce the death sentence of convicted murderer Darrell J. Mease to life imprisonment without parole. John Paul II's other attempts to reduce the sentence of death-row inmates were unsuccessful. In 1983, John Paul II visited Guatemala and unsuccessfully asked the country's president, Efraín Ríos Montt, to reduce the sentence for six left-wing guerrillas sentenced to death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.81269645690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 2002, John Paul II again traveled to Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala was one of only two countries in Latin America (the other being Cuba) to apply capital punishment. John Paul II asked the Guatemalan president, Alfonso Portillo, for a moratorium on executions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.917455673217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II pushed for a reference to Europe's Christian cultural roots in the draft of the European Constitution. In his 2003 apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Europa, John Paul II wrote that he \"fully (respected) the secular nature of (European) institutions\". However, he wanted the EU Constitution to enshrine religious rights, including acknowledging the rights of religious groups to organise freely, recognise the specific identity of each denomination and allow for a \"structured dialogue\" between each religious community and the EU, and extend across the European Union the legal status enjoyed by religious institutions in individual member states. \"I wish once more to appeal to those drawing up the future European Constitutional Treaty so that it will include a reference to the religion and in particular to the Christian heritage of Europe,\" John Paul II said. The pope's desire for a reference to Europe's Christian identity in the Constitution was supported by non-Catholic representatives of the Church of England and Orthodox Churches from Russia, Romania, and Greece. John Paul II's demand to include a reference to Europe's Christian roots in the European Constitution was supported by some non-Christians, such as Joseph Weiler, a practising Orthodox Jew and renowned constitutional lawyer, who said that the Constitution's lack of a reference to Christianity was not a \"demonstration of neutrality,\" but, rather, \"a Jacobin attitude\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9839584827423096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "At the same time, however, John Paul II was an enthusiastic supporter of European integration; in particular, he supported his native Poland's entry into the bloc. On 19 May 2003, three weeks before a referendum was held in Poland on EU membership, the Polish pope addressed his compatriots and urged them to vote for Poland's EU membership at St. Peter's Square in Vatican City State. While some conservative, Catholic politicians in Poland opposed EU membership, John Paul II said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6428403854370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 22 October 1996, in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences plenary session at the Vatican, John Paul II said of evolution that \"this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory.\" John Paul II's embrace of evolution was enthusiastically praised by American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, with whom he had an audience in 1984. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9332187175750732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exception—the human soul. \"If the human body has its origin in living material which pre-exists it, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.459280014038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 2003 John Paul II criticised the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq, saying in his State of the World address \"No to war! War is not always inevitable. It is always a defeat for humanity.\" He sent Pío Cardinal Laghi, the former Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States, to talk with George W. Bush, the American President, to express opposition to the war. John Paul II said that it was up to the United Nations to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a crime against peace and a violation of international law. The pope's opposition to the Iraq War led to him being a candidate to win the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, which was ultimately awarded to Iranian attorney/judge and noted human rights advocate, Shirin Ebadi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0576248168945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II was the first pontiff to actively fight against Mafia violence in Southern Italy. In 1993, during a pilgrimage to Agrigento, Sicily, he appealed to the Mafiosi: \"I say to those responsible: 'Convert! One day, the judgment of God will arrive!'\" In 1994, John Paul II visited Catania and told victims of Mafia violence to \"rise up and cloak yourself in light and justice!\" In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. Some believed that this was the mob's vendetta against the pope for his denounciations of organised crime. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.973875522613525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Between 1990 and 1991, a 34-nation coalition led by the United States waged a war against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait. Pope John Paul II was a staunch opponent of the Gulf War. Throughout the conflict, he appealed to the international community to stop the war, and after it was over led diplomatic initiatives to negotiate peace in the Middle East. In his 1991 encyclical Centesimus Annus, John Paul II harshly condemned the conflict:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.174363374710083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In April 1991, during his Urbi et Orbi Sunday message at St. Peter's Basilica, John Paul II called for the international community to \"lend an ear\" to \"the long-ignored aspirations of oppressed peoples\". He specifically named the Kurds, a people who were fighting a civil war against Saddam Hussein's troops in Iraq, as one such people, and referred to the war as a \"darkness menacing the earth\". During this time, the Vatican had expressed its frustration with the international ignoring of the pope's calls for peace in the Middle East. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2512022256851196, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II was the first world leader to describe as genocide the massacre by Hutus of Tutsis in the mostly Catholic country of Rwanda, which started in 1990 and reached its height in 1994. He called for a ceasefire and condemned the massacres on 10 April and 15 May 1990. In 1995, during his third visit to Kenya before an audience of 300,000, John Paul II pleaded for an end to the violence in Rwanda and Burundi, pleading for forgiveness and reconciliation as a solution to the genocide. He told Rwandan and Burundian refugees that he \"was close to them and shared their immense pain\". He said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.290884017944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II completed a full-scale reform of the Catholic Church's legal system, Latin and Eastern, and a reform of the Roman Curia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.868995666503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 18 October 1990, when promulgating the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, John Paul II stated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.017270565032959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1998 Pope John Paul II issued the motu proprio Ad tuendam fidem, which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3336182832717896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 25 January 1983, with the Apostolic Constitution Sacrae disciplinae leges John Paul II promulgated the current Code of Canon Law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the Latin Church. It entered into force the first Sunday of the following Advent,Ap. Const. Sacræ Disciplinæ Leges which was 27 November 1983. John Paul II described the new Code as \"the last document of Vatican II\". Edward N. Peters has referred to the 1983 Code as the \"Johanno-Pauline Code\" (Johannes Paulus is Latin for \"John Paul\"), paralleling the \"Pio-Benedictine\" 1917 code that it replaced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.359889030456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II promulgated the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) on October 18, 1990, by the document Sacri Canones. The CCEO came into force of law on October 1, 1991. It is the codification of the common portions of the Canon Law for the 23 of the 24 sui iuris churches in the Catholic Church that are the Eastern Catholic Churches. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1540 canons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.464905023574829, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II promulgated the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus on 28 June 1988. It instituted a number of reforms in the process of running the Roman Curia. Pastor Bonus laid out in considerable detail the organization of the Roman Curia, specifying precisely the names and composition of each dicastery, and enumerating the competencies of each dicastery. It replaced the previous special law, Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ, which was promulgated by Paul VI in 1967. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.249529838562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II has been credited with inspiring political change that not only led to the collapse of Communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Eastern Europe, but also in many countries ruled by dictators. In the words of Joaquín Navarro-Valls, John Paul II's press secretary:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.198254108428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The single fact of John Paul II's election in 1978 changed everything. In Poland, everything began. Not in East Germany or Czechoslovakia. Then the whole thing spread. Why in 1980 did they lead the way in Gdansk? Why did they decide, now or never? Only because there was a Polish pope. He was in Chile and Pinochet was out. He was in Haiti and Duvalier was out. He was in the Philippines and Marcos was out. On many of those occasions, people would come here to the Vatican thanking the Holy Father for changing things. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5731890201568604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Before John Paul II's pilgrimage to Latin America, during a meeting with reporters, he criticised Augusto Pinochet's regime as \"dictatorial\". In the words of The New York Times, he used \"unusually strong language\" to criticise Pinochet and asserted to journalists that the Church in Chile must not only pray, but actively fight for the restoration of democracy in Chile. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.952588081359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "During his visit to Chile in 1987, John Paul II asked Chile's 31 Catholic bishops to campaign for free elections in the country. According to George Weigel and Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, he encouraged Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and may even have called for his resignation According to Monsignor Sławomir Oder, the postulator of John Paul II's beatification cause, John Paul's words to Pinochet had a profound impact on the Chilean dictator. The pope confided to a friend: \"I received a letter from Pinochet in which he told me that as a Catholic he had listened to my words, he had accepted them, and he had decided to begin the process to change the leadership of his country.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.767908096313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "During his visit to Chile, John Paul II supported the Vicariate of Solidarity, the Church-led pro-democracy, anti-Pinochet organisation. John Paul II visited the Vicariate of Solidarity's offices, spoke with its workers, and \"called upon them to continue their work, emphasizing that the Gospel consistently urges respect for human rights\". While in Chile, Pope John Paul II made gestures of public support of Chile's anti-Pinochet democratic opposition. For instance, he hugged and kissed Carmen Gloria Quintana, a young student burned alive by Chilean police and told her that \"We must pray for peace and justice in Chile.\" Later, he met with several opposition groups, including those that had been declared illegal by Pinochet's government. The opposition praised John Paul II for denouncing Pinochet as a \"dictator\", for many members of Chile's opposition were persecuted for much milder statements. Bishop Carlos Camus, one of the harshest critics of Pinochet's dictatorship within the Chilean Church, praised John Paul II's stance during the papal visit: \"I am quite moved, because our pastor supports us totally. Never again will anyone be able to say that we are interfering in politics when we defend human dignity.\" He added: \"No country the Pope has visited has remained the same after his departure. The Pope's visit is a mission, an extraordinary social catechism, and his stay here will be a watershed in Chilean history.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.276615858078003, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Some have erroneously accused John Paul II of affirming Pinochet's regime by appearing with the Chilean ruler in public. However, Cardinal Roberto Tucci, the organiser of John Paul II's visits, revealed that Pinochet tricked the pontiff by telling him he would take him to his living room, while in reality he took him to his balcony. Tucci claims that the pontiff was \"furious\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.47370719909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II visited Haiti on 9 March 1983, when the country was ruled by Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier. He bluntly criticised the poverty of the country, directly addressing Baby Doc and his wife, Michèle Bennett in front of a large crowd of Haitians:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2736563682556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II spoke in French and occasionally in Creole, and in the homily outlined the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: \"the opportunity to eat enough, to be cared for when ill, to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find worthwhile and properly paid work; all that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old.\" Following John Paul II's pilgrimage, the Haitian opposition to Duvalier frequently reproduced and quoted the pope's message. Shortly before leaving Haiti, John Paul II called for social change in Haiti by saying: \"Lift up your heads, be conscious of your dignity of men created in God's image....\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.230771541595459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II's visit inspired massive protests against the Duvalier dictatorship. In response to the visit, 860 Catholic priests and Church workers signed a statement committing the Church to work on behalf of the poor. In 1986, Duvalier was deposed in an uprising.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.930446147918701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The collapse of the dictatorship of General Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay was linked, among other things, to Pope John Paul II's visit to the South American country in 1989. Since Stroessner's taking power through a coup d'état in 1954, Paraguay's bishops increasingly criticised the regime for human rights abuses, rigged elections, and the country's feudal economy. During his private meeting with Stroessner, John Paul II told the dictator:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2178189754486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The British historian Timothy Garton Ash, who describes himself as an \"agnostic liberal\", said shortly after John Paul II's death:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636307716369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In December 1989, John Paul II met with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said \"The collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II.\" On John Paul II's death, Mikhail Gorbachev said: \"Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.035590648651123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Communist attempt to humiliate John Paul II ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.852269649505615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1983 Poland's Communist government unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II by falsely saying he had fathered an illegitimate child. Section D of Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB), the security service, had an action named \"Triangolo\" to carry out criminal operations against the Catholic Church; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the pope. Captain Grzegorz Piotrowski, one of the murderers of Jerzy Popiełuszko, was the leader of section D. They drugged Irena Kinaszewska, the secretary of the Kraków-based weekly Catholic magazine Tygodnik Powszechny where Karol Wojtyła had worked, and unsuccessfully attempted to make her admit to having had sexual relations with him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4130258560180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1980 John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former Episcopal Church parishes into the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of the Anglican Use form of the Latin Rite, which incorporates the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. He helped establish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church, together with Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, Texas, as the inaugural parish for the Anglican Use liturgy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.001348972320557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In his book-length interview Crossing the Threshold of Hope with the Italian journalist Vittorio Messori published in 1995, John Paul II praises animism, drawing parallels with Christianity. He says:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.080887794494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1985, the pope visited the African country of Togo, where 60 per cent of the population espouses animist beliefs. To honour the pope, animist religious leaders met him at a Catholic Marian shrine in the forest, much to the pontiff's delight. John Paul II proceeded to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised animism, and emphasised common elements between animism and Christianity, saying:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.466118812561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "During the investiture of President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin as a titled Yoruba chieftain on 20 December 2008, the reigning Ooni of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Olubuse II, referred to Pope John Paul II as a previous recipient of the same royal honour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.865606963634491, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II had good relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church. In 1996, he brought the Catholic Church and the Armenian Church closer by agreeing with Armenian Archbishop Karekin II on Christ's nature. During an audience in 2000, John Paul II and Karekin II, by then the Catholicos of All Armenians, issued a joint statement condemning the Armenian genocide. Meanwhile, the pope gave Karekin the relics of St. Gregory the Illuminator, the first head of the Armenian Church that had been kept in Naples, Italy, for 500 years. In September 2001, John Paul II went on a three-day pilgrimage to Armenia to take part in an ecumenical celebration with Karekin II in the newly consecrated St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral in Yerevan. The two Church leaders signed a declaration remembering the victims of the Armenian genocide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.24212388694286346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited John Paul II eight times. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations affected by Communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies. As Archbishop of Kraków, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, Wojtyła held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from Maoist China. During his 1995 visit to Sri Lanka, a country where a majority of the population adheres to Theravada Buddhism, John Paul II expressed his admiration for Buddhism:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.527587890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist Arăpaşu of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This was the first time a pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054. On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the pope. The Patriarch stated, \"The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.918306827545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 23–27 June 2001 John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the President of Ukraine and bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Pope spoke to leaders of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organisations, pleading for \"open, tolerant and honest dialogue\". About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in Kiev, and the liturgy in Lviv gathered nearly one and a half million faithful. John Paul II said that an end to the Great Schism was one of his fondest wishes. Healing divisions between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches regarding Latin and Byzantine traditions was clearly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum, \"Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.64139461517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The pope responded by saying \"For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness\", to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of \"profound regret\" for Catholics. Later John Paul II and Christodoulos met on a spot where Saint Paul had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a 'common declaration', saying \"We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved.... We condemn all recourse to violence, proselytism and fanaticism, in the name of religion.\" The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7283072471618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1995, Pope John Paul II held a meeting with 21 Jains, a sect that broke away from mainstream Hinduism in 600 BC, organized by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. He praised Mahatma Gandhi for his \"unshakeable faith in God\", assured the Jains that the Catholic Church will continue to engage in dialogue with their religion and spoke of the common need to aid the poor. The Jain leaders were impressed with the pope's \"transparency and simplicity\", and the meeting received much attention in the Gujarat state in western India, home to many Jains. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.8251776695251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved dramatically during the pontificate of John Paul II. He spoke frequently about the Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.274267196655273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1979 John Paul II visited the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland where many of his compatriots (mostly Jews) had perished during the Nazi occupation in World War II, the first pope to do so. In 1998 he issued We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah, which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust. He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.1600751876831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Immediately after John Paul II's death, the ADL said in a statement that he had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying, \"more change for the better took place in his 27-year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before.\" In another statement issued by the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Dr Colin Rubenstein said, \"The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.198144435882568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In an interview with the Polish Press Agency, Michael Schudrich, chief rabbi of Poland, said that never in history did anyone do as much for Christian-Jewish dialogue as Pope John Paul II, adding that many Jews had a greater respect for the late pope than for some rabbis. Schudrich praised John Paul II for condemning anti-Semitism as a sin, which no previous pope had done. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.4249162673950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On John Paul II's beatification the Chief Rabbi of Rome Riccardo Di Segni said in an interview with the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano that \"John Paul II was revolutionary because he tore down a thousand-year wall of Catholic distrust of the Jewish world.\" Meanwhile, Elio Toaff, the former Chief Rabbi of Rome, said that: Remembrance of the Pope Karol Wojtyła will remain strong in the collective Jewish memory because of his appeals to fraternity and the spirit of tolerance, which excludes all violence. In the stormy history of relations between Roman popes and Jews in the ghetto in which they were closed for over three centuries in humiliating circumstances, John Paul II is a bright figure in his uniqueness. In relations between our two great religions in the new century that was stained with bloody wars and the plague of racism, the heritage of John Paul II remains one of the few spiritual islands guaranteeing survival and human progress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.350656986236572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "From 15 to 19 November 1980, John Paul II visited West Germany on his first trip to a country with a large Lutheran Protestant population. In Mainz, he met with leaders of the Evangelical Church in Germany, and with representatives of other Christian denominations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.40397834777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 11 December 1983, John Paul II participated in an ecumenical service in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome, the first papal visit ever to a Lutheran church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of Martin Luther, the German Augustinian monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.114429771900177, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989, John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services at places that had been Catholic shrines before the Reformation: Nidaros Cathedral in Norway; near St. Olav's Church at Thingvellir in Iceland; Turku Cathedral in Finland; Roskilde Cathedral in Denmark; and Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8380839824676514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "As he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience on 13 May 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca, an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group Grey Wolves. The assassin used a Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol, shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times. John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital. On the way to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta, he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds. Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal. When he briefly regained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his Brown Scapular during the operation. One of the few people allowed in to see him at the Gemelli Clinic was one of his closest friends philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, who arrived on Saturday 16 May and kept him company while he recovered from emergency surgery. The pope later stated that Our Lady of Fátima helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.909328460693359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes. John Paul II said, \"What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust.″", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.863203525543213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 2 March 2006 the Italian parliament's Mitrokhin Commission, set up by Silvio Berlusconi and headed by Forza Italia senator Paolo Guzzanti, concluded that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life, in retaliation for the pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement, a theory that had already been supported by Michael Ledeen and the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time. The Italian report stated that Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered. The report stated that Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije), not the KGB, were responsible. Russian Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation \"absurd\". The pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet-bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the assassination attempt. However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack. It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign-government attachments; Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.024813175201416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A second assassination attempt was made on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in Fátima, Portugal when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet. He was stopped by security guards. Stanisław Dziwisz later said that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life-threatening wound. The assailant, a traditionalist Catholic Spanish priest named Juan María Fernández y Krohn, had been ordained as a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of Saint Pius X and was opposed to the changes made by the Second Vatican Council, claiming that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist Eastern Bloc. Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence. The ex-priest was treated for mental illness and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3194741010665894, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Al-Qaeda-funded Bojinka plot planned to kill John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995 a suicide bomber was planning to dress as a priest and detonate a bomb when the pope passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati City. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the pope's visit, and confessed to the plot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3566479682922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 2009 John Koehler, a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church. Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler says the assassination attempts were \"KGB-backed\" and gives details. During John Paul II's papacy there were many clerics within the Vatican who on nomination, declined to be ordained, and then mysteriously left the church. There is wide speculation that they were, in reality, KGB agents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8743093013763428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, Pope John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the Catholic sex abuse cases, the Church-backed \"Stolen Generations\" of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in colonial times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1152725219726562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II was hospitalised with breathing problems caused by a bout of influenza on 1 February 2005. He left the hospital on 10 February, but was subsequently hospitalised again with breathing problems two weeks later and underwent a tracheotomy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.163968026638031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 31 March 2005 following a urinary tract infection, he developed septic shock, a form of infection with a high fever and low blood pressure, but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication that the pope and those close to him believed that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican. Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka visited him at his bedside. During the final days of the pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: \"I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9663385152816772, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On Saturday, 2 April 2005, at approximately 15:30 CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words in Polish, \"Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca\" (\"Allow me to depart to the house of the Father\"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later. The Mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the canonisation of Saint Maria Faustina on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Stanisław Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was a cardinal from Ukraine, who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the Sisters Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, who ran the papal household. Pope John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 UTC) of heart failure from profound hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock, 46 days before his 85th birthday. He had no close family by the time of his death; his feelings are reflected in his words written in 2000 at the end of his Last Will and Testament. Stanisław Dziwisz later said he had not burned the pontiff's personal notes despite the request being part of the will. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1591131687164307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April 2005 to 7 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica. John Paul II's testament, published on 7 April 2005, revealed that the pontiff contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to The College of Cardinals, which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed \"in bare earth\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.761085510253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Two newspapers have called him \"the Great\" or \"the Greatest\". The Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him \"the Greatest\" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, called him \"John Paul II the Great\". Some Catholic institutions changed their names to incorporate \"the Great\", including John Paul the Great Catholic University and schools called some variant of John Paul the Great High School.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.354292869567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Inspired by calls of \"Santo Subito!\" (\"[Make him a] Saint Immediately!\") from the crowds gathered during the funeral Mass that he performed, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process. In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited \"exceptional circumstances\", which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.548923969268799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In early 2006 it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.930566787719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Parkinson's disease, was reported to have experienced a \"complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II\". , Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, then 46, was working again at a maternity hospital run by her religious institute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2690796852111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In January 2007 Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion. In February 2007, relics of Pope John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death. On 8 March 2007, the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007—the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death—the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to conduct a separate investigation. On the fourth anniversary of Pope John Paul's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica. A nine-year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, \"I want to walk,\" and began walking normally. On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that Pope John Paul II had lived a life of heroic virtue. On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II \"Venerable\", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life. The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the positio (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete. He can then be beatified. Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder noted, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.601841926574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy. 1 May is commemorated in former communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as May Day, and John Paul II was well known for his contributions to communism's relatively peaceful demise. In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 Polish złoty coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.267704486846924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 29 April 2011 John Paul II's coffin was exhumed from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral. John Paul II's remains (in a closed coffin) were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May 2011. On 3 May 2011 his remains were reinterred in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari's Chapel of St. Sebastian, where Pope Innocent XI was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pietà, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2071804404258728, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In July 2012 Colombian man, Marco Fidel Rojas, the former mayor of Huila, Colombia, testified that he was \"miraculously cured\" of Parkinson's disease after a trip to Rome where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. Dr. Antonio Schlesinger Piedrahita, a renowned neurologist in Colombia, has certified Fidel’s healing. The documentation has been sent to the Vatican office for sainthood cause's. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525704383850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The miracle was deemed to have taken place shortly after the late pope's beatification on 1 May 2011; it was reported to be the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribeth Mora of an otherwise terminal brain aneurysm. A Vatican panel of expert theologians examined the evidence, determined that it was directly attributable to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognised it as miraculous. The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to Pope Francis to decides whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0886683464050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II was widely criticised for, among other things, his views against the ordination of women and contraception, his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the Liturgy and his alleged lack of action against child sexual abuse within the Church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1048758029937744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II was criticised for failing to respond quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis. In his response, he stated that \"there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young.\" The Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for Church employees and, because a significant majority of victims were teenage boys, disallowing ordination of men with \"deep-seated homosexual tendencies\". They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty. In 2008, the Church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was \"probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent' \" (or 5,000) of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.580564498901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson's disease, summoned all the American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the issue of sexual abuse in the American Church. He asked them to \"diligently investigate accusations\". John Paul II suggested that American bishops be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasised the role of seminary training to prevent sexual deviance among future priests. In what The New York Times called \"unusually direct language\", John Paul condemned the arrogance of priests that led to the scandals:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8481075763702393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 2002, Archbishop Juliusz Paetz, the Catholic Archbishop of Poznań, was accused of molesting seminarians. Pope John Paul II accepted his resignation, and placed sanctions on him, prohibiting Paetz from exercising his ministry as bishop. These restrictions were lifted in 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.4507293701171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II was criticised for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá, whom he called 'the saint of ordinary life.' Other movements and religious organisations of the Church went decidedly under his wing Legion of Christ, the Neocatechumenal Way, Schoenstatt, the charismatic movement, etc.) and he was accused repeatedly of taking a soft hand with them, especially in the case of Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legion of Christ. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.968509674072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul was alleged to have links with Banco Ambrosiano, an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982. At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). The Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of Pope John Paul I in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7157979011535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to arrange massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Bank of Italy produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster. On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to Pope John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would \"provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage\". On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath Blackfriars Bridge in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.938399314880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernisation, traditionalist Catholics sometimes denounced him as well. These issues included demanding a return to the Tridentine Mass and repudiation of the reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin Roman Rite Mass, ecumenism, and the principle of religious liberty. He also was criticized for allowing and appointing liberal bishops in their sees and thus silently promoting Modernism, which was firmly condemned as the \"synthesis of all heresies\" by his predecessor Pope St. Pius X. In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of St. Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which was called by the Holy See a \"schismatic act\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.999626636505127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A number of quotes about the apparitions of Međugorje, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been attributed to John Paul II. In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements that were supposedly made by the pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: \"The only thing I can say regarding statements on Međugorje ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are complete invention.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.35406818985939026, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On 27 January 2014, it was reported that a relic of John Paul II, a vial containing drops of his blood, had been stolen from the church of San Pietro della Ienca north of L'Aquila in the mountainous Abruzzo region of central Italy, an area where he had loved to go on skiing vacations. Cardinal Dziwisz had previously given the vial to the church in recognition of its connections to the Pontiff. Because there are only three relics containing his blood, few or no other items were disturbed, and it would be difficult to sell, the investigating Italian police believe it was a commissioned theft, and speculated that the blood might be used in satanic rites. The theft sparked a major search for the culprits. Two men confessed to the crime, and an iron reliquary and a stolen cross, but not the relic, were recovered from the grounds of a drug rehabilitation facility in L'Aquila on 30 January; the blood was recovered shortly after from rubbish bins near where the reliquary had been found. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.746312618255615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Having played the game himself as a goalkeeper, John Paul II was a fan of English football team Liverpool, where his compatriot Jerzy Dudek played in the same position. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.66952133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1973, while still the archbishop of Kraków, Karol Wojtyła befriended a Polish-born, later American philosopher, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka. The thirty-two-year friendship (and occasional academic collaboration) lasted until his death. She served as his host when he visited New England in 1976 and photos show them together on skiing and camping trips. Letters that he wrote to her were part of a collection of documents sold by Tymieniecka’s estate in 2008 to the National Library of Poland. According to the BBC the library had initially kept the letters from public view, partly because of John Paul’s path to sainthood, but a library official announced in February 2016 the letters would be made public. In February 2016 the BBC documentary programme Panorama revealed that John Paul II had apparently had a 'close relationship' with the Polish-born philosopher. The pair exchanged personal letters over 30 years, with Tymieniecka telling Wojtyła that she loved him. The Vatican described the documentary as \"more smoke than mirrors\", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II. Writers Carl Bernstein, the veteran investigative journalist of the Watergate scandal, and Vatican expert Marco Politi, were the first journalists to talk to Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in the 1990s about her importance in John Paul's life. They interviewed her and dedicated 20 pages to her in their 1996 book His Holiness. Bernstein and Politi even asked her if she had ever developed any romantic relationship with John Paul II, “however one-sided it might have been.” She responded, “No, I never fell in love with the cardinal. How could I fall in love with a middle-aged clergyman? Besides, I’m a married woman.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.127760410308838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pope John Paul II" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None | Catholic Family News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.263132572174072, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The outpouring of naked emotion at the death of Pope John Paul II proves these words true. It is expected that Catholics worldwide would grieve and pray for the departed Pontiff, as it is a fitting expression of filial piety. But the effusion over John Paul II was a good bit more. Cardinals, bishops, priests, religious and laity vied with each other to canonize him as “John Paul the Great”. Politicians and non-Catholic religious leaders praised him for his humanity and for his outreach to other religions. He was praised for his leadership, praised for his popularity with youth, praised for his travels, his poetry, his writings. He was praised for his trail-blazing style, his being a man of the people. his “theology of the body”, his media savvy, his evangelizing, his charisma, his humor. The pop-star Bono lauded John Paul as the “funky Pontiff”, calling him “the best front-man the Church ever had.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.904236316680908, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Yet nowhere in this tsunami of sentiment did I see anyone praise him for achieving the primary purpose of the papacy: unswervingly fidelity to the teachings and traditions of the Catholic Church as taught and practiced throughout the centuries. Nowhere did I see him praised for preserving the purity of doctrine and the maintenance of discipline in the Church worldwide. Pope John Paul II was not praised for this because he did not achieve it. And for a Pope to fail in this area is to fail mightily.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.01515333354473114, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "True, Pope John Paul II held the line on the Church’s teaching against women priests, married priests, and spoke consistently against divorce, abortion and euthanasia. He is hated by liberals for maintaining these teachings, and this is to his credit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.078968524932861, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "But for the most part, amidst the seemingly endless adulation over Pope John Paul II after his death, no one seemed to judge his papacy by the only measuring rod that counts: the infallible and immutable Catholic Faith of all time. All was sentiment, all was emotion, all was feelings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.239321708679199, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "There are many reasons why Pope John Paul II was so loved by the modern world. The core reason, in my opinion, is because of a central aspect of his New Evangelization — a new approach that cut him loose from the one hard truth that made all pre-Vatican II popes unpopular. Unburdened by this fundamental truth, he could easily mix with men of all religions, and of no religion, with little fear of invoking their displeasure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.353776454925537, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On the day of Pope John Paul II’s death, I received a phone call from a young lady in New Zealand, a friend of the family. She presently works in a situation where she interacts with Muslims and Hindus. When she tells these non-Catholics, with gentleness and charity, they must convert to the one true Catholic Church to save their souls, the Muslims and Hindus laugh at her. “Your Pope doesn’t believe that”, they cackle, referring to John Paul II, “Your Pope doesn’t teach that. Your Pope’s interfaith actions don’t convey that. Your Pope prays with the Dalai Lama and with Hindus. Your Pope visits mosques and kisses the Koran. You are out-of-step with your own Pope. Why should we listen to you?”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.664458274841309, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Brother Roger of the ecumenical Taize Community, a place that was dear to Pope John Paul’s heart, said that during the Papal visit to Taize on October 5, 1986, John Paul II suggested a path of “communion” to the community. The Pope said, “By desiring to be yourselves a ‘parable of community,’ you will help all whom you meet to be faithful to their denominational ties, the fruit of their education and their choice in conscience ...”[1] Pope John Paul II thus encouraged Protestants to be faithful to false creeds solemnly anathematized by the Council of Trent. There is no mention of the need to convert to Christ’s one true Church for salvation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.993689060211182, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The day after Pope John Paul II’s death, Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League issued a press release praising the departed Pontiff for his relations with the Jewish people. Foxman wrote of John Paul, “Most importantly, the Pope rejected the destructive concept of supersessionism and has recognized the special relationship between Christianity and the Jewish people, while sharing his understanding of Judaism as a living heritage, of the permanent validity of God’s covenant with the Jewish people.”[2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.730830192565918, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Foxman thus applauded John Paul II for rejecting the truth found in Scripture and in the defined dogmas of the Catholic Church, that the New Covenant superseded and made obsolete the old Judaic Covenant. Foxman rejoices in the error that members of today’s Jewish religion have their own covenant with God, and need not accept Jesus Christ nor convert to the Catholic Church for salvation. And Foxman praises John Paul II for championing this falsehood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.4706392288208, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Here, then, is the secret of Pope John Paul II’s success with the world and with false religions — one of the main reasons he is loved by the multitudes, why almost all doors were open to him. Pope John Paul II was the man who, in effect, told the inhabitants of the world that everything is suddenly changed, that the “triumphalism” of the Church is passed, that they need not convert to the Catholic Church to save their souls. The eclipse of the infallible dogma, “Out-side the Church there is no salvation” is the defining mark of his Pontificate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.789187908172607, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The abandonment of the doctrine “Outside the Church there is no salvation” did not start with the reign of John Paul II. The dogma was hated by liberals for centuries, particularly by the dark forces of the Masonic Enlightenment. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the apostate encyclopedist of the French Revolution declared:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.210347652435303, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The young Bishop Karol Wojtyla from Poland sided with these progessivists during the Council. Father Ludvik Nemec, a conservative, wrote in 1979 in praise of John Paul II, “Bishop Wojtyla took a progressive stand” at Vatican II, and he “interacted with progressive theologians” at the Council.[8] Years later, Pope John Paul II would make Congar and De Lubac Cardinals, despite the fact that neither rejected their un-orthodox ideas. Henri de Lubac, in fact, was a stalwart defender of the pantheist evolutionist, Teilhard de Chardin. Thus John Paul II rewarded red hats to two modernist theologians whose pre-Vatican II writings — and post-Vatican II writings — undermined the doctrine, “Outside the Church there is no salvation”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.980327606201172, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Post-conciliar ecumenical falsehoods ran rampant during the reign of Pope Paul VI, his Cramnerized New Mass being the crowning concession to Protestantism.[15] It is not known if Pope John Paul I had planned to rid the Church of the ecumenical plague. If he did, he did not live long enough to enact it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.25053465366363525, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "At the Pope’s first pan-religious meeting at Assisi in October 1986, Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Shinto, Animist Snake Worshipers, Native American, and other religions converged to pray for peace. Representatives from the religions stood together with Pope John Paul II, giving a visual endorsement to the prominent error of our time, that any religion is good enough for salvation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8220508098602295, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": " But if Cardinal Oddi was horrified at the Assisi affair, Pope John Paul II was jubilant. Two months after the event, in a Christmas speech to his Cardinals published in the Vatican’s L’Osservatore Romano, John Paul said, “The day of Assisi, showing the Catholic Church holding hands with our brothers of other religions, was a visible express of [the] statements of the Second Vatican Council.” The interfaith event at Assisi was thus described by John Paul II not as a tragic misrepresentation of Vatican II, but as the glorious realization of its teaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.302151679992676, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II went on to celebrate the inter-religious prayer meeting at Assisi as a new direction for the future, “The event of Assisi” he said, “can thus be considered as a visible illustration, an exegesis of events, a catechesis intelligible to all, of what is presupposed and signified by the commitments to ecumenism and to the inter-religious dialogue which was recommended and promoted by the Second Vatican Council.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2118616104125977, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The event of Assisi was one of the ways in which Pope John Paul II fulfilled his 1978 pledge to “favor the development of Conciliar attitudes” and to make what was “implicit” in Vatican II’s documents “explicit”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3320000171661377, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Cardinals and bishops throughout the world, following John Paul II’s directive, continued the Spirit of Assisi for the past 18 years through countless pan-religious activities. One of the most recent of these events was the 2003 Interfaith Congress at Fatima, during which Father Jacques Dupuis denounced as a “horrible text,” the Council of Florence’s, “outside the Church there is no salvation,” to the grand applause of a predominantly Catholic audience.[23] The organizers and speakers at the event, including the Vatican’s Archbishop Michael Fitzgerald, justified the interfaith Congress and all its pomps and works, by appealing to Pope John Paul II’s Assisi initiative.[24]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2298457622528076, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "It is this Spirit of Assisi that is ultimately responsible for Fatima Shrine Rector Guerra allowing a Hindu priest to chant to the false gods of Hinduism at the Catholic altar at the Fatima Shrine on May 5, 2004[25] — a sacrilege that was never publicly repudiated by John Paul II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.913352966308594, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "This new pan-religious orientation has an effect on our lives and on those around us, as it projects a counterfeit image of the Catholic Church. After decades of being subjected to the new ecumenical religion widespread throughout the Catholic world, after years of seeing photos and films of Pope John Paul II’s new interfaith jamborees, most people — Catholic or not — now regard this new pan-religious orientation as the true representation of the Catholic religion. Never mind that it is an orientation condemned repeatedly by the Popes of the past, particularly by Pope Pius XI in Mortalium Animos. The new Spirit of Assisi is now falsely viewed as the authentic face of Catholicism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2462122440338135, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "It is the new Spirit of Assisi that causes Muslims and Hindus to laugh and to tell a young Catholic woman she is out-of-step with her own Pope when she says they must convert to the Catholic Faith to be saved. It is the new interfaith orientation that causes Protestant ministers to claim Catholic men are unfaithful to Catholic teaching when they remind the Protestant that he must convert to the Catholic Church to save his soul. It is the new ecumenical approach that makes Jewish leaders rejoice that, according to John Paul II, they need not accept Jesus Christ, nor join Christ’s one true Church, for salvation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4617414474487305, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II and Supersessionism", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.769306182861328, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II’s new teaching regarding present-day Judaism bears this out dramatically. It is one of the clearest illustrations of John Paul II’s discontinuity with the consistent teaching of his predecessors from the time of Christ. Today’s Jews celebrate John Paul II as they are fully aware of the drastic change in doctrine that he attempted to forge. Those who resist this new teaching are denounced as anti-semitic,[26] as unfaithful to Vatican II, or as one web-page snarled, as “extreme supersessionists”.[27]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.669939994812012, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "At first glance, it would seem preposterous to suggest that Pope John Paul II rejected the truth that the New Covenant superseded the Old Covenant. It is unthinkable that a Pope should deny a fundamental truth found so clearly in Scripture and Catholic doctrine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.198471546173096, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "It is clear then that no Pope could trample under foot this Scriptural and Dogmatic truth if he wished to be true to the Catholic Faith, and to the Papal Office. Yet at the time of Pope John Paul II’s death, the world’s media buzzed with claims that John Paul II had rejected this basic doctrine; that the doctrine no longer applies. Here are but a few examples:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.85838508605957, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "● Abraham Foxman from the Jewish Anti-Defamation League, as mentioned, celebrated Pope John Paul II as the man who “rejected the destructive concept of supersessionism,” that is, rejected the Catholic truth that the New Covenant of Jesus Christ superseded and made obsolete the Old Judaic Covenant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.448289632797241, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "● The day after the Pope’s death, Father David Marie a Jaeger said, “public opinion polls published towards the end of his [John Paul’s] 2000 pilgrimage to the Holy Land” indicated that “a great majority of Israelis who were interviewed declared John Paul II their favorite candidate for Chief Rabbi of Israel!”[37] It is a woeful day for the Catholic Church when the Vicar of Christ is favored for the post of Chief Rabbi — and of Israel, of all places. The Israelis would never have heaped such praise on John Paul II — would never have considered John Paul as one of their own — had he reinforced the teaching of Saint Peter, Saint Paul and the Council of Florence on the supersession of the Old Covenant with the New.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.008772373199463, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "But is it true? Did Pope John Paul II actually say these things? Catholic Family News readers will recognize these as rhetorical questions, since tragically, the answer is yes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.780957221984863, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In what appears to be an attempt to make “explicit” what was “implicit” in the Council Document Nostra Aetate,[38] Pope John Paul II said the following in a speech to a Jewish Community in Mainz, Germany on November 17, 1980:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.687701940536499, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Far from claiming that the Notes misinterpreted his words, John Paul spoke of his unqualified support of the document. On October 28, 1985, John Paul II said “[The] Notes on the Correct Way to Present the Jews and Judaism in Preaching and Catechesis of the Roman Catholic Church” is “proof of the Holy See’s continued interest in and commitment to this renewed relationship between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people,” and that the Notes “will greatly help toward freeing our catechetical and religious teaching of a negative or inaccurate presentation of Jews and Judaism in the context of the Catholic Faith”.[42]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.700298309326172, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thus it is demonstrable that what the Jews say of John Paul II is true; the words they quote from John Paul II are found in Vatican documents with John Paul II’s approval.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.31003475189209, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "We know, then, that Pope John Paul’s rejection of supersessionism is an error that must be neither embraced nor applauded. Catholics have a duty to resist Pope John Paul II’s new teaching, as it defies Sacred Scripture and Sac-red Tradition. It leaves these non-Catholics in the darkness of their false religion and thus deprives them of sanctifying grace. It imperils the eternal destiny of countless souls. In resisting these novel teachings, we are only following the instruction given by Pope Innocent III who taught that if a Pope departs from the universal teaching and customs of the Church,“ he need not be followed”.[43] Saint Robert Bellarmine adds that he must also be resisted.[44]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.2254204750061035, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "“The splendid absurdity of the coming event can be grasped when we recognize that John XXIII and John Paul II would both have been condemned for their ideas and their words had they expressed them when Pius IX was in power.”[45]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.528108596801758, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "One of the few was James Carroll, no friend of the Catholic Church. Nonetheless, his recent piece in Time accurately dispelled the myth of Pope John Paul II’s conservativsm:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.402897357940674, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Yet none of these facts seem to count in the post-Conciliar age of sentiment, as was evident in Pope John Paul II’s funeral Mass. Here churchmen and laity called for the instant canonization (Santo Subito!) of the Polish Pontiff. Yet the effects of John Paul II’s papacy have been anything but edifying. Columnist Joe Sobran noted:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.207925796508789, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Catholics are nonetheless called upon to appraise the words and actions of his pontificate by the only measuring rod that counts: the infallible and immutable Catholic Faith of all time. Against this measure, Pope John Paul II is found wanting, and nothing is gained by pretending otherwise. We pray for his soul, but we do not follow his progressivist lead. He was a Pope who gave much bad example.[50]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.933039665222168, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "2. “The ADL Mourns the Loss of Pope John Paul II,” Press Release of the Anti-Defamation League. April 3, 2005. [Emphasis added.]  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7999229431152344, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "8. Father Ludvik Nemec, Pope John Paul II: A Festive Profile (New York: Catholic Book Publishing, 1979), p. 98.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.5479202270507812, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "16. Pope John Paul II’s commitment to the new ecumenical orientation was also showcased in his first Encyclical, Redemptor Hominis. For a fascinating commentary on this encyclical, see Pope John Paul II’s Theological Journey to the Prayer Meeting of Religious at Assisi, Part I, Volume I. The First Encyclical, Redemptor Hominis, by Father Johannes Dormann (Angelus Press, 1996) Available from Catholic Family News for $17.50US postpaid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.209515571594238, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "17. See “Model of Papal Authority, Pope Saint Pius X,” J. Vennari, (Available from Oltyn Library Ser-vices, 2316 Delaware Ave, PMB 325, Buffalo, NY 14216 for $6.50US postpaid). 18. Quoted from Peter Hebblethwaite, “Pope John Paul II,” from a collection of essays entitled Modern Catholicism, Vatican II and After, edited by Adrian Hastings, (London: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 447. Emphasis added.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8866048455238342, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "36. “The Legacy of Pope John Paul II”, The Boston Globe, April 3, 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.849147796630859, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "38. Nostra aetate “On the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions”. The Fourth Chapter: “The Jewish Religion,” says the following: “Given this great spiritual heritage common to Christians and Jews, it is the wish of this sacred Council to foster and recommend a mutual knowledge and esteem ... the Jews should not be presented as rejected by God or accursed, as though this followed from Scripture ... The Church ... deplores all hatred, persecutions and other manifestations of anti-semitism, whatever the period and whoever was responsible.” Now, the Popes of the past have rightly taught that Jews should not be hated or mistreated. So if the document had said words to this effect, then there would be no cause for concern. But the Council says that the Jews should not be presented as “rejected by God”, which can be interpreted as a radical departure from Catholic teaching. Pope John Paul II then makes this radical departure even more explicit claiming that the New Covenant did not revoke the Old Covenant.   39. Quoted from The Hidden Pope, Darcy O’Brien, (Daybreak Books, New York, 1998), p. 316. This same text also appears in Pope John Paul II: On Jews and Judaism, 1979-1986, published by the National Council of Catholic Bishops, Washington, D.C., 1987, p. 35", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.259607315063477, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "42. Pope John Paul II, “Address to International Catholic-Jewish Liaison Committee on the Twentieth Anniversary of Nostra Aetate,” taken from John Paul II, On Jews and Judaism, 1979-1986, published by the United States Catholic Conference, (Washington, 1987), p.75.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.574329376220703, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "48. Sobran Column, “The End of a Papacy,” March 31, 2004. Mr. Sobran had some kind things to say about Pope John Paul II as a man, but closed his column with the frank observation that his papacy was one of chaos.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.15625524520874, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "50. The many other instances of Pope John Paul II’s bad example are too numerous to mention. One that cannot be here overlooked is the new rock’n’roll riot known as World Youth Day. Pope John Paul II’s Masses implicitly placed an imprimatur on some of the worst abuses of the post-Conciliar period. The 2002 Papal Mass at World Youth Day included inculurated liturgies with screaming, thumping native Americans conducting pagan ritual immediately before the Mass; rock’n’roll music blasting during Mass; liturgical dance, slovenly and highly immodest dress of the young people, pep-rally enthusiasm including cheers during the Pope’s homily; and Eucharistic sacrilege. The Papal Mass was rife was lay-“Eucharistic Ministers,” and Canada’s Vision Television broadcast close-ups of Pope John Paul II continually administering Communion in the hand at his Papal Mass. All this is paraded as Pope John Paul II’s love of the youth. The truth, however, is that it is a scandal to the youth, as it tells young people that these liturgical abuses — always rightly condemned by the Catholic Church — are legitimate aspects of Catholic worship. This is, in my opinion, the real reason why Pope John Paul II was so loved by young people. He gave them their own World Youth religion and liturgies in which they were not asked to give up their slovenly dress, their immodesty, their attachment to the poisonous rock’n’roll culture. No wonder Bono praised John Paul II as a “funky pontiff”. In many respects, he gave the defrauded MTV generation exactly what it wanted. There is another aspect of this also. A Pope who truly loved the youth would not leave the Catholic education of youth in shambles. Yet this is precisely the legacy of Pope John Paul II. Heretical teachings and perverse sex-education are rampant in Catholic schools. Most Catholic universities are places in which the young Catholic is sure to lose his Faith. Granted, the quality of Catholic schools took a drastic nose dive under Pope Paul VI, but the situation only worsened under the reign of John Paul II. Catholic schools under Pope John Paul II were so abysmal that thousands of Catholic parents at great personal sacrifice have taken upon themselves the burden of home-schooling rather than entrust their children to these collapsed institutions. Catholic home-schooling was unthinkable under Pope Pius XII as it was not necessary. If Pope John Paul II truly loved the youth in a Catholic manner, we would have no fear in sending our children or young people to his diocesan schools and colleges. The need for widespread Catholic home-schooling in order for parents to protect the faith of their children marks one of the greatest failures of Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate. For more on World Youth Day, see World Youth Day: From Catholicism to Counter-church by Cornelia Ferreira and John Vennari (Cansisus Books, 2005). (Available from Oltyn Library Services for $17.00 post-paid - Oltyn Library Services, 2316 Delaware Ave, PMB 325 • Buffalo NY 14216).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8709964156150818, "source": "search", "title": "The Secret of Pope John Paul II’s Success | None ..." }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.759267330169678, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II, who has died at the age of 84, was seen in the flesh by more people than any other pope in history. He made more than 100 international journeys, each of them a marathon which left his suite limp and made his adrenaline flow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.717374801635742, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Certainly, a key to understanding John Paul's pontificate is to see it as the repudiation of the policies followed under Pope Paul VI (1963-78). On his election, he took the name John Paul II because, he said, he wanted to stress his continuity with Paul VI and John Paul I, who died suddenly after just 33 days in office. Fine words, but Paul VI, although not widely regarded as a liberal, was the friend of liberals, and kept open some doors that John Paul quickly closed. Paul was ecumenically minded and sought genuinely to better relations with other Christians. John Paul made some rhetorical concessions early on, but soon showed that he regarded his office as an asset for Christian unity: all the problems would be resolved if only others would recognise the need for a return to his authority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.607016086578369, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Worse was to follow as the Church of England began ordaining women in March 1994. John Paul issued a peremptory apostolic letter declaring \"definitively\" that the church had no authority to ordain women. He forbade Catholics from discussing the matter further.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.864701271057129, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "But as the Soviet Union fell apart, Ukraine proved a tough battleground. Stalin had abolished the 4m-strong Ukrainian Catholic Church in 1946. Gorbachev legalised it after visiting John Paul in December 1989. In western Ukraine, the result was unseemly fighting over the possession of churches, and the Russian Orthodox lost out to Ukrainian nationalism, inevitably.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.362285614013672, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Many will remember John Paul II for his pronouncements on sexual matters. He endorsed everything that Paul VI had said, but sharpened it to an extraordinary degree. Catholics who practised artificial birth control, he said in 1984, were \"denying the sovereignty of God\", thus becoming, in effect, atheists. This illiberal doctrine surfaced again in the 1993 encyclical Veritatis Splendor, and the moral absolutes it laid down shaped the intransigence of the Holy See at the 1994 UN conference on population and development in Cairo. There was no space for debate or dialogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3864359855651855, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "· Karol Jozef Wojtyla, Pope John Paul II, born May 18 1920; died April 2 2005", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.087621212005615, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: Pope John Paul II | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3036370277404785, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II made 146 pastoral visits in Italy and, as the Bishop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.708909511566162, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "From 1978, Pope John Paul II convoked 15 assemblies of the Synod", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6121673583984375, "source": "search", "title": "Biographical Profile of John Paul II - Vatican.va" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II reiterated the Catholic teaching that abortion is murder and Catholics cannot cooperate in it in his 1995 encyclical letter Evangelium Vitae. (AP Photo/Plinio Lepri)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.288649559020996, "source": "search", "title": "Pope St John Paul II prophesied - CNS News" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Now, over 20 years later and with more than 20 million American unborn children killed by abortion since Saint John Paul II's warning, it is past time to wonder about that prediction. Are we experiencing those times of \"woe\" that Pope John Paul predicted? Certainly, we can see that the nation's cherished gifts of life, faith, family and freedom are under attack today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.12234318256378174, "source": "search", "title": "Pope St John Paul II prophesied - CNS News" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared saints in April - CNN.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.468541622161865, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II is said to have cured a French nun and a Costa Rican woman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.576932430267334, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II will be declared saints in April, the Vatican said Monday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.065206527709961, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The calls to canonize John Paul II began even before he had been buried. People attending his funeral in 2005 held banners saying \"Santo Subito,\" short for \"make him a saint now.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.086263656616211, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Photos: Photos: Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6925225257873535, "source": "search", "title": "Popes John XXIII and John Paul II to be declared ... - CNN" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.505432605743408, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9370434284210205, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9370434284210205, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint John Paul II, Latin Johannes Paulus, original name Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland —died April 2, 2005, Vatican City; beatified May 1, 2011; canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 22), the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church (1978–2005), the first non-Italian pope in 455 years and the first from a Slavic country. His pontificate of more than 26 years was the third longest in history. As part of his effort to promote greater understanding between nations and between religions, he undertook numerous trips abroad, traveling far greater distances than had all other popes combined, and he extended his influence beyond the church by campaigning against political oppression and criticizing the materialism of the West. He also issued several unprecedented apologies to groups that historically had been wronged by Catholics, most notably Jews and Muslims. His unabashed Polish nationalism and his emphasis on nonviolent political activism aided the Solidarity movement in communist Poland in the 1980s and ultimately contributed to the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. More generally, John Paul used his influence among Catholics and throughout the world to advance the recognition of human dignity and to deter the use of violence. His centralized style of church governance, however, dismayed some members of the clergy, who found it autocratic and stifling. He failed to reverse an overall decline in the numbers of priests and nuns, and his traditional interpretations of church teachings on personal and sexual morality alienated some segments of the laity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.999046325683594, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II waving to a crowd during a visit to Kraków, Poland, 1987.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.777409315109253, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "When Pope Paul VI died in August 1978, the College of Cardinals, split between two powerful Italians, elected the Venetian Albino Luciani as Pope John Paul I . He died only 33 days later. When the cardinals entered the second conclave of 1978, the world did not know that Wojtyła had received votes in the first conclave. Wojtyła seemed in some ways a good compromise candidate who could hold together a divided church. Liberal interpretations of religious life that followed the Second Vatican Council had created rifts and defections; religious conservatives were digging in, claiming that the council had betrayed the church. Wojtyła appeared to be traditional in church discipline but forward-looking in his acceptance of Vatican Council reforms. The cardinals also hoped that his relative youthfulness would attract young people to the church. Wojtyła’s election on October 16, 1978, made him the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Adrian VI (reigned 1522–23).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.325625896453857, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II at Shea Stadium, Queens, N.Y., October 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.110281944274902, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1986 John Paul invited the leaders of all major religions to Assisi , Italy , for a universal prayer service for world peace. The meeting was scorned by the ultraconservatives of several religions, including his own. The traditionalist archbishop Lefebvre called the pope’s action a “scandal” and a betrayal of “the one true faith.” Lefebvre also cited it as one of the reasons he consecrated his own bishops (without papal approval) in 1988—the first significant schism in reaction to the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and an act Lefebvre knew would result in his excommunication . Nevertheless, by the mid-1990s John Paul had orchestrated some dramatic acts of interfaith reconciliation, especially with the two other religions that stem from Abraham — Judaism and Islam . He worked to improve relations with these two faiths through frequent meetings that often garnered little public attention. Crucial to John Paul’s approach to other religions was his unprecedented campaign to involve Catholics in general apologies for the sins of Catholics against others throughout history, including those committed during the Crusades and against indigenous peoples, women, suspected heretics, non-Catholic Christians, Muslims, and Jews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.347741961479187, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II leaving a message at the Western Wall during his pilgrimage to Jerusalem, March …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2093989849090576, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul’s highly personalized encyclical Ut unum sint (1995; “That They May Be One”) reviewed 30 years of ecumenical relations, including his visits—the first by any pope—to Canterbury Cathedral and to Lutheran churches in Germany and Sweden. Its invitation to non-Catholic churches to join John Paul in rethinking the role of the papacy in world Christianity sparked new ecumenical discussions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.942853569984436, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Beginning in the early 1990s, the once-robust John Paul was increasingly slowed by Parkinson disease and by a series of operations. Nonetheless, he maintained a rigorous schedule, insisting that his visible suffering was part of his ministry. To aides urging him to slow down, he reportedly said simply, “Si crollo, crollo” (“If I collapse, I collapse”). Although he may have considered the possibility of resignation, he remained silent on the subject (few popes had resigned, the last being Gregory XII in 1415). Even in old age he continued to attract enormous crowds; four million were estimated to have joined him at a mass in Manila in 1995, and two million assembled at a Kraków mass in 2002. After 2003, he appeared in public only when seated. By Easter 2005, following a tracheotomy, he was unable to speak to the people he blessed from his apartment window. His funeral in April 2005 drew to Rome millions of pilgrims, as well as a number of the world’s former and current political leaders. In May 2005 his successor, Pope Benedict XVI , waiving the usual five-year waiting period, allowed review to begin in the cause of John Paul II for beatification and canonization. In January 2011 the Vatican recognized the recovery of a French nun from Parkinson disease as a miracle performed by John Paul II. He was beatified on May 1 and canonized with Pope John XXIII on April 27, 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.426558256149292, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "From the start of his pontificate, John Paul tried to reassert a sense of religious challenge and discipline by making firm declarations about personal morality and the religious life. This effort generally did not reverse a dramatic decline in vocations to the priesthood and sisterhood, nor did it improve church attendance in many Catholic countries. The cardinals who elected him had asked that he end the sense of confusion among many Catholics that seemed to stem from the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, but there was no consensus that he did. Nevertheless, John Paul is generally seen as having increased the global prestige of the papacy and thus to have laid a foundation for possible future revival within the church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.484893798828125, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint John Paul II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.598125457763672, "source": "search", "title": "Saint John Paul II | pope | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Without question, John Paul II has been one of the 20th century’s most influential leaders. He is considered to be one of the most politically active popes in history. Keenly interested and involved in developments toward European union, He maintains a vision of a renewed Holy Roman Empire operating under the aegis of the Roman Catholic Church. John Paul is passionately devoted to Mary, the mother of Christ, and the Fatima visions of a coming era of peace that he believes will materialize beginning with the year 2000—celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church as the Great Jubilee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.483078479766846, "source": "search", "title": "Biography: John Paul II: A Pope With a Purpose - Vision" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.200538396835327, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Karol J. Wojtyla, known as John Paul II since his October 1978 election to the papacy, was born in Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometres from Cracow, on May 18, 1920. He was the second of two sons born to Karol Wojtyla and Emilia Kaczorowska. His mother died in 1929. His eldest brother Edmund, a doctor, died in 1932 and his father, a non-commissioned army officer died in 1941.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.805052638053894, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint John Paul II Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.289221286773682, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Karol J. Wojtyla, known as John Paul II since his October 1978 election to the papacy, was born in Wadowice, a small city 50 kilometres from Cracow, on May 18, 1920. He was the second of two sons born to Karol Wojtyla and Emilia Kaczorowska. His mother died in 1929. His eldest brother Edmund, a doctor, died in 1932 and his father, a non-commissioned army officer died in 1941.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.805052638053894, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Since the start of his Pontificate on October 16, 1978, Pope John Paul II has completed 95 pastoral visits outside of Italy and 142 within Italy . As Bishop of Rome he has visited 301 of the 334 parishes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.1873931884765625, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II has presided at 138 beatification ceremonies ( 1,310 Blesseds proclaimed ) and 48 canonization ceremonies ( 469 Saints ) during his pontificate. He has held 8 consistories in which he created 201 cardinals . He has also convened six plenary meetings of the College of Cardinals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.304518222808838, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "No other Pope has encountered so many individuals like John Paul II: to date, more than 16,700,000 pilgrims have participated in the General Audiences held on Wednesdays (more than 1,000). Such figure is without counting all other special audiences and religious ceremonies held [more than 8 million pilgrims during the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000 alone] and the millions of faithful met during pastoral visits made in Italy and throughout the world. It must also be remembered the numerous government personalities encountered during 38 official visits and in the 690 audiences and meetings held with Heads of State , and even the 226 audiences and meetings with Prime Ministers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.39507436752319336, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On May 18, 1920, during the month traditionally dedicated to Mary the Mother of the Lord, one of her greatest treasures for the Church of her Son was born in the town of Wodowice, 35 miles southwest of Krakow Poland. The world would later receive him as Saint Pope John Paul II. His name was Karol (Polish for Karl or Charles) Josef Wojtyla. His hometown had about 10,000 residents, roughly 8,000 Catholics and 2,000 Jews. He was given a nickname by his friends, \"Lolek.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2777822017669678, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In 1987, Saint Pope John Paul II shared these thoughts with young people in Los Angeles, \"I am often asked, especially by young people, why I became a priest. Maybe some of you would like to ask the same question. Let me try briefly to reply. I must begin by saying that it is impossible to explain entirely. For it remains a mystery, even to myself. How does one explain the ways of God? Yet, I know that, at a certain point in my life, I became convinced that Christ was saying to me what he had said to thousands before me: 'Come, follow me!'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.37389838695526123, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On October 16, 1978, the Cardinals gathered under the guidance of the Holy Spirit and chose Karol Cardinal Wojtyla as the 263rd successor to the Apostle Peter. He took the name John Paul II as his first teaching act, sending the signal of continuity. He stepped out on to the balcony in St. Peters Square and proclaimed: \"Be Not Afraid! Open up, no; swing wide the gates to Christ. Open up to his saving power the confines of the State, open up economic and political systems, the vast empires of culture, civilization and development... Be not afraid!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9058862924575806, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saint Pope John Paul II called all men and women to the Redeemer, Jesus Christ. He reminded us that only in Jesus Christ can we discover the purpose and fulfillment of human life. He proclaimed that human existence itself is an invitation to communion with God and with one another. He told an age bent of \"self fulfillment\" that true human fulfillment only comes from giving ourselves in love to God and to one another. He called us to live a unity of life, wherein the implications of the Christian faith inform the entirety of life with no contradiction or separation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2196435928344727, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "From Blessed to Saint John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.428420066833496, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The beatification of Blessed John Paul II on the Feast of Divine Mercy, May 1, 2011 was announced by a decree which addressed the importance of the date chosen:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.089470863342285, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "\"Since the beginning of his pontificate, in 1978, John Paul II often spoke in his homilies of the mercy of God. This became the theme of his second encyclical, Dives in Misericordia, in 1980. He was aware that modern culture and its language do not have a place for mercy, treating it as something strange; they try to inscribe everything in the categories of justice and law. But this does not suffice, for it is not what the reality of God is about.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0836820602417, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On the morning of July 6, 2011 Pope Benedict XVI visited an exhibition dedicated to Blessed John Paul II, his friend and predecessor. The exhibition was offered in the Charlemagne Wing at the left colonnade of St. Peter's Square. There are many places springing up around the world dedicated to this wonderful treasure, this saint of the Lord. Catholic Online now offers this virtual exhibition place for stories, testimonies, photos, images, writings and tributes to the Blessed John Paul II as the cause for his canonization proceeds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1383886337280273, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "When we are in need we turn to one another for assistance through the prayer of intercession. Death does not separate us. That prayer continues. The Saints are our friends and our models. The process of canonization has evolved from the earliest centuries as a way of recognizing the heroic virtue of those who have gone on before us and are heroes to be emulated and intercessors with great efficacy and empathy. Clearly, Blessed John Paul II is numbered among them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.270759582519531, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Blessed John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5968756675720215, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The choice of the Feast of Divine Mercy, May 1, 2011 for this beautification is intentionally chosen. Blessed Pope John Paul II had a deep devotion to his fellow Pole Sr. Faustina Kowalska and to the Divine Mercy devotion identified with her. In August 2002, in Lagiewniki, Poland where Sr. Faustina lived and died, John Paul II entrusted the entire world \"to Divine Mercy, to the unlimited trust in God the Merciful.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2782063484191895, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Decree of Beatification notes, \"Since the beginning of his pontificate, in 1978, John Paul II often spoke in his homilies of the mercy of God. This became the theme of his second encyclical, Dives in Misericordia, in 1980. He was aware that modern culture and its language do not have a place for mercy, treating it as something strange; they try to inscribe everything in the categories of justice and law. But this does not suffice, for it is not what the reality of God is about.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.544398307800293, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "There is no doubt that we had a saint in our midst. A man so filled with Jesus Christ that, like the Apostle Paul, he no longer lived but \"Christ lived in him.\" (Galatians 2) The sentiment of the faithful expressed on the day on which his body was processed through the streets of Rome, \"Santo Subito\" has echoed as the Church has discerned the cause of his canonization. Now, he will be raised to the Altar on the Feast of Divine Mercy and the faithful will call him \"Blessed John Paul II.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.23154067993164, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards was confined to her bed by Parkinson's disease. It was reported that she was completely cured of the disease after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.71869421005249, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Two other potential miracles are thought to have occurred due to the direct intercession of Pope John Paul II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.505490779876709, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The other miracle attributed to Pope John Paul is the miraculous curing of Marco Fidel Rojas, the mayor of Huila, Colombia who was suffering from Parkinsons. His doctor has authenticated his cure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.1658058762550354, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The celebration will be divided into two parts. The first part will be dedicated to remembering the words and actions of John Paul II. There shall then be a solemn procession during which the image of Maria Salus Populi Romani will be enthroned; this shall be accompanied by representatives of all the parishes and chaplaincies of the diocese. Privileged accounts will be given by Joaquin Navarro-Valls and Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, both of whom worked closely with the Pope, and by Sr. Marie Simon-Pierre, whose miraculous recovery opened the way for the beatification process. This first part of the celebrations will be concluded with the hymn \"Totus tuus,\" composed for the 50th anniversary of John Paul's priestly ordination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6157877445220947, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The second part will focus on the celebration of the Luminous Mysteries of the Rosary, which were introduced by John Paul II. After the hymn \"Open the doors to Christ\", Cardinal Vallini will give an introduction summarizing the spiritual and pastoral character of John Paul II. The Rosary will then be recited, with a live connection to five Marian sanctuaries around the world. Each of the five Mysteries of the Rosary shall be linked to a prayer intention of importance to John Paul II. In the Sanctuary of Lagniewniki, Krakow, the prayer intention will take the theme of youth; in the Sanctuary of Kawekamo, Bugando, Tanzania, the family; in the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lebanon, Harissa, evangelisation; in the Basilica of Sancta Maria de Guadalupe, Mexico City, hope and peace among peoples; and in the Sanctuary of Fatima, the Church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.051923751831055, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The solemn liturgy of beatification shall be preceded by an hour of preparation during which the faithful shall pray together the Chaplet of Divine Mercy, a devotion introduced by Saint Mary Faustina Kowalska and dear to the Blessed John Paul II. The preparation will conclude with an Invocation to Mercy in the world, with the hymn \"Jezu ufam tobie.\" This will be followed by Mass, with the texts for the Sunday after Easter. At the end of the rite of beatification, the unveiling of the tapestry depicting the newly Blessed shall be accompanied by the Hymn to the Blessed in Latin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.327821731567383, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Mass on Monday 2 May shall be the first celebrated in honour of the newly Blessed John Paul II. The texts shall be those of the Mass of the Blessed John Paul II. Music during the celebrations shall be provided by the Choir of the Diocese of Rome, with the participation of the Choir of Warsaw and the Wadowice Symphony Orchestra, Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.418131828308105, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Fr. Lombardi explained that in the evening of Friday 29 April the tomb of the Blessed Pope Innocent XI - currently in the Chapel of St. Sebastian in St. Peter's Basilica - shall be transferred to the Altar of Transfiguration, to make way for the body of John Paul II. That morning, the coffin of John Paul II - which shall not be opened - will be transferred before the tomb of St. Peter, in the Vatican grotto. On the morning of 1 May, it will be brought before the Altar of Confession in the Basilica.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5910645723342896, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Following the beatification ceremony, the Pope and the concelebrating cardinals will make their way to the Altar of Confession in the Basilica and will pray for a moment before the body of the newly Blessed. From that evening, those who wish to do so may venerate the remains of John Paul II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8108682632446289, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Through the already well-known portal \"Pope2You,\" provided by the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, it will be possible to send digital postcards with phrases, in several languages, extracted from John Paul II's various addresses to young people. These postcards may be used as invitations to young people to come to Rome to celebrate the beatification of John Paul II. Furthermore, through this portal it will be possible to follow the scheduled celebrations (Vigil, beatification Mass, Mass of thanksgiving).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1730602979660034, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Life of Saint Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.013656139373779, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul I is elected Pope", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.86484956741333, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul I (Albino Luciani) is elected Pope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7384698390960693, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul I is elected Pope", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.86484956741333, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Funeral of Pope John Paul I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8198699951171875, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Leaves for the funeral of Pope John Paul I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8575464487075806, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Funeral of Pope John Paul I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8198699951171875, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II visits the United States for the first time as pope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.783590316772461, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II visits the United States for the first time as pope and addresses the United Nations General Assembly in New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.571377754211426, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II visits the United States for the first time as pope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.783590316772461, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II is shot in the abdomen and hand in St. Peter's Square and seriously wounded. Mehmet Ali Agca, a Turk, is arrested. The pope spends 22 days in a hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.117297172546387, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A Spanish priest lunges at the pope with a bayonet during the first day of a papal trip to Fatima, Portugal. John Paul is unhurt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1989246606826782, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II prays at Rome's main synagogue, the first ever recorded visit of a pope to a synagogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5528091192245483, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II reaffirms the church's opposition to female priests", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.840085029602051, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II reaffirms the church's opposition to female priests in a letter to bishops, writing that the church \"has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the church's faithful.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.119361877441406, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II reaffirms the church's opposition to female priests", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.840085029602051, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Mehmet Ali Agca, who attempted to assassinate John Paul II in 1981, is granted clemency by Italian President Carlo Ciampi, and extradited to his native Turkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.561932563781738, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A top Vatican official publicly acknowledges for the first time what observers have suspected for a decade -- that John Paul II suffers from Parkinson's disease. The pope had long showed signs of Parkingson's, including slurred speech and trembling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2673169374465942, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Vatican announces John Paul II has a high fever as a result of urinary tract infection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.68414831161499, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Vatican announces that John Paul II has a high fever as a result of a urinary tract infection. He later suffers septic shock, meaning that bacteria had spread from his urinary tract to his blood, poisoning his blood stream and causing his blood vessels to collapse. The pope receives the sacrament for the sick and dying, formerly known as the last rites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8939878344535828, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Vatican announces John Paul II has a high fever as a result of urinary tract infection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.68414831161499, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II dies at 9:37 p.m. of septic shock and cardio-circulatory collapse. He was 84.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.417717933654785, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "(*) \"(...) Dear brothers and sisters of the Parish of St MaríJosefa of the Heart of Jesus! The joy of being with you today is particularly strong. It is the delight of being able to visit the 300th parish community of the beloved Church of Rome. From the beginning of my Pontificate, I have made a priority of exercising the ministry of Bishop of Rome, even by visiting the parish communities of the Diocese.(...)\" [Homily of the Holy Father during Holy Mass on the occasion of the Pastoral Visit to the Parish of Santa Maria Josefa del Cuore di Gesů the East sectorof the Diocese of Roma, the 300th visit of John Paul II in the Parish of His Diocese - Sunday 16 December 2001].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788777351379395, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Ecyclical Letters of John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.337603569030762, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Beatifications and Canonizations in the Pontificate of John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.187641143798828, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Statistical data concerning the presence of the faithful in the Audiences of John Paul II [ Italian ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.648802757263184, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pontificate of John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.177103042602539, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "JOHN PAUL II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.454610824584961, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Life of Saint Pope John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.013656139373779, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul I is elected Pope", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.86484956741333, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul I (Albino Luciani) is elected Pope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7384698390960693, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul I is elected Pope", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.86484956741333, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Funeral of Pope John Paul I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8198699951171875, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Leaves for the funeral of Pope John Paul I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8575464487075806, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Funeral of Pope John Paul I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8198699951171875, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II visits the United States for the first time as pope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.783590316772461, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II visits the United States for the first time as pope and addresses the United Nations General Assembly in New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.571377754211426, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II visits the United States for the first time as pope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.783590316772461, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II is shot in the abdomen and hand in St. Peter's Square and seriously wounded. Mehmet Ali Agca, a Turk, is arrested. The pope spends 22 days in a hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.117297172546387, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A Spanish priest lunges at the pope with a bayonet during the first day of a papal trip to Fatima, Portugal. John Paul is unhurt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1989246606826782, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II prays at Rome's main synagogue, the first ever recorded visit of a pope to a synagogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5528091192245483, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II reaffirms the church's opposition to female priests", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.840085029602051, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II reaffirms the church's opposition to female priests in a letter to bishops, writing that the church \"has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the church's faithful.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.119361877441406, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II reaffirms the church's opposition to female priests", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.840085029602051, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Mehmet Ali Agca, who attempted to assassinate John Paul II in 1981, is granted clemency by Italian President Carlo Ciampi, and extradited to his native Turkey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.561932563781738, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A top Vatican official publicly acknowledges for the first time what observers have suspected for a decade -- that John Paul II suffers from Parkinson's disease. The pope had long showed signs of Parkingson's, including slurred speech and trembling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2673169374465942, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Vatican announces John Paul II has a high fever as a result of urinary tract infection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.68414831161499, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The Vatican announces that John Paul II has a high fever as a result of a urinary tract infection. He later suffers septic shock, meaning that bacteria had spread from his urinary tract to his blood, poisoning his blood stream and causing his blood vessels to collapse. The pope receives the sacrament for the sick and dying, formerly known as the last rites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8939878344535828, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Vatican announces John Paul II has a high fever as a result of urinary tract infection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.68414831161499, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II dies at 9:37 p.m. of septic shock and cardio-circulatory collapse. He was 84.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.417717933654785, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Friday, 22: John Paul II leaves on 85th foreign pastoral visit: Mexico City, Mexico and St. Louis, U.S.A. to close Synod for America. Pope signs and dates Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in America.\" Presents it to bishops the following day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.311759948730469, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Tuesday, 18: John Paul II turns 79. He welcomes German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.978796482086182, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thursday, 3: John Paul II receives U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.909749507904053, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saturday, 16: John Paul II marks the 21st anniversary of his election as Pope. His pontificate is the 10th longest in history (St. Peter's is considered the longest).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.674999237060547, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Tuesday, 26: Publication of \"The Letter of His Holiness John Paul II to the Elderly.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.15754508972168, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saturday, 6: John Paul II signs Post-synodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in Asia\" in New Delhi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.359756469726562, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saturday, 11: John Paul II inaugurates completely restored Sistine Chapel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.965616226196289, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Friday, 24: Pope John Paul II opens Holy Door at St. Peter's Basilica, to start the Jubilee Year 2000. Presides at the celebration of Christmas Midnight Mass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1273025274276733, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Wednesday, 23: Liturgy of the Word celebration in the Paul VI Hall, presided over by Pope John Paul in commemoration of Abraham, \"Our father in the faith.\" This event in the Vatican represented the first stage in the Pope's Jubilee Year pilgrimages to places linked with the history of salvation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9690201282501221, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thursday, 24 - Saturday, 26: Papal pilgrimage to Mount Sinai: John Paul II is first Pope to visit Egypt. This was his 90th foreign apostolic trip.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.51405668258667, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saturday, 4: Pope welcomes President Kim Dae-jung of the Republic of Korea, first Korean head of state to be received by John Paul II. He also received President Valdas Adamkus of Lithuania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9755028486251831, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thursday, 20: Apostolic Letter of the Holy Father John Paul II for the Third Centenary of the Union of the Greek-Catholic Church of Romania with the Church of Rome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.539213180541992, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saturday, 14: Start of Jubilee of Families: 300,000 gather for afternoon celebration with John Paul II. Pope receives President Gustavo Noboa Bejarano of Ecuador.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6287429332733154, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Saturday, 14: Start of Jubilee of Families: 300,000 gather for afternoon celebration with John Paul II. Pope receives President Gustavo Noboa Bejarano of Ecuador.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6287429332733154, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Sunday, 21: John Paul II names 37 new cardinals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.47653579711914, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Friday, May 4: John Paul II starts trip to Greece, Syria and Malta, his 93rd foreign apostolic trip. He is the first Pope to visit Greece in 1,000 years, the first Pope ever to visit Syria and the first pontiff to enter a mosque. Trip concludes May 9.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6460381746292114, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Monday, 21: Consistory of Cardinals opens in Vatican City: 155 cardinals are present. This is the sixth extraordinary consistory called by Pope John Paul II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4497456550598145, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Monday, 23: At Castelgandolfo, John Paul II welcomes U.S. President George W. Bush.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.658903121948242, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Tuesday, 14: Archbishop Milingo writes to John Paul II, announcing that he will resume his life in the Catholic Church, will renounce living with Maria Sung and will sever his relations with Reverend Moon and the Federation of Families for World Peace (Unification Church).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.270196914672852, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Tuesday, 16: 23rd anniversary of election of John Paul II: his papacy is now seventh longest in history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6813905239105225, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thursday, 25: In a Message to Rome meeting on \"Matteo Ricci: For a Dialogue between China and the West,\" John Paul II urges normalization of relations between Holy See, China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.776407241821289, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thursday, 22: John Paul II promulgates amd transmits via Internet Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in Oceania.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846976280212402, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II has been a member of every synod and attended all but one as a bishop. In 1967 Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, primate of Poland, was refused permission by Polish authorities to come to Rome to attend the October synod. In a gesture of solidarity, newly-created Cardinal Karol Wojtyla, archbishop of Krakow, remained in Poland and did not attend the synod. Archives of the Synod of Bishops nonetheless list him as a member of the 1967 synod.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.46048641204834, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Apostolic Exhortation \"Catechesi Tradendae,\" John Paul II (October 16,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.876668930053711, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Apostolic Exhortation \"Familiaris Consortio,\" John Paul II (November 22,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.72781229019165, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Apostolic Exhortation \"Reconciliatio et Paenitentia,\" John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.220420837402344, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Apostolic Exhortation \"Christifideles Laici,\" John Paul II (December 30,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.954970359802246, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Apostolic Exhortation \"Pastores dabo vobis,\" John Paul II (March 25, 1992)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.761654853820801, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Apostolic Exhortation \"Vita Consecrata,\" John Paul II (March 25, 1996)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.725872993469238, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Pastores gregis,\" John Paul II (October", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.345623016357422, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in Africa,\" John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.242371559143066, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"A New Hope for Lebanon,\" John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68067741394043, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in America,\" John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.235320091247559, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in Asia,\" John Paul II (signed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.80906867980957, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in Oceania,\" John Paul II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.431294441223145, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Postsynodal Apostolic Exhortation \"Ecclesia in Europa,\" John Paul II (June", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992631912231445, "source": "search", "title": "St. Pope John Paul II - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Should Pope Francis, or any future pope, choose to venture into the Mesopotamian \"land between two rivers,\" then I must revert to the original premise of this page when it was created in May 1999 to warn the late Pope John Paul II of possible assassination if he visited Iraq. At that time, my website was located at the now long gone web host known as GeoCities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.941898822784424, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In any event, there is now no question that the vision contained in the Third Secret of Fatima was not fulfilled with the attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II in 1981 as suggested by leading cardinals after the release of the transcript on June 26, 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6653997898101807, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "It has been declared that the May 1981 attack on Pope John Paul II's life in Rome by Turkish assailant Mehmet Ali Agca was the fulfillment of the Third Secret of Fatima.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.151118278503418, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Since the vision clearly states that the \"Bishop clothed in White\" (the Pope) will be slain along with \"the other Bishops, Priests, men and women Religious\" by soldiers firing bullets, I submit to you that this is remarkably similar to Quatrain 2.97 which warns the pontiff that both \"you and yours\" will come to spit blood in a city watered or arroused by two rivers. Even though, by miracle, Saint John Paul II was spared during the attack on his life by Mehmet Ali Agca thirty-four years ago, this does not explain why he alone was attacked when the Third Secret states that the Bishop in White will crawl over the corpses of his entourage and followers. This is also what Quatrain 2.97 indicates when saying \"both you and yours.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.586599111557007, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Still, the world is a dark and evil place, much more so at this time than it was during the reigns of Saint John XXII and Saint John Paul II and his successor, Benedict XVI. For prophecy tells us the challenges to come are dreadful ones indeed. And the new pope, Francis, and those who may follow, will be forced to contend with them, perhaps to the very death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.060649871826172, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "When I saw the mild, benevolent expression on the bespectacled face of Francis, I immediately recalled another pope who looked much like him: the ill-fated Pope John Paul I, who died mysteriously 33 days after being installed, officially of natural causes. However, it has been alleged by many that he had actually been murdered by poison. John Paul I was the last pope to inaugurate a name never before used (John Paul); in 2013, Pope Francis followed suit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4687151908874512, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Seeing the spectre of Pope John Paul I in the face of Pope Francis is not at all reassuring. Like Francis, John Paul I too presented as a humble shepherd and, as Nostradamus warned, died through \"too much goodness.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6983232498168945, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A SPECIAL SECTION DEDICATED TO THE SAINT JOHN PAUL II IN PROPHECY APPEARS AT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9787516593933105, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The three future \"angelic popes\" who shall follow Pastor angelicus will be Pastor et Nauta (\"Pastor and Mariner\"), Flos florum (\"Flower of Flowers\"), and De medietate Lun� (\"of the Half Moon\") ... applied erroneously to John XXIII, Paul VI, and John Paul I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.680296897888184, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Therefore the bizarre legend De balneis hetruriae (\"the Bath of Etruria\"), mistakenly applied to Pope Gregory XVI, would be applied to Pope John Paul I, whose pontificate lasted only 33 days. So short and unexpected a reign was his that the motto was likely never fulfilled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9356135725975037, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Many believe John Paul I was murdered. Long after Malachy listed the legend De medietate Lunae (\"of the Half Moon\") which was applied by the Vatican to John Paul I, an unknown Vatican scholar updated the description by adding the cryptic line \"and future victim.\" Another example of forcing a prophecy by adding a brief descriptive phrase. Even so, could it be that if he had lived a longer life and reigned a longer reign, that John Paul I (as De balneis hetruriae) would have been murdered in a bath in Tuscany (similar to how Jean-Paul Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday)?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.748392105102539, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Because Nostradamus forsees a number of popes to follow Francis, rather than Francis being the final pope named \"Peter of Rome\" listed by Malachy, it is even possible that Quatrain 2.97 and the Fatima prophecy are about two successors of Francis and that Francis will die a natural death like John Paul II or even retire like Benedict XVI did. Francis has already discussed his possible retirement within the next three years with the news media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.791293621063232, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In November 1999, a critical dream vision emailed to me by Conor concerning three stages in the relationship between a pope and a young woman who is only a ghostly spirit in the final stage, has suggested what may well be a psychic connection between Diana and John Paul II, Diana and Benedict XVI, and possibly Diana and Francis -- one that I believe may establish Paris or Avignon as the city of this pope's doom rather than a city in Iraq or Syria. To view this vision open a Dream Window .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0020724534988403, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "However, if we look at our second \"rose\" prophecy by Nostradamus, it becomes apparent that the city in question may well be ATHENS ... in the nation of Greece. Pope John Paul II visited this great city in 2001, but Pope Benedict XVI did not and Pope Francis has yet to visit there ... and he might not until the fatal blooming of \"the Rose\" takes place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0059022903442383, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "A future papal trip to Athens and Mount Hymettus could well mark another occasion of importance: an effort to merge the Greek Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church ... the reuniting of the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. Pope Benedict made great strides at the task John Paul II held dear: the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. Will Francis one day reconcile with the Greek Orthodox Church? This pope seems to be all about unification.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0740127563476562, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "It then stood to reason that his successor, who turned out to be Pope Francis, might die after a brief reign like Pope John Paul I who, it is widely believed, was murdered by poison. It would have happened no later than September 2013. Nerves became frayed in June 2013, one month before Francis was to visit Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, when mass protests and terrible riots broke out that lasted for many days and involved millions of people. Parts of the city went up in flames.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.000469207763672, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Had Francis died after a short reign, the next pope might well have been the one Nostradamus called \"Paul the celibate.\" He would have fled Rome during the appearance of an unusually bright comet and later died at Avignon during a military attack on southern France. When that might have happened is unknown since the third pope of 1978, John Paul II, reigned a very long time. Avignon is a city between two rivers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6789464950561523, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The other two base 7 dates to be concerned about are May 2016, due to the attempted assassination and serious injuring of Pope John Paul II when he was shot by Mehmet Ali Agca in May 1981, and May 2017, due to a second attempt on the Pope's life in May 1982 when he was attacked by a bayonet-wielding priest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.736957311630249, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "We should be very concerned about 2017: the May 1982 attack on John Paul II occurred in F�tima, Portugal. Whether or not John Paul II was wounded by the bayonet was not allowed to be reported. But F�tima is the source of the Third Secret prophecy and it is to F�tima that Francis will travel on either May 13, 2017 ... on the 100th anniversary of the first apparition (the roses will be blooming then too) .... or October 13, 2017 ... on the 100th anniversary of the last apparition!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.673905372619629, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "The next pope, whenever he is elected, will likely be called Paul VII or else John Paul III.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.954706907272339, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "So there is an interesting symmetry here: northern France for Diana, southern France for Pol Mensolee (Paul VII or John Paul III).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560880661010742, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "This is actually rather shocking. But watching Pope Francis greet UN ambassador and actress Angelina Jolie in January 2015 gave me a sense of de ja vu ... when Pope John Paul II greeted Princess Diana. Note that both women are wearing black.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5737044811248779, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "One can easily recognise the career of John Paul II in the following quatrain:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.409778594970703, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "POPE JOHN PAUL II DIES AT AGE 84 --- WORLD MOURNS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8491427898406982, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Pope John Paul II: \"De Labore Solis\" or \"De Medietate Lunae?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6900123357772827, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In an eerie coincidence, John Paul II was the only known pope to be born on the day of a solar eclipse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.616178035736084, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "But the prophetic link doesn't end there. Pope John Paul II will be buried this Friday during another solar eclipse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8572046756744385, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Solar eclipses are not unusual. But what makes this coming Friday's eclipse notable is the fact that there was a near total eclipse of the sun seen across Europe on May 18, 1920, the very day that John Paul II was born in Poland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326308250427246, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Also, regarding De Medietate Lunae which was supposedly applied to the extremely short-lived Pope John Paul the First.  33 days is an awfully short period of time.  Is it possible Malachy overlooked John Paul I but saw only John Paul II?  After all, \"John Paul\" was a most unusual name. If so, then that would make \"Of the Half Moon\" John Paul II's motto and not \"Labour of the Sun.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6134419441223145, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "It would apply very well to Pope John Paul the Great.  Here is why: both the half moon and crescent moon are symbols of Islam.  John Paul II was the first pope to visit the Muslim and Arab nations and open up friendly relations between them and the Vatican. Of course, the Jubilee Year was the zenith year of this embrace of Islamic nations by John Paul II (who also greeted Iranian President Mohammad Khatami and Iraqi Prime Minister Tariq Aziz at the Vatican and condemned the then-pending US war in Iraq).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.383169651031494, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Her star and his star rose together, nearly side-by-side. She died in Paris at the zenith of her popularity in August 1997 -- shortly after John Paul visited Paris himself. Not long after her death, John Paul II, almost by default, found his health and his powers moving steadily in decline, then accelerating downhill after 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.3238525390625, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II's funeral was held exactly 7 years and 7 months after the funeral of Princess Diana!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.095437049865723, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Yet another good reason for John Paul II to be given the motto \"Of the Half Moon.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.750866889953613, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Of course, if the 10 antipopes were not counted by Malachy (and I doubt they were), this would have made John Paul II the 100th pope after Celestine II, rather than the 110th. Thus, he would have had whatever motto was applied to Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.462499141693115, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Still, Pope John Paul II could yet be associated with the sun metaphorically, as a complement to Diana's moon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1441835165023804, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Thus, the pontificate of John Paul II seems to have been symbolised by both sun and moon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.522165298461914, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "On October 16, 1998, it was reported that Pope John Paul II was planning to visit Iraq (\"the land between two rivers\") in the summer of 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6691484451293945, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "In the appendix of my book, Nostradamus and the Final Age, I indicated that Pope John Paul II might be in danger during the base 7 vector of June/July 1998. On May 4, 1998, three days after I mailed my manuscript out to Llewellyn Worldwide, Alois Estermann, the second-in-command of the Pope's Swiss Guards, was slain by a disgruntled non-commissioned officer. Estermann's wife, Gladys Romero, was also shot to death by Cedrich Tornay who afterwards turned the murder weapon on himself. All three died; blood flowing from their mouths. It was the worst tragedy to befall the Swiss Guards in over five hundred years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3134515285491943, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "SOFIA, Bulgaria (CNN) -- Ailing Pope John Paul II has arrived in Bulgaria for his first papal visit to the country, where all its 27,000 police have been put on duty or standby. It is hoped his four-day visit will heal wounds with the former communist country which was once implicated in the 1981 assassination attempt against the pontiff. The trip is also aimed at bringing a reconciliation of Christianity's eastern and western churches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.423579216003418, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "VATICAN (CNN) -- Pope John Paul II has been caught up in a bomb alert after a man threatened to blow himself up at the Vatican.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3882293701171875, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Back in 2003, I indicated that I believed John Paul II might hold on and finally succumb of natural causes sometime in August-October 2006 -- an important base 7 numerological anniversary (4 x 7) of the deaths of Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I, and Pope John Paul II's ascension to the Holy See during the same period of 1978.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.889801025390625, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Bear in mind that when this June/July 2005 vector was posted on this page on March 24, Vatican officials were playing down concerns about Pope John Paul II's health. The pontiff made a silent and brief appearance from his apartment window overlooking St. Peter's Square that same day, as he had the previous day, silently blessing the faithful gathered below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5614237785339355, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "An interesting link between John Paul II and John XXIII has been discussed on CNN:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.395112037658691, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "John Paul II, who expressed a will to be buried underground, was buried in John XXIII's vacant tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.746417045593262, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" }, { "answer": "John Paul I", "passage": "Having survived this, he may find himself in positive peril of losing his life four months and twenty-two days after the death of Pope John Paul II: around August 24, 2005. Then comes the actual 42nd anniversary of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 2005. Of course, I would not expect the specific dates to be the ones to worry about, which is why I project by the month or window of months and year and not by the day, month, and year. The base 7 system is rarely exact to the very day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6663293242454529, "source": "search", "title": "Pope John Paul II and the Rose Prophecy - Michael McClellan" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Salvador Dalí frequently described his paintings as “hand painted dream photographs.” He based this seaside landscape on the cliffs in his home region of Catalonia, Spain. The ants and melting clocks are recognizable images that Dalí placed in an unfamiliar context or rendered in an unfamiliar way. The large central creature comprised of a deformed nose and eye was drawn from Dalí’s imagination, although it has frequently been interpreted as a self-portrait . Its long eyelashes seem insect-like; what may or may not be a tongue oozes from its nose like a fat snail from its shell.", "precise_score": 9.253271102905273, "rough_score": 0.17786705493927002, "source": "search", "title": "MoMA | Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "The Persistence of Memory is a painting by the famous Spanish surrealist artist Salvador Dali. The original title of this painting is \"La persistencia de la memoria\" and it depicts a fetus-like head lying on the ground. There are four watches in this painting, three of which appear to be molten, as if made out of cheese.  The ants seem to have found a point of interest in the center of the orange watch.", "precise_score": -4.937171936035156, "rough_score": -3.551730155944824, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory. 1931. Surrealism ..." }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Salvador Dalí was a Spanish Surrealist painter who combined a hyperrealist style with dream-like, sexualized subject matter. His collaborations with Hollywood and commercial ventures, alongside his notoriously dramatic personality, earned him scorn from some Surrealist colleagues.", "precise_score": -1.4144479036331177, "rough_score": -8.745329856872559, "source": "search", "title": "Surrealism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali, the most eccentric and imaginative figure in Spanish painting , explored Cubism as well as Futurism and Metaphysical Painting, before finally turning to Surrealism . Academy-trained as an artist, with an extraordinary talent for self-publicity, and a huge waxed moustache, he quickly became one of the best known surrealist artists , being renowned for the vivid and bizarre content of his paintings. These are characterized by meticulous attention to detail, virtuoso technique, and highly creative content, along with symbolic Freudian dream imagery. He himself referred to them as \"hand-painted dream photographs.\" In addition to his painting skills, which were strongly influenced by the Old Masters of the Italian Renaissance, his creative talents extended to film-making and photography , as well as jewellery art and theatrical design. He is regarded by most art critics as one of the top 20th century painters of the inter-war period, and many of his paintings are available as prints in the form of poster art . The word 'dali-esque' is now synonymous with the absurd. Dali's greatest paintings include: Seated Girl Seen from the Rear (1925, Reina Sofia Museum, Madrid); The Persistence of Memory (1931, Museum of Modern Art, New York); Giraffe in Flames (1935, Kunstmuseum, Basel); Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (1936, Philadelphia Museum of Art); The Temptation of St Anthony (1946, Musee Royaux des Beaux Arts, Brussels); Christ of Saint John the Cross (1951, Glasgow Art Gallery, Scotland); The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1952-4, Salvador Dali Museum, St. Petersburg, Florida). Dali was also responsible for some innovative surrealist sculpture . His best known works of plastic art include: Mae West Lips Sofa (1937, private collection), and found objects like Lobster Telephone (1936, Tate Collection, London).", "precise_score": 3.3973731994628906, "rough_score": -2.3724515438079834, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist - Art Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "During the period 1950 to 1970, Salvador Dali painted many works with scientific, religious and mythological themes. In the process he experimented with numerous different painting styles - including Dutch Baroque , Surrealism (The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory, 1952-4), Italian Baroque (Christ of St John of the Cross, 1951, Glasgow, Art Gallery), as well as Action Painting - in order to maintain his image as \"Mr Surrealism\". But these artworks are not as highly regarded as his earlier paintings. This negative reaction by art critics may have been influenced by political considerations (Dali returned to Spain to live under Franco) and also by the increasingly eccentric behaviour of Dali himself. Nevertheless, some paintings remain important, such as The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1952-4) which was Dalí's way of acknowledging the impact of the the new science of atomic physics.", "precise_score": -2.9265902042388916, "rough_score": -4.411928653717041, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist - Art Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "MoMA | Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438096046447754, "source": "search", "title": "MoMA | Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Time is the theme here, from the melting watches to the decay implied by the swarming ants. Mastering what he called “the usual paralyzing tricks of eye-fooling,” Dalí painted this work with “the most imperialist fury of precision,” but only, he said, “to systematize confusion and thus to help discredit completely the world of reality.” There is, however, a nod to the real: the distant golden cliffs are those on the coast of Catalonia, Dalí’s home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688612937927246, "source": "search", "title": "MoMA | Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Salvador Dalí was very interested in Sigmund Freud’s writings on psychology. An Austrian psychologist writing in the late-19th and early-20th century, Freud revolutionized the way people think about the mind with his theory of the subconscious. The subconscious is the part of the psyche that thinks and feels without the person being aware of those thoughts and feelings. According to Freud, dreams are coded messages from the subconscious, and Surrealist artists like Dalí were interested in what could be revealed by their dreams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.704936027526855, "source": "search", "title": "MoMA | Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Dalí self-induced hallucinations in order to access his subconscious while creating art, a process he called the paranoiac-critical method . On the results of this process, he wrote, “I am the first to be surprised and often terrified by the images I see appear upon my canvas. I register without choice and with all possible exactitude the dictates of my subconscious, my dreams….” Although he claimed to be surprised by the images, Dalí rendered them with meticulous precision, creating the illusion that these places could exist in the real world. Dalí, in his typically ironic way, once proclaimed, “The only difference between a madman and me is that I am not mad.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.146585464477539, "source": "search", "title": "MoMA | Salvador Dalí. The Persistence of Memory. 1931" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory. 1931. Surrealism | Marina's Gallery", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095602035522461, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory. 1931. Surrealism ..." }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory. 1931. Surrealism", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207437515258789, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory. 1931. Surrealism ..." }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Background on Surrealism and Salvador Dali", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1990385055542, "source": "search", "title": "Art Beyond Sight: Art History Through Touch and Sound" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "The Spanish artist Salvador Dali was one of the best known Surrealist painters. He lived from 1904 to 1989. In 1929, Dali joined the Surrealist movement. He was an outrageous and eccentric personality. For example, at the opening of a Surrealist exhibition in London in 1936, Dali appeared in a diving suit. Throughout his lifetime, Dali's extravagant and humorous behavior generated wide publicity, eventually securing him celebrity status. However in 1942 André Breton officially expelled Dali from the Surrealist movement because of this self-promoting activity. The titles of Dali's two autobiographies tell us much about his personality. They are called The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, published in 1942, and Diary of a Genius, published in 1965.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.868417739868164, "source": "search", "title": "Art Beyond Sight: Art History Through Touch and Sound" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "www.mykidsart.com.au - Salvador Dali Famous Artists My Kids Art", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085563659667969, "source": "search", "title": "My Kids Art- Salvador Dali" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali was born in 1909 in a place called Catalonia, Spain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475293159484863, "source": "search", "title": "My Kids Art- Salvador Dali" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Unusual Facts about Salvador Dali", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454055786132812, "source": "search", "title": "My Kids Art- Salvador Dali" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "\" I'll be a genius....... Perhaps I'll be despised and misunderstood, but I'll be a genius, a great genius. \"  Quote from Salvador Dali.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.949053764343262, "source": "search", "title": "My Kids Art- Salvador Dali" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali died in 1989 aged 85.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484106063842773, "source": "search", "title": "My Kids Art- Salvador Dali" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Salvador Dalí", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437158584594727, "source": "search", "title": "Surrealism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story" }, { "answer": "Dalí", "passage": "Salvador Dalí", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437158584594727, "source": "search", "title": "Surrealism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "“The subconscious has a symbolic language that is truly a universal language, for it speaks with the vocabulary of the great vital constants, sexual instinct, feeling of death, physical notion of the enigma of space—these vital constants are universally echoed in every human. To understand an aesthetic picture, training in the appreciation is necessary, cultural and intellectual preparation. For Surrealism the only re requisite is a receptive and intuitive human being.” [2].                                                                         --Salvador Dali", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151583671569824, "source": "search", "title": "Paranoid Critical Method: Salvador - Tufts" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06322193145752, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist - Art Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326141357421875, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist - Art Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Salvador Dali was a versatile genius, from the same Catalan mould as Picasso (1881-1973) and Joan Miro (1893-1983). He learned his drawing skills at the Madrid Academy of Fine Arts where he studied (1921-4), and again (1925-6). By the time of he left he had already enjoyed a successful solo exhibition at the Dalmau Gallery in Barcelona in November 1925, which Picasso himself had admired. At that time he was painting works that already showed his obsession with the seashore scenes of his childhood, an obsession which he was never to give up (Woman in Front of Rocks, 1926, Milan, private collection). During this early phase he was intent on exploring several different styles of modern art , including analytical Cubism, Metaphysical Painting (pittura metafisica) and Futurism, as well as classical styles from the Spanish nd Dutch Baroque. He was also influenced by Max Klinger (1857-1920), the Leipzig-born symbolist/fantasy painter. During this early period Dali also produced designs for the Ballets Russes run by Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.055070877075195, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist - Art Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Salvador Dali", "passage": "Despite the critics, Salvador Dali had a huge influence on avant-garde art of the 1930s. In his later years, young painters like Andy Warhol proclaimed Dalí an important influence on Pop art . While remaining a bizarre, elusive individual, Salvador Dali's paintings and sculptures continue to fascinate. He was a unique artist and remains a significant figure in the history of art .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.831280708312988, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Dali: Surrealist Artist - Art Encyclopedia" } ]

[ { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "The name teddy bear comes from former United States President Theodore Roosevelt, who was commonly known as \"Teddy\" (though he loathed being referred to as such). The name originated from an incident on a bear hunting trip in Mississippi in November 1902, to which Roosevelt was invited by Mississippi Governor Andrew H. Longino. There were several other hunters competing, and most of them had already killed an animal. A suite of Roosevelt's attendants, led by Holt Collier, cornered, clubbed, and tied an American black bear to a willow tree after a long exhausting chase with hounds. They called Roosevelt to the site and suggested that he should shoot it. He refused to shoot the bear himself, deeming this unsportsmanlike, but instructed that the bear be killed to put it out of its misery, and it became the topic of a political cartoon by Clifford Berryman in The Washington Post on November 16, 1902. While the initial cartoon of an adult black bear lassoed by a handler and a disgusted Roosevelt had symbolic overtones, later issues of that and other Berryman cartoons made the bear smaller and cuter. ", "precise_score": 6.105195045471191, "rough_score": 7.361130237579346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Teddy bear" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Teddy Bears got their name from Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States. In 1902, the president went bear hunting in Mississippi without success, so members of his party caught a bear cub, tied it to a tree, and offered it to the president as an easy trophy. The president refused. The event was drawn by a cartoonist for the Washington Post the next day. The cartoon emphasized the helplessness of the bear and conveyed the message that Roosevelt would not make decisions for the wrong reasons. Roosevelt's popularity soared as a result of his actions and the cartoon. Morris and Rose Michtom made a stuffed bear in honor of the president's actions.", "precise_score": 6.94691276550293, "rough_score": 5.734434604644775, "source": "search", "title": "Teddy Bear History" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States, is the person responsible for giving the teddy bear his name. On November 14, 1902, Roosevelt was helping settle a border dispute between Mississippi and Louisiana. During his spare time he attended a bear hunt in Mississippi. During the hunt, Roosevelt came upon a wounded young bear and ordered the mercy killing of the animal. The Washington Post ran a editorial cartoon created by the political cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman that illustrated the event. The cartoon was called \"Drawing the Line in Mississippi\" and depicted both state line dispute and the bear hunt. At first Berryman drew the bear as a fierce animal, the bear had just killed a hunting dog. Later, Berryman redrew the bear to make it a cuddly cub. The cartoon and the story it told became popular and within a year, the cartoon bear became a toy for children called the teddy bear.", "precise_score": 6.678779602050781, "rough_score": 7.035584449768066, "source": "search", "title": "A History of the Teddy Bear! - About.com Money" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt inspired the first Teddy Bear.", "precise_score": 6.609833240509033, "rough_score": 5.9433817863464355, "source": "search", "title": "IMA Hero: Teddy Bear History" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "A teddy bear is a soft toy in the form of a bear. Developed apparently simultaneously by toymakers Morris Michtom in the U.S. and Richard Steiff in Germany in the early years of the 20th century, and named after President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt, the teddy bear became an iconic children's toy, celebrated in story, song, and film.David Cannadine, [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21265701 A point of view - The Grownups with teddy bears], 1 February 2013, (accessed 2013-02-01) Since the creation of the first teddy bears which sought to imitate the form of real bear cubs, \"teddies\" have greatly varied in form, style and material. They have become collector's items, with older and rarer \"teddies\" appearing at public auctions. Teddy bears are among the most popular gifts for children and are often given to adults to signify love, congratulations, or sympathy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.956861734390259, "source": "wiki", "title": "Teddy bear" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "One new stuffed animal on the market this Christmas may resonate, particularly with adults, after the events of Sept. 11. Steiff, the 121-year-old German toy company, has produced a police commissioner teddy bear to honor President Theodore Roosevelt, the man who gave his name to the teddy bear and who served in 1895 as the first police commissioner of New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.531866073608398, "source": "search", "title": "ANTIQUES; A Teddy Bear Celebrating A Real Teddy" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "In November of 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt , a noted hunting enthusiast, had been invited to join a bear hunt near the town of Smedes, Mississippi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.884302616119385, "source": "search", "title": "History of Teddy Bears - Teddy Bear Friends" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "The President of the United States in 1902 was Theodore Roosevelt, who liked to hunt in the wild. On a hunting trip in Mississippi, Roosevelt failed to kill a bear, so the people hunting with him found one and tied it to a tree. It would have been an easy shot for Roosevelt, who could", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.574554443359375, "source": "search", "title": "The History of the Teddy Bear - Social Studies for Kids" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Trace Theodore Roosevelt's legacy of reforming deplorable labor conditions and preserving the American landscape.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29906940460205, "source": "search", "title": "Who invented the teddy bear? - Ask History" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "One of the world’s most beloved toys was named in honor of President Theodore Roosevelt, after he refused to shoot a bear during a Mississippi hunting trip in November 1902. During the trip, guides clubbed a bear and tied it to a tree then invited the president to shoot it; instead, Roosevelt, an avid outdoorsman and hunter, declined, saying it would be unsportsmanlike to kill a defenseless animal that way. The incident generated national attention and was depicted in a popular political cartoon by Clifford Berryman. (According to some sources, the newspaper cartoon, titled “Drawing the Line in Mississippi,” was a reference not just to Roosevelt’s refusal to shoot the bruin but also to his handling of a boundary dispute between Mississippi and Louisiana; other sources have suggested the cartoon was a comment on the president’s progressive stance on race relations.) Inspired by the cartoon, Brooklyn, New York, shopkeeper Morris Michtom and his wife Rose made a stuffed fabric bear in honor of America’s 26th commander-in-chief and displayed it with a sign, “Teddy’s bear,” in their store window, where it attracted interest from customers. After reportedly writing to the president and getting permission to use his name for their creation, the Michtoms went on to start a successful company that manufactured teddy bears and other toys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.39182066917419434, "source": "search", "title": "Who invented the teddy bear? - Ask History" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "On November 14, 1902, then-President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt went to Mississippi to settle a border dispute between Mississippi and Louisiana. While there, he went on a hunting trip. The other members of the hunting party tied a black bear cub to a tree for President Roosevelt to shoot, but Roosevelt refused to harm the defenseless bear. The next day, political cartoonist Clifford Berryman, drew a cartoon showing President Roosevelt refusing to hurt the helpless bear. The cartoon's caption \"Drawing the Line in Mississippi\" refers to both the border dispute settlement and the hunting incident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2649264335632324, "source": "search", "title": "IMA Hero: Teddy Bear History" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Morris Michtom was a shopkeeper in Brooklyn, New York. In 1902, he and his wife, Rose, made two stuffed bears called \"Teddy's Bear\" named after then-President Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. The \"Teddy's Bear\" trend took off, and the Michtom store became the Ideal Novelty and Toy Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.294327735900879, "source": "search", "title": "IMA Hero: Teddy Bear History" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Boxed and wrapped in paper and bows, teddy bears have been placed lovingly underneath Christmas trees for generations, to the delight of tots and toddlers around the world. But the teddy bear is an American original: Its story begins with a holiday vacation taken by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7157872319221497, "source": "search", "title": "The History of the Teddy Bear: From Wet and Angry to Soft ..." }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Articles: ”Holt Collier, Mississippi” Published in George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography. Westport, Connecticut: The Greenwood Press, Inc.,1979, Supplement Series1, v.7, p. 447-478. American Slave Narratives, Collected by the Federal Writers Project, Works Progress Administration, http://newdeal.feri.org/asn/asn03.htm  ”The Great Bear Hunt,” by Douglas Brinkley, National Geographic, May 5, 2001. “James K. Vardaman,” Fatal Flood, American Experience, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/flood-vardaman/ ”Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902,” by Rachael Marks, University of St. Francis, http://www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/anthracitestrike.htm “The Story of the Teddy Bear,” National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/thrb/historyculture/storyofteddybear.htm “Rose and Morris Michtom and the Invention of the Teddy Bear,” Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Michtoms.html “Origins of the Teddy Bear,” by Elizabeth Berlin Taylor, The Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/politics-reform/resources/origins-teddy-bear “Teddy Bear,” Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/Themes/Culture-and-Society/Teddy-Bear.aspx", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.193085193634033, "source": "search", "title": "The History of the Teddy Bear: From Wet and Angry to Soft ..." }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Real Teddy Bear Story - Theodore Roosevelt Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.499434232711792, "source": "search", "title": "Real Teddy Bear Story - Theodore Roosevelt Association" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "How did toy bears come to be named after President Theodore Roosevelt?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3116044998168945, "source": "search", "title": "Real Teddy Bear Story - Theodore Roosevelt Association" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "Teddy bears are a symbol of cuddly gentleness and security the world over. It is well known that the teddy bear is named for President Theodore Roosevelt. Less well known are the inventors of the teddy bear, Rose and Morris Michtom, two Russian Jewish immigrants who lived in Brooklyn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.575396537780762, "source": "search", "title": "Rose & Morris Michtom | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Theodore", "passage": "The American bear as a symbol of gentleness is filled with ironies. For generations, bears prompted fear, not affection. The teddy bear’s namesake, Theodore Roosevelt, was a ferocious warrior and big game hunter – a man who killed for sport. However, an unlikely alliance between the rugged, native-born American Protestant president and the inventive, immigrant Jewish couple from Brooklyn created one of the most lovable and enduring American icons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4122194051742554, "source": "search", "title": "Rose & Morris Michtom | Jewish Virtual Library" } ]

[ { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald James Woods, CBE (15 December 1933 – 19 August 2001) was a South African journalist and anti-apartheid activist. As editor of the Daily Dispatch, he was known for befriending fellow activist Steve Biko, who died in police custody after being detained by the South African government. Woods continued his campaign against apartheid in London, and in 1978 became the first private citizen to address the United Nations Security Council.", "precise_score": 0.5112687945365906, "rough_score": 1.795337200164795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods and friends Donald Card and Father Kani devised a plan for him to be smuggled out of his house. Disguised as an Anglican priest, Father \"David C. Curren\", on New Year's Eve 1977, Woods hitchhiked 480 km before attempting to cross the Tele River, a tributary of the Orange River, between South Africa and Lesotho. However, following days of steady rain, the river had flooded, leaving him to resort to crossing at the Tele Bridge border crossing in a Lesotho Postal Service truck driven by an unsuspecting Lesothan man, who was merely giving the \"priest\" a ride.", "precise_score": -2.425909996032715, "rough_score": -0.8956074118614197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Director Richard Attenborough filmed the story of Woods and Steve Biko, based upon the books which Woods had written, under the title Cry Freedom. Donald and Wendy Woods became very much involved in the project, working closely with the actors and crew. The film was shot largely on location in Zimbabwe (South Africa still being under the apartheid regime at the time). It was released in 1987 to critical acclaim, and won a number of awards. Woods was portrayed by actor Kevin Kline, who became friends with Woods and his wife and family during the filming. The friendship continued until Woods' death in 2001. Wendy Woods was played by Penelope Wilton. Biko was played by Denzel Washington, who was Oscar-nominated for the role. At nearly three hours long, the film also featured appearances by John Thaw, Timothy West, Julian Glover, and Zakes Mokae.", "precise_score": 3.088106155395508, "rough_score": 6.1343560218811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Cry Freedom is a 1987 British epic drama film directed by Richard Attenborough, set in late-1970s apartheid era South Africa. The screenplay was written by John Briley based on a pair of books by journalist Donald Woods. The film centres on the real-life events involving black activist Steve Biko and his friend Donald Woods, who initially finds him destructive, and attempts to understand his way of life. Denzel Washington stars as Biko, while actor Kevin Kline portrays Woods. Cry Freedom delves into the ideas of discrimination, political corruption, and the repercussions of violence.", "precise_score": 4.688474655151367, "rough_score": 6.643487930297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The premise of Cry Freedom is based on the true story of Steve Biko, the charismatic South African Black Consciousness Movement leader who attempts to bring awareness to the injustice of Apartheid; and Donald Woods, the liberal white editor of the Daily Dispatch newspaper who struggles to do the same after Biko is murdered. In 1972, Biko was one of the founders of the Black People's Convention working on social upliftment projects around Durban. The BPC brought together almost 70 different black consciousness groups and associations, such as the South African Student's Movement (SASM), which played a significant role in the 1976 uprisings, and the Black Workers Project which supported black workers whose unions were not recognized under the Apartheid regime. Biko’s political activities eventually drew the attention of the South African government which often harassed, arrested, and detained him. These situations resulted in his being banned in 1973. The banning restricted Biko from talking to more than one person at a time, in an attempt to suppress the rising anti-apartheid political movement. Following a violation of his banning, Biko was arrested and later killed while in police custody. The circumstances leading to Biko's death caused worldwide anger, as he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance. As a result, the South African government banned a number of individuals (including Donald Woods) and organizations, especially those closely associated with Biko. The United Nations Security Council responded swiftly to the killing by later imposing an arms embargo against South Africa. After a period of routine harassment against his family by the authorities, as well as fearing for his life, Woods fled the country after being placed under house arrest by the South African government.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/1/newsid_2459000/2459845.stm 1978: Newspaper editor flees South Africa]. BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2010. Woods later wrote a book in 1978 entitled: Biko, exposing police complicity in his death. That book, along with Woods's autobiography Asking For Trouble, both being published in the UK, became the basis for the film.", "precise_score": 4.226404190063477, "rough_score": 5.809751987457275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In \"Cry Freedom,\" the film based on the nonfiction book by the same name, is a story of Stephen Biko, a black South African political activist who understood the inherent dangers in being an activist but lived by the creed that a man has to do what a man has to do. He is befriended in respect and admiration by a white American journalist, Donald Woods. Their two stories are equally important because of the consequences of their actions.", "precise_score": 2.382448196411133, "rough_score": -0.059151288121938705, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom: Original Motion Picture ... - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "��\u0011ࡱ\u001a�\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000>\u0000\u0003\u0000�� 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\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000,���\u0001�\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0012\u0000\u0000�\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0013\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CRY FREEDOM \"Cry Freedom quickly degenerates from an exploration of Biko and South Africa into another 'escape' movie.\" \"Cry Freedom\" begins with the story of a friendship between a white liberal South African and an idealistic young black who later dies at the hands of South African police. But the black leader is buried at the movie's halfway point, and the rest of the story centers on the editor's desire to escape from South Africa and publish his books. This movie promises to be an honest account of the turmoil in South Africa and a story of a black activist, but it turns into a usual cliffhanger about the editor's flight across the border. In my view, whites occupy most of the foreground and establish terms of discussion, which the majority of blacks remain in the shadow, half-seen presence in the background. A specific example of this occurrence is at the soccer match where Steve and Ken hear Biko argue for a black culture. Although we hear Biko preach to his fellow people, most parts of these scenes we encounter Steve and Ken comparing opinions, while there is no discussion between the black people. \"Cry Freedom\" corrodes from exploring Biko and South Africa and turns into another 'escape' movie. The first half of the film focuses on the power of Biko's charismatic personality as Biko leads Woods to understand for the first time the harsh realities blacks face as third citizens. The film focuses us on educating and informing the audience about the problems that occur in South Africa; this is done via Biko�s words. At the same time, Biko educates Wood's about the Apartheid in South Africa, he familiarize Wood�s to the reality of the system, which supports him. It is pointed out in the black township the stark contrast between Wood's luxurious lifestyle and the poverty of the blacks. Steve Biko is on a quest to hold up hope that blacks and whites can work together and change South Africa. This is the main focus of the film�s purpose and should remain so. As the movie progresses, no real attempt is to show daily life in Biko's world, although we move into Wood's home, meet his wife, children, maid and his dog, and share his daily routine. This concept is explored when Wood�s is sitting by his inviting pool surrounded by the manicured lawns as his maid receives him the phone. There is no similar attempt to portray Biko's daily reality. Biko shows Woods around his black township at night. Biko demonstrates to Wood�s how a black person can still have fun even in the kind of environment they live in. Biko is seen primarily through the eyes of Woods. There aren't many scenes in which we see Biko without Woods, and fewer still in which his friendship with Woods isn't the misleading subject of the scene. From here on, the movie centers on Woods - at once its major flaw. When Biko dies halfway through so does the movie. Unfortunately, Biko's death comes almost exactly halfway through the film; in order to make the film palatable to Westerners, which is to say white audiences; It is this point of the film that it concentrates on the Wood's family as they flee South Africa. The Woods family's subsequent flight from South Africa becomes the turning point of the movie. From this point on, \"Cry Freedom\" is not about Biko, it' about Wood's, describing how his thinking changed by Biko, how he witnessed black life at first hand even though he had considered himself as a \"white liberal\". Wood�s is more or less a messenger for Western audiences; he is the central reminder of the topic about the Apartheid in South Africa. It�s also about Wood�s how, after he was placed under house arrest by the Government and how he planned his escape. Wood's becomes frightened of the Government who once supported him and now is dangerous to him and his family. Wood�s is determined to publish Biko's stories. While we miss Biko's spirit, we are involved in the Wood's adventure. The family eventually settled in England, where Donald Woods published his two books, \"Biko\" and \"Asking for Trouble\" on which the film is based. Cry Freedom quickly degenerates from an exploration of Biko and South Africa into another 'escape' movie. From the start of the movie we are exploring Biko and his poor lifestyle. In the second half of the movie, it takes us into a clock-and-dagger scenario. This includes Wood's masquerade as a Catholic priest, his phony passport and his attempt to fool South African border officials. The exploration of Biko and South Africa start off with a high but ends with a low. By Daniel C 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���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������\u0001\u0000��\u0003 \u0000\u0000����\u0006 \u0002\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000�\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000F\u0018\u0000\u0000\u0000Microsoft Word-dokument\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000MSWordDoc\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000Word.Document.8\u0000�9�q", "precise_score": 2.8157167434692383, "rough_score": -1.7705904245376587, "source": "search", "title": "CRY FREEDOM - The Essay Organization" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African journalist Donald Woods is forced to flee the country after attempting to investigate the death in custody of his friend the black activist Steve Biko.", "precise_score": 1.6665804386138916, "rough_score": 0.17198359966278076, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom (1987) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods, (born Dec. 15, 1933, Elliotdale, S.Af.—died Aug. 19, 2001, Sutton, Surrey, Eng.), South African journalist and antiapartheid campaigner who captured the attention of the world in 1977 with an exposé on the death while in police custody of his friend Steve Biko , a prominent young black activist and founder of the Black Consciousness Movement. Woods, who trained as a lawyer, was a veteran editor (from 1965) of the liberal white Daily Dispatch newspaper in East London , S.Af., and was arrested repeatedly by the government for his antiapartheid activities. When he published details regarding Biko’s death at the hands of the South African police, Woods was banned and the newspaper was shut down. He escaped to Lesotho and then to the U.K., where he wrote and campaigned for international sanctions against the racist South African government. Woods’s book Biko (1978) and his personal experiences as described in his autobiography, Asking for Trouble (1981), inspired the 1987 film Cry Freedom. In 1978 he was the first private citizen invited to address the UN Security Council. Woods was made CBE in 2000, shortly before his last book, Rainbow Nation Revisited, was published.", "precise_score": 2.8698577880859375, "rough_score": 7.242397308349609, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods (1933-2001) wrote the biography of Steve Biko's life and death and enlightened the world outside South Africa to the horrors brought about by the 'Apartheid' regime. His own story of his flight from that regime became the subject of Richard Attenborough's 1987 Academy Award-nominated film Cry Freedom.", "precise_score": 4.546918869018555, "rough_score": 7.063718795776367, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods embarked on his escape on New Year's Eve, 1977. After many close calls and interest being shown in his journey by police officers, he finally crossed the Telle River in full flood and into Lesotho. He headed to the British High Commission where the Commissioner, Jim Moffatt greeted him with the words, 'Do come in, would you like a cup of tea?'. Meanwhile Wendy and the five children also made their escape with the cover story of spending the New Year with family in the country. Within days Donald was in London and the world's press were full of the story of his flight from South Africa.", "precise_score": 2.2559967041015625, "rough_score": 3.0904083251953125, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "There is a reason for that. \"Cry Freedom\" is not about Biko. It is Woods' story from beginning to end, describing how he met Biko, how his thinking was changed by the man, how he witnessed black life at first hand (by patronizing a black speakeasy in a township and having a few drinks), and how, after he was placed under house arrest by the South Africa government, he engineered his escape from South Africa. The story has a happy ending: Woods and his family made it safely to England, where he was able to publish two books about his experience. (The bad news is that Biko was killed.)", "precise_score": 3.029954433441162, "rough_score": 1.6100515127182007, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom Movie Review & Film Summary (1987) - Roger Ebert" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods was born at Hobeni, Transkei, where his family had lived for five generations. His ancestors arrived in South Africa with the 1820 Settlers. His parents ran a trading post in Transkei, a tribal reserve, which the South African government would later designate a bantustan. As a boy Woods had extensive regular contact with the Bomvana people. He spoke fluent Xhosa and Afrikaans, as well as his mother tongue, English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.8611478805542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods spent two years as a legal apprentice, with the goal of becoming a barrister, but gravitated toward journalism. Just as he was about to embark on his career as a journalist, the 23-year-old Woods was approached by the Federal Party to run for a seat in parliament. His campaign was unsuccessful, and he went back to his job as a cub reporter for the Daily Dispatch newspaper in East London. For two years during the late 1950s, he honed his skills as a journalist by writing and sub-editing for various newspapers in England and Wales. It was while working in Wales that he developed a love and respect for the Welsh people that endured all his life. While working on the Western Mail, Cardiff, Woods became friends with colleague Glyn Williams, who later joined him on the Daily Dispatch and eventually became editor himself. Before returning to South Africa, he served as a correspondent for London's now defunct Daily Herald, travelling throughout the eastern and southern United States, eventually arriving in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he filed stories comparing U.S. segregation with South Africa's apartheid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.184668064117432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods went back to work at the Dispatch and married Wendy Bruce, whom he had known since they were teenagers in their hometown. They had six children: Jane, Dillon, Duncan, Gavin, Lindsay, and Mary. Their fourth son, Lindsay, born in 1970, contracted meningitis and died just before his first birthday. The family had settled into a comfortable life in East London, and in February 1965, at the age of 31, Woods rose to the position of editor-in-chief of the Daily Dispatch, which held an anti-apartheid editorial policy. As editor, Woods expanded the readership of the Dispatch to include Afrikaans-speakers as well as black readers in nearby Transkei and Ciskei. Woods integrated the editorial staff and flouted apartheid policies by seating black, white, and coloured reporters in the same work-area. Additionally, he favored hiring reporters who had had experience working overseas. Woods had several scrapes with the South African Security Police regarding editorial matters and on numerous occasions ruffled the feathers of Prime Minister B. J. Vorster in frank, face-to-face exchanges regarding the content of Dispatch editorials. Woods found himself tiptoeing around, and sometimes directly challenging, the increasingly restrictive government policies enacted to control the South African press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.910285949707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Under Woods, the Daily Dispatch was very critical of the South African government, but was also initially critical of the emerging Black Consciousness Movement under the leadership of Steve Biko. A young black woman, Dr Mamphela Ramphele, berated Woods for writing misleading stories about the movement, challenging him to meet with Biko.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370205879211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "On 16 June 1976, an uprising broke out in Soweto, in which predominantly 13- to 16-year-old students from Soweto participated in a march to protest against being taught in Afrikaans and against the Bantu Education system in general. The police ordered the children to disperse, and when they refused the police opened fire, killing scores (and by some estimates, hundreds) of them. As the children pelted the police with stones, South Africa went up in flames. The government responded by banning the entire Black Consciousness Movement along with many other political organisations, as well as issuing banning orders against various persons. Donald Woods was one of the banned persons and was effectively placed under house arrest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.929039478302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Steve Biko had been involved in clandestine contacts with two outlawed anti-apartheid movements, the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Returning to his home one evening from a trip to Cape Town, Biko was arrested, imprisoned and mortally beaten. Woods went to the morgue with Biko's wife Ntsiki and photographed Biko's battered body. The photographs were later published in Woods's book, exposing the South African government's cover-up of the cause of Biko's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.279757976531982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Soon after Biko's death, Woods was himself placed under a five-year ban. He was stripped of his editorship, and was not allowed to speak publicly, write, travel or even work for the duration of his ban. Over the next year, he was subjected to increasing harassment, and his phone was tapped. The final straw came when his six-year-old daughter was severely burned by an acid-laced T-shirt. Convinced that the government was trying to have him killed, Woods decided to flee South Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.528141021728516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "He made it undetected by South African customs and border officials to Lesotho, where, prompted by a prearranged telephone call, his family joined him shortly afterwards. Once they arrived in Lesotho, Bruce Haigh, an Australian diplomat of the embassy, drove him to Maseru. With the help of the British High Commission (in Maseru) and from the Government of Lesotho, they flew under United Nations passports and with one Lesotho Government official over South African airspace, via Botswana to London where they were granted political asylum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560287475585938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "After arriving in London, Woods became an active spokesman against apartheid. Acting upon the advice of Oliver Tambo, the President of the ANC, Woods became a passionate advocate of nations imposing sanctions against South Africa. He toured the United States campaigning for sanctions against apartheid. The trip included a three-hour session, arranged by President Jimmy Carter, to address officials in the U.S. Department of State. Woods also spoke at a session of the United Nations Security Council in 1978.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.424935340881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Return to South Africa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116289138793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods returned to South Africa in 1994 to support the fundraising efforts for the ANC election fund. His son Dillon was one of the organizers of the fundraising appeal in the United Kingdom. On 27 April 1994, Woods went to vote at the City Hall in Johannesburg. A cheering crowd took him to the head of the queue, giving him the place of honour so that he could be one of the first to vote in the new South Africa. Following the election, Donald worked for the Institute for the Advancement of Journalism in Johannesburg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.058595180511475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "It closes with a list of deaths of black activists in police custody in South Africa, with the official explanations, up until the police stopped releasing these increasingly obviously fabricated details.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.406588554382324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In the last year of his life, Woods gave his name to support an appeal to erect a statue of Nelson Mandela in Trafalgar Square outside the South African High Commission, where anti-apartheid campaigners had demonstrated during the period of the apartheid regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.34760856628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods's eldest son Dillon Woods is currently the Chief Executive of the East London-based Donald Woods Foundation, which is an educational foundation in South Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.950402736663818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "* Donald Woods Foundation - An NGO assisting the South African National Department of Health in the management and treatment of HIV/AIDS in rural populations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.806440353393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Donald Woods" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The film was primarily shot on location in Zimbabwe and in Kenya due to political turmoil in South Africa at the time of production. As a film showing mostly in limited cinematic release, it was nominated for multiple awards, including Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song. It also won a number of awards including those from the Berlin International Film Festival and the British Academy Film Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448962211608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Following a news story depicting the demolition of a slum in East London, South Africa, journalist Donald Woods (Kevin Kline) seeks more information about the incident and ventures off to meet black activist Steve Biko (Denzel Washington). Biko has been officially banned by the South African government and is not permitted to leave his defined banning area at King William's Town. Woods is formally against Biko's banning, but remains critical of his political views. Biko invites Woods to visit a black township to see the impoverished conditions and to witness the effect of the government-imposed restrictions, which make up the apartheid system. Woods begins to agree with Biko's desire for a South Africa where blacks have the same opportunities and freedoms as those enjoyed by the white population. As Woods comes to understand Biko's point of view, a friendship slowly develops between them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.015897750854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "After being arrested for speaking at a gathering of black South Africans outside of his banishment zone, Biko is arrested and interrogated by South African security forces. Following this, he is brought to court in order to explain his message directed toward the South African government. After he speaks eloquently in court and advocates non-violence, the security officers who interrogated him visit his church and vandalize the property. Woods assures Biko that he will meet with a government official to discuss the matter. Woods then meets with Jimmy Kruger (John Thaw), the South African Minister of Justice in his house in Pretoria in an attempt to prevent further abuse by the security force. Kruger first expresses discontent over the actions of security force, however Woods is later harassed by security forces at his home. The security men that harass Woods insinuate that their orders to visit Woods came directly from Kruger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.74188232421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods then works to expose the police's complicity in Biko's death. He attempts to expose photographs of Biko's body that contradict police reports that he died of a hunger strike, but he is prevented just before boarding a plane to leave and informed that he is now banned, therefore not able to leave the country. Woods and his family are targeted in a campaign of harassment by the security police. He later decides to seek asylum in England to expose the corrupt and racist nature of the South African authorities. After a long trek, Woods is eventually able to escape to the Kingdom of Lesotho, disguised as a priest. His wife Wendy (Penelope Wilton) and their family later join him. With the aid of Australian journalist Bruce Haigh (John Hargreaves), the British High Commission in Maseru, and the Government of Lesotho, they are flown under United Nations passports and with one Lesotho official over South African territory, via Botswana to London, where they were granted political asylum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.143838405609131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Principal filming took place primarily in the Republic of Zimbabwe because of the tense political situation in South Africa at the time of shooting. Other filming locations included Kenya, as well as film studios in Shepperton and Middlesex, England. The film includes a dramatized depiction of the Soweto uprising which occurred on 16 June 1976. Indiscriminate firing by police killed and injured hundreds of African schoolchildren during a protest march.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.995302200317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Rita Kempley, writing in The Washington Post, said actor Washington gave a \"zealous, Oscar-caliber performance as this African messiah, who was recognized as one of South Africa's major political voices when he was only 25.\" Also writing for The Washington Post, Desson Howe thought the film \"could have reached further\" and felt the story centring on Woods's character was \"its major flaw\". He saw director Attenborough's aims as \"more academic and political than dramatic\". Overall, he expressed his disappointment by exclaiming, \"In a country busier than Chile with oppression, violence and subjugation, the story of Woods' slow awakening is certainly not the most exciting, or revealing.\" Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times offered a mixed review calling it a \"sincere and valuable movie\" while also exclaiming, \"Interesting things were happening, the performances were good and it is always absorbing to see how other people live.\" But on a negative front, he noted how the film \"promises to be an honest account of the turmoil in South Africa but turns into a routine cliff-hanger about the editor's flight across the border. It's sort of a liberal yuppie version of that Disney movie where the brave East German family builds a hot-air balloon and floats to freedom.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.687191963195801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Mark Salisbury of TimeOut boasted on the film's merits by declaring the lead acting to be \"excellent\" and the crowd scenes \"astonishing\", while equally observing how the climax was \"truly nerve-wracking\". He called it \"an implacable work of authority and compassion, Cry Freedom is political cinema at its best.\" James Sanford however, writing for the Kalamazoo Gazette, did not appreciate the film's enduring qualities, calling it \"a Hollywood whitewashing of a potentially explosive story.\" Rating the film with 3 Stars, critic Leonard Maltin wrote that the film was a \"Sweeping and compassionate film\". He did however note that the film \"loses momentum as it spends too much time on Kline and his family's escape from South Africa\". But in positive followup, he pointed out that it \"cannily injects flashbacks of Biko to steer it back on course.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.311360836029053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cry Freedom" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "When I was a high school English teacher and read and discussed \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" with my seniors, I always showed \"Cry Freedom\" in conjunction. Students were mesmerized. While the novel was set in South Africa with apartheid partly responsible for the crime that takes place, apartheid is as much a major character as Stephen Biko or Donald Woods in the movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.063518762588501, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom: Original Motion Picture ... - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In case you are confused, \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" is the lyrical novel by Alan Paton, published in 1948 and set in South Africa, Paton's homeland. Three racial groups, lived together, not in harmony, there: the Dutch, who later called themselves Afrikaaners, who settled there three hundred years earlier and believed they sere sent by God to take control; the English who settled everywhere; and the native groups, of which Bantu was one. This novel is a moving testament to the forgiving nature of men and how two men from totally different worlds can come together in grace and acceptance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.995213508605957, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom: Original Motion Picture ... - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Denzel Washinton performs the role of Biko as if he was Biko--I was that convinced. His South African accent is perfect. I personally believe this is the best acting role of his distinguished career. Kevin Kline is also excellent and performs one of my favorite roles he has ever played.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364457130432129, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom: Original Motion Picture ... - amazon.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods is chief editor at the liberal newspaper Daily Dispatch in South Africa. He has written several editorials critical of the views of Steve Biko. But after having met him for the first time, he changes his views. They meet several times, and this means that Woods and his family get attention from the security police. When Steve Biko dies in police custody, he writes a book about Biko. The only way to get it published is for Woods himself to unlawfully escape the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9400651454925537, "source": "search", "title": "Download movie Cry Freedom. Watch Cry Freedom online ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods is chief editor at the liberal newspaper Daily Dispatch in South Africa. He has written several editorials critical of the views of Steve Biko. But after having met him for the first time, he changes his views. They meet several times, and this means that Woods and his family get attention from the security police. When Steve Biko dies in police custody, he writes a book about Biko. The only way to get it published is for Woods himself to unlawfully escape the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9400651454925537, "source": "search", "title": "Download movie Cry Freedom. Watch Cry Freedom online ..." }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods is chief editor of the liberal newspaper Daily Dispatch in South Africa. He has written several editorials critical of the views of Steve Biko. But after having met him for the first time, he changes his opinion. They meet several times, and this means that Woods and his family get attention from the security police. When Steve Biko dies in police custody, he writes a book about Biko. The only way to get it published is for Woods himself to illegally escape the country. Written by Mattias Thuresson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.0988569259643555, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom (1987) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The true story of the friendship that shook South Africa and awakened the world", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019968032836914, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom (1987) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.387357711791992, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African journalist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48537540435791, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Alan Paton (South African writer)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394271850585938, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African writer, best known for his first novel, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), a passionate tale of racial injustice that brought international attention to the problem of apartheid in South Africa. Paton studied at the University of Natal (later incorporated into the University of KwaZulu-Natal) and then taught school from 1925 to 1935. In...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.365104675292969, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Dame Monica Mason (South African dancer)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377557754516602, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "South African ballet dancer and dance administrator known for her multifaceted association with the British Royal Ballet, which spanned more than a half century. As a dancer, she coupled remarkable physical strength with solid technique and dramatic skill. As the company’s director (2002–12), she balanced respect for tradition with artistic innovation....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326416015625, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods | South African journalist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Donald Woods was born in Elliotdale, Transkei in 1933, approximately 20 miles from the birthplace of Nelson Mandela . He was a fifth generation South African. His great-great-grandfather emigrated from Britain in 1820. He went to study law at Cape Town university but left without a degree, as journalism held more appeal to the young Donald. He started working for the East London Daily Dispatch, the paper he would eventually edit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.414227485656738, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "In 1957 he stood for Parliament on an anti-racial ticket for the Union Federal Party. He was heavily defeated and returned to journalism, working in Cardiff (Wales), Toronto (Canada), and London (England) before rejoining the Dispatch in 1960. Five years later he took over the reins of the paper, becoming the youngest newspaper editor in South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640813827514648, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Woods was a liberal, but it wasn't until he first met Steve Biko that he became fully committed to the cause of Human Rights in South Africa and became radical in his approach to handling this issue. Initially he had been a critic of the Black Consciousness movements, claiming that they practised racism in reverse. However, when a black woman, Mamphela Ramphele, entered his office and asked him to visit Steve Biko, the first steps of his 'radicalism' were taken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.525007247924805, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Meeting in a converted church in the black township of King William's Town, Biko showed Woods that he was interested only in peaceful politics to bring about change. Once this realisation came about, the two men became friends and Woods' education into the real issues of South Africa began. In 1975, Woods went to the Police Minister, James Kruger, asking for an easing on Biko's banning orders. The end result was that he himself came under even closer scrutiny and observation by the authorities. He was prosecuted seven times over items he published. When Biko died in police custody, Woods denounced the authorities, leading to his own voice being banned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7427849769592285, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "While he was banned and under very close and overt supervision, he started writing Biko, a 175,000 word tribute to the man. He worked on it by night, hiding it in the sleeve of a record of Winston Churchill's speeches. By day he played chess, fooling his guards into thinking this was his main pre-occupation. He and his wife, Wendy, planned to leave South Africa because of these restrictions. When one of his daughters was injured by an acid-covered T-shirt posted to the house, his plans to escape South Africa accelerated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743714332580566, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "He continued to write freelance articles for numerous papers, and books on the South African situation, giving many lectures around the world. He returned to South Africa to attend the wedding of Nkosinathi Biko, Steve's son. Woods, a man of great courage and humility, spent his years of exile campaigning for the end of apartheid in his own quiet way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16759967803955, "source": "search", "title": "Donald Woods - the Man Who Told us of Biko - h2g2.com" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "\"Cry Freedom\" begins with the story of a friendship between a white liberal South African editor and an idealistic young black leader who later dies at the hands of the South African police. But the black leader is dead and buried by the movie's halfway point, and the rest of the story centers on the editor's desire to escape South Africa and publish a book. You know there is something wrong with the premise of this movie when you see that the actress who plays the editor's wife is billed above the actor who plays the black leader. This movie promises to be an honest account of the turmoil in South Africa but turns into a routine cliff-hanger about the editor's flight across the border. It's sort of a liberal yuppie version of that Disney movie where the brave East German family builds a hot-air balloon and floats to freedom. The problem with this movie is similar to the dilemma in South Africa: Whites occupy the foreground and establish the terms of the discussion, while the 80 percent non-white majority remains a shadowy, half-seen presence in the background.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8638559579849243, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom Movie Review & Film Summary (1987) - Roger Ebert" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "Yet \"Cry Freedom\" is a sincere and valuable movie, and despite my fundamental reservations about it, I think it probably should be seen. Although everybody has heard about apartheid and South Africa remains a favorite subject of campus protest, few people have an accurate mental picture of what the country actually looks and feels like. It is an issue, not a place, and \"Cry Freedom\" helps to visualize it. The movie was mostly shot across the border in Zimbabwe, the former nation of Southern Rhodesia, which serves as an adequate stand-in. We see the manicured lawns of the whites, who seem to live in country club suburbs, and the jerry-built \"townships\" of the blacks, and we sense the institutional racism of a system where black maids call their employers \"master\" and even white liberals accept that without a blink.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.897449493408203, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom Movie Review & Film Summary (1987) - Roger Ebert" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "The film begins with the stories of Donald Woods, editor of the East London (South Africa) Daily Dispatch, and Steve Biko, a young black leader who has founded a school and a clinic for his people and continues to hold out hope that blacks and whites can work together to change South Africa. In the more naive days of the 1960s and 1970s, his politics are seen as \"black supremecy,\" and Woods writes sanctimonious editorials describing Biko as a black racist. Through an emissary, Biko arranges to meet Woods. Eventually the two men become friends, and Woods sees black life in South Africa at first hand, something few white South Africans have done. (Although how many white Chicagoans, for that matter, know their way around the South Side?)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.17935848236084, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom Movie Review & Film Summary (1987) - Roger Ebert" }, { "answer": "South Africa", "passage": "For the first half of this movie, I was able to suspend judgment. Interesting things were happening, the performances were good and it is always absorbing to see how other people live. Most of the second half of the movie, alas, is taken up with routine clock-and-dagger stuff, including Woods' masquerade as a Catholic priest, his phony passport and his attempt to fool South African border officials. These scenes could have been recycled out of any thriller from any country in any time, right down to the ominous long shots of the men patroling the border bridge and the tense moment when the guard's eyes flick up and down from the passport photo. \"Cry Freedom\" is not really a story of today's South Africa, and it is not really the story of a black leader who tried to change it. Like \" All the President's Men ,\" it's essentially the story of heroic, glamorous journalism. Remember that Kirk Douglas movie, \"The Big Carnival,\" where the man was trapped in the cave and Douglas played the ambitious reporter who prolonged the man's imprisonment so that he could make his reputation by covering the story? I'm not saying the Woods story is a parallel. But somehow the comparison did arise in my mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.589369297027588, "source": "search", "title": "Cry Freedom Movie Review & Film Summary (1987) - Roger Ebert" } ]

[ { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Psychopathology of Everyday Life () is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freud's researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freud's writings. ", "precise_score": 6.988287925720215, "rough_score": 5.511439800262451, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "The Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in book form in 1904. It would receive twelve foreign translations during Freud's lifetime, as well as numerous new German editions, with fresh material being added in almost every one. James Strachey objected that \"Almost the whole of the basic explanations and theories were already present in the earliest edition...the wealth of new examples interrupts and even confuses the mainstream of the underlying argument\". However, in such a popular and theory-light text, the sheer wealth of examples helped make Freud's point for him in an accessible way. A new English-language translation by Anthea Bell was published in 2003.", "precise_score": 0.08707200735807419, "rough_score": 1.6797715425491333, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Sometimes called the Mistake Book (to go with the Dream Book and the Joke Book), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became one of the scientific classics of the 20th century. Freud realised he was becoming a celebrity when he found his cabin-steward reading the Mistake Book on his 1909 visit to the States. The Rat Man came to Freud for analysis as a result of reading the Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan considered The Psychopathology of Everday Life one of the three key texts for an understanding of the unconscious, alongside The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), and Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious (1905). Through its stress on what Freud called \"switch words\" and \"verbal bridges\", it is considered important for psychopathology.", "precise_score": 5.114086151123047, "rough_score": 4.586931228637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "French author Michel Onfray argues that The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is not scientific. Jacques Bénesteau writes that Freud added lies in each edition. Philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani write that Freud's coupling of an analysis of his dreams and childhood memories had a precedent in Belgian psychologist Joseph Delboeuf's Sleep and Dreams, one of the major themes of which is the capacity of dreams to recall forgotten memories.", "precise_score": 5.564593315124512, "rough_score": 6.060110092163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "From 1896–1901, in a period of isolation from his colleagues, Freud developed the basics of psychoanalytic theory out of the raw material of his patients, his conversations with Breuer, and his correspondence with a new friend, the Berlin nose and throat doctor Wilhelm Fliess. In 1899, Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams, the first fully fleshed-out psychoanalytic work, was published. Freud was deeply disappointed by its lackluster reception, but he continued writing. His The Psychopathology of Everyday Life was published in 1901, and his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality was published in 1905.", "precise_score": 3.4489684104919434, "rough_score": 1.182931900024414, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Psychopathology of Everyday Life Sigmund Freud (1901) Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 2 Contents (Click on the Links Below or Use Bookmarks) Introduction Chapter 1. Forgetting of Proper Names Chapter 2. Forgetting of Foreign Words Chapter 3. Forgetting of Names and Order of Words Chapter 4. Childhood and Concealing Memories Chapter 5. Mistakes in Speech Chapter 6. Mistakes in Reading and Writing Chapter 7. Forgetting of Impressions and Resolutions Chapter 8. Erroneously Carried-out Actions Chapter 9. Symptomatic and Chance Actions Chapter 10. Errors Chapter 11. Combined Faulty Acts Chapter 12. Determinism, Chance, and Superstitious Beliefs Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 3 Psychopathology of Everyday Life Sigmund Freud (1901) INTRODUCTION Professor Freud developed his system of psychoanalysis while studying the so-called borderline cases of mental diseases, such as hysteria and compulsionneurosis. By discarding the old methods of treatment and strictly applying himself to a study of the patient's life he discovered that the hitherto puzzling symptoms had a definite meaning, and that there was nothing arbitrary in any morbid manifestation. Psychoanalysis always showed that they referred to some definite problem or conflict of the person concerned. It was while tracing back the abnormal to the normal state that Professor Freud found how faint the line of demarcation was between the normal and neurotic person,and that the psychopathologic mechanisms so glaringly observed in the psychoneuroses and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 4 psychoses could usually be demonstrated in a lesser degree in normal persons. This led to a study of the faulty actions of everyday life and later to the publication of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life, a book which passed through four editions in Germany and is considered the author's most popular work. With great ingenuity and penetration the author throws much light on the complex problems of human behavior, and clearly demonstrates that the hitherto considered impassable gap betweennormal and abnormal mental states is more apparent than real. This translation is made of the fourth German edition, and while the original text was strictly followed, linguistic difficulties often madeit necessary to modify or substitute some of the author's cases by examples comprehensible to the English-speaking reader. - A. A. Brill Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 5 Chapter 1 Forgetting of Proper Names During the year 1898 I published a short essay On the Psychic Mechanism of Forgetfulness.[1] I shall now repeat its contents and take it as a starting-point for further discussion. I have there undertaken a psychologic analysis of a common case of temporary forgetfulness of proper names, and from a pregnant example of my own observation I have reached the conclusion that this frequent and practically unimportant occurrence of a failure of a psychic function -- of memory -- admits an explanation which goes beyond the customary utilization of this phenomenon. If an average psychologist should be asked to explain how it happens that we often fail to recall a name which we are sure we know, he would probably content himself with the answer that proper names are more apt to be forgotten than any other content of memory. He might give plausible Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 6 reasons for this \"forgetting pre- [p. 4] ference\" for proper names, but he would not assume any deep determinant for the process. I was led to examine exhaustively the phenomenon of temporary forgetfulness through the observation of certain peculiarities, which, although not general, can, nevertheless, be seen clearly in some cases. In these there is not only forgetfulness, but also false recollection: he who strives for the escaped name brings to consciousness others -- substitutive names -- which, although immediately recognized as false, nevertheless obtrude themselves with great tenacity. The process which should lead to the reproduction of the lost name is, as it were, displaced, and thus brings one to an incorrect substitute. Now it is my assumption that the displacement is not left to psychic arbitrariness, but that it follows lawful and rational paths. In other words, I assume that the substitutive name (or names) stands in direct relation to the lost name, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 7 and I hope, if I succeed in demonstrating this connection, to throw light on the origin of the forgetting of names. In the example which I selected for analysis in 1898 I vainly strove to recall the name of the master who made the imposing frescoes of the \"Last Judgment\" in the dome of Orvieto. Instead of the lost name -- Signorelli -- two other names of artists -- Botticelli and Boltraffio -- obtruded themselves, names which my judg- [p. 5] ment immediately and definitely rejected as being incorrect. When the correct name was imparted to me by an outsider I recognized it at once without any hesitation. The examination of the influence and association paths which caused the displacement from Signorelli to Botticelli and Boltraffio led to the following results:-- (a) The reason for the escape of the name Signorelli is neither to be sought in the strangeness in itself of this name nor in the psychologic character of the connection in which it was inserted. The forgotten name was just as familiar to me as Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 8 one of the substitutive names -- Botticelli -- and somewhat more familiar than the other substitute -- Boltraffio -- of the possessor of which I could hardly say more than that he belonged to the Milanese School. The connection, too, in which the forgetting of the name took place appeared to me harmless, and led to no further explanation. I journeyed by carriage with a stranger from Ragusa, Dalmatia, to a station in Herzegovina. Our conversation drifted to travelling in Italy, and I asked my companion whether he had been in Orvieto and had seen there the famous frescoes of -- (b) The forgetting of the name could not be explained until after I had recalled the theme discussed immediately before this conversation. This forgetting then made itself known as a [p. 6] disturbance of the newly emerging theme caused by the theme preceding it. In brief, before I asked my travelling companion if he had been in Orvieto we had been discussing the customs of the Turks living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. I had related what I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 9 heard from a colleague who was practising medicine among them, namely, that they show full confidence in the physician and complete submission to fate. When one is compelled to inform them that there is no help for the patient, they answer: \"Sir (Herr), what can I say? I know that if he could be saved you would save him.\" In these sentences alone we can find the words and names: Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Herr (sir), which may be inserted in an association series between Signorelli, Botticelli, and Boltraffio. (c) I assume that the stream of thoughts concerning the customs of the Turks in Bosnia, etc., was able to disturb the next thought, because I withdrew my attention from it before it came to an end. For I recalled that I wished to relate a second anecdote which was next to the first in my memory. These Turks value the sexual pleasure above all else, and at sexual disturbances merge into an utter despair which strangely contrasts with their resignation at the peril of losing their lives. One of my colleague's patients once told him: \"For you Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud 10 know, sir (Herr), if that ceases, life no longer has any charm.\" [p. 7] I refrained from imparting this characteristic feature because I did not wish to touch upon such a delicate theme in conversation with a stranger. But I went still further; I also deflected my attention from the continuation of the thought which might have associated itself in me with the theme \"Death and Sexuality.\" I was at that time under the after-effects of a message which I had received a few weeks before, during a brief sojourn in Trafoi. A patient on whom I had spent much effort had ended his life on account of an incurable sexual disturbance. I know positively that this sad event, and everything connected with it, did not come to my conscious recollection on that trip in Herzegovina. However, the agreement between Trafoi and Boltraffio forces me to assume that this reminiscence was at that time brought to activity despite all the intentional deviation of my attention. (d) I can no longer conceive the forgetting of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 11 the name Signorelli as an accidental occurrence. I must recognize in this process the influence of a motive. There were motives which actuated the interruption in the communication of my thoughts (concerning the customs of the Turks, etc.), and which later influenced me to exclude from my consciousness the thought connected with them, and which might have led to the message concerning the incident in [p. 8] Trafoi -- that is, I wanted to forget something, I repressed something. To be sure, I wished to forget something other than the name of the master of Orvieto; but this other thought brought about an associative connection between itself and this name, so that my act of volition missed the aim, and I forgot the one against my will, while I intentionally wished to forget the other. The disinclination to recall directed itself against the one content; the inability to remember appeared in another. The case would have been obviously simpler if this disinclination and the inability to remember had concerned the same Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 12 content. The substitutive names no longer seem so thoroughly justified as they were before this explanation. They remind me (after the form of a compromise) as much of what I wished to forget as of what I wished to remember, and show me that my object to forget something was neither a perfect success nor a failure. (e) The nature of the association formed between the lost name and the repressed theme (death and sexuality, etc.), containing the names of Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Trafoi, is also very strange. In the scheme inserted here, which originally appeared in 1898, an attempt is made to graphically represent these associations. The name Signorelli was thus divided into two parts. One pair of syllables (elli) returned [p. 9] [p. 10] unchanged in one of the substitutions, while the other had gained, through the translation of signor (sir, Herr), many and diverse relations to the name contained in the repressed theme, but was lost through it in the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 13 reproduction. Its substitution was formed in a way to suggest that a displacement took place along the same associations -- \"Herzegovina and Bosnia\" -- regardless of the sense and acoustic demarcation. The names were therefore treated in this process like the written pictures of a sentence which is to be transformed into a picture-puzzle (rebus). No information was given to consciousness concerning the whole process, which, instead of the name Signorelli, was thus changed to the substitutive names. At first sight no relation is apparent between the theme that contained the name Signorelli and the repressed one which immediately preceded it. Perhaps it is not superfluous to remark that the given explanation does not contradict the conditions of memory reproduction and forgetting assumed by other psychologists, which they seek in certain relations and dispositions. Only in certain cases have we added another motive to the factors long recognized as causative in forgetting names, and have thus laid bare the mechanism of faulty Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 14 memory. The assumed dispositions are indispensable also in our case, in order to make it possible for the repressed [p. 11] element to associatively gain control over the desired name and take it along into the repression. Perhaps this would not have occurred in another name having more favourable conditions of reproduction. For it is quite probable that a suppressed element continually strives to assert itself in some other way, but attains this success only where it meets with suitable conditions. At other times the suppression succeeds without disturbance of function, or, as we may justly say, without symptoms. When we recapitulate the conditions for forgetting a name with faulty recollection we find: (1) a certain disposition to forget the same; (2) a process of suppression which has taken place shortly before; and (3) the possibility of establishing an outer association between the concerned name and the element previously suppressed. The last condition will probably not have to be much Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 15 overrated, for the slightest claim on the association is apt in most cases to bring it about. But it is a different and farther-reaching question whether such outer association can really furnish the proper condition to enable the suppressed element to disturb the reproduction of the desired name, or whether after all a more intimate connection between the two themes is not necessarily required. On superficial consideration one may be willing to reject the latter requirement and consider the [p. 12] temporal meeting in perfectly dissimilar contents as sufficient. But on more thorough examination one finds more and more frequently that the two elements (the repressed and the new one) connected by an outer association, possess besides a connection in content, and this can also be demonstrated in the example Signorelli. The value of the understanding gained through the analysis of the example Signorelli naturally depends on whether we must explain this case as a typical or as an isolated process. I must Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 16 now maintain that the forgetting of a name associated with faulty recollection uncommonly often follows the same process as was demonstrated in the case of Signorelli. Almost every time that I observed this phenomenon in myself I was able to explain it in the manner indicated above as being motivated by repression. I must mention still another view-point in favour of the typical nature of our analysis. I believe that one is not justified in separating the cases of name-forgetting with faulty recollection from those in which incorrect substitutive names have not obtruded themselves. These substitutive names occur spontaneously in a number of cases; in other cases, where they do not come spontaneously, they can be brought to the surface by concentration of attention, and they then show the same relation to the repressed element and the lost name as those that come [p. 13] spontaneously. Two factors seem to play a part in bringing to consciousness the substitutive names: first, the effort of attention, and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 17 second, and inner determinant which adheres to the psychic material. I could find the latter in the greater or lesser facility which forms the required outer associations between the two elements. A great many of the cases of name-forgetting without faulty recollection therefore belong to the cases with substitutive name formation, the mechanism of which corresponds to the one in the example Signorelli. But I surely shall not venture to assert that all cases of name-forgetting belong to the same group. There is no doubt that there are cases of name-forgetting that proceed in a much simpler way. We shall represent this state of affairs carefully enough if we assert that besides the simple forgetting of proper names there is another forgetting which is motivated by repression. Footnotes [1] Monatschrift f. Psychiatrie. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 18 Chapter 2 Forgetting of Foreign Words The ordinary vocabulary of our own language seems to be protected against forgetting within the limits of normal function, but it is quite different with words from a foreign language. The tendency to forget such words extends to all parts of speech. In fact, depending on our own general state and the degree of fatigue, the first manifestation of functional disturbance evinces itself in the irregularity of our control over foreign vocabulary. In a series of cases this forgetting follows the same mechanism as the one revealed in the example Signorelli. As a demonstration of this I shall report a single analysis, characterized, however, by valuable features, concerning the forgetting of a word, not a noun, from a Latin quotation. Before proceeding, allow me to give a full and clear account of this little episode. Last summer, while journeying on my Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 19 vacation, I renewed the acquaintance of a young man of academic education, who, as I soon noticed, was conversant with some of my works. In our con- [p. 18] versation we drifted -- I no longer remember how -- to the social position of the race to which we both belonged. He, being ambitious, bemoaned the fact that his generation, as he expressed it, was destined to grow crippled, that it was prevented from developing its talents and from gratifying its desires. He concluded his passionately felt speech with the familiar verse from Virgil: Exoriare. . . in which the unhappy Dido leaves her vengeance upon Æneasto posterity. Instead of \"concluded,\" I should have said \"wished to conclude,\" for he could not bring the quotation to an end, and attempted to conceal the open gap in his memory by transposing the words: -- \"Exoriar(e) ex nostris ossibus ultor!\" He finally became piqued and said: \"Please don't make such a mocking face, as if you were gloating over my embarrassment, but help me. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 20 There is something missing in this verse. How does it read in its complete form?\" \"With pleasure,\" I answered, and cited it correctly: -- \"Exoriar(e) aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor!\" \"It is too stupid to forget such a word,\" he said. \"By the way, I understand you claim that forgetting is not without its reasons; I should be very curious to find out how I came to forget this indefinite pronoun 'aliquis.'\" [p. 19] I gladly accepted the challenge, as I hoped to get an addition to my collection, and said, \"We can easily do this, but I must ask you to tell me frankly and without any criticism everything that occurs to your mind after you focus your attention, without any particular intention, on the forgotten word.\"[1] \"Very well, the ridiculous idea comes to me to divide the word in the following way: a and liquis.\" \"What does that mean?\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 21 \"I don't know.\" \"What else does that recall to you?\" \"The thought goes on to reliques -- liquidation --liquidity -- fluid.\" \"Does that mean anything to you now?\" \"No, not by a long shot.\" \"Just go ahead.\" \"I now think,\" he said, laughing sarcastically, \"of Simon of Trent, whose relics I saw two years ago in a church in Trent. I think of the old accusation which has been brought against the Jews again, and of the work of Kleinpaul, who sees in these supposed sacrifices reincarnations or revivals, so to speak, of the Saviour.\" \"This stream of thoughts has some connection [p. 20] with the theme which we discussed before the Latin word escaped you.\" \"You are right. I now think of an article in an Italian journal which I have recently read. I believe it was entitled: 'What St. Augustine said Concerning Women.' What can you do with this?\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 22 I waited. \"Now I think of something which surely has no connection with the theme.\" \"Oh, please abstain from all criticism, and -- \" \"Oh, I know! I recall a handsome old gentleman whom I met on my journey last week. He was really an original type. He looked like a big bird of prey. His name, if you care to know, is Benedict.\" \"Well, at least you give a grouping of saints and Church fathers: St. Simon, St. Augustine, and St. Benedict. I believe that there was a Church father named Origines. Three of these, moreover, are Christian names, like Paul in the name Kleinpaul.\" \"Now I think of St. Januarius and his blood miracle -- I find that the thoughts are running mechanically.\" \"Just stop a moment; both St. Januarius and St. Augustine have something to do with the calendar. Will you recall to me the blood miracle?\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 23 [p. 21] \"Don't you know about it? The blood of St. Januarius is preserved in a phial in a church in Naples, and on a certain holiday a miracle takes place causing it to liquefy. The people think a great deal of this miracle, and become very excited if the liquefying process is retarded, as happened once during the French occupation. The General in command -- or Garibaldi, if I am not mistaken -- then took the priest aside, and with a very significant gesture pointed out to him the soldiers arrayed without, and expressed his hope that the miracle would soon take place. And it actually took place.. . .\" \"Well, what else comes to your mind? Why do you hesitate?\" \"Something really occurred to me . . . but it is too intimate a matter to impart . . . besides, I see no connection and no necessity for telling it.\" \"I will take care of the connection. Of course I cannot compel you to reveal what is disagreeable to you, but then you should not have demanded that Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 24 I tell you why you forgot the word 'aliquis.'\" \"Really? Do you think so? Well, I suddenly thought of a woman from whom I could easily get a message that would be very annoying to us both.\" \"That she missed her courses?\" \"How could you guess such a thing?\" [p. 22] \"That was not very difficult. You prepared me for it long enough. Just think of the saints of the calendar, the liquefying of the blood on a certain day, the excitement if the event does not take place, and the distinct threat that the miracle must take place. . . . Indeed, you have elaborated the miracle of St. Januarius into a clever allusion to the courses of the woman.\" \"It was surely without my knowledge. And do you really believe that my inability to reproduce the word 'aliquis' was due to this anxious expectation?\" \"That appears to me absolutely certain. Don't you recall dividing it into a-liquis and the associations: reliques, liquidation, fluid? Shall I also Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 25 add to this connection the fact that St. Simon, to whom you got by way of the reliques, was sacrificed as a child?\" \"Please stop. I hope you do not take these thoughts -- if I really entertained them -- seriously. I will, however, confess to you that the lady is Italian, and that I visited Naples in her company. But may not all this be coincidental?\" \"I must leave to your own judgment whether you can explain all these connections through the assumption of coincidence. I will tell you, however, that every similar case that you analyze will lead you to just such remarkable 'coincidences!'\" I have more than one reason for valuing this [p. 23] little analysis, for which I am indebted to my traveling companion. First, because in this case I was able to make use of a source which is otherwise inaccessible to me. Most of the examples of psychic disturbances of daily life that I have here compiled I was obliged to take from observation of myself. I endeavoured to evade the far richer material Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 26 furnished me by my neurotic patients, because I had to preclude the objection that the phenomena in question were only the result and manifestation of the neurosis. It was therefore of special value for my purpose to have a stranger free from a neurosis offer himself as a subject for such examination. This analysis is also important in other respects, inasmuch as it elucidates a case of word-forgetting without substitutive recollection, and thus confirms the principle formulated above, namely, that the appearance or nonappearance of incorrect substitutive recollections does not constitute an essential distinction.[2] [p. 24] But the principal value of the example aliquis lies in another of its distinctions from the case Signorelli. In the latter example the reproduction of the name becomes disturbed through the after-effects of a stream of thought which began shortly before and was interrupted, but whose content had no distinct relation to the new theme which contained the name Signorelli. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 27 Between the repression and the theme of the forgotten name there existed only the relation of temporal contiguity, which reached the other in order that the two should be able to form a connection [p.25] through an outer association.[3] On the other hand, in the example aliquis one can note no trace of such an independent repressed theme which could occupy conscious thought immediately before and then re-echo as a disturbance. The disturbance of the reproduction proceeded here from the inner part of the theme touched upon, and was brought about by the fact that unconsciously a contradiction arose against the wish-idea represented in the quotation. The origin must be construed in the following manner: The speaker deplored the fact that the present generation of his people was being deprived of its rights, and like Dido he presaged that a new generation would take upon itself vengeance against the oppressors. He therefore expressed the wish for posterity. In this moment he was Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 28 interrupted by the contradictory thought: \"Do you really wish so much for posterity? That is not true. Just think in what a predicament you would be if you should now receive the information that you must expect posterity from the quarter you have in mind! No, you want no posterity -- as much as you need it for your venge-[p. 26] ance.\" This contradiction asserts itself, just as in the example Signorelli, by forming an outer association between one of his ideation elements and an element of the repressed wish, but here it is brought about in a most strained manner through what seems an artificial detour of associations. Another important agreement with the example Signorelli results from the fact that the contradiction originates from repressed sources and emanates from thoughts which would cause a deviation of attention. So much for the diversity and the inner relationship of both paradigms of the forgetting of names. We have learned to know a second mechanism of forgetting, namely, the disturbance of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 29 thought through an inner contradiction emanating from the repression. In the course of this discussion we shall repeatedly meet with this process, which seems to me to be the more easily understood. Footnotes [1] This is the usual way of bringing to consciousness hidden ideas. Cf. The Interpretation of Dreams, pp. 83-4, translated by A. A. Brill, The Macmillan Company, New York, and Allen, London. [2] Finer observation reduces somewhat the contrast between the analyses of Signorelli and aliquis as far as the substitutive recollections are concerned. Here, too, the forgetting seems to be accompanied by substitutive formations. When I later asked my companion whether in his effort to recall the forgotten word he did not think of some substitution, he informed me that he was at first tempted to put an ab into the verse: nostris ab ossibus (perhaps the disjointed part of a-liquis) and that later the word exoriare obtruded itself with Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 30 particular distinctness and persistency. Being sceptical, he added that it was apparently due to the fact that it was the first word of the verse. But when I asked him to focus his attention on the associations to exoriare he gave me the word exorcism. This makes me think that the reinforcement of exoriare in the reproduction has really the value of such substitution. It probably came through the association exorcism from the names of the saints. However, those are refinements upon which no value need be laid. It seems now quite possible that the appearance of any kind of substitutive recollection is a constant sign -- perhaps only characteristic and misleading -- of the purposive forgetting motivated by repression. This substitution might also existing the reinforcement of an element akin to the thing forgotten, even where incorrect substitutive names fail to appear. Thus, in the example Signorelli, as long as the name of the painter remained inaccessible to me, I had more than a clear visual Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 31 memory of the cycle of his frescoes, and of the picture of himself in the corner; at least it was more intensive than any of my other visual memory traces. In another case, also reported in my essay of 1898, I had hopelessly forgotten the street name and address connected with a disagreeable visit in a strange city, but -- as if to mock me --the house number appeared especially vivid, whereas the memory of numbers usually causes me the greatest difficulty. [3] I am not fully convinced of the lack of an inner connection between the two streams of thought in the case of Signorelli. In carefully following the repressed thought concerning the theme of death and sexual life, one does strike an idea which shows a near relation to the theme of the frescoes of Orvieto. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 32 Chapter 3 Forgetting of Names and Order of Words Experiences like those mentioned concerning the process of forgetting apart of the order of words from a foreign language may cause one to wonderwhether the forgetting of the order of words in one's own language requiresan essentially different explanation. To be sure, one is not wont to besurprised if after awhile a formula or poem learned by heart can only bereproduced imperfectly, with variations and gaps. Still, as this forgettingdoes not affect equally all the things learned together, but seems to pickout therefrom definite parts, it may be worth our effort to investigateanalytically some examples of such faulty reproductions. Brill reports the following example: -- \"While conversing one day with a very brilliant young woman she hadoccasion to quote from Keats. The poem was entitled 'Ode to Apollo,' andshe recited the following lines: -- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 33 \"'In thy western house of gold Where thou livest inthy state, Bards, that once sublimely told Prosaic truths that came too late.' [p. 30] She hesitated many times during the recitation, being sure thatthere was something wrong with the last line. To her great surprise, onreferring to the book she found that not only was the last line misquotedbut that there were many other mistakes. The correct lines read as follows:-- ODE TO APOLLO \"'In thy western halls of gold When thou sittest in thy state, Bards, that erst sublimely told Heroic deeds and sang of fate.' The words italicized are those that have been forgotten and replacedby others during the recitation. \"She was astonished at her many mistakes, and attributed them to a failureof memory. I could readily convince her, however, that there was no Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 34 qualitativeor quantitative disturbance of memory in her case, and recalled to herour conversation immediately before quoting these lines. \"We were discussing the over-estimation of personality among lovers,and she thought it was Victor Hugo who said that love is the greatest thingin the world because it makes an angel or a god out of a grocery clerk.She continued: \"Only when we are in love have we blind faith in humanity;everything is perfect, everything [p. 31] is beautiful, and . . . everythingis so poetically unreal. Still, it is a wonderful experience; worth goingthrough, notwithstanding the terrible disappointments that usually follow.It puts us on a level with the gods and incites us to all sorts of artisticactivities. We become real poets; we not only memorize and quote poetry,but we often become Apollos ourselves.' She then quoted the lines givenabove. \"When I asked on what occasion she memorized the lines she could notrecall. As a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 35 teacher of elocution she was wont to memorize so much andso often that it was difficult to tell just when she had memorized theselines. 'Judging by the conversation,' I suggested, 'it would seem thatthis poem is intimately associated with the idea of over- estimation ofpersonality of one in love. Have you perhaps memorized this poem when youwere in such a state?' She became thoughtful for a while and soon recalledthe following facts: Twelve years before, when she was eighteen years old,she fell in love. She met the young man while participating in an amateurtheatrical performance. He was at the time studying for the stage, andit was predicated that some day he would be a matinée idol. He wasendowed with all the attributes needed for such a calling. He was wellbuilt, fascinating, impulsive, very clever, and . . . very fickle-minded.She was warned against him, but she [p. 32] paid no heed, attributing itall to the envy of her counsellors. Everything went well for a few months,when she suddenly received word that her Apollo, for whom Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 36 she had memorizedthese lines, had eloped with and married a very wealthy young woman. Afew years later she heard that he was living in a Western city, where hewas taking care of his father-in-law's interests. \"The misquoted lines are now quite plain. The discussion about the over-estimationof personality among lovers unconsciously recalled to her a disagreeableexperience, when she herself over-estimated the personality of the manshe loved. She thought he was a god, but he turned out to be even worsethan the average mortal. The episode could not come to the surface becauseit was determined by very disagreeable and painful thoughts, but the unconsciousvariations in the poem plainly showed her present mental state. The poeticexpressions were not only changed to prosaic ones, but they clearly alludedto the whole episode.\" Another example of forgetting the order of words of a poem well knownto the person I shall cite from Dr. C. G. Jung,[1] quotingthe words of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 37 author: -- \"A man wished to recite the familiar poem, [p. 33] 'A Pine-tree StandsAlone,' etc. In the line 'He felt drowsy' he became hopelessly stuck atthe words 'with the white sheet.' This forgetting of such a well- knownverse seemed to me rather peculiar, and I therefore asked him to reproducewhat came to his mind when he thought of the words 'with the white sheet.'He gave the following series of associations 'The white sheet makes onethink of a white sheet on a corpse -- a linen sheet with which one coversa dead body -- [pause] -- now I think of a near friend -- his brother diedquite recently -- he is supposed to have died of heart disease -- he wasalso very corpulent -- my friend is corpulent, too, and I thought thathe might meet the same fate -- probably he doesn't exercise enough -- whenI heard of this death I suddenly became frightened: the same thing mighthappen to me, as my own family is predisposed to obesity -- my grandfatherdied of heart disease -- I, also, am somewhat too corpulent, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 38 and for thatreason I began an obesity cure a few days ago.'\" Jung remarks: \"The man had unconsciously immediately identified himselfwith the pine-tree which was covered with a white sheet.\" For the following example of forgetting the order of words I am indebtedto my friend Dr. Ferenczi, of Budapest. Unlike the former examples, itdoes not refer to a verse taken from [p. 34] poetry, but to a self-coinedsaying. It may also demonstrate to us the rather unusual case where theforgetting places itself at the disposal of discretion when the latteris in danger of yielding to a momentary desire. The mistake thus advancesto a useful function. After we have sobered down we justify that innerstriving which at first could manifest itself only by way of inability,as in forgetting or psychic impotence. \"At a social gathering some one quoted, Tout comprendre c'est toutpardonner, to which I remarked that the first part of the sentenceshould Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 39 suffice, as 'pardoning' is an exemption which must be left to Godand the priest. One of the guests thought this observation very good, whichin turn emboldened me to remark -- probably to ensure myself of the goodopinion of the well-disposed critic -- that some time ago I thought ofsomething still better. But when I was about to repeat this clever ideaI was unable to recall it. Thereupon I immediately withdrew from the companyand wrote my concealing thoughts. I first recalled the name of the friendwho had witnessed the birth of this (desired) thought, and of the streetin Budapest where it took place, and then the name of another friend, whosename was Max, whom we usually called Maxie. That led me to the word 'maxim,'and to the thought that at that time, as in the present case, it was aquestion [p. 35] of varying a well- known maxim. Strangely enough, I didnot recall any maxim but the following sentence: 'God created man inHis own image,' and its changed conception, 'Man created God inhis own image. Immediately I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 40 recalled the sought-for recollection. \"My friend said to me at that time in Andrassy Street, 'Nothing humanis foreign to me.' To which I remarked, basing it on psychoanalyticexperience, \"You should go further and acknowledge that nothing animalis foreign to you.\" \"But after I had finally found the desired recollection I was even thenprevented from telling it in this social gathering. The young wife of thefriend whom I had reminded of the animality of the unconscious was alsoamong those present, and I was perforce reminded that she was not at allprepared for the reception of such unsympathetic views. The forgettingspared me a number of unpleasant questions from her and a hopeless discussion,and just that must have been the motive of the 'temporary amnesia.' \"It is interesting to note that as a concealing thought there emergeda sentence in which the deity is degraded to a human invention, while inthe Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 41 sought-for sentence there was an allusion to the animal in the man.The capitis diminutio is therefore common to both. The whole matter[p. 36] was apparently only a continuation of the stream of thought concerningunderstanding and forgiving which was stimulated by the discussion. \"That the desired thought so rapidly appeared may be also due to thefact that I withdrew into a vacant room, away from the society in whichit was censored.\" I have since then analysed a large number of cases of forgetting orfaulty reproduction of the order of words, and the consistent result ofthese investigations led me to assume that the mechanisms of forgettingas demonstrated in the examples \"aliquis\" and \"Ode to Apollo,\"are almost of universal validity. It is not always very convenient to reportsuch analyses, for, just as those cited, they usually lead to intimateand painful things in the person analysed; I shall therefore add no moreto the number of such examples. What is common to all Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 42 these cases, regardlessof the material, is the fact that the forgotten or distorted material becomesconnected through some associative road with an unconscious stream of thought,which gives rise to the influence that comes to light as forgetting. I am now returning to the forgetting of names, concerning which we haveso far considered exhaustively neither the casuistic elements nor the motives.As this form of faulty acts can at times be abundantly observed in myself,I am not at a loss for examples. The slight attacks [p. 37] of migraine,from which I am still suffering, are wont to announce themselves hoursbefore through the forgetting of names, and at the height of the attack,during which I am not forced, however, to give up my work, I am often unableto recall all proper names. Still, just such cases as mine may furnish the cause for a strong objectionto our analytic efforts. Should not one be forced to conclude from Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 43 suchobservations that the causation of the forgetfulness, especially the forgettingof names, is to be sought in circulatory or functional disturbances ofthe brain, and spare himself the trouble of searching for psychologic explanationsfor these phenomena? Not at all; that would mean to interchange the mechanismof a process, which is the same in all cases, with its variations. Butinstead of an analysis I shall cite a comparison which will settle theargument. Let us assume that I was so reckless as to take a walk at night in anuninhabited neighbourhood of a big city, and was attacked and robbed ofmy watch and purse. At the nearest police-station I report the matter inthe following words: \"I was in this or that street, and was there robbedof my watch and purse by lonesomeness and darkness.\" Althoughthese words would not express anything that is incorrect, I would, nevertheless,run the danger [p. 38] of being considered -- judging from the wordingof this report -- as not quite right in the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 44 head. To be correct, the stateof affairs could only be described by saying that, favoured by thelonesomeness of the place and under cover of darkness, I was robbedof my valuables by unknown malefactors. Now, then, the state of affairs in forgetting names need not be different.Favoured by exhaustion, circulatory disturbances, and intoxication, I amrobbed by an unknown psychic force of the disposal over the proper namesbelonging to my memory; it is the same force which in other cases may bringabout the same failure of memory during perfect health and mental capacity. When I analyse those cases of name- forgetting occurring in myself, Ifind almost regularly that the name withheld shows some relation to a themewhich concerns my own person, and is apt to provoke in me strong and oftenpainful emotions. Following the convenient and commendable practice ofthe Zurich School (Bleuler, Jung, Riklin), I might Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 45 express the same thingin the following form: The name withheld has touched a \"personal complex\"in me. The relation of the name to my person is an unexpected one, andis mostly brought about through superficial associations (words of doublemeaning and of [p. 39] similar sounds); it may generally be designatedas a side association. A few simple examples will best illustrate the natureof the same: -- (a) A patient requested me to recommend to him a sanatorium inthe Riviera. I knew of such a place very near Genoa, I also recalled thename of the German colleague who was in charge of the place, but the placeitself I could not name, well as I believed I knew it. There was nothingleft to do but ask the patient to wait, and to appeal quickly to the womenof the family. \"Just what is the name of the place near Genoa where Dr. X. has hissmall institution in which Mrs. So-and-so remained so long under treatment?\" \"Of course you would forget a name of that Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 46 sort. The name is Nervi.\" To be sure, I have enough to do with nerves. (b) Another patient spoke about a neighbouring summer resort,and maintained that besides the two familiar inns there was a third. Idisputed the existence of any third inn, and referred to the fact thatI had spent seven summers in the vicinity and therefore knew more aboutthe place than he. Instigated by my contradiction, he recalled the name.The name of the third inn was \"The Hochwartner.\" Of course, I had to admitit; indeed, I was forced to confess that for seven summers I had lived [p. 40] near this very inn whose existence I had so strenuously denied.But why should I have forgotten the name and the object? I believe becausethe name sounded very much like that of a Vienna colleague who practisedthe same specialty as my own. It touched in me the \"professional complex.\" (c) On another occasion, when about to buy Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 47 a railroad ticketon the Reichenhall Station, I could not recall the very familiar name ofthe next big railroad station which I had so often passed. I was forcedto look it up in the time-table. The name was Rosehome (Rosenheim). I soondiscovered through what associations I lost it. An hour earlier I had visitedmy sister in her home near Reichenhall; my sister's name is Rose, hencealso a Rosehome. This name was taken away by my \"family complex.\" (d) This predatory influence of the \"family complex\" I can demonstratein a whole series of complexes. One day I was consulted by a young man, younger brother of one of myfemale patients, whom I saw any number of times, and whom I used to callby his fist name. Later, while wishing to talk about his visit, I forgothis first name, in no way an unusual one, and could not recall it in anyway. I walked into the street to read the business signs and recognizedthe name as soon as it met my eyes. [p. 41] The analysis showed that I had Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 48 formed a parallel between thevisitor and my own brother which centred in the question: \"Would my brother,in a similar case, have behaved like him or even more contrarily?\" Theouter connection between the thoughts concerning the stranger and my ownfamily was rendered possible through the accident that the name of themothers in each case was the same, Amelia. Subsequently I also understoodthe substitutive names, Daniel and Frank, which obtruded themselves withoutany explanation. These names, as well as Amelia, belong to Schiller's playThe Robbers; they are all connected with a joke of the Vienna pedestrian,Daniel Spitzer. (e) On another occasion I was unable to find a patient's namewhich had a certain reference to my early life. The analysis had to befollowed over a long devious road before the desired name was discovered.The patient expressed his apprehension lest he should lose his eyesight;this recalled a young man who became blind from a gunshot, and this againled to a picture of another youth who shot Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 49 himself, and the latter borethe same name as my first patient, though not at all related to him. Thename became known to me, however, only after the anxious apprehension fromthese two juvenile cases was transferred to a person of my own family. Thus an incessant stream of \"self-reference\" [p. 42] flows through mythoughts concerning which I usually have no inkling, but which betraysitself through such name-forgetting. It seems as if I were forced to comparewith my own person all that I hear about strangers, as if my personal complexesbecame stirred up at every information from others. It seems impossiblethat this should be an individual peculiarity of my own person; it must,on the contrary, point to the way we grasp outside matters in general.I have reasons to assume that other individuals meet with experiences quitesimilar to mine. The best example of this kind was reported to me by a gentleman namedLederer as a personal experience. While on his wedding trip in Venice Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 50 hecame across a man with whom he was but slightly acquainted, and whom hewas obliged to introduce to his wife. As he forgot the name of the strangerhe got himself out of the embarrassment the first time by mumbling thename unintelligibly. But when he met the man a second time, as is inevitablein Venice, he took him aside and begged him to help him out of the difficultyby telling him his name, which he unfortunately had forgotten. The answerof the stranger pointed to a superior knowledge of human nature: \"I readilybelieve that you did not grasp my name. My name is like yours -- Lederer!\" One cannot suppress a slight feeling of unpleasantness on discoveringhis own name in a [p. 43] stranger. I had recently felt it very plainlywhen I was consulted during my office hours by a man named S. Freud. However,I am assured by one of my own critics that in this respect he behaves inquite the opposite manner. (f) The effect of personal relation can be recognized also inthe following examples reported Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 51 by Jung.[2] \"Mr. Y. falls in love with a lady who soon thereafter marries Mr. X.In spite of the fact that Mr. Y. was an old acquaintance of Mr. X., andhad business relations with him, he repeatedly forgot the name, and ona number of occasions, when wishing to correspond with X., he was obligedto ask other people for his name.\" However, the motivation for the forgetting is more evident in this casethan in the preceding ones, which were under the constellation of the personalreference. Here the forgetting is manifestly a direct result of the dislikeof Y. for the happy rival; he does not wish to know anything about him. (g) The following case, reported by Ferenczi, the analysis ofwhich is especially instructive through the explanation of the substitutivethoughts (like 'Botticelli-Boltraffio to Signorelli), showsin a somewhat different way how self-reference leads to the forgettingof a name: -- \"A lady who heard something about psycho- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 52 [p. 44] analysis could notrecall the name of the psychiatrist, Young (Jung). \"Instead, the following names occurred to her: K1. (a name) -- Wilde-- Nietzsche -- Hauptmann. \"I did not tell her the name, and requested her to repeat her free associationsto every thought. \"To K1. she at once thought of Mrs. K1., that she was an embellishedand affected person who looked very well for her age. 'She does not age.'As a general and principal conception of Wilde and Nietzsche, she gavethe association 'mental disease.' She then added jocosely: 'The Freudianswill continue looking for the causes of mental diseases until they themselvesbecome insane.' She continued: 'I cannot bear Wilde and Nietzsche. I donot understand them. I hear that they were both homosexual. Wilde has occupiedhimself with young people' (although she uttered in this sentencethe correct name she still could not remember it). \"To Hauptmann she associated the words Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 53 half and youth,and only after I called her attention to the word youth did shebecome aware that she was looking for the name Young (Jung).\" It is clear that this lady, who had lost her husband at the age of thirty-nine,and had no prospect of marrying a second time, had cause enough to avoidreminiscences recalling youth or old age. The remarkable thing is thatthe concealing thoughts of the desired name came to the surface [p. 45]as simple associations of content without any sound-associations. (h) Still different and very finely motivated is an example ofname-forgetting which the person concerned has himself explained. \"While taking an examination in philosophy as a minor subject I wasquestioned by the examiner about the teachings of Epicurus, and was askedwhether I knew who took up his teachings centuries later. I answered thatit was Pierre Gassendi, whom two days before while in a café I hadhappened to hear spoken of as a follower of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 54 Epicurus. To the question howI knew this I boldly replied that I had taken an interest in Gassendi fora long time. This resulted in a certificate with a magna cum laude,but later, unfortunately, also in a persistent tendency to forget the nameGassendi. I believe that it is due to my guilty conscience that even nowI cannot retain this name despite all efforts. I had no business knowingit at that time.\" To have a proper appreciation of the intense repugnance entertainedby our narrator against the recollection of this examination episode, onemust have realized how highly he prizes his doctor's degree, and for howmany other things this substitute must stand. I add here another example of forgetting the name of a city, an instancewhich is perhaps not as simple as those given before, but which will [p.46] appear credible and valuable to those more familiar with such investigations.The name of an Italian city withdrew itself from memory on account of itsfar- reaching sound-similarity to a woman's first name, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 55 which was in turnconnected with various emotional reminiscences which were surely not exhaustivelytreated in this report. Dr. S. Ferenczi, who observed this case of forgettingin himself, treated it -- quite justly -- as an analysis of a dream oran erotic idea. \"To-day I visited some old friends, and the conversation turned to citiesof Northern Italy. Some one remarked that they still showed the Austrianinfluence. A few of these cities were cited. I, too, wished to mentionone, but the name did not come to me, although I knew that I had spenttwo very pleasant days there; this, of course, does not quite concur withFreud's theory of forgetting. Instead of the desired name of the city thereobtruded themselves the following thoughts: 'Capua -- Brescia -- the lionof Brescia.' This lion I saw objectively before me in the form of a marblestatue, but I soon noticed that he resembled less the lion of the statueof liberty in Brescia (which I saw only in a picture) than the other marblelion Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 56 which I saw in Lucerne on the monument in honour of the Swiss Guardfallen in the Tuileries. I finally thought of the desired name: it wasVerona. \"I knew at once the cause of this amnesia. [p. 47] No other than a formerservant of the family whom I visited at the time. Her name was Veronica;in Hungarian Verona. I felt a great antipathy for her on account of herrepulsive physiognomy, as well as her hoarse, shrill voice and her unbearableself-assertion (to which she thought herself entitled on account of herlong service). Also the tyrannical way in which she treated the childrenof the family was insufferable to me. Now I knew the significance of thesubstitutive thoughts. \"To Capua I immediately associated caput mortuum. I had oftencompared Veronica's head to a skull. The Hungarian word kapzoi (greedafter money) surely furnished a determinant for the displacement. NaturallyI also found those more direct associations which connected Capua and Veronaas geographical ideas and as Italian words of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 57 the same rhythm. \"The same held true for Brescia; here, too, I found concealed side-tracksof associations of ideas. \"My antipathy at that time was so violent that I thought Veronica veryugly, and have often expressed my astonishment at the fact that any oneshould love her: 'Why, to kiss her,' I said, 'must provoke nausea.' \"Brescia, at least in Hungary, is very often mentioned not in connectionwith the lion but with another wild beast. The most hated name [p. 48]in this country, as well as in North Italy, is that of General Haynau,who is briefly referred to as the hyena of Brescia. From the hated tyrantHaynau one stream of thought leads over Brescia to the city of Verona,and the other over the idea of the grave- digging animal with the hoarsevoice (which corresponds to the thought of a monument to the dead),to the skull, and to the disagreeable organ of Veronica, which was so cruellyinsulted in my unconscious mind. Veronica in her time ruled as Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 58 tyranicallyas did the Austrian General after the Hungarian and Italian struggles forliberty. \"Lucerne is associated with the idea of the summer which Veronica spentwith her employers in a place near Lucerne. The Swiss Guard again recallsthat she tyrannized not only the children but also the adult members ofthe family, and thus played the part of the 'Garde-Dame.' \"I expressly observe that this antipathy of mine against V. consciouslybelongs to things long overcome. Since that time she has changed in herappearance and manner, very much to her advantage, so that I am able tomeet her with sincere regard (to be sure I hardly find such occasion).As usual, however, my unconscious sticks more tenaciously to those impressions;it is old in its resentment. \"The Tuileries represent an allusion to a second personality, an oldFrench lady who [p. 49] actually 'guarded' the women of the house, andwho was in high regard and somewhat feared by Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 59 everybody. For a long timeI was her élève in French conversation. The word élèverecalls that when I visited the brother-in-law of my present host in northernBohemia I had to laugh a great deal because the rural population referredto the élèves (pupils) of the school of forestry aslöwen (lions). Also this jocose recollection might have takenpart in the displacement of the hyena by the lion.\" (i) The following example can also show how a personal complexswaying the person at the time being may by devious ways bring about theforgetting of a name.[3] Two men, an elder and a younger, who had travelled together in Sicilysix months before, exchanged reminiscences of those pleasant and interestingdays. \"Let's see, what was the name of that place,\" asked the younger, \"wherewe passed the night before taking the trip to Selinunt? Calatafini,was it not?\" The elder rejected this by saying: \"Certainly Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 60 not; but I have forgottenthe name, too, although I can recall perfectly all the details of the place.Whenever I hear some one forget a name it immediately produces forgetfulnessin me. Let us look for the name. I cannot think of any other [p. 50] nameexcept Caltanisetta, which is surely not correct.\" \"No,\" said the younger, \"the name begins with, or contains, a w.\" \"But the Italian language contains no w,\" retorted the elder. \"I really meant a v, and I said w because I am accustomedto interchange them in my mother tongue.\" The elder, however, objected to the v. He added: \"I believe thatI have already forgotten many of the Sicilian names. Suppose we try tofind out. For example, what is the name of the place situated on a heightwhich was called Enna in antiquity?\" \"Oh, I know that: Castrogiovanni.\" In the next moment the youngerman discovered the lost Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 61 name. He cried out 'Castelvetrano,' andwas pleased to be able to demonstrate the supposed v. For a moment the elder still lacked the feeling of recognition, butafter he accepted the name he was able to state why it had escaped him.He thought: \"Obviously because the second half, vetrano, suggestsveteran. I am aware that I am not quite anxious to think of ageing,and react peculiarly when I am reminded of it. Thus, e.g.,I had recently reminded a very esteemed friend in most unmistakable termsthat he had 'long ago passed the years of youth,' because before this heonce remarked in the most flattering manner, [p. 51] 'I am no longer ayoung man.' That my resistance was directed against the second half ofthe name Castelvetrano is shown by the fact that the initial soundof the same returned in the substitutive name Caltanisetta.\" \"What about the name Caltanisetta itself?\" asked the younger. \"That always seemed to me like a pet name Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 62 of a young woman,\" admittedthe elder. Somewhat later he added: \"The name for Enna was also only a substitutivename. And now it occurs to me that the name Castrogiovanni, whichobtruded itself with the aid of a rationalization, alludes as expresslyto giovane, young, as the last name, Castelvetrano, to veteran.\" The older man believed that he had thus accounted for his forgettingthe name. What the motive was that led the young man to this memory failurewas not investigated. In some cases one must have recourse to all the fineness of psychoanalytictechnique in order to explain the forgetting of a name. Those who wishto read an example of such work I refer to a communication by ProfessorE. Jones.[4] I could multiply the examples of name- forgetting and prolong the discussionvery much further if I did not wish to avoid elucidating here almost allthe view-points which will be considered in [p. 52] later themes. I shall,however, take the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 63 liberty of comprehending in a few sentences the resultsof the analyses reported here. The mechanism of forgetting, or rather of losing or temporary forgettingof a name, consists in the disturbance of the intended reproduction ofthe name through a strange stream of thought unconscious at the time. Betweenthe disturbed name and the disturbing complex there exists a connectioneither from the beginning or such a connection has been formed -- perhapsby artificial means - through superficial (outer) associations. The self-reference complex (personal, family or professional) provesto be the most effective of the disturbing complexes. A name which by virtue of its many meanings belongs to a number of thoughtassociations (complexes) is frequently disturbed in its connection to oneseries of thoughts through a stronger complex belonging to the other associations. To avoid the awakening of pain through Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 64 memory is one of the objectsamong the motives of these disturbances. In general one may distinguish two principal cases of name-forgetting;when the name itself touches something unpleasant, or when it is broughtinto connection with other associations which are influenced by such effects.So that names can be disturbed on their own account or [p. 53] on accountof their nearer or more remote associative relations in the reproduction. A review of these general principles readily convinces us that the temporaryforgetting of a name is observed as the most frequent faulty action ofour mental functions. However, we are far from having described all the peculiarities of thisphenomenon. I also wish to call attention to the fact that name-forgettingis extremely contagious. In a conversation between two persons the meremention of having forgotten this or that name by one often suffices toinduce the same memory slip in the other. But whenever the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 65 forgetting isinduced, the sought for name easily comes to the surface. There is also a continuous forgetting of names in which whole chainsof names are withdrawn from memory. If in the course of endeavouring todiscover an escaped name one finds others with which the latter is intimatelyconnected, it often happens that these new names also escape. The forgettingthus jumps from one name to another, as if to demonstrate the existenceof a hindrance not to be easily removed. Footnotes [1] The Psychology of Dementia Prœcox, translatedby F. Peterson and A. A. Brill. [2] The Psychology of Dementia Prœcox, p. 45. [3] Zentralb. t. Psychoanalyse, I. 9, 1911. [4] \"Analyse eines Falles von Namenvergessen,\" Zentralb.f. Psychoanalyse, Jahrg. II, Heft 2, 1911. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 66 Chapter 4 Childhood and Concealing Memories In a second essay, [1] I was able to demonstrate the purposive nature of our memories in an unexpected field. I started with the remarkable fact that the earliest recollections of a person often seemed to preserve the unimportant and accidental, whereas (frequently though not universally !) not a trace is found in the adult memory of the weighty and affective impressions of this period. As it is known that the memory exercises a certain selection among the impressions at its disposal, it would seem logical to suppose that this selection follows entirely different principles in childhood than at the time of intellectual maturity. However, close investigation points to the fact that such an assumption is superfluous. The indifferent childhood memories owe their existence to a process of displacement. It be shown by psychoanalysis that in the reproduction they represent the substitute for [p. 27] other really Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 67 significant impressions, whose reproduction is hindered by some resistance they do not owe their existence to their contents, but to an associative relation of contents to another repressed thought, deserve the title of \"concealing memories\" which I have designated them. In the aforementioned essay I only touched upon, but in no way exhausted, the varieties in the relations and meanings of concealed memories. In the given example fully analysed I particularly emphasized a peculiarity in temporal relation between the concealing and the contents of the memory concealed by it. The content of the concealing memory in that example belonged to one of the first of childhood, while the thoughts represents it which remained practically unconscious, belonged to a later period of the individual question. I called this form of displacement a retroactive or regressive one. Perhaps more often one finds the reversed relation - - that is, an indifferent impression of the most Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 68 remote period becomes a concealing memory in consciousness, which simply owes its existence to an association with an earlier experience, against whose direct reproduction there are resistances. We would call these encroaching or interposing concealing memories. What most concerns memory lies here chronologically beyond [p. 59] concealing memory. Finally, there may be a third possible case, namely, the concealing memory may be connected with the impression it conceals, not only through its contents, just through contiguity of time; this is the contemporaneous, or contiguous concealing memory. How large a portion of the sum total of our memory belongs to the category of concealing memories, and what part it plays in various neurotic hidden processes, these are problems into the value of which I have neither inquired nor shall I enter here. I am concerned only with emphasizing the sameness between the forgetting of proper names with faulty recollection and the formation of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 69 concealing memories. At first sight it would seem that the diversities of both phenomena are far more striking than their exact analogies. There we deal with proper names, here with complete impressions experienced either in reality or in thought; there we deal with a manifest failure of the memory function, here with a memory act which appears strange to us. Again, there we are concerned with a momentary disturbance -- for the name just forgotten could have been reproduced correctly a hundred times before, and will be so again from tomorrow on; here we deal with lasting possesion without a failure, for the indifferent child- [p. 60] hood memories seem to be able to accompany us through a great part of life. In both these cases the riddle seems to be solved in an entirely different way. There it is the forgetting, while here it is the remembering which excites our scientific curiosity. After deeper reflection one realizes that though there is a diversity in the psychic material Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 70 and in the duration of time of the two phenomena, yet these are by far outweighed by the conformities between the two. In both cases we deal with the failure of remember what should be correctly reproduced by memory fails to appear, and instead something else comes as a substitute. In the case of getting a name there is no lack of memory function in the form of name substitution. The formation of a concealing memory depends on the forgetting of other important impressions. In both cases we are reminded by an intellectual feeling of the intervention of a disturbance, which in each case takes a different form. In the case of forgetting of names we are aware that the substitutive names are incorrect, in concealing memories we are surprised that we have them at all. Hence, if psychological analysis demonstrates that the substitutive formation in each case is brought about in the same manner -- that is, through displacement of a superficial association -- we are justified in saying [p. 61] that the diversities in material, in duration of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 71 time, and in the centring of both phenomena serve to enhance our expectation, that we have discovered something that is important and of general value. This generality purports that the stopping and straying of the reproducing function indicates more often than we suppose that there is an intervention of a tendency which favours one memory and at the same time works against another. The subject of childhood memories appears to me so important and interesting that I would like to devote to it a few additional remarks which go beyond the views expressed so far. How far back into childhood do our memories reach? I am familiar with some investigations on this question by V. and C. Henri [2] and Potwin. [3] They assert that such examinations show wide individual variations, inasmuch as some trace their first reminiscences to the sixth month of life, while others can recall nothing of their lives before the end of the sixth or even the eighth year. But what connection is there Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 72 between these variations in the behaviour of childhood reminiscences, and what signification may be ascribed to them? It seems that it is not enough to procure the material for this [p. 62] question by simple inquiry, but it must be subjected to a study in which the person furnishing the information must participate. I believe we accept too indifferently the fact of infantile amnesia -- that is, the failure of memory for the first years of our lives -- and fail to find in it a strange riddle. We forget of what great intellectual accomplishments and of what complicated emotions a child of four years is capable. We really ought to wonder why the memory of later years has, as a rule, retained so little of these psychic processes, especially as we have every reason for assume that these same forgotten childhood activities have not glided off without leaving a trace in the development of the person, but that they have left a definite influence for all future time. Yet in spite of this unparalleled effectiveness were forgotten! This Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 73 would suggest that there are particularly formed conditions of memory (in the sense of conscious reproduction) have thus far eluded our knowledge. It is possible that the forgetting of childhood give us the key to the understanding of amnesias which, according to our newer studies, lie at the basis of the formation of all neurotic symptoms. Of these retained childhood reminisces, some appear to us readily comprehensible, while others seem strange or unintelligible. It is not [p. 63] difficult to correct certain errors in regard to both kinds. If the retained reminiscences of a person are subjected to an analytic test, it can be readily ascertained that a guarantee for their correctness does not exist. Some of the memory pictures are surely falsified and incomplete, or displaced in point of time and place. The assertions of persons examined that their first memories reach back perhaps to their second year are evidently unreliable. Motives can soon be discovered which explain the disfigurement and the displacement of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 74 these experiences, but they also demonstrate that these memory lapses are not the result of a mere unreliable memory. Powerful forces from a later period have moulded the memory capacity of our infantile experiences, and it is probably due to these same forces that the understanding of our childhood is generally so very strange to us. The recollection of adults, as is known, proceeds through different psychic material. Some recall by means of visual pictures -- their memories are of a visual character; other individuals can scarcely reproduce in memory the most paltry sketch of an experience we call such persons \"auditifs\" and \"moteurs\" in contrast to the to \"visuels,\" terms proposed by Charcot. These differences vanish in dreams; all our dreams are preponderatingly visual. But this development is also found in the childhood memories; [p. 64] the latter are plastic and visual, even in those people whose later memory lacks the visual element. The visual memory, therefore preserves the type of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 75 infantile recollections. Only my earliest childhood memories are visual character; they represent plastic depicted scenes, comparable only to stage settings. In these scenes of childhood, whether they prove true or false, one usually sees his childish person both in contour and dress. This circumstance must excite our wonder, for adults do not see their own persons in their reflections of later experiences. [4] It is, moreover, against our experiences to assume that the child's attention during his experiences is centred on himself rather than exclusively on outside impressions. Various sources force us to assume the so-called earliest childhood recollections are not true memory traces but later elaborate of the same, elaborations which might have been subjected to the influences of many later psychic forces. Thus the, \"childhood reminiscences\" of individuals altogether advance to the signification of \"concealing memories,\" and thereby form a noteworthy analogy to the childhood remberences Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 76 as laid down in the legends and of nations. [p. 65] Whoever has examined mentally a number of persons by the method of psychoanalysis must have gathered in this work numerous examples of concealing memories of every description. However, owing to the previously discussed nature of the relations of the childhood reminiscences to later life, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to report such examples. For, in order to attach the value of the concealing memory to an infantile reminiscence, it would be often necessary to present the entire life- history of the person concerned. Only seldom is it possible, as in the following good example, to take out from its context and report a single childhood memory. A twenty-four-year-old man preserved the following picture from the fifth year of his life: In the garden of a summer-house he sat on a stool next to his aunt, who was engaged in teaching him the alphabet. He found difficulty in distinguishing the letter m from n, and he begged his aunt to tell him Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 77 how to tell one from the other. His aunt called his attention to the fact that the letter m had one whole portion (a stroke) more than the letter n. There was no reason to dispute the reliability of this childhood recollection; its meaning, however, was discovered only later, when it showed itself to be the symbolic representation of another boyish inquisitiveness. For just as he wanted to know [p. 66] the difference between m and n at that time so he concerned himself later about the difference between boy and girl, and he would have willing that just this aunt should be his teacher. He also discovered that the difference similar one; that the boy again had one portion more than the girl, and at the time of this recognition his memory awoke to the responding childish inquisitiveness. I would like to show by one more example the sense that may be gained by a childhood reminiscence through analytic work, although it may seem to contain no sense before. In my forty-third year, when I began to interest myself in what Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 78 remained in my memory of my own childhood, a scene struck me which for a long time, as I afterwards believed, had repeatedly come to consciousness, and which through reliable identification could be traced to a period before the completion of my third year. I saw myself in front of a chest, the door of which was held open by my half-brother, twenty years my senior. I stood there demanding something and screaming; my mother, pretty and slender then suddenly entered the room, as if returning from the street. In these words I formulated this scene so vividly seen, which, however, furnished no other clue. Whether my brother wished to open or lock the chest (in the first explanation it was [p. 67] a \"cupboard\"), why I cried, and what bearing,the arrival of my mother had, all these questions were dim to me; I was tempted to explain to myself that it dealt with the memory of a hoax by my older brother, which was interrupted by my mother. Such misunderstandings of childhood scenes retained in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 79 memory are not uncommon; we recall a situation, but it is not centralized; we do not know on which of the elements to place the psychic accent. Analytic effort led me to an entirely unexpected solution of the picture. I missed my mother and began to suspect that she was locked in this cupboard or chest, and therefore demanded that my brother should unlock it. As he obliged me, and I became convinced that she was not in the chest, I began to cry; this is the moment firmly retained in the memory, which was directly followed by the appearance of my mother, who appeased my worry and anxiety. But how did the child get the idea of looking for the absent mother in the chest? Dreams which occurred at the same time pointed dimly to a nurse, concerning whom other reminiscences were retained; as, for example, that she conscientiously urged me to deliver to her the small coins which I received as gifts, a detail which in itself may lay claim to the value of a concealing memory for later Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 80 things. I then concluded to facilitate for myself this time the [p. 68] task of interpretation, and asked my now mother about that nurse. I found out all of things, among others the fact that this shrewd but dishonest person had committed extensive robberies during the confinement of my mother and that my half-brother was instrumental bringing her to justice. This information gave me the key to the from childhood, as through a sort of inspiration. The sudden disappearance of the nurse was a matter of indifference to me; I had just asked this brother where she was, probably because I had noticed that he had played a part in disappearance, and he, evasive and witty as he is to this day, answered that she was \"boxed in.\" I understood this answer in the childish way, but asked no more, as there was nothing else to be discovered. When my mother left shortly thereafter I suspected that the naughty brother had treated her in the same way as he did the nurse, and therefore pressed him the chest. I also understand now why in the translation Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 81 of the visual childhood scene my mothers slenderness was accentuated; she must struck me as being newly restored. I am and a half years older than the sister born that time, and when I was three years of I was separated from my half-brother. [1] Published in the Monatschrift f. Psychiatrie u. Neurologie. 1899. [2] \"Enquête sur les premiers souvenirs de l'enfance.\" L'Annêe psychologique, iii., 1897. [3] \"Study of Early Memories,\"' Psychological Review, 1901. [4] I assert this as a result of certain investigations made by myself. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 82 Chapter 5 Mistakes in Speech ALTHOUGH the ordinary material of speech of our mother-tongue seems to be guarded against forgetting, its application, however, more often succumbs to another disturbance which is familiar to us as \"slips of the tongue.\" What we observe in normal persons as slips of the tongue gives the gives same impression as the first step of the so- called \"paraphasias\" which manifest themselves under pathologic conditions. I am in the exceptional position of being about to refer to a previous work on the subject. In the year 1895 Meringer and C. Mayer published a study on Mistakes in Speech and Reading, with whose view-points I do not agree. One of the authors, who is the spokesman in the text, is a philologist actuated by a linguistic interest to examine the rules governing those slips. He hoped to deduce from these rules the existence \"of a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 83 definite psychic mechanism,\" \"whereby the Sounds of a word, of a sentence, and even the words themselves, would be associated and con- [p. 72] nected with one another in a quite peculiar manner\" (p. 10). The authors grouped the examples of speech mistakes collected by them first \"accord purely descriptive view-points, such as interchangings (e.g., the Milo of Venus instead of the Venus of Milo), as anticipations (e.g., the shoes made her sorft . . . the shoes made her feet sore), echoes and post positions, as contaminations (e.g., \"I will soon him home,\" instead of I will soon go home and I will see him\"), and substitutions (e.g., \" he entrusted his money to a \"savings crank,\" instead of \"a savings bank.\") [1] Besides these principal categories there are so others of lesser importance (or of lesser significance for our purpose). In this grouping makes no difference whether the transposition disfigurement, fusion, etc., affects single sounds of the word or syllables, or whole words of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 84 concerned sentence. To explain the various forms of mist speech, Meringer assumes a varied psychic value of phonetics. As soon as the innervation the first syllable of a word, or the first word of a sentence, the stimulating process immediately strikes the succeeding sounds, and the following words, and in so far as these innervations are synchronous they may effect some changes in one another. The stimulus of the psychically [p. 73] intensive sound \"rings\" before or continues echoing, and thus disturbs the less important process of innervation. It is necessary therefore to determine which are the most important sounds of a word. Meringer states: \"If one wishes to know which sound of a word possesses the greatest intensity he should examine himself while searching for a forgotten word, for example, a name. That which first returns to consciousness invariably had the greatest intensity prior to the forgetting (p. 160). Thus the most important sounds are the initial sound of the root- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 85 syllable and the initial sound of the word itself, as well as one or another of the accentuated vowels (p. 162). Here I cannot help voicing a contradiction. Whether or not the initial sound of the name belongs to the most important elements of the word, it is surely not true that in the case of the forgetting of the word it first returns to consciousness; the above rule is therefore of no use. When we observe ourselves during the search for a forgotten name we are comparatively often forced to express the opinion that it begins with a certain letter. This conviction proves to be as often unfounded as founded. Indeed, I would even go so far as to assert that in the majority of cases one reproduces a false initial sound. Also in our example Signorelli the substitutive name lacked the initial sound, and the principal syl- [p. 74]lables were lost; on the other hand, the important pair of syllables elli returned to consciousness in the substitutive name Botticelli. How little substitutive names respect the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 86 sound of the lost names may be learned from following case. One day I found it impossible to recall the name of the small country whose capital is Monte Carlo. The substitutive names follows: Piedmont, Albania, Montevideo, Colico. In place of Albania Montenegro soon appeared and then it struck me that the syllable Mont (pronounced Mon) occurred in all but the last of the substitutive names. It thus became easy for me to find from the name of Prince Albert the forgotten name Monaco. Colico practically imitates the syllabic sequence and rhythm of the forgotten name. If we admit the conjecture that a mechanism similar to that pointed out in the forgetting names may also play a part in the phenomena speech- blunders, we are then led to a better founded judgment of cases of speech-blunders. The speech disturbance which manifests a speech-blunder may in the first place be caused by the influence of another component of same speech that is, through a fore-sound or echo, or through another meaning Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 87 within the sentence or context which differs from that the speaker wishes to utter. In the second place, however, the disturbance could be brought about [p. 75] analogously to the process in the case Signorelli, through influences outside this word, sentence or context, from elements which we did not intend to express, and of whose incitement we became conscious only through the disturbance. In both modes of origin of the mistake in speech the common element lies in the simultaneity of the stimulus, while the differentiating elements lie in the arrangement within or without the same sentence or context. The difference does not at first appear as wide as when it is taken into consideration in certain conclusions drawn from the symptomatology of speech-mistakes. It is clear, however, that only in the first case is there a prospect of drawing conclusions from the manifestations of speech- blunders concerning a mechanism which connects together sounds and words for the reciprocal Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 88 influence of their articulation; that is, conclusions such as the philologist hopes to gain from the study of speech-blunders. In the case of disturbance through influence outside of the same sentence or context, it would before all be a question of becoming acquainted with the disturbing elements, and then the question would arise whether the mechanism of this disturbance cannot also suggest the probable laws of the formation of speech. We cannot maintain that Meringer and Mayer have overlooked the possibility of speech dis- [p. 76] turbance through \"complicated psychic influences,\" that is, through elements outside of the same word or sentence or the same sequence of words. Indeed, they must have observed that the theory of the psychic variation of sounds applies, strictly speaking, only to the explanation of disturbances as well as to fore-sounds and sounds. Where the word disturbances cannot reduced to sound disturbances, as, for example, the substitutions and contaminations of words they, too, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 89 have without hesitation sought the cause of the mistake in speech outside of intended context, and proved this state of affairs by means of fitting examples. [2] According to the author's own understanding it is some similarity between a certain word in the intended sentence and some other not intended, which allows the latter to assert itself in consciousness by causing a disfigurement, a composition, or a compromise formation (contamination). Now, in my work on the Interpretation of Dreams I have shown the part played by process of condensation in the origin of the called manifest contents of the dream from latent thoughts of the dream. Any similarity of objects or of word- presentations between elements of the unconscious material is taken as a cause for the formation of a third, which is a com- [p. 77] posite or compromise formation. This element represents both components in the dream content, and in view of this origin it is frequently endowed with numerous Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 90 contradictory individual determinants. The formation of solutions and contaminations in speech-mistakes is, therefore, the beginning of that work of condensation which we find taking a most active part in the construction of the dream. In a small essay destined for the general reader, [3] Meringer advanced a theory of very practical significance for certain cases of interchanging of words, especially for such cases where one word is substituted by another of opposite meaning. He says: \"We may still recall the manner in which the President of the Austrian House of Deputies opened the session some time ago: ' Honoured Sirs! I announce the presence of so and so many gentlemen, and therefore declare the session as \"closed\" ' ! \" The general merriment first attracted his attention and he corrected his mistake. In the present case the probable explanation is that the President wished himself in a position to close this session, from which he had little good to expect, and the thought broke through at least partially -- a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 91 frequent manifestation -- resulting in his use of \"closed\" in place of 'opened,\" that is, the opposite of the statement [p. 78] intended. Numerous observations have taught me, however, that we frequently interchange contrasting words; they are already associated in our speech consciousness; they lie very close together and are easily incorrectly evoked. Still, not in all cases of contrast substitution it so simple as in the example of the President as to appear plausible that the speech-mistake occurs merely as a contradiction which arises in the inner thought of the speaker opposing the sentence uttered. We have found the analogous mechanism in the analysis of the example aliquis; the inner contradiction asserts itself in the form of forgetting a word instead of a substitution through its opposite. But in order to adjust the difference we may remark that the little word aliquis is incapable of a contrast similar to \"closing\" and \"opening,\" and that the word \"opening\" cannot be subject to forgetting on account Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 92 of its being a common component of speech. Having been shown by the last examples of Merinzer and May that speech disturbance may be caused through the influence of fore-sounds, after- sounds, words from the same sentence that were intended for expression, as well as through the effect of words outside the sentence intended, the stimulus of which would otherwise not have been suspected, we shall next wish to discover whether we can definitely separate the two classes of mistakes in speech, and how we can distinguish [p. 79] the example of the one from a case of the other class. But at this stage of the discussion we must also think of the assertions of Wundt, who deals with the manifestations of speech-mistakes in his recent work on the development of language. [4] Psychic influences, according to Wundt, never lack in these as well as in other phenomena related to them. The uninhibited stream of sound and word associations stimulated by spoken sounds belongs here in the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 93 first place as a positive determinant. This is supported as a negative factor by the relaxation or suppression of the influences of the will which inhibit this stream, and by the active attention which is here a function of volition. Whether that play of association manifests itself in the fact that a coming sound is anticipated or a preceding sound reproduced, or whether a familiar practised sound becomes intercalated between others, or finally, whether it manifests itself in the fact that altogether different sounds associatively related to the spoken sounds act upon these -- all these questions designate only differences in the direction, and at most in the play of the occurring associations but not in the general nature of the same. In some cases it may be also doubtful to which form a certain disturbance may be attributed, or whether it would not be more correct to refer [p. 80] such disturbance to a concurrence of motives, following the principle of the complication of causes [5] (cf . pp. 380 - 81).\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 94 I consider these observations of Wundt as absolutely justified and very instructive. Perhaps we could emphasize with even greater firmness than Wundt that the positive factor favouring mistakes in speech (the uninhibited stream of associations, and its negative, the relaxation of the inhibiting attention) regularly attain synchronous action, so that both factors only different determinants of the same process. With the relaxation, or, more unequivocal pressed, through this relaxation, of the uninhibited attention the uninhibited stream of associations becomes active. Among the examples of the mistakes in collected by me I can scarcely find one in I would be obliged to attribute the speech disturbance simply and solely to what Wundt calls \"contact effect of sound.\" Almost invariably I discover besides this a disturbing influence something outside of the intended speech. The disturbing element is either a single unconscious thought, which comes to light through the special blunder, and can only be Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 95 brought to consciousness through a searching analysis, or it is a general psychic motive, which directs against the entire speech. [p. 81] (Example a) Seeing my daughter make an unpleasant face while biting into an apple, I wished to quote the following couplet: -- \"The ape he is a funny sight, When in the apple he takes a bite.\" But I began: \" The apel . . .\" This seems to be a contamination of \"ape\" and \"apple\" (compromise formation), or it may be also conceived as an anticipation of the prepared \"apple.\" The true state of affairs, however, was this: I began the quotation once before, and made no mistake the first time. I made the mistake only during the repetition, which was necessary because my daughter, having been distracted from another side, did not listen to me. This repetition with the added impatience to disburden myself of the sentence I must include in the motivation of the speech- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 96 blunder, which represented itself as a function of condensation. (b) My daughter said, \"I wrote to Mrs. Schresinger.\" The woman's name was Schlesinger. This speech-blunder may depend on the tendency to facilitate articulation. I must state, however, that this mistake was made by my daughter a few moments after I had said apel, instead of ape. Mistakes in speech are in a great measure contagious; a similar peculiarity was noticed by Meringer and Mayer in the forgetting [p. 82] of names. I know of no reason for this contagiousness. (c) \" I sut up like a pocket-knife,\" patient in the beginning of treatment, in \"I shut up.\" This suggests a difficulty of articulation which may serve as an excuse for interchanging of sounds. When her attention was called to the speech-blunder, she promptly replied, \"Yes, that happened because you said 'earnesht' instead of 'earnest.' \" As a of fact I received her with the remark, \"To-day we shall be in earnest\" (because it was the last hour before her Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 97 discharge from treatment), jokingly changed the word into earnesht. In the course of the hour she repeatedly made in mistakes speech, and I finally observed that it only because she imitated me but because she had a special reason in her unconscious to linger on the word earnest (Ernst) as a name. [6] (d) A woman, speaking about a game invented by her children and called by them \"the man in the box,\" said \"the manx in the boc.\" I could [p. 83] readily understand her mistake. It was while analysing her dream, in which her husband is depicted as very generous in money matters -- just the reverse of reality -- that she made this speech- blunder. The day before she had asked for a new set of furs, which her husband denied her, claiming that he could not afford to spend so much money. She upbraided him for his stinginess, \"for putting away so much into the strongbox,\" and mentioned a friend whose husband has not nearly his income, and yet he presented his wife with a mink coat for her birthday. The mistake is now comprehensible. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 98 word manx (manks) reduces itself to the \"minks\" which she longs for, and the box refers to her husband's stinginess. (e) A similar mechanism is shown in the mistake of another patient whose memory deserted her in the midst of a long-forgotten childish reminiscence. Her memory failed to inform her on what part of the body the prying and lustful hand of another had touched her. Soon thereafter she Visited one of her friends, with whom she discussed summer homes. Asked where her cottage in M. was located, she answered, \"Near the mountain loin\" instead of \"mountain lane.\" (f) Another patient, whom I asked at the end of her visit how her uncle was, answered: \"I don't know, I only see him now in flagranti.\" The following day she said, \"I am really [p. 84] ashamed of myself for having given you yesterday such a stupid answer. Naturally you must have thought me a very uneducated person always mistakes the meaning of foreign words I wished to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 99 say en passant.\" We did not know at the time where she got the incorrectly used foreign words, but during the same session she reproduced a reminiscence as a continuation the theme from the previous day, in which being caught in flagranti played the principal part. The mistake of the previous day had therefore anticipated the recollection, which at that had not yet become conscious. (g) In discussing her summer plans, a patient said, \"I shall remain most of the summer in Elberlon.\" She noted her mistake, and asked me to analyse it. The associations to Elberton elicited: seashore on the Jersey coast -- summer resort -- vacation travelling. This recalled travelling in Europe with her cousin, a topic which we had discussed the day before during the analysis of a dream. The dream dealt with her dislike for this cousin, and she admitted that it was due to the fact that the latter was the favourite of the man whom they met together while travelling abroad. During the dream Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 100 analysis she not recall the name of the city in which they met this man, and I did not make any effort time to bring it to her consciousness, as we were then engrossed in a totally different problem. When [p. 85] asked to focus her attention again on Elberton and reproduce her associations, she said, \"It brings to mind Elberlawn-lawn-field-and- Elberfield.\"Elberleld\" was the lost name of the city in Germany. Here the mistake served to bring to consciousness in a concealed manner a memory which was connected with a painful feeling. (h) A woman said to me, \" If you wish to buy a carpet, go to Merchant (Kaufmann) in Matthew Street (Mathdusgasse).\" I repeated, \" Then at Matthew's -- I mean at Merchant's --\" It would seem that my repeating of one name in place of the other was simply the result of distraction. The woman's remark really did distract me, as she turned my attention to something else much more vital to me than carpet. In Matthew Street stands the house in which my wife lived as a bride, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 101 entrance to the house was in another street, and now I noticed that I had forgotten its name and could only recall it through a roundabout method. The name Matthew, which kept only attention, is thus a substitutive name for the forgotten name of the street. It is more suitable than the name Merchant, for Matthew is exclusively the name of a person, while Merchant is lot. The forgotten street, too, bears the name of a person: Radetzky. (i) A patient consulted me for the first time, and from her history it became apparent that [p. 86] the cause of her nervousness was largely happy married life. Without any encouragement she went into details about her marital troubles. She had not lived with her husband for about six months, and she saw him last at the theatre when she saw the play Officer 606. I her attention to the mistake, and she immediately corrected herself, saying that she to say Officer 666 (the name of a recent popular play). I decided to find out the reason for the mistake, and as the patient came for analytic Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 102 treatment, I discovered that immediate cause of the rupture between herself and husband was the disease which is treated by \"606.\" [7] (k) Before calling on me a patient telephone for an appointment, and also wished to be informed about my consultation fee. He was told that the first consultation was ten dollars; after the examination was over he again as what he was to pay, and added: \" I don't like to owe money to any one, especially to doctors; I prefer to pay right away.\" Instead of he said play. His last voluntary remarks and his mistake put me on my guard, but after a few more uncalled-for remarks he set me at ease by taking money from his pocket. He counted four paper dollars and was very [p. 87] chagrined and surprised because he had no more money with him, and promised to send me a cheque for the balance. I was sure that his mistake betrayed him, that he was only playing with me, but there was nothing to be done. At the end of a few weeks I sent him a bill for the balance, and the letter was returned to me Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 103 by the post-office authorities marked \"Not found.\" (l) Miss X. spoke very warmly of Mr. Y., which was rather strange, as before this she had always expressed her indifference, not to say her contempt, for him. On being asked about this sudden change of heart she said: \"I really never had anything against him; he was always nice to me, but I never gave him the chance to cultivate my acquaintance.\" She said \"cuptivate.\" This neologism was a contamination of cultivate and captivate, and foretold the coming betrothal. (m) An illustration of the mechanisms of contamination and condensation will be found in the following lapsus linguæ. Speaking of Miss Z., Miss W. depicted her as a very \"straitlaced\" person who was not given to levities, etc. Miss X. thereupon remarked: \"Yes, that is a very characteristic description, she always appealed to me as very 'straicet-brazed.' \" Here the mistake resolved itself into straitlaced and brazen-laced, which corresponded to Miss W.'s opinion of Miss Z. [p. 88] Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 104 (n) I shall quote a number of example a paper by my colleague, Dr. W. Stekel, which appeared in the Berlin Tageblaltt of January 1904, entitled \"Unconscious Confessions\". \"An unpleasant trick of my unpleasant thoughts was revealed by the following example: To begin with, I may state that in my capacity as a physician I never consider my remuneration: but always keep in view the patient's interest only: this goes without saying. I was visiting a patient who was convalescing from a serious illness. We had passed through hard days and nights. I was happy to find her improved, and I portrayed to her the pleasures of a sojourn in Abbazia, concluding with: 'If, as I hope, you will not soon leave your bed.' This obviously came from an unconscious selfish motive, to be able to continue treating wealthy patient, a wish which is entirely foreign to my waking consciousness, and which I would reject with indignation.\" (o) Another example (Dr. W. Stekel): My Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 105 wife engaged a French governess for the afternoons, and later, coming to a satisfactory agreement, wished to retain her testimonials. The governess begged to be allowed to keep them, saying, 'Je cherche encore pour les après-midis -- pardons, pour les avant-midis.' She appar intended to seek another place which would perhaps offer more profitable arrangements -- an intention which she carried out.\" [p. 89] (p) I was to give a lecture to a woman. Her husband, upon whose request this was done, stood behind the door listening. At the end of my sermonizing, which had made a visible impression, I said: \"Good-bye, sir !\" To the experienced person I thus betrayed the fact that the words were directed towards the husband; that I had spoken to oblige him. (q) Dr. Stekel reports about himself that he had under treatment at the same time two patients from Triest, each of whom he always addressed incorrectly. \"Good morning, Mr. Peloni!\" he would Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 106 say to Askoli, and to Peloni, \" Good morning, Mr. Askoli !\" He was at first inclined to attribute no deeper motive to this mistake, but to explain it through a number of similarities in both persons. However, he easily convinced himself that here the interchange of names bespoke a sort of boast -- that is, he was acquainting each of his Italian patients with the fact that neither was the only resident of Triest who came to Vienna in search of his medical advice. (r) Two women stopped in front of a drugstore, and one said to her companion, \"If you will wait a few moments I'll soon be back,\" but she said movements instead. She was on her way to buy some castoria for her child. (s) Mr. L., who is fonder of being called on than of calling, spoke to me through the [p. 90] telephone from a nearby summer resort. He wanted to know when I would pay him a visit. I reminded him that it was his turn to visit me, and called his attention to the fact that, as was the happy Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 107 possessor of an automobile would be easier for him to call on me. (We were at different summer resorts, separated about one half-hour's railway trip.) He gladly promised to call, and asked: \"How about Labour Day (September 1st), will it be convenient for you? \"When I answered affirmatively, he said, \"Very well, then, put me down for Election Day\" (November). His mistake was quite plain. He likes to visit me, but it was inconvenient to travel so far. November we would both be in the city. My analysis proved correct. (t) A friend described to me a nervous patient, and wished to know whether I could benefit him. I remarked: \"I believe that in time I can remove all his symptoms by psychoanalysis because it is a durable case\" wishing to say \"curable\"! (u) I repeatedly addressed my patient as Mrs. Smith, her married daughter's name, when her real name is Mrs. James. My attention having been called to it, I soon discovered that I had another patient of the same name who refused to pay for the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 108 treatment. Mrs. Smith was also my patient and paid her bills promptly. [p. 91] (v) A lapsus linguæ sometimes stands for a particular characteristic. A young woman, who is the domineering spirit in her home, said of her ailing husband that he had consulted the doctor about a wholesome diet for himself and then added: \"The doctor said that diet has nothing to do with his ailments, and that he can eat and drink what I want.\" (w) I cannot omit this excellent and instructive example, although, according to my authority, it is about twenty years old. A lady once expressed herself in society -- the very words show that they were uttered with fervour and under the pressure of a great many secret emotions: \"Yes, a woman must be pretty if she is to please the men. A man is much better off. As long as he has five straight limbs, he needs no more !\" This example affords us a good insight into the intimate mechanisms of a mistake in speech by Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 109 means of condensation and contamination (cf. p. 72). It is quite obvious that we have here a fusion of two similar modes of expression: -- \"As long as he has his four straight limbs.\" \" As long as he has all his five senses.\" Or the term \"straight\" may be the common element of the two intended expressions: -- \"As long as he has his straight limbs.\" \"All five should be straight.\" [p. 92] It may also be assumed that both modes of expression -- viz., those of the five senses and those of the straight five -- have co-operated to introduce into the sentence about the straight limbs first a number and then the mysterious five instead of the simple four. But this fusion surely would not have succeeded if it had not expressed good sense in the form resulting from the mistake; if it had not expressed a cynical truth which, naturally, could not be uttered unconcealed, coming as it did from a woman. Finally, we shall not hesitate to call attention Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 110 to the fact that the woman's saying, following wording, could just as well be an excellent witticism as a jocose speech-blunder. It is simply a question whether she uttered these words with conscious or unconscious intention. The behaviour of the speaker in this case certainly speaks against the conscious intention, and thus excludes wit. (x) Owing to similarity of material, I add here another case of speech-blunder, the interpretation of which requires less skill. A professor of anatomy strove to explain the nostril, which, as is known, is a very difficult anatomical structure. To his question whether his audience grasped his ideas he received an affirmative reply. The professor, known self-esteem, thereupon remarked: \"I can hardly believe this, for the number of people who [p. 93] understand the nostril, even in a city of millions like Vienna, can be counted on a finger -- pardon me, I meant to say on the fingers of a hand.\" (y) I am indebted to Dr. Alf. Robitsek, of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 111 Vienna, for calling my attention to two speech- blunders from an old French author, which I shall reproduce in the original. Brantôme (1527-1614), Vies des Dames galantries, Discours second: \" Si ay-je cogneu une très belle et honneste dame de par le monde, qui, devisant avec un honneste gentilhomme de la cour des affaires de la guerre durant ces civiles, elle luy dit: 'J'ay ouy dire que le roy a faiet rompre tous les c -- de ce pays là.' Elle vouloit dire le ponts. Pensez que, venant de coucher d'avec son mary, ou songeant à son amant, elle avoit encor ce nom frais en la bouche; et le gentilhomme s'en eschauffer en amours d'elle pour ce mot. \"Une autre dame que j'ai cogneue, entretenant une autre grand dame plus qu'elle, et luy louant et exaltant ses beautez, elle luy dit après : 'Non, madame, ce que je vous en dis, ce n'est point pour vous adultérer; voulant dire adulater, comme elle le rhabilla ainsi : pensez qu'elle songeoit à adultérer.\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 112 In the psychotherapeutic procedure which I employ in the solution and removal of neurotic symptoms, I am often confronted with the task of discovering from the accidental utterances and [p. 94] fancies of the patient the thought contents, which, though striving for concealment, nevertheless intentionally betray themselves. In doing this the mistakes often perform the most valuable, service, as I can show through most convincing and still most singular examples. For example, patients speak of an aunt and later, without noting the mistake, call her \"my mother, or designate a husband as a \"brother.\" In this way they attract my attention to the fact that they have \"identified\" these person with each other, that they have placed them same category, which for their emotional life signifies the recurrence of the same type. Or, a young man of twenty years presents himself during my office hours with these words: \"I am the father of N. N., whom you have treated -- pardon me, I mean the brother; why, he Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 113 is four years older than I.\" I understand though this mistake that he wishes to express that, like the brother, he, too, is ill through the fault the father; like his brother, he wishes to be cured, but that the father is the one most need of treatment. At other times an unusual arrangement of words, or a forced expression is sufficient to disclose in the speech of the patient the participation of a repressed thought having a different motive. Hence, in coarse as well as in finer speech disturbances, which may, nevertheless, be [p. 95] sumed as \" speech-blunders,\" I find that it is not the not the contact effects of the thoughts outside the intended speech, which determine the origin of the speech-blunder, and also suffice to explain the newly formed, mistakes in speech. I do not doubt the laws whereby the sounds produce changes upon one another; but they alone do not appear to me sufficiently forcible to mar the correct execution of speech. In those cases which I have studied and investigated more closely they merely represent the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 114 preformed mechanism, which is conveniently utilized by a more remote psychic motive. The latter does not, however, form a part of the sphere of influence of these sound relations. In a large number of substitutions caused by mistakes in talking there is an entire absence of such phonetic laws. In this respect I am in full accord with Wundt, who likewise assumes that the conditions underlying speech- blunders are complex and go far beyond the contact effect of the sounds. If I accept as certain \"these more remote psychic influences,\" following Wundt's expression, there is still nothing to detain me from conceding also that in accelerated speech, with a certain amount of diverted attention, the causes of speech- blunder may be easily limited to the definite law of Meringer and Mayer. However, in a number of examples gathered by these [p. 96] authors a more complicated solution is apparent. In some forms of speech-blunders we may assume that the disturbing factor is the of striking Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 115 against obscene words and meanings. The purposive disfigurement and distortion of words and phrases, which is so popular with vulgar persons, aims at nothing else but the employing of a harmless motive as a reminder of the obscene, and this sport is so frequent that it would not be at all remarkable if appeared unintentionally and contrary to the will. I trust that the readers will not depreciate the value of these interpretations, for which there no proof, and of these examples which I have myself collected and explained by means of analysis. But if secretly I still cherish the expectation that even the apparently simple of speech-blunder will be traced to a disturbance caused by a half-repressed idea cuts the intended context, I am tempted to it noteworthy observation of Meringer. This author asserts that it is remarkable that nobody wishes to admit having made a mistake in speaking. There are many intelligent and honest people who are offended if we tell them that they made a mistake in speaking. I would not risk making this assertion as Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 116 general as Meringer, using the term \"nobody.\" But the emotional trace which clings to the demonstration [p. 97] of the mistake, which manifestly belongs to the nature of shame, has its significance. It may be classed with the anger displayed- at the inability to recall a forgotten name, and with the surprise at the tenaciousness of an apparently indifferent memory, and it invariably points to the participation of a motive in the formation of the disturbance. The distorting of names amounts to an insult when done intentionally, and could have the same significance in a whole series of cases where it appears as unintentional speech-blunders. The person who, according to Mayer's report, once said \"Freuder\" instead of \"Freud,\" because shortly before he pronounced the name \"Breuer (p. 38), and who at another time spoke of the Freuer-Breudian\" method (p. 28), was certainly not particularly enthusiastic over this method. Later, under the mistakes in writing, I shall report a case of name Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 117 disfigurement which certainly admits of no other explanation. [8] As a disturbing element in these cases there is an intermingling of a criticism which be omitted, because at the time being it does not correspond to the intention of the speaker. Or it may be just the reverse; the subsituted name, or the adoption of the strange name, signifies an appreciation of the same. The identification which is brought about by mistake is equivalent to a recognition which for the moment must remain in the background. An experience of this kind from his schooldays is related by Dr. Ferenczi: -- \"While in my first year at college I obliged to recite a poem before the whole class. [p. 99] It was the first experience of the kind in my life, but I was well prepared. As soon as I began my recitation I was dismayed at being disturbed by an outburst of laughter. The professor later explained to me this strange reception. I started by giving the title 'From the Distance,' which was correct, but instead of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 118 giving the name of the real author, I mentioned -- my own. The name of the poet is Alexander Petöfi. The identity of the first name with my own favoured the interchange of names, but the real reason was surely the fact that I identified myself at that time with the celebrated poet-hero. Even consciously I entertained for him a love and respect which verged on adora- [p. 100] tion. The whole ambition- complex hides it under this faulty action.\" A similar identification was reported to me concerning a young physician who timidly and reverently introduced himself to the celebrated Virchow with the following words: \" I am Dr. Virchow.\" The surprised professor turned to him and asked, \"Is your name also Virchow\" I do not know how the ambitious young man justified his speech- blunder, whether he thought of the charming excuse that he imagined himself so insignificant next to this big man that his own name slipped from him, or whether I had the courage to admit that he hoped that he too would some day be as great a man Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 119 Virchow, and that the professor should therefore, not treat him in too disparaging a manner. One or both of these thoughts may have put young man in an embarrassing position during the introduction. Owing to very personal motives I must it undecided whether a similar interpretation may also apply in the case to be cited. At the International Congress in Amsterdam, in 1907 my theories of hysteria were the subject of a lively discussion. One of my most violent opponents, in his diatribe against me, repeatedly made mistakes in speech in such a manner that he put himself in my place and spoke name. He said, for example, \"Breuer and I, [p. 101] as is well known, have demonstrated,\" etc., when he wished to say \"Breuer and Freud.\" The name of this opponent does not show the slightest sound similarity to my own. From this example, as well as from other cases of interchanging names in speech- blunders, we are reminded of the fact that the speech-blunder can fully forego the facility afforded to it through similar sounds, and can achieve its Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 120 purpose if only supported in content by concealed relations. In other and more significant cases it is a self-criticism, an internal contradiction against one's own utterance, which causes the speech-blunder, and even forces a contrasting substitution for the one intended. We then observe with surprise how the wording of an assertion removes the purpose of the same, and how the error in speech lays bare the inner dishonesty. Here the lapsus linguæ becomes a mimicking form of expression, often, indeed, for the expression of what one does not wish to say. It is, thus a means of self-betrayal. Brill, relates: \"I had recently been consulted by a woman who showed many paranoid trends, and as she had no relatives who could co-operate with me, I urged her to enter a State hospital as a voluntary patient. She was quite willing to do so, but on the following day she told me that her friends with whom she leased an [p. 102] apartment objected to her going to a hospital as it would Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 121 interfere with their plans, and so on. I lost patience and said: 'There is no use listening to your friends who know nothing about your mental condition; you are quite incompetent to take care of your own affairs.' I meant to say 'competent.' Here the lapus linguæ expressed my true opinion.\" Favoured by chance the speech material often gives origin to examples of speech-blunders which serve to bring about an overwhelming revelation or a full comic effect, as shown by the following examples reported by Brill: -- \"A wealthy but not very generous host invited his friends for an evening dance. Everything went well until about 11:30 P.M., when was an intermission, presumably for supper. To the great disappointment of most of the guests there was no supper; instead, they were regaled with thin sandwiches and lemonade. As it was close to Election day the conversation centered on the different candidates; and as the discussion grew warmer, one of the guests, an ardent admirer of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 122 Progressive Party candidate, marked to the host: 'You may say what please about Teddy, but there is one thing can always be relied upon; he always gives you a square meal,' wishing to say square deal. The assembled guests burst into a roar of laughter to the great embarrassment of the speaker [p. 103] and the host, who fully understood each other.\" \"While writing a prescription for a woman who was especially weighed down by the financial burden of the treatment, I was interested to hear her say suddenly: 'Please do not give me big bills, because I cannot swallow them.' Of course she meant to say pills.\" The following example illustrates a rather serious case of self-betrayal through a mistake in talking. Some accessory details justify, full reproduction as first printed by Dr. A. A. Brill. [9] \"While walking one night with Dr. Frink we accidentally met a colleague, Dr. P., whom I had not seen for years, and of whose private life I knew Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 123 nothing. We were naturally very pleased to meet again, and on my invitation he accompanied us to a café, where we spent about two hours in pleasant conversation. To my question as to whether he was married he gave a negative answer, and added, 'Why should a man like me marry?' \"On leaving the cafe, he suddenly turned to me and said: 'I should like to know what you would do in a case like this: I know a nurse [p. 104] who was named as co-respondent in a divorce case. The wife sued the husband for divorce and named her as co-respondent, and he got the divorce.' I interrupted him, saying, 'You mean she got the divorce.' He immediately corrected himself, saying, 'Yes, she got the divorce,' and continued to tell how the excitement of the trial had affected this nurse to such an extent that she became nervous and took to drink. He wanted me to advise him how to treat her. \"As soon as I had corrected his mistake I asked him to explain it, but, as is usually the case he was surprised at my question. He wanted to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 124 know whether a person had no right, to make mistakes in talking. I explained to him that there is a reason for every mistake and that if he had not told me that he was unmarried, I would say that he was the hero of the divorce case in question, and that the mistake showed that he wished he had obtained the divorce instead of his wife, so as not to obliged to pay alimony and to be permitted marry again in New York State. \"He stoutly denied my interpretation, but his emotional agitation, followed by loud laughter only strengthened my suspicions. To my appeal that he should tell the truth 'for science' sake he said, 'Unless you wish me to lie you must believe that I was never married, and hence your [p. 105] psychoanalytic interpretation is all wrong.' He, however, added that it was dangerous to be with a person who paid attention to such little things. Then he suddenly remembered that he had another appointment and left us. \"Both Dr. Frink and I were convinced that Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 125 my interpretation of his lapsus linguæ was correct, and I decided to corroborate or disprove it by further investigation. The next day I found a neighbour and old friend of Dr. P., who confirmed my interpretation in every particular. The divorce was granted to Dr. P.'s wife a few weeks before, and a nurse was named as co-respondent. A few weeks later I met Dr. P., and he told me that he was thoroughly convinced of the Freudian mechanisms.\" The self-betrayal is just as plain in the following case reported by Otto Rank: -- A father who was devoid of all patriotic feeling and desirous of educating his children to be just as free from this superfluous sentiment, reproached his sons for participating in a patriotic demonstration, and rejected their reference to a similar behaviour of their uncle with these words: \"You are not obliged to imitate him; why, he is an idiot.\" The astonished features of the children at their father's unusual tone aroused him to the fact that he had made a mistake, and he remarked Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 126 apologetically, \"Of course I wished to say patriot.\" [p. 106] When such a speech-blunder occurs in a serious squabble and reverses the intended meaning of one of the disputants, it at once puts him at a disadvantage with his adversary a disadvantage which the latter seldom fails to utilize. This clearly shows that although people are unwilling to accept the theory of my conception and are not inclined to forego the convenience that is connected with the tolerance of a faulty action, they neverthelesss interpret speech-blunders and other faulty acts in a manner similar to the one presented in this book. The merriment and derision which are sure to be evoked at the decisive moment through such linguistic mistakes speak conclusively against the generally accepted convention that such a speech-blunder is a lapsus lingæ and, psychologically of no importance. It was no less a man than the German Chancellor, Prince B&uumul;low, who endeavoured to save the situation through such a protest when the wording Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 127 of his defence of his Emperor (November 1907) turned into the opposite through speech-blunder. \"Concerning the present, the new epoch of Emperor Wilhelm II, I can only repeat what I said a year ago, that it would be unfair and unjust to speak of a coterie of responsible advisers around our Emperor (loud calls, 'Irresponsible !) -- to speak of irresponsible advisers. Pardon the lapsus linguæ\" (hilarity). A nice example of speech-blunder, which aims not so much at the betrayal of the speaker as at the enlightenment of the listener outside the scene, is found in Wallenstein (Piccolomini, Act I, Scene 5), and shows us that the poet who here uses this means is well versed in the mechanism and intent of speech-blunders. In the preceding scene Max Piccolomini was passionately in favour of the ducal party, and was enthusiastic over the blessings of the peace which became known to him in the course of a journey while accompanying Wallenstein's daughter to the encampment. He Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 128 leaves his father and the Court ambassador, Questenberg, in great consternation. The scene proceeds as follows: -- QUESTENBERG. Woe unto us! Are matters thus? Friend, should we allow him to go there with this false opinion, and not recall him at once in order to open his eyes instantly. OCTAVIO (rousing himself from profound meditation). He has already opened mine, and I see more than pleases me. QUESTENBERG. What is it, friend ? OCTAVIO. A curse on that journey! QUESTENBERG. Why? What is it? OCTAVIO. Come! I must immediately follow the unlucky trail, must see with my own eyes - come -- (Wishes to lead him away.) QUESTENBERG. What is the matter? Where ? OCTAVIO (urging). To her! QUESTENBERG. To -- ? OCTAVIO (corrects himself). To the duke! Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 129 Let us go, etc, [p. 108] The slight speech-blunder to her in place of to him is meant to betray to us the fact that the father has seen through his son's motive for espousing the other cause, while the courtier complains that \"he speaks to him altogether in riddles.\" Another example wherein a poet makes use of a speech-blunder was discovered by Otto Rank in Shakespeare. I quote Rank's report from the Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse, I. 3.\" A poetic speech-blunder, very delicately motivated and technically remarkably utilized, which, like the one pointed out by Freud in Wallenstein (Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens, 2nd Edition, p. 48), not only shows that poets knew the mechanism and sense of this error, but also presupposes an understanding of it on the part of the hearer, can be found in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice (Act Ill, Scene 2). By the will of her fathers Portia was bound to select a husband through a lottery. She escaped Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 130 all her distasteful suitors by lucky chance. When she finally found in Bassanio the suitor after her own heart, she had cause to fear lest he, too, should draw the unlucky lottery.' In the scene she would to tell him that even if he chose the wrong casket, he might, nevertheless, be sure of love. But she is hampered by her vow. In this mental conflict the poet puts these words [p. 109] in her mouth, which were directed to the welcome suitor: -- \"There is something tells me (but it is not love), I would not lose you; and you know yourself Hate counsels not in such a quality. But lest you should not understand me well (And yet a maiden hath no tongue but thought), I would detain you here some month or two, Before you venture for me. I could teach you How to choose right, but then I am forsworn So will I never be; so may you miss me; But if you do, you'll make me wish a sin, That I had been forsworn. Beshrew your eyes, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 131 They have overlooked me, and divided me: One half of me is yours, the other half yours -- Mine own, I would say; but if mine, then yours -- And so all yours.\" \"Just the very thing which she would like to hint to him gently, because really she should keep it from him, namely, that even before the choice she is wholly his -- that she loves him, the poet, with admirable psychologic sensitiveness, allows to come to the surface in the speech-blunder. It is through this artifice that he manages to allay the intolerable uncertainty of the lover as well as the like tension of the hearer concerning the outcome of the choice.\" The interest merited by the confirmation of our conception of speech-blunders through the great poets justifies the citation of a third example which was reported by Dr. E. Jones [10] \"Our great novelist, George Meredith, in his masterpiece, The Egoist, shows an even finer understanding of the mechanism. The plot of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 132 novel is, shortly, as follows: Sir Willoughby Patterne, an aristocrat greatly admired by his circle, becomes engaged to a Miss Constantia Durham. She discovers in him an intense egoism, which he skilfully conceals from the world, and to escape the marriage she elopes with a Captain Oxford. Some years later Patterne becomes engaged to a Miss Middleton, and most of the book is taken up with a detailed description of the conflict that arises in her mind on also discovering his egotism. External circumstances and her conception of honour hold her to her pledge, while he becomes more and more distasteful in her eyes. She partly confided in his cousin and secretary, Vernon Whitford, the man whom she ultimately marries, but from a mixture of motives stands aloof. \"In the soliloquy Clara speaks as follows: 'If some noble gentleman could see me as I am and not disdain to aid me! Oh I to be caught out of this prison of thorns and brambles I cannot tear my own way out. I am a coward. A beckoning of a finger Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 133 would change me, I believe. I could fly bleeding and through hootings to a comrade. . . . Constantia met a soldier. Perhaps she prayed and her prayer was [p. 111] answered. She did ill. But, oh, how I love her for it! His name was Harry Oxford. . . . She did not waver, she cut the links, she signed herself over. Oh, brave girl, what do you think of me? But I have no Harry Whitford; I am alone. . . .' The sudden consciousness that she had put another name for Oxford struck her a buffet, drowning her in crimson. \"The fact that both men's names end in 'ford' evidently renders the confounding of them more easy, and would by many be regarded as an adequate cause for this, but the real underlying motive for it is plainly indicated by the author. In another passage the same lapsus occurs, and is followed by the hesitation and change of subject that one is familiar with in psychoanalysis when a half-conscious complex is touched. Sir Willoughby patronizingly says of Whitford: 'False alarm. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 134 resolution to do anything unaccustomed is quite beyond poor old Vernon.' Clara replies: 'But if Mr. Oxford -- Whitford . . . your swans, coming sailing up the lake; how beautiful they look when they are indignant! I was going to ask you, surely men witnessing a marked admiration for some one else will naturally be discouraged? ' Sir Willoughby stiffened with sudden enlightenment. In still another passage Clara, by another lapsus, betrays her secret wish that she was on [p. 112] a more intimate footing with Vernon Whitford. Speaking to a boy friend, she says, 'Tell Mr. Vernon -- tell Mr. Whitford.' \" The conception of speech-blunders here defended can be readily verified in the smallest details. I have been able to demonstrate repeatedly that the most insignificant and most natural cases of speech-blunders have their good sense, and admit of the same interpretation as the more striking examples. A patient who, contrary to my wishes but with firm personal motives, decided upon a short Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 135 trip to Budapest justified herself by saying that she was for only three days, but she blundered said for only three weeks. She, betrayed her secret feeling that, to spite me, she preferred spending three weeks to three days in that society which I considered unfit for her. One evening, wishing to excuse myself for not having called for my wife at the theatre, I said: \"I was at the theatre at ten minutes after ten.\" I was corrected: \"You meant to say ten o'clock.\" Naturally I wanted to say before ten. After ten would certainly be no excuse. I had been told that the theatre programme read, \"Finished before ten o'clock.\" We arrived at the theatre I found the foyer dark and the theatre empty. Evidently the performance was over earlier and my wife did not wait me. When I looked at the clock it still wanted [p. 113] five minutes to ten. I determined to make my case more favourable at home, and say that it was ten minutes to ten. Unfortunately, the speech-blunder spoiled the intent and laid bare my dishonesty, in which I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 136 acknowledged more than there really was to confess. This leads us to those speech disturbances which can no longer be described as speech- blunders, for they do not injure the individual word., but affect the rhythm and execution of the entire speech, as, for example, the stammering and stuttering of embarrassment. But here, as in the former cases, it is the inner conflict that is betrayed to us through the disturbance in speech. I really do not believe that any one will make mistakes in talking in an audience with His Majesty, in a serious love declaration, or in defending one's name and honour before a jury; in short, people make no mistakes where they are all there as the saying goes. Even in criticizing an author's style we are allowed and accustomed to follow the principle of explanation, which we cannot miss in the origin of a single speech-blunder. A clear and unequivocal manner of writing shows us that here the author is in harmony with himself, but where we find a forced Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 137 and involved expression aiming at more target, as appropriately expressed, we can thereby recognize the participation of an unfinished and complicated [p. 114] thought, or we can hear through it the stifle voice of the author's self-criticism. [11] Footnotes [1] These examples are given by the editor. [2] Those who are interested are referred to pp. 62-97 of the author's work. [3] Neue Freie Presse, August 23, 1900: \"Wie man sich versprechen kann.\" [4] Völker psychologie, vol. I., pt. I., p. 371, ect., 1900 [5] Italics are mine. [6] It turned out that she was under the influence conscious thoughts concerning pregnancy and prevention of conception. With the words \"shut up like a knife,\" which she uttered consciously as a complaint, she meant to describe the position of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 138 child in the womb. The word \"earnest\" in my remark recalled to her the name (S. Ernst) of the well- known Vienna business firm in Ka&uml;rthner Strasse, which used to advertise the sale of articles for the prevention of conception. [7] Similar mistakes dealing with Officer 666 were reported to me by other psycho-analysts. [8] It may be observed that aristocrats in particular very frequently distort the names of the physicians they consult, from which we may conclude that inwardly they slight them, in spite of the politeness with which they are wont to greet them. I shall cite here some excellent observations concerning the forgetting of names from the works of Professor E. Jones, of Toronto : Papers on Psycho-analysis, chap. iii. p. 49 : -- \"Few people can avoid feeling a twinge of resentment when they find that their name has been forgotten, particularly if it is by some one with whom they had hoped or expected it would be remembered. They instinctively realize if they had Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 139 made a greater impression on the person's mind he would certainly have remembered them again, for the name is an integral part of the personality. Similarly, few things are more flattering to most people than to find themselves addressed by name by a great person where they could hardly have anticipated it. Napoleon, like most leaders of men, was a master of this art. In the midst of the disastrous campaign of France in 1814, he gave a proof of his memory in this direction. When in a town near Craonne, he recollected that he had met the mayor, De Bussy, over twenty years ago in the La Fère Regiment. The delighted De Bussy at once threw himself into his service with extraordinary zeal. Conversely, there is no surer of affronting some one than by pretending to forget his name; the insinuation is thus conveyed that the person is so unimportant in our eyes that we cannot be bothered to remember his name. This device is often exploited in literature. In Turgentev's Smoke (p. 255) the following passage occurs: \" 'So you still Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 140 find Baden entertaining, M'sieur -- Litvinov.' Ratmirov always uttered Litvinov's surname with hesitation, every time, as though he had forgotten it, and could not at once recall it. In this way, as well as by the lofty flourish of his hat in saluting him, he meant to insult his pride.\" The same author, in his Fathers and Children (p. 107), writes : \"The Governor invited Kirsanov and Bazarov to his ball, and within a few minutes invited them a second time, regarding them as brothers, and calling them Kisarov.\" Here the forgetting that he had spoken to them, the mistake in the names, and the inability to distinguish between the two young men, constitute a culmination of disparagement. Falsification of a name has the same signification as forgetting it; it is only a step towards complete amnesia.\" [9] Zentralb. f. Psychoanalyse, ii., Jahrg. I. Cf. also Brill's Psychanalysis: Its Theories and Practical Application, p. 202. Saunders, Philadelphia and London. [10] Jones, Papers on Psycho-analysis, p. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 141 60. [11] \"Ce qu'on conçoit bien Sénonce clairement, Et les mots pour le dire Arrivent aisément.\" Boileau, Art Poétique. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 142 Chapter 6 Mistakes in Reading and Writing That the same view-points and observation should hold true for mistakesin reading and writing as for lapses in speech is not at all surprisingwhen one remembers the inner relation of these functions. I shall hereconfine myself to the reports of several carefully analysed examples andshall make no attempt to include all of the phenomena. A. LAPSES IN READING. (a) While looking over a number of the Leipziger Illustrierten,which I was holding obliquely, I read as the title of the front-page picture,\"A Wedding Celebration in the Odyssey.\" Astonished and with my attentionaroused, I moved the page into the proper position only to read correctly,\"A Wedding Celebration in the Ostsee (Baltic Sea).\" How did this senselessmistake in reading come about? Immediately my thoughts turned to a book Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 143 by Ruth, Experimental Investigationsof \"Music Phantoms,\" etc., with which I had recently been [p.118] much occupied, as it closely touched the psychologic problems thatare of interest to me. The author promised a work in the near future tobe called Analysis and Principles of Dream Phenomena. No wonderthat I, having just published an Interpretation of Dreams, awaitedthe appearance of this book with the most intense interest. In Ruth's workconcerning music phantoms I found an announcement in the beginning of thetable of contents of the detailed inductive proof that the old Hellenicmyths and traditions originated mainly from slumber and music phantoms,from dream phenomena and from deliria. Thereupon I had immediately plungedinto the text in order to find out whether he was also aware that the scenewhere Odysseus appears before Nausicaa was based upon the common dreamof nakedness. One of my friends called my attention to the clever passagein G. Keller's Grünem Heinrich, which explains this Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 144 episodein the Odyssey as an objective representation of the dream of the marinerstraying far from home. I added to it the reference to the exhibition dreamof nakedness.[1] (b) A woman who is very anxious to get children always readsstorks instead of stocks. (c) One day I received a letter which contained very disturbingnews. I immediately called my wife and informed her that poor Mrs. [p.119] Wm. H. was seriously ill and was given up by the doctors. There musthave been a false ring to the words in which I expressed my sympathy, asmy wife grew suspicious, asked to see the letter, and expressed her opinionthat it could not read as stated by me, because no one calls the wife bythe husband's name. Moreover, the correspondent was well acquainted withthe Christian name of the woman concerned. I defended my assertion obstinatelyand referred to the customary visiting- cards, on which a woman designatesherself by the Christian name of her husband. I was finally Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 145 compelled totake up the letter, and, as a matter of fact, we read therein \"Poor W.M.\" What is more, I had even overlooked \"Poor Dr. W. M.\" My mistake inreading signified a spasmodic effort, so to speak, to turn the sad newsfrom the man towards the woman. The title between the adjective and thename did not go well with my claim that the woman must have been meant.That is why it was omitted in the reading. The motive for this falsifyingwas not that the woman was less an object of my sympathy than the man,but the fate of this poor man had excited my fears regarding another andnearer person who, I was aware, had the same disease. (d) Both irritating and laughable is a lapse in reading to whichI am frequently subject when I walk through the streets of a strange cityduring [p. 120] my vacation. I then read antiquities on every shopsign that shows the slightest resemblance to the word; this displays thequesting spirit of the collector. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 146 (e) In his important work[2] Bleuler relates:\"While reading I once had the intellectual feeling of seeing my name twolines below. To my astonishment I found only the words blood corpuscles.Of the many thousands of lapses in reading in the peripheral as well asin the central field of vision that I have analysed, this was the moststriking case. Whenever I imagined that I saw my name, the word that inducedthis illusion usually showed a greater resemblance to my name than theword bloodcorpuscles. In most cases all the letters of my name hadto be close together before I could commit such an error. In this case,however, I could readily explain the delusion of reference and the illusion.What I had just read was the end of a statement concerning a form of badstyle in scientific works, a tendency from which I am not entirely free.\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 147 B. LAPSES IN WRITING. (a) On a sheet of paper containing principally short daily notesof business interest, I found, to my surprise, the incorrect date, \"Thursday,[p. 121] October 20th,\" bracketed under the correct date of the month ofSeptember. It was not difficult to explain this anticipation as the expressionof a wish. A few days before I had returned fresh from my vacation andfelt ready for any amount of professional work, but as yet there were fewpatients. On my arrival I had found a letter from a patient announcingher arrival on the 20th of October. As I wrote the same date in SeptemberI may certainly have thought \"X. ought to be here already; what a pityabout that whole month!\" and with this thought I pushed the current datea month ahead. In this case the disturbing thought can scarcely be calledunpleasant; therefore after noticing this lapse in writing, I immediatelyknew the solution. In the fall of the following year I experienced an entirelyanalogous and similarly Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 148 motivated lapse in writing. E. Jones has made astudy of similar cases, and found that most mistakes in writing dates aremotivated. (b) I received the proof sheets of my contribution to the annualreport on neurology and psychiatry, and I was naturally obliged to reviewwith special care the names of authors, which, because of the many differentnationalities represented, offer the greatest difficulties to the compositor.As a matter of fact, I found some strange-sounding names still in needof correction; but, oddly enough, the compositor had [p. 122] correctedone single name in my manuscript, and with very good reason. I had writtenBuckrhard, which the compositor guessed to be Burckhard.I had praised the treatise of this obstetrician entitled The Influenceof Birth on the Origin of Infantile Paralysis, and I was not consciousof the least enmity toward him. But an author in Vienna, who had angeredme by an adverse criticism of my Traumdeutung, bears the same name.It was as if in writing the name Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 149 Burckhard, meaning the obstetrician, awicked thought concerning the other B. had obtruded itself. The twistingof the name, as I have already stated in regard to lapses in speech, oftensignifies a depreciation.[3] (c) The following is seemingly a serious case of lapsus calami,which it would be equally correct to describe as an erroneously carriedout action. I intended to withdraw from the postal savings bank the sumof 300 crowns, which I wished to send to an absent relative to enable himto take treatment at a watering-place. I noted that my account was 4,380crowns, and I decided to bring it down to the round sum of 4,000 crowns,[p. 123] which was not to be touched in the near future. After making outthe regular cheque I suddenly noticed that I had written not 380 crowns,as I had intended, but exactly 438 crowns. I was frightened at the untrustworthinessof my action. I soon realized that my fear was groundless, as I had notgrown poorer than I was before. But I had to reflect for quite a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 150 whilein order to discover what influence diverted me from my first intentionwithout making itself known to my consciousness. First I got on a wrong track: I subtracted 380 from 438, but after thatI did not know what to do with the difference. Finally an idea occurredto me which showed me the true connection. 438 is exactly 10 per cent.of the entire account of 4,380 crowns! But the bookseller, too, gives a10 per cent. discount! I recalled that a few days before I had selectedseveral books, in which I was no longer interested, in order to offer themto the bookseller for 300 crowns. He thought the price demanded too high,but promised to give me a final answer within the next few days. If heshould accept my first offer he would replace the exact sum that I wasto spend on the sufferer. There is no doubt that I was sorry about thisexpenditure. The emotion at the realization of my mistakes can be moreeasily understood as a fear of growing poor through such outlays. But both[p. 124] the sorrow over this Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 151 expense and the fear of poverty connectedwith it were entirely foreign to my consciousness; I did not regret thisexpense when I promised the sum, and would have laughed at the idea ofany such underlying motive. I should probably not have assigned such feelingsto myself had not my psychoanalytic practice made me quite familiar withthe repressed elements of psychic life, and if I had not had a dream afew days before which brought forth the same solution. (d) Although it is usually difficult to find the person responsiblefor printers' errors, the psychologic mechanisms underlying them are thesame as in other mistakes. Typographical errors also well demonstrate thefact that people are not at all indifferent to such trivialities as \"mistakes,\"and, judging by the indignant reactions of the parties concerned, one isforced to the conclusion that mistakes are not treated by the public atlarge as mere accidents. This state of affairs is very well summed up inthe following editorial from the New Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 152 York Times of April 14, 1913.Not the least interesting are the comments of the keen-witted editor, whoseems to share our views: -- \"A BLUNDER TRULY UNFORTUNATE. \"Typographical errors come only too frequently from even the best-regulatednewspaper [p. 125] presses. They are always humiliating, often a causeof anger, and occasionally dangerous, but now and then they are distinctlyamusing. This latter quality they are most apt to have when they are madein the office of a journalistic neighbour, a fact that probably explainswhy we can read with smiling composure an elaborate editorial apology whichappears in the Hartford Courant. \"Its able political commentator tried the other day to say that, unfortunatelyfor Connecticut, 'J. H. is no longer a Member of Congress. Printerand proof-reader combined to deprive the adverb of its negative particle.'At least, the able political commentator so declares, and we wouldn't questionhis veracity for the world; but sorrowful Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 153 experience has taught most ofus that it's safer to get that sort of editorial disclaimer of responsibilityinto print before looking up the copy, and perhaps -- just perhaps -- theworld-enlightener, who knows that he wrote unfortunate, becausethat is what he intended to write, didn't rashly chance the discovery ofhis own guilt before he convicted the composing-room of it. \"Be that as it may, the meaning of the sentence was cruelly changed,and a friend was grieved or offended. Not so long ago a more astonishingerror than this one crept into a book review of ours -- a very solemn andscientific [p. 126] book. It consisted of the substitution of the word'caribou' for the word 'carbon' in a paragraph dealing with the chemicalcomposition of the stars. In that case the writer's fierce self-exculpationis at least highly plausible, as it seems hardly possible that he wrote'caribou' when he intended to write 'carbon,' but even he was cautiousenough to make no deep inquiry into the matter.\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 154 (e) I cite the following case contributed by Dr. W. Stekel, forthe authenticity of which I can vouch: \"An almost unbelievable exampleof miswriting and misreading occurred in the editing of a widely circulatedweekly. It concerned an article of defence and vindication which was writtenwith much warmth and great pathos. The editor-in-chief of the paper readthe article, while the author himself naturally read it from the manuscriptand proof- sheets more than once. Everybody was satisfied, when the printer'sreader suddenly noticed a slight error which had escaped the attentionof all. There it was, plainly enough: 'Our readers will bear witness tothe fact that we have always acted in a selfish manner for the goodof the community.' It is quite evident that it was meant to read unselfish.The real thoughts, however, broke through the pathetic speech with elementalforce.\" [p. 127] (f) The following example of misprinting is taken froma Western gazette: The teacher was giving an instruction paper on Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 155 mathematicalmethods, and spoke of a plan \"for the instruction of youth that might becarried out ad libidinem.\" (g) Even the Bible did not escape misprints. Thus we have the\"Wicked Bible,\" so called from the fact that the negative was left outof the seventh commandment. This authorized edition of the Bible was publishedin London in 1631, and it is said that the printer had to pay a fine oftwo thousand pounds for the omission. Another biblical misprint dates back to the year 1580, and is foundin the Bible of the famous library of Wolfenbuttel, in Hesse. In the passagein Genesis where God tells Eve that Adam shall be her master and shallrule over her, the German translation is \"Und er soll dein Herr sein.\"The word Herr (master) was substituted by Narr, which meansfool. Newly discovered evidence seems to show that the error was a consciousmachination of the printer's suffragette wife, who refused to be ruledby her husband. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 156 (h) Dr. Ernest Jones reports the following case concerning A.A. Brill: \"Although by custom almost a teetotaler, he yielded to a friend'simportunity one evening, in order to avoid offending him, and took a littlewine. During the next morning an exacerbation of an eye-strain headachegave him cause to regret [p. 128] this slight indulgence, and his reflectionon the subject found expression in the following slip of the pen. Havingoccasion to write the name of a girl mentioned by a patient, he wrote notEthel but Ethyl.[4] It happened that the girl in questionwas rather too fond of drink, and in Dr. Brill's mood at the time thischaracteristic of hers stood out with conspicuous significance.\"[5] (i) A woman wrote to her sister, felicitating her on the occasionof taking possession of a new and spacious residence. A friend who waspresent noticed that the writer put the wrong address on the letter, andwhat was still more remarkable was the fact that she did not address itto the previous Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 157 residence, but to one long ago given up, but which hersister had occupied when she first married. When the friend called herattention to it the writer remarked, \"You are right; but what in the worldmade me do this?\" to which her friend replied: \"Perhaps you begrudge herthe nice big apartment into which she has just moved because you yourselfare cramped for space, and for that reason you put her back into her firstresidence, where she was no better off than yourself.\" \"Of course I begrudgeher the new apartment,\" she honestly admitted. As an afterthought she added,\"It is a pity that one is so mean in such matters.\" [p. 129] (k) Ernest Jones reports the following example givento him by Dr. A. A. Brill. In a letter to Dr. Brill a patient tried toattribute his nervousness to business worries and excitement during thecotton crisis. He went on to say: \"My trouble is all due to that d -- frigidwave; there isn't even any seed to be obtained for new crops.\" He referredto a cold wave which had destroyed the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 158 cotton crops, but instead of writing\"wave\" he wrote \"wife.\" In the bottom of his heart he entertained reproachesagainst his wife on account of her marital frigidity and childlessness,and he was not far from the cognition that the enforced abstinence playedno little part in the causation of his malady. Omissions in writing are naturally explained in the same manner as mistakesin writing. A remarkable example of omission which is of historic importancewas reported by Dr. B. Dattner.[6] In one of the legalarticles dealing with the financial obligations of both countries, whichwas drawn up in the year 1867 during the readjustment between Austria andHungary, the word \"effective\" was accidentally omitted in the Hungariantranslation. Dattner thinks it probable that the unconscious desire ofthe Hungarian law-makers to grant Austria the least possible advantageshad something to do with this omission. [p. 130] Another example of omission is the following related by Brill:\"A prospective patient, who Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 159 had corresponded with me relative to treatment,finally wrote for an appointment for a certain day. Instead of keepinghis appointment he sent regrets which began as follows: 'Owing to foreseencircumstances I am unable to keep my appointment.' He naturally meant towrite unforeseen. He finally came to me months later, and in thecourse of the analysis I discovered that my suspicions at the time werejustified; there were no unforeseen circumstances to prevent his comingat that time; he was advised not to come to me. The unconscious does notlie.\" Wundt gives a most noteworthy proof for the easily ascertained factthat we more easily make mistakes in writing than in speaking (loc.cit., p. 374). He states: \"In the course of normal conversationthe inhibiting function of the will is constantly directed toward bringinginto harmony the course of ideation with the movement of articulation.If the articulation following the ideas becomes retarded through mechanicalcauses, as in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 160 writing, such anticipations then readily make their appearance.\" Observation of the determinants which favour lapses in reading givesrise to doubt, which I do not like to leave unmentioned, because I am ofthe opinion that it may become the start- [p. 131] ing-point of a fruitfulinvestigation. It is a familiar fact that in reading aloud the attentionof the reader often wanders from the text and is directed toward his ownthoughts. The results of this deviation of attention are often such thatwhen interrupted and questioned he cannot even state what he had read.In other words, he has read automatically, although the reading was nearlyalways correct. I do not think that such conditions favour any noticeableincrease in the mistakes. We are accustomed to assume concerning a wholeseries of functions that they are most precisely performed when done automatically,with scarcely any conscious attention. This argues that the conditionsgoverning attention in mistakes in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 161 speaking, writing, and reading mustbe differently determined than assumed by Wundt (cessation or diminutionof attention). The examples which we have subjected to analysis have reallynot given us the right to take for granted a quantitative diminution ofattention. We found what is probably not exactly the same thing, a disturbanceof the attention through a strange obtruding thought. Footnotes [1] The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 208. [2] Bleuler, Affektivität Suggestibilität,Paranoia, p. 121, Halle. Marhold, 1906. [3] A similar situation occurs in Julius Cæsar,iii. 3: \"CINNA. Truly, my name is Cinna. \"BURGHER. Tear him to pieces! he is a conspirator. \"CINNA. I am Cinna the poet! not Cinna the conspirator. \"BURGHER. No matter; his name is Cinna; tear the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 162 name out of his heartand let him go.\" [4] Ethyl alcohol is, of course, the chemical namefor ordinary alcohol. [5] Jones, Psycho-analysis, p. 66. [6] Zentralbl. f. Psychoanalyse,i. 12. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 163 Chapter 7 Forgetting of Impressions and Resolutions If any one should be inclined to overrate the state of our present knowledge of mental life, all that would be needed to force him to assume a modest attitude would be to remind him of the function of memory. No psychologic theory has yet been able to account for the connection between the fundamental phenomena of remembering and forgetting; indeed, even the complete analysis of that which one can actually observe has as yet scarcely been grasped. To-day forgetting has perhaps grown more puzzling than remembering, especially since we have learned from the study of dreams and pathologic states that even what for a long time we believed forgotten may suddenly return to consciousness. To be sure, we are in possession of some view-points which we hope will receive general recognition. Thus we assume that forgetting is a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 164 spontaneous process to which we may ascribe a certain temporal discharge. We emphasize [p. 136] the fact that, just as among the units of every impression or experience, in forgetting, too, a certain selection takes place among the existing impressions. We are acquainted with some of the conditions that underlie the tenaciousness of memory and the awakening of that which would otherwise remain forgotten. Nevertheless, we can observe in innumerable cases of daily life how unreliable and unsatisfactory our knowledge of the mechanism is. Thus we may listen to two persons exchanging reminiscences concerning the same outward impressions, say of a journey that they have taken together some time before. What remains most firmly in the memory of the one is often forgotten by the other, as if it had never occurred, even when there is not the slightest reason to assume that this impression is of greater psychic importance for the one than for the other. A great many of those factors which determine the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 165 selective power of memory are obviously still beyond our ken. With the purpose of adding some small contribution to the knowledge of the conditions of forgetting, I was wont to subject to a psychologic analysis those cases in which forgetting concerned me personally. As a rule I took up only a certain group of those cases, namely, those in which the forgetting astonished me, because, in my opinion, I should have remem- [p. 137] bered the experience in question. I wish further to remark that I am generally not inclined to forgetfulness (of things experienced, not of things learned), and that for a short period of my youth I was able to perform extraordinary feats of memory. When I was a schoolboy it was quite natural for me to be able to repeat from memory the page of a book which I had read; and shortly before I entered the University I could write down practically verbatim the popular lectures on scientific subjects directly after hearing them. In the tension before the final medical Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 166 examination I must have made use of the remnant of this ability, for in certain subjects I gave the examiners apparently automatic answers, which proved to be exact reproductions of the text-book, which I had skimmed through but once and then in greatest haste. Since those days I have steadily lost control over my memory; of late, however, I became convinced that with the aid of a certain artifice I can recall far more than I would otherwise credit myself with remembering. For example, when, during my office hours, a patient states that I have seen him before and I cannot recall either the fact or the time, then I help myself by guessing -- that is, I allow a number of years, beginning from the present time, to come to my mind quickly. Whenever this could be controlled by records of definite information from [p. 138] the patient, it was always shown that in over ten years[1] I have seldom missed it by more than six months. The same thing happens when I meet a casual acquaintance and, from politeness, inquire Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 167 about his small child. When he tells of its progress I try to fancy how old the child now is. I control my estimate by the information given by the father, and at most I make a mistake of a month, and in older children of three months. I cannot state, however, what basis I have for this estimate. Of late I have grown so bold that I always offer my estimate spontaneously, and still run no risk of grieving the father by displaying my ignorance in regard to his offspring. Thus I extend my conscious memory by invoking my larger unconscious memory. I shall report some striking examples of forgetting which for the most part I have observed in myself. I distinguish forgetting of impressions and experiences, that is, the forgetting of knowledge, from forgetting of resolutions, that is, the forgetting of omissions. The uniform result of the entire series of observations I can formulate as follows: The forgetting in all cases is proved to be founded on a motive of displeasure. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 168 A. FORGETTING OF IMPRESSIONS AND KNOWLEDGE. (a) During the summer my wife once made me very angry, although the cause in itself was trifling. We sat in a restaurant opposite a gentleman from Vienna whom I knew, and who had cause to know me, and whose acquaintance I had reasons for not wishing to renew. My wife, who had heard nothing to the disrepute of the man opposite her, showed by her actions that she was listening to his conversation with his neighbours, for from time to time she asked me questions which took up the thread of their discussion. I became impatient and finally irritated. A few weeks later I complained to a relative about this behaviour on the part of my wife, but I was not able to recall even a single word of the conversation of the gentleman in the case. As I am usually rather resentful and cannot forget a single incident of an episode that has annoyed me, my amnesia in this case was undoubtedly determined by respect for my wife. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 169 A short time ago I had a similar experience. I wished to make merry with an intimate friend over a statement made by my wife only a few hours earlier, but I found myself hindered by the noteworthy fact that I had entirely forgotten the statement. I had first to beg my wife to [p. 140] recall it to me. It is easy to understand that my forgetting in this case may be analogous to the typical disturbance of judgment which dominates us when it concerns those nearest to us. (b) To oblige a woman who was a stranger in Vienna I had undertaken to procure a small iron safe for the preservation of documents and money. When I offered my services, the image of an establishment in the heart of the city where I was sure I had seen such safes floated before me with extraordinary visual vividness. To be sure, I could not recall the name of the street, but I felt certain that I would discover the store in a walk through the city, for my memory told me that I had passed it countless times. To my chagrin I could not find this Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 170 establishment with the safes, though I walked through the inner part of the city in every direction. I concluded that the only thing left to do was to search through a business directory, and if that failed, to try to identify the establishment in a second round of the city. It did not, however, require so much effort; among the addresses in the directory I found one which immediately presented itself as that which had been forgotten. It was true that I had passed the show window countless times, each time, however, when I had gone to visit the M. family, who have lived a great many years in this identical building. After [p. 141] this intimate friendship had turned to an absolute estrangement, I had taken care to avoid the neighbourhood as well as the house, though without ever thinking of the reason for my action. In my walk through the city searching for the safe in the show window I had traversed every street in the neighbourhood but the right one, and I had avoided this as if it were forbidden ground. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 171 The motive of displeasure which was at the bottom of my disorientation is thus comprehensible. But the mechanism of forgetting is no longer so simple as in the former example. Here my aversion naturally does not extend to the vendor of safes, but to another person, concerning whom I wish to know nothing, and later transfers itself from the latter to this incident where it brings about the forgetting. Similarly, in the case of Burckhard mentioned above, the grudge against the one brought about the error in writing the name of the other. The similarity of names which here established a connection between two essentially different streams of thought was accomplished in the showcase window instance by the contiguity of space and the inseparable environment. Moreover, this latter case was more closely knit together, for money played a great part in the causation of the estrangement from the family living in this house. [p. 142] (c) The B. and R. Company requested me to pay a professional call on one of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 172 their officers. On my way to him I was engrossed in the thought that I must already have been in the building occupied by the firm. It seemed as if I used to see their signboard in a lower story while my professional visit was taking me to a higher story. I could not recall, however, which house it was nor when I had called there. Although the entire matter was indifferent and of no consequence, I nevertheless occupied myself with it, and at last learned in the usual roundabout way, by collecting the thoughts that occurred to me in this connection, that one story above the floor occupied by the firm B. and R. was the Pension Fischer, where I had frequently visited patients. Then I remembered the building which sheltered both the company and the pension. I was still puzzled, however, as to the motive that entered into play in this forgetting. I found nothing disagreeable in my memory concerning the firm itself or the Pension Fischer, or the patients living there. I was also aware that it Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 173 could not deal with anything very painful, otherwise I hardly would have been successful in tracing the thing forgotten in a roundabout way without resorting to external aid, as happened in the preceding example. Finally it occurred to me that a little before, while starting on my [p. 143] way to a new patient, a gentleman whom I had difficulty in recalling greeted me in the street. Some months previously I had seen this man in an apparently serious condition and had made the diagnosis of general paresis, but later I had learned of his recovery, consequently my judgment had been incorrect. Was it not possible that we had in this case a remission, which one usually finds in dementia paralytica? In that contingency my diagnosis would still be justified. The influence emanating from this meeting caused me to forget the neighbourhood of the B. and R. Company, and my interest to discover the thing forgotten was transferred from this case of disputed diagnosis. But the associative connection in this loose inner relation Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 174 was effected by means of a similarity of names: the man who recovered, contrary to expectation, was also an officer of a large company that recommends patients to me. And the physician with whom I had seen the supposed paretic bore the name of Fischer, the name of the pension in the house which I had forgotten. (d) Mislaying a thing really has the same significance as forgetting where we have placed it. Like most people delving in pamphlets and books, I am well oriented about my desk, and can produce what I want with one lunge. What appears to others as disorder has become for me perfect order. Why, then, did I mislay a [p. 144] catalogue which was sent to me not long ago so that it could not be found? What is more, it had been my intention to order a book which I found announced therein, entitled Ueber die Sprache, because it was written by an author whose spirited, vivacious style I like, whose insight into psychology and whose knowledge of the cultural world I have learned to appreciate. I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 175 believe that was just why I mislaid the catalogue. It was my habit to lend the books of this author among my friends for their enlightenment, and a few days before, on returning one, somebody had said: \"His style reminds me altogether of yours, and his way of thinking is identical.\" The speaker did not know what he was stirring up with this remark. Years ago, when I was younger and in greater need of forming alliances, I was told practically the same thing by an older colleague, to whom I had recommended the writings of a familiar medical author. To put it in his words, \"It is absolutely your style and manner.\" I was so influenced by these remarks that I wrote a letter to this author with the object of bringing about a closer relation, but a rather cool answer put me back \"in my place.\" Perhaps still earlier discouraging experiences conceal themselves behind this last one, for I did not find the mislaid catalogue. Through this premonition I was actually prevented from ordering the advertised [p. 145] book, although the disappearance of the catalogue formed no real Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 176 hindrance, as I remembered well both the name of the book and the author. (e) Another case of mislaying merits our interest on account of the conditions under which the mislaid object was rediscovered. A younger man narrates as follows: \"Several years ago there were some misunderstandings between me and my wife. I found her too cold, and though I fully appreciated her excellent qualities, we lived together without evincing any tenderness for each other. One day on her return from a walk she gave me a book which she had bought because she thought it would interest me. I thanked her for this mark of 'attention,' promised to read the book, put it away, and did not find it again. So months passed, during which I occasionally remembered the lost book, and also tried in vain to find it. \"About six months later my beloved mother, who was not living with us, became ill. My wife left home to nurse her mother-in-law. The patient's condition became serious and gave my wife the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 177 opportunity to show the best side of herself. One evening I returned home full of enthusiasm over what my wife had accomplished, and felt very grateful to her. I stepped to my desk and, without definite intention but with the certainty of a somnambulist, I opened a certain [p. 146] drawer, and in the very top of it I found the long-missing, mislaid book.\" The following example of \"misplacing\" belongs to a type well known to every psychoanalyst. I must add that the patient who experienced this misplacing has himself found the solution of it. This patient, whose psychoanalytic treatment had to be interrupted through the summer vacation when he was in a state of resistance and ill-health, put away his keys in the evening in their usual place, or so he thought. He then remembered that he wished to take some things from his desk, where he also had put the money which he needed on the journey. He was to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 178 depart the next day, which was the last day of treatment and the date when the doctor's fee was due. But the keys had disappeared. He began a thorough and systematic search through his small apartment. He became more and more excited over it, but his search was unsuccessful. As he recognized this \"misplacement\" as a symptomatic act -- that is, as being intentional -- he aroused his servant in order to continue his search with the help of an \" unprejudiced\" person. After another hour he gave up the search and feared that he had lost the keys. The next morning he ordered new keys from the desk factory, which were hurriedly made for him. Two acquaintances who had [p. 147] been with him in a cab even recalled hearing something fall to the ground as he stepped out of the cab, and he was therefore convinced that the keys had slipped from his pocket. They were found lying between a thick book and a thin pamphlet, the latter a work of one of my pupils, which he wished to take along as reading matter for Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 179 his vacation; and they were so skilfully placed that no one would have supposed that they were there. He himself was unable to replace the keys in such a position as to render them invisible. The unconscious skill with which an object is misplaced on account of secret but strong motives reminds one of \"somnambulistic sureness.\" The motive was naturally ill-humour over the interruption of the treatment and the secret rage over the fact that he had to pay such a high fee when he felt so ill. (g) Brill relates:[2] \"A man was urged by his wife to attend a social function in which he really took no interest. Yielding to his wife's entreaties, he began to take his dress-suit from the trunk when he suddenly thought of shaving. After accomplishing this he returned to the trunk and found it locked. Despite a long, earnest search the key could not be found. A locksmith could not be found on Sunday evening, so that the couple had to send their regrets. On having [p. 148] the trunk opened the next morning the lost key was found within. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 180 husband had absentmindedly dropped the key into the trunk and sprung the lock. He assured me that this was wholly unintentional and unconscious, but we know that he did not wish to go to this social affair. The mislaying of the key therefore lacked no motive.\" Ernest Jones noticed in himself that he was in the habit of mislaying his pipe whenever he suffered from the effects of over-smoking. The pipe was then found in some unusual place where it did not belong and which it normally did not occupy. If one looks over the cases of mislaying it will be difficult to assume that mislaying is anything other than the result of an unconscious intention. (h) In the summer of 1901 I once remarked to a friend with whom I was then actively engaged in exchanging ideas on scientific questions: \"These neurotic problems can be solved only if we take the position of absolutely accepting an original bi- sexuality in every individual.\" To which he replied: \"I told you that two and a half years ago while we were Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 181 taking an evening walk in Br. At that time you wouldn't listen to it.\" It is truly painful to be thus requested to renounce one's originality. I could neither recall [p. 149] such a conversation nor my friend's revelation. One of us must be mistaken; and according to the principle of the question cui prodest? I must be the one. Indeed, in the course of the following weeks everything came back to me just as my friend had recalled it. I myself remembered that at that time I gave the answer: \"I have not yet got so far, and I do not care to discuss it.\" But since this incident I have grown more tolerant when I miss any mention of my name in medical literature in connection with ideas for which I deserve credit. It is scarcely accidental that the numerous examples of forgetting which have been collected without any selection should require for their solution the introduction of such painful themes as exposing of one's wife; a friendship that has turned into the opposite; a mistake in medical diagnosis; Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 182 enmity on account of similar pursuits, or the borrowing of somebody's ideas. I am rather inclined to believe that every person who will undertake an inquiry into the motives underlying his forgetting will be able to fill up a similar sample card of vexatious circumstances. The tendency to forget the disagreeable seems to me to be quite general; the capacity for it is naturally differently developed in different persons. Certain denials which we encounter in medical practice can probably be ascribed [p. 150] to forgetting.[3] Our conception of such forgetting confines the distinction between this and that behaviour to purely psychologic relations, and permits us to see in both forms of reaction the expression of the same motive. Of the numerous examples of denials of unpleasant recollection which I have observed in kinsmen of patients, one remains in my memory as especially singular. A mother telling me of the childhood of her nervous son, now in his puberty, made the statement that, like his brothers and sisters, he was Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 183 subject to bed-wetting throughout his childhood, [p. 151] a symptom which certainly has some significance in a history of a neurotic patient. Some weeks later, while seeking information regarding the treatment, I had occasion to call her attention to signs of a constitutional morbid predisposition in the young man, and at the same time referred to the bed-wetting recounted in the anamnesis. To my surprise she contested this fact concerning him, denying it as well for the other children, and asked me how I could possibly know this. Finally I let her know that she herself had told me a short time before what she had thus forgotten.[4] [p. 152] One also finds abundant indications which show that even in healthy, not neurotic, persons resistances are found against the memory of disagreeable impressions and the idea of painful thoughts.[5] But the full significance of this fact can be estimated only when we enter into the psychology of neurotic persons. One is forced to make such elementary defensive striving [p. 153] Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 184 against ideas which can awaken painful feelings, a striving which can be put side by side only with the flight-reflex in painful stimuli, as the main pillar of the mechanism which carries the hysterical symptoms. One need not offer any objection to the acceptance of such defensive tendency on the ground that we frequently find it impossible to rid ourselves of painful memories which cling to us, or to banish such painful emotions as remorse and reproaches of conscience. No one maintains that this defensive tendency invariably gains the upper hand, that in the play of psychic forces it may not strike against factors which stir up the contrary feeling for other purposes and bring it about in spite of it. As the architectural principle of the psychic apparatus we may conjecture a certain stratification or structure of instances deposited in strata. And it is quite possible that this defensive tendency belongs to a lower psychic instance, and [p. 154] is inhibited by higher instances. At all events, it speaks for the existence and force of this Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 185 defensive tendency, when we can trace it to processes such as those found in our examples of forgetting. We see then that something is forgotten for its own sake, and where this is not possible the defensive tendency misses the target and causes something else to be forgotten -- something less significant, but which has fallen into associative connection with the disagreeable material. The views here developed, namely, that painful memories merge into motivated forgetting with special ease, merits application in many spheres where as yet it has found no, or scarcely any, recognition. Thus it seems to me that it has not yet been strongly enough emphasized in the estimation of testimony taken in court,[6] where the putting of a witness under oath obviously leads us to place too great a trust on the purifying influence of his psychic play of forces. It is universally admitted that in the origin of the traditions and folklore of a people care must be taken to eliminate from memory such a motive as would be painful to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 186 national feeling. Perhaps on closer investigation it may be possible to form a perfect analogy between the manner of development of national traditions and infantile reminiscences of the individual. The great Darwin has formulated a \"golden rule\" for [p. 155] the scientific worker from his insight into this pain-motive of forgetting.[7] Almost exactly as in the forgetting of names, faulty recollections can also appear in the forgetting of impressions, and when finding credence they may be designated as delusions of memory. The memory disturbance in pathologic cases (in paranoia it actually plays the rôle of a constituting factor in the formation of delusions) has brought to light an extensive literature in which there is no reference whatever to its being motivated. As this theme also belongs to the psychology of the neuroses it goes beyond our present treatment. Instead, I will give from my own experience a curious example of memory disturbance showing clearly enough its determination through unconscious repressed Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 187 material and its connection with this material. While writing the latter chapters of my volume on the interpretation of dreams, I happened to be in a summer resort without access to libraries [p. 155] and reference books, so that I was compelled to introduce into the manuscript all kinds of references and citations from memory. These I naturally reserved for future correction. In the chapter on day-dreams I thought of the distinguished figure of the poor book-keeper in Alphonse Daudet's Nabab, through whom the author probably described his own day-dreams. I imagined that I distinctly remembered one fantasy of this man, whom I called Mr. Jocelyn, which he hatched while walking the streets of Paris, and I began to reproduce it from memory. This fantasy described how Mr. Jocelyn boldly hurled himself at a runaway horse and brought it to a standstill; how the carriage door opened and a great personage stepped from the coupé, pressed Mr. Jocelyn's hand and said: \"You are my saviour -- I owe my life to you! What Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 188 can I do for you?\" I assured myself that casual inaccuracies in the rendition of this fantasy could readily be corrected at home on consulting the book. But when I perused Nabab in order to compare it with my manuscript, I found to my very great shame and consternation that there was nothing to suggest such a dream by Mr. Jocelyn; indeed, the poor book- keeper did not even bear this name -- he was called Mr. Joyeuse. This second error then furnished the key for the solution of the first mistake, the faulty [p. 157] reminiscence. Joyeux, of which Joyeuse is the feminine form, was the only possible word which would translate my own name Freud into French. Whence, therefore, came this falsely remembered fantasy which I had attributed to Daudet? It could only be a product of my own, a day-dream which I myself had spun, and which did not become conscious, or which was once conscious and had since been absolutely forgotten. Perhaps I invented Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 189 it myself in Paris, where frequently enough I walked the streets alone, and full of longing for a helper and protector, until Charcot took me into his circle. I had often met the author of Nabab in Charcot's house. But the provoking part of it all is the fact that there is scarcely anything to which I am so hostile as the thought of being some one's protégé. What we see of this sort of thing in our country spoils all desire for it, and my character is little suited to the rôle of a protected child. I have always entertained an immense desire to \"be the strong man myself.\" And it had to happen that I should be reminded of such a, to be sure, never fulfilled, day-dream! Besides, this incident is a good example of how the restraint relation to one's ego, which breaks forth triumphantly in paranoia, disturbs and entangles us in the objective grasp of things. Another case of faulty recollection which can be satisfactorily explained resembles the fausse [p. 158] reconnaissance to be discussed later. I related to one of my patients, an ambitious and very Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 190 capable man, that a young student had recently gained admittance into the circle of my pupils by means of an interesting work, Der Künstler, Versuch einer Sexualpsychologie. When, a year and a quarter later, this work lay before me in print, my patient maintained that he remembered with certainty having read somewhere, perhaps in a bookseller's advertisement, the announcement of the same book even before I first mentioned it to him. He remembered that this announcement came to his mind at that time, and he ascertained besides that the author had changed the title, that it no longer read \"Versuch\" but \"Ansätze zu einer Sexualpsychologie.\" Careful inquiry of the author and comparison of all dates showed conclusively that my patient was trying to recall the impossible. No notice of this work had appeared anywhere before its publication, certainly not a year and a quarter before it went to print. However, I neglected to seek a solution for this false recollection until the same man brought Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 191 about an equally valuable renewal of it. He thought that he had recently noticed a work on \"agoraphobia\" in the show window of a bookshop, and as he was now looking for it in all available catalogues I was able to explain to him why his effort must remain [p. 159] fruitless. The work on agoraphobia existed only in his fantasy as an unconscious resolution to write such a book himself. His ambition to emulate that young man, and through such a scientific work to become one of my pupils, had led him to the first as well as to the second false recollection. He also recalled later that the bookseller's announcement which had occasioned his false reminiscence dealt with a work entitled Genesis, Das Gesetz der Zeugung (\"Genesis, The Law of Generation\"). But the change in the title as mentioned by him was really instigated by me; I recalled that I myself have perpetrated the same inaccuracy in the repetition of the title by saying \"Ansätze\" in place of \"Versuch.\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 192 B. FORGETTING OF INTENTIONS. No other group of phenomena is better qualified to demonstrate the thesis that lack of attention does not in itself suffice to explain faulty acts as the forgetting of intentions. An intention is an impulse for an action which has already found approbation, but whose execution is postponed for a suitable occasion. Now, in the interval thus created sufficient change may take place in the motive to prevent the intention from coming to execution. It is not, however, forgotten, it is simply revised and omitted. We are naturally not in the habit of explaining [p. 160] the forgetting of intentions which we daily experience in every possible situation as being due to a recent change in the adjustment of motives. We generally leave it unexplained, or we seek a psychologic explanation in the assumption that at the time of execution the required attention for the action, which was an indispensable condition for the occurrence of the intention, and was then at Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 193 the disposal of the same action, no longer exists. Observation of our normal behaviour towards intentions urges us to reject this tentative explanation as arbitrary. If I resolve in the morning to carry out a certain intention in the evening, I may be reminded of it several times in the course of the day, but it is not at all necessary that it should become conscious throughout the day. As the time for its execution approaches it suddenly occurs to me and induces me to make the necessary preparation for the intended action. If I go walking and take a letter with me to be posted, it is not at all necessary that I, as a normal not nervous individual, should carry it in my hand and continually look for a letter-box. As a matter of fact I am accustomed to put it in my pocket and give my thoughts free rein on my way, feeling confident that the first letter-box will attract my attention and cause me to put my hand in my pocket and draw out the letter. This normal behaviour in a formed intention [p. 161] corresponds perfectly with the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 194 experimentally produced conduct of persons who are under a so-called \"post-hypnotic suggestion\" to perform something after a certain time.[8] We are accustomed to describe the phenomenon in the following manner: the suggested intention slumbers in the person concerned until the time for its execution approaches. Then it awakes and excites the action. In two positions of life even the layman is cognizant of the fact that forgetting referring to intended purposes can in no wise claim consideration as an elementary phenomenon no further reducible, but realizes that it ultimately depends on unadmitted motives. I refer to affairs of love and military service. A lover who is late at the appointed place will vainly tell his sweetheart that unfortunately he has entirely forgotten their rendezvous. She will not hesitate to answer him: \"A year ago you would not have forgotten. Evidently you no longer care for me\" Even if he should grasp the above cited psychologic explanation, and should Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 195 wish to excuse his forgetting on the plea of important business, he would only elicit the answer from the woman, who has become as keen-sighted as the physician in the psychoanalytic treatment, \"How remarkable that such business disturb- [p. 162] ances did not occur before!\" Of course the woman does not wish to deny the possibility of forgetting; but she believes, and not without reason, that practically the same inference of a certain unwillingness may be drawn from the unintentional forgetting as from a conscious subterfuge. Similarly, in military service no distinction is recognized between an omission resulting from forgetting and one in consequence of intentional neglect. And rightly so. The soldier dares forget nothing that military service demands of him. If he forgets in spite of this, even when he is acquainted with the demands, then it is due to the fact that the motives which urge the fulfilment of the military exactions are opposed by contrary motives. Thus the one year's volunteer[9] who at inspection pleads Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 196 forgetting as an excuse for not having polished his buttons is sure to be punished. But this punishment is small in comparison to the one he courts if he admits to his superiors that the motive for his negligence is because \"this miserable menial service is altogether disgusting to me.\" Owing to this saving of punishment for economic reasons, as it were, he makes use of forgetting as an excuse, or it comes about as a compromise. [p. 163] The service of women (as well as the military service of the State) demands that nothing relating to that service be subject to forgetting. Thus it but suggests that forgetting is permissible in unimportant matters, but in weighty matters its occurrence is an indication that one wishes to treat weighty matters as unimportant: that is, that their importance is disputed.[10] The view-point of psychic validity is in fact not to be contested here. No person forgets to carry out actions that seem important to himself without exposing himself to the suspicion of being a sufferer Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 197 from mental weakness. Our investigations therefore can extend only to the forgetting of more or less secondary intentions, for no intention do we deem absolutely indifferent, otherwise it would certainly never have been formed. As in the preceding functional disturbances, I have collected the cases of neglect through forgetting which I have observed in myself, and endeavoured to explain them. I have found that they could invariably be traced to some interference of unknown and unadmitted motives -- or, as may be said, they were due to a counter- [p. 164] will. In a number of these cases I found myself in a position similar to that of being in some distasteful service: I was under a constraint to which I had not entirely resigned myself, so that I showed my protest in the form of forgetting. This accounts for the fact that I am particularly prone to forget to send congratulations on such occasions as birthdays, jubilees, wedding celebrations, and promotions to higher rank. I continually make new resolutions, but Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 198 I am more than ever convinced that I shall not succeed. I am now on the point of giving it up altogether, and to admit consciously the striving motives. In a period of transition, I told a friend who asked me to send a congratulatory telegram for him, at a certain time when I was to send one myself, that I would probably forget both. It was not surprising that the prophecy came true. It is undoubtedly due to painful experiences in life that I am unable to manifest sympathy where this manifestation must necessarily appear exaggerated, for the small amount of my feeling does not admit the corresponding expression. Since I have learned that I often mistook the pretended sympathy of others for real, I am in rebellion against the conventions of expressing sympathy, the social expediency of which I naturally acknowledge. Condolences in cases of death are excepted from this double treatment; once I determine to send [p. 165] them I do not neglect them. Where my emotional participation has nothing more to do with Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 199 social duty, its expression is never inhibited by forgetting Cases in which we forget to carry out actions which we have promised to do as a favour for others can similarly be explained as antagonism to conventional duty and as an unfavourable inward opinion. Here it regularly proves correct, inasmuch as the only person appealed to believes in the excusing power of forgetfulness, while the one requesting the favour has no doubt about the right answer: he has no interest in this matter, otherwise he would not have forgotten it. There are some who are noted as generally forgetful, and we excuse their lapses in the same manner as we excuse those who are short-sighted when they do not greet us in the street.[11] Such persons forget all small promises which they have made; they leave unexecuted all orders which they have received; they prove themselves unreliable in little things; and at the same time [p. 166] demand that we shall not take these slight Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 200 offences amiss -- that is, they do not want us to attribute these failings to personal characteristics but to refer them to an organic peculiarity.[12] I am not one of these people myself, and have had no opportunity to analyse the actions of such a person in order to discover from the selection of forgetting the motive underlying the same. I cannot forego, however, the conjecture per analogiam, that here the motive is an unusual large amount of unavowed disregard for others which exploits the constitutional factor for its purpose.[13] [p. 167] In other cases the motives for forgetting are less easy to discover, and when found excite greater astonishment. Thus, in former years I observed that of a great number of professional calls I only forgot those that I was to make on patients whom I treated gratis or on colleagues. The mortification caused by this discovery led me to the habit of noting every morning the calls of the day in a form of resolution. I do not know if other physicians have come to the same practice by a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 201 similar road. Thus we get an idea of what causes the so-called neurasthenic to make a memorandum of the communications he wishes to make to the doctor. He apparently lacks confidence in the reproductive capacity of his memory. This is true, but the scene usually proceeds in this manner. The patient has recounted his various complaints and inquiries at considerable length. After he has finished he pauses for a moment, then he pulls out the memorandum, and says apologetically, \"I have made some notes because I cannot remember anything.\" As a rule he finds nothing new on the memorandum. He repeats each point and answers it himself: \"Yes, I have already asked about that.\" By means of the memorandum he probably only demonstrates one of his symptoms, the frequency with which his resolutions are disturbed through the interference of obscure motives. [p. 168] I am touching, moreover, on an affliction to which even most of my healthy acquaintances are subject, when I admit that Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 202 especially in former years I had the habit of easily forgetting for a long time to return borrowed books, also that it very often happened that I deferred payments through forgetfulness. One morning not long ago I left the tobacco-shop where I make my daily purchase of cigars without paying. It was a most harmless omission, as I am known there and could therefore expect to be reminded of my debt the next morning. But this slight neglect, the attempt to contract a debt, was surely not unconnected with reflections concerning the budget with which I had occupied myself throughout the preceding day. Even among the so-called respectable people one can readily demonstrate a double behaviour when it concerns the theme of money and possession. The primitive greed of the suckling which wishes to seize every object (in order to put it in its mouth) has generally been only imperfectly subdued through culture and training.[14] [p. 169] I fear that in all the examples thus Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 203 far given I have grown quite commonplace. But it can be only a pleasure to me if I happen upon familiar matters which every one understands, for my main object is to collect everyday material and utilize it scientifically. I cannot conceive why wisdom, which is, so to speak, the sediment of everyday experiences, should be denied admission among the acquisitions of knowledge. For it is not the diversity of objects but the stricter method of verification and the striving for far-reaching connections which make up the essential character of scientific work. We have invariably found that intentions of some importance are forgotten when obscure motives arise to disturb them. In still less important intentions we find a second mechanism [p. 170] of forgetting. Here a counter-will becomes transferred to the resolution from something else after an external association has been formed between the latter and the content of the resolution. The following example reported by Brill illustrates this: Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 204 \"A patient found that she had suddenly became very negligent in her correspondence. She was naturally punctual and took pleasure in letter-writing, but for the last few weeks she simply could not bring herself to write a letter without exerting the greatest amount of effort. The explanation was quite simple. Some weeks before she had received an important letter calling for a categorical answer. She was undecided what to say, and therefore did not answer it at all. This indecision in the form of inhibition was unconsciously transferred to other letters and caused the inhibition against letter-writing in general.\" Direct counter-will and more remote motivation are found together in the following example of delaying: I had written a short treatise on the dream for the series Grenzfragen des Nerven - und Seelenlebens, in which I gave an abstract of my book, The Interpretation of Dreams.[15] Bergmann, the publisher, had sent me the proof sheets and asked for a speedy return of the same as Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 205 he wished to issue the pamphlet before Christmas. I corrected the sheets the [p. 171] same night, and placed them on my desk in order to take them to the post office the next morning. In the morning I forgot all about it, and only thought of it in the afternoon at the sight of the paper cover on my desk. In the same way I forgot the proofs that evening and the following morning, and until the afternoon of the second day, when I quickly took them to a letter-box, wondering what might be the basis of this procrastination. Obviously I did not want to send them off, although I could find no explanation for such an attitude. After posting the letter I entered the shop of my Vienna publisher, who put out my Interpretation of Dreams. I left a few orders; then, as if impelled by a sudden thought, said, \"You undoubtedly know that I have written the 'Dream' book a second time?\" \"Ah!\" he exclaimed, \"then I must ask you to - ---\" \"Calm yourself,\" I interposed; \"it is only a short treatise for the Löwenfeld-Kurella collection.\" But Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 206 still he was not satisfied; he feared that the abstract would hurt the sale of the book. I disagreed with him, and finally asked: \"If I had come to you before, would you have objected to the publication?\" \"No; under no circumstances,\" he answered. Personally I believe I acted within my full rights and did nothing contrary to the general practice; still it seems certain to me that a [p. 172] thought similar to that entertained by the publisher was the motive for my procrastination in dispatching the proof sheets. This reflection leads back to a former occasion when another publisher raised some difficulties because I was obliged to take out several pages of the text from an earlier work on cerebral infantile paralysis, and put them unchanged into a work on the same theme in Nothnagel's handbook. There again the reproach received no recognition; that time also I had loyally informed my first publisher (the same who published The Interpretation of Dreams) of my intention. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 207 However, if this series of recollections is followed back still farther it brings to light a still earlier occasion relating to a translation from the French, in which I really violated the property rights that should be considered in a publication. I had added notes to the text without asking the author's permission, and some years later I had cause to think that the author was dissatisfied with this arbitrary action. There is a proverb which indicates the popular knowledge that the forgetting of intentions is not accidental. It says: \"What one forgets once he will often forget again.\" Indeed, we sometimes cannot help feeling that no matter what may be said about forgetting and faulty actions, the whole subject is already [p. 173] known to everybody as something self-evident. It is strange enough that it is still necessary to push before consciousness such well-known facts. How often I have heard people remark: \"Please do not ask me to do this, I shall surely forget it.\" The Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 208 coming true of this prophecy later is surely nothing mysterious in itself. He who speaks thus perceives the inner resolution not to carry out the request, and only hesitates to acknowledge it to himself. Much light is thrown, moreover, on the forgetting of resolutions through something which could be designated as \"forming false resolutions.\" I had once promised a young author to write a review of his short work, but on account of inner resistances, not unknown to me, I promised him that it would be done the same evening. I really had serious intentions of doing so, but I had forgotten that I had set aside that evening for the preparation of an expert testimony that could not be deferred. After I thus recognized my resolution as false, I gave up the struggle against my resistances and refused the author's request. Footnotes [1] In the course of the conference the details of the previous first visit return to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 209 consciousness. [2] Brill, loc. cit., p. 197. [3] If we inquire of a person whether he suffered from luetic infection ten or fifteen years ago, we are only too apt to forget that psychically the patient has looked upon this disease in an entirely different manner than on, let us say, an acute attack of rheumatism. In the anamneses which parents give about their neurotic daughters, it is hardly possible to distinguish with any degree of certainty the portion forgotten from that hidden, for anything that stands in the way of the girl's future marriage is systematically set aside by the parents, that is, it becomes repressed. A man who had recently lost his beloved wife from an affection of the lungs reported to me the following case of misleading the doctor, which can only be explained by the theory of such forgetting. \"As my poor wife's pleuritis had not disappeared after many weeks, Dr. P. was called in consultation. While taking the history he asked among others the customary Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 210 questions whether there were any cases of lung trouble in my wife's family. My wife denied any such cases, and even I myself could not remember any. While Dr. P. was taking leave the conversation accidentally turned to excursions, and my wife said: 'Yes, even to Landgersdorf, where my poor brother lies buried, is a long journey.' This brother died about fifteen years ago, after having suffered for years from tuberculosis. My wife was very fond of him, and often spoke about him. Indeed, I recall that when her malady was diagnosed as pleurisy she was very worried and sadly remarked: 'My brother also died of lung trouble.' But the memory was so very repressed that even after the above-cited conversation about the trip to L. she found no occasion to correct her information concerning the diseases in her family. I myself was struck by this forgetting at the very moment she began to talk about Landgersdorf.\" A perfectly analogous experience is related by Ernest Jones in his work. A physician whose wife suffered from some obscure Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 211 abdominal malady remarked to her: \"It is comforting to think that there has been no tuberculosis in your family.\" She turned to him very astonished and said, \" Have you forgotten that my mother died of tuberculosis, and that my sister recovered from it only after having been given up by the doctors?\" [4] During the days when I was first writing these pages the following almost incredible case of forgetting happened to me. On the 1st of January I examined my notes so that I could send out my bills. In the month of June I came across the name M ----l, and could not recall the person to whom it belonged. My surprise increased when I observed from my books that I treated the case in a sanatorium, and that for weeks I had called on the patient daily. A patient treated under such conditions is rarely forgotten by a physician in six months. I asked myself if it could have been a man - - a paretic -- a case without interest? Finally, the note about the fee received brought to my memory all the knowledge which strove to elude it. M ----l Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 212 was a fourteen- year-old girl, the most remarkable case of my latter years, a case which taught me a lesson I am not likely ever to forget, a case whose upshot gave me many painful hours. The child became afflicted with an unmistakable hysteria, which quickly and thoroughly improved under my care. After this improvement the child was taken away from me by the parents. She still complained of abdominal pains which had played the part in the hysterical symptoms. Two months later she died of sarcoma of the abdominal glands. The hysteria, to which she was greatly predisposed, took the tumour-formation as a provocative agent, and I, fascinated by the tumultuous but harmless manifestations of hysteria, perhaps overlooked the first sign of the insidious and incurable disease. [5] A. Pick (\"Zur Psychologie des Vergessens bei Geistesund Nervenkranken,\" Archiv. f. Kriminal- Anthropologie u. Kriminalistik, von H. Gross) has recently collected a number of authors who realize the value of the influence of the affective factors on Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 213 memory, and who more or less clearly recognize that a defensive striving against pain can lead to forgetting. But none of us has been able to represent this phenomenon and its psychologic determination as exhaustively, and at the same time as effectively, as Nietzsche in one of his aphorisms (Fenseits von Gut und Bosen, ii., Haupstuck 68) : \"'I have done that,' says my Memory. 'I could not have done that,' says my Pride, and remains inexorable. Finally, my Memory yields.\" [6] Cf. Hans Gross, Kriminal Psychologie, 1898. [7] Darwin on forgetting. In Darwin's autobiography one finds the following passage that does equal credit to his scientific honesty and his psychologic acumen: \"I had during many years followed a golden rule, namely, that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought, came across me which was opposed to my general results, to make a memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had found by experience that such facts Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 214 and thoughts were far more apt to escape from the memory than favourable ones\" (quoted by Jones, loc. cit., p. 38). [8] Cf. Bernheim, Neue Studien über Hypnotismus, Suggetion und Psychotherapie, 1892. [9] Young men of education who can pass the examination and pay for their maintenance serve one instead of two years' compulsory service. [10] In Bernard Shaw's Cæsar and Cleopatra, Cæsar's indifference to Cleopatra is depicted by his being vexed on leaving Egypt at having forgotten to do something. He finally recollected what he had forgotten -- to take leave of Cleopatra -- this, to be sure, is in full accord with historical truth. How little Cæsar thought of the little Egyptian princess! Cited from Jones, loc. cit., p. 50. [11] Women, with their fine understanding of unconscious mental processes, are, as a rule, more apt to take offence when we do not recognize them in the street, and hence do not greet them, than to accept the most obvious explanation, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 215 namely, that the dilatory one is short-sighted or so engrossed in thought that he did not see them. They conclude that they surely would have been noticed if they had been considered of any consequence. [12] Dr. Ferenczi reports that he was a distracted person himself, and was considered peculiar by his friends on account of the frequency and strangeness of his failing. But the signs of this inattention have almost all disappeared since he began to practise psychoanalysis with patients, and was forced to turn his attention to the analysis of his own ego. He believes that one renounces these failings when one learns to extend by so much one's own responsibilities. He therefore justly maintains that distractedness is a state which depends on unconscious complexes, and is curable by psychoanalysis. One day he was reproaching himself for having committed a technical error in the psychoanalysis of a patient, and on this day all his former distractions reappeared. He stumbled while walking in the street (a representation of that faux Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 216 pas in the treatment), he forgot his pocket-book at home, he was a penny short in his car fare, he did not properly button his clothes, etc. [13] E. Jones remarks regarding this: \"Often the resistance is of a general order. Thus a busy man forgets to mail a letter entrusted to him -- to his slight annoyance -- by his wife, just as he may 'forget' to carry out her shopping orders. [14] For the sake of the unity of the theme I may here digress from the accepted classification, and add that the human memory evinces a particular partiality in regard to money matters. False reminiscences of having already paid something are often very obstinate, as I know from personal experience. When free sway is given to avaricious intent outside of the serious interests of life, when it is indulged in in the spirit of fun, as in card playing, we then find that the most honourable men show an inclination to errors, mistakes in memory and accounts, and without realizing how, they even find themselves involved in small frauds. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 217 Such liberties depend in no small part also on the psychically refreshing character of the play. The saying that in play we can learn a person's character may be admitted if we can add \"the repressed character.\" If waiters ever make unintentional mistakes they are apparently due to the same mechanism. Among merchants we can frequently observe a certain delay in the paying out of sums of money, in payments of bills and the like, which brings the owner no profit and can be only understood psychologically as the expression of a counter-will against giving out money. Brill sums it up with epigrammatic keenness: \"We are more apt to mislay letters containing bills than cheques\" (Brill, Psychanalysis, its Theories and Practical Application, p. 197). [15] Translated by A. A. Brill. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 218 Chapter 8 Erroneously Carried-Out Actions I shall give another passage from the above- mentioned work of Meringer and Mayer (p. 981): \"Lapses in speech do not stand entirely alone. They resemble the errors which often occur in our other activities and are quite foolishly termed 'forgetfulness.'\" I am therefore in no way the first to presume that there is a sense and purpose behind the slight functional disturbances of the daily life of healthy people.[1] If the lapse in speech, which is without doubt a motor function, admits of such a conception, it is quite natural to transfer to the lapses of our other motor functions the same expectation. I have here formed two groups of cases; all these cases in which the faulty effect seems to be the essential element -- that is, the deviation from the intention - - I denote as erroneously carried-out actions Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 219 (Vergreifen); the others, in which the entire action appears rather inexpedient, I call [p. 178] \"symptomatic and chance actions. But no distinct line of demarcation can be formed; indeed, we are forced to conclude that all divisions used in this treatise are or only descriptive significance and contradict the inner unity of the sphere of manifestation. The psychologic understanding of erroneous actions apparently gains little in clearness when we place it under the head of \"ataxia,\" and especially under \"cortical ataxia.\" Let us rather try to trace the individual examples to their proper determinants. To do this I shall again resort to personal observations, the opportunities for which I could not very frequently find in myself . (a) In former years, when I made more calls at the homes of patients than I do at present, it often happened, when I stood before a door where I should have knocked or rung the bell, that I would pull the key of my own house from my pocket, only Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 220 to replace it, quite abashed. When I investigated in what patients' homes this occurred, I had to admit that the faulty action -- taking out my key instead of ringing the bell -- signified paying a certain tribute to the house where the error occurred. It was equivalent to the thought \"Here I feel at home,\" as it happened only where I possessed the patient's regard. (Naturally, I never rang my own bell.) [p. 179] The faulty action was therefore a symbolic representation of a definite thought which was not accepted consciously as serious; for in reality the neurologist is well aware that the patient seeks him only so long as he expects to be benefited by him and that his own excessively warm interest for his patient is evinced only as a means of psychic treatment. An almost identical repetition of my experience is described by A. Maeder (\"Contrib. à la psychopathologie de la vie quotidienne,\" Arch.de Psychol., vi., 1906): \" Il est arrivè a chacun de sortir Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 221 son trousseau, &middot;en arrivant à la porte d'un ami particulièrement cher, de se surprendre pour ainsi dire, en train d'ouvrir avec sa clé comme chez soi. C'est un retard, puisqu'il faut sonner malgré tout, mais c'est une preuve qu'on se sent -- ou qu'on voudrait se sentir -- comme chez soi, auprès de cet ami.\" Jones speaks as follows about the use of keys [2] \"The use of keys is a fertile source of occurrences of this kind, of which two examples may be given. If I am disturbed in the midst of some engrossing work at home by having to go to the hospital to carry out some routine work, I am very apt to find myself trying to open the door of my laboratory there with the key of my desk at home, although the two keys are quite unlike each other. The mistake uncon- [p. 180] sciously demonstrates where I would rather be at the moment. \"Some years ago I was acting in a subordinate position at a certain institution, the front door of which was kept locked, so that it was Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 222 necessary to ring for admission. On several occasions I found myself making serious attempts to open the door with my house key. Each one of the permanent visiting staff, of which I aspired to be a member, was provided with a key to avoid the trouble of having to wait at the door. My mistake thus expressed the desire to be on a similar footing and to be quite 'at home' there.\" A similar experience is reported by Dr. Hans Sachs of Vienna: \"I always carry two keys with me, one for the door of my office and one for my residence. They are not by any means easily interchanged, as the office key is at least three times as big as my house key. Besides, I carry the first in my trouser pocket and the other in my vest pocket. Yet it often happened that I noticed on reaching the door that while ascending the stairs I had taken out the wrong key. I decided to undertake a statistical examination; as I was daily in about the same emotional state when I stood before both doors, I thought that the interchanging of the two Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 223 keys must show a regular tendency, if they were differently determined psychically. Observation of later occur- [p. 181 rences showed that I regularly took out my house key before the office door. Only on one occasion was this reversed: I came home tired, knowing that I would find there a guest. I made an attempt to unlock the door with the, naturally too big, office key.\" (b) At a certain time twice a day for six years I was accustomed to wait for admission before a door in the second story of the same house, and during this long period of time it happened twice (within a short interval) that I climbed a story higher. On the first of these occasions I was in an ambitious day-dream, which allowed me to \"mount always higher and higher.\" In fact, at that time I heard the door in question open as I put my foot on the first step of the third flight. On the other occasion I again went too far \"engrossed in thought.\" As soon as I became aware of it, I turned back and sought to snatch the dominating fantasy; I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 224 found that I was irritated over a criticism of my works, in which the reproach was made that I \"always went too far,\" which I replaced by the less respectful expression \"climbed too high.\" (c) For many years a reflex hammer and a tuning-fork lay side by side on my desk. One day I hurried off at the close of my office hours, as I wished to catch a certain train, and, despite broad daylight, put the tuning-fork in my coat [p. 182] pocket in place of the reflex hammer. My attention was called to the mistake through the weight of the object drawing down my pocket. Any one unaccustomed to reflect on such slight occurrences would without hesitation explain the faulty action by the hurry of the moment, and excuse it. In spite of that, I preferred to ask myself why I took the tuning-fork instead of the hammer. The haste could just as well have been a motive for carrying out the action properly in order not to waste time over the correction. \"Who last grasped the tuning-fork? \" was the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 225 question which immediately flashed through my mind. It happened that only a few days ago an idiotic child, whose attention to sensory impressions I was testing, had been so fascinated by the tuning- fork that I found it difficult to tear it away from him. Could it mean, therefore, that I was an idiot? To be sure, so it would seem, as the next thought which associated itself with the hammer was chamer (Hebrew for \"ass\"). But what was the meaning of this abusive language? We must here inquire into the situation. I hurried to a consultation at a place on the Western railroad to see a patient who, according to the anamnesis which I received by letter, had fallen from a balcony some months before, and since then had been unable to walk. The physician w ho invited me wrote that he was [p. 183] still unable to say whether he was dealing with a spinal injury or traumatic neurosis -- hysteria. That was what I was to decide. This could therefore be a reminder to be particularly careful in this delicate differential Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 226 diagnosis. As it is, my colleagues think that hysteria is diagnosed far too carelessly where more serious matters are concerned. But the abuse is not yet justified. Yes, the next association was that the small railroad station is the same place in which, some years previous, I saw a young man who, after a certain emotional experience, could not walk properly. At that time I diagnosed his malady as hysteria, and later put him under psychic treatment; but it afterward turned out that my diagnosis was neither incorrect nor correct. A large number of the patient's symptoms were hysterical, and they promptly disappeared in the course of treatment. But back of these there was a visible remnant that could not be reached by therapy, and could be referred only to a multiple sclerosis. Those who saw the patient after me had no difficulty in recognizing the organic affection. I could scarcely have acted or judged differently, still the impression was that of a serious mistake; the promise of a cure which I had given him could naturally not be kept. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 227 The mistake in grasping the tuning-fork instead of the hammer could therefore be trans- [p. 184] lated into the following words: \"You fool, you ass, get yourself together this time, and be careful not to diagnose again a case of hysteria where there is an incurable disease, as you did in this place years ago in the case of the poor man !\" And fortunately for this little analysis, even if unfortunately for my mood, this same man, now having a very spastic gait, had been to my office a few days before, one day after the examination of the idiotic child. We observe that this time it is the voice of self-criticism which makes itself perceptible through the mistake in grasping. The erroneously carried-out action is specially suited to express self-reproach. The present mistake attempts to represent the mistake which was committed elsewhere. (d) It is quite obvious that grasping the wrong thing may also serve a whole series of other obscure purposes. Here is a first example: It is very seldom that I break anything. I am not particularly Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 228 dexterous, but by virtue of the anatomic integrity of my nervous and muscular apparatus there are apparently no grounds in me for such awkward movements with undesirable results. I can recall no object in my home the counterpart of which I have ever broken. Owing to the narrowness of my study it has often been necessary for me to work in the most uncomfortable position among my numerous [p. 185] antique clay and stone objects, of which I have a small collection. So much is this true that onlookers have expressed fear lest I topple down something and shatter it. But it never happened. Then why did I brush to the floor the cover of my simple inkwell so that it broke into pieces? My inkstand is made of a flat piece of marble which is hollowed out for the reception of the glass inkwell; the inkwell has a marble cover with a knob of the same stone. A circle of bronze statuettes with small terra-cotta figures is set behind this inkstand. I seated myself at the desk to write, I made a remarkably awkward outward movement with the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 229 hand holding the pen-holder, and so swept the cover of the ink-stand, which already lay on the desk, to the floor. It is not difficult to find the explanation. Some hours before my sister had been in the room to look at some of my new acquisitions. She found them very pretty, and then remarked: \"Now the desk really looks very well, only the inkstand does not match. You must get a prettier one.\" I accompanied my sister out and did not return for several hours. But then, as it seems, I performed the execution of the condemned inkstand. Did I perhaps conclude from my sister's words that she intended to present me with a prettier inkstand on the next festive occasion, and did [p. 186] I shatter the unsightly old one in order to force her to carry out her signified intention? If that be so, then my swinging motion was only apparently awkward; in reality it was most skilful and designed, as it understood how to avoid all the valuable objects located near it. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 230 I actually believe that we must accept this explanation of the whole series of seemingly accidental awkward movements. It is true that on the surface these seem to show something violent and irregular, similar to spastic-ataxic movements, but on examination they seem to be dominated by some intention, and they accomplish their aim with a certainty that cannot be generally credited to conscious arbitrary motions. In both characteristics, the force as well as the sure aim, they show besides a resemblance to the motor manifestations of the hysterical neurosis, and in part also to the motor accomplishments of somnambulism, which here as well as there point to the same unfamiliar modification of the functions of innervation. In latter years, since I have been collecting such observations, it has happened several times that I have shattered and broken objects of some value, but the examination of these cases convinced me that it was never the result of accident or of my unintentional awkwardness. Thus, one morning Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 231 while in my bath-robe and straw slippers I followed a sudden impulse as I passed a room, [p. 187] and hurled a slipper from my foot against the wall so that it brought down a beautiful little marble Venus from its bracket. As it fell to pieces I recited quite unmoved the following verse from Busch:-- \"Ach ! Die Venus ist perdü -- [3] Klickeradoms! -- von Medici!\" This crazy action and my calmness at the sight of the damage is explained in the then existing situation. We had a very sick person in the family, of whose recovery I had personally despaired. That morning I had been informed that there was a great improvement; I know that I had said to myself, \"After all she will live.\" My attack of destructive madness served therefore as the expression of a grateful feeling toward fate, and afforded me the opportunity of performing an \"act of sacrifice,\" just as if I had vowed, \"If she gets well I will give this or that as a sacrifice,\" That I chose the Venus of Medici as this sacrifice was only gallant homage to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 232 convalescent. But even to-day it is still incomprehensible to me that I decided so quickly, aimed so accurately, and struck no other object in close proximity. Another breaking, in which I utilized a penholder falling from my hand, also signified a sacrifice, but this time it was a pious offering [p. 188] to avert some evil. I had once allowed myself to reproach a true and worthy friend for no other reason than certain manifestations which I interpreted from his unconscious activity. He took it amiss and wrote me a letter in which he bade me not to treat my friends by psychoanalysis. I had to admit that he was right and appeased him with my answer. While writing this letter I had before me my latest acquisition-a small, handsome glazed Egyptian figure. I broke it in the manner mentioned, and then immediately knew that I had caused this mischief to avert a greater one. Luckily, both the friendship and the figure could be so cemented that the break would not be noticed. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 233 A third case of breaking had a less serious connection; it was only a disguised \"execution,\" to use an expression from Th. Vischer's Auch Einer, of an object that no longer suited my taste. For quite a while I had carried a cane with a silver handle; through no fault of mine the thin silver plate was once damaged and poorly repaired. Soon after the cane was returned I mirthfully used the handle to angle for the leg of one of my children. In that way it naturally broke, and I got rid of it. The indifference with which we accept the resulting damage in all these cases may certainly be taken as evidence for the existence of an unconscious purpose in their execution. [p. 189] (e) As can sometimes be demonstrated by, analysis, the dropping of objects or the overturning and breaking of the same are very frequently utilized as the expression of unconscious streams of thought, but more often they serve to represent the superstitious or odd significances connected therewith in popular sayings. The meanings attached Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 234 to the spilling of salt, the overturning of a wineglass, the sticking of a knife dropped to the floor, and so on, are well known. I shall discuss later the right to investigate such superstitious interpretations ; here I shall simply, observe that the individual awkward acts do not by any means always have the same meaning, but, depending on the circumstances, they serve to represent now this or that purpose. Recently we passed through a period in my house during which an unusual number of glass and china dishes were broken. I myself largely contributed to this damage. This little endemic was readily explained by the fact that it preceded the public betrothal of my eldest daughter. On such festivities it is customary to break some dishes and utter at the same time some felicitating expression. This custom may signify a sacrifice or express any other symbolic sense. When servants destroy fragile objects through dropping them, we certainly do not think in the first place of a psychologic motive for it; still, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 235 some obscure motives are not improb- [p. 190] able even here. Nothing lies farther from the uneducated than the appreciation of art and works of art. Our servants are dominated by a foolish hostility against these productions, especially when the objects, whose worth they do not realize ,become a source of a great deal of work for them. On the other hand, persons of the same education and origin employed in scientific institutions often distinguish themselves by great dexterity and reliability in the handling of delicate objects, as soon as they begin to identify themselves with their masters and consider themselves an essential part of the staff. I shall here add the report of a young mechanical engineer, which gives some insight into the mechanism of damaging things. \"Some time ago I worked with many others in the laboratory of the High School on a series of complicated experiments on the subject of elasticity. It was a work that we undertook of our own volition, but it turned out that it took up more of our time than we expected. One Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 236 day, while going to the laboratory with F., he complained of losing so much time, especially on this day, when he had so many other things to do at home. I could only agree with him, and he added half jokingly, alluding to an incident of the previous week, 'Let us hope that the machine will refuse to work, so that we can interrupt the experiment and go home earlier.' [p. 191] \"In arranging the work, it happened that F. was assigned to the regulation of the pressure valve, that is, it was his duty to carefully open the valve and let the fluid under pressure flow from the accumulator into the cylinder of the hydraulic press. The leader of the experiment stood at the manometer and called a loud 'Stop!' when the maximum pressure was reached. At this command F. grasped the valve and turned it with all his force - - to the left (all valves, without any exception, are closed to the right). This caused a sudden full pressure in the accumulator of the press, and as there was no outlet, the connecting pipe burst. This Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 237 was quite a trifling accident to the machine, but enough to force us to stop our work for the day and go home. \"It is characteristic, moreover, that some time later, on discussing this occurrence, my friend F. could not recall the remark that I positively remember his having made.\" Similarly, to fall, to make a misstep, or to slip need not always be interpreted as an entirely accidental miscarriage of a motor action. The linguistic double meaning of these expressions points to diverse hidden fantasies, which may present themselves through the giving up of bodily equilibrium. I recall a number of lighter nervous ailments in women and girls which made their appearance after falling without injury, and [p. 192] which were conceived as traumatic hysteria as a result of the shock of the fall. At that time I already entertained the impression that these conditions had a different connection, that the fall was already a preparation of the neurosis, and an expression of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 238 the same unconscious fantasies of sexual content which may be taken as the moving forces behind the symptoms. Was not this very thing meant in the proverb which says, \"When a maiden falls, she falls on her back!\" We can also add to these mistakes the case of one who gives a beggar a gold piece in place of a copper or a silver coin. The solution of such mishandling is simple: it is an act of sacrifice designed to mollify fate, to avert evil, and so on. If we hear a tender mother or aunt express concern regarding the health of a child, directly before taking a walk during which she displays her charity, contrary to her usual habit, we can no longer doubt the sense of this apparently undesirable accident. In this manner our faulty acts make possible the practice of all those pious and superstitious customs which must shun the light of consciousness, because of the strivings against them of our unbelieving reason. (f) That accidental actions are really Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 239 intentional will find no greater credence in any other sphere than in sexual activity, where the border [p. 193] between the intention and accident hardly seems discernible, That an apparently clumsy movement may be utilized in a most refined way for sexual purposes I can verify by; a nice example from my own experience. In a friend's house I met a young girl visitor who excited in me a feeling of fondness which I had long believed extinct, thus putting me in a jovial, loquacious, and complaisant mood. At that time I endeavoured to find out how this came about, as a year before this same girl made no impression on me. As the girl's uncle, a very old man, entered the room, we both jumped to our feet to bring him a chair which stood in the corner. She was more agile than I and also nearer the object, so that she was the first to take possession of the chair. She carried it with its back to her, holding both hands on the edge of the seat. As I got there later and did not give up the claim to carrying the chair, I suddenly Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 240 stood directly back of her, and with both my arms was embracing her from behind, and for a moment my hands touched her lap. I naturally solved the situation as quickly as it came about. Nor did it occur to anybody how dexterously I had taken advantage of this awkward movement. Occasionally I have had to admit to myself that the annoying, awkward stepping aside on [p. 194] the street, whereby for some seconds one steps here and there, yet always in the same direction as the other person, until finally both stop facing each other, that this \"barring one's way\" repeats an ill-mannered, provoking conduct of earlier times and conceals erotic purposes under the mask of awkwardness. From my psychoanalysis of neurotics I know that the so-called naïveté of young people and children is frequently only such a mask, employed in order that the subject may say or do the indecent without restraint. W. Stekel has reported similar observations in regard to himself: \"I entered a house and offered Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 241 my right hand to the hostess. In a most remarkable way I thereby loosened the bow which held together her loose morning-gown. I was conscious of no dishonourable intent, still I executed this awkward movement with the agility of a juggler.\" (g) The effects which result from mistakes of normal persons are, as a rule, of a most harmless nature. Just for this reason it would be particularly interesting to find out whether mistakes of considerable importance, which could be followed by serious results, as, for example, those of physicians or druggists, fall within the range of our point of view. As I am seldom in a position to deal with active medical matters, I can only, report one[p. 195] mistake from my own experience. I treated a very old woman, whom I visited twice daily for several years. My medical activities were limited to two acts, which I performed during my morning visits: I dropped a few drops of an eye lotion into her eyes and gave her a hypodermic injection of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 242 morphine. I prepared regularly two bottles -- a blue one, containing the eye lotion, and a white one, containing the morphine solution. While performing these duties my thoughts were mostly occupied with something else, for they had been repeated so often that the attention acted as if free. One morning I noticed that the automaton worked wrong; I had put the dropper into the white instead of into the blue bottle, and had dropped into the eyes the morphine instead of the lotion. I was greatly frightened, but then calmed myself through the reflection that a few drops of a two per cent. solution of morphine would not likely do any harm even if left in the conjunctival sac. The cause of the fright manifestly belonged elsewhere . In attempting to analyse the slight mistake I first thought of the phrase, \"to seize the old woman by mistake,\" which pointed out the short way to the solution. I had been impressed by a dream which a young man had told me the previous evening, the contents of which could be explained only on the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 243 basis of sexual inter- [p. 196] course with his own mother.[4] The strangeness of the fact that the Oedipus legend takes no offence at the age of Queen Jocasta seemed to me to agree with the assumption that in being in love with one's mother we never deal with the present personality, but with her youthful memory picture carried over from our childhood. Such incongruities always show themselves where one fantasy fluctuating between two periods is made conscious, and is then bound to one definite period. Deep in thoughts of this kind, I came to my patient of over ninety; I must have been well on the way to grasp the universal character of the Oedipus fable as the correlation of the fate which the oracle pronounces, for I made a blunder in reference to or on the old woman. Here, again, the mistake was harmless; of the two possible errors, taking the morphine solution for the eye, or the eye lotion for the injection, I chose the one by far the least harmful. The question still remains open whether in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 244 mistakes in handling things which may cause serious harm we can assume an unconscious intention as in the cases here discussed. [p. 197] The following case from Brill's experience corroborates the assumption that even serious mistakes are determined by unconscious intentions: \"A physician received a telegram informing him that his aged uncle was very sick. In spite of important family affairs at home he at once repaired to that distant town because his uncle was really his father, who had cared for him since he was one and a half years old, when his own father had died. On reaching there he found his uncle suffering from pneumonia, and, as the old man was an octogenarian, the doctors held out no hope for his recovery. 'It was simply a question of a day or two,' was the local doctor's verdict. Although a prominent physician in a big city, he refused to co-operate in the treatment, as he found that the case was properly managed by the local doctor, and he could not suggest anything to improve matters. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 245 \"Since death was daily expected, he decided to remain to the end. He waited a few days, but the sick man struggled hard, and although there was no question of any recovery, because of the many new complications which had arisen, death seemed to be deferred for a while. One night before retiring he went into the sick-room and took his uncle's pulse. As it was quite weak, he decided not to wait for the doctor, and administered a hypodermic injection. The patient grew rapidly worse and died within a few hours. [p. 198] There was something strange in the last symptoms, and on later attempting to replace the tube of hypodermic tablets into the case, he found to his consternation that he had taken out the wrong tube, and instead of a small dose of digitalis he had given a large dose of hyoscine. \"This case was related to me by the doctor after he read my paper on the Oedipus Complex.[5] We agreed that this mistake was determined not only by his impatience to get home to his sick child, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 246 but also by an old resentment and unconscious hostility toward his uncle (father).\" It is known that in the more serious cases of psychoneuroses one sometimes finds self- mutilations as symptoms of the disease. That the psychic conflict may end in suicide can never be excluded in these cases. Thus I know from experience, which some day I shall support with convincing examples, that many apparently accidental injuries happening to such patients are really self-inflicted. This is brought about by the fact that there is a constantly lurking tendency to self- punishment, usually expressing itself in self- reproach, or contributing to the formation of a symptom, which skilfully makes use of an external situation. The required external situation may accidentally present itself [p. 199] or the punishment tendency may assist it until the way is open for the desired injurious effect. Such occurrences are by no means rare even in cases of moderate severity, and they betray Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 247 the portion of unconscious intention through a series of special features -- for example, through the striking presence of mind which the patients show in the pretended accidents. [6] I will report exhaustively one in place of many such examples from my professional experience. A young woman broke her leg below the knee in a carriage accident so that she was bedridden for weeks. The striking part of it was the lack of any manifestation of pain and the calmness with which she bore her misfortune. This calamity ushered in a long and serious neurotic illness, from which she was finally cured by psychotherapy. During the treatment I discovered the circumstances surrounding the accident, as well as certain impressions which preceded it. The young woman with her jealous husband spent some time on the farm of her married sister, in company with her numerous other brothers and sisters with their wives and [p. 200] husbands. One evening she gave an exhibition of one of her talents before this intimate Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 248 circle; she danced artistically the \"cancan,\" to the great delight of her relatives, but to the great annoyance of her husband, who afterward whispered to her, \"Again you have behaved like a prostitute.\" The words took effect; we will leave it undecided whether it was just on account of the dance. That night she was restless in her sleep, and the next forenoon she decided to go out driving. She chose the horses herself refusing one team and demanding another. Her youngest sister wished to have her baby with its nurse accompany her, but she opposed this vehemently. During the drive she was nervous; she reminded the coachman that the horses were getting skittish, and as the fidgety animals really produced a momentary difficulty she jumped from the carriage in fright and broke her leg, while those remaining; in the carriage were uninjured. Although after the disclosure of these details we can hardly doubt that this accident was really contrived, we cannot fail to admire the skill which forced the accident to mete out a punishment so suitable to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 249 crime. For as it happened \"cancan\" dancing with her became impossible for a long time. Concerning self-inflicted injuries of my own experience, I cannot report anything in calm times, but under extraordinary: conditions I do [p. 201] not believe myself incapable of such acts. When a member of my family complains that he or she has bitten his tongue, bruised her finger, and so on, instead of the expected sympathy I put the question, \"Why did you do that?\" But I have most painfully squeezed my thumb, after a youthful patient acquainted me during the treatment with his intention (naturally not to be taken seriously) of marrying my eldest daughter, while I knew that she was then in a private hospital in extreme danger of losing her life. One of my boys, whose vivacious temperament was wont to put difficulties in the management of nursing him in his illness, had a fit of anger one morning because he was ordered to remain in bed during the forenoon, and threatened Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 250 to kill himself a way out suggested to him by the newspapers. In the evening he showed me a swelling on the side of his chest which was the result of bumping against the door knob. To my ironical question why he did it, and what he meant by, it, the eleven-year-old child explained, \"That was my attempt at suicide which I threatened this morning.\" However, I do not believe that my views on self- inflicted wounds were accessible to my children at that time. Whoever believes in the occurrence of semi- intentional self-inflicted injury -- if this awkward expression be permitted -- will become prepared [p. 202] to accept through it the fact that aside from conscious intentional suicide there also exists semi- intentional annihilation -- with unconscious intention -- which is capable of aptly utilizing a threat against life and masking it as a casual mishap. Such mechanism is by no means rare. For the tendency to self-destruction exists to a certain degree in many more persons than in those who bring it to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 251 completion. Self-inflicted injuries are, as a rule, a compromise between this impulse and the forces working against it, and even where it really comes to suicide the inclination has existed for a long time with less strength or as an unconscious and repressed tendency. Even suicide consciously committed chooses its time, means, and opportunity; it is quite natural that unconscious suicide should wait for a motive to take upon itself one part of the causation and thus free it from its oppression by taking up the defensive forces of the person.[7] [p. 203] These are in no way idle discussions which I here bring up; more than one case of apparently accidental misfortune (on a horse or out of a carriage) has become known to me whose surrounding circumstances justified the suspicion of suicide. For example, during an officers' horse-race one of the riders fell from his horse and was so seriously injured that a few days later he succumbed to his injuries. His behaviour after regaining Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 252 consciousness was remarkable in more than one way, and his conduct previous to the accident was still more remarkable. He had been greatly depressed by the death of his beloved mother, had crying spells in the society of his comrades, and to his trusted friend had spoken of the tædium vitæ. He had wished to quit the service in order to take part in a war in Africa which had no interest for him.[8] [p. 204] Formerly a keen rider, he had later evaded riding whenever possible. Finally, before the horse-race, from which he could not withdraw, he expressed a sad foreboding, which most expectedly in the light of our conception came true. It may be contended that it is quite comprehensible without any further cause that a person in such a state of nervous depression cannot manage a horse as well as on normal days. I quite agree with that, only, I should like to look for the mechanism of this motor inhibition through \"nervousness\" in the intention of self-destruction here emphasized. Dr. Ferenczi has left to me for publication Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 253 the analysis of an apparently accidental injury by shooting which he explained as an unconscious attempt at suicide. I can only agree with his deduction :-- \"J. Ad., 22 years old, carpenter, visited me on the 18th of January, 1908. He wished to know whether the bullet which pierced his left temple March 20, 1907, could or should be removed by operation. Aside from occasional, not very severe, headaches, he felt quite well, also the objective examination showed nothing besides the characteristic powder wound on the left temple, so that I advised against an operation. When questioned concerning the circumstances of the case he asserted that he injured himself accidentally. He was playing with his [p. 205] brother's revolver, and believing that it was not loaded he pressed it with his left hand: against the left temple (he is not left- handed), put his finger on the trigger, and the shot went off. There were three bullets in the six-shooter. \"I asked him how he came to carry the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 254 revolver, and he answered that it was at the time of his army conscription, that he took it to the inn the evening before because he feared fights. At the army examination he was considered unfit for service on account of varicose veins, which caused him much mortification. He went home and played with the revolver. He had no intention of hurting himself, but the accident occurred. On further questioning, whether he was otherwise satisfied with his fortune, he answered with a sigh, and related a love affair with a girl who loved him in return, but nevertheless left him. She emigrated to America out of sheer avariciousness. He wanted to follow her, but his parents prevented him. His lady-love left on the 20th of January, 1907, just two months before the accident. \"Despite all these suspicious elements the patient insisted that the shot was an 'accident.' I was firmly convinced, however, that the neglect to find out whether the revolver was loaded before he began to play with it, as well as the self-inflicted Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 255 injury, were psychically determined. He [p. 206] was still under the depressing effects of the unhappy love affair, and apparently wanted 'to forget everything' in the army. When this hope, too, was taken away from him he resorted to playing with the weapon -- that is, to an unconscious attempt at suicide. The fact that he did not hold the revolver in the right but in the left hand speaks conclusively in favour of the fact that he was really only 'playing' -- that is, he did not wish consciously to commit suicide.\" Another analysis of an apparently accidental self-inflicted wound, detailed to me by an observer, recalls the saying, \"He who digs a pit for others falls in himself.\"[9] \"Mrs. X., belonging to a good middle-class family, is married and has three children. She is somewhat nervous, but never needed any strenuous treatment, as she could sufficiently adapt herself to life. One day she sustained a rather striking though transitory disfigurement of her face in the following Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 256 manner: She stumbled in a street that was in process of repair and struck her face against the house wall. The whole face was bruised, the eyelids blue and oedematous, and as she feared that something might happen to her eyes she sent for the doctor. After she was calmed I asked her, 'But why did you fall in such a manner? She answered [p. 207] that just before this accident she wanted her husband, who had been suffering for some months from a joint affection, to be very careful in the street, and she often had the experience that in some remarkable way those things occurred to her against which she warned others. \"I was not satisfied with this as the determination of her accident, and asked her whether she had not something else to tell me. 'Yes, just before the accident she noticed a nice picture in a shop on the other side or the street, which she suddenly desired as an ornament for her nursery, and wished to buy it at once. She thereupon walked across to the shop without looking at the street, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 257 stumbled over a heap of stones, and fell with her face against the wall without making the slightest effort to shield herself with her hands. The intention to buy the .picture was immediately forgotten, and she walked home in haste.' \"'But why were you not more careful?' I asked. \"'Oh!' she answered, 'perhaps it was only a punishment for that episode which I confided to you!' \"'Has this episode still bothered you?' \"'Yes, later I regretted it very much; I considered myself wicked, criminal, and immoral, but at the time I was almost crazy with nervousness.' [p. 208] \"She referred to an abortion which was started by a quack and had to be brought to completion by a gynecologist. This abortion was initiated with the consent of her husband, as both wished, on account of their pecuniary circumstances, to be spared from being additionally blessed with Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 258 children. \"She said: 'I had often reproached myself with the words, \"You really had your child killed,\" and I feared that such a crime could not remain unpunished. Now that you have assured me that there is nothing seriously wrong with my eyes I am quite assured I have already been sufficiently punished.' \"This accident, therefore, was, on the one hand, a retribution for her sin, but, on the other hand, it may have served as an escape from a more dire punishment which she had feared for many months. In the moment that she ran to the shop to buy the picture the memory of this whole history, with its fears (already quite active in her unconscious at the time she warned her husband), became overwhelming and could perhaps find expression in words like these: 'But why do you want an ornament for the nursery? -- you who had your child killed! You are a murderer! The great punishment is surely approaching!' Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 259 \"This thought did not become conscious, but instead of it she made use of the situation -- I [p. 209] might say of the psychologic moment -- to utilize in a commonplace manner the heap of stones to inflict upon herself this punishment. It was for this reason that she did not even attempt to put out her arms while falling and was not much frightened. The second, and probably lesser, determinant of her accident was obviously the self-punishment for her unconscious wish to be rid of her husband, who was an accessory to the crime in this affair. This was betrayed by her absolutely superfluous warning to be very careful in the street on account of the stones. For, just because her husband had a weak leg, he was very careful in walking.\" If such a rage against one's own integrity and one's own life can be hidden behind apparently accidental awkwardness and motor insufficiency then it is not a big step forward to grasp the possibility of transferring the same conception to mistakes which seriously endanger the life and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 260 health of others. What I can put forward as evidence for the validity of this conception was taken from my experience with neurotics, and hence does not fully meet the demands of this situation. I will report a case in which it was not an erroneously carried-out action, but what may be more aptly termed a symbolic or chance action that gave me the clue which later made possible the solution of the patient's conflict. [p. 210] I once undertook to improve the marriage relations of a very intelligent man, whose differences with his tenderly attached young wife could surely be traced to real causes, but as he himself admitted could not be altogether explained through them. He continually occupied himself with the thought of a separation, which he repeatedly rejected because he dearly loved his two small children. In spite of this he always returned to that resolution and sought no means to make the situation bearable to himself. Such an unsettlement of a conflict served to prove to me that there were unconscious and repressed Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 261 motives which enforced the conflicting conscious thoughts, and in such cases I always undertake to end the conflict by psychic analysis. One day the man related to me a slight occurrence which had extremely frightened him. He was sporting with the older child, by far his favourite. He tossed it high in the air and repeated this tossing till finally he thrust it so high that its head almost struck the massive gas chandelier. Almost, but not quite, or say \"just about!\" Nothing happened to the child except that it became dizzy from fright. The father stood transfixed with the child in his arms, while the mother merged into an hysterical attack. The particular facility of this careless movement, with the violent reaction in the parents, suggested to me to look upon this accident as a symbolic [p. 211] action which gave expression to an evil intention toward the beloved child. I could remove the contradiction of the actual tenderness of this father for his child by referring the impulse to injure it to the time when it Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 262 was the only one, and so small that as yet the father had no occasion for tender interest in it. Then it was easy to assume that this man, so little pleased with his wife at that time, might have thought: \"If this small being for whom I have no regard whatever should die, I would be free and could separate from my wife.\" The wish for the death of this much loved being must therefore have continued unconsciously. From here it was easy to find the way to the unconscious fixation of this wish. There was indeed a powerful determinant in a memory from the patient's childhood: it referred to the death of a little brother, which the mother laid to his father's negligence, and which led to serious quarrels with threats of separation between the parents. The continued course of my patient's life, as well as the therapeutic success confirmed my analysis. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 263 Footnotes [1] A second publication of Meringer has later shown me how very unjust I was to this author when I attributed to him so much understanding. [2] Jones, loc. cit., p. 79.&middot; [3] Alas! the Venus of Medici is lost! [4] The Oedipus dream as I was wont to call it, because it contains the key to the understanding of the legend of King Oedipus. In the text of Sophocles the relation of such a dream is put in the mouth of Jocasta (cf. The Interpretation of Dreams, pp. 222-4, etc.). [5] New York Medical Journal, September, 1912. Reprinted in large form as Chapter X of Psychoanalysis, etc., Saunders. Philadelphia. [6] The self-inflicted injury which does not entirely tend toward self-annihilation has, moreover, no other choice in our present state of civilization than to hide itself behind the accidental, or to break through in a simulation of spontaneous illness. Formerly, it was a customary sign of mourning, at Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 264 other times it expressed itself in ideas of piety and renunciation of the world. [7] The case is then identical with a sexual attack on a woman, in whom the attack of the man cannot be warded off through the full muscular strength of the woman because a portion of the unconscious feelings of the one attacked meets it with ready acceptance. To be sure, it is said that such a situation paralyses the strength of a woman; we need only add the reasons for this paralysis. Insofar the clever sentence of Sancho Panza, which he pronounced as governor of his island, is psychologically unjust (Don Quixote, vol. ii. chap. xlv). A woman hauled before the judge a man who was supposed to have robbed her of her honour by force of violence. Sancho indemnified her with a full purse which he took from the accused, but after the departure of the woman he gave the accused permission to follow her and snatch the purse from her. Both returned wrestling, the woman priding herself that the villain was unable to possess himself Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 265 of the purse. Thereupon Sancho spoke: \"Had you shown yourself so stout and valiant to defend your body (nay, but half so much) as you have done to defend your purse, the strength of Hercules could not have forced you.\" [8] It is evident that the situation of a battlefield is such as to meet the requirement of conscious suicidal intent which, nevertheless, shuns the direct way. Cf. in Wallenstein the words of the Swedish captain concerning the death of Max Piccolomini: \"They say he wished to die.\" [9] \"Selbstbestrafung wegen Abortus von Dr. J. E. G. van Emden,\" Haag (Holland), Zentralb. f. Psychoanalyse, ii, 12. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 266 Chapter 9 Symptomatic and Chance Actions The actions described so far, in which we recognize the execution of an unconscious intention, appeared as disturbances of other unintended actions, and hid themselves under the pretext of awkwardness. Chance actions, which we shall now discuss, differ from erroneously carried out actions only in that they disdain the support of a conscious intention and really need no pretext. They appear independently and are accepted because one does not credit them with any aim or purpose. We execute them \"without thinking anything of them,\" \"by mere chance,\" \"just to keep the hands busy,\" and we feel confident that such information will be quite sufficient should one inquire as to their significance. In order to enjoy the advantage of this exceptional position these actions which no longer claim awkwardness as an excuse must fulfil certain conditions: they must not be striking, and their Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 267 effects must be insignificant. I have collected a large number of such \"chance actions\" from myself and others, and [p. 216] after thoroughly investigating the individual examples, I believe that the name \"symptomatic actions\" is more suitable. They give expression to something which the actor himself does not suspect in them, and which as a rule he has no intention of imparting to others, but aims to keep to himself. Like the other phenomena considered so far, they thus play the part of symptoms . The richest output of such chance or symptomatic actions is above all obtained in the psychoanalytic treatment of neurotics. I cannot deny myself the pleasure of showing by two examples of this nature how far and how delicately the determination of these plain occurrences are swayed by unconscious thoughts. The line of demarcation between the symptomatic actions and the erroneously carried out actions is so indefinite that I could have disposed of these examples in the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 268 preceding chapter. (a) During the analysis a young woman reproduced this idea which suddenly occurred to her. Yesterday while cutting her nails \"she had cut into the flesh while engaged in trimming the cuticle.\" This is of so little interest that we ask in astonishment why it is at all remembered and mentioned, and therefore come to the conclusion that we deal with a symptomatic action. It was really the finger upon which the wedding-ring is worn which was injured through this [p. 217] slight awkwardness. It happened, moreover, on her wedding-day, which thus gives to the injury of the delicate skin a very definite and easily guessed meaning. At the same time she, also related a dream which alluded to the awkwardness of her husband and her anesthesia as a woman. But why did she injure the ring finger of her left hand when the wedding-ring is worn on the right? Her husband is a jurist, a \"Doctor of Laws\" (Doktor der Rechte, literally a Doctor of Rights), and her secret affection Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 269 as a girl belonged to a physician who was jokingly called Doktor der Linke (literally, Doctor of Left). Incidentally a left-handed marriage has a definite meaning. (b) A single young woman relates: \"Yesterday, quite unintentionally, I tore a hundred- dollar note in two pieces and gave half to a woman who was visiting me. Is that, too, a symptomatic action?\" After closer investigation the matter of the hundred-dollar note elicited the following associations: She dedicated a part of her time and her fortune to charitable work. Together with another woman she was taking care of the rearing of an orphan. The hundred dollars was the contribution sent her by that woman, which she enclosed in an envelope and provisionally deposited on her writing- desk. The visitor was a prominent woman with whom she was associated in another act of charity. [p. 218] This woman wished to note the names of a number of persons to whom she could apply for Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 270 charitable aid. There was no paper, so my patient grasped the envelope from her desk, and without thinking of its contents tore it in two pieces, one of which she kept, in order to have a duplicate list of names, and gave the other to her visitor. Note the harmlessness of this aimless occurrence. It is known that a hundred-dollar note suffers no loss in value when it is torn, provided all the pieces are produced. That the woman would not throw away the piece of paper was assumed by the importance of the names on it, and there was just as little doubt that she would return the valuable content as soon as she noticed it. But to what unconscious thought should this chance action, which was made possible through forgetfulness, give expression? The visitor in this case had a very definite relation to my patient and myself. It was she who at one time had recommended me as physician to the suffering girl, and if I am, not mistaken my patient considered herself indebted for this advice. Should this halved Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 271 hundred-dollar note perhaps represent a fee for her mediation? That still remained enigmatic. But other material was added to this beginning. Several days before a woman mediator [p. 219] of a different sort had inquired of a relative whether the gracious young lady wished to make the acquaintance of a certain gentleman, and that morning, some hours before the woman's visit, the wooing letter of the suitor arrived, giving occasion for much mirth. When therefore the visitor opened the conversation with inquiries regarding the health of my patient, the latter could well have thought: \"You certainly found me the right doctor, but if you could assist me in obtaining the right husband (and a child) I should be still more grateful.\" Both mediators became fused into one in this repressed thought, and she handed the visitor the fee which her fantasy was ready to give the other. This resolution became perfectly convincing when I add that I had told her of such chance or symptomatic actions only the previous evening. She Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 272 then took advantage of the next occasion to produce an analogous action. We can undertake a grouping of these extremely frequent chance and symptomatic actions according to their occurrence as habitual, regular under certain circumstances, and as isolated ones. The first group (such as playing with the watch- chain, fingering one's beard, and so on), which can almost serve as a characteristic of the person concerned, is related to the numerous tic movements, and certainly deserves to be dealt with in connection with the latter. In the second group [p. 220] I place the playing with one's cane, the scribbling with one's pencil, the jingling of coins in one's pocket, kneading dough and other plastic materials, all sorts of handling of one's clothing, and many other actions of the same order. These playful occupations during psychic treatment regularly conceal sense and meaning to which other expression is denied. Generally the person in question knows nothing about it; he is Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 273 unaware whether he is doing the same thing or whether he has imitated certain modifications in his customary playing, and he also fails to see or hear the effects of these actions. For example, he does not hear the noise which is produced by the jingling of coins, and he is astonished and incredulous when his attention is called to it. Of equal significance to the physician, and worthy of his observation, is everything that one does with his clothing often without noticing it. Every change in the customary attire, every little negligence, such as an unfastened button, every trace of exposure means to express something that the wearer of the apparel does not wish to say directly, usually he is entirely unconscious of it. The interpretation of these trifling chance actions, as well as the proof for their interpretation, can be demonstrated every time with sufficient certainty from the surrounding circumstances during the treatment, from the themes [p. 221] under discussion, and from the ideas that come to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 274 surface when attention is directed to the seeming accident. Because of this connection I will refrain from supporting my assertions by reporting examples with their analyses; but I mention these matters because I believe that they have the same meaning in normal persons as in my patients. I cannot, however, refrain from showing by at least one example how closely an habitually accomplished symbolic action may be connected with the most intimate and important part of the life of a normal individual.[1] \"As Professor Freud has taught us, the symbolism in the infantile life of the normal plays a greater rô1e than was expected from earlier psychoanalytic experiences. In view of this the following brief analysis may be of general interest, especially on account of its medical aspects. \"A doctor on rearranging his furniture in a new house came across a straight, wooden stethoscope, and, after pausing to decide where he should put it, was impelled to place it on the side of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 275 his writing-desk in such a position that it stood exactly between his chair and the one reserved for his patients. The act in itself was certainly odd, for in the first place the straight [p. 222] stethoscope served no purpose, as he invariably used a binaural one; and in the second place all his medical apparatus and instruments were always kept in drawers, with the sole exception of this one. However, he gave no thought to the matter until one day it was brought to his notice by a patient who had never seen a wooden stethoscope, asking him what it was. On being told, she asked why he kept it there. He answered in an offhand way that that place was as good as any other. This, however, started him thinking, and he wondered whether there had been an unconscious motive in his action. Being interested in the psychoanalytic method, he asked me to investigate the matter. \"The first memory that occurred to him was the fact that when a medical student he had been struck by the habit his hospital interne had of always Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 276 carrying in his hand a wooden stethoscope on his ward visits, although he never used it. He greatly admired this interne, and was much attached to him. Later on, when he himself became an interne he contracted the same habit, and would feel very uncomfortable if by mistake he left the room without having the instrument to swing in his hand. The aimlessness of the habit was shown, not only by the fact that the only stethoscope he ever used was a binaural one, which he carried in his pocket, but also in that it was continued when he was a sur- [p. 223] gical interne and never needed any stethoscope at all. \"From this it was evident that the idea of the instrument in question had in some way or other become invested with a greater psychic significance than normally belongs to it -- in other words, that to the subject it stood for more than it does for other people. The idea must have got unconsciously associated with some other one, which it symbolized, and from which it derived its additional Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 277 fulness of meaning. I will forestall the rest of the analysis by saying what this secondary idea was -- namely, a phallic one; the way in which this curious association had been formed will presently be related. The discomfort he experienced in hospital on missing the instrument, and the relief and assurance the presence of it gave him, was related to what is known as a 'castration-complex' -- namely, a childhood fear, often continued in a disguised form into adult life, lest a private part of his body should be taken away from him, just as playthings so often were. The fear was due to paternal threats that it would be cut off if he were not a good boy, particularly in a certain direction. This is a very common complex, and accounts for a great deal of general nervousness and lack of confidence in later years. \"Then came a number of childhood memories relating to his family doctor. He had been [p. 224] strongly attached to this doctor as a child, and during the analysis long-buried memories were Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 278 recovered of a double phantasy he had in his fourth year concerning the birth of a younger sister -- namely, that she was the child (1) of himself and his mother, the father being relegated to the background, and (2) of the doctor and himself; in this he thus played both a masculine and feminine part.[2] At the time, when his curiosity was being aroused by the event, he could not help noticing; the prominent share taken by the doctor in the proceedings, and the subordinate position occupied by the father: the significance of this for his later life will presently be pointed out. \"The stethoscope association was formed through many connections. In the first place, the physical appearance of the instrument- - a straight, rigid, hollow tube, having a small bulbous summit at one extremity and a broad base at the other -- and the fact of its being the essential part of the medical paraphernalia, the instrument with which the doctor performed his magical and interesting feats, were matters that attracted his boyish attention. He had Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 279 had his chest repeatedly examined by the doctor at the age of six, and distinctly recollected the volup- [p. 225] tuous sensation of feeling the latter's head near him pressing the wooden stethoscope into his chest, and of the rhythmic to-and-fro respiratory movement. He had been struck by the doctor's habit of carrying his stethoscope inside his hat; he found it interesting that the doctor should carry his chief instrument concealed about his person, always handy when he went to see patients, and that he only had to take off his hat (i.e., a part of his clothing) and 'pull it out.' At the age of eight he was impressed by being told by an older boy that it was the doctor's custom to get into bed with his women patients. It is certain that the doctor, who was young and handsome, was extremely popular among the women of the neighbourhood, including the subject's own mother. The doctor and his 'instrument' were therefore the objects of great interest throughout his boyhood. \"It is probable that, as in many other cases, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 280 unconscious identification with the family doctor had been a main motive in determining the subject's choice of profession. It was here doubly conditioned (1) by the superiority of the doctor on certain interesting occasions to the father, of whom the subject was very jealous, and (2) by the doctor's knowledge of forbidden topics[3] and his opportunity for illicit indulgence. [p. 226] The subject admitted that he had on several occasions experienced erotic temptations in regard to his women patients; he had twice fallen in love with one, and finally had married one. \"The next memory was of a dream, plainly of a homosexual-masochistic nature; in it a man, who proved to be a replacement figure of the family doctor, attacked the subject with a 'sword.' The idea of a sword, as is so frequently the case in dreams, represented the same idea that was mentioned above to be associated with that of a wooden stethoscope. The thought of a sword reminded the subject of the passage in the Nibelung Saga, where Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 281 Sigurd sleeps with his naked sword (Gram) between him and Brunhilda, an incident that had always greatly struck his imagination. \"The meaning of the symptomatic act now at last became clear. The subject had placed his wooden stethoscope between him and his patients, just as Sigurd had placed his sword (an equivalent symbol) between him and the maiden he was not to touch. The act was a compromise-formation; it served both to gratify in his imagination the repressed wish to enter into nearer relations with an attractive patient (interposition of phallus), and at the same time to remind him that this wish was not to become a reality (interposition of sword). It [p. 227] was, so to speak, a charm against yielding to temptation. \"I might add that the following passage from Lord Lytton's Richelieu made a great impression on the boy:-- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 282 'Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword,' [4] and that he became a prolific writer and uses an unusually large fountain-pen. ,When I asked him what need he had of this pen, he replied in a characteristic manner, 'I have so much to express.' \"This analysis again reminds us of the profound views that are afforded us in the psychic life through the 'harmless' and 'senseless' actions, and how early in life the tendency to symbolization develops.\" I can also relate an experience from my psychotherapeutic practice in which the hand, playing with a mass of bread-crumbs, gave evidence of an eloquent declaration. My patient was a boy not yet thirteen years of age, who had been very hysterical for two years. I finally took him for psychoanalytic treatment, after a lengthy stay at a hydrotherapeutic institution had proved futile. My supposition was that he must have had sexual Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 283 experiences, and that, corresponding to his age, he had been troubled by [p. 228] sexual questions; but I was cautious about helping him with explanations as I wished to test further my assumption. I was therefore curious as to the manner in which the desired material would evince itself in him. One day it struck me that he was rolling something between the fingers of his right hand; he would thrust it into his pocket and there continue playing with it, then would draw it out again, and so on. I did not ask what he had in his hand; but as he suddenly opened his hand he showed it to me. It was bread-crumbs kneaded into a mass. At the next session he again brought along a mass, and in the course of our conversation, although his eyes were closed, modelled a figure with an incredible rapidity which excited my interest. Without doubt it was a manikin like the crudest prehistoric idols, with a head, two arms, two legs, and an appendage between the legs which he drew out to a long point. This was scarcely completed when he Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 284 kneaded the manikin together again: later he allowed it to remain, but modelled an identical appendage on the flat of the back and on other parts in order to veil the meaning of the first. I wished to show him that I had understood him, but at the same time I wanted to deprive him of the evasion that he had thought of nothing while actively forming these figures. With this in- [p. 229] tention I suddenly asked him whether he remembered the story of the Roman king who gave his son's envoy a pantomimic answer in his garden. The boy did not wish to recall what he must have learned so much more recently than I. He asked if that was the story of the slave on whose bald skull the answer was written. I told him, \" No, that belonged to Greek history,\" and related the following: \"King Tarquinius Superbus had induced his son Sextus to steal into a Latin city. The son, who had later obtained a foothold in the city, sent a messenger to the king asking what steps he should take next. The king gave no answer, but went into Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 285 his garden, had the question repeated there, and silently struck off the heads of the largest and most beautiful poppies. All that the messenger could do was to report this to Sextus, who understood his father, and caused the most distinguished citizens of the city to be removed by assassination.\" While I was speaking the boy stopped kneading, and as I was relating what the king did in his garden, I noticed that at the words \"silently struck\" he tore off the head of the manikin with a movement as quick as lightning. He therefore understood me, and showed that he was also understood by me. Now I could question him directly, and gave him the information [p. 230] that he desired, and in a short time the neurosis came to an end. The symptomatic actions which: we observe in inexhaustible abundance in healthy as well as in nervous people are worthy of our interest for more than one reason. To the physician they often serve as valuable indications for orienting himself in new Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 286 or unfamiliar conditions; to the keen observer they often betray everything, occasionally even more than he cares to know. He who is familiar with its application sometimes feels like King Solomon, who, according to the Oriental legend, understood the language of animals. One day I was to examine a strange young man at his mother's home. As he came towards me I was attracted by a large stain on his trousers, which by its peculiar stiff edges I recognized as one produced by albumen. After a moment's embarrassment the young man excused this stain by remarking that he was hoarse and therefore drank a raw egg, and that some of the slippery white of the egg had probably fallen on his clothes. To confirm his statements he showed the eggshell which could still be seen on a small plate in the room. The suspicious spot was thus explained in this harmless way; but as his mother left us alone I thanked him for having so greatly facilitated the diagnosis for me, and without further pro- [p. 231] Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 287 cedure I took as the topic of our discussion his confession that he was suffering from the effects of masturbation. Another time I called on a woman as rich as she was miserly and foolish, who was in the habit of giving the physician the task of working his way through a heap of her complaints before he could reach the simple cause of her condition. As I entered she was sitting at a small table engaged in arranging silver dollars in little piles as she rose she tumbled some of the pieces of money to the floor. I helped her pick them up, but interrupted the recitation of her misery by remarking: \"Has your good son-in-law been spending so much of your money again? \" She bitterly denied this, only to relate a few moments later the lamentable story of the aggravation caused by her son-in-law's extravagances. And she has not sent for me since. I cannot maintain that one always makes friends of those to whom he tells the meaning of their symptomatic actions. He who observes his fellow-men while at Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 288 table will be able to verify in them the nicest and most instructive symptomatic actions. Dr. Hans Sachs relates the following:-- \"I happened to be present when an elderly, couple related to me partook of their supper. The lady had stomach trouble and was forced to follow a strict diet. A roast was put before [p. 232] the husband, and he requested his wife, who was not allowed to partake of this food, to give him the mustard. The wife opened the closet and took out the small bottle of stomach drops, and placed it on the table before her husband. Between the barrel- shaped mustard-glass and the small drop-bottle there was naturally no similarity through which the mishandling could be explained; yet the wife only noticed the mistake after her husband laughingly called her attention to it. The sense of this symptomatic action needs no explanation.\" For an excellent example of this kind which was very skilfully utilized by the observer, I am indebted to Dr. Bernh. Dattner (Vienna):-- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 289 \"I dined in a restaurant with my colleague H., a doctor of philosophy. He spoke about the injustice done to probationary students, and added that even before he finished his studies he was placed as secretary to the ambassador, or rather the extraordinary plenipotentiary Minister to Chili [sic]. 'But,' he added, 'the minister was afterwards transferred, and I did not make any effort to meet the newly appointed.' While uttering the last sentence he was lifting a piece of pie to his mouth, but he let it drop as if out of awkwardness. I immediately grasped the hidden sense of this symptomatic action, and remarked to my colleague, who was unacquainted with psychoanalysis, 'You really allowed a very [p. 233] choice morsel to slip from you.' He did not realize, however, that my words could equally refer to his symptomatic action, and he repeated the same words I uttered with a peculiarly agreeable and surprising vividness, as if I had actually -taken the words from his mouth: 'It was really a very choice morsel that I allowed to get Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 290 away from me.' He then followed this remark with a detailed description of his clumsiness, which has cost him this very remunerative position. \"The sense of this symbolic action becomes clearer if we remember that my colleague had scruples about telling me, almost a perfect stranger, concerning his precarious material situation, and his repressed thought took on the mask of symptomatic action which expressed symbolically what was meant to be concealed, and the speaker thus got relief from his unconscious.\" That the taking away or taking along things without any apparent intention may prove to be senseful [sic] may be shown by the following examples . 1. Dr. B. Dattner relates: \"An acquaintance paid the first after-marriage visit to a highly regarded lady friend of his youth. He told me of this visit and expressed his surprise at the fact that he failed in his resolution to visit with her only a short time, and then reported to me [p. 234] a rather Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 291 strange faulty act which happened to him there. \"The husband of this friend, who took part in the conversation, was looking for a box of matches which he was sure was on the table when he came there. My acquaintance, too, looked through his pockets to ascertain whether he had not put it in his pocket, but without avail. Some time later he actually found it in his pocket, and was struck by the fact that there was only one match in the box. \"A dream a few days later showing the box symbolism in reference to the friend of his youth confirmed my explanation. With the symptomatic action my acquaintance meant to announce his priority-right and the exclusiveness of his possession (it contained only one match).\" Dr. Hans Sachs relates the following: \"Our cook is very fond of a certain kind of pie. There is no possible doubt about this, as it is the only kind of pastry which she always prepares well. One Sunday she brought this pie to the table, took it off the pie- plate, and proceeded to remove the dishes used in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 292 the former course, but on the top of this pile she placed the pie, and disappeared with it into the kitchen. We first thought that she had something to improve on the pie, but as she failed to appear my wife rang the bell and asked, 'Betty, what happened to the pie?' to which the girl answered, [p. 235] without comprehending the question, 'How is that?' We had to call her attention to the fact that she carried the pie back to the kitchen. She had put it on the pile of dishes, taken it out, and put it away 'without noticing it.' \"The next day, when we were about to consume the rest of the pie, my wife noticed that there was as much of it as we had left the day before -- that is, the girl had disdained to eat the portion of her favourite dish which was rightly hers. Questioned why she did not eat the pie, she answered, somewhat embarrassed, that she did not care for it. \"The infantile attitude is distinctly noticeable Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 293 on both occasions -- first the childish insatiableness in refusing to share with anybody the object of her wishes, then the reaction of spite which is just as childish: 'If you grudge it to me, keep it for yourself, I want nothing of it.' \" Chance or symptomatic actions occurring in affairs of married life have often a most serious significance, and could lead those who do not concern themselves with the psychology of the unconscious to a belief in omens. It is not an auspicious beginning if a young woman loses her wedding-ring on her wedding-tour, even if it were only mislaid and soon found. I know a woman, now divorced, who in the management of her business affairs frequently [p. 236] signed her maiden name many years before she actually resumed it. Once I was the guest of a newly married couple and heard the young woman laughingly relate her latest experience, how, on the day succeeding her return from the wedding tour she Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 294 had sought out her single sister in order to go shopping with her as in former times, while her husband was attending business. Suddenly she noticed a man on the opposite side of the street; nudging her sister she said, \"Why, that is surely Mr. L.\" She forgot that for some weeks this man had been her husband. I was chilled at this tale, but I did not dare draw any inferences. The little story came back to me only several years later, after this marriage had ended most unhappily . The following observation, which could as well have found a place among the examples of forgetting, was taken from a noteworthy work published in French by A. Maeder.[5] \"Une dame nous racontait récement qu'elle avait oublie d'essayer sa robe de noce et s'en souvint la veille du marriage, à huit heur du soir, la couturière désespérait de voir sa cliente. Ce détail suffit à montrer que la fiancée ne se sentait pas très hereuse de porter une robe d'épouse, elle cherchait à oublier cette repré- [p. 237] sentation pénible. Elle Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 295 est aujourd'hui . . . divorcée.'' A friend who has learned to observe signs related to me that the great actress Eleanora Duse introduces a symptomatic action into one of her rôles which shows very nicely from what depth she draws her acting. It is a drama dealing with adultery; she has just been discussing with her husband and now stands soliloquizing before the seducer makes his appearance. During this short interval she plays with her wedding-ring, she pulls it off, replaces it, and finally takes it off again. She is now ready for the other. I know of an elderly man who married a young girl, and instead of starting at once on his wedding tour he decided to spend the night in a hotel. Scarcely had they reached the hotel, when he noticed with fright that he was without his wallet, in which he had the entire sum of money for the wedding tour; he must have mislaid or lost it. He was still able to reach his servant by telephone; the latter found the missing article in the coat discarded Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 296 for the travelling clothes and brought it to the hotel to the waiting bridegroom, who had thus entered upon his marriage without means. It is consoling to think that the \"losing of objects\" by people is merely an unsuspected extension of a symptomatic action, and is thus [p. 238] welcome at least to the secret intention of the loser. Often it is only an expression of slight appreciation of the lost article, a secret dislike for the same, or perhaps for the person from whom it came, or the desire to lose this object was transferred to it from other and more important objects through symbolic association. The loss of valuable articles serves as an expression of diverse feelings; it may either symbolically represent a repressed thought -- that is, it may bring back a memory which one would rather not hear -- of it may represent a sacrifice to the obscure forces of fate, the worship of which is not yet entirely extinct even with us. [6] [p. 239] The following examples will illustrate these Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 297 statements concerning the losing of objects:-- Dr. B. Dattner states: \"A colleague related to me that he lost his steel pencil which he had had for over two years, and which, on account of its superior quality, was highly prized by him. Analysis elicited the following facts: The day before he had received a very disagreeable [p. 240] letter from his brother-in-law, the concluding sentence of which read: 'At present I have neither the desire nor the time to assist you in your carelessness and laziness.' The effect connected with this letter was so powerful that the next day he promptly sacrificed the pencil which was a present from this brother-in-law in order not to be burdened with his favours.\" [p. 241] Brill reports the following example: \"A doctor took exception to the following statement in my book, 'We never lose what we really want' (Psychanalysis, its Theories and Practical Application, p. 214).&middot; His wife, who is very interested in psychologic subjects, read with him the chapter on \"Psychopathology of Everyday Life \"; Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 298 they were both very much impressed with the novelty of the ideas, and so on, and were very willing to accept most of the statements. He could not, however, agree with the above-given statement because, as he said to his wife, 'I surely did not wish to lose my knife.' He referred to a valuable knife given to him by his wife, which he highly prized, the loss of which caused him much pain. \"It did not take his wife very long to discover the solution for this loss in a manner to convince them both of the accuracy of my statement. When she presented him with this knife he was a bit loath to accept it. Although he considered himself quite emancipated, he nevertheless entertained some superstition about giving or accepting a knife as a gift, because it is said that a knife cuts friendship. He even remarked this to his wife, who only laughed at his superstition. He had the knife for years before it disappeared. \"Analysis brought out the fact that the disappearance of the knife was directly connected Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 299 [p. 242] with a period when there were violent quarrels between himself and his wife, which threatened to end in separation. They lived happily together until his step-daughter (it was his second marriage) came to live with them. His daughter was the cause of many misunderstandings, and it was at the height of these quarrels that he lost the knife. \"The unconscious activity is very nicely shown in this symptomatic action. In spite of his apparent freedom from superstition, he still unconsciously believed that a donated knife may cut friendship between the persons concerned. The losing of it was simply an unconscious defence against losing his wife, and by sacrificing the knife he made the superstitious ban impotent.'' In a lengthy discussion and with the aid of dream analysis[7] Otto Rank made clear the sacrificial tendency with its deep-reaching motivation. It must be said that just such symptomatic actions often give us access to the understanding of the intimate psychic life of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 300 person. Of the many isolated chance-actions, I will relate one example which showed a deeper meaning even without analysis. This example clearly explains the conditions under which such [p. 243] symptoms may be produced most casually, and also shows that an observation of practical importance may be attached to it. During a summer tour it happened that I had to wait several days at a certain place for the arrival of my travelling companions. In the meantime I made the acquaintance of a young man, who also seemed lonely and was quite willing to join me. As we lived at the same hotel it was quite natural that we should take all our meals and our walks together. On the afternoon of the third day he suddenly informed me that he expected his wife to arrive on that evening's express train. My psychologic interest was now aroused, as it had already struck me that morning that my companion rejected my proposal to make a long excursion, and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 301 in our short walk he objected to a certain path as too steep and dangerous. During our afternoon walk he suddenly thought that I must be hungry and insisted that I should not delay my evening meal on his account, that he would not sup before his wife's arrival. I understood the hint and seated myself at the table while he went to the station. The next morning we met in the foyer of the hotel. He presented me to his wife, and added, \"Of course, you will breakfast with us? \" I had to attend first to a small matter in the next street, but assured him that I would return [p. 244] shortly. Later, as I entered the breakfast-room, I noticed that the couple were at a small table near the window, both seated on the same side of it. On the opposite side there was only one chair, which was covered, however, with a man's large and heavy coat. I understood well the meaning of this unintentional, none the less expressive, disposition of the coat. It meant this: \"There is no room for you here, you are superfluous now.\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 302 The man did not notice that I remained standing before the table, being unable to take the seat, but his wife noticed it, and quickly nudged her husband and whispered: \"Why, you have covered the gentleman's place with your coat.\" These as well as other similar experiences have caused me to think that the actions executed unintentionally must inevitably become the source of misunderstanding in human relations. The perpetrator of the act, who is unaware of any associated intention, takes no account of it, and does not hold himself responsible for it. On the other hand, the second party, having regularly utilized even such acts as those of his partner to draw conclusions as to the purpose and meaning, recognizes more of the stranger's psychic processes than the latter is ready either to admit or believe that he has imparted. He becomes indignant when these conclusions drawn from [p. 245] his symptomatic actions are held up to him; he declares them baseless because he does not see any Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 303 conscious intention in their execution, and complains of being misunderstood by the other. Close examination shows that such misunderstandings are based on the fact that the person is too fine an observer and understands too much. The more \"nervous\" two persons are the more readily will they give each other cause for disputes, which are based on the fact that one as definitely denies about his own person what he is sure to accept about the other. And this is, indeed, the punishment for the inner dishonesty to which people grant expression under the guise of \"forgetting,\" of erroneous actions and accidental emotions, a feeling which they would do better to confess to themselves and others when they can no longer control it. As a matter of fact it can be generally affirmed that every one is continually practising psychoanalysis on his neighbours, and consequently learns to know them better than each individual knows himself. The road following the admonition gnwqi seauton leads Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 304 through study of one's own apparently casual commissions and omissions. Footnotes [1] \"Beitrag zur Symbolik im Alltag von Ernest Jones,\" Zentralb. f. Psychoanalyse, i. 3, 1911. [2] Psychoanalytic research, with the penetration of infantile amnesia, has shown that this apparent precocity is a less abnormal occurrence than was previously supposed. [3] The term \" medical questions\" is a common periphrasis for \" sexual questions.\" [4] Cf. Oldham's \"I wear my pen as others do their sword.\" [5] Maeder, \"Contribution a la psychologie de la vie quotidienne,\" Arch. des psychologie, T. vi. 1906. [6] Here is another small collection of various symptomatic actions in normal and neurotic persons. An elderly colleague who does not like to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 305 lose at cards had to pay one evening a large sum of money in consequence of his losses; he did this without complaint, but with a peculiar constrained temper. After his departure it was discovered that he had left at this place practically everything he had with him, spectacles, cigar-case, and handkerchief. That would be readily translated into the words: \"You robbers, you have nicely plundered me.\" A man who suffers from occasional sexual impotence, which has its origin in the intimacy of his infantile relations to his mother, relates that he is in the habit of embellishing pamphlets and notes with an S, the initial of his mother's name. He cannot bear the idea of having letters from home come in contact with other unsanctified correspondence, and therefore finds it necessary to keep the former separate. A young woman suddenly flings open the door of the consulting-room while her predecessor is still present. She excused herself on the ground of \"thoughtlessness\"; it soon came to light that she demonstrated her curiosity which caused her at an Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 306 earlier time to intrude into the bedroom of her parents. Girls who are proud of their beautiful hair know so well how to manipulate combs and hairpins, that in the midst of conversation their hair becomes loosened. During the treatment (in a reclining position) some men scatter change from their pockets and thus pay for the hour of treatment; the amount scattered is in proportion to their estimation of the work. Whoever forgets articles in the doctor's office, such as eye-glasses, gloves, handbags, generally indicates that he cannot tear himself away and is anxious to return soon. Ernest Jones says: \"One can almost measure the success with which a physician is practising psychotherapy, for instance, by the size of the collection of umbrellas, handkerchiefs, purses, and so on, that he could make in a month. The slightest habits and acts performed with a minimum of attention, such as the winding of a clock before retiring to sleep, the putting out of lights before leaving the room, and similar actions, are occasionally subject to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 307 disturbances which clearly demonstrate the influence of the unconscious complex, and what is thought to be the strongest \"habits.\" In the journal Coenobium, Maeder relates about a hospital physician who, on account of an important matter, desired to get to the city that evening, although he was on duty and had no right to leave the hospital. On his return he noticed to his surprise that there was a light in his room. On leaving the room he had forgotten to put it out, something that had never happened before. But he soon grasped the motive of this forgetting. The hospital superintendent who lived in the same house must have concluded from the light in the room that he was at home. A man overburdened with worries and subject to occasional depressions assured me that he regularly forgot to wind his watch on those evenings when life seemed too hard and unfriendly. In this omission to wind his watch he symbolically expressed that it was a matter of indifference to him whether he lived to see the next day. Another man who was personally Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 308 unknown to me wrote: \"Having been struck by a terrible misfortune, life appeared so harsh and unsympathetic, that I imagined that I had not sufficient strength to live to see the next day. I then noticed that almost every day I forgot to wind my watch, something that I never omitted before. I had been in the habit of doing it regularly before retiring in an almost mechanical and unconscious manner. It was only very seldom that I thought of it, and that happened when I had something important for the next day which held my interest. \"Should this be considered a symptomatic action? I really cannot explain it.\" Whoever will take the trouble, like Jung (The Psychology of Dementia Præcox, translated by Peterson and Brill), or Maeder (\"Une voie nouvelle en Psychologie -- Freud et son ecole,\" Coenobium, Lugano, 1906), to pay attention to melodies which one hums to himself aimlessly and unconsciously, will regularly discover the relation of the melody's text to a theme which occupies the person at that time. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 309 [7] Das Verlieren als Symptom-handlung,\" Zentralb. f. Psychoanalyse, i. 10-11. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 310 Chapter 10 Errors Errors of memory are distinguished from forgetting and false recollections through one feature only, namely, that the error false recollection) is not recognized as such but finds credence. However, the use of the expression \"error\" seems to depend on still another condition. We speak of \"erring&middot;\" instead of \"falsely recollecting where the character of the objective reality is emphasized in the psychic material to be reproduced -- that is, where something other than a fact of my own psychic life is to be remembered, or rather something that mat be confirmed or refuted through the memory of others. The reverse of the error in memory in this sense is formed by ignorance. In my book The Interpretation of Dreams, [1] I was responsible for a series of errors in historical, and above all, in material facts, which I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 311 was astonished to discover after the appearance [p. 250] of the book. On closer examination I found that they did not originate from my ignorance, but could be traced to errors of memory explainable by means of analysis. (a) On page 361 I indicated as Schiller's birthplace the city of Marburg, a name which recurs in Styria. The error is found in the analysis of a dream during a night journey from which I was awakened by the conductor calling out the name of the station Marburg. In the contents of the dream inquiry is made concerning a book by Schiller. But Schiller was not born in the university town of Marburg but in the Swabian city Marbach. I maintain that I always knew this. (b) On page 165 Hannibal's father is called Hasdrubal. This error was particularly annoying to me, but it was most corroborative of my conception of such errors. Few readers of the book are better posted on the history of the Barkides than the author who wrote this error and overlooked it in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 312 three proofs. The name of Hannibal's father was Hamilcar Barkas; Hasdrubal was the name of Hannibal's brother as well as that of his brother-in- law and predecessor in command. (c) On pages 217 and 492 I assert that Zeus emasculates his father Kronos, and hurls him from the throne. This horror I have erroneously advanced by a generation; according to [p. 251] Greek mythology it was Kronos who committed this on his father Uranos.[2] How is it to be explained that my memory furnished me with false material on these points, while it usually places the most remote and unusual material at my disposal, as the readers of my books can verify? And, what is more, in three carefully executed proof-readings I passed over these errors as if struck blind. Goethe said of Lichtenberg: \"Where he cracks a joke, there lies a concealed problem.\" Similarly we can affirm of these passages cited from my book: back of every error is a repression. More Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 313 accurately stated: the error conceals a falsehood, disfigurement which is ultimately based on repressed material. In the analysis of the dreams there reported, I was compelled by the very nature of the theme to which the dream thoughts related, on the one hand, to break off the analysis in some places before it had reached its completion, and on the other hand, to remove an indiscreet detail through a slight disfigurement of its outline. I could not act differently, and had no other choice if I was at all to offer examples and illustrations. My constrained position was necessarily brought about by the peculiarity of dreams, which give expression to [p. 252] repressed thoughts, or to material which is incapable of becoming conscious. In spite of this it is said that enough material remained to offend the more sensitive souls. The disfigurement or concealment of the continuing thoughts known to me could not be accomplished without leaving some trace. What I wished to repress has often against my will obtruded itself on what I have taken up, and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 314 evinced itself in the matter as an unnoticeable error. Indeed, each of the three examples given is based on the same theme: the errors are the results of repressed thoughts which occupy themselves with my deceased father. (ad a) Whoever reads through the dream analysed on page 361 will find some parts unveiled; in some parts he will be able to divine through allusions that I have broken off the thoughts which would have contained an unfavourable criticism of my father. In the continuation of this line of thoughts and memories there lies an annoying tale, in which books and a business friend of my father, named Marburg, play a part; it is the same name the calling out of which in the southern railway- station had aroused me from sleep. I wished to suppress this Mr. Marburg in the analysis from myself and my readers: he avenged himself by intruding where he did not belong, and changed the name of Schiller's birthplace from Marbach to Marburg. [p. 253] Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 315 (ad b) The error Hasdrubal in place of Hamilcar, the name of the brother instead of that of the father, originated from an association which dealt with the Hannibal fantasies of my college years and my dissatisfaction with the conduct of my father towards the \"enemies of our people.\" I could have continued and recounted how my attitude toward my father was changed by a visit to England, where I made the acquaintance of my half-brother, by a previous marriage of my father. My brother's oldest son was my age exactly. Thus the age relations were no hindrance to a fantasy which may be stated thus: how much pleasanter it would be had I been born the son of my brother instead of the son of my father! This suppressed fantasy then falsified the text of my book at the point where I broke off the analysis, by forcing me to put the name of the brother for that of the father. (ad c) The influence of the memory of this same brother is responsible for my having advanced by a generation the mythological horror of the Greek Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 316 deities. One of the admonitions of my brother has lingered long in my memory. \" Do not forget one thing concerning your conduct in life,\" he said: \" you belong not to the second but really to the third generation of your father.\" Our father had remarried at an advanced age, and was therefore an old man to his children by the second marriage. I commit [p. 254] the error mentioned where I discuss the piety between parents and children. Several times friends and patients have called my attention to the fact that in reporting their dreams or alluding to them in dream analyses, I have related inaccurately the circumstances experienced by us in common. These are also historic errors. On re-examining such individual cases I have found that my recollection of the facts was unreliable only where I had purposely disfigured or concealed something in the analysis. Here again we have an unobserved error as a substitute for an intentional concealment or repression. From these errors, which originate from Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 317 repression, we must sharply distinguish those which are based on actual ignorance. Thus, for example, it was ignorance when on my excursion a to Wachau I believed that I had passed the resting-place of the revolutionary leader Fischof. Only the name is common to both places. Fischof's Emmersdorf is located in Kärnthen. But I did not know any better. Here is another embarrassing but instructive error, an example of temporary ignorance if you like. One day a patient reminded me to give him the two books on Venice which I had promised him, as he wished to use them in planning his Easter tour. I answered that I had them ready and went into the library to [p. 255] fetch them, though the truth of the matter was that I had forgotten to look them up, since I did not quite approve of my patient's journey, looking upon it as an unnecessary interruption to the treatment, and as a material loss to the physician. Thereupon I made a quick survey of the library for the books. One was Venedig als Kunststätte, and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 318 besides this I imagined I had an historic work of a similar order. Certainly there was Die Mediceer (The Medicis); I took them and brought them in to him, then, embarrassed, I confessed my error. Of course I really knew that the Medicis had nothing: to do with Venice, but for a short time it did not appear to me at all incorrect. Now I was compelled to practise justice; as I had so frequently interpreted my patient's symptomatic actions I could save my prestige only by, being honest and admitting to him the secret motives of my averseness to his trip. It may cause general astonishment to learn how much stronger is the impulse to tell the truth than is usually supposed. Perhaps it is a result of my occupation with psychoanalysis that I can scarcely lie any more. As often as I attempt a distortion I succumb to an error or some other faulty act, which betrays my dishonesty, as was manifest in this and in the preceding examples. [p. 256] Of all faulty actions the mechanisms of the error seems to be the most superficial. That is, the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 319 occurrence of the error invariably indicates that the mental activity concerned had to struggle with some disturbing influence, although the nature of the error need not be determined but the quality of the disturbing idea, which may have remained obscure. It is not out of place to add that the same state of affairs may be assumed in many simple cases of lapses in speaking and writing. Every time we commit a lapse in speaking or writing we may conclude that through mental processes there has come a disturbance which is beyond our intention. It may be conceded, however, that lapses in speaking and writing often follow the laws of similarity and convenience, or the tendency to acceleration, without allowing the disturbing element to leave a trace of its own character in the error resulting from the lapses in speaking or writing. It is the responsiveness of the linguistic material which at first makes possible the determination of the error, but it also limits the same. In order not to confine myself exclusively to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 320 personal errors I will relate a few examples which could just as well have been ranged under \"Lapses in Speech\" or under \"Erroneously Carried-out Actions,\" but as ah these forms of faulty action have the same value they may as well be reported here. [p. 257] (a) I forbade a patient to speak on the telephone to his lady-love, with whom he himself was willing to break off all relations, as each conversation only renewed the struggling against it. He was to write her his final decision, although there were some difficulties in the way of delivering the letter to her. He visited me at one o'clock to tell me that he had found a way of avoiding these difficulties, and among other things he asked me whether he might refer to me in my professional capacity. At two o'clock while he. was engaged in com- posing the letter of refusal, he interrupted himself suddenly, and said to his mother, \"Well, I have forgotten to ask the Professor whether I may Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 321 use his name in the letter.\" He hurried to the telephone, got the connection, and asked the question, \"May I speak to the Professor after his dinner?\" In answer he got an astonished \"Adolf, have you gone crazy I \" The answering voice was the very voice which at my command he had listened to for the last time. He had simply \"made a mistake,\" and in place of the physician's number had called up that of his beloved. (b) During a summer vacation a school- teacher, a poor but excellent young man, courted the daughter of a summer resident, until the girl fell passionately in love with him, and even prevailed upon her family to countenance the matri [p. 258] monial alliance in spite of the difference in position and race. One day, however, the teacher wrote his brother a letter in which he said: \"Pretty, the lass is not at all, but she is very amiable, and so far so good. But whether I can make up my mind to marry a Jewess I cannot yet tell.\" This letter got into the hands of the fiancée, who put an end to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 322 engagement, while at the same time his brother was wondering at the protestations of love directed to him. My informer assured me that this was really an error and not a cunning trick. I am familiar with another case, in which a woman who was dissatisfied with her old physician, and still did not openly wish to discharge him, accomplished this purpose through the interchange of letters. Here, at least, I can assert confidently that it was error and not conscious cunning that made use, of this familiar comedy-motive. (c) Brill[3] tells of a woman who, inquiring about a mutual friend, erroneously called her by her maiden name. Her attention having been directed to this error, she had to admit that she disliked her friend's husband and had never been satisfied with her marriage. Maeder[4] relates a good example of how a reluctantly repressed wish can be satisfied by [p. 259] means of an \"error.\" A colleague wanted to enjoy his day of leave of absence absolutely Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 323 undisturbed, but he, also felt that he ought to go to Lucerne to pay a call which he did not anticipate with any pleasure. After long reflection, however, he concluded to go. For pastime on the train he, read the daily newspapers. He journeyed from Zurich to Arth Goldau, where he changed trains for Lucerne, all the time engrossed in reading. Presently the conductor informed him that he was in the wrong train -- that is, he had got into the one which was returning from Goldau to Zurich, whereas his ticket was for Lucerne. A very similar trick was played by me quite recently. I had promised my oldest brother to pay him a long-due visit at a sea-shore in England; as the time was short I felt obliged to travel by the shortest route and without interruption. I begged for a day's sojourn in Holland, but he thought that I could stop there on my return trip. Accordingly I journeyed from Munich through Cologne to Rotterdam -- Hook of Holland -- where I was to take the steamer at midnight to Harwich. In Cologne I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 324 had to change cars; I left my train to go into the Rotterdam express, but it was not to be found. I asked various railway employees, was sent from one platform to another, got into an exaggerated state of despair, and could easily [p. 260] reckon that during this fruitless search I had probably missed my connection. After this was corroborated, I pondered whether or not I should spend the night in Cologne. This was favoured by a feeling of piety, for according to an old family tradition, my ancestors were once expelled from this city during a persecution of the Jews. But eventually I came to another decision; I took a later train to Rotterdam, where I arrived late at night and was thus compelled to spend a day in Holland. This brought me the fulfilment of a long- fostered wish -- the sight of the beautiful Rembrandt paintings at The Hague and in the Royal Museum at Amsterdam. Not before the next forenoon, while collecting my impressions during the railway journey in England, did I definitely remember that only a few Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 325 steps from the place where I got off at the railroad station in Cologne, indeed, on the same platform, I had seen a large sign, \"Rotterdam -- Hook of Holland.\" There stood the train in which I should have continued my journey. If one does not wish to assume that, contrary to my brother's orders, I had really resolved to admire the Rembrandt pictures on my way to him, then the fact that despite clear directions I hurried away and looked for another train must be designated as an incomprehensible \"blinding.\" Everything else -- my well-acted [p. 261] perplexity, the emergence of the pious intention to spend the night in Cologne -- was only a contrivance to hide my resolution until it had been fully accomplished. One may possibly be disinclined to consider the class of errors which I have here explained as very numerous or particularly significant. But I leave it to your consideration whether there is no ground for extending the same points of view also to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 326 more important errors of judgment, as evinced by people in life and science. Only for the most select and most balanced minds does it seem; possible to guard the perceived picture of external reality against the distortion to which it is otherwise subjected in its transit through the psychic individuality of the transit through the psychic individuality of the one perceiving it. Footnotes [1] Translated by A. A. Brill. The Macmillan Company, New York; George Allen Company, London. [2] This is not a perfect error. According to the orphic version of the myth the emasculation was performed by Zeus on his father Kronos. [3] Loc. cit., p. 191. [4] Nouvelles contributions, etc., Arch. de Psych., vi. 1908&middot; Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 327 Chapter 11 Combined Faulty Acts Two of the last-mentioned examples, my error which transfers the Medici to Venice and that of the young man who knew how to circumvent a command against a conversation on the telephone with his lady love, have really not been fully discussed, as after careful consideration they may be shown to represent a union of forgetting with an error. I can show the same union still more clearly in certain other examples . (a) A friend related to me the following experience: \"Some years ago I consented to be elected to the committee of a certain literary; society, as I supposed the organization might some time be of use to me in assisting me in the production of my drama. Although not much interested, I attended the meetings regularly every Friday. Some months ago I was definitely assured that one of my dramas would be presented at the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 328 theatre in F., and since that time it regularly happened that I forgot the meeting of the association. As I read their [p. 266] programme announcements I was ashamed of my forgetfulness. I reproached myself, feeling that it was certainly rude of me to stay away now when I no longer needed them, and determined that I would certainly not forget the next Friday. Continually I reminded myself of this resolution until the hour came and I stood before the door of the meeting-room. To my astonishment it was locked; the meeting: was already over. I had mistaken my day; it was already Saturday![\"] (b) The next example is the combination of a symptomatic action with a case of mislaying; it reached me by, remote byways, but from a reliable source. A woman travelled to Rome with her brother-in-law, a renowned artist. The visitor was highly honoured by the German residents of Rome, and among other things received a gold medal of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 329 antique origin. The woman was grieved that her brother-in-law did not sufficiently appreciate the value of this beautiful gift. After she had returned home she discovered in unpacking that -- without knowing how -- she had brought the medal home with her. She immediately notified her brother-in- law of this by letter, and informed him that she would send it back to Rome the next day. The next day, however, the medal was so aptly mislaid that it could not be found and could not be sent back, and then it dawned [p. 267] on the woman what her \"absent-mindedness\" signified -- namely, that she wished to keep, the medal herself. (c) Here are some cases in which the falsified action persistently repeats itself, and at the same time also changes its mode of action:-- Due to unknown motives, Jones I left a letter[1] for several days on his desk, forgetting each time to post it. He ultimately posted it, but it was returned to him from the Dead-letter Office because he forgot to address it. After addressing Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 330 and posting it a second time it was again returned to him, this time without a stamp. He was then forced to recognize the unconscious opposition to the sending of the letter. (d) A short account by Dr. Karl Weiss (Vienna) [2] of a case of forgetting impressively describes the futile effort to accomplish something in the face of opposition. \"How persistently the unconscious activity can achieve its purpose if it has cause to prevent a resolution from being executed, and how difficult it is to guard against this tendency, will be illustrated by the following incident: An acquaintance requested me to lend him: a book and bring it to him the next day. I immediately promised it, but perceived a distinct feeling of displeasure [p. 268] which I could not explain at the time. Later it became clear to me: this acquaintance had owed me for years a sum of money which he evidently had no intention of returning. I did not give this matter any more thought, but I recalled it the following: forenoon with the same feeling of displeasure, and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 331 at once said to myself: 'Your unconscious will see to it that you forget the book, but you don't wish to appear unobliging and will therefore do everything not to forget it.' I came home, wrapped the book in paper, and put it near me on the desk while I wrote some letters. \"A little later I went away, but after a few steps I recollected that I had left on the desk the letters which I wished to post. (By, the way, one of the letters was written to a person who urged me to undertake something disagreeable.) I returned, took the letters, and again left. While in the street-car it occurred to me that I had undertaken to purchase something for my: wife, and I was pleased at the thought that it would be only a small package. The association 'small package,' suddenly recalled 'book' -- and only then I noticed that I did not have the book with me. Not only had I forgotten it when I left my home the first time, but I had overlooked it again when I got the letters near which it lay.\" (e) A similar mechanism is shown in the [p. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 332 269] following fully analysed observation of Otto Rank[3]:-- \"A scrupulously orderly and pedantically precise man reported the following occurrence, which he considered quite remarkable: One afternoon on the street wishing to find out the time, he discovered that he had left his watch at home, an omission which to his knowledge had never occurred before. As he had an engagement elsewhere and had not enough time to return for his watch, he made use of a visit to a woman friend to borrow her watch for the evening. This was the most convenient way out of the dilemma, as he had a previous engagement to visit this lady the next day. Accordingly, he promised to return her watch at that time. \"But the following day when about to consummate this he found to his surprise that he had left the watch at home; his own watch he had with him. He then firmly, resolved to return the lady's property that same afternoon, and even Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 333 followed out his resolution. But on wishing to see the time on leaving her he found to his chagrin and astonishment that he had again forgotten to take his own watch. \"The repetition of this faulty action seemed so pathologic to this order-loving man that he was quite anxious to know its psychologic motiva- [p. 270] tion, and when questioned whether he experienced anything disagreeable on the critical day of the first forgetting, and in what connection it had occurred, the motive was promptly found. He related that he had conversed with his mother after luncheon, shortly before leaving the house. She told him that an irresponsible relative, who had already caused him much worry and loss of money, had pawned his (the relative's) watch, and, as it was needed in the house, the relative had asked for money to redeem it. This almost \"forced\" loan affected our man very painfully and brought back to his memory all the disagreeable episodes perpetrated by this relative for many years. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 334 \"His symptomatic action therefore proves to be manifoldly determined. First, it gives expression to a stream of thought which runs perhaps as follows: 'I won't allow my money to be extorted this way, and if a watch is needed I will leave my own at home.' But as he needed it for the evening to keep his appointment, this intention could only be brought about on an unconscious path in the form of a symptomatic action. Second, the forgetting expresses a sentiment something like the following: 'This everlasting sacrificing of money for this good- for-nothing is bound to ruin me altogether, so that I will have to give up everything.' Although the anger, according to the report [p. 271] of this man, was only momentary, the repetition of the same symptomatic action conclusively shows that in the unconscious it continued to act more intensely, and may be equivalent to the conscious expression: 'I cannot get this story out of my head.[4] That the lady's watch should later meet the same fate will not surprise us after knowing this attitude of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 335 unconscious.' \"Yet there may be still other special motives which favour the transference on the 'innocent' lady's watch. The nearest motive is probably that he would have liked to keep it as a substitute for his own sacrificed watch, and that hence he forgot to return it the next day. He also might have liked to possess this watch as a souvenir of the lady. Moreover, the forgetting of the lady's watch gave him the excuse for calling on the admired one a second time; for he was obliged to visit her in the morning in reference to another matter, and with the forgetting of the watch he seemed to indicate that this visit for which an appointment had been made so long ago was too good for him to be used simply for the return of a watch. \"Twice forgetting his own watch and thus making possible the substitution of the lady's [p. 272] watch speaks for the fact that our man unconsciously endeavoured to avoid carrying both watches at the same time. He obviously thought of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 336 avoiding the appearance of superfluity which would have stood out in striking contrast to the want of the relative; but, on the other hand, he utilized this as a self-admonition against his apparent intention to marry this lady, reminding himself that he was tied to his family (mother) by indissoluble obligations. \"Finally, another reason for the forgetting of the lady's watch may be sought in the fact that the evening before he, a bachelor, was ashamed to be seen with a lady's watch by his friends, so that he only looked at it stealthily, and in order to evade the repetition of this painful situation he could not take the watch along. But as he was obliged to return it, there resulted here, too, an unconsciously performed symptomatic action which proved to be a compromise formation between conflicting emotional feelings and a dearly bought victory of the unconscious instance.'' In the same discussion Rank has also paid attention to the very interesting! relation of \"faulty actions and dreams,\" which cannot, however, be Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 337 followed here without a comprehensive analysis of the dream with which the faulty action is connected. I once dreamed at great length that I had lost my pocket-book. In the morning [p. 273] while dressing I actually missed it; while undressing the night before the dream I had forgotten to take it out of my trousers pocket and put it in its usual place, This forgetting was therefore not unknown to me; probably it was to give expression to an unconscious thought which was ready to appear in the dream content. I do not mean to assert that such cases of combined faulty actions can teach anything new that we have not already seen in the individual cases. But this change in form of the faulty action, which nevertheless attains the same result, gives the plastic impression of a will working towards a definite end, and in a far more energetic way contradicts the idea that the faulty action represents something: fortuitous and requires no explanation. Not less remarkable is the fact that the conscious Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 338 intention thoroughly fails to check the success of the faulty, action. Despite all, my friend did not pay his visit to the meeting of the literary society, and the woman found it impossible to give up the medal. That unconscious something which worked against these resolutions found another outlet after the first road was closed to it. It requires something other than the conscious counter-resolution to overcome the unknown motive ; it requires a psychic work which makes the unknown known to consciousness. [1] Loc. cit., p. 42. [2] Zentralb.f. Psychoanalyse, ii. 9. [3] Zentralb. f. Psychoanalyse, ii. 5. [4] This continued action in the unconscious manifested itself once in the form of a dream which followed the faulty action, another time in the repetition of the same or in the omission of a correction. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 339 Chapter 12 Determinism -- Chance -- and Superstitious Beliefs -- Points of View. As the general result of the preceding separate discussions we must put down the following principle: Certain inadequacies of our psychic capacities -- whose common character will soon be more definitely determined -- and certain performances which are apparently unintentional prove to be well motivated when subjected to the psychoanalytic investigation, and are determined through the consciousness of unknown motives. In order to belong to this class of phenomena thus explained a faulty psychic action must satisfy the following conditions:-- (a) It must not exceed a certain measure which is firmly established through our estimation, and is designated by the expression \"within normal limits.\" (b) It must evince the character of the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 340 momentary and temporary disturbance. The same action must have been previously performed more correctly or we must always rely on our- [p. 278] selves to perform it more correctly; if we are corrected by others we must immediately recognize the truth of the correction and the incorrectness of our psychic action. (c) If we at all perceive a faulty action, we must not perceive in ourselves any motivation of the same, but must attempt to explain it through \"inattention\" or attribute it to an \"accident.\" Thus there remain in this group the cases of forgetting and the errors, despite better knowledge, the lapses in speaking, reading, writing, the erroneously carried-out actions, and the so-called chance actions. The explanations of these so definite psychic processes are connected with a series of observations which may in part arouse further interest. I. By abandoning a part of our psychic capacity as unexplainable through purposive ideas Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 341 we ignore the realms of determinism in our mental life. Here, as in still other spheres, determinism reaches farther than we suppose. In the year 1900 I read an essay published in the Zeit written by the literary historian R. M. Meyer, in which he maintains, and illustrates by examples, that it is impossible to compose nonsense intentionally and arbitrarily, For some time I have been aware that it is impossible to think of a number, or even of a name, of one's own free will. If one investigates this seeming [p. 279] voluntary formation, let us say, of a number of many digits uttered in unrestrained mirth, it always proves to be so strictly determined that the determination seems impossible. I will now briefly discuss an example of an \"arbitrarily chosen\" first name, and then exhaustively analyse an analogous example of: a \"thoughtlessly uttered\" number. While preparing the history of one of my patients for publication I considered what first name I should give her in the article. There seemed to be a wide choice; of course, certain names were at Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 342 once excluded by me, in the first place the real name, then the names of members of my family to which I would have objected, also some female names having an especially peculiar pronunciation. But, excluding these, there should have been no need of being puzzled about such a name. It would be thought, and I myself supposed, that a whole multitude of feminine names would be placed at my disposal. Instead of this only one sprang up, no other besides it; it was the name Dora. I inquired as to its determination: \"Who else is called Doral?\" I wished to reject the next idea as incredulous; it occurred to me that the nurse of my sister's children was named Dora. But I possess so much .self-control, or practice in analysis, if you like, that I held firmly to the idea and proceeded. Then a slight incident [p. 280] of the previous evening soon flashed through my mind which brought the looked-for determination. On my sister's dining-room table I noticed a letter bearing the address, \"Miss Rosa W.\" Astonished, I asked whose Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 343 name this was, and was informed that the right name of the supposed Dora was really Rosa, and that on accepting the position she had to lay; aside her name, because Rosa would also refer to my sister. I said pityingly, \"Poor people! They cannot even retain their own names!\" I now recall that on hearing this I became quiet for a moment and began to think of all sorts of serious matters which merged into the obscure, but which I could now easily bring; into my consciousness. Thus when I sought a name for a person who could not retain her own name no other except \"Dora\" occurred to me. The exclusiveness here is based, moreover, on firmer internal associations, for in the history of my patient it was a stranger in the house, the governess, who exerted a decisive influence on the course of the treatment. This slight incident found its unexpected: continuation many years later. While discussing in a lecture the long-since published history; of the girl called Dora it occurred to me that one of my two Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 344 women pupils had the very name Dora which I was obliged to utter so often in the different associations of the case. I turned to the young student, whom I knew personally, [p. 281] with the apology that I had really not thought that she bore the same name, and that I was ready to substitute it in my lecture by another name. I was now confronted with the task of rapidly choosing another name, and reflected that I must not now choose the first name of the other woman student, and so set a poor example to the class, who were already quite conversant with psychoanalysis. I was therefore well pleased when the name \"Erna\" occurred to me as the substitute for Dora, and Erna I used in the discourse. After the lecture I asked myself whence the name \"Erna\" could possibly have originated, and had to laugh as I observed that the feared possibility in the choice of the substitutive name had come to pass, in part at least. The other lady's family name was Lucerna, of which Erna was a part. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 345 In a letter to a friend I informed him that I had finished reading the proof-sheets of The Interpretation of Dreams, and that I did not intend to make any further changes in it, \"even if it contained 2,467 mistakes.\" I immediately attempted to explain to myself the number, and added this little analysis as a postscript to the letter. It will be best to quote it now as I wrote it when I caught myself in this transaction:-- \"I will add hastily another contribution to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life. You will find in the letter the number 2,467 as a jocose [p. 282] and arbitrary estimation of the number of errors that may be found in the dream-book. I meant to write: no matter how large the number might be, and this one presented itself. But there is nothing arbitrary or undetermined in the psychic life. You will therefore rightly suppose that the unconscious hastened to determine the number which was liberated by consciousness. Just previous to this I had read in the paper that General E. M. had been Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 346 retired as Inspector-General of Ordnance. You must know that I am interested in this man. While I was serving as military medical student he, then a colonel, once came into the hospital and said to the physician: 'You must make me well in eight days, as I have some work to do for which the Emperor is waiting.' \"At that time I decided to follow this man's career, and just think, to-day (1899) he is at the end of it -- Inspector-General of Ordnance and already retired. I wished to figure out in what time he had covered this road, and assumed that I had seen him in the hospital in 1882. That would make 17 years. I related this to my wife, and she remarked, 'Then you, too, should be retired.' And I protested, 'The Lord forbid!' After this conversation I seated myself at the table to write to you. The previous train of thought continued, and for good reason. The figuring was incorrect; I had a definite recollection of the circumstances in my mind. [p. 283] I had celebrated my coming of my 24th Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 347 birthday, in the military prison (for being absent without permission). Therefore I must have seen him in 1880, which makes it 19 years ago. You then have the number 24 in 2,467! Now take the number that represents my age, 43, and add 24 years to it and you get 67! That is, to the question whether I wished to retire I had expressed the wish to work 24 years more. Obviously I am annoyed that in the interval during which I followed Colonel M. I have not accomplished much myself, and still there is a sort of triumph in the fact that he is already finished, while I still have all before me. Thus we may justly say that not even the unintentionally thrown-out number 2,467 lacks its determination from the unconscious.\" Since this first example of the interpretation of an apparently arbitrary choice of a number I have repeated a similar test with the same result; but most cases are of such intimate content that they do not lend themselves to report . It is for this reason that I shall not hesitate Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 348 to add here a very interesting analysis of a \"chance number\" which Dr. Alfred Adler (Vienna) received from a \"perfectly healthy\" man.[1] A. [p. 284] wrote to me: \"Last night I devoted myself to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and I would have read it all through had I not been hindered by a remarkable coincidence. When I read that every number that we apparently conjure up quite arbitrarily in our consciousness has a definite meaning, I decided to test it. The number 1,734 occurred to my mind. The following associations then came up: 1,734 ÷17 = 102; 102 ÷ 17 = 6. I then separated the number into 17 and 34. I am 34 years old. .. I believe that I once told you that I consider34 the last year of youth, and for this reason I felt miserable on my last birthday. The end of my 17th year was the beginning of a very nice and interesting period of my development. I divide my life into period of 17 years. That do the divisions signify? The number 102 recalls the fact that volume 102 Of the Reclam Universal Library is Kotzebue's Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 349 play Menschenhass und Reue (Human Hatred and Repentance). \"My present psychic state is 'human hatred and repentance.' No. 6 of the U. L. (I know a great many numbers by heart) is Mullner's 'Schuld' (Fault). I am constantly annoyed at the thought that it is through my own fault that I have not become what I could have been with my abilities. \"I then asked myself, 'What is No. 17 of [p. 285] U. L.?' But I could not recall it. But as I positively knew it before, I assumed that I wished to forget this number. All reflection was in vain. I wished to continue with my reading, but I read only mechanically without understanding a word, for I was annoyed by the number 17. I extinguished the light and :continued my search. It finally came to me that number 17 must be a play by Shakespeare. But which one! I thought of Hero and Leander. Apparently a stupid attempt of my will to distract me. I finally arose and consulted the catalogue of the U. L. Number 17 was Macbeth! To my surprise I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 350 had to discover that I knew nothing of the play, despite the fact that it did not interest me any less than any other Shakespearean drama. I only thought of murder, Lady Macbeth, witches, 'nice is ugly,' and that I found Schiller's version of Macbeth very nice. Undoubtedly I also wished to forget the play. Then it occurred to me that 17 and 34 may be divided by 17 and result in 1 and 2. Numbers 1 and 2 of the U. L. is Goethe's Faust. Formerly I found much of Faust in me.\" We must regret that the discretion of the physician did not allow us to see the significance of ideas. Adler remarked that the man did not succeed in the synthesis of his analysis. His association would hardly be worth reporting un- [p. 286] less their continuation would bring out something that would give us the key to the understanding of the number 1,734 and the whole series of ideas. To quote further: \"To be sure this morning I had an experience which speaks much for the correctness of the Freudian conception. My wife, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 351 whom I awakened through my getting up at night, asked me what I wanted with the catalogue of the U. L. I told her the story. She found it all pettifogging but -- very interesting;. Macbeth, which caused me so much trouble, she simply passed over. She said that nothing came to her mind when she thought of a number. I answered, 'Let us try; it.' She named the number 117&middot; To this I immediately; replied: '17 refers to what I just told you; furthermore, I told you yesterday that if a wife is in the 82nd year and the husband is in the 35th year it must be a gross misunderstanding.' For the last few days I have been teasing my wife by maintaining that she was a little old mother of 82 years. 82 + 35 = 117.\" The man who did not know how to determine his own number at once found the solution when his wife named a number which was apparently arbitrarily chosen. As a matter of fact, the woman understood very well from which complex the number of her husband originated, and Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 352 chose her own number from the same complex, which [p. 287] surely common it, both, as it dealt in his case with their relative ages. Now, we find it easy to interpret the number that occurred to the man. As Dr, Adler indicates, it expressed 'a repressed wish of the husband which, fully developed, would read: \"For a man of 34 years as I am, only a woman of 17 would be suitable.\" Lest one should think too lightly of such \"playing,\" I will add that I was recently informed by Dr. Adler that a year after the publication of this analysis the man was divorced from his wife.[2] Adler gives a similar explanation for the origin of obsessive numbers. Also the choice of so- called \"favourite numbers\" is not without relation to the life of the person concerned, and does not lack a certain psychologic interest. A gentleman who evinced a particular partiality for the numbers 17 and 19 could specify, after brief reflection, that at the age of 17 he attained the greatly longed-for academic freedom by having been admitted to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 353 university, that at 19 he made his first long journey, and shortly thereafter made his first scientific discovery. But the fixation of this preference followed later, after [p. 288] two questionable affairs, when the same numbers were invested with importance in his \"love-life.\" Indeed, even those numbers which we use in a particular connection extremely often and with apparent arbitrariness can be traced by analysis to an unexpected meaning. Thus, one day it struck one of my patients that he was particularly fond of saying, \"I have already told you this from 17 to 36 times.\" And he asked himself whether there was any motive for it. It soon occurred to him that he was born on the 27th day of the month, and that his younger brother was born on the 26th day of another month, and he had grounds for complaint that Fate had robbed him of so many of the benefits of life only to bestow them on his younger brother. Thus he represented this partiality of Fate by deducting 10 from the date of his birth and adding it Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 354 to the date of his brother's birthday. I am the elder and yet am so \"cut short.\" I shall tarry a little longer at the analysis of chance numbers, for I know of no other individual observation which would so readily demonstrate the existence of highly organized thinking processes of which consciousness has no knowledge. Moreover, there is no better example of analysis in which the suggestion of the position, a frequent accusation, is so distinctly out of consideration. I shall therefore report the analysis of a chance number of one of my [p. 289] patients (with his consent), to which I will only add that he is the youngest of many children and that he lost his beloved father in his young years. While in a particularly happy mood he let the number 426,718 come to his mind, and put to himself the question, \"Well, what does it bring to your mind?\" First came a joke he had heard: \"If your catarrh of the nose is treated by a doctor it lasts 42 days, if it is not treated it lasts -- 6 weeks.\" Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 355 This corresponds to the first digit of the number (42 = 6 x 7). During the obstruction that followed this first solution I called his attention to the fact that the number of six digits selected by him contains all the first numbers except 3 and 5. He at once found the continuation of this solution:-- \"We were altogether 7 children, I was the youngest. Number 3 in the order of the children corresponds to my sister A., and 5 to my brother L.; both of them were my enemies. As a child I used to pray to the Lord every night that He should take out of my life these two tormenting spirits. It seems to me that I have fulfilled for myself this wish: '3' and '5,' the evil brother and the hated sister, are omitted.\" \"If the number stands for your sisters and brothers, what significance is there to 18 at the end? You were altogether only 7.\" \"I often thought if my father had lived longer [p. 290] I should not have been the youngest child. If one more would have come, we should have been Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 356 8, and there would have been a younger child, toward whom I could have played the rô1e of the older one.\" With this the number was explained, but we still wished to find the connection between the first part of the interpretation and the part following it. This came very readily from the condition required for the last digits -- if the father had lived longer. 42 = 6 x 7 signifies the ridicule directed against the doctors who could not help the father, and in this way expresses the wish for the continued existence of the father. The whole number really corresponds to the fulfilment of his two wishes in reference to his family circle -- namely, that both the evil brother and sister should die and that another little child should follow him. Or, briefly expressed: If only these two had died in place of my father![3] Another analysis of numbers I take from Jones.[4] A gentleman of his acquaintance let the number 986 come to his mind, and defied him to connect it to anything of special interest in his mind. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 357 \"Six years ago, on the hottest day he could remember, he had seen a joke in an evening newspaper, which stated that the [p. 291] thermometer had stood at 98.6 degree F., evidently an exaggeration of 98.6 degree F.[sic] We were at the time seated in front of a very hot fire, from which he had just drawn back, and he remarked, probably quite correctly, that the heat had aroused his dormant memory. However, I was curious to know why this memory had persisted with such vividness as to be so readily brought out, for with most people it surely would have been forgotten beyond recall, unless it had become associated with some other mental experience of more significance . \"He told me that on reading: the joke he had laughed uproariously, and that on many subsequent occasions he had recalled it with great relish. As the joke was obviously of an exceedingly tenuous nature, this strengthened my expectation that more lay behind. His next thought was the general reflection that the conception of heat had always Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 358 greatly impressed him, that heat was the most important thing in the universe, the source of all life, and so on. This remarkable attitude of a quite prosaic young man certainly needed some explanation, so I asked him to continue his free associations. The next thought was of a factory stack which he could see from his bedroom window. He often stood of an evening watching the flame and smoke issuing out of it, and reflecting on this deplorable waste of energy. Heat, flame, the source of [p. 292] life, the waste of vital energy issuing from an upright, hollow tube -- it was not hard to divine from such associations that the ideas of heat and fire were unconsciously linked in his mind with the idea of love, as is so frequent in symbolic thinking, and that there was a strong masturbation complex present, a conclusion that he presently confirmed.\" Those who wish to get a good impression of the way the material of numbers becomes elaborated in the unconscious thinking, I refer to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 359 two papers by Jung[5] and Jones.[6] In personal analysis of this kind two things were especially striking. First, the absolute somnambulistic certainty with which I attacked the unknown objective point, merging into a mathematical train of thought, which later suddenly extended to the looked-for number, and the rapidity with which the entire subsequent work was performed. Secondly, the fact that the numbers were always at the disposal of my unconscious mind, when as a matter of fact I am a poor mathematician and find it very difficult to consciously recall years, house numbers, and the like. Moreover, in these unconscious mental operations with figures I found a tendency to [p. 293] superstition, the origin of which had long remained unknown to me. It will not surprise us to find that not only numbers but also mental occurrences of different kinds of words regularly prove on analytic investigation to be well determined. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 360 Brill relates: \"While working on the English edition of this book I was obsessed one morning with the strange word 'Cardillac.' Busily intent on my work, I refused at first to pay attention to it, but, as is usually the case, I simply could not do anything else. 'Cardillac' was constantly in my mind. Realizing that my refusal to recognize it was only a resistance, I decided to analyse it. The following associations occurred to me: Cardillac, cardiac, carrefour, Cadillac. \"Cardiac recalled cardalgia -- heartache -- a medical friend who had recently told me confidentially that he feared that he had some cardiac affection because he had suffered some attacks of pain in the region of his heart. Knowing him so well, I at once rejected his theory, and told him that his attacks were of a neurotic character, and that his other apparent physical ailments were also only the expression of his neurosis. ''I might add that just before telling me of his heart trouble he spoke of a business matter of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 361 vital interest to him which had suddenly come to naught. Being a man of unbounded ambitions, [p. 294] he was very depressed because of late he had suffered many similar reverses. His neurotic conflicts, however, had become manifest a few months before this misfortune. Soon after his father's death had left a big business on his hands. As the business could be continued only under my friend's management, he was unable to decide whether to enter into commercial life or continue his chosen career. His great ambition was to become a successful medical practitioner, and although he had practised medicine successfully for many years, he was not altogether satisfied with the financial fluctuations of his professional income. On the other hand, his father's business promised him an assured, though limited, return. In brief, he was 'at a crossing and did not know which way to turn.' \"I then recalled the word carrefour, which is the French for 'crossing,' and it occurred to me that while working in a hospital in Paris I lived near the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 362 'Carrefour St. Lazarre.' And now I could understand what relation all these associations had for me. \"When I resolved to leave the State Hospital I made the decision, first, because I desired to get married, and, secondly, because I wished to enter private practice. This brought up a new problem. Although my State hospital service was an absolute success, judging by promo- [p. 295] tions and so on, I felt like a great many others in the same situation, namely, that my training was ill suited for private practice. To specialize in mental work was a daring undertaking for one without money and social connections. I also felt that the best I could do for patients should they ever come my way would be to commit them to one of the hospitals, as I had little confidence in the home treatment in vogue. In spite of the enormous advances made in recent years in mental work, the specialist is almost helpless when he is confronted with the average case of insanity. This may be partially attributed to the fact that such cases are brought to him after they have fully Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 363 developed the psychosis when hospital treatment is imperative. Of the great army of milder mental disturbances, the so-called border-line cases, which make up the bulk of clinic and private work and which rightfully belong to the mental specialist, I knew very little, as those patients rarely, or never, came to the State hospital, and what I did know concerning the treatment of neurasthenia and psychasthenia was not conducive to make me more hopeful of success in private practice. \"It was in this state of mind that I came to Paris, where I hoped to learn enough about the psychoneuroses to enable me to continue my specialty in private practice, and yet feel that I could do something for my patients. What I [p. 296] saw in Paris did not, however, help to change my state of mind. There, too, most of the work was directed to dead tissues. The mental aspects, as such, received but scant attention. I was, therefore, seriously thinking of giving up my mental work for some other specialty. As can be seen, I was confronted with a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 364 situation similar to the one of my medical friend. I, too, was at a crossing and did not know which way to turn. My suspense was soon ended. One day, I received a letter from my friend Professor Peterson, who, by the way, was responsible for my entering the State hospital service. In this letter he advised me not to give up my work, and suggested the psychiatric clinic of Zurich, where he thought I could find what I desired. \"But what does Cadillac mean? Cadillac is the name of a hotel and of an automobile. A few days before in a country place my medical friend and I had been trying to hire an automobile, but there was none to be had. We both expressed the wish to own an automobile -- again an unrealized ambition. I also recalled that the 'Carrefour St. Lazarre' always impressed me as being one of the busiest thoroughfares in Paris. It was always congested with automobiles. Cadillac also recalled that only a few days ago on the way to my clinic I noticed a large sign over a building which announced Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 365 that on a certain day 'this building was to be occupied [p. 297] by the Cadillac,' etc. This at first made me think of the Cadillac Hotel, but on second sight I noticed that it referred to the Cadillac motorcar. There was a sudden obstruction here for a few moments. The word Cadillac reappeared and by sound association the word catalogue occurred to me. This word brought back a very mortifying occurrence of recent origin, the motive of which is again blighted ambition. \"When one wishes to report any auto- analysis he must be prepared to lay bare many intimate affairs of his own life. Any one reading carefully Professor Freud's works cannot fail to become intimately acquainted with him and his family. I have often been asked by persons who claim to have read and studied Freud's works such questions as: 'How old is Freud?' 'Is Freud married?' 'How many children has he?' etc. Whenever I hear these or similar questions I know that the questioner has either lied when he made these assertions, or, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 366 to be more charitable, that he is a very careless and superficial reader. All these questions and many more are answered in Freud's works. Auto-analyses are autobiographies par excellence; but whereas the autobiographer may for definite reasons consciously and unconsciously hide many facts of his life, the auto-analyst not only tells the truth consciously, but perforce brings to light his whole intimate personality. It is for these reasons that [p. 298] one finds it very unpleasant to report his own auto- analyses. However, as we often report our patients' unconscious productions, it is but fair that we should sacrifice ourselves on the altar of publicity when occasion demands. This is my apology for having thrust some of my personal affairs on the reader, and for being obliged to continue a little longer in the same strain. \"Before digressing with the last remarks I mentioned that the word Cadillac brought the sound association catalogue. This association brought back another important epoch in my life with which Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 367 Professor Peterson is connected. Last May I was informed by the secretary of the faculty that I was appointed chief of clinic of the department of psychiatry. I need hardly say that I was exceedingly pleased to be so honoured -- in the first place because it was the realization of an ambition which I dared entertain only under special euphoric states; and, secondly, it was a compensation for the many unmerited criticisms from those who are blindly and unreasonably opposing some of my work. Soon thereafter I called on the stenographer of the faculty and spoke to her about a correction to be made in my name as it was printed in the catalogue. For some unknown reason (perhaps racial prejudice) this stenographer, a maiden lady, must have taken a dislike to me. For [p. 299] about three years I repeatedly requested her to have this correction made, but she had paid no attention to me. To be sure she always promised to attend to it, but the mistake remained uncorrected. \"When I saw her last May I again reminded Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 368 her of this correction, and also called her attention to the fact that as I had been appointed chief of clinic I was especially anxious to have my name correctly printed in the catalogue. She apologized for her remissness and assured me that everything should be as I requested. Imagine my surprise and chagrin when on receiving the new catalogue I found that while the correction had been made in my name I was not listed as chief of clinic. When I asked her about this she was quite puzzled; she said she had no idea that I had been appointed chief of clinic. She had to consult the minutes of the faculty, written by herself, before she was convinced of it. It should be noted that as recorder to the faculty it was her duty to know all these things as soon as they transpired.[7] When she finally ascertained that I was right she was very apologetic and informed me that she would at once write to the superintendent of the clinic to inform him of my appointment, [p. 300] something which she should have done months before. Of course I gained Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 369 nothing by her regrets and apologies. The catalogue was published and those who read it did not find my name in the desired place. I am chief of clinic in fact but not in name. Moreover, as the appointments are made only for one year, it is quite likely that my great ambition will never be actually realized. \"Thus the obsessive neologism cardillac, which is a condensation of cardiac, Cadillac, and catalogue, contains some of the most important efforts of my medical experience. When I was almost at the end of this analysis I suddenly recalled a dream containing this neologism cardillac in which my wish was realized. My name appeared in its rightful place in the catalogue. The person who showed it to me in the dream was Professor Peterson. It was when I was at the first 'crossing' after I had graduated from the medical college that Professor Peterson urged me to enter the hospital service. About five years later while I was in the state of indecision which I have described, it was Professor Peterson who advised me to go to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 370 clinic of psychiatry at Zurich where through Bleuler and Jung I first became acquainted with Professor Freud and his works, and it was also through the kind recommendation of Dr. Peterson that I was elevated to my present position.\" [p. 301] I am indebted to Dr. Hitschman for the solution of another case in which a line of poetry repeatedly obtruded itself on the mind in a certain place without showing any trace of its origin and relation. Related by Dr. E.: \"Six years ago I travelled from Biarritz to San Sebastian. The railroad crosses over the Bidassao -- a river which here forms the boundary between France and Spain. On the bridge one has a splendid view, on the one side of the broad valley and the Pyrenees and on the other of the sea. It was a beautiful, bright summer day; everything was filled with sun and light. I was on a vacation and pleased with my trip to Spain. Suddenly the following words came to me: 'But the soul is already free, floating on a sea of light.' Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 371 \"At that time I was trying to remember where these lines came from, but I could not remember; judging by the rhythm, the words must be a part of some poem, which, however, entirely escaped my memory. Later when the verse repeatedly came to my mind, I asked many people about it without receiving any information. \"Last year I crossed the same bridge on my return journey from Spain. It was a very dark night and it rained. I looked through the window to ascertain whether we had already reached the frontier station and noticed that we were on the Bidassao bridge. Immediately the above- [p. 302] cited verse returned to my memory and again I could not recall its origin. \"At home many months later I found Uhland's poems. I opened the volume and my glance fell upon the verse: 'But the soul is already free, floating on a sea of light,' which were the concluding lines of the poem entitled 'The Pilgrim.' I read the poem and dimly recalled that I had known Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 372 it many years ago. The scene of action is in Spain, and this seemed to me to be the only relation between the quoted verse and the place on the railroad journey described by me. I was only half satisfied with my discovery and mechanically continued to turn the pages of the book. On turning the next page I found a poem the title of which was 'Bidassao Bridge.' \"I may add that the contents of this poem seemed even stranger to me than that of the first, and that its first verse read: \"'On the Bidassao bridge stands a saint grey with age, he blesses to the right the Spanish mountain, to the left he blesses the French land.'\" II. This understanding of the determination of apparently arbitrarily selected names, numbers, and words may perhaps contribute to the solution of another problem. As is known, many persons argue against the assumption of an absolute psychic determinism by referring to an intense [p. 303] feeling of conviction that there is a free will. This Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 373 feeling of conviction exists, but is not incompatible with the belief in determinism. Like all normal feelings, it must be justified by something. But, so far as I can observe, it does not manifest itself in weighty and important decisions; on these occasions one has much more the feeling of a psychic compulsion and gladly falls back upon it. (Compare Luther's \"Here I stand, I cannot do anything else.\") On the other hand, it is in trivial and indifferent decisions that one feels sure that he could just as easily have acted differently, that he acted of his own free will, and without any motives. From our analyses we therefore need not contest the right of the feeling of conviction that there is a free will. If we distinguish conscious from unconscious motivation we are then informed by the feeling of conviction that the conscious motivation does not extend over all our motor resolutions. Minima non curat prætor. What is thus left free from the one side receives its motive from the other side, from the unconscious, and the determinism in the Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 374 psychic realm is thus carried out uninterruptedly.[8] [p.304] III. Although conscious thought must be altogether ignorant of the motivation of the faulty actions described above, yet it would be desirable to discover a psychologic proof of its existence; indeed, reasons obtained through a deeper knowledge of the unconscious make it probable that such proofs are to be discovered somewhere. As a matter of fact phenomena can be demonstrated in two spheres which seem to correspond to an unconscious and hence to a displaced knowledge of these motives. (a) It is a striking and generally to be recognized feature in the behaviour of paranoiacs, that they attach the greatest significance to the trivial details in the behaviour of others. Details which are usually overlooked by others they interpret and utilize as the basis of far-reaching conclusions. For example, the last paranoiac seen by me concluded that there was a general understanding among people of his environment, Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 375 because at his departure from the railway-station [p. 305] they made a certain motion with one hand. Another noticed how people walked on the street, how they brandished their walking-sticks, and the like.[9] The category of the accidental, requiring no motivation, which the normal person lets pass as a part of his own psychic activities and faulty actions, is thus rejected by the paranoiac in the application to the psychic manifestations to others. All that he observes in others is full of meaning, all is explainable. But how does he come to look at it in this manner? Probably here as in so many other cases, he projects into the mental life of others what exists in his own unconscious activity. Many things obtrude themselves on consciousness in paranoia which in normal and neurotic persons can only be demonstrated through psychoanalysis as existing in their unconscious.[10] In a certain sense the paranoiac is here justified, he perceives something that escapes the normal person, he sees clearer Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 376 than one of normal intellectual capacity, [p. 306] but his knowledge becomes worthless when he imputes to others the state of affairs he thus recognizes. I hope that I shall not be expected to justify every paranoic interpretation. But the point which we grant to paranoia in this conception of chance actions will facilitate for us the psychologic understanding of the conviction which the paranoiac attaches to all these interpretations. There is certainly same truth to it; even our errors of judgment, which are not designated as morbid, acquire their feeling of conviction in the same way. This feeling is justified for a certain part of the erroneous train of thought or for the source of its origin, and we shall later extend to it the remaining relationships. (b) The phenomena of superstition furnish another indication of the unconscious motivation in chance and faulty actions. I will make myself clear through the discussion of a simple experience which gave me the starting-point to these reflections . Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 377 Having returned from vacation, my thoughts immediately turned to the patients with whom I was to occupy myself in the beginning of my year's work. My first visit was to a very old woman (see above) for whom I had twice daily performed the same professional services for many years. Owing to this monotony unconscious thoughts have often found expression on [p. 307] the way to the patient and during my occupation with her. She was over ninety years old; it was therefore pertinent to ask oneself at the beginning of each year how much longer she was likely to live. On the day of which I speak I was hurry and took a carriage to her house. Every coachman at the cabstand near my house knew the old woman's address, as each of them had often driven me there. This day it happened that the driver did not stop in front of her house, but before one of the same number in a near-by and really similar-looking parallel street. I noticed the mistake and reproached the coachman, who apologized for it. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 378 Is it of any significance when I am taken to a house where the old woman is not to be found? Certainly not to me; but were I superstitious, I should see an omen in this incident, a hint of fate that this would be the last year for the old woman. A great many omens which have been preserved by history have been founded on no better symbolism. Of course, I explain the incident as an accident without further meaning. The case would have been entirely different had I come on foot and, \"absorbed in thought \" or \"through distraction,\" I had gone to the house in the parallel street instead of the correct one. I would not explain that as an accident, but as an action with unconscious intent requiring inter- [p. 308] pretation. My explanation of this \"lapse in walking\" would probably be that I expected that the time would soon come when I should not meet the old woman any longer. I therefore differ from a superstitious person in the following manner: I do not believe that an occurrence in which Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 379 my mental life takes no part can teach me anything hidden concerning the future shaping of reality; but I do believe that an unintentional manifestation of my own mental activity surely contains something concealed which belongs only to my mental life -- that is, I believe in outer (real) chance, but not in inner (psychic) accidents. With the superstitious person the case is reversed: he knows nothing of the motive of his chance and faulty actions; he believes in the existence of psychic contingencies; he is therefore inclined to attribute meaning to external chance, which manifests itself in actual occurrence, and to see in the accident a means of expression for something hidden outside of him. There are two differences between me and the superstitious person: first, he projects the motive to the to the outside, while I look for it in myself; second, he explains the accident by an event which I trace to a thought. What he considers hidden corresponds to the unconscious with me, and the compulsion not to let chance pass as chance, but to Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 380 explain it as common to both of us. [p. 309] Thus I admit that this conscious ignorance and unconscious knowledge of the motivation of psychic accidentalness is one of the psychic roots of superstition. Because the superstitious person knows nothing of the motivation of his own accidental actions, and because the fact of this motivation strives for a place in his recognition, he is compelled to dispose of them by displacing them into the outer world. If such a connection exists it can hardly be limited to this single case. As a matter of fact, I believe that a large portion of the mythological conception of the world which reaches far into the most modern religions is nothing but psychology projected into the outer world. The dim perception (the endo-psychic perception, as it were) of psychic factors and relations[11] of the unconscious was taken as a model in the construction of a transcendental reality, which is destined to be changed again by science into psychology of the unconscious. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 381 It is difficult to express it in other terms; the analogy to paranoia must here come to our aid. We venture to explain in this way the myths of paradise and the fall of man, of God, of good and evil, of immortality, and the like -- that is, to transform metaphysics into meta-psychblogy. The gap between the paranoiac's displacement [p. 310] and that of superstition is narrower than appears at first sight. When human beings began to think, they were obviously compelled to explain the outer world in an anthropomorphic sense by a multitude of personalities in their own image; the accidents which they explained superstitiously were thus actions and expressions of persons. In that regard they behaved just like paranoiacs, who draw conclusions from insignificant signs which others give them, and like all normal persons who justly take the unintentional actions of their fellow-beings as a basis for 'the estimation of their characters. Only in our modern philosophical, but by no means finished, views of life does superstition seem so Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 382 much out of place: in the view of life of prescientific times and nations it was justified and consistent. The Roman who gave up an important undertaking because he sighted an ill-omened flock of birds was relatively right; his action was consistent with his principles. But if he withdrew from an undertaking because he had stumbled on his threshold (un Romain retournerait), he was absolutely superior even to us unbelievers. He was a better psychologist than we are striving to become. For his stumbling could demonstrate to him the existence of a doubt, an internal counter-current the force of which could weaken the power of his [p. 311] intention at the moment of its execution. For only by concentrating all psychic forces on the desired aim can one be assured of perfect success. How does Schiller's Tell, who hesitated so long to shoot the apple from his son's head, answer the bailiff's question why he had provided himself with a second arrow! \"With the second arrow I would have pierced Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 383 you had I struck my dear child -- and; truly, I should not have failed to reach you.\" IV. Whoever has had the opportunity of studying the concealed psychic feelings of persons by means of psychoanalysis can also tell something new concerning the quality of unconscious motives, which express themselves in superstition. Nervous persons afflicted with compulsive thinking and compulsive states, who are often very intelligent, show very plainly that superstition originates from repressed hostile and cruel impulses. The greater part of superstition signifies fear of impending evil, and he who has frequently wished evil to others, but because of a good bringing-up has repressed the same into the unconscious, will be particularly apt to expect punishment for such unconscious evil in the form of a misfortune threatening him: from without. If we concede that we have by no means exhausted the psychology of superstition in these remarks, we must, on the other hand, at least [p. 312] touch upon the question whether real roots of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 384 superstition should be altogether denied, whether there are really no omens, prophetic dreams, telepathic experiences, manifestations of supernatural forces, and the like. I am now far from willing to repudiate without anything further all these phenomena, concerning which we possess so many minute observations even from men of intellectual prominence, and which should certainly form a basis for further investigation. We map even hope that some of these observations will be explained by our present knowledge of the unconscious psychic processes without necessitating radical changes in our present aspect. If still other phenomena, as, for example, those maintained by the spiritualists, should be proven, we should then consider the modification of our \"laws\" as demanded by the new experience, without becoming confused in regard to the relation of things of this world. In the sphere of these analyses I can only answer the questions here proposed subjectively -- that is, in accordance with my personal experience. I Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 385 am sorry to confess chat I belong to that class of unworthy individuals before whom the spirits cease their activities and the supernatural disappears, so that I have never been in position to experience anything personally that would stimulate belief in the miraculous. Like everybody else, I have had forebodings and ex- [p. 313] perienced misfortunes; but the two evaded each other, so that nothing followed the foreboding, and the misfortune struck me unannounced. When as a young man I lived alone in a strange city I frequently heard my name suddenly pronounced by an unmistakable, dear voice, and I then made a note of the exact moment of the hallucination in order to inquire carefully of those at home what had occurred at that time. There was nothing to it. On the other hand, I later worked among my patients calmly and without foreboding while my child almost bled to death. Nor have I ever been able to recognize as unreal phenomena any of the forebodings reported to me by my patients. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 386 The belief in prophetic dreams numbers many adherents, because it can be supported by the fact that some things really so happen in the future as they were previously foretold by the wish of the dream. But in this there is little to be wondered at, as many far-reaching deviations may be regularly demonstrated between a dream and the fulfilment which the credulity of the dreamer prefers to neglect. A nice example, one which may be justly called prophetic was once brought to me for exhaustive analysts by an intelligent and truth- loving patient. She related that she once dreamed that she had met a former friend and family physician in front of a certain store in [p. 314] a certain street, and next morning when she went down town she actually met him at the place named in the dream. I may observe that the significance of this wonderful coincidence was not proven to be due to any subsequent event -- that is, it could not be justified through future occurrences. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 387 Careful examination definitely established the fact that there was no proof that the woman recalled the dream in the morning following the night of the dream -- that is, before the walk and before the meeting. She could offer no objection when this state of affairs was presented in a manner that robbed this episode of everything miraculous, leaving only an interesting psychologic problem. One morning she had walked through this very street, had met her old family physician before that certain store, and on seeing him received the conviction that during the preceding night she had dreamed of this meeting at this place. The analysis then showed with great probability how she came to this conviction, to which, in accordance with the general rule, we cannot deny a certain right to credence. A meeting at a definite place following a previous expectation really describes the fact of a rendezvous. The old family physician awakened her memory of old times, when meetings with a third person, also a friend of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 388 the physician, were of marked [p. 315] significance to her. Since that time she had continued her relations with this gentleman, and the day before the mentioned dream she had waited for him in vain. If I could report in greater detail the circumstances here before us, I could easily show that the illusion of the prophetic dream at the sight of the friend of former times is perchance equivalent to the following speech: \"Ah, doctor, you now remind me of bygone times, when I never had to wait in vain for N. when we had arranged a meeting.\" I have observed in myself a simple and easily explained example, which is probably a good model for similar occurrences of those familiar \"remarkable coincidences\" wherein we meet a person of whom we were just thinking. During a walk through the inner city a few days after the title of \"Professor\" was bestowed on me, which carries with it a great deal of prestige even in monarchical cities, my thoughts suddenly merged into a childish Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 389 revenge-fantasy against a certain married couple. Some months previous they had called me to see their little daughter who suffered from' an interesting compulsive manifestation following the appearance of a dream. I took a great interest in the case, the genesis of which I believed I could surmise, but the parents were unfavourable to my treatment, and gave me to understand that they thought of applying to a foreign authority who cured by [p. 316] means of hypnotism. I now fancied that after the failure of this attempt, the parents begged me to resume my treatment, that they now had full confidence in me, etc. But I answered: \"Now that I have become a professor, you have confidence in me. The title has made no change in my ability; if you could not use me when I was instructor you can get along without me now that I am! a professor.\" At this point my fantasy was interrupted by a loud \"Good evening, Professor!\" and as I looked up there passed me the same couple on whom I had just taken this imaginary vengeance. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 390 The next reflection destroyed the semblance of the miraculous. I was walking towards this couple on a straight, almost deserted street; glancing up hastily at a distance of perhaps twenty steps from me, I had spied and realized their stately personalities; but this perception, following the model of a negative hallucination, was set aside by certain emotionally accentuated motives and then asserted itself in the apparently spontaneous emerging fantasy. A similar experience is related by Brill, which also throws some light on the nature of telepathy. \"While engrossed in conversation during our customary Sunday evening dinner at one of the large New York restaurants, I suddenly stopped and irrelevantly remarked to my wife, 'I wonder [p. 317] how Dr. R. is doing in Pittsburg.' She looked at me much astonished and said: 'Why, that is exactly what I have been thinking for the last few seconds! Either you have transferred this thought to me or I have transferred it to you. How can you otherwise Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 391 explain this strange phenomenon?' I had to admit that I could offer no solution. Our conversation throughout the dinner showed not the remotest association to Dr. R., nor, so far as our memories went, had we heard or spoken of him for some time. Being a sceptic, I refused to admit that there was anything mysterious about it, although inwardly I felt quite uncertain. To be frank, I was somewhat mystified. \"But we did not remain very long in this state of mind, for on looking toward the cloak-room we were surprised to see Dr. R. Though closer inspection showed our mistake, we were both struck by the remarkable resemblance of this stranger to Dr. R. From the position of the cloak-room we were forced to conclude that this stranger had passed our table. Absorbed in our conversation, we had not noticed him consciously, but the visual image had stirred up the association of his double, Dr. R. That we should both have experienced the same thought is also quite natural. The last word from our friend Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 392 was to the effect that he had taken up private practice in Pittsburg, and, being aware of the vicissi- [p. 318] tudes that beset the beginner, it was quite natural to wonder how fortune smiled upon him. \"What promised to be a supernatural manifestation was thus easily explained on a normal basis; but had we not noticed the stranger before he left the restaurant, it would have been impossible to exclude the mysterious. I venture to say that such simple mechanisms are at the bottom of the most complicated telepathic manifestations; at least, such has been my experience in all cases accessible to investigation.\" Another \"solution of an apparent foreboding \" was reported by Otto Rank[12]:-- \"Some time ago I had experienced a remarkable variation of that peculiar coincidence wherein one meets a person who has just been occupying one's thoughts. Shortly before Christmas I went to the Austro-Hungarian Bank in order to obtain ten new silver crown-pieces destined for Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 393 Christmas gifts. Absorbed in ambitious fantasies which dealt with the contrast of my meagre means to the enormous sums in the banking-house, I turned into the narrow street to the bank. In front of the door I saw an automobile and many people going in and out. I thought to myself: 'The officials will have plenty of time for my new crowns; naturally I shall be quick about it; I shall put down the paper notes to be exchanged, and say, \"Please [p. 319] give me gold.\"' I realized my mistake at once -- I was to have asked for silver -- and awoke from my fantasies. \"I was now only a few steps front the entrance, and noticed a young man coming toward me who looked familiar, but whom I could not definitely identify on account of my short- sightedness. As he came nearer I recognized him as a classmate of my brother whose name was Gold and from whose brother, a well-known journalist, I had great expectations in the beginning of my literary career. But these expectations had not Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 394 materialized, and with them had vanished the hoped-for material success with which my fantasies were occupying; themselves on my way to the bank. Thus engrossed I must have unconsciously perceived the approach of Mr. Gold, who impressed himself on my conscience while I was dreaming of material success, and thereby caused me to ask the cashier for gold instead of the inferior silver. But, on the other hand, the paradoxical fact that my unconscious was able to perceive an object long before it was recognized by the eye might in part be explained by the complex readiness (Komplexbereitschaft) of Bleuler. For my mind was attuned to the material, and, contrary to my better knowledge, it guided my steps from the very beginning to buildings where gold and paper money were exchanged.\" [p. 320] To the category of the wonderful and uncanny we may also add that strange feeling we perceive in certain moments and situations when it seems as if we had already had exactly the same Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 395 experience, or had previously found ourselves in the same situation. Yet we are never successful in our efforts to recall clearly; those former experiences and situations. I know that I follow only the loose colloquial expression when I designate that which stimulates us in such moments as a \"feeling.\" We undoubtedly deal with a judgment, and, indeed, with a judgment of cognition; but these cases, nevertheless, have a character peculiar to themselves, and besides, we must not ignore the fact that we never recall what we are seeking. I do not know whether this phenomenon of Déjà vu was ever seriously offered as a proof of a former psychic existence of the individual; but it is certain that psychologists have taken an interest in it, and have attempted to solve the riddle in a multitude of speculative ways. None of the proposed tentative explanations seems right to me, because none takes account of anything but the accompanying manifestations and the favouring conditions of the phenomenon. Those psychic Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 396 processes which, according to my observation, are alone responsible for the explanation of the Déjà vu -- namely, the unconscious fantasies -- are generally neglected by the psychologists even to-day. [p. 321] I believe that it is wrong to designate the feeling of having experienced something before as an illusion. On the contrary, in such moments something is really touched that we have already experienced, only we cannot consciously recall the latter because it never was conscious. In short, the feeling Déjà vu corresponds to the memory of an unconscious fantasy. There are unconscious fantasies (or day dreams) just as there are similar conscious creations, which everyone knows from personal experience. I realize that the object is worthy of most minute study, but I will here give the analysis of only one case of Déjà vu in which the feeling was characterized by particular intensity and persistence. A woman of thirty-seven years asserted that she most distinctly remembered that at the age of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 397 twelve and a half she paid her first visit to some school friends in the country, and as she entered the garden she immediately had the feeling of having been there before. This feeling was repeated as she went through the living-rooms, so that she believed she knew beforehand how big the next room was, what views one could have on looking out of it, etc. But the belief that this feeling of recognition might have its source in a previous visit to the house and garden, perhaps a visit paid in earliest childhood, was absolutely excluded and disproved [p. 322] by statements from her parents. The woman who related this sought no psychologic explanation, but saw in the appearance of this feeling a prophetic reference to the importance which these friends later assumed in her emotional life. On taking into consideration, however, the circumstance under which this phenomenon presented itself to her, we found the way to another conception. When she decided upon this visit she knew that these girls had an only brother, who was Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 398 seriously ill. In the course of the visit she actually saw him. She found him looking very badly, and thought to herself that he would soon die. But it happened that her own only brother had had a serious attack of diphtheria some months before, and during his illness she had lived for weeks with relatives far from her parental home. She believed that her brother was taking part in this visit to the country, imagined even that this was his first long journey since his illness; still, her memory was remarkably indistinct in regard to these points, whereas all other details, and particularly the dress which she wore that day, remained most clearly before her eyes. To the initiated it will not be difficult to conclude from these suggestions that the expectation of her brother's death had played a great part in the girl's mind at that time, and that either it never [p. 323] became conscious or it was more energetically repressed after the favourable issue of' the illness. Under other circumstances she Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 399 would have been compelled to wear another dress -- namely, mourning clothes. She found the analogous situation in her friends' home; their only: brother was in danger of an early death, an event that really came to pass a short time after. She might have consciously remembered that she lived through a similar situation a few months previous, but instead of recalling what was inhibited through repression she transferred the memory feeling to the locality, to the garden and the house, and merged it into the fausse reconnaissance that she had already seen everything exactly as it was. From the fact of the repression we may conclude that the former expectation of the death of her brother was not far from evincing the character of a wish-fantasy. She would then have become the only: child. In her later neurosis she suffered in the most intense manner from the fear of losing her parents, behind which the analysis disclosed, as usual, the unconscious wish of the same content. My own experience of Déjà vu I can trace in Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 400 a similar manner to the emotional constellation of the moment. It may he expressed as follows: \"That would be another occasion for awakening certain fantasies (unconscious and unknown) [p. 324] which were formed in me at one time or another as a wish to improve my situation.\"[13] V. Recently when I had occasion to recite to a colleague of a philosophical turn of mind some examples of name-forgetting, with their analyses, he hastened to reply: \"That is all very well, but with me the forgetting of a name proceeds in a different manner.\" Evidently one cannot dismiss this question as simply as that; I do not believe that my colleague had ever thought of an analysis for the forgetting of a name, nor could he say how the process differed in him. But his remark, nevertheless, touches upon a problem which many would be inclined to place in the foreground. Does the solution given for faulty and chance actions apply in general or only in particular cases, and if only in the latter, what are the conditions under which it may also be employed Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 401 in the explanation of the other phenomena? [p. 325] In answer to this question my experiences leave me in the lurch. I can only urge against considering the demonstrated connections as rare, for as often as I have made the test in myself and with my patients it was always definitely demonstrated exactly as in the examples reported, or there were at least good reasons to assume this. One should not be surprise, however, when one does not succeed every time in finding the concealed meaning of he symptomatic action, as the amount of inner resistances ranging themselves against the solution must be considered a deciding factor. Also, it is not always possible to explain every individual dream of one's self of patients. To substantiate the general validity of the theory, it is enough if one can penetrate only a certain distance into the hidden associations. The dream which proves refractory when the solution is attempted on the following day can often be robbed of its secret a week or a month later, when the psychic factors combating one Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 402 another have been reduced as a consequence of a real change that has meanwhile taken place. The same applies to the solution of faulty and symptomatic actions. It would therefore be wrong to affirm of all cases which resist analysis that they are caused by another psychic mechanism than that here revealed; such assumption requires more than negative proofs; moreover, the readiness to [p. 326] believe in a difference explanation of faulty and symptomatic actions, which probably exists universally in all normal persons, does not prove anything; it is obviously an expression of the same psychic forces which produced the secret, which therefore strives to protect and struggle against its elucidation. On the other hand, we must not overlook the fact that the repressed thoughts and feelings are not independent in attaining expression in symptomatic and faulty actions. The technical possibility for such an adjustment of the innervations must be furnished independently of Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 403 them, and this is then gladly utilized by the intention of the repressed material to come to conscious expression. In the case of linguistic faulty actions an attempt has been made by philosophers and philologists to verify through minute observations what structural and functional relations enter into the service of such intention. If in the determinations of faulty and symptomatic actions we separate the unconscious motive from its co-active physiological and psychophysical relations, the question remains open whether there are still other factors within normal limits which, like the unconscious motive, and in its place can produce faulty and symptomatic actions on the road of the relations. It is not my; task to answer this question. VI. Since the discussion of speech blunders [p. 327] we have been content to demonstrate that faulty actions have a concealed motive, and through the aid of psychoanalysis we have traced our way to the knowledge of their motivation. The general nature and the peculiarities of the psychic factors Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 404 brought to expression in these faulty actions we have hitherto left almost without consideration; at any rate, we have not attempted to define them more accurately or to examine into their lawfulness. Nor will we now attempt a thorough elucidation of the subject, as the first steps have already taught us that it is more feasible to enter this structure from another side. Here we can put before ourselves certain questions which I will cite in their order. (1) What is the content and the origin of the thoughts and feelings ;which show; themselves through faulty and chance actions? (2) What are the conditions which force a thought or a feeling to make use of these occurrences as a means of expression and place it in a position to do sol (3) Can constant and definite associations be demonstrated between the manner of the faulty action and the qualities brought to expression through it. I shall begin by bringing together some material for answering the last question. In the discussion of the examples of speech blunders we Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 405 found it necessary to go beyond the contents of the intended speech, and we had to seek the [p. 328] cause of the speech disturbance outside the intention. The latter was quite clear in a series of cases, and as known to the consciousness of the speaker. In the example that seemed most simple and transparent it was a similar sounding but different conception of the same thought, which disturbed its expression without any one being able to say why the one succumbed and the other came to the surface (Meringer and Mayers' Contaminations). In a second group of cases one conception succumbed to a motive which did not, however, prove strong enough to cause complete submersion. The conception which was withheld was clearly presented to consciousness. Only of the third group can we affirm unreservedly that the disturbing thought differed from the one intended, and it is obvious that it may establish an essential distinction. The disturbing Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 406 thought is either connected with the disturbed on through a thought association (disturbance through inner contradiction), or it is substantially strange to it, and just the disturbed word is connected with the disturbing thought through a surprising outer association, which is frequently unconscious. In the examples which I have given from my psychoanalyses it is found that the entire speech is either under the influence of thoughts which have become active simultaneously, or under [p. 329] absolutely unconscious thoughts which betray themselves either through the disturbance itself, or which evince an indirect influence by making it possible for the individual parts of the unconsciously intended speech to disturb one another. The retained unconscious thoughts from which the disturbances in speech emanate are of most varied origin. A general survey does not reveal any definite direction. Comparative examinations of examples of mistakes in reading and writing lead me to the same Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 407 conclusions. Isolated cases, as in speech blunders, seem to owe their origin to an unmotivated work of condensation (e.g., the Apel). But we should be pleased to know whether special conditions must not be fulfilled in order that such condensation, which is considered regular in the dream-work and faulty in our waking thoughts, should take place. No information concerning this can be obtained from the examples themselves. But I merely refuse from this to draw the conclusion that there are no such conditions, as, for instance, the relaxation of conscious attention; for I have learned elsewhere that automatic actions are especially characterized by correctness and reliability. I would rather emphasize the fact that here, as so frequently in biology, it is the normal relations, or those approaching the normal, that are less favourable objects for investigation than the [p. 330] pathological. What remains obscure in the explanation of these most simple disturbances will, according to my expectation, be made clear through Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 408 the explanation of more serious disturbances. Also mistakes in reading and writing do not lack examples in which more remote and more complicated motivation can be recognized. There is no doubt that the disturbances of the speech functions occur more easily and make less demand on the disturbing forces than other psychic acts. But one is on different ground when it comes to the examination of forgetting in the literal sense - - i.e., the forgetting of past experiences. (To distinguish this forgetting from the others we designate sensu strictiori the forgetting of proper names and foreign words, as in Chapters I and II, as \"slips\"; and the forgetting of resolutions as \"omissions.\") The principal conditions of the normal process in forgetting are unknown.[14] We are also reminded of the fact [p. 331] that not all is forgotten which we believe to be. Our explanation here deals only with those cases in which the forgetting arouses our astonishment, in so far as it infringes Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 409 the rule that the unimportant is forgotten, while the important matter is guarded by memory. Analysis of these examples of forgetting - is always an unwillingness to recall something which may evoke painful feelings. We may come to the conjecture that this motive universally strives for expression in psychic life, but is inhibited through other [p. 332] and contrary forces from regularly manifesting itself. The extent and significance of this dislike to recall painful impressions seems worthy of the most painstaking psychologic investigation. The question as to what special conditions render possible the universally resistant forgetting in individual cases cannot be solved through this added association. A different factor steps into the foreground in the forgetting of resolutions; the supposed conflict resulting in the repression of the painful memory becomes tangible, and in the analysis of the examples one regularly recognizes a counter-will which opposes but does not put an end to the resolution. As in previously discussed faulty act, we Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 410 here also recognize two types of the psychic process: the counter-will either turns directly against the resolution (in intentions of some consequence) or it is substantially foreign to the resolution itself and establishes its connection with it through an outer association (in almost indifferent resolutions). The same conflict governs the phenomena of erroneously carried-out actions. The impulse which manifests itself in the disturbances of the action is frequently a counter-impulse. Still oftener it is altogether a strange impulse which only utilizes the opportunity to express itself through a disturbance in the execution of the action. The cases in which the disturbance is [p. 333] the result of an inner contradiction are the most significant ones, and also deal with the more important activities. The inner conflict in the chance or symptomatic actions then merges into the background. Those motor expressions which are least thought of, or are entirely overlooked by Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 411 consciousness, serve as the expression of numerous unconscious or restrained feelings. For the most part they represent symbolically wishes and phantoms. The first question (as to the origin of the thoughts and emotions which find expression in faulty actions) we can answer by saying that in a series of cases the origin of the disturbing thoughts can be readily traced to repressed emotions of the psychic life. Even in healthy persons egotistic, jealous and hostile feelings and impulses, burdened by the pressure of moral education, often utilize the path of faulty actions to express in some way their undeniably existing force which is not recognized by the higher psychic instances. Allowing these faulty and chance actions to continue corresponds in great part to a comfortable toleration of the unmoral. The manifold sexual currents play no insignificant part m these repressed feelings. That they appear so seldom in the thoughts revealed by the analyses of my examples is simply a matter of coincidence. As I have undertaken the analyses of numerous Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 412 examples from my own [p. 334] psychic life, the selection was partial from the first, and aimed at the exclusion of sexual matters. At other times it seemed that the disturbing thoughts originated from the most harmless objection and consideration. We have now reached the answer to the second question -- that is, what psychologic conditions are responsible for the fact that a thought must seek expression not in its complete form but, as it were, in parasitic form, as a modification and disturbance of another. From the most striking examples of faulty actions it is quite obvious that this determinant should be sought in a relation to conscious capacity, or in the more or less firmly pronounced character of the \"repressed\" material. But an examination of this series of examples shows that this character consists of many indistinct elements. The tendency to overlook something because it is wearisome, or because the concerned thought does not really belong to the intended matter -- these feelings seem to play the same rôle Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 413 as motives for the suppression of a thought (which later depends for expression on the disturbance of another), as the moral condemnation of a rebellious emotional feeling, or as the origin of absolutely unconscious trains of thought. An insight into the general nature of the condition of faulty and chance actions cannot be gained in this way. [p. 335] However, this investigation gives us one single significant fact; the more harmless the motivation of the faulty act the less obnoxious, and hence less incapable of consciousness, the thought to which it gives expression is; the easier also becomes the solution of the phenomenon after we have turned our attention toward it. The simplest cases of speech blunders are immediately noticed and instantaneously corrected. Where one deals with motivation through actually repressed feelings the solution requires a painstaking analysis, which may sometimes strike against difficulties or turn out unsuccessful. One is therefore justified in taking the result Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 414 of this last investigation as an indication of the fact that the satisfactory explanation of the psychologic determinations of faulty and chance actions is to be acquired in another way and from another source. The indulgent reader can therefore see in these discussions the demonstration of the surfaces of fracture in which this theme was quite artificially. evolved from a broader connection. VII. Just a few words to indicate the direction of this broader connection. The mechanism of the faulty and chance actions, as we have learned to know it through the application of analysis, shows in the most essential points an agreement with the mechanism of dream formation, which I have discussed in the chapter \"The Dream [p. 336] Work\" of my book on the interpretation of dreams. Here, as there, one finds the condensation and compromise formation (\"contaminations\"); in addition the situation is much the same, since unconscious thoughts find expression as modifications of other thoughts in unusual ways and through outer Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 415 associations. The incongruities, absurdities, and errors in the dream content by virtue of which the dream is scarcely recognized as a psychic achievement originate in the same way -- to be sure, through freer usage of the existing material -- as the common error of our everyday life; here, as there, the appearance of the incorrect function is explained through the peculiar interference of two or more correct actions. An important conclusion call be drawn from this combination: the peculiar mode of operation, whose most striking function we recognize in the dream content, should not be adjudged only to the sleeping state of the psychic life when we possess abundant proof of its activity during the waking state in the form of faulty actions. The same connection also forbids us assuming that these psychic processes which impress us as abnormal and strange are determined by deep-seated decay of psychic activity or by morbid state of function.[15] The correct understanding of this strange Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 416 psychic work which allows the faulty actions to originate like the dream pictures will only be possible after we have discovered that the psychoneurotic symptoms, particularly the psychic formations of hysteria and compulsion neurosis, repeat in their mechanisms all the essential features of this mode of operation. The continuation of our investigation would therefore have to begin at this point. There is still another special interest for us in considering the faulty, chance, and symptomatic actions in the light of this last analogy. If we compare them to the function of the psychoneuroses and the neurotic symptoms, two frequently recurring statements gain in sense and support--namely, that the border-line between the nervous, normal, and abnormal states is indistinct, and that we are all slightly nervous. Regardless of all medical experience, one may construe various types of such barely suggested nervousness, the formes frustes of the neuroses. There may, ;be cases in which only a Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 417 few symptoms appear, or they may manifest themselves rarely or in mild forms; the extenuation may be transferred to the number; intensity, or to the temporal outbreak of the morbid manifestation. It may also happen that just this type, which forms the most frequent transition between health and disease, may never be discovered. [p. 338] The transition type, whose morbid manifestations come in the form of faulty and symptomatic actions, is characterized by the fact that the symptoms are transformed to the least important psychic activities, while everything that can lay claim to a higher psychic value remains free from disturbance. When the symptoms are disposed of in a reverse manner - - that is, when they appear in the most important individual and social activities in a manner to disturb the functions of nourishment and sexual relations, professional and social life -- such disposition is found in the severe cases of neuroses, and is perhaps more characteristic of the latter than the multiformity or vividness of the morbid Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 418 manifestations. But the common character of the mildest as well as the severest cases, to which the faulty and chance actions contribute, lies in the ability to refer the phenomena to unwelcome, repressed, psychic material, which, though pushed away from consciousness, is nevertheless not robbed of all capacity to express itself. Footnotes [1] Alfred Adler, \"Drei Psychoanalysen von Zahlen einfällen und obsedierenden Zahlen,\" Psych. Neur. Wochenschr., No. 28, 1905&middot; [2] As an explanation of Macbeth, No. 17 of the U. L., I was informed by Dr. Adler that in his seventeenth year this man had joined an anarchistic society whose aim was regicide. Probably this is why he forgot the content of the play Macbeth. The same person invented at that time a secret code in which numbers substituted letters. [3] For the sake of simplicity I have omitted Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 419 some of the not less suitable thoughts of the patients. [4] Loc. cit., p. 36. [5]. \"Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Zahlentraumes,\" Zentralb. f. Psychoanalyse, i. 12. [6] \"Unconscious Manipulation of Numbers\" (ibid., ii. 5, 1912). [7] This is another excellent example showing how a conscious intention was powerless to counteract an unconscious resistance. [8] These conceptions of strict determinism in seemingly arbitrary actions have already borne rich fruit for psychology --perhaps also for the administration of justice. Bleuler and Jung have in this way made intelligible the reaction in the so- called association experiments, wherein the test person answers to a given word with one occurring to him (stimulus-word reaction), while the time elapsing between the stimulus word and answer is measured (reaction-time). Jung has shown in his Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien, 1906, what fine Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 420 reagents for psychic occurrences we possess in this association-experiment. Three students of criminology, H. Gross, of Prague, and Wertheimer and Kiein, have developed from these experiments a technique for the diagnosis of facts (Tatbestands- Diagnostik) in criminal cases, the examination of which is now tested by psychologists and jurists. [9] Proceeding from other points of view, this interpretation of the trivial and accidental by the patient has been designated as \"delusions of reference.\" [10] For example, the fantasies of the hysterical regarding sexual and cruel abuse which are made conscious by analysis often correspond in every detail with the complaints of persecuted paranoiacs. It is remarkable but not altogether unexpected that we also meet the identical content as reality in the contrivances of perverts for the gratification of their desires. [11] Which naturally has nothing of the character of perception. Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 421 [12] Zenltralb. f. Psychoanalyse, ii. 5. [13] Thus far this explanation of Déjà vu has been appreciated by only one observer. Dr. Ferenczi, to whom the third edition of this is book is indebted for so many contributions, writes to me concerning this:\"I have been convinced, through myself as well as others, that the inexplicable feeling of familiarity can be referred to unconscious fantasies of which we are unconsciously reminded in an actual situation. With one of my patients the process was apparently different but in reality it was quite analogous. This feeling returned to him very often, but showed itself regularly as originating in a forgotten (repressed) portion of a dream of the preceding night. Thus it appears that the Déjà vu can originate not only from day dreams but also from night dreams.\" [14] I can perhaps give the following outline concerning the mechanism of actual forgetting. The memory material succumbs in general to two influences, condensation and disfigurement. Disfigurement is the work of the tendencies Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 422 dominating the psychic life, and directs itself above all against the affective remnants of memory traces which maintain a more resistive attitude towards condensation. The traces which have grown indifferent merge into a process of condensation without opposition; in addition it may be observed that tendencies of disfigurement also feed on the indifferent material, because they have not been gratified where they wished to manifest themselves. As these processes of condensation and disfigurement continue for long periods during which all fresh experiences act upon the transformation of the memory content, it is our belief that it is time that makes memory uncertain and indistinct. It is quite probable that in forgetting there can really be no question of a direct function of time. From the repressed memory traces it can be verified that they suffer no changes even in the longest periods. The unconscious, at all events, knows no time limit. The most important as well as the most peculiar character of psychic fixation consists in the fact that Psychopathology of Everyday Life - Sigmund Freud Etext Conversion Project - Nalanda Digital Library 423 all impressions are on the one hand retained in the same form as they were received, and also in the forms that they have assumed in their further development. This state of affairs cannot be elucidated by any comparison from any other sphere. By virtue of this theory every former state of the memory content may thus be restored, even though all original relations have long been replaced by newer ones. [15] Cf. here The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 483&middot; Macmillan: New York ; and Allen : London.", "precise_score": 4.222257614135742, "rough_score": 1.1239291429519653, "source": "search", "title": "The psychopathology of everyday life | Musturah Arend ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud, Sigmund (froid) [ key ], 1856–1939, Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis . Born in Moravia, he lived most of his life in Vienna, receiving his medical degree from the Univ. of Vienna in 1881.", "precise_score": 1.2570651769638062, "rough_score": 3.082507610321045, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud then rejected hypnosis and devised a technique called free association (see association ), which would allow emotionally charged material that the individual had repressed in the unconscious to emerge to conscious recognition. Further works, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900, tr. 1913), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904, tr. 1914), and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905, tr. 1910), increased the bitter antagonism toward Freud, and he worked alone until 1906, when he was joined by the Swiss psychiatrists Eugen Bleuler and C. G. Jung , the Austrian Alfred Adler , and others.", "precise_score": 6.156355857849121, "rough_score": 5.839024543762207, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Psychopathology of Everyday Life (03) by Freud, Sigmund [Paperback (2003)]: Freud: 9780141182377: Amazon.com: Books", "precise_score": 5.0149970054626465, "rough_score": 4.974360942840576, "source": "search", "title": "Psychopathology of Everyday Life (03) by Freud, Sigmund ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Psychopathology of Everyday Life (03) by Freud, Sigmund [Paperback (2003)]", "precise_score": 5.100154876708984, "rough_score": 5.602852821350098, "source": "search", "title": "Psychopathology of Everyday Life (03) by Freud, Sigmund ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Among the most overtly autobiographical of Freud's works, the Psychopathology was strongly linked by Freud to his relationship with Wilhelm Fliess. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6694633960723877, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud writes in his introduction:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935275077819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud believed that various deviations from the stereotypes of everyday conduct - seemingly unintended reservation, forgetting words, random movements and actions - are a manifestation of unconscious thoughts and impulses. Explaining \"wrong actions\" with the help of psychoanalysis, just as the interpretation of dreams, can be effectively used for diagnosis and therapy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4824700355529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud's conclusion is that:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102583885192871, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "It is filled with anecdotes, many of them quite amusing, and virtually bereft of technical terminology. And Freud put himself on the line: numerous acts of willful forgetting or \"inexplicable\" mistakes are recounted from his personal experience. none of such actions can be called truly accidental, or uncaused: that is the real lesson of the Psychopathology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.993905067443848, "source": "search", "title": "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life | IndieBound" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "SparkNotes: Sigmund Freud: Summary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188615798950195, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Sigmund Freud", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013492584228516, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "On May 6, 1856, Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in the small Moravian town of Freiberg. His parents were Jakob and Amalie Freud. Over the next six years Amalie gave birth to six more children. Sigmund was always the favorite child. Jakob's textile business failed, and in 1860, the family moved to Vienna, spending almost a year in Leipzig on the way. In Vienna, Freud was a studious and serious child. He was schooled at home, first by his mother and then by his father, and then he joined the Sperl Gymnasium, where he was at the top of his class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.398497581481934, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "In 1873, Freud graduated from the Sperl Gymnasium at the early age of seventeen and started medical training at the University of Vienna. It took him eight years to receive his medical degree, in part because he was distracted by scientific research. This was especially true in the later years of his medical studies (1877–1881), when was working in the laboratory of his mentor, Ernst Brücke, on the anatomy of the brain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.553624153137207, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "1881 was a momentous year for Freud: he met Martha Bernays and became engaged to her–secretly, at first–and he finally received his medical degree. In 1882, he left Brücke's lab and took a position at the Vienna General Hospital, motivated in part by his desire to make enough money to be able to marry Martha. Over the next five years he moved from department to department at the hospital, passing through surgery and dermatology before coming to rest at Theodor Meynert's department of psychiatry. In the winter of 1885–1886, Freud went to Paris to study under Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière. He was finally married to Martha Bernays in the summer of 1886. They first married in a civil ceremony, but when they discovered that Austria (unlike Germany) would not officially recognize a nonreligious marriage, they married in a Jewish one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.118854522705078, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Over the next ten years, from 1886–1896, Freud continued to develop his private practice. By the beginning of the 1890s, his relationship with Josef Breuer, another Jewish neurologist, had flourished. The two men had collaborated on the publication of a series of case studies on their patients called Studies on Hysteria. This contained one case study by Breuer and four by Freud. The case study by Breuer, on the patient \"Anna O.\", is known as the first psychoanalytic case study. In it, Breuer discusses the \"cathartic method\" he used to cure Anna O.'s symptoms by discovering, with her help, the earlier, unconscious traumas that were associated with her symptoms. Although Freud was enthusiastic about the new method, his emphasis on the exclusively sexual causes of hysteria made his theories unpopular, not only with his superiors at the University, but also with Breuer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.809998512268066, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "In the 1900s, Freud finally emerged from the isolation that had characterized his professional life in the 1890s. He began to have weekly meetings at his house to discuss psychoanalytic theory. The group that met at his house was called the \"Wednesday Psychological Society,\" and eventually it grew into the Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society. By 1904, Freud had begun to hear of other neurologists and psychiatrists using his techniques. He was particularly excited to hear that the well-respected Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler and one of Bleuler's staff members, Carl G. Jung, had taken an interest. Toward the end of the decade, psychoanalysis became a truly international affair: the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with the help of supporters from Germany, Austria (Alfred Adler and Wilhelm Stekel), Switzerland, Hungary (Sandor Ferenczi), and England (Ernest Jones). In the years before the First World War, psychoanalysis experienced its first growing pains: first Jung, then Adler and Stekel, left the organization after bitter disagreements with Freud. In response to these defections, Jones and Freud created a secret \"Committee\" to protect psychoanalysis. The committee consisted of Jones, Ferenczi, Karl Abraham, Otto Rank, and Hanns Sachs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7431700825691223, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "During World War I, Freud continued to write and lecture, but patients were few and international communications were impossible. When the war ended, however, the International Psychoanalytic Association resumed its meetings in an atmosphere much more conducive to psychoanalysis than that before the war. Unfortunately, the post-war years were extremely difficult in Vienna: inflation was rampant, supplies were few, and patients were rare. Freud's reputation, however, was growing, and in 1919 he was made a full professor at the University of Vienna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.74253511428833, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud's work from 1919 to the end of his life in 1938 became increasingly speculative. He became concerned with applying psychoanalysis to questions of civilization and society, an approach that he had first tried in his 1913 Totem and Taboo. In 1920, he published Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which suggested that human existence is a struggle between Eros, or the sex drive, and an instinct toward death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.32002067565918, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with mouth cancer, a consequence of his life-long habit of cigar smoking. His illness would trouble him until his death in 1938, demanding in the meantime thirty-three separate operations that caused him pain and made it difficult for him to speak and eat. The 1920s were a complicated decade for Freud. He was undeniably successful, even famous, but his own health, several deaths in his family, and the disintegration of the Committee made his success bittersweet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.226069450378418, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "In the 1930s, Freud continued to treat patients and to write. He published one of his most frequently read books, Civilization and Its Discontents, in 1930. The rise of Nazism in Germany, however, and its echoes in Austria, made life in Vienna increasingly untenable. Freud stayed as long as he could, but when the Nazis invaded Austria in 1938 and raided his house, he fled to England with most of his family. He died there on September 23, 1939.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.412184238433838, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes- Sigmund Freud- Summary" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud, Sigmund", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993714332580566, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Sigmund Freud", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013492584228516, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "His medical career began with an apprenticeship (1885–86) under J. M. Charcot in Paris, and soon after his return to Vienna he began his famous collaboration with Josef Breuer on the use of hypnosis in the treatment of hysteria. Their paper, On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena (1893, tr. 1909), more fully developed in Studien über Hysterie (1895), marked the beginnings of psychoanalysis in the discovery that the symptoms of hysterical patients—directly traceable to psychic trauma in earlier life—represent undischarged emotional energy (conversion; see hysteria ). The therapy, called the cathartic method, consisted of having the patient recall and reproduce the forgotten scenes while under hypnosis. The work was poorly received by the medical profession, and the two men soon separated over Freud's growing conviction that the undefined energy causing conversion was sexual in nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.412144660949707, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "In 1908, Bleuler, Freud, and Jung founded the journal Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen, and in 1909 the movement first received public recognition when Freud and Jung were invited to give a series of lectures at Clark Univ. in Worcester, Mass. In 1910 the International Psychoanalytical Association was formed with Jung as president, but the harmony of the movement was short-lived: between 1911 and 1913 both Jung and Adler resigned, forming their own schools in protest against Freud's emphasis on infantile sexuality and the Oedipus complex. Although these men, and others who broke away later, objected to Freudian theories, the basic structure of psychoanalysis as the study of unconscious mental processes is still Freudian. Disagreement lies largely in the degree of emphasis placed on concepts largely originated by Freud.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.76266622543335, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "He considered his last contribution to psychoanalytic theory to be The Ego and the Id (1923, tr. 1927), after which he reverted to earlier cultural preoccupations. Totem and Taboo (1913, tr. 1918), an investigation of the origins of religion and morality, and Moses and Monotheism (1939, tr. 1939) are the result of his application of psychoanalytic theory to cultural problems. Other works include A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1910, tr. 1920) and New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis (1933). With the National Socialist occupation of Austria, Freud fled (1938) to England, where he died the following year. His daughter, Anna Freud , was a major proponent of psychoanalysis, developing in particular the Freudian concept of the defense mechanism .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.411090850830078, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freudian theory has had wide impact, influencing fields as diverse as anthropology, education, art, and literary criticism. At the same time, his work has been criticized by many for containing flawed or misrepresented research and for being pseudoscientfic in nature. It has also been criticized by feminists as being marred by a male bias.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.919414520263672, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "See his Basic Writings (tr. and ed. by A. A. Brill, 1938, repr., 1977); The Freud-Jung Letters (ed. by W. McGuire, 1974, repr. 1988); biographies by E. Jones (3 vol., 1953–57, abr. ed. 1974) and P. Gay (1988, repr. 2006); studies by F. Cioffi (1973 and 1998), P. Roazen (1975), Frank J. Sulloway (1979), H. Lewis (2 vol., 1981–83), S. Schneiderman (1987), O. Olson and S. Koppe (1988), I. Gubrich-Simitis (1993, tr. 1997), L. Breger (2000), A. I. Tauber (2010), H. Markel (2011), and M. Borch-Jacobsen and S. Shamdasani (2012).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.167177200317383, "source": "search", "title": "Sigmund Freud - Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4285888671875, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "\"The poets and philosophers before me discovered the unconscious; what I discovered was the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied.\" — The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769769668579102, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Sigmund Freud", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013492584228516, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Sigmund Freud", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013492584228516, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Sigmund Freud was born in the town of Freiberg in what was then the Austrian Empire (now Príbor, Czech Republic), on May 6, 1856. When he was three years old his family, fleeing from the anti-Semitic riots then raging in Freiberg, moved to Leipzig. Shortly thereafter, the family settled in Vienna, where Freud remained for most of his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.105288982391357, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud was educated at Vienna University. He started out as a medical doctor and scientist, but one of his superiors told him that he would never go far in his career because he was Jewish. So Freud went into the less crowded field of psychology, and he was interested in a mental illness called hysteria. Most people diagnosed as hysterics were women, and they sometimes received horrific treatments—isolation, electrocution, or surgical removal of the uterus. So Freud started using hypnosis to treat hysteria, and that led him to a groundbreaking method, \"the talking cure,\" which he believed could be used to treat all kinds of mental illness. He knew it would be difficult for a woman to talk to her doctor about her fears, desires, and traumas. So he took a couch that had belonged to his wife, covered it with a Persian rug, and asked his patients to lie down on it. They could stare at an empty wall instead of looking at him, and he sat behind them as they talked, occasionally asking a question. He called the process free association.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.046446800231934, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "When the Germans occupied Austria in 1938, Freud, a Jew, was persuaded by friends to escape with his family to England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.697216033935547, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud died on September 23, 1939, in his home in Hampstead, London. He had undergone thirty-three operations for cancer of the palate and the jaw, and was in constant pain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052212715148926, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Freud had difficulty hearing and speaking; finally, he could no longer eat. His doctor, Max Schur, came to see him, and Freud grasped him by the hand. \"My dear Schur,\" he said, \"you remember our first talk. You promised to help me when I could no longer carry on. It is only torture now, and it has no longer any sense.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135007858276367, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Schur gave Freud a third of a grain of morphine; he fell into a coma, and died thirty-six hours later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003836631774902, "source": "search", "title": "Freud Centennial | Clark University | Worcester MA" }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Classics in the History of Psychology - Freud (1901) - Chapter 5", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.348243713378906, "source": "search", "title": "Classics in the History of Psychology - Freud (1901 ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "The distorting of names amounts to an insult when done intentionally, and could have the same significance in a whole series of cases where it appears as unintentional speech-blunders. The person who, according to Mayer's report, once said \"Freuder\" instead of \"Freud,\" because shortly before he pronounced the name \"Breuer (p. 38), and who at another time spoke of the Freuer-Breudian\" method (p. 28), was certainly not particularly enthusiastic over this method. Later, under the mistakes in writing, I shall report a case of name disfigurement which certainly admits of no other explanation. [ 8 ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864173889160156, "source": "search", "title": "Classics in the History of Psychology - Freud (1901 ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "Owing to very personal motives I must it undecided whether a similar interpretation may also apply in the case to be cited. At the International Congress in Amsterdam, in 1907 my theories of hysteria were the subject of a lively discussion. One of my most violent opponents, in his diatribe against me, repeatedly made mistakes in speech in such a manner that he put himself in my place and spoke name. He said, for example, \"Breuer and I, [p. 101] as is well known, have demonstrated,\" etc., when he wished to say \"Breuer and Freud.\" The name of this opponent does not show the slightest sound similarity to my own. From this example, as well as from other cases of interchanging names in speech-blunders, we are reminded of the fact that the speech-blunder can fully forego the facility afforded to it through similar sounds, and can achieve its purpose if only supported in content by concealed relations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869812965393066, "source": "search", "title": "Classics in the History of Psychology - Freud (1901 ..." }, { "answer": "Freud", "passage": "\"Both Dr. Frink and I were convinced that my interpretation of his lapsus linguæ was correct, and I decided to corroborate or disprove it by further investigation. The next day I found a neighbour and old friend of Dr. P., who confirmed my interpretation in every particular. The divorce was granted to Dr. P.'s wife a few weeks before, and a nurse was named as co-respondent. A few weeks later I met Dr. P., and he told me that he was thoroughly convinced of the Freudian mechanisms.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282063484191895, "source": "search", "title": "Classics in the History of Psychology - Freud (1901 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Mao Tse-Tung", "passage": "In the 1920s, Sun Yat-sen established a revolutionary base in south China, and set out to unite the fragmented nation. With assistance from the Soviet Union (themselves fresh from a socialist uprising), he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist Party of China. After Sun's death from cancer in 1925, one of his protégés, Chiang Kai-shek, seized control of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party or KMT) and succeeded in bringing most of south and central China under its rule in a military campaign known as the Northern Expedition (1926–1927). Having defeated the warlords in south and central China by military force, Chiang was able to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North. In 1927, Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China. In 1934, driven from their mountain bases such as the Chinese Soviet Republic, the CPC forces embarked on the Long March across China's most desolate terrain to the northwest, where they established a guerrilla base at Yan'an in Shaanxi Province. During the Long March, the communists reorganized under a new leader, Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung).", "precise_score": -8.133391380310059, "rough_score": -7.841919898986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Mao", "passage": "A power struggle followed Mao's death in 1976. The Gang of Four were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, marking the end of a turbulent political era in China. Deng Xiaoping outmaneuvered Mao's anointed successor chairman Hua Guofeng, and gradually emerged as the de facto leader over the next few years.", "precise_score": -1.9529367685317993, "rough_score": -1.1279897689819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Zedong", "passage": "Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang (KMT) pulling out of the mainland, with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands. The Communist Party of China was left in control of mainland China. On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. \"Communist China\" and \"Red China\" were two common names for the PRC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.522128105163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Mao", "passage": "The PRC was shaped by a series of campaigns and five-year plans. The economic and social plan known as the Great Leap Forward caused an estimated 45 million deaths. Mao's government carried out mass executions of landowners, instituted collectivisation and implemented the Laogai camp system. Execution, deaths from forced labor and other atrocities resulted in millions of deaths under Mao. In 1966 Mao and his allies launched the Cultural Revolution, which continued until Mao's death a decade later. The Cultural Revolution, motivated by power struggles within the Party and a fear of the Soviet Union, led to a major upheaval in Chinese society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.87748908996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Mao", "passage": "In 1972, at the peak of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao and Zhou Enlai met US president Richard Nixon in Beijing to establish relations with the United States. In the same year, the PRC was admitted to the United Nations in place of the Republic of China, with permanent membership of the Security Council.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.411514282226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of China" }, { "answer": "Mao", "passage": "The US government usually argued its anti-communist policies by citing the human rights record of communist states, most notably the Soviet Union during the Joseph Stalin era, Maoist China, North Korea, and the Pol Pot-led Khmer Rouge government and the pro-Hanoi People's Republic of Kampuchea in Cambodia. During the 1980s, the Kirkpatrick Doctrine was particularly influential in American politics; it advocated US support of anti-communist governments around the world, including authoritarian regimes. In support of the Reagan Doctrine and other anti-communist foreign and defense policies, prominent U.S. and Western anti-communists warned that the U.S. needed to avoid repeating the West's perceived mistakes of appeasement of Nazi Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.232080459594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anti-communism" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about nothing, and then they marry him. Cher", "precise_score": 7.144627571105957, "rough_score": 8.440619468688965, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about nothing, and then they marry him. Cher", "precise_score": 7.144627571105957, "rough_score": 8.440619468688965, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "The trouble with some women is that they get all excited about nothing – and then marry him. -Cher", "precise_score": 7.427040100097656, "rough_score": 8.484553337097168, "source": "search", "title": "30 Famous Quotes About Weddings, Marriage, and Love" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "A bit about Cher ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944472312927246, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher, born Cheryl Sarkisian LaPiere on May 20, 1946, is an American pop/rock singer, songwriter, actress, director, author and all-around entertainer. Through her achievements in music, television and film, she has won an Oscar, a Grammy, an Emmy and 3 Golden Globe Awards, among others. She first rose to prominence in the mid 1960s as one half of the pop/rock duo Sonny & Cher. She also established herself as a solo artist, releasing 26 albums, numerous compilations and achieving 22 Top 40 hits, (including 12 Top 10 and 4 #1 hits) over her career. She became a successful television star in the 1970s and a serious film actress in the 1980s. In 1988, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the romantic comedy Moonstruck. In a career that has now surpassed 40 years, Cher has emerged a pop-culture icon and one of the most enduring and respected entertainers of her time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.513357162475586, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about nothing, and then they marry him. Cher | Dictionary of Quotes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.112805366516113, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Quotations by Cher", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22044563293457, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is they get all excited about ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "American singer Cher (1946-), who has been married and divorced to Sonny Bono and Gregg Allman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.585329055786133, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is that they get all excited ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Bio: Cher is an American recording artist, television personality, actress, director, record producer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globes, and the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival Award for her work in film, music, and television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65131950378418, "source": "search", "title": "The trouble with some women is that they get all excited ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Weddings take months to organize, and there are fittings and invitation lists and old aunts being coy about the honeymoon, and having to have somebody’s perfectly hideous cousin for a bridesmaid. And then hundreds of appalling wedding presents. Toast-racks and Japanese vases and pictures that never, in a million years, would you want to hang on the wall. And you spend all your time writing insincere thank-you letters with your fingers crossed, and everybody gets tense and miserable and there’s lots of bursting into tears. The miracle is that anybody ever gets married at all, but I bet most girls have nervous breakdowns on their honeymoons. –Rosamunde Pilcher", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957590103149414, "source": "search", "title": "30 Famous Quotes About Weddings, Marriage, and Love" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "-- Cher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950565338134766, "source": "search", "title": "MEN AND WOMEN QUOTES - MIKES FREE gifS" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "-- Cher", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116847038269043, "source": "search", "title": "MEN AND WOMEN QUOTES - MIKES FREE gifS" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah Blue Allman (born July 10, 1976), known professionally as P. Exeter Blue, is a musician and the son of singer Cher and her second husband Gregg Allman, and half brother of Chaz Bono, Delilah Allman, Michael Allman, Layla Allman and Devon Allman. Through his mother Cher, Allman is of Armenian, Irish, English, and German ancestry. On December 1, 2013, he married the German singer Marieangela King. ", "precise_score": 7.03943395614624, "rough_score": 9.68301010131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with mother in explosive new interview | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": 3.875901937484741, "rough_score": 5.8344221115112305, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother after he eloped to marry girl and his recovery from heroin addiction in explosive new interview", "precise_score": 6.387675762176514, "rough_score": 8.740767478942871, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah Blue, Cher ‘s 37-year-old son with rock legend Gregg Allman , has called his famous mother out for turning her back on him and his new wife Marie-Angela “Angie” King the past few months, a period that’s spanned events such as their wedding, and the holiday season.", "precise_score": 8.150005340576172, "rough_score": 8.938005447387695, "source": "search", "title": "Monster Mom! Coldhearted Cher Skipped Son Elijah Blue’s ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher and Greg Allman's son, musician and artist Elijah Blue Allman, recently opened up to ET about his past and current relationship with his mother, as well as his stepbrother Chaz Bono.", "precise_score": 4.689377307891846, "rough_score": 8.26789379119873, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Read More: Elijah Blue Allman, Mother's Day, Cher, Chaz Bono, Georgia Holt, Georganne LaPiere, Cher's Mom, Parenting post50, Fifty News", "precise_score": 5.755397796630859, "rough_score": 8.127300262451172, "source": "search", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman - Huffington Post" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged Relationship With His Mom", "precise_score": 3.4346156120300293, "rough_score": 7.114188194274902, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged Relationship With His Mom", "precise_score": 3.4346156120300293, "rough_score": 7.114188194274902, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah Blue eloped with musician Mariengela (Angie) King in early December, marrying in a small ceremony in front of the fireplace at their home in Beverly Hills, California. But mom was not invited. Moreover, although the couple had been living with Cher at her Malibu compound as recently as last summer while Elijah Blue was recuperating from his battle against Lyme disease, they weren't invited to join mom for Christmas this year.", "precise_score": 5.613021373748779, "rough_score": 7.90020751953125, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Angie — who's in a German pop band that's assigned to Elijah Blue's music label — told The Daily Mail, however, that Cher's mother, Georgia Holt, did congratulate them. \"She's a darling,\" Angie said.", "precise_score": 5.557284355163574, "rough_score": 6.867808818817139, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother", "precise_score": 6.466168403625488, "rough_score": 9.42155647277832, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother", "precise_score": 6.466168403625488, "rough_score": 9.42155647277832, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother", "precise_score": 6.466168403625488, "rough_score": 9.42155647277832, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah blue reveals Rift with famous mother after he eloped to marry girl and his recovery from heroin addiction in explosive new interview", "precise_score": 6.387675762176514, "rough_score": 8.740767478942871, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's son Elijah Blue Allman has eloped with his fiancée after his megastar mother shunned their engagement.", "precise_score": 4.304642677307129, "rough_score": 6.876948833465576, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Is Cher a bad mom? Well, according to her son Elijah Blue Allman, she is. Not only did the \"Turn Back Time\" hit maker miss his wedding, but she was also nowhere to be seen during the Christmas holidays.", "precise_score": 3.703019857406616, "rough_score": 7.116474628448486, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah Blue Allman net worth: Elijah Blue Allman is an American musician and contemporary artist who has a net worth of $15 million dollars. Elijah Blue Allman was born in Los Angeles, California and currently lives in Germany. He is the son of Cher, and her second husband, Gregg Allman of The Allman Brothers Band. He began playing guitar after he was gifted with the instrument by KISS bassist, Gene Simmons. By age 13, he was performing on tour with his mother. He went on to appear as a featured musician on albums by such artists as Orgy, Sugar Ray, and Korn. He has released three albums with his band, Deadsy. The group is currently on hiatus. He also released three demos with his solo project, Elijah Blue and the Trapezoids. He worked on the debut album for the group, 30 Seconds to Mars, as well. Since the late 2000s, he has been focusing on contemporary art, and in 2010, he had his first solo exhibition at Kantor Gallery in Los Angeles.", "precise_score": 3.6205294132232666, "rough_score": 6.1602959632873535, "source": "search", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman Net Worth - Get Elijah Blue Allman Net ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah Blue Allman (born July 10, 1976) is an American musician, the son of Cher and her second husband Gregg Allman, and half brother of Chaz Bono, Delilah Allman, Michael Allman, Layla Allman and Devon Allman. Through his mother Cher, Allman is of Armenian, Irish, English, German, and Cherokee ancestry.", "precise_score": 6.818716526031494, "rough_score": 9.075933456420898, "source": "search", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman Net Worth - Get Elijah Blue Allman Net ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "He was given his first guitar by Kiss bassist Gene Simmons, and at the age of 13 went on tour as a guitarist with Cher. In 1994, he auditioned for the spot of guitarist for Nine Inch Nails, but ended up losing the spot to Robin Finck. He appears as a guitarist in the music video of a song called \"If I Could Turn Back Time\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452274322509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "* with Cher - Crimson & Clover (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470370292663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah is mentioned in the Qur'an, where his preaching is recounted in a concise manner. The Qur'an narrates that Elijah told his people to come to the worship of God and to leave the worship of Baal, the primary idol of the area. The Qur'an states, \"Verily Elijah was one of the apostles. When he said to his people: \"Will you not fear God? \"Will ye call upon Ba'al and leave the Best of Creators, God, your and Cherisher and the and Cherisher of your fathers of old?\" As-Saaffat 123–126 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.994481086730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elijah" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Numerous commentators, including Abdullah Yusuf Ali, have offered commentary on VI: 85 saying that Elijah, Zechariah, John the Baptist and Jesus were all spiritually connected. Abdullah Yusuf Ali says, \"The third group consists not of men of action, but Preachers of Truth, who led solitary lives. Their epithet is: \"the Righteous.\" They form a connected group round Jesus. Zachariah was the father of John the Baptist, who is referenced as \"Elias, which was for to come\" (Matt 11:14); and Elias is said to have been present and talked to Jesus at the Transfiguration on the Mount (Matt. 17:3).\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.028507232666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elijah" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher has so far not congratulated them on their engagement or marriage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541029930114746, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher ‘haunted’ by Elijah’s troubled childhood and it’s a ‘real regret’ for her", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.343750953674316, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Monster Mom! Coldhearted Cher Skipped Son Elijah Blue's Wedding, He Claims | Radar Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.172452926635742, "source": "search", "title": "Monster Mom! Coldhearted Cher Skipped Son Elijah Blue’s ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Despite the vitriol, which led to the couple leaving Cher’s Malibu home they were staying at, Blue said he was “very hurt” to be excluded from the family’s holiday festivities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955855369567871, "source": "search", "title": "Monster Mom! Coldhearted Cher Skipped Son Elijah Blue’s ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "PHOTOS: Cher Steps Out In Wacky Pants", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.596756935119629, "source": "search", "title": "Monster Mom! Coldhearted Cher Skipped Son Elijah Blue’s ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "“Elijah and his wife are planning to have children and if Cher wants to have any part of her grandchildren’s lives, she is going to have to make some major changes,” the insider said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.445924282073975, "source": "search", "title": "Monster Mom! Coldhearted Cher Skipped Son Elijah Blue’s ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0952818393707275, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0952818393707275, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "RELATED: Cher's Son Elijah Blue Opens Up About Heroin Abuse", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.217716932296753, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "VIDEO: Cher Opens Up About Turning Down Russian Olympics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.576294898986816, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "About the current state of his relationship with his mom, Elijah Blue said although the two haven't spoken in months after he and his wife moved in with Cher last year and things didn't go well, he still wants to reconnect. \"In due time I'm sure that has to happen. Anything like that always has to happen at an organic pace, so for me right now the priority in my life is just kind of coming back to the land of the living.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.615333080291748, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Still, he clearly still admires his famous mom. \"You know, she's really talented. She's gorgeous -- I mean, she's Cher. What's not to love?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.426619529724121, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Felt 'Shunned' as a Child" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher And Her Mom Talk Fame, Family And The 86-Year-Old's Chart Debut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.378083229064941, "source": "search", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman - Huffington Post" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Every day is Mother's Day to Cher -- and sister Georganne LaPiere. Their beautiful 86-year-old mom, Georgia Holt, knows a little something about being a loving mother, caring for her two daughters between eight marriages -- and standing alone, quite often, as a single parent during their childhood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.980093955993652, "source": "search", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman - Huffington Post" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ELIJAH BLUE! | National Enquirer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.58538818359375, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ELIJAH BLUE!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.733461380004883, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "SUPERSTAR Cher snubbed her son Elijah Blue twice – first when he was deathly ill and again when he recently wed his German fiancee – he reveals in an explosive interview.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3956536054611206, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "The renegade offspring of the “If I Could Turn Back Time” singer and rocker Gregg Allman married Marie-angela “Angie” King on Dec. 1 at their new Beverly Hills home – but, in­credibly, Cher has so far refused to congratulate them on their engagement or marriage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361754417419434, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah and 26-year-old Angie had been living temporarily with Cher in her Malibu compound, BUT at the end of October they moved out after things got ugly. And Elijah hasn’t spoken to his mother since then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.582974910736084, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Things got so bad Eli­jah and Angie were not even invited to the family Christmas celebration at Cher’s house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47661304473877, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "But Cher may be risking her future happiness by being so stubborn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41843032836914, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "“Elijah and his wife are planning to have children, and if Cher wants to have any part of her grandchildren’s lives, she is going to have to make some major changes,” said a source.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.790647506713867, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Happily, he’s finally turning his life around and launching a reality show with the love of his life Angie – but behind the scenes, the drama with Cher, his transgender half brother Chaz Bono and absentee father is far from over.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272549629211426, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Despite his prob­lems with Cher, Elijah says she’s tried to be a good mom and he remains hopeful of mending the rift with her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8121910095214844, "source": "search", "title": "WORLD EXCLUSIVE! CHER’s “MEXICAN STAND-OFF” WITH SON ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "For the past several years, the media's been transfixed with stories about Cher's son, Chaz Bono, and his gender transition from woman to man. But most folks forget that Cher has another son, Elijah Blue, from her second marriage to rocker Gregg Allman. And now her recently married younger son, 37, is going public about his estranged relationship with his superstar mother.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.197998046875, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "It should be noted that Elijah Blue didn't invite Cher to his wedding before Cher neglected to welcome him and Angie for Christmas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.213581085205078, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "       [Related: Cher's Lost and Found: The Old 'Vampire' Track and Lost Kurt Cobain Tribute ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506072044372559, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "But Cher may get another chance. Elijah Blue told the Daily Mail that he and Angie are planning two more wedding celebrations over the course of the next year — in Germany in May and another at their Los Angeles home later in the summer — so perhaps Cher will turn up at one of those.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.03156852722168, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Yahoo reached out to Cher's rep, but the singer is not commenting on her younger son's new interviews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302621841430664, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Maybe Cher's first grandchild could be just the thing to bring this family back together?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553509712219238, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's Son Elijah Blue Allman Opens Up About Estranged ..." }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher has so far not congratulated them on their engagement or marriage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541029930114746, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher ‘haunted’ by Elijah’s troubled childhood and it’s a ‘real regret’ for her", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.343750953674316, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Pictured: Cher and Greg Allman's son Elijah Blue and new wife Marieangela ‘Angie’ King tied the knot on December 1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.109013557434082, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "When Cher didn’t acknowledge or congratulate her son on their engagement, typically rebellious Elijah suggested they elope.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.767189979553223, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Explaining he and Angie's reasons for not inviting Cher, Elijah said: ‘I wasn’t going to wait for anyone’s approval and congratulations just like I’ve never waited for any of that my whole life. The way I eloped with my wife is the same way I’ve done everything I’ve ever done. I don’t know any other way and we knew it was the right time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.543322563171387, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah describes as Cher’s reaction as ‘crickets,' - in other words silence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.504015922546387, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "No approval: Cher didn’t acknowledge or congratulate her son on their engagement to Angie, according to Elijah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.43449878692627, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "But Angie, 26, added Elijah’s grandmother - Cher’s mother Georgia Holt - has congratulated them, saying: ‘She’s a darling.’", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7309281826019287, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Things have got so bad Elijah and Angie were not even invited to the family Christmas celebration at Cher’s house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.278318405151367, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah and Angie – who is in a German pop band and signed to Elijah’s own record label Trankilo – had been living temporarily with Cher, 67, in her Malibu compound but moved out at the end of October after things got ugly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.075288772583008, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Son of a star: The offspring of Cher and Gregg Allman has few good words to say about life in Hollywood", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322352409362793, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Optimistic thoughts: Elijah and Angie are hoping Cher will attend their forthcoming wedding celebrations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819817543029785, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Tweeting: Elijah has not been shy about his feelings on his mother Cher, posting this message about his lack of Christmas invite", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8539159297943115, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Asked how Cher and Angie get on, Elijah said: ‘You’ve got two strong women, two big bulls in the pen. I think there’s a respect and I think they butt heads a little bit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.256823539733887, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Angie told how she and Cher would work out together to Cher's workout DVDs but admits they ‘clashed a few times’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535741806030273, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Famous parents: Cher, with Elijah and her former husband Greg Allman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.538702964782715, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher and Elijah’s difficult relationship appears to stem from them not having been close as he grew up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.002524375915527, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "He was sent to boarding school aged seven and attended several different establishments over a ten year period. Cher once ‘punished’ him for misbehaving at school by sending him to a military school for a year – although he says he actually enjoyed it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52665901184082, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Short lived marriage: Cher and Gregg Allman, pictured in 1977, were married for just four years", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48231029510498, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "In 2010, Elijah re-launched himself as an artist with an exhibition in Malibu, which Cher and Chaz both attended, but said he felt ‘horrendous’ throughout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.110193252563477, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Happier times: Elijah and his mother Cher at the 1998 Academy Awards", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7690900564193726, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Controversy: Cher, pictured last year, has an up and down relationship with her son", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4324951171875, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "While there, Elijah found Cher somewhat unsupportive of his plight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28769588470459, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Elijah is hoping Cher changes her tune and attends at least one of them. ‘I’ll be very shocked if she doesn’t come’, he said. Angie is hoping Cher will attend both celebrations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.152003288269043, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Back in the day: Cher, pictured with children Elijan (left) and Chastity (now Chaz) Bono (right) back in 1982", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394099235534668, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "He said the show is currently in development with a ‘large production company’. Cher is apparently enthusiastic about it and he is optimistic that they can mend their rift.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458043098449707, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Asked simply if he thinks Cher has been a good mother, he thoughtfully summed up his view of their relationship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910599708557129, "source": "search", "title": "Cher's son Elijah Blue reveals rift with famous mother" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1500799655914307, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1500799655914307, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "If Cher could turn back time, would she fix her troubled relationship with her son Elijah Blue Allman? Their relationship has allegedly gotten so bad that they are not even on speaking terms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5759329795837402, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher not dead, no need to turn back time >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.589143753051758, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "So what was it that caused the rift between Cher and her son whom she shares with rocker Gregg Allman? According to her son, it's because he chose to elope and marry the love of his life Marie-Angela \"Angie\" King on Dec. 1, and Cher did not approve.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191047668457031, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher scared of Chaz Bono's dancing >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523637771606445, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Cher: I admire my son, Chaz >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487502098083496, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Although it appears Cher and her son have always had a turbulent history, Elijah Blue and his wife were still very upset that they were left out of the Christmas celebrations that were held at the songstress' house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5240219831466675, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "Could there be any hope of Cher and her son to reconcile in the future? He revealed in a recent interview with Entertainment Tonight that he and his wife Angie are starting to plan a family, and the thought of grandchildren may bring the \"Believe\" hit maker back to her son's side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136724472045898, "source": "search", "title": "Does Cher want nothing to do with her son Elijah Blue?" }, { "answer": "Cher", "passage": "He was given his first guitar by KISS bassist Gene Simmons and at the age of 13, went on tour as a guitarist with Cher. In 1994, he auditioned for the spot of guitarist for Nine Inch Nails but ended up losing the spot to Robin Finck. He appears as a guitarist in the music video of \"If I Could Turn Back Time.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461075782775879, "source": "search", "title": "Elijah Blue Allman Net Worth - Get Elijah Blue Allman Net ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "Roger Moore was born in London, England, on October 14, 1927, to a policeman father and a housewife mother. Moore did well in school, attending Hackford Road elementary and Battersea Grammar School, and he also was a notably good swimmer (which would come in handy in a few James Bond movies decades later). Moore dropped out of school when he was 15 and went to work for Publicity Picture Productions, a London film company, where he became an animation apprentice.", "precise_score": 4.367453098297119, "rough_score": 6.910008907318115, "source": "search", "title": "Roger Moore - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "Roger Moore was born in Stockwell, London , the son of a policeman, he attended Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England . During World War II , he served in the entertainment branch (above luminaries such as Spike Milligan). He first appeared in films in the 1940s, as an extra, and then was a leading man, notably in television. Besides having been The Saint, many episodes of which he also directed, Moore was Ivanhoe, the noble knight, and featured as the leading man of The Persuaders! It was for this he was paid the then unheard of sum of one million pounds for a single series, making him the highest paid television actor in the world.", "precise_score": 3.0408575534820557, "rough_score": 6.350009441375732, "source": "search", "title": "Roger Moore - James Bond Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "Roger Moore was born on 14 October 1927 in Stockwell, now part of the London Borough of Lambeth, in London. He is the only child of Lillian \"Lily\" (née Pope), a housewife, and George Alfred Moore, a policeman. His mother was born in Calcutta, India, of English origin. He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during World War II. He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but did not graduate. he also lived in Prestwich Manchester.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.474658489227295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roger Moore" }, { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "Father: George Moore (London policeman)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0943188667297363, "source": "search", "title": "Roger Moore - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "Roger Moore will perhaps always be remembered as the man who replaced Sean Connery in the James Bond series, arguably something he never lived down. Roger George Moore was born on October 14, 1927 in Stockwell, London, England, the son of Lillian (Pope) and George Alfred Moore, a policeman. He first wanted to be an artist, but got into films full time after becoming an extra in the late 1940s. Moore also served in the British military during the Second World War. He came to America in 1953. Suave, extremely handsome, and an excellent actor, he got a contract with MGM . His initial foray met with mixed success, with movies like Diane (1956) and Interrupted Melody (1955), as well as The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.123678207397461, "source": "search", "title": "Roger Moore - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "His father, George Alfred Moore, was a policeman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.5352091789245605, "source": "search", "title": "Roger Moore - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Policeman", "passage": "Following the suggestion that fugitive train robber Ronald Biggs make a cameo appearance in the Brazil episode of Moonraker (1979), he replied in rather colorful terms that he did not want the escaped prisoner anywhere near the film, as his own father had been a London Policeman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.502023696899414, "source": "search", "title": "Roger Moore - Biography - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Pablo Picasso, widely acknowledged as the dominant figure in 20th-century art, was born in Malaga, Spain, in 1881. His father was a professor of drawing and bred Picasso for a career in academic art. He had his first exhibit at age 13 and later quit art school so he could experiment full-time with modern art styles. He went to Paris for the first time in 1900, and in 1901 he returned with 100 of his paintings, aiming to win an exhibition. He was introduced to Ambroise Vollard, a dealer who had sponsored Paul Cezanne, and Vollard immediately agreed to a show at his gallery after seeing the paintings. From street scenes to landscapes, prostitutes to society ladies, Picasso’s subjects were diverse, and the young artist received a favorable review from the few Paris art critics who saw the show. He stayed in Paris for the rest of the year and later returned to Paris to settle permanently.", "precise_score": 6.587585926055908, "rough_score": 5.852724075317383, "source": "search", "title": "Picasso exhibited in Paris - Jun 24, 1901 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "When the family moved to Barcelona, Spain, in 1896, Picasso easily gained entrance to the School of Fine Arts. A year later he was admitted as an advanced student at the Royal Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, Spain. He demonstrated his remarkable ability by completing in one day an entrance examination for which an entire month was permitted.", "precise_score": 1.354390025138855, "rough_score": 6.206996440887451, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Picasso soon found the atmosphere at the academy stifling, and he returned to Barcelona, where he began to study historical and contemporary art on his own. At that time Barcelona was the most vital cultural center in Spain, and Picasso quickly joined the group of poets, painters, and writers who gathered at the famous café Els Quatre Gats (The Four Cats). Between 1900 and 1903 Picasso stayed alternately in Paris, France, and Barcelona. He had his first one-man exhibition in Paris in 1901.", "precise_score": 3.947225570678711, "rough_score": 5.899495601654053, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Several major events in Picasso’s artistic maturation coincided with the new century. In February 1900 he exhibited 150 drawings, mostly portraits, at Els Quatre Gats, directly challenging his older colleague Ramón Casas; several of these were published. Until 1904 Picasso moved restlessly between Spain and Paris. From January to April 1901 he lived in Madrid where, Picasso and the Catalan writer Francisco de Asis Soler founded a review, Arte Joven, which was modeled on the Barcelona publication Pél i Ploma but which ran for only four issues. This period in Madrid, although brief, marked an important turning-point in the development of Picasso’s identity; it was at this time that he began signing his works Picasso rather than P. Ruiz Picasso or P. R. Picasso as before, favoring his mother’s more distinctive and uncommon surname.", "precise_score": 6.524770259857178, "rough_score": 5.91967248916626, "source": "search", "title": "“Seated Harlequin” by Pablo Picasso (1901) | The ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Picasso left Spain for Paris at the beginning of May 1901, armed only with a scant number of drawings and even fewer paintings.", "precise_score": 6.540223598480225, "rough_score": 5.995739936828613, "source": "search", "title": "Picasso's 1901 Exhibition The Founding Of A Genius" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Pablo Picasso was born Pablo Blasco on Oct. 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, where his father, José Ruiz Blasco, was a professor in the School of Arts and Crafts. Pablo's mother was Maria Picasso and the artist used her surname from about 1901 on. In 1891 the family moved to La Coruña, where, at the age of 14, Picasso began studying at the School of Fine Art. Under the academic instruction of his father, he developed his artistic talent at an extraordinary rate.", "precise_score": 5.391211986541748, "rough_score": 7.129556655883789, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Picasso was baptized Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso, a series of names honoring various saints and relatives. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, as per Spanish law. Born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. His mother was of Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa. Though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picasso's family was of middle-class background. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. Ruiz's ancestors were minor aristocrats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0540881156921387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pablo Picasso" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colors, began either in Spain in early 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year. Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris. In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter – prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects – Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting La Vie (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.404970169067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pablo Picasso" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Guernica was on display in New York's Museum of Modern Art for many years. In 1981, it was returned to Spain and was on exhibit at the Casón del Buen Retiro. In 1992 the painting was put on display in Madrid's Reina Sofía Museum when it opened.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09689712524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pablo Picasso" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party, attended an international peace conference in Poland, and in 1950 received the Stalin Peace Prize from the Soviet government, But party criticism of a portrait of Stalin as insufficiently realistic cooled Picasso's interest in Soviet politics, though he remained a loyal member of the Communist Party until his death. In a 1945 interview with Jerome Seckler, Picasso stated: \"I am a Communist and my painting is Communist painting. ... But if I were a shoemaker, Royalist or Communist or anything else, I would not necessarily hammer my shoes in a special way to show my politics.\" His Communist militancy, common among continental intellectuals and artists at the time (although it was officially banned in Francoist Spain), has long been the subject of some controversy; a notable source or demonstration thereof was a quote commonly attributed to Salvador Dalí (with whom Picasso had a rather strained relationship ):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1358439922332764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pablo Picasso" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "At the time of Picasso's death many of his paintings were in his possession, as he had kept off the art market what he did not need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists, some his contemporaries, such as Henri Matisse, with whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and representative collection of the Musée Picasso in Paris. In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain, the Museo Picasso Málaga.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.306166410446167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pablo Picasso" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "The Museu Picasso in Barcelona features many of his early works, created while he was living in Spain, including many rarely seen works which reveal his firm grounding in classical techniques. The museum also holds many precise and detailed figure studies done in his youth under his father's tutelage, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartés, his close friend and personal secretary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.687506198883057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pablo Picasso" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Grand Paris (the City plus three surrounding departments) received 22.2 million visitors in 2015 measured by hotel stays, a decrease of 1.1 percent from 2014, due to two series of deadly terrorist attacks. The largest numbers of foreign tourists in 2015, measured by airport arrivals, came from the United States (1.8 million, down by 3.6 percent from 2014); the U.K. (1.08 million), Germany (725,000; ) Italy (622,000), and Spain (609,000). Arrivals from Russia (211,000) dropped 37 percent from 2014. Arrivals from the rest of the Europe numbered 1 million, down 4.9 percent from 2014. 746,00 Visitors came from China, an increase of 40 percent from 2015; 481,000 came from Japan, a drop of 23 percent from 2015. Arrivals from the Near and Middle East numbered 535,000 an increase of 0.7 percent. Arrivals from the Americas outside the U.S. numbered 910,000; down 4.9 percent from 2014; 395,000 arrived from Africa, up 6.5 percent from 2014; and 1,065,000 from Asia and Oceania excluding China and Japan, an increase of 14.6 percent over 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107142448425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paris" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "He was born October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain and by the time he died in France in April of 1973, had created a staggering 22.000 works of art in a variety of mediums, including sculpture, ceramics, mosaics, stage design and graphic arts. As critic Hughes notes, \"There was scarcely a 20th century movement that he didn't inspire, contribute to or--in the case of Cubism , which, in one of art history's great collaborations, he co-invented with Georges Braque--beget.\" Quite simply, as well as being a force of culture, Picasso was also a force of nature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5641742944717407, "source": "search", "title": "The Life of Picasso at Picasso.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "The artist sought to strengthen the emotional impact of his work and became preoccupied with the delineation of agony. In 1937 the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica impelled him to produce his second landmark painting, Guernica (Queen Sophia Center of Art, Madrid), an impassioned allegorical condemnation of fascism and war. Long held by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the work was transferred to Spain's Prado in 1981, and was moved to the Queen Sofia Center of Art, Madrid, in 1992. The profits Picasso earned from a series of etchings and prints on the Guernica theme made in the 1930s went to help the Republican cause.    ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.312763214111328, "source": "search", "title": "The Life of Picasso at Picasso.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Born in Malaga, Spain, in October of 1881, he was the first child born in the family. His father worked as an artist, and was also a professor at the school of fine arts; he also worked as a curator for the museum in Malaga. Pablo Picasso studied under his father for one year, then went to the Academy of Arts for one year, prior to moving to Paris. In 1901 he went to Paris, which he found as the ideal place to practice new styles, and experiment with a variety of art forms. It was during these initial visits, which he began his work in surrealism and cubism style, which he was the founder of, and created many distinct pieces which were influenced by these art forms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.7411274909973145, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Biography" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Born in Málaga, Spain, in 1881, Pablo Picasso, became one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century and the creator (with Georges Braque) of Cubism. A Spanish expatriate painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and stage designer, Picasso was considered radical in his work. After a long prolific career, he died on April 8, 1973, in Mougins, France. The enormous body of Picasso's work remains, however, and the legend lives on—a tribute to the vitality of the \"disquieting\" Spaniard with the \"sombrepiercing\" eyes who superstitiously believed that work would keep him alive. For nearly 80 of his 91 years, Picasso devoted himself to an artistic production that contributed significantly to—and paralleled the entire development of—modern art in the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4163269996643066, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Born on October 25, 1881, in Málaga, Spain, Pablo Picasso's gargantuan full name, which honors a variety of relatives and saints, is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso. Picasso's mother was Doña Maria Picasso y Lopez. His father was Don José Ruiz Blasco, a painter and art teacher. A serious and prematurely world-weary child, the young Picasso possessed a pair of piercing, watchful black eyes that seemed to mark him destined for greatness. \"When I was a child, my mother said to me, 'If you become a soldier, you'll be a general. If you become a monk you'll end up as the pope,'\" he later recalled. \"Instead, I became a painter and wound up as Picasso.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7267792224884033, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "In 1895, when Picasso was 14 years old, he moved with his family to Barcelona, Spain. where he quickly applied to the city's prestigious School of Fine Arts. Although the school typically only accepted students several years his senior, Picasso's entrance exam was so extraordinary that he was granted an exception and admitted. Nevertheless, Picasso chafed at the School of Fine Arts' strict rules and formalities, and began skipping class so that he could roam the streets of Barcelona, sketching the city scenes he observed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.953527927398682, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso - Painter - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain. He was the eldest and only son with two younger sisters, Lola and Concepción. His father, José Ruiz Blasco, was a professor in the School of Arts and Crafts. Pablo's mother was Maria Ruiz Picasso (the artist used her surname from about 1901 on). It is rumored that Picasso learned to draw before he could speak. As a child, his father frequently took him to bullfights, and one of his earlier paintings was a scene from a bullfight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.749029159545898, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Biography - life, family, children, name ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "He was born Pablo Ruiz Picasso on October 6, 1881, in Malaga, Spain. He was the first child of Jose Ruiz y Blasco and Maria Picasso y Lopez. His father was an artist and professor of art at the School of Fine Arts, and also a curator of museum in Malaga, Spain. Picasso began studying art under his father's tutelage, continued at the Academy of Arts in Madrid for a year, and went on his ingenious explorations of the new horizons. He went to Paris in 1901 and found the environment conducive for his experiments with new art styles. Gertrude Stein , Guillaume Apollinaire , and André Breton were among his friends and collectors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.488274097442627, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "The building where Picasso was born in Malaga, Spain", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3085452318191528, "source": "search", "title": "Picasso's 1901 Exhibition The Founding Of A Genius" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Born in Malaga, Spain in 1881, Picasso began his artistic training at the age of just nine under his father, Jose Ruiz y Blasco, in 1890.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.52159309387207, "source": "search", "title": "Picasso's 1901 Exhibition The Founding Of A Genius" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Pablo Picasso, in full Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano María Remedios de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz Picasso, also called (before 1901) Pablo Ruiz or Pablo Ruiz Picasso (born October 25, 1881, Málaga, Spain —died April 8, 1973, Mougins, France ), Spanish expatriate painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer, one of the greatest and most-influential artists of the 20th century and the creator (with Georges Braque ) of Cubism . (For more information on Picasso’s name see Researcher’s Note: Picasso’s full name .)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.702592849731445, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso | Spanish artist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "The family moved to Barcelona in the autumn of 1895, and Pablo entered the local art academy (La Llotja), where his father had assumed his last post as professor of drawing. The family hoped that their son would achieve success as an academic painter, and in 1897 his eventual fame in Spain seemed assured; in that year his painting Science and Charity, for which his father modeled for the doctor, was awarded an honourable mention in Madrid at the Fine Arts Exhibition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5904512405395508, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso | Spanish artist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "But Picasso found the atmosphere at the academy stifling, and he soon returned to Barcelona, where he began to study historical and contemporary art on his own. At that time Barcelona was the most vital cultural center in Spain, and Picasso quickly joined the group of poets, painters, and writers who gathered at the famous café Quatre Gats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.042298343032598495, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Picasso also came out publicly after the war as a communist. When he was asked why he was a communist in 1947, he stated that \"When I was a boy in Spain, I was very poor and aware of how poor people had to live. I learned that the communists were for the poor people. That was enough to know. So I became for the communists.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.424112319946289, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "Although Picasso had been in exile from his native Spain since the 1939 victory of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, he gave 800 to 900 of his earliest works to the city and people of Barcelona. For his part, Franco's feelings about Picasso were reciprocated. In 1963, Picasso's friend Jaime Sabartés had given 400 of his Picasso works to Barcelona. To display these works, the Palacio Aguilar was renamed the Picasso Museum and the works were moved inside. But because of Franco's dislike for Picasso, Picasso's name never appeared on the museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.166434407234192, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Spain", "passage": "The artist sought to strengthen the emotional impact of his work and became preoccupied with the delineation of agony. In 1937 the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica impelled him to produce his second landmark painting, Guernica (Queen Sophia Center of Art, Madrid), an impassioned allegorical condemnation of fascism and war. Long held by the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the work was transferred to Spain's Prado in 1981, and was moved to the Queen Sofia Center of Art, Madrid, in 1992. The profits Picasso earned from a series of etchings and prints on the Guernica theme made in the 1930s went to help the Republican cause.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.312763214111328, "source": "search", "title": "Pablo Picasso Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "John f kennedy", "passage": "This may be news for some, but John F Kennedy attended the London School of Economics in 1935. Before returning to the USA, America’s former President apparently attended LSE  to pursue a General course and is arguably one of the university’s most surprising celebrities.", "precise_score": 0.3127586543560028, "rough_score": -0.8388961553573608, "source": "search", "title": "London Universities With Celebrity Students | Spotahome Blog" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "For his own personal contributions in the 1985 Live Aid multi-venue charity concert, he performed at Philadelphia's JFK Stadium; he did a duet with Tina Turner of \"It's Only Rock and Roll\", and the performance was highlighted by Jagger tearing away Turner's skirt. He also did a cover of \"Dancing in the Street\" with David Bowie, who himself appeared at Wembley Stadium. The video was shown simultaneously on the screens of both Wembley and JFK Stadiums. The song reached number one in the UK the same year. In 1987 he released his second solo album, Primitive Cool. While it failed to match the commercial success of his debut, it was critically well received. In 1988 he produced the songs \"Glamour Boys\" and \"Which Way to America\" on Living Colour's album Vivid. Between 15 and 28 March he had a solo concert tour in Japan (Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.696755409240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mick Jagger" }, { "answer": "John f kennedy", "passage": "…John F Kennedy  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361549377441406, "source": "search", "title": "London Universities With Celebrity Students | Spotahome Blog" } ]

[ { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime. In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations.", "precise_score": 10.524471282958984, "rough_score": 7.827382564544678, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Soon after publishing the special theory of relativity in 1905, Einstein started thinking about how to incorporate gravity into his new relativistic framework. In 1907, beginning with a simple thought experiment involving an observer in free fall, he embarked on what would be an eight-year search for a relativistic theory of gravity. After numerous detours and false starts, his work culminated in the presentation to the Prussian Academy of Science in November 1915 of what are now known as the Einstein field equations. These equations specify how the geometry of space and time is influenced by whatever matter and radiation are present, and form the core of Einstein's general theory of relativity. ", "precise_score": 5.131804943084717, "rough_score": 5.488149642944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "During that period, general relativity remained something of a curiosity among physical theories. It was clearly superior to Newtonian gravity, being consistent with special relativity and accounting for several effects unexplained by the Newtonian theory. Einstein himself had shown in 1915 how his theory explained the anomalous perihelion advance of the planet Mercury without any arbitrary parameters (\"fudge factors\"). Similarly, a 1919 expedition led by Eddington confirmed general relativity's prediction for the deflection of starlight by the Sun during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, making Einstein instantly famous. Yet the theory entered the mainstream of theoretical physics and astrophysics only with the developments between approximately 1960 and 1975, now known as the golden age of general relativity. Physicists began to understand the concept of a black hole, and to identify quasars as one of these objects' astrophysical manifestations. Ever more precise solar system tests confirmed the theory's predictive power, and relativistic cosmology, too, became amenable to direct observational tests. ", "precise_score": 5.125898838043213, "rough_score": 7.246309757232666, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "General relativity (GR) is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses.", "precise_score": 9.111351013183594, "rough_score": 7.780785083770752, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In 1912, Einstein returned to Switzerland to accept a professorship at his alma mater, the ETH. Once back in Zurich, he immediately visited his old ETH classmate Marcel Grossmann, now a professor of mathematics, who introduced him to Riemannian geometry and, more generally, to differential geometry. On the recommendation of Italian mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began exploring the usefulness of general covariance (essentially the use of tensors) for his gravitational theory. For a while Einstein thought that there were problems with the approach, but he later returned to it and, by late 1915, had published his general theory of relativity in the form in which it is used today. This theory explains gravitation as distortion of the structure of spacetime by matter, affecting the inertial motion of other matter.", "precise_score": 5.783424377441406, "rough_score": 2.294645309448242, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "By 1912, Einstein was actively seeking a theory in which gravitation was explained as a geometric phenomenon. At the urging of Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began by exploring the use of general covariance (which is essentially the use of curvature tensors) to create a gravitational theory. However, in 1913 Einstein abandoned that approach, arguing that it is inconsistent based on the \"hole argument\". In 1914 and much of 1915, Einstein was trying to create field equations based on another approach. When that approach was proven to be inconsistent, Einstein revisited the concept of general covariance and discovered that the hole argument was flawed. ", "precise_score": 1.462134838104248, "rough_score": 2.6191790103912354, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "When Einstein realized that general covariance was actually tenable, he quickly completed the development of the field equations that are named after him. However, he made a now-famous mistake. The field equations he published in October 1915 were", "precise_score": 5.281163215637207, "rough_score": 1.1879281997680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The perihelion precession of Mercury was the first evidence that general relativity is correct. Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington's 1919 expedition in which he confirmed Einstein's prediction for the deflection of light by the Sun during the total solar eclipse of 29 May 1919 helped to cement the status of general relativity as a likely true theory. Since then many observations have confirmed the correctness of general relativity. These include studies of binary pulsars, observations of radio signals passing the limb of the Sun, and even the GPS system.", "precise_score": 4.586938381195068, "rough_score": 1.4978448152542114, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is published | World History Project", "precise_score": 7.467992782592773, "rough_score": 4.789019584655762, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is published", "precise_score": 8.06188678741455, "rough_score": 6.59622859954834, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "For a while Einstein thought that there were problems with the approach, but he later returned to it and, by late 1915, had published his general theory of relativity in the form in which it is used today.[48] This theory explains gravitation as distortion of the structure of spacetime by matter, affecting the inertial motion of other matter. During World War I, the work of Central Powers scientists was available only to Central Powers academics, for national security reasons. Some of Einstein’s work did reach the United Kingdom and the United States through the efforts of the Austrian Paul Ehrenfest and physicists in the Netherlands, especially 1902 Nobel Prize-winner Hendrik Lorentz and Willem de Sitter of Leiden University.", "precise_score": 7.663595676422119, "rough_score": 7.394660949707031, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "This was the fundamental principle for his General Theory of Relativity, which was published in 1916. Its foundation is that the laws of nature in an accelerating frame are equivalent to the laws of a gravitational field. This is known as the Equivalence Principle. In 1915, Einstein proposed a new theory of gravity, which is now called the General Theory of Relativity:", "precise_score": 7.3009867668151855, "rough_score": 9.171393394470215, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein then spent 10 years trying to include acceleration in the theory and published his theory of general relativity in 1915. In it, he determined that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity.", "precise_score": 8.810091018676758, "rough_score": 7.898738861083984, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100: Equations First Unveiled On November 25, 1915", "precise_score": 8.403186798095703, "rough_score": 6.057645797729492, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100: Equations First Unveiled On November 25, 1915", "precise_score": 8.403186798095703, "rough_score": 6.057645797729492, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "The General Theory of Relativity was first presented by Albert Einstein on November 25, 1915, according to Smithsonian Magazine. On that date he stood before a group of scientists in Berlin at the Prussian Academy of Sciences and stated that he had a new theory that was complete and that it would give the world a “new and deeper” understanding of the nature of gravity.", "precise_score": 9.967270851135254, "rough_score": 7.979542255401611, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "General relativity was a follow-up to Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity that was published in 1905. This detailed how one of the fundamental laws of the universe is that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.", "precise_score": 5.54573917388916, "rough_score": 5.498195171356201, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The month leading up to Einstein’s November 25, 1915 announcement was filled with tension. Sometime earlier in 1915, Einstein had shared his work with with an industrious German mathematician named David Hilbert. There were fine details concerning the math involved with general relativity that caused problems for Einstein. The two were reported to have exchanged postcards, remaining cordial, but not hiding the rivalry that existed between them.", "precise_score": 6.016831398010254, "rough_score": 0.9801427125930786, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Science AMA Series: In 1915, Einstein published his general theory of relativity. How are scientists using Einstein's theory today? We cover physics and astronomy for Science News. Ask us anything! : science", "precise_score": 8.740386962890625, "rough_score": 7.841022968292236, "source": "search", "title": "Science AMA Series: In 1915, Einstein published his ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "[physics/0405066] Albert Einstein's 1916 Review Article on General Relativity", "precise_score": 4.4684624671936035, "rough_score": 1.2712472677230835, "source": "search", "title": "[physics/0405066] Albert Einstein's 1916 Review Article on ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Title: Albert Einstein's 1916 Review Article on General Relativity", "precise_score": 4.768887519836426, "rough_score": 1.9470385313034058, "source": "search", "title": "[physics/0405066] Albert Einstein's 1916 Review Article on ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Abstract: The first comprehensive overview of the final version of the general theory of relativity was published by Einstein in 1916 after several expositions of preliminary versions and latest revisions of the theory in November 1915. A historical account of this review paper is given, of its prehistory, including a discussion of Einstein's collaboration with Marcel Grossmann, and of its immediate reception.", "precise_score": 9.449624061584473, "rough_score": 9.19435977935791, "source": "search", "title": "[physics/0405066] Albert Einstein's 1916 Review Article on ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime. In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations.", "precise_score": 10.524471282958984, "rough_score": 7.827382564544678, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Universe - General relativity: Warped space-time and ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's theory has important astrophysical implications. For example, it implies the existence of black holes—regions of space in which space and time are distorted in such a way that nothing, not even light, can escape—as an end-state for massive stars. There is ample evidence that the intense radiation emitted by certain kinds of astronomical objects is due to black holes; for example, microquasars and active galactic nuclei result from the presence of stellar black holes and black holes of a much more massive type, respectively. The bending of light by gravity can lead to the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, in which multiple images of the same distant astronomical object are visible in the sky. General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have since been observed directly by physics collaboration LIGO. In addition, general relativity is the basis of current cosmological models of a consistently expanding universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.14030933380127, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The Einstein field equations are nonlinear and very difficult to solve. Einstein used approximation methods in working out initial predictions of the theory. But as early as 1916, the astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild found the first non-trivial exact solution to the Einstein field equations, the Schwarzschild metric. This solution laid the groundwork for the description of the final stages of gravitational collapse, and the objects known today as black holes. In the same year, the first steps towards generalizing Schwarzschild's solution to electrically charged objects were taken, which eventually resulted in the Reissner–Nordström solution, now associated with electrically charged black holes. In 1917, Einstein applied his theory to the universe as a whole, initiating the field of relativistic cosmology. In line with contemporary thinking, he assumed a static universe, adding a new parameter to his original field equations—the cosmological constant—to match that observational presumption. By 1929, however, the work of Hubble and others had shown that our universe is expanding. This is readily described by the expanding cosmological solutions found by Friedmann in 1922, which do not require a cosmological constant. Lemaître used these solutions to formulate the earliest version of the Big Bang models, in which our universe has evolved from an extremely hot and dense earlier state. Einstein later declared the cosmological constant the biggest blunder of his life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.485786199569702, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Conversely, one might expect that inertial motions, once identified by observing the actual motions of bodies and making allowances for the external forces (such as electromagnetism or friction), can be used to define the geometry of space, as well as a time coordinate. However, there is an ambiguity once gravity comes into play. According to Newton's law of gravity, and independently verified by experiments such as that of Eötvös and its successors (see Eötvös experiment), there is a universality of free fall (also known as the weak equivalence principle, or the universal equality of inertial and passive-gravitational mass): the trajectory of a test body in free fall depends only on its position and initial speed, but not on any of its material properties. A simplified version of this is embodied in Einstein's elevator experiment, illustrated in the figure on the right: for an observer in a small enclosed room, it is impossible to decide, by mapping the trajectory of bodies such as a dropped ball, whether the room is at rest in a gravitational field, or in free space aboard a rocket that is accelerating at a rate equal to that of the gravitational field. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99613094329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "A priori, it is not clear whether the new local frames in free fall coincide with the reference frames in which the laws of special relativity hold—that theory is based on the propagation of light, and thus on electromagnetism, which could have a different set of preferred frames. But using different assumptions about the special-relativistic frames (such as their being earth-fixed, or in free fall), one can derive different predictions for the gravitational redshift, that is, the way in which the frequency of light shifts as the light propagates through a gravitational field (cf. below). The actual measurements show that free-falling frames are the ones in which light propagates as it does in special relativity. The generalization of this statement, namely that the laws of special relativity hold to good approximation in freely falling (and non-rotating) reference frames, is known as the Einstein equivalence principle, a crucial guiding principle for generalizing special-relativistic physics to include gravity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.518939018249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's equations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097358703613281, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Having formulated the relativistic, geometric version of the effects of gravity, the question of gravity's source remains. In Newtonian gravity, the source is mass. In special relativity, mass turns out to be part of a more general quantity called the energy–momentum tensor, which includes both energy and momentum densities as well as stress (that is, pressure and shear). Using the equivalence principle, this tensor is readily generalized to curved space-time. Drawing further upon the analogy with geometric Newtonian gravity, it is natural to assume that the field equation for gravity relates this tensor and the Ricci tensor, which describes a particular class of tidal effects: the change in volume for a small cloud of test particles that are initially at rest, and then fall freely. In special relativity, conservation of energy–momentum corresponds to the statement that the energy–momentum tensor is divergence-free. This formula, too, is readily generalized to curved spacetime by replacing partial derivatives with their curved-manifold counterparts, covariant derivatives studied in differential geometry. With this additional condition—the covariant divergence of the energy–momentum tensor, and hence of whatever is on the other side of the equation, is zero— the simplest set of equations are what are called Einstein's (field) equations:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446723937988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "On the left-hand side is the Einstein tensor, a specific divergence-free combination of the Ricci tensor R_{\\mu\\nu} and the metric. Where G_{\\mu\\nu} is symmetric. In particular,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150500297546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "On the right-hand side, T_{\\mu\\nu} is the energy–momentum tensor. All tensors are written in abstract index notation. Matching the theory's prediction to observational results for planetary orbits (or, equivalently, assuring that the weak-gravity, low-speed limit is Newtonian mechanics), the proportionality constant can be fixed as κ = 8πG/c4, with G the gravitational constant and c the speed of light. When there is no matter present, so that the energy–momentum tensor vanishes, the results are the vacuum Einstein equations,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48489761352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "There are alternatives to general relativity built upon the same premises, which include additional rules and/or constraints, leading to different field equations. Examples are Brans–Dicke theory, teleparallelism, f(R) gravity and Einstein–Cartan theory. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.399862289428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "General relativity is a metric theory of gravitation. At its core are Einstein's equations, which describe the relation between the geometry of a four-dimensional, pseudo-Riemannian manifold representing spacetime, and the energy–momentum contained in that spacetime. Phenomena that in classical mechanics are ascribed to the action of the force of gravity (such as free-fall, orbital motion, and spacecraft trajectories), correspond to inertial motion within a curved geometry of spacetime in general relativity; there is no gravitational force deflecting objects from their natural, straight paths. Instead, gravity corresponds to changes in the properties of space and time, which in turn changes the straightest-possible paths that objects will naturally follow. The curvature is, in turn, caused by the energy–momentum of matter. Paraphrasing the relativist John Archibald Wheeler, spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7015302181243896, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The core concept of general-relativistic model-building is that of a solution of Einstein's equations. Given both Einstein's equations and suitable equations for the properties of matter, such a solution consists of a specific semi-Riemannian manifold (usually defined by giving the metric in specific coordinates), and specific matter fields defined on that manifold. Matter and geometry must satisfy Einstein's equations, so in particular, the matter's energy–momentum tensor must be divergence-free. The matter must, of course, also satisfy whatever additional equations were imposed on its properties. In short, such a solution is a model universe that satisfies the laws of general relativity, and possibly additional laws governing whatever matter might be present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.31232738494873, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's equations are nonlinear partial differential equations and, as such, difficult to solve exactly. Nevertheless, a number of exact solutions are known, although only a few have direct physical applications. The best-known exact solutions, and also those most interesting from a physics point of view, are the Schwarzschild solution, the Reissner–Nordström solution and the Kerr metric, each corresponding to a certain type of black hole in an otherwise empty universe, and the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker and de Sitter universes, each describing an expanding cosmos. Exact solutions of great theoretical interest include the Gödel universe (which opens up the intriguing possibility of time travel in curved spacetimes), the Taub-NUT solution (a model universe that is homogeneous, but anisotropic), and anti-de Sitter space (which has recently come to prominence in the context of what is called the Maldacena conjecture). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533865928649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Given the difficulty of finding exact solutions, Einstein's field equations are also solved frequently by numerical integration on a computer, or by considering small perturbations of exact solutions. In the field of numerical relativity, powerful computers are employed to simulate the geometry of spacetime and to solve Einstein's equations for interesting situations such as two colliding black holes. In principle, such methods may be applied to any system, given sufficient computer resources, and may address fundamental questions such as naked singularities. Approximate solutions may also be found by perturbation theories such as linearized gravity and its generalization, the post-Newtonian expansion, both of which were developed by Einstein. The latter provides a systematic approach to solving for the geometry of a spacetime that contains a distribution of matter that moves slowly compared with the speed of light. The expansion involves a series of terms; the first terms represent Newtonian gravity, whereas the later terms represent ever smaller corrections to Newton's theory due to general relativity. An extension of this expansion is the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism, which allows quantitative comparisons between the predictions of general relativity and alternative theories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.209212303161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Consequences of Einstein's theory", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.084834098815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "General relativity has a number of physical consequences. Some follow directly from the theory's axioms, whereas others have become clear only in the course of many years of research that followed Einstein's initial publication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.532928466796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein, there are gravitational waves: ripples in the metric of spacetime that propagate at the speed of light. These are one of several analogies between weak-field gravity and electromagnetism in that, they are analogous to electromagnetic waves. On February 11, 2016, the Advanced LIGO team announced that they had directly detected gravitational waves from a pair of black holes merging. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.256678104400635, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The simplest type of such a wave can be visualized by its action on a ring of freely floating particles. A sine wave propagating through such a ring towards the reader distorts the ring in a characteristic, rhythmic fashion (animated image to the right). Since Einstein's equations are non-linear, arbitrarily strong gravitational waves do not obey linear superposition, making their description difficult. However, for weak fields, a linear approximation can be made. Such linearized gravitational waves are sufficiently accurate to describe the exceedingly weak waves that are expected to arrive here on Earth from far-off cosmic events, which typically result in relative distances increasing and decreasing by 10^{-21} or less. Data analysis methods routinely make use of the fact that these linearized waves can be Fourier decomposed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91238021850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In general relativity, the apsides of any orbit (the point of the orbiting body's closest approach to the system's center of mass) will precess—the orbit is not an ellipse, but akin to an ellipse that rotates on its focus, resulting in a rose curve-like shape (see image). Einstein first derived this result by using an approximate metric representing the Newtonian limit and treating the orbiting body as a test particle. For him, the fact that his theory gave a straightforward explanation of the anomalous perihelion shift of the planet Mercury, discovered earlier by Urbain Le Verrier in 1859, was important evidence that he had at last identified the correct form of the gravitational field equations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.081202507019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The effect can also be derived by using either the exact Schwarzschild metric (describing spacetime around a spherical mass) or the much more general post-Newtonian formalism. It is due to the influence of gravity on the geometry of space and to the contribution of self-energy to a body's gravity (encoded in the nonlinearity of Einstein's equations). Relativistic precession has been observed for all planets that allow for accurate precession measurements (Mercury, Venus, and Earth), as well as in binary pulsar systems, where it is larger by five orders of magnitude. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685250282287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The deflection of light by gravity is responsible for a new class of astronomical phenomena. If a massive object is situated between the astronomer and a distant target object with appropriate mass and relative distances, the astronomer will see multiple distorted images of the target. Such effects are known as gravitational lensing. Depending on the configuration, scale, and mass distribution, there can be two or more images, a bright ring known as an Einstein ring, or partial rings called arcs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.853184700012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The current models of cosmology are based on Einstein's field equations, which include the cosmological constant Λ since it has important influence on the large-scale dynamics of the cosmos,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177396774291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Kurt Gödel showed that solutions to Einstein's equations exist that contain closed timelike curves (CTCs), which allow for loops in time. The solutions require extreme physical conditions unlikely ever to occur in practice, and it remains an open question whether further laws of physics will eliminate them completely. Since then other—similarly impractical—GR solutions containing CTCs have been found, such as the Tipler cylinder and traversable wormholes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08107852935791, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Aware of the importance of causal structure, Roger Penrose and others developed what is known as global geometry. In global geometry, the object of study is not one particular solution (or family of solutions) to Einstein's equations. Rather, relations that hold true for all geodesics, such as the Raychaudhuri equation, and additional non-specific assumptions about the nature of matter (usually in the form of energy conditions) are used to derive general results. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695369720458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Early studies of black holes relied on explicit solutions of Einstein's equations, notably the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild solution (used to describe a static black hole) and the axisymmetric Kerr solution (used to describe a rotating, stationary black hole, and introducing interesting features such as the ergosphere). Using global geometry, later studies have revealed more general properties of black holes. In the long run, they are rather simple objects characterized by eleven parameters specifying energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, location at a specified time and electric charge. This is stated by the black hole uniqueness theorems: \"black holes have no hair\", that is, no distinguishing marks like the hairstyles of humans. Irrespective of the complexity of a gravitating object collapsing to form a black hole, the object that results (having emitted gravitational waves) is very simple. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494924545288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Another general feature of general relativity is the appearance of spacetime boundaries known as singularities. Spacetime can be explored by following up on timelike and lightlike geodesics—all possible ways that light and particles in free fall can travel. But some solutions of Einstein's equations have \"ragged edges\"—regions known as spacetime singularities, where the paths of light and falling particles come to an abrupt end, and geometry becomes ill-defined. In the more interesting cases, these are \"curvature singularities\", where geometrical quantities characterizing spacetime curvature, such as the Ricci scalar, take on infinite values. Well-known examples of spacetimes with future singularities—where worldlines end—are the Schwarzschild solution, which describes a singularity inside an eternal static black hole, or the Kerr solution with its ring-shaped singularity inside an eternal rotating black hole. The Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker solutions and other spacetimes describing universes have past singularities on which worldlines begin, namely Big Bang singularities, and some have future singularities (Big Crunch) as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.199257850646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Each solution of Einstein's equation encompasses the whole history of a universe — it is not just some snapshot of how things are, but a whole, possibly matter-filled, spacetime. It describes the state of matter and geometry everywhere and at every moment in that particular universe. Due to its general covariance, Einstein's theory is not sufficient by itself to determine the time evolution of the metric tensor. It must be combined with a coordinate condition, which is analogous to gauge fixing in other field theories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.908947944641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "To understand Einstein's equations as partial differential equations, it is helpful to formulate them in a way that describes the evolution of the universe over time. This is done in \"3+1\" formulations, where spacetime is split into three space dimensions and one time dimension. The best-known example is the ADM formalism. These decompositions show that the spacetime evolution equations of general relativity are well-behaved: solutions always exist, and are uniquely defined, once suitable initial conditions have been specified. Such formulations of Einstein's field equations are the basis of numerical relativity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.905367851257324, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The notion of evolution equations is intimately tied in with another aspect of general relativistic physics. In Einstein's theory, it turns out to be impossible to find a general definition for a seemingly simple property such as a system's total mass (or energy). The main reason is that the gravitational field—like any physical field—must be ascribed a certain energy, but that it proves to be fundamentally impossible to localize that energy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.67134952545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "General relativity has emerged as a highly successful model of gravitation and cosmology, which has so far passed many unambiguous observational and experimental tests. However, there are strong indications the theory is incomplete. The problem of quantum gravity and the question of the reality of spacetime singularities remain open. Observational data that is taken as evidence for dark energy and dark matter could indicate the need for new physics. Even taken as is, general relativity is rich with possibilities for further exploration. Mathematical relativists seek to understand the nature of singularities and the fundamental properties of Einstein's equations, and increasingly powerful computer simulations (such as those describing merging black holes) are run. In February 2016, it was announced that the existence of gravitational waves was directly detected by the Advanced LIGO team on September 14, 2015. A century after its publication, general relativity remains a highly active area of research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9289746284484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "General relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "However, experiments and observations show that Einstein's description accounts for several effects that are unexplained by Newton's law, such as minute anomalies in the orbits of Mercury and other planets. General relativity also predicts novel effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and an effect of gravity on time known as gravitational time dilation. Many of these predictions have been confirmed by experiment or observation, while others are the subject of ongoing research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.09444808959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was the preference of inertial motion within special relativity, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) appeared more satisfactory to him. So, while still working at the patent office in 1907, Einstein had what he would call his \"happiest thought\". He realized that the principle of relativity could be extended to gravitational fields.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.223524570465088, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In that article, he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a freefalling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the Equivalence principle. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomenon of gravitational time dilation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.070225715637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In 1911, Einstein published another article expanding on the 1907 article. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.244277477264404, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Also the deflection of light by massive bodies was predicted. Although the approximation was crude, it allowed him to calculate that the deflection is nonzero. German astronomer Erwin Finlay-Freundlich publicized Einstein's challenge to scientists around the world. This urged astronomers to detect the deflection of light during a solar eclipse, and gave Einstein confidence that the scalar theory of gravity proposed by Gunnar Nordström was incorrect. But the actual value for the deflection that he calculated was too small by a factor of two, because the approximation he used doesn't work well for things moving at near the speed of light. When Einstein finished the full theory of general relativity, he would rectify this error and predict the correct amount of light deflection by the sun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.80632495880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Another of Einstein's notable thought experiments about the nature of the gravitational field is that of the rotating disk (a variant of the Ehrenfest paradox). He imagined an observer performing experiments on a rotating turntable. He noted that such an observer would find a different value for the mathematical constant π than the one predicted by Euclidean geometry. The reason is that the radius of a circle would be measured with an uncontracted ruler, but, according to special relativity, the circumference would seem to be longer because the ruler would be contracted. Since Einstein believed that the laws of physics were local, described by local fields, he concluded from this that spacetime could be locally curved. This led him to study Riemannian geometry, and to formulate general relativity in this language.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.585126876831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "During World War I, the work of Central Powers scientists was available only to Central Powers academics, for national security reasons. Some of Einstein's work did reach the United Kingdom and the United States through the efforts of the Austrian Paul Ehrenfest and physicists in the Netherlands, especially 1902 Nobel Prize-winner Hendrik Lorentz and Willem de Sitter of Leiden University. After the war ended, Einstein maintained his relationship with Leiden University, accepting a contract as an Extraordinary Professor; for ten years, from 1920 to 1930, he travelled to the Netherlands regularly to lecture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.954716682434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In 1917, several astronomers accepted Einstein's 1911 challenge from Prague. The Mount Wilson Observatory in California, U.S., published a solar spectroscopic analysis that showed no gravitational redshift. In 1918, the Lick Observatory, also in California, announced that it too had disproved Einstein's prediction, although its findings were not published. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3362782597541809, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "However, in May 1919, a team led by the British astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington claimed to have confirmed Einstein's prediction of gravitational deflection of starlight by the Sun while photographing a solar eclipse with dual expeditions in Sobral, northern Brazil, and Príncipe, a west African island. Nobel laureate Max Born praised general relativity as the \"greatest feat of human thinking about nature\"; fellow laureate Paul Dirac was quoted saying it was \"probably the greatest scientific discovery ever made\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.378294467926025, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The international media guaranteed Einstein's global renown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29546070098877, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The development of the Einstein field equations", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130010604858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "where R_{\\mu\\nu} is the Ricci tensor, and T_{\\mu\\nu} the energy–momentum tensor. This predicted the non-Newtonian perihelion precession of Mercury, and so had Einstein very excited. However, it was soon realized that they were inconsistent with the local conservation of energy–momentum unless the universe had a constant density of mass–energy–momentum. In other words, air, rock and even a vacuum should all have the same density. This inconsistency with observation sent Einstein back to the drawing board. However, the solution was all but obvious, and on November 25, 1915 Einstein presented the actual Einstein field equations to the Prussian Academy of Sciences: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.585907936096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein and Hilbert", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298151969909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Although Einstein is credited with finding the field equations, the German mathematician David Hilbert published them in an article before Einstein's article. This has resulted in accusations of plagiarism against Einstein, although not from Hilbert, and assertions that the field equations should be called the \"Einstein–Hilbert field equations\". However, Hilbert did not press his claim for priority and some have asserted that Einstein submitted the correct equations before Hilbert amended his own work to include them. This suggests that Einstein developed the correct field equations first, though Hilbert may have reached them later independently (or even learned of them afterwards through his correspondence with Einstein). However, others have criticized those assertions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.226810932159424, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In the early years after Einstein's theory was published, Sir Arthur Eddington lent his considerable prestige in the British scientific establishment in an effort to champion the work of this German scientist. Because the theory was so complex and abstruse (even today it is popularly considered the pinnacle of scientific thinking; in the early years it was even more so), it was rumored that only three people in the world understood it. There was an illuminating, though probably apocryphal, anecdote about this. As related by Ludwik Silberstein, during one of Eddington's lectures he asked \"Professor Eddington, you must be one of three persons in the world who understands general relativity.\" Eddington paused, unable to answer. Silberstein continued \"Don't be modest, Eddington!\" Finally, Eddington replied \"On the contrary, I'm trying to think who the third person is.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.175585746765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Since the field equations are non-linear, Einstein assumed that they were unsolvable. However, Karl Schwarzschild discovered in 1915 and published in 1916 an exact solution for the case of a spherically symmetric spacetime surrounding a massive object in spherical coordinates. This is now known as the Schwarzschild solution. Since then, many other exact solutions have been found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9076426029205322, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In 1922, Alexander Friedmann found a solution in which the universe may expand or contract, and later Georges Lemaître derived a solution for an expanding universe. However, Einstein believed that the universe was apparently static, and since a static cosmology was not supported by the general relativistic field equations, he added a cosmological constant Λ to the field equations, which became", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.488486289978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "This permitted the creation of steady-state solutions, but they were unstable: the slightest perturbation of a static state would result in the universe expanding or contracting. In 1929, Edwin Hubble found evidence for the idea that the universe is expanding. This resulted in Einstein dropping the cosmological constant, referring to it as \"the biggest blunder in my career\". At the time, it was an ad hoc hypothesis to add in the cosmological constant, as it was only intended to justify one result (a static universe).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873337745666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Progress in solving the field equations and understanding the solutions has been ongoing. The solution for a spherically symmetric charged object was discovered by Reissner and later rediscovered by Nordström, and is called the Reissner–Nordström solution. The black hole aspect of the Schwarzschild solution was very controversial, and Einstein did not believe that singularities could be real. However, in 1957 (two years after Einstein's death in 1955), Martin Kruskal published a proof that black holes are called for by the Schwarzschild Solution. Additionally, the solution for a rotating massive object was obtained by Kerr in the 1960s and is called the Kerr solution. The Kerr–Newman solution for a rotating, charged massive object was published a few years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.416468620300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of general relativity" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "On the recommendation of Italian mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began exploring the usefulness of general covariance (essentially the use of tensors) for his gravitational theory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.910813331604004, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Eleven years after On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Einstein published his second groundbreaking work on General Relativity, which continues and expands the original theory. A preeminent feature of General Relativity is its view of gravitation. Einstein held that the forces of acceleration and gravity are equivalent. Again, the single premise that General Relativity is based on is surprisingly simple. It states that all physical laws can be formulated so as to be valid for any observer, regardless of the observer's motion. Consequently, due to the equivalence of acceleration and gravitation, in an accelerated reference frame, observations are equivalent to those in a uniform gravitational field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.34003639221191406, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "This led Einstein to redefine the concept of space itself. In contrast to the Euclidean space in which Newton’s laws apply, he proposed that space itself might be curved. The curvature of space, or better spacetime, is due to massive objects in it, such as the sun, which warp space around their gravitational centre. In such a space, the motion of objects can be described in terms of geometry rather than in terms of external forces. For example, a planet orbiting the Sun can be thought of as moving along a \"straight\" trajectory in a curved space that is bent around the Sun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676902770996094, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In 1907, Einstein said that when he \"was sitting in a chair in the patent office at Bern when all of a sudden a thought occurred to me: 'If a person falls freely he will not feel his own weight.' I was startled. This simple thought ... impelled me toward a theory of gravitation. ...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.540543556213379, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton had proposed a theory of gravity called Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation. Newton's Law had worked very well, but there were slight discrepancies between what was observed and what was mathematically predicted. An example is that Newton's theory cannot explain Mercury's peculiar rosette-shaped elliptical orbit. However, Einstein's General Relativity can.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.14808988571167, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "General Relativity describes gravity as a warping of space itself, not as a force. Einstein pictured space as a three-dimensional version of a thin rubber sheet. If you put a heavy object on the sheet, it makes a dent, and therefore an object's path would be affected by that dent. So, planets orbit the sun because the space around the sun is curved in the 2-D equivalent of a funnel or basin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.782715797424316, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Einstein announces the general theory of relativity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.104132175445557, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3197720050811768, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein had described the special theory of relativity in 1905. The result of Einstein's thinking about light, this theory introduced brand-new ideas to science. It opened up an entire field of physics, but left Einstein with some nagging questions. The problems of gravity and acceleration would not go away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.817737579345703, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "After thinking about the problems for 10 years, he published the general theory of relativity. In it, he suggested that gravity is not a force, as Newton had believed, but the result of a curvature of the space-time continuum -- the four dimensional world in which we live. He used a thought experiment to compare the force felt from gravity with acceleration. Imagine you are in an elevator and feel what you believe is the force of gravity, holding you to the floor. According to Einstein, since you cannot see outside the elevator, you cannot tell if you are feeling the force of gravity or if the elevator is being pushed toward your feet. Einstein stated that the two forces are actually identical. Furthermore, if you were in the elevator accelerating upward and a beam of light entered the elevator parallel to the floor, the light beam would appear to bend downward. This meant that light, which ordinarily traveled in straight lines, could curve if it traveled across a gravitational field. This curving path of light meant that that \"field\" was really a curving of space, which Einstein found was inseparable from time. The curvature would be caused by bodies with great mass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7044059038162231, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "A weak gravitational field indicates nearly flat space-time, and there Newton's theories seem to apply. But a strong gravitational field throws classical predictions off. Einstein postulated three ways this theory could be proved. One was by observing the stars during a total solar eclipse. The sun is our closest strong gravitational field. Light traveling from a star through space and passing the sun's field would be bent, if Einstein's theory were true. If you could see the star during the day, he predicted, it would be in a different place than at night. The only chance to see it during the day would be during an eclipse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98235034942627, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "On March 29, 1919, that opportunity came. British Astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington traveled to Príncipe Island off the western coast of Africa. His team photographed starfields during the eclipse and compared the photos with those of the same starfield taken when the sun was not present. Eddington found the apparent location of the stars had shifted, just as Einstein predicted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724295616149902, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Further proofs of Einstein's theory came with advancing technology through the 1960s and continue in the present. But the immediate impact in 1919 was enormous. World War I had just ended. Einstein became a celebrity, and within a year, more than 100 books had been published about his theories. Leopold Infeld, who worked with Einstein on a book on relativity, suggested, \"people were weary of hatred, of killing. . . . Here was something which captured the imagination . . . [t]he mystery of the sun's eclipse and of the penetrating power of the human mind.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9843800067901611, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein announces the general theory of relativity - PBS" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified Explanation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.087796449661255, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5075307488441467, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted that the space-time around Earth would be not only warped but also twisted by the planet's rotation. Gravity Probe B showed this to be correct.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.428073883056641, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers. This was the theory of special relativity. It introduced a new framework for all of physics and proposed new concepts of space and time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9034199714660645, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein , in his theory of special relativity , determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers, and he showed that the speed of light within a vacuum is the same no matter the speed at which an observer travels. As a result, he found that space and time were interwoven into a single continuum known as space-time. Events that occur at the same time for one observer could occur at different times for another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.784440994262695, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "As he worked out the equations for his general theory of relativity, Einstein realized that massive objects caused a distortion in space-time. Imagine setting a large body in the center of a trampoline. The body would press down into the fabric, causing it to dimple. A marble rolled around the edge would spiral inward toward the body, pulled in much the same way that the gravity of a planet pulls at rocks in space. [ Video: How To See Spacetime Stretch ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.002068042755127, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's Cross is an example of gravitational lensing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916299819946289, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's Cross, a quasar in the Pegasus constellation , is an excellent example of gravitational lensing. The quasar is about 8 billion light-years from Earth, and sits behind a galaxy that is 400 million light-years away. Four images of the quasar appear around the galaxy because the intense gravity of the galaxy bends the light coming from the quasar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821582794189453, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Frame-dragging of space-time around rotating bodies: The spin of a heavy object, such as Earth, should twist and distort the space-time around it. In 2004, NASA launched the Gravity Probe B GP-B). The precisely calibrated satellite caused the axes of gyroscopes inside to drift very slightly over time, a result that coincided with Einstein's theory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019521713256836, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "\"As the planet rotates, the honey around it would swirl, and it's the same with space and time. GP-B confirmed two of the most profound predictions of Einstein's universe, having far-reaching implications across astrophysics research.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16422176361084, "source": "search", "title": "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity: A Simplified ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "In 1915, the universe was small and static. Space was smooth. Gravity pulled things to the ground. At least that’s the way it was in the minds of all but one exceptional physicist — Albert Einstein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.636864423751831, "source": "search", "title": "Special Report: Gravity’s Century | Science News" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "After years of pondering the interplay of space, time, matter and gravity, Einstein produced, in a single month, an utter transformation of science’s conception of the cosmos: the general theory of relativity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.414548873901367, "source": "search", "title": "Special Report: Gravity’s Century | Science News" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein’s space-bending theory was mind-bending. It not only succeeded in explaining gravitational mysteries where Newton’s law failed, but it also predicted amazing unsuspected natural phenomena, from black holes to the expansion of the universe itself. No longer small and static, Einstein’s universe is expansive and dynamic, home to a zoo of bizarre astrophysical beasts inexplicable without general relativity’s help.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9210052490234375, "source": "search", "title": "Special Report: Gravity’s Century | Science News" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Today astrophysicists manipulate those phenomena to probe the heavens , while other physicists seek ways to reconcile general relativity with the past century’s other revolutionary theory, quantum mechanics . It may now be that general relativity’s confluence with quantum mechanics is on the verge of producing a new theory, glimpsing more deeply into the essence of existence than even Einstein was able to see. But it wouldn’t have been possible without him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.637554168701172, "source": "search", "title": "Special Report: Gravity’s Century | Science News" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "“Even if some modified version of general relativity must be adopted ultimately to accommodate new observations,” writes physicist Clifford Will, Einstein’s theory “will very likely still be its foundation.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.091193675994873, "source": "search", "title": "Special Report: Gravity’s Century | Science News" }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The Smithsonian Magazine reports that “Einstein would have none of it.” Armed with his knowledge that nothing could outrun light from his work with special relativity, Newton’s prediction that gravity could outrun light bothered Einstein to no end. Newton reportedly asserted that he understood that his theory was incomplete; the mystery was there for anyone to tackle for over 200 years. Einstein was the first to refuse to let it remain unsolved. He is said to have taken up the investigation into the workings of gravity “in earnest” in 1907.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.70187520980835, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "By 1912, Einstein reportedly had a grasp of the fact that because the Sun and the Earth exert a gravitational force on each other, despite the fact they they are not touching, meant that the nature of space was deeply intertwined with the nature of matter and gravity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3314847946167, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein’s general relativity manuscript on display in 2010 at the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities. [Photo by David Silverman/Getty Images]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.18692684173584, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein’s answer was to build a model of space that became warped by matter. The more massive the matter, the more influence it exerted on space. This could be measured not only by the orbits of planets and other celestial bodies, but by observing light from distant stars curve around the sun, visible only during solar eclipses. The fact that matter influences not only the path traveled by other matter, but also the path traveled by light, was a revolutionary concept.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084649085998535, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "In an experiment conceived by Sir Frank Watson Dyson in 1917, Sir Arthur Eddington traveled to Príncipe, located in the Gulf of Guinea, near Africa, to observe a solar eclipse. Another group was set to Sobral, Brazil in case the group in Principe experienced poor viewing conditions. During a six-minute eclipse on May 29, 1919 both locations experienced clear weather and photographs were taken. When Eddington delivered the photographs to England for study, the data confirmed Einstein’s general relativity predictions , reports Wired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.268624782562256, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Einstein reported that his theory had been confirmed with empirical evidence on November 6, 1919. His name was not widely known before this date, yet his accomplishment was said to have been front page news the next day and to have turned Albert Einstein into a “celebrity overnight.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.60328483581543, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein", "passage": "Albert Einstein at his home in 1925. [Photo by General Photographic Agency/Getty Images]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.056178092956543, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "On November 13, Hilbert was reported to have invited Einstein to a Göttingen, Germany, presentation on November 16 where he would explain the “solution to” Einstein’s “great problem.” Einstein replied to Hilbert that he would not be able to attend because he had stomach pains. Then, on November 18, Einstein was said to have received the completed manuscript from Hilbert and to have replied, “The system you furnish agrees — as far as I can see — exactly with what I found in the last few weeks and have presented to the Academy.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298489570617676, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Then, on November 25, Einstein revealed the formulas behind the General Theory of Relativity to the amazement of the scientific community at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.112560272216797, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "The manuscript that Hilbert sent to Einstein wasn’t published until months later. The question of whether the manuscript Hilbert sent to Einstein actually contained the correct formulas, or if he was “inspired” by Einstein’s announcement on November 25 and changed its contents, has been the subject of debate. Further fueling the mystery is that the important sections of Hilbert’s original manuscript, which would have given insight into this mystery, have reportedly been “snipped away.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.727986335754395, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Hilbert was reported to have ceded credit for the General Theory of Relativity to Einstein and to be given his due with a form of the equations for which both he and Einstein are cited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.425416946411133, "source": "search", "title": "Albert Einstein’s General Theory Of Relativity Turns 100 ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "We are the astronomy and physics writers for Science News ( https://www.sciencenews.org/ ), a publication of the Society for Science and the Public ( https://www.societyforscience.org/ ). This November marks the 100-year anniversary of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. To celebrate, we published a special issue of Science News focusing on how researchers are using Einstein's theory today--from using it to magnify the cosmos to exploring quantum entanglement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.810425043106079, "source": "search", "title": "Science AMA Series: In 1915, Einstein published his ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "We here to answer your questions about Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and how scientists are using it today!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.063967227935791, "source": "search", "title": "Science AMA Series: In 1915, Einstein published his ..." }, { "answer": "Einstein", "passage": "Einstein's theory has important astrophysical implications. For example, it implies the existence of black holes—regions of space in which space and time are distorted in such a way that nothing, not even light, can escape—as an end-state for massive stars. There is ample evidence that the intense radiation emitted by certain kinds of astronomical objects is due to black holes; for example, microquasars and active galactic nuclei result from the presence of stellar black holes and supermassive black holes, respectively. The bending of light by gravity can lead to the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, in which multiple images of the same distant astronomical object are visible in the sky. General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have since been observed directly by physics collaboration LIGO. In addition, general relativity is the basis of current cosmological models of a consistently expanding universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.654605865478516, "source": "search", "title": "BBC Universe - General relativity: Warped space-time and ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Martin Luther King", "passage": "Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": 5.82198429107666, "rough_score": 7.278824806213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "Luther King", "passage": "Poitier was not a nominee at that year’s Oscars, which were postponed by two days out of respect for the funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr, whose own journey ended with an assassin’s bullet on April 4, 1968. But Poitier’s presence was felt in the Academy’s choices. In the Heat of the Night won best picture, his co-star, Rod Steiger, was named best actor, and Katherine Hepburn, of Guess Whose Coming to Dinner, was chosen best actress. If 1967 represented an artistic triumph for the star, it was also a commercial peak. At year’s end, theater owners polled by the Independent Film Journal named him the year’s top box-office draw, while a survey by the Gallup Organization concluded that he was among a handful of stars, including Elizabeth Taylor and Steve McQueen, whose name alone could sell tickets. ", "precise_score": 2.8027584552764893, "rough_score": 3.3742148876190186, "source": "search", "title": "Sidney Poitier - HYENA" }, { "answer": "Martin Luther King", "passage": "After Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005. Later in the year, CNN, along with the editors of Time magazine, named him the \"most fascinating person\" of the network's first 25 years; Time listed Reagan one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century as well. The Discovery Channel asked its viewers to vote for The Greatest American in June 2005; Reagan placed in first place, ahead of Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844263076782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Martin Luther King", "passage": "Revolution was in the air that year. On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama,  a black seamstress named Rosa Parks refused to relinquish her seat on a bus to a white passenger. After her arrest, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, the pastor of a local Baptist church, led a boycott of the city owned transit system which would result in the desegregation of the city-owned bus lines. The civil rights movement was born, and Sidney Poitier, age 28, would soon become one of its most famous symbols.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21759033203125, "source": "search", "title": "Sidney Poitier - HYENA" }, { "answer": "Luther King", "passage": "While Poitier was becoming Hollywood’s first black golden boy, he was keenly aware that the world was exploding around him. In addition to lobbying for the Civil Rights Act that was passed in July 1963, he was among the celebrities in attendance at Martin Luther King’s historic March on Washington a month later. He also joined his friend and sometime rival Harry Belafonte on a visit to Greenville, Mississippi where they met with Stokely Carmichael and members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. But the voice of a more militant breed of civil rights activist was beginning to compete with King’s message of non-violent resistance. For some of them, Poitier was an “Uncle Tom” and a “million-dollar shoeshine boy” who had been “desexualized” in films made by white men. As he reflected more than a quarter century later, “I was carrying the hopes and aspirations of an entire people. I had no control over content, no creative leverage except to refuse to do a film, which I often did. I had to satisfy the action fans, the romantic fans, the intellectual fans. It was a terrific burden.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142173767089844, "source": "search", "title": "Sidney Poitier - HYENA" }, { "answer": "Martin Luther King", "passage": "Although she meant to compliment him, Katherine Hepburn’s observation that she didn’t think of Poitier as a Negro - “He’s not black, he’s not white, he’s nothing at all as far as color is concerned” - provided more ammunition for his critics. As a white writer for the Los Angeles Times condescendingly sneered, Poitier was a “Negro in white face.” When Poitier responded to his critics publicly, he was tactful. “When a person comes out of the theater after seeing one of my films, he might have been given a one-dimensional picture, but my films do exemplify some of the possibilities of man.” Privately, he was furious. “How long do you think I’d last if I came on like Stokely Carmichael or Eldridge Cleaver?” he asked friends, while referencing two outspoken black leaders with ties to the Black Panther Party, whose approach to civil rights was more radical than that of Martin Luther King, Jr. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370783805847168, "source": "search", "title": "Sidney Poitier - HYENA" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "For many years Robinson also worked as legal advisor for the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform with future Trinity College senator David Norris. Coincidentally, just as Mary McAleese replaced Mary Robinson as Reid Professor of Law in Trinity, and would succeed her to the Irish presidency, so Robinson replaced McAleese in the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform.", "precise_score": 6.660253524780273, "rough_score": 6.746120452880859, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Robinson" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "On 24 July 1997 Robinson announced her intention to resign as President of Ireland. The Irish Government stated that her announcement \"was not unexpected\" and wished her \"every success\". She resigned by addressing a message to the Ceann Comhairle of the Dáil and her resignation took effect from 1 p.m. on Friday, 12 September 1997. She resigned in order to take up appointment as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Upon her resignation as President, the role of President was transferred to the Presidential Commission (which comprised the Chief Justice, the Ceann Comhairle and the Cathaoirleach of the Seanad) from 12 September to 11 November 1997, when the new President Mary McAleese was sworn in.", "precise_score": 7.973183631896973, "rough_score": 8.31816291809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Robinson" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "This dispute has largely been forgotten in recent years. President Robinson (1990-97) chose unilaterally to break the taboo by regularly visiting Britain for public functions, frequently to do with Anglo-Irish Relations or to visit the Irish emigrant community in Britain. In another breaking of precedent, she was invited to Buckingham Palace by Queen Elizabeth II. Interestingly, the Palace accreditation supplied to journalists covering the history-making visit referred to the visit of the President of Ireland. In recent times, both Presidents Robinson and her successor Mary McAleese (1997- ) have visited the Palace on numerous occasions, while the Prince of Wales, Duke of York, Earl of Wessex and Duke of Edinburgh have all visited successive presidents of Ireland in �ras an Uachtar�in (the presidential palace). Presidents have also have attended functions with the Princess Royal. Her Majesty the Queen and Her Excellency the President even jointly hosted a reception in St. James's Palace in London in 1995, to commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Queen's Colleges in 1850. (The Queen's Colleges are now known as Queen's University, Belfast , the National University of Ireland, Cork (formerly University College, Cork) and the National University of Ireland, Galway (formerly University College, Galway).)", "precise_score": 5.59053897857666, "rough_score": 6.211009979248047, "source": "search", "title": "President of Ireland - Fact-index.com" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Mary Bourke attended Mount Anville Secondary School in Dublin and studied law at Trinity College, Dublin (where she was elected a scholar in 1965, the same year as David Norris), King's Inns and Harvard Law School. In her twenties, she was called to the Inner Bar as Senior Counsel and was appointed Reid Professor of Law in the college. A subsequent holder of the title was her successor as Irish president, Mary McAleese. An outspoken critic of some Catholic church teachings, she gave an acceptance speech in 1969 for a law-review position, in which she advocated for removing the prohibition of divorce in the Irish Constitution, eliminating the ban on the use of contraceptives, and decriminalizing homosexuality and suicide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8512821197509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Robinson" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "During the 1990s, the economy grew significantly, buoyed by EU subsidies and new foreign investment. By the end of the decade, unemployment was below the EU average, although pockets of poverty persisted. In late 1994, after the IRA and Protestant militias agreed to a cease-fire, efforts were begun to negotiate a settlement of the the Northern Ireland issue. Despite some setbacks, agreements were reached in Apr., 1998, and approved by voters in both the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland in May. Women's issues, such as the government's strong antiabortion stance and the constitutional ban on divorce, also became a focus in the 1990s; a referendum legalizing divorce passed by a narrow margin in 1995. In 1991, Ireland elected its first female president, Mary Robinson, and in 1997 Mary McAleese became its first president from Northern Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.831325531005859, "source": "search", "title": "Ireland, Republic of : History - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "The President of Ireland is the Irish head of state. The office was created in Bunreacht na h�ireann , the 1937 constitution of �ire (now the Republic of Ireland ). The office is open to every Irish citizen aged 35 and over. Though the constitution uses the male terms 'he' and 'him', the office can be held by either gender; of the eight presidents to date, six were men, and two women. Given the language of the constitution, this article uses 'he' or 'him' when quoting to the constitution, and 'she' elsewhere, to match the gender of the current president, Mary McAleese .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.10247802734375, "source": "search", "title": "President of Ireland - Fact-index.com" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Since the 1990s under President Robinson, but in particular since the Good Friday Agreement the current president, Mary McAleese, who is herself the first President of Ireland from Northern Ireland, regularly visits the six counties. In a sign of the warmth of the modern Anglo-Irish Relationship , she has been warmly welcomed by leading Unionists. At the funeral for a child murdered by the Real IRA in Omagh she symbolically walked up the main aisle of the Roman Catholic Church hand-in-hand with the Ulster Unionist leader and First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , MP. Similarly when Queen Elizabeth II visited the Stormont Parliament Buildings on a trip to Northern Ireland as part of her Golden Jubilee Tour in 2002, and spoke of the sense of Irish identity of Northern nationalists, Sinn F�in chose not to launch any public pickets or protests, stating that the Queen, as a symbol cherished by unionists, was entitled to visit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.3229079246521, "source": "search", "title": "President of Ireland - Fact-index.com" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "As a result of the repeal of Articles 2 and 3 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, though technically Mary McAleese's title is 'President of Ireland', in reality she is strictly speaking the 'President of the Republic of Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.662863731384277, "source": "search", "title": "President of Ireland - Fact-index.com" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Mary McAleese , eighth President of Ireland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0549869537353516, "source": "search", "title": "President of Ireland - Fact-index.com" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Mary McAleese - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142248153686523, "source": "search", "title": "Mary McAleese - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Mary McAleese", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70740032196045, "source": "search", "title": "Mary McAleese - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Chief of state: Presidents Mary Robinson and, from November 11, Mary McAleese", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.671183109283447, "source": "search", "title": "Ireland in 1997 | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mary McAleese", "passage": "Pres. Mary Robinson announced in March that she would not run for a second term when her seven-year term drew to a close in November. The effect of this news was to throw every political party into confusion. They sought agreement to appoint John Hume, leader of the Northern Ireland Social and Democratic Labour Party, to the office. This would make an election unnecessary. There was, however, considerable controversy over Hume because of his involvement in the Northern Ireland peace process, and he consequently withdrew his name from consideration. As the election neared, there were five candidates for the presidency, four of them women. The leading contender was the Fianna Fail candidate, Mary McAleese, a Catholic nationalist from the North of Ireland and pro-vice chancellor of Queen’s University, Belfast. Attempts by the opposition parties to link her name with Sinn Fein following her endorsement by Gerry Adams, leader of that party, served only to increase her popularity, and in October she was elected president by a large majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7440366744995117, "source": "search", "title": "Ireland in 1997 | Britannica.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club", "precise_score": 5.738576889038086, "rough_score": 2.6620054244995117, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Is there something about Barry Manilow that you want to know? Wondering if there really was a Mandy? Who shot who at the Copacabana? Forget about the Internet or even Manilow's official fan club. The source for everything Manilow lives in Macomb County and her name is Rosie Cowan. Cowan, of Sterling Heights, is vice president of the Beagle-Bagels, the oldest Manilow fan club. The club, which will celebrate its 31st anniversary March 7, 2008, was named after Manilow's pet beagle, named Bagel. Cowan has created and stores the fan club's 29 large scrapbooks filed with song lyrics, poems, newspaper clippings and a lot of Manilow photos. She has even used the phrase \"Mani-hi\" to greet people. Still, Cowan doesn't like to be called a \"Fanilow.\" \"I'd rather we be called his friends,\" Cowan said.", "precise_score": 3.4846384525299072, "rough_score": 0.4371285140514374, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels started from out of Steph's grandparents' home in Detroit , MI after the airing of the First Barry Manilow Special.", "precise_score": 4.53925895690918, "rough_score": 2.359130859375, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels celebrate their 5th anniversary March 2, 1982, with a special surprise: Barry wires 5 dozen red roses along with a large magnum of \"Moet & Chandon\" champagne. The card enclosed said: \"Happy Anniversary - Love Barry\"", "precise_score": 0.33120477199554443, "rough_score": -5.781777858734131, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "In June of 1982, the Beagle Bagels go on-live with local disc jockey Dave Prinze of 95.5-FM who was chosen to interview Barry in a special CBS radio show entitled, \"Live-Coast-to-Coast\".", "precise_score": 1.389182209968567, "rough_score": -5.869955539703369, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels are interviewed for a video for Barry by local television personality, Ron Kruman.", "precise_score": 3.1147994995117188, "rough_score": -6.0059075355529785, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels tour Ambience Sound Studios in Farmington Hills, MI. It was here that Barry recorded portions of the RCA \"Barry Manilow\" album. An anniversary party soon followed on the \"Star of Detroit\" yacht in downtown Detroit.", "precise_score": 2.3933372497558594, "rough_score": 0.8414044380187988, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels meet with Barry after the show.", "precise_score": 3.8747379779815674, "rough_score": -5.393550872802734, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels go on live television working the pledge phones at PBS-Detroit in lieu of the Barry Manilow concert special. The Beagle Bagels celebrate their 15th Anniversary!", "precise_score": 2.6395514011383057, "rough_score": 0.3583664000034332, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Manilow, Barry: Barry's Dogs, labrador retrievers, beagles", "precise_score": 5.760931968688965, "rough_score": 6.9314799308776855, "source": "search", "title": "Manilow, Barry: Barry's Dogs, labrador retrievers, beagles" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Thank you for contacting me through All Experts.  You are correct that Barry started off with his two Beagles, Bagel and Biscuit.  He got Bagel in the early 1970's, and Biscuit came along in the late seventies I believe.  Bagel did have a litter or two of puppies, and I remember Barry giving one of the puppies to Marie Osmond for her 18th Birthday many years ago on the Donny and Marie Show.  It is also my understanding that Biscuit was Bagel's Granddaughter.  The information I have is that both Bagel and Biscuit passed away in the late 80's or early 90's, and that's when he got the first two Labrador Retrievers.  However, I do not know their names or how old they were.  I also do not know the names of Barry's current labs or how old they are.  Barry mentions that he has a couple of labs in interviews from time to time, but he has not revealed their names publicly.", "precise_score": 3.3262743949890137, "rough_score": 2.7207348346710205, "source": "search", "title": "Manilow, Barry: Barry's Dogs, labrador retrievers, beagles" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Barry Manilow and Marie Osmond: Beagle People", "precise_score": -0.6622492671012878, "rough_score": -5.144418239593506, "source": "search", "title": "Barry Manilow and Marie Osmond: Beagle People" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Barry Manilow and Marie Osmond: Beagle People", "precise_score": -0.6622492671012878, "rough_score": -5.144418239593506, "source": "search", "title": "Barry Manilow and Marie Osmond: Beagle People" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Barry Manilow loved his Beagle s. He got “Bagel” in the early 1970’s, and featured her on several album covers, including the one you see at the left. Bagel had one or two litters, and out of her progeny, Manilow kept “Biscuit,” Bagel’s granddaughter. We suppose show business is a small world, and that like the dog world, friendships are forged. Enter Marie Osmond. When Marie turned 18 years old, Barry gave one of Bagel’s puppies to her on the Donny and Marie Show. See it happen at the 16:48 mark of the video below:", "precise_score": 6.013989448547363, "rough_score": 7.143697738647461, "source": "search", "title": "Barry Manilow and Marie Osmond: Beagle People" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.418089866638184, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Cowan, a writer of poetry and short stories, has sent Manilow her work for several years. When she first met Manilow, she was thrilled to learn he had read her writings. \"You must be the famous Rosie,\" Cowan recalled Manilow saying when the two first met. Hill-Ross is a gifted graphic artist who has perfected Manilow's significant profile. Manilow himself has recognized the Beagle-Bagels on many occasions; he has sent the ladies flowers several times, and he even sent a bouquet of 50 roses to mark the club's fifth anniversary. Cowan, Hill-Ross and Moore could go on for hours sharing stories of their encounters with Manilow, their views on whether or not he has had plastic surgery and even his most recent career resurgence. Cowan was especially thrilled to see Barry perform on \"Dancing with the Stars.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.272624969482422, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.418089866638184, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "And we Beagle-Bagels knew this was our time!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.790725708007812, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels knew it just had to be true!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75776481628418, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "So Happy 30th Beagle-Bagel Anniversary!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387446403503418, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "A Look Back: Beagle Bagels - Historic Events", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.291398048400879, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels get a major plug on WNIC-FM and CKLW-AM Radio and Stephie meets Regina Moore, Joan Stevenson and Rosie Cowan as a result.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.599907875061035, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels go on a radio station tour of WNIC-FM.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612373352050781, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "First Beagle Bagel party at Rosie's house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.426165580749512, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels raided local radio station WNIC-FM on a Sunday afternoon to get up front and personal interviews of the on air disc jockeys for future newsletter issues. The Beagle Bagels also had members do multiple call in to both WNIC & CKLW request lines to get Barry's songs played and make the weekly top ten play lists on both stations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.251615524291992, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels get an official plug in an early issue of the BMIFC (pre-Barry Gram days) national newsletter in California. This resulted in a large surge in membership and more parties at Rosie's and other locations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.154148101806641, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels make their first of many videos for Barry at the home of Rosie Cowan, complete with costume changes, scripts and whatever else we could find at the time. It was a \"Make it Work\" situation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.971085548400879, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels begin to travel the country and the globe to see concerts in other venues. Our first trip was in May of 1980 to see Barry in Atlantic City , NJ during his casino tour at the Resorts International Hotel. In November of 1980, we then traveled to see Barry's concert in Toronto at the Maple-Leaf Gardens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.08298110961914, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle Bagels attend MI concerts at Crisler Arena, Ann Arbor, MI & Joe Louis Arena, Detroit, MI. The Beagle-Bagels meet Barry for the first time at Joe Louis Arena on October 2, 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.603364944458008, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "In October of 1982, the Beagle-Bagels travel to Cincinnati to Barry's concert at Riverfront Arena. The Beagle Bagels meet Barry at the local airport and are also interviewed by a local news station at the scene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.465483665466309, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "In June 1983, Rosie Cowan, Co-VP of the Beagle-Bagels was chosen by Barry's management to be the chairperson of the BMIFC's First International Fan Club Convention held in Chicago, Illinois. Stephie was chosen by Barry to produce and stage a fashion show for Barry's tour merchandise. Stephie, Gina & Joan were chosen to provide the musical entertainment for the convention as their girl group \"Triple Platinum\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.178844928741455, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Over 1400 people attended the convention along with media coverage from \"Entertainment Tonight\". The Beagle Bagels were awarded \"Most Outstanding Club\" and another award for \"Best Newsletter\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.453675270080566, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels attend a local taping in the audience of local talk show, \"Kelly & Company\". Later that day, the Beagle Bagels attended Barry's concert at Crisler Arena in Ann Arbor, MI, where another meeting with Barry took place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.569746017456055, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels travel to Toronto Canada for convention #3. Rosie is interviewed on CBET television and Steph, Regina & Joan once again provide the entertainment as \"Triple Platinum\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.734956741333008, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels were now obtaining global exposure and membership was 200+. This was a major accomplishment for a local level fan club.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555191040039062, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels do their first of many dressing room decorations for Barry every time he returned to MI to perform until 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.222908020019531, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels packed canned goods for the hungry at the Capuchin Kitchen in Detroit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.276665687561035, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels celebrate their 10th anniversary and travel to Washington DC for another convention. Wally Bizon was chosen by Barry's management to do a video-documentary of the event. Stephie, Rosie and other members were the roving reporters. \"The Righteous Sisters\" (Regina & Stephie) performed as part of the entertainment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.126442909240723, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "In October of 1987, the Beagle Bagels travel to Chicago to see Barry at his book signing tour for his autobiography, \"Sweet Life\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.67041015625, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels travel to Battle Creek, MI, to see Barry and also decorate the dressing rooms - the theme: \"Cereal-ously\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69084644317627, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels decorate the dressing rooms at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit. The theme: \"Fish\". On the last night of the 3-night stop, Stephie is picked by Barry from the audience to sing \"Can't Smile Without You.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846881866455078, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Bagels travel to St. Paul/Minneapolis to see Barry perform at the Ordway Concert House for a local Minnesota charity event.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347872734069824, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Along with raising money for the local COTS shelter, the Beagle Bagels also partake in raising money and awareness for AIDS in the Metro Detroit area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123923301696777, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels twice provided people to answer phones during fund-raising telethons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946313858032227, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels provided a Halloween party for residents of Cherrywood Nursing Home, St. Hts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700910568237305, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels brought in over 60 cans of food the night we viewed the film \"Comedian Harmonists\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577546119689941, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels provided stuffed animals to help calm frightened children", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.472599029541016, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels provided funds to purchase tote bags for children who needed to be moved from their own homes for their own protection,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711187362670898, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels collected & distributed women's and children's necessities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.373828887939453, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels participated in a fund-raiser \"walk-a-thon\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.485867500305176, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Beagle-Bagels asked door-to-door for donations placed in orange UNICEF cartons at Halloween", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84533977508545, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle-Bagels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.418089866638184, "source": "search", "title": "The Beagle-Bagels Barry Manilow Fan Club - garyoye.com" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Since the death of my beloved, beagle/sheperd mix Sherri this past January 5th I've been thinking about Barry & his dogs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.013044834136963, "source": "search", "title": "Manilow, Barry: Barry's Dogs, labrador retrievers, beagles" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Am I correct in saying, Barry started off with his 2 Beagles, Bagel & Biscuit in the 70's & 80's? When did they die?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.531012535095215, "source": "search", "title": "Manilow, Barry: Barry's Dogs, labrador retrievers, beagles" }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's BeagleFest) | Phoenix New Times", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500608444213867, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's BeagleFest)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461530685424805, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's BeagleFest)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461530685424805, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "So two guys walk into a one-acre field and release a mouse. They send Beagles, Fox Terriers, and Scottish Terriers out to see who can find the mouse the fastest. The Scottish Terriers never found the mouse. The Fox Terriers took 15 minutes to find it. And the Beagles found the mouse in less than a minute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308073043823242, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "If there's a moral to this story -- which is a true one based on the research of John Paul Scott and John Fuller in the 1950s -- it's probably simply that Beagles kick butt. And these scent hounds are so popular that they get their own festival in Phoenix; the 10th Annual BeagleFest is scheduled for Sunday, March 20, at Kiwanis Park. More than 1,000 people and 600 Beagles are expected to attend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214539527893066, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "In honor of beagles and their impending festival, we present \"Five Famous Beagles:\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394790649414062, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Like the child of a celebrity, Bagel's famous by proxy. She was the beloved first Beagle of musician", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.22050952911377, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Snoopy: As the star of the Peanuts comic strip (sorry, Charlie Brown), Snoopy has demonstrated his exceptional skills since his debut on October 4, 1950. Initially a silent character, Snoopy grew into a dog that essentially thought he was a person: he walks on two legs, reads Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, and plays the accordion. He also takes on other persona, like the World War I Flying Ace, Joe Cool, and even a Flashdance-type character named \"Flash Beagle.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.182160377502441, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Lyndon Johnson's beagles: Former United States President Lyndon Johnson had several dogs, but perhaps the best known were Him and Her, Beagles born in 1964. President Johnson was often photographed walking the dogs, and caught hell from the American public in 1964, when he lifted Him up by his ears while greeting a group of people on the White House lawn. In 1964, Her died after swallowing a stone, and the following year, Him died after being hit by a car while chasing a squirrel across the White House lawn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682915687561035, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Lyndon Johnson lifts one of his pet beagles by its ears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102940559387207, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "The Beagle Boys: Is there anything cuter than a criminal gang of Beagles in red shirts trying to rob an old duck? We think not, which is why this gaggle of nefarious-but-adorable Beagles from the world of Walt Disney makes our list. They first appeared in a ten-page story in 1951, and have been trying to rob Scrooge McDuck since 1952. They further show they're top dogs by having a pet dog of their own, a dachshund named 64.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.778909683227539, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." }, { "answer": "Beagle", "passage": "Perhaps the next big Beagle will be at BeagleFest, taking place from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sunday, March 20, at the Ruben Romero Corporate Ramada in Kiwanis Park, 6111 S. All-America Way in Tempe. Admission costs $5 per person; Beagles and children younger than ten get in free. Visit www.azbeaglerescue.com for more information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477625846862793, "source": "search", "title": "Five Famous Beagles (Just in Time for this Weekend's ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "19", "passage": "Douglas Fairbanks (born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman; May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer. He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, and The Mark of Zorro but spent the early part of his career making comedies.", "precise_score": 0.44051268696784973, "rough_score": -3.956916332244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks was a founding member of United Artists. Fairbanks was also a founding member of The Motion Picture Academy and hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. With his marriage to Mary Pickford in 1920, the couple became Hollywood royalty and Fairbanks was referred to as \"The King of Hollywood\", a nickname later passed on to actor Clark Gable.", "precise_score": -1.1742630004882812, "rough_score": -5.013817310333252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman (spelled \"Ulman\" by Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. in his memoirs) in Denver, Colorado, the son of H. Charles Ullman (born September 15, 1833) and Ella Adelaide (née Marsh; born 1847). He had two half-brothers, John Fairbanks, Jr. (born 1873) and Norris Wilcox (February 20, 1876 - October 21, 1946), and a full brother, Robert Payne Ullman (March 13, 1882 – February 22, 1948).", "precise_score": -1.699436068534851, "rough_score": -3.051934003829956, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Douglas Fairbanks's father, Hezekiah Charles Ullman (1833–1915) was born in Berrysburg, Pennsylvania, but raised in Williamsport. He was the fourth child in a Jewish family consisting of six sons and four daughters. Charles's parents, Lazarus Ullman and Lydia Abrahams, had immigrated to the U.S. in 1830 from Baden, Germany.", "precise_score": -2.085627317428589, "rough_score": -4.771566867828369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Charles met Ella Adelaide Marsh (1847–1915), after she married his friend and client John Fairbanks, a wealthy New Orleans sugar mill and plantation owner. The Fairbankses had a son, John, and shortly thereafter John Senior died of tuberculosis. Ella, born into a wealthy southern Catholic family, was overprotected and knew little of her husband's business. Consequently, she was swindled out of her fortune by her husband's partners.", "precise_score": -4.272191047668457, "rough_score": -5.876285552978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "On July 11, 1907, Fairbanks married Anna Beth Sully, the daughter of wealthy industrialist Daniel J. Sully, in Watch Hill, Rhode Island. They had one son, Douglas Elton Fairbanks, who later became known as actor \"Douglas Fairbanks Jr.\" In 1915, the family moved to Los Angeles.", "precise_score": 2.1191577911376953, "rough_score": -1.2974053621292114, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In late 1918, Sully was granted a divorce from Fairbanks, the judgment being finalized in early 1919. After the divorce, Fairbanks was determined to have Pickford become his wife, but she was still married to actor Owen Moore. He finally gave her an ultimatum. She then obtained a fast divorce in the small Nevada town of Minden on March 2, 1920. Fairbanks leased the Beverly Hills mansion Grayhall and was rumored to have used it during his courtship of Pickford. The couple married on March 28, 1920. Pickford's divorce from Moore was contested by Nevada legislators, however, and the dispute was not settled until 1922. Even though the lawmakers objected to the marriage, the public went wild over the idea of \"Everybody's Hero\" marrying \"America's Sweetheart.\" They were greeted by large crowds in London and Paris during their European honeymoon, becoming Hollywood's first celebrity couple. During the years they were married, Fairbanks and Pickford were regarded as \"Hollywood Royalty,\" famous for entertaining at their Beverly Hills estate, Pickfair.", "precise_score": -1.8510950803756714, "rough_score": -2.880234479904175, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "By 1920, Fairbanks had completed twenty-nine films (twenty-eight features and one two-reel short), which showcased his ebullient screen persona and athletic ability. By 1920, he had the inspiration of staging a new type of adventure-costume picture, a genre that was then out of favor with the public; Fairbanks had been a comic in his previous films. In The Mark of Zorro, Fairbanks combined his appealing screen persona with the new adventurous costume element. It was a smash success and parlayed the actor into the rank of superstar. For the remainder of his career in silent films he continued to produce and star in ever more elaborate, impressive costume films, such as The Three Musketeers (1921), Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926), and The Gaucho (1927). Fairbanks spared no expense and effort in these films, which established the standard for all future swashbuckling films.", "precise_score": -5.528523921966553, "rough_score": -5.951337814331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks and Pickford separated in 1933, after he began an affair with Sylvia, Lady Ashley. They divorced in 1936, with Pickford keeping the Pickfair estate. Within months Fairbanks and Ashley were married in Paris.", "precise_score": -0.8970533609390259, "rough_score": -2.791116237640381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "On December 12, 1939, Fairbanks had a mild heart attack. He died later that day at his home in Santa Monica at the age of 56. Fairbanks's famous last words were, \"I've never felt better.\" His funeral service was held at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather Church in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery where he was placed in a crypt in the Great Mausoleum.", "precise_score": -1.4718338251113892, "rough_score": -4.039340972900391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Two years following his death, he was removed from Forest Lawn by his widow, Sylvia, who commissioned an elaborate marble monument for him featuring a long rectangular reflecting pool, raised tomb, and classic Greek architecture in Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles. The monument was dedicated in a ceremony held in October 1941, with Fairbanks's close friend Charles Chaplin reading a remembrance. The remains of his son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., were also interred there upon his death in May 2000.", "precise_score": -3.989713668823242, "rough_score": -6.1928911209106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur; March 23, c. 1904 – May 10, 1977) was an American film and television actress who started as a dancer and stage chorine. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on their list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema.", "precise_score": -2.1683835983276367, "rough_score": -4.151566028594971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1955, she became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors but was forcibly retired in 1973. She continued acting in film and television regularly through the 1960s, when her performances became fewer; after the release of the British horror film Trog in 1970, Crawford retired from the screen. Following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977.", "precise_score": -4.282666206359863, "rough_score": -5.792340278625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Thomas LeSueur abandoned the family a few months before Crawford's birth but reappeared in Abilene, Texas, in 1930 as a reportedly 62-year-old construction laborer. However, after his death on January 1, 1938, his age was given as 71. Crawford's mother subsequently married Henry J. Cassin (died October 25, 1922). This marriage is listed in census records as Crawford's mother's first marriage, calling into question whether Thomas LeSueur and Anna Bell Johnson were ever legally wed.", "precise_score": 0.054022833704948425, "rough_score": 4.532185077667236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "On June 3, 1929, Crawford married Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. at Saint Malachy's Roman Catholic Church (known as \"The Actors' Chapel\" due to its proximity to Broadway theatres) in Manhattan, although neither was Catholic. Fairbanks was the son of Douglas Fairbanks and the stepson of Mary Pickford, who were considered Hollywood royalty. Fairbanks Sr. and Pickford were opposed to the marriage and did not invite the couple to their home, Pickfair, for eight months after the marriage.", "precise_score": 4.001523494720459, "rough_score": 3.100172519683838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In May 1933, Crawford divorced Fairbanks. Crawford cited \"grievous mental cruelty\", claiming Fairbanks had \"a jealous and suspicious attitude\" toward her friends and that they had \"loud arguments about the most trivial subjects\" lasting \"far into the night\". ", "precise_score": 2.7789366245269775, "rough_score": -4.234825611114502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1935, Crawford married Tone, a stage actor from New York who planned to use his film earnings to finance his theatre group. The couple built a small theatre at Crawford's Brentwood home and put on productions of classic plays for select groups of friends. Tone and Crawford had first appeared together in Today We Live (1933) but Crawford was hesitant about entering into another romance so soon after her split from Fairbanks. ", "precise_score": 0.773944616317749, "rough_score": -1.6724132299423218, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Before and during their marriage, Crawford worked to promote Tone's Hollywood career, but Tone was ultimately not interested in being a movie star and Crawford eventually wearied of the effort. After Tone reportedly began drinking and becoming physically abusive, she filed for divorce, which was granted in 1939. Crawford and Tone much later rekindled their friendship and Tone even proposed in 1964 that they remarry. When he died in 1968, Crawford arranged for him to be cremated and his ashes scattered at Muskoka Lakes, Canada. ", "precise_score": -3.6293022632598877, "rough_score": -5.706691741943359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford adopted her first child, a daughter, in 1940. Because she was single, California law prevented her from adopting within the state so she arranged the adoption through an agency in Las Vegas. The child was temporarily called Joan until Crawford changed her name to Christina. She married actor Phillip Terry on July 21, 1942 after a six-month courtship. Together the couple adopted a son whom they named Christopher, but his birth mother reclaimed the child. The couple adopted another boy, whom they named Phillip Terry, Jr. After the marriage ended in 1946, Crawford changed the child's name to Christopher Crawford.", "precise_score": -1.1873714923858643, "rough_score": -0.4702804982662201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford married her fourth and final husband, Alfred Steele, at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas on May 10, 1955. Crawford and Steele met at a party in 1950 when Steele was an executive at PepsiCo. They renewed their acquaintance at a New Year's Eve party in 1954. Steele by that time had become President of Pepsi Cola. Alfred Steele would later be named Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi Cola. She traveled extensively on behalf of Pepsi following the marriage. She estimated that she traveled over 100,000 miles for the company.", "precise_score": -3.2752959728240967, "rough_score": -5.954755783081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford starred as Blanche Hudson, an old, wheelchair-bound former A-list movie star in conflict with her psychotic sister, in the highly successful psychological thriller What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). Despite the actresses' earlier tensions, Crawford reportedly suggested Bette Davis for the role of Jane. The two stars maintained publicly that there was no feud between them. The director, Robert Aldrich, explained that Davis and Crawford were each aware of how important the film was to their respective careers and commented, \"It's proper to say that they really detested each other, but they behaved absolutely perfectly.\" ", "precise_score": -8.115495681762695, "rough_score": -5.713874816894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In October 1968, Crawford's 29-year-old daughter, Christina (who was then acting in New York on the CBS soap opera The Secret Storm), needed immediate medical attention for a ruptured ovarian tumor. Despite the fact that Christina's character was a 28-year-old and Crawford was in her sixties, Crawford offered to play her role until Christina was well enough to return, to which producer Gloria Monty readily agreed. Although Crawford did well in rehearsal, she lost her composure while taping and the director and producer were left to struggle to piece together the necessary footage. ", "precise_score": -0.9845135807991028, "rough_score": -0.3492358326911926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford's appearance in the 1969 television film Night Gallery (which served as pilot to the series that followed), marked one of Steven Spielberg's earliest directing jobs. She made a cameo appearance as herself in the first episode of the situation comedy The Tim Conway Show, which aired on January 30, 1970. She starred on the big screen one final time, playing Dr. Brockton in Herman Cohen's science fiction horror film Trog (1970), rounding out a career spanning 45 years and more than eighty motion pictures. Crawford made three more television appearances, as Stephanie White in a 1970 episode (\"The Nightmare\") of The Virginian and as Joan Fairchild (her final performance) in a 1972 episode (\"Dear Joan: We're Going to Scare You to Death\") of The Sixth Sense. ", "precise_score": -5.64456844329834, "rough_score": -5.932065010070801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford published her autobiography, A Portrait of Joan, co-written with Jane Kesner Ardmore, in 1962 through Doubleday. Crawford's next book, My Way of Life, was published in 1971 by Simon & Schuster. Those expecting a racy tell-all were disappointed, although Crawford's meticulous ways were revealed in her advice on grooming, wardrobe, exercise, and even food storage. Upon her death there were found in her apartment photographs of John F. Kennedy, for whom she had reportedly voted in the 1960 presidential election. ", "precise_score": -4.9838714599609375, "rough_score": -5.478091239929199, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In September 1973, Crawford moved from apartment 22-G to a smaller apartment next door (22-H) at the Imperial House. Her last public appearance was September 23, 1974, at a party honoring her old friend Rosalind Russell at New York's Rainbow Room. Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time. When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day, she said, \"If that's how I look, then they won't see me anymore.\" Crawford cancelled all public appearances, began declining interviews and left her apartment less and less. Dental-related issues, including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care, plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975. While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974, her drinking caused her to pass out, slip and strike her face. The incident scared her enough to give up drinking, although she insisted it was because of her return to Christian Science. The incident is recorded in a series of letters sent to her insurance company held in the stack files on the 3rd floor of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts; it is also documented by Carl Johnnes in his biography of the actress, Joan Crawford: The Last Years. ", "precise_score": -4.224773406982422, "rough_score": -0.5578043460845947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "On May 8, 1977, Crawford gave away her beloved Shih Tzu, \"Princess Lotus Blossom,\" being too weak to care for it. She died two days later at her New York apartment from a heart attack. A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home, New York, on May 13, 1977. In her will, which was signed October 28, 1976, Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children, Cindy and Cathy, $77,500 each from her $2,000,000 estate. She explicitly disinherited the two eldest, Christina and Christopher, writing, \"It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son, Christopher, or my daughter, Christina, for reasons which are well known to them.\" She also bequeathed nothing to her niece, Joan Lowe (1933-1999; born Joan Crawford LeSueur, the only child of her estranged brother, Hal). Crawford left money to her favorite charities: the U.S.O. of New York, the Motion Picture Home, the American Cancer Society, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the American Heart Association, and the Wiltwyck School for Boys. ", "precise_score": -4.47803258895874, "rough_score": -2.3895978927612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls' Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16, 1977, and was attended by, among others, her old Hollywood friend Myrna Loy. Another memorial service, organized by George Cukor, was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn Theater at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills. Crawford was cremated and her ashes were placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband, Alfred Steele, in Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York. ", "precise_score": -5.795316219329834, "rough_score": -2.8932247161865234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In November 1978, Christina Crawford published Mommie Dearest, which contained allegations that her late adoptive mother was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher because she only cared for her career instead of being a mother. Many of Crawford's friends and co-workers, including Van Johnson, Ann Blyth, Marlene Dietrich, Myrna Loy, Katharine Hepburn, Cesar Romero, Gary Gray, Betty Barker (Joan's secretary for nearly fifty years), Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (Crawford's first husband), and Crawford's two other younger daughters—Cathy and Cindy—denounced the book, categorically denying any abuse. But others, including Betty Hutton, Helen Hayes, James MacArthur (Hayes' son), June Allyson, Liz Smith, Rex Reed, and Vincent Sherman stated they had witnessed some form of abusive behavior. Crawford's secretary, Jeri Binder Smith, confirmed Christina's account. Mommie Dearest became a bestseller and was made into the 1981 biography film Mommie Dearest, starring Faye Dunaway as Crawford.", "precise_score": 0.3793175518512726, "rough_score": 4.43243932723999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Douglas Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman in Denver, Colorado, to Ella Adelaide (Marsh) and Hezekiah Charles Ullman, an attorney. His paternal grandparents were German Jewish immigrants, while his mother was from an Anglo family from the South. He was raised by his mother, who had separated from his father when he was five. He began amateur theater at age 12 and continued while attending the Colorado School of Mines. In 1900 they moved to New York. He attended Harvard, traveled to Europe, worked on a cattle freighter, in a hardware store and as a clerk on Wall Street. He made his Broadway debut in 1902 and five years later left theater to marry an industrialist's daughter. He returned when his father-in-law went broke the next year. In 1915 he went to Hollywood and worked under a reluctant D.W. Griffith . The following year he formed his own production company. During a Liberty Bond tour with Charles Chaplin he fell in love with Mary Pickford with whom he, Chaplin and Griffith had formed United Artists in 1919. He made very successful early social comedies, then highly popular swashbucklers during the 'twenties. The owners of Hollywood's Pickfair Mansion separated in 1933 and divorced in 1936. In March of that year he married an ex-chorus girl and retired from acting.", "precise_score": -0.5499497652053833, "rough_score": 0.10024876892566681, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "He was the visual inspiration for the original illustrations of the superhero Superman/Clark Kent (created in 1938). Fairbanks was 55 years old at the time, and he was modeled for the Superman identity (Clark Kent's identity was modeled after Harold Lloyd ).", "precise_score": 0.735203206539154, "rough_score": -3.9871973991394043, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "From MGM in 1929 comes Our Modern Maidens (1929) \"the flaming successor\" to Our Dancing Daughters (1929) as the period ad states on this page. Joan Crawford and Anita Page are back from the earlier movie with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Rod La Rocque and Josephine Dunn on board as well.", "precise_score": -0.37043386697769165, "rough_score": -0.2538381814956665, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Priscilla Jewelry ad from the November 1929 edition of Photoplay features recently wed Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Joan Crawford and declares itself \"The Preference of 'Our Modern Maidens'\"", "precise_score": 2.5091400146484375, "rough_score": -2.1416709423065186, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks Jr began his career during the silent film era. He initially played mainly supporting roles in a range of films featuring many of the leading female players of the day: Belle Bennett in Stella Dallas (1925), Esther Ralston in The American Venus (1926) and Pauline Starke in Women Love Diamonds (1927). In the last years of the silent period he was upped to star billing opposite Loretta Young in several pre-Code films and Joan Crawford in Our Modern Maidens (1929). Fairbanks Jr supported John Gilbert and Greta Garbo in A Woman of Affairs (1928). He has also played opposite Katherine Hepburn in her Oscar winning role in the film Morning Glory (1933).", "precise_score": -1.8448266983032227, "rough_score": -2.4865670204162598, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr - Fairbanks Productions" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks Jr married actress Joan Crawford in 1929 when he was only 19 and Crawford several years older. The couple divorced in 1933. In April 1939, Fairbanks married Mary Lee Hartford a former wife of Huntington Hartford, the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company heir. They remained together until her death in 1988, and had three daugters: Daphne, Victoria and Melissa. On May 30, 1991, Fairbanks Jr married Vera Lee Shelton.", "precise_score": 7.441565990447998, "rough_score": 8.772961616516113, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr - Fairbanks Productions" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "April 22, 1939: Mary Lee Eppling Hartford (former wife of Huntington Hartford, the A supermarket heir) and actor Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., on their wedding day. They were married 49 years before her death in 1988.", "precise_score": 3.4796411991119385, "rough_score": 3.647698402404785, "source": "search", "title": "1000+ images about Douglas Fairbanks Jr. on Pinterest ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "As a youngster, Fairbanks was rather plump and shy, which didn't really endear him to his father. In 1919 his parents divorced. Fairbanks fought his way up the Hollywood tree in big parts and occasionally by writing scripts. He used whatever money he was paid to support himself and his mother, who had invested her $500,000 divorce settlement unwisely. In 1929, he married Joan Crawford. Some believed that Joan married Fairbanks more for social cachet than for love. Certainly his mother disapproved calling Crawford 'a strange, moody girl, over-flamboyant in her dress, and alternating between gushing enthusiasm and gauche aloofness.' Fairbanks' stepmother Mary Pickford was also not impressed by her new stepdaughter-in-law. The marriage was brief (they got divorced in 1939), but reasonably happy while it lasted. Fairbanks always spoke favorably of Crawford in later years.", "precise_score": 3.852186918258667, "rough_score": 5.125391483306885, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr. - datalounge.com" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1939, he married Mary Lee Eppling.. The union was to produce 3 daughters and was regarded as a happy marriage... He and his wife moved permanently to London in 1950. In 1963 Fairbanks unwittingly became caught up in the sensational divorce trial of Margaret, Duchess of Argyll, the society beauty who became engaged in a series of scandals. The evidence presented to the court included pictures of her fellating a man whose head had been chopped off by the camera. The identity of the man was finally confirmed in August 2000 as Fairbanks. The actor's identity was not revealed in court.", "precise_score": -0.5910937786102295, "rough_score": -2.683133363723755, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr. - datalounge.com" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "When his arthritis was affected by the English damp in 1970, Fairbanks reluctantly retired to Florida. Following the death of Mary Lee, he married Vera Shelton in 1991. Finally, he died at the age of 90 of a heart attack, at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York. He was buried next to his father.", "precise_score": 2.1575324535369873, "rough_score": -2.4126527309417725, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr. - datalounge.com" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her new name, Joan Crawford, was given to her when a magazine asked its readers to name the starlet. Her big break came in 1928, in 'Our Dancing Daughters'. She became an overnight sensation, and a symbol of the \"flapper\" movement.", "precise_score": -4.9253363609313965, "rough_score": -6.1357927322387695, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Around this time, Crawford met Douglas Fairbanks Jr. They married in 1929, but weren't compatible, and divorced after only a few years in 1933. There were runours that she had had an affair with Clark Gable. She starred in her first film with sound in 1929. It was called 'Untamed'.", "precise_score": 3.941396474838257, "rough_score": 1.3627700805664062, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In the 1930s, Joan Crawford became one of the biggest stars at MGM; Depression-era women seemed to relate to Crawford in a personal way. She appeared in 'Grand Hotel' in 1933 and 'Sadie McKee' in 1934. She also starred in 'No More Ladies' in 1935 and 'Love on the Run' in 1936. At this time, she was at the top of her game impressing both film executives and movie patrons.", "precise_score": -5.979408264160156, "rough_score": -5.900388717651367, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "As the 1940s approached, Joan Crawford's star was fading. She adopted four children, but one, Christina, would later allege that her mother was a child abuser. Crawford endured yet another failed marriage, this time to Philip Terry.", "precise_score": -2.7289488315582275, "rough_score": -4.796080112457275, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "With Crawford continuing to see Gable on their return to America, she and Fairbanks eventually divorced in 1934. Although Crawford was keen to find a new husband worthy of her movie star status, Gable was never a contender.", "precise_score": 1.8386616706848145, "rough_score": -2.1348507404327393, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford’s marriage to Franchot Tone ended in 1939. So far, her attempts to cast aside the dirt-poor Lucille LeSueur of her childhood had brought her only misery as Joan ­Crawford the wife.", "precise_score": -1.6953469514846802, "rough_score": -4.409198760986328, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Joan Crawford was born Lucille Fay LeSueur on March 23, 1905, in San Antonio, Texas, to Anna Belle (Johnson) and Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer. By the time she was born, her parents had separated, and by the time she was a teenager, she'd had three stepfathers. It wasn't an easy life; Crawford worked a variety of menial jobs. She was a good dancer, though, and -- perhaps seeing dance as her ticket to a career in show business -- she entered several contests, one of which landed her a spot in a chorus line. Before long, she was dancing in big Midwestern and East Coast cities. After almost two years, she packed her bags and moved to Hollywood. Crawford was determined to succeed, and shortly after arriving she got her first bit part, as a showgirl in Pretty Ladies (1925).", "precise_score": -3.743882179260254, "rough_score": -4.741855144500732, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford's final appearance on the silver screen was in a flop called Trog (1970). Turning to vodka more and more, she was hardly seen afterward. On May 10, 1977, Joan died of cancer in New York City. She was 72 years old. She had disinherited her adopted daughter Christina and son Christopher; the former wrote a tell-all book called \"Mommie Dearest\", published in 1978. The book cast Crawford in a negative light and was cause for much debate, particularly among her friends and acquaintances, including Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Crawford's first husband. (In 1981, 'Faye Dunaway' starred in _Mommie Dearest (1981)' which did well at the box office.) Crawford is interred in the same mausoleum as fellow MGM star Judy Garland, in Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.", "precise_score": 5.0410003662109375, "rough_score": 7.44636344909668, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her popularity grew so quickly after her name was changed to Joan Crawford that two films in which she was still billed as Lucille Le Sueur: Old Clothes (1925) and The Only Thing (1925) were recalled, and the billings were altered.", "precise_score": -5.817832946777344, "rough_score": -1.9085663557052612, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her daughter Christina Crawford suffered from an ovarian cyst in 1968 while appearing on the soap opera The Secret Storm (1954). While Christina was recovering from surgery, Joan--63 years old at the time--temporarily took over Christina's role as a 28-year-old on the show. Christina wrote in her book \"Mommie Dearest\" that when she watched her mother's scenes on the telecast, it was obvious to her that Crawford had been drinking during the taping.", "precise_score": 0.7158704400062561, "rough_score": 1.2313122749328613, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Is one of 14 Best Actress Oscar winners to have not accepted their Academy Award in person, Crawford's being for Mildred Pierce (1945). The others are Katharine Hepburn , Claudette Colbert , Judy Holliday , Vivien Leigh , Anna Magnani , Ingrid Bergman , Sophia Loren , Anne Bancroft , Patricia Neal , Elizabeth Taylor , Maggie Smith , Glenda Jackson and Ellen Burstyn .", "precise_score": -9.76144027709961, "rough_score": -5.922152996063232, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Though widely considered as one of the biggest stars in Hollywood during the 1910s and 1920s, Fairbanks' career rapidly declined with the advent of the \"talkies\". His final film was The Private Life of Don Juan (1934).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.678794860839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After two years, he decided to take a crack at Broadway, and moved to New York, where he found his first Broadway role in Her Lord and Master, which premiered in February 1902. He worked in a hardware store and as a clerk in a Wall Street office between Broadway jobs. His Broadway appearances included the popular A Gentleman from Mississippi in 1908-09.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.948335647583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After moving to Los Angeles, Fairbanks signed a contract with Triangle Pictures in 1915 and began working under the supervision of D.W. Griffith. His first film was titled The Lamb, in which he debuted the athletic abilities that would gain him wide attention among theatre audiences. His athleticism was not appreciated by Griffith, however, and he was brought to the attention of Anita Loos and John Emerson, who wrote and directed many of his early romantic comedies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.163434982299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1916, Fairbanks established his own company, the Douglas Fairbanks Film Corporation, and would soon get a job at Paramount.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.458120822906494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks met actress Mary Pickford at a party in 1916, and the couple soon began an affair. In 1917, they joined Fairbanks' friend Charlie Chaplin selling war bonds by train across the United States. Pickford and Chaplin were the two highest paid film stars in Hollywood at that time. To curtail these stars' astronomical salaries, the large studios attempted to monopolize distributors and exhibitors. By 1918, Fairbanks was Hollywood's most popular actor, and within three years of his arrival, Fairbanks' popularity and business acumen raised him to the third-highest paid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.955435276031494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1917, Fairbanks capitalized on his rising popularity by publishing a self-help book, Laugh and Live which extolled the power of positive thinking and self-confidence in raising one's health, business and social prospects. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.47758960723877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "To avoid being controlled by the studios and to protect their independence, Fairbanks, Pickford, Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith formed United Artists in 1919, which created their own distributorships and gave them complete artistic control over their films and the profits generated. The company was kept solvent in the years immediately after its formation largely by the success of Fairbanks' films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41605281829834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1921, he, Pickford, Chaplin, and others, helped to organize the Motion Picture Fund to assist those in the industry who could not work, or were unable to meet their bills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437637329101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "During the first ceremony of its type, on April 30, 1927, Fairbanks and Pickford placed their hand and foot prints in wet cement at the newly opened Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Fairbanks was elected first President of the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences that same year, and he presented the first Academy Awards at the Roosevelt Hotel. Today, Fairbanks also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7020 Hollywood Boulevard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.980396270751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "While Fairbanks had flourished in the silent genre, the restrictions of early sound films dulled his enthusiasm for film-making. His athletic abilities and general health also began to decline at this time, in part due to his years of chain-smoking. On March 29, 1929, at Pickford's bungalow, United Artists brought together Pickford, Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, D.W. Griffith and Dolores del Rio to speak on the radio show The Dodge Brothers Hour to prove Fairbanks could meet the challenge of talking movies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.501714706420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Fairbanks's last silent film was the lavish The Iron Mask (1929), a sequel to 1921's The Three Musketeers. The Iron Mask included an introductory prologue spoken by Fairbanks. He and Pickford chose to make their first talkie as a joint venture, playing Petruchio and Kate in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew (1929). This film, and his subsequent sound films, were poorly received by Depression-era audiences. The last film in which he acted was the British production The Private Life of Don Juan (1934), after which he retired from acting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.532901763916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1998, a group of Fairbanks fans started the Douglas Fairbanks Museum in Austin, Texas. The museum building was temporarily closed for mold remediation and repairs in February 2010. Plans and fundraising efforts are underway to re-open the museum to the public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.24348258972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "The following year, opening January 24, 2009, AMPAS mounted a major Douglas Fairbanks exhibition at their Fourth Floor Gallery titled, \"Douglas Fairbanks: The First King of Hollywood.\" The exhibit featured costumes, props, pictures, and documents from his career and personal life. In addition to the exhibit, AMPAS screened The Thief of Bagdad and The Iron Mask in March 2009. Concurrently with the Academy's efforts, the Museum of Modern of Art held their first Fairbanks film retrospective in over six decades, titled \"Laugh and Live: The Films of Douglas Fairbanks\" which ran from December 17, 2008 – January 12, 2009. Jeffrey Vance opened the retrospective with a lecture and screening of the restoration print of The Gaucho. Recently, due to his involvement with the USC Fencing Club, a bronze statue of Fairbanks was erected in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Courtyard of the new School of Cinematic Arts building on the University of Southern California campus. Fairbanks was a key figure in the film school's founding in 1929, and in its curriculum development.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.557225227355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "The custom in Québec was similar to the one in France until 1981. Women would traditionally go by their husbands' surname in daily life, but their maiden name remained their legal name. Since the passage of a 1981 provincial law intended to promote gender equality as outlined in the Québec Charter of Rights, no change may be made to a person's name without the authorization of the registrar of civil status or the authorization of the court. Newlyweds who wish to change their names upon marriage must therefore go through the same procedure as those changing their names for other reasons. The registrar of civil status may authorize a name change if: 1) the name the person generally uses does not correspond to the name on their birth certificate, 2) the name is of foreign origin or too difficult to pronounce or write in its original form, or 3) the name invites ridicule or has become infamous. This law does not make it legal for a woman to immediately change her name upon marriage, as marriage is not listed among the reasons for a name change. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33834171295166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Historically, a woman in England would assume her new husband's family name (or surname) after marriage, usually compelled to do so under coverture laws. This remains common practice in the United Kingdom today as well as in common law countries and countries where English is spoken, including Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Ireland, India, Philippines, the English-speaking provinces of Canada, and the United States. In some communities in India, spouses and children taken on the first name or proper name of the father and often present interesting variations to name adoption including family name adoption. In Massachusetts, for instance, a 2004 Harvard study found approximately 87% of married college educated women take their husbands' name, down from a peak before 1975 of over 90% but up from about 80% in 1990. The same study found women with a college degree were \"two to four times (depending on age) more likely to retain their surname\" relative to those without a college degree. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878121376037598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Persons who keep their own surname after marriage do so for a number of reasons. Objection to the inequality of the tradition is one major reason.Spender, Dale. Man-Made Language (1980), pp 24-25 of 1985 2nd Ed. Some people are the last ones in the family with that surname. Others don't want to bother with the paperwork. Common reasons for maintaining their birth name include not wanting to lose their identity, preferring their last name to their spouse's last name, and fear of professional ramifications. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25696849822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Jane Grant, of the United States, wrote in 1943 of her efforts to keep her name despite her marriage, as well as other women's experiences with military service, passports, voting, and business. She and others formed the Lucy Stone League, named for Lucy Stone, who had earlier won her fight to keep her name. \"We [in the League] . . . made ourselves generally troublesome\", with legal cases, mass meetings, signing into hotels openly, and going to Washington, D.C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98349380493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "One's mother's maiden name has been a common security question in American banking since at least the 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503637313842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In Germany, the name law has been ruled by sexual equality since 1977: a woman may adopt her husband's surname or a man may adopt his wife's surname. One of them may use a name combined from both surnames. The remaining single name is the \"family name\" (Ehename), which will be the surname of the children. If a man and woman decide to keep and use their birth names after the wedding (no combined name), they have to declare one of those names the \"family name\". A combined name is not possible as a family name, but, since 2005, it has been possible to have a double name as a family name if one already had a double name, and the partner adopts that name. Double names then must be hyphenated. All family members must use that double name. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366006851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Since 1983, when Greece adopted a new marriage law which guaranteed gender equality between the spouses, women in Greece are required to keep their birth names for their whole life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186603546142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Spouses keep their original surnames. Following Spanish naming customs, a person's name consists of a given name (simple or composite) followed by two family names (surnames), the father's and the mother's. Any children a couple have together take both first-surnames, so if \"José Gómez Hevia\" and \"María Reyes García\" had a child named \"Andrés\", the resulting name would be \"Andrés Gómez Reyes\". In Spain, a 1995 reform in the law allows the parents to choose whether the father's or the mother's surname goes first, although this order must be the same for all their children. For instance, the name of the son of the couple in the example above could be settled whether \"Andrés Gómez Reyes\" or \"Andrés Reyes Gómez\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47160530090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maiden and married names" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Beginning her career as a dancer in travelling theatrical companies before debuting as a chorus girl on Broadway, Crawford signed a motion picture contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925. In the 1930s, Crawford's fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo. Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were well received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. Crawford became one of Hollywood's most prominent movie stars and one of the highest paid women in the United States, but her films began losing money, and, by the end of the 1930s, she was labelled \"Box Office Poison\". But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a major comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed (1947) and Sudden Fear (1952).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.954814434051514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford was born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23; the year is disputed, with 1904, 1905, and 1906 the most likely estimates, all cited in varying sources, the third child of Thomas E. LeSueur (died January 1, 1938), a laundry laborer, and Anna Bell Johnson (died August 15, 1958), neither of whose years of birth can be conclusively established. Anna Bell Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry. Her elder siblings were Daisy LeSueur (ƒ 1902) and Hal LeSueur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.835202693939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Cassin was accused of embezzlement and although acquitted in court, was blacklisted in Lawton, and the family moved to Kansas City, Missouri, around 1916. Cassin was first listed in the City Directory in 1917, living at 403 East Ninth Street. A Catholic, Cassin placed Crawford at St. Agnes Academy in Kansas City. After her mother and stepfather broke up, she stayed on at St. Agnes as a work student, where she spent far more time working, primarily cooking and cleaning, than studying. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41468620300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1922, she registered at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, giving her year of birth as 1906. She attended Stephens for only a few months before withdrawing after she realized she was not prepared for college. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718376159667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Under the name Lucille LeSueur, Crawford began dancing in the choruses of traveling revues and was spotted dancing in Detroit by producer Jacob J. Shubert. Shubert put her in the chorus line for his 1924 show, Innocent Eyes, at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway in New York City. While appearing in Innocent Eyes Crawford met a saxophone player named James Welton. The two were allegedly married in 1924 and lived together for several months, although this supposed marriage was never mentioned in later life by Crawford.Considine, pg. 12", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.71803092956543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Rapf notified Granlund on December 24, 1924 that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (or MGM for short) had offered Crawford a contract at $75 a week. Granlund immediately wired LeSueur – who had returned to her mother's home in Kansas City – with the news; she borrowed $400 for travel expenses. She departed Kansas City on December 26 and arrived in Culver City, California on January 1, 1925.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.448811531066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Credited as Lucille LeSueur, her first film was Lady of the Night in 1925, as the body double for MGM's most-popular female star, Norma Shearer. She also appeared in The Circle and Pretty Ladies (both 1925), starring comedian ZaSu Pitts. This was soon followed by equally small and unbilled roles in two other 1925 successes, The Only Thing and The Merry Widow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591163635253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her strategy worked, and MGM cast her in the film where she first made an impression on audiences, Edmund Goulding's Sally, Irene and Mary (1925). From the beginning of her career, Crawford considered Norma Shearer—the studio's most-popular actress—her professional nemesis. Since Shearer was married to MGM Head of Production Irving Thalberg, she had the first choice of scripts and had more control than other stars in what films she would and would not make. Crawford was quoted to have said, \"How can I compete with Norma? She sleeps with the boss!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.565405368804932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1926, Crawford was named one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars along with Mary Astor, Dolores del Río, Janet Gaynor, and Fay Wray among others. That same year, she starred in Paris, co-starring Charles Ray. Within a few years, she became the romantic female lead to many of MGM's top male stars, including Ramón Novarro, John Gilbert, William Haines, and Tim McCoy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.286530494689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford appeared in The Unknown (1927), starring Lon Chaney, Sr. who played a carnival knife thrower with no arms. Crawford played his skimpily-clad young carnival assistant whom he hopes to marry. She stated that she learned more about acting from watching Chaney work than from anyone else in her career. \"It was then,\" she said, \"I became aware for the first time of the difference between standing in front of a camera, and acting.\" Also in 1927, she appeared alongside her close friend, William Haines, in Spring Fever, which was the first of three movies the duo made together. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.120545387268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1928, Crawford starred opposite Ramón Novarro in Across to Singapore, but it was her role as Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters (1928) that catapulted her to stardom. The role established her as a symbol of modern 1920s-style femininity which rivaled Clara Bow, the original It girl, then Hollywood's foremost flapper. A stream of hits followed Our Dancing Daughters, including two more flapper-themed movies, in which Crawford embodied for her legion of fans (many of whom were women) an idealized vision of the free-spirited, all-American girl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.022449493408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After the release of The Jazz Singer in 1927—the first major Hollywood movie with synchronized sound—sound films, or talkies as they became nicknamed, were all the rage. The transition from silent to sound panicked many—if not all—involved with the film industry; many silent film stars found themselves unemployable because of their undesirable voices and hard-to-understand accents or simply because of their refusal to make the transition to talkies. Many studios and stars avoided making the transition as long as possible, especially MGM, which was the last studio to switch over to sound. The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) was one of the studio's first all-sound films, and their first attempt to showcase their stars' ability to make the transition from silent to sound. Crawford was among the dozen or more MGM stars included in the movie; she sang the song \"Got a Feeling for You\" during the film's first act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378498077392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford made a successful transition to talkies. Her first starring role in an all-sound feature-length film was in Untamed in 1929, co-starring Robert Montgomery. Despite the success of the film at the box office, it received mixed reviews from critics, who noted that while Crawford seemed nervous at making the transition to sound, also noted that she had become one of the most popular actresses in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544445991516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Montana Moon (1930), an uneasy mix of Western clichés and music, teamed her with John Mack Brown and Ricardo Cortez. Although the film had problems with censors, it was a major success at the time of its release. Our Blushing Brides (1930), co-starring Robert Montgomery and Anita Page, was the final installment in the so-called Our Dancing Daughters franchise. It was a greater success–both critically and financially–than her previous talkies, and became one of her personal favorites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042011260986328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her next movie, Paid (1930), paired her with Robert Armstrong and was another success. During the early sound era, MGM began to place Crawford in more sophisticated roles, rather than continuing to promote her flapper-inspired persona of the silent era. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931597709655762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1931, MGM cast Crawford in five films. Three of them teamed her opposite the studio's biggest male star and King of Hollywood, Clark Gable. Dance, Fools, Dance, released in February 1931, was the first pairing of Crawford and Gable. Their second movie together, Laughing Sinners, released in May 1931, was directed by Harry Beaumont and also co-starred Neil Hamilton. Possessed, their third film together, released in October, was directed by Clarence Brown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.86843490600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "These films were immensely popular with audiences, and were generally well received by critics, stapling Crawford's position as one of MGM's top female stars of the decade, along with Norma Shearer, Greta Garbo, and Jean Harlow. Her only other notable film of 1931, This Modern Age, was released in August, and despite unfavorable reviews, was a moderate success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.206686973571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "MGM next cast her in the film Grand Hotel, directed by Edmund Goulding. As the studio's first all-star production, Crawford co-starred opposite Greta Garbo, John and Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery among others. Receiving third billing, she played the middle-class stenographer to Beery's controlling general director. Crawford later admitted to being nervous during the filming of the movie because she was working with \"very big stars\", and that she was disappointed that she had no scenes with the \"divine Garbo\". Grand Hotel was released in April 1932 to critical and commercial success. It was the highest-grossing movie of the year, and won the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.477230072021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford achieved continued success in Letty Lynton (1932). Soon after this movie's release, a plagiarism suit forced MGM to withdraw it. For many years it was never shown on television nor made available on home video and is therefore considered the \"lost\" Crawford film. The gown with large ruffled sleeves, designed by Adrian, which Crawford wore in the movie, became a popular style that same year, and was even copied by Macy's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857728004455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "On a loan out to United Artists, she played prostitute Sadie Thompson in Rain (1932), a film version of John Colton's 1923 play. Actress Jeanne Eagels played the role on stage and Gloria Swanson had originated the part on screen in the 1928 film version. Crawford's performance was panned and the film was not a success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.503692626953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Despite the failure of Rain, in 1932 the publishing of the first \"Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll\" placed Crawford third in popularity at the box office, behind only Marie Dressler and Janet Gaynor. She remained on the list for the next several years, last appearing on it in 1936.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.799091339111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Following her divorce, she was again teamed with Clark Gable, along with Franchot Tone and Fred Astaire, in the hit Dancing Lady (1933), in which she received top billing. She next played the title role in Sadie McKee (1934) opposite Tone and Gene Raymond. She was paired with Gable for the fifth time in Chained (1934) and for the sixth time in Forsaking All Others (1934). Crawford's films of this era were some of the most-popular and highest-grossing films of the mid-1930s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.660479545593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford continued her reign as a popular movie actress well into the mid-1930s. No More Ladies (1935) co-starred Robert Montgomery and then-husband Franchot Tone, and was a success. Crawford had long pleaded with MGM's head Louis B. Mayer to cast her in more dramatic roles, and although he was reluctant, he cast her in the sophisticated comedy-drama I Live My Life (1935), directed by W.S. Van Dyke. It was well received by critics and made a larger profit than the studio had expected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.159262657165527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She next starred in The Gorgeous Hussy (1936), opposite Robert Taylor and Lionel Barrymore as well as Tone, a critical and box office success, become one of Crawford's biggest hits of the decade. Love on the Run (1936), a romantic comedy directed by W.S. Van Dyke, was her seventh film co-starring Clark Gable. It was, at the time of its release, called \"a lot of happy nonsense\" by critics, but a financial success nonetheless.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98574447631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Even though Crawford remained a respected MGM actress and her films still earned profits, her popularity declined in the late 1930s. In 1937, Crawford was proclaimed the first \"Queen of the Movies\" by Life magazine. She unexpectedly slipped from seventh to sixteenth place at the box office that year, and her public popularity also began to wane. Richard Boleslawski's comedy-drama The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1937) teamed her opposite William Powell in their sole screen pairing. The film was also Crawford's last box-office success before the onset of her \"Box-Office Poison\" period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.029203414916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She co-starred opposite Franchot Tone for the seventh and final time in The Bride Wore Red (1937). The film was generally unfavorably reviewed by the majority of critics, with one critic calling it the \"same ole rags-to-riches story\" Crawford had been making for years. It also ran a financial loss, becoming one of MGM's biggest failures of the year. Mannequin did, as the New York Times stated, \"restore Crawford to her throne as queen of the working girls\". Most other reviews were positive, and the film managed to generate a minor profit, but it did not resurrect Crawford's popularity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.283201217651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "On May 3, 1938, Crawford — along with Greta Garbo, Norma Shearer, Luise Rainer, and John Barrymore, Katharine Hepburn, Fred Astaire, Dolores del Río and others — was dubbed \"Box Office Poison\" in an open letter in the Independent Film Journal. The list was submitted by Harry Brandt, president of the Independent Theatre Owners Association of America. Brandt stated that while these stars had \"unquestioned\" dramatic abilities, their high salaries did not reflect in their ticket sales, thus hurting the movie exhibitors involved. Her follow-up movie, The Shining Hour (1938), co-starring Margaret Sullavan and Melvyn Douglas, was well received by critics, but a box office flop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.039562225341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She made a comeback in 1939 with her role as home-wrecker Crystal Allen in The Women opposite her professional nemesis, Norma Shearer. A year later, she played against type, playing the unglamorous role of Julie in Strange Cargo (1940), her eighth and final film with Clark Gable. She later starred as a facially disfigured blackmailer in A Woman's Face (1941), a remake of the Swedish film En kvinnas ansikte which had starred Ingrid Bergman in the lead role three years earlier. While the film was only a moderate box office success, her performance was hailed by many critics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986775398254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After eighteen years, Crawford's contract with MGM was terminated by mutual consent on June 29, 1943. In lieu of the last film remaining under her contract, MGM bought her out for $100,000. During World War II she was a member of American Women's Voluntary Services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.385900497436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "For $500,000, Crawford signed with Warner Brothers for a three movie deal and was placed on the payroll on July 1, 1943. Her first film for the studio was Hollywood Canteen (1944), an all-star morale-booster film that teamed her with several other top movie stars at the time. Crawford said one of the main reasons she signed with Warner Brothers was because she wanted to play the character \"Mattie\" in a proposed 1944 film version of Edith Wharton's novel Ethan Frome (1911).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.858881950378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She wanted to play the title role in Mildred Pierce (1945), but Bette Davis was the studio's first choice. However, Davis turned the role down. Director Michael Curtiz did not want Crawford to play the part, and he instead lobbied for the casting of Barbara Stanwyck. Warners went against Curtiz, however, and cast Crawford in the film. Throughout the entire production of the movie, Curtiz criticized Crawford. He has been quoted as having told Jack Warner, \"She comes over here with her high-hat airs and her goddamn shoulder pads... why should I waste my time directing a has-been?\" Curtiz demanded Crawford prove her suitability by taking a screen test. After the test, Curtiz agreed to Crawford's casting. Mildred Pierce was a resounding critical and commercial success. It epitomized the lush visual style and the hard-boiled film noir sensibility that defined Warner Bros. movies of the late forties, earning Crawford the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.092462539672852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "The success of Mildred Pierce revived Crawford's movie career. For several years, she starred in what were called \"a series of first-rate melodramas\". Her next film was Humoresque (1946), co-starring John Garfield, a romantic drama about a love affair between an older woman and a younger man. She starred alongside Van Heflin in Possessed (1947), for which she received a second Academy Award nomination, although she did not win. In Daisy Kenyon (1947), she appeared opposite Dana Andrews and Henry Fonda, and in Flamingo Road (1949) she played a carnival dancer opposite Zachary Scott and David Brian. She made a cameo appearance in It's a Great Feeling (1949), poking fun at her own screen image. In 1950, she starred in the film noir, The Damned Don't Cry!, and starred in Harriet Craig.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9374189376831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After the completion of This Woman Is Dangerous (1952), a film Crawford called her \"worst\", she asked to be released from her Warner Brothers contract. By this time she felt Warners was losing interest in her and she decided it was time to move on. Later that same year, she received her third and final Academy Award nomination for Sudden Fear for RKO Radio Pictures. In 1953, she appeared in her final film for MGM, Torch Song. The movie received favorable reviews and moderate success at the box office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.142159461975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford adopted two more children in 1947, identical twins whom she named Cindy and Cathy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.808823585510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford worked in the radio series The Screen Guild Theater on January 8, 1939; Good News; Baby, broadcast March 2, 1940 on Arch Oboler's Lights Out; The Word on Everyman's Theater (1941); Chained on the Lux Radio Theater and Norman Corwin's Document A/777 (1948). She appeared in episodes of anthology television series in the 1950s and, in 1959, made a pilot for her series, The Joan Crawford Show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.148716449737549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Steele died of a heart attack in April 1959. Crawford was initially advised that her services were no longer required. After she told the story to Louella Parsons, Pepsi reversed its position and Crawford was elected to fill the vacant seat on the board of directors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.184808731079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford received the sixth annual \"Pally Award\", which was in the shape of a bronze Pepsi bottle. It was awarded to the employee making the most significant contribution to company sales. In 1973, Crawford was forced to retire from the company at the behest of company executive Don Kendall, whom Crawford had referred to for years as \"Fang\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.292830467224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After her Academy Award nominated performance in 1952's Sudden Fear, Crawford continued to work steadily throughout the rest of the decade. In 1954, she starred in Johnny Guitar, a camp western film, co-starring Sterling Hayden and Mercedes McCambridge. She also starred in Female on the Beach (1955) with Jeff Chandler, and in Queen Bee (1955) alongside John Ireland. The following year, she starred opposite a young Cliff Robertson in Autumn Leaves (1956) and filmed a leading role in The Story of Esther Costello (1957), co-starring Rossano Brazzi. Crawford, who had been left near-penniless following Alfred Steele's death accepted a small role in The Best of Everything (1959). Although she was not the star of the film, she received positive reviews. Crawford would later name the role as being one of her personal favorites. However, by the early 1960s, Crawford's status in motion pictures had declined considerably.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.592404842376709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "That same year, Crawford starred as Lucy Harbin in William Castle's horror mystery Strait-Jacket (1964). Robert Aldrich cast Crawford and Davis in Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). After a purported campaign of harassment by Davis on location in Louisiana, Crawford returned to Hollywood and entered a hospital. After a prolonged absence, during which Crawford was accused of feigning illness, Aldrich was forced to replace her with Olivia de Havilland. Crawford claimed to be devastated, saying \"I heard the news of my replacement over the radio, lying in my hospital bed ... I cried for 9 hours.\" Crawford nursed grudges against Davis and Aldrich for the rest of her life, saying of Aldrich, \"He is a man who loves evil, horrendous, vile things\", to which Aldrich replied, \"If the shoe fits, wear it, and I am very fond of Miss Crawford.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.699540138244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1965 she played Amy Nelson in I Saw What You Did (1965), another William Castle vehicle. She starred as Monica Rivers in Herman Cohen's horror thriller film Berserk! (1967). After the film's release, Crawford guest-starred as herself on The Lucy Show. The episode, \"Lucy and the Lost Star\", first aired on February 26, 1968. Crawford struggled during rehearsals and drank heavily on-set, leading series star Lucille Ball to suggest replacing her with Gloria Swanson. However, Crawford was letter-perfect the day of the show, which included dancing the Charleston, and received two standing ovations from the studio audience. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.733502388000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1970, Crawford was presented with the Cecil B. DeMille Award by John Wayne at the Golden Globes, which was telecast from the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. She also spoke at Stephens College, which she had attended for four months in 1922.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7195892333984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Joan Crawford" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "LA Times, 1929: Young Doug Weds Joan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.97585678100586, "source": "search", "title": "LA Times, 1929: Young Doug Weds Joan - Joan Crawford Best" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "August 25, 1929", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.932340621948242, "source": "search", "title": "LA Times, 1929: Young Doug Weds Joan - Joan Crawford Best" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "When LeSueur refused to put his home on a companionate basis, she left him and wouldn't come back, he said. The couple was married in 1925 and separated May 15, last.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.011990547180176, "source": "search", "title": "LA Times, 1929: Young Doug Weds Joan - Joan Crawford Best" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Performed most of the stunts in his films himself. He was an excellent athlete and used his physical abilities to his best advantage. However, there were instances when a stuntman was used (as proved by outtakes from The Gaucho (1927)), as these types of stunts were deemed too risky for the star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497727394104004, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Hosted the very first Academy Awards in 1929 alongside William C. de Mille", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427727699279785, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "First president of the AMPAS from 1927 to 1929", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424165725708008, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Among those in attendance at his funeral in 1939 were Viola Dana , Antonio Moreno , Ramon Novarro , Francis X. Bushman , May McAvoy , and his son Douglas Fairbanks Jr. .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.83280086517334, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After receiving bad French press for his role in the American version of The Three Musketeers (1921), he vowed \"never to put a foot in France again\" (July 1st 1921).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40749740600586, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "President of Douglas Fairbanks Pictures Corp., formed in 1918.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.738580703735352, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1908 on holiday he hiked across Cuba and made a walking tour of Yucatan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44538402557373, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1938 he formed a new company, Fairbanks-International, and announced his first production, \"The Californian\" would star his son, Douglas Fairbanks Jr. The film was never made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.836688041687012, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Although he had met Mary Pickford and her husband Owen Moore at Elsie Janis ' Tarrytown (NY) home in 1914, the actress considered him brash. However, it was at a dinner dance at New York's Algonquin Hotel the following year that they danced and fell in love. It was not until 1920 that Pickford divorced Moore and married the swashbuckling star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.032388687133789, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Gifted movie-fan President Woodrow Wilson with an early film projector, which Wilson used to watch a movie almost every afternoon in the White House when he was recuperating from a stroke in 1919. Soon after, Wilson's lawyer son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo Jr. would serve as chief counsel to Fairbanks' fledgling United Artists company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.460454940795898, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "He had two roles in common with Errol Flynn : (1) Fairbanks played Robin Hood in Robin Hood (1922) while Flynn played him in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) and (2) Fairbanks played Don Juan de Maraña in The Private Life of Don Juan (1934) while Flynn played him in Adventures of Don Juan (1948).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.936460494995117, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern Maidens (1929) — Immortal Ephemera", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.132101058959961, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Our Modern Maidens newspaper advertisement from the Helena, Montana Independent, November 3, 1929", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227298736572266, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "He sure is. Here's Barrymore as he appears during his first transformation in 1920's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167254447937012, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "It looks like The Merry Widow (1926) is coming. Quick, let's grab a frame of reference and match up that profile:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412675857543945, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Well, Doug, Sr. isn't exactly full of exuberance on that 1920s Exhibit Card, but Junior does nail all of Dad's expressions in his taking on of the part:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49653148651123, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Excellent acting with a pretty routine, though at times daring, story in Our Modern Maidens. But those few minutes with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. recalling some of the 1920s most famous film moments makes this one special!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.642213821411133, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Does Impressions in Our Modern ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "(December 9, 1909 - May 7 2000)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901239395141602, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr - Fairbanks Productions" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Although celebrated as an actor, Fairbanks Jr was commissioned as a reserve officer in the United States Navy at the onset of World War II, and assigned to the Lord Louis Mountbatten’s Commando staff in England. He was made an Honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) in 1949. Fairbanks Jr stayed in the Naval Reserve after the war and ultimately retired as a Captain in 1954.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.936369895935059, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr - Fairbanks Productions" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Between 1954 and 1956 he also made a number of half hour programmes at Elstree Film Studios as part of a syndicated anthology series for television called Douglas Fairbanks Jr Presents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.998236656188965, "source": "search", "title": "Douglas Fairbanks Jr - Fairbanks Productions" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "1000+ images about Douglas Fairbanks Jr. on Pinterest | 1940s, Nu'est jr and Loretta young", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.376381874084473, "source": "search", "title": "1000+ images about Douglas Fairbanks Jr. on Pinterest ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Crawford was born Lucille Fay LeSueur into a poor family and her parents separated before she was born. Her mother was a cleaner. During her childhood, she knew three fathers and by 1915, she lived in Kansas city with her mother. She worked in a laundry to help her pay school tuition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.274852752685547, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Lucille loved dancing, and as a teenager danced in competitions and nightclubs. In 1923, she won an amateur dance contest, which led to chorus work in Detroit, New York and Chicago. She moved to Los Angeles in 1925, and was soon cast in her first small role, in 'Pretty Ladies'. She also appeared in 'The Only Things' and 'Old Clothes' in this year. MGM's publicity head, Pete Smith, recognised her talent but felt her name sounded fake. The studio signed the actress for 18 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607261657714844, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her frequent co-star was Clark Gable, whom she was romantically attached to, on-and-off, for a decade. During this time, she married another of her co-stars, Franchot Tone in 1935, but this marriage also failed after a few years, as the pair divorced in 1939.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274301528930664, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Leaving MGM, in 1945, she starred for Warner in 'Mildred Pierce', and won the Best Actress Oscar of that year. She appeared in the well-received 'Humoresque' in 1946 and was nominated for another Best Actress Oscar for her role in 'Possessed' in 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922986030578613, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In the early 1960s, she starred with Bette Davis, in 'Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?'. The actresses had a rivalry and the feud, the origin of which no-one knows, was well-known by this point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322044372558594, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her fourth marriage, to Alfred Steele, was to prove her happiest, but he was to die of a heart attack. He was the chairman of the board at Pepsi Cola company and after his death in 1959, she stayed on the board until she was pushed out in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.754817008972168, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In retirement, Crawford became a Christian Scientist, and seemed to grow closer to her children. She died of pancreatic cancer in May 1977, in New York City, and is interred at Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York, USA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.373617172241211, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1981, the book was made into a film starring Faye Dunaway, which was a box office success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438536643981934, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Joan Crawford Lifetime" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Even so, director Vincent Sherman was taken off guard when in 1949, as part of preparations for a movie called The Damned Don’t Cry, she invited him to a studio screening room to watch some of her previous work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376731872558594, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her father deserted the family home shortly after Crawford was born in San Antonio, Texas, in 1906. As a child, Crawford (then called Lucille LeSueur) was treated as a skivvy by her laundress mother, fondled by one of her stepfathers, and frequently beaten. She never forgot her feelings of loneliness and isolation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.006288528442383, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "By 1929, just four years after her arrival in Hollywood, her position in its dazzling firmament seemed assured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840422630310059, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her determination to save the marriage ­faltered in November 1931 when she and Clark Gable worked together on the melodrama Possessed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836816787719727, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "They would work together on eight films in all and were, from time to time, lovers again. Yet their relationship was more often a loyal but ­non-carnal friendship lasting until his death in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260801315307617, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "He read her Shakespeare, Ibsen and Shaw and, after their marriage in 1935, encouraged her to hold formal dinner parties with the correct wines for every course and harpists providing the background music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149133682250977, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "True to form, she was unfaithful too, sleeping with Spencer Tracy during the making of the movie Mannequin in 1937.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188694953918457, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "By 1947 she had adopted four ­children: Christina, Christopher and twins Cathy and Cindy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762972831726074, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Whatever her motivation, she appeared determined to give them the father figure she never had, resulting in a third disastrous ­marriage in the summer of 1942.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858327865600586, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "This was the publication in 1978 of Christina Crawford’s autobiography Mommie Dearest which depicted her mother as a monstrously ­abusive and alcoholic tyrant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.149547576904297, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1953, she was enraged by the frequent visits paid to the set of the musical Torch Song by Elizabeth Taylor, then 21 and the wife of her co-star Michael Wilding. Crawford did not care for the presence of this radiantly beautiful ­creature, who had no whisper of rouge or eye-liner, and Taylor soon found herself barred from the studio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.846820831298828, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "It was not that Crawford had any problems ­attracting men. During the filming of the movie Queen Bee in 1955, other cast members recalled how she and leading man John ­Ireland often arrived for work late and dishevelled thanks to their erotic high jinks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522089004516602, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Unfortunately, she was also ­‘unutterably lonely’ as she told a friend at the time. She found real ­happiness with Alfred Steele, the Pepsi-Cola executive she married the same year, but it was short-lived. He died of a heart attack in 1959, one month short of their fourth wedding anniversary, leaving behind many debts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938173294067383, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "To pay these off, she worked tirelessly as an ambassador for Pepsi-Cola and took what acting work she could find. Ironically her only notable achievement in the coming years was the 1962 classic Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? in which she and Bette Davis played ageing stars who were past their glory days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84614086151123, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "That was exactly Crawford’s ­status when in 1973 she was sacked from the board of Pepsi, the drastic drop in her income forcing her to sell her huge New York apartment and move into a smaller flat in the same block.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.105740547180176, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "One day, shortly before her death of cancer in May 1977, she was leaving a Manhattan restaurant when a team of builders recognised her and whistled loudly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150135040283203, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford used body to control co-stars and directors ..." }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Three films quickly followed; although the roles weren't much to speak of, she continued toiling. Throughout 1927 and early 1928, she was cast in small parts, but that ended with the role of Diana Medford in Our Dancing Daughters (1928), which elevated her to star status. Crawford had cleared the first big hurdle; now came the second, in the form of talkies. Many stars of the silents saw their careers evaporate, either because their voices weren't particularly pleasant or because their voices, pleasing enough, didn't match the public's expectations (for example, some fans felt that John Gilbert 's tenor didn't quite match his very masculine persona). But Crawford wasn't felled by sound. Her first talkie, Untamed (1929), was a success. As the 1930s progressed, Crawford became one of the biggest stars at MGM. She was in top form in films such as Grand Hotel (1932), Sadie McKee (1934), No More Ladies (1935), and Love on the Run (1936); movie patrons were enthralled, and studio executives were satisfied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.851903438568115, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "By the early 1940s, MGM was no longer giving her plum roles; newcomers had arrived in Hollywood, and the public wanted to see them. Crawford left MGM for rival Warner Bros., and in 1945 she landed the role of a lifetime. Mildred Pierce (1945) gave her an opportunity to show her range as an actress, and her performance as a woman driven to give her daughter everything garnered Crawford her first, and only, Oscar for Best Actress. The following year she appeared with John Garfield in the well-received Humoresque (1946). In 1947, she appeared as Louise Graham in Possessed (1947); again she was nominated for a Best Actress from the Academy, but she lost to Loretta Young in The Farmer's Daughter (1947). Crawford continued to choose her roles carefully, and in 1952 she was nominated for a third time, for her depiction of Myra Hudson in Sudden Fear (1952). This time the coveted Oscar went to Shirley Booth , for Come Back, Little Sheba (1952). Crawford's career slowed after that; she appeared in minor roles until 1962, when she and Bette Davis co-starred in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). Their longstanding rivalry may have helped fuel their phenomenally vitriolic and well-received performances. (Earlier in their careers, Davis said of Crawford, \"She's slept with every male star at MGM except Lassie,\" and Crawford said of Davis, \"I don't hate [her] even though the press wants me to. I resent her. I don't see how she built a career out of a set of mannerisms instead of real acting ability. Take away the pop eyes, the cigarette, and those funny clipped words, and what have you got? She's phony, but I guess the public really likes that\".)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4497599601745605, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Entered Stephens College, a posh university for women in Columbia, Missouri, in 1922, but left before her first academic year was over as she felt she was not academically prepared for university.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.137537956237793, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Was asked to take over Carole Lombard 's role in They All Kissed the Bride (1942) after Lombard died in an airplane crash returning from a war bond tour. Crawford then donated all of her salary to the Red Cross, which found Lombard's body, and promptly fired her agent for taking his usual 10%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938252449035645, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She taught director Steven Spielberg how to belch while filming their episode of Night Gallery (1969).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426254272460938, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her 1933 contract with MGM was so detailed and binding, it even had a clause in it indicating what time she was expected to be in bed each night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230056762695312, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In the early 1930s, tired of playing fun-loving flappers, she wanted to change her image. Thin lips would not do for her; she wanted big lips. Ignoring Crawford's natural lip contours, Max Factor ran a smear of color across her upper and lower lips; it was just what she wanted. To Max, the Crawford look, which became her trademark, was always \"the smear\". To the public it became known as \"Hunter's Bow Lips\". Crawford is often credited as helping to rout America's prejudice against lipstick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.506925582885742, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Despite being a big star, Crawford really didn't appear in that many film classics. One she missed out on was From Here to Eternity (1953) in 1953. When the domineering actress insisted that her costumes be designed by Sheila O'Brien , studio head Harry Cohn replaced her with Deborah Kerr .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.702655792236328, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In her final years at MGM, Crawford was handed weak scripts in the hopes that she'd break her contract. Two films she hungered to appear in were Random Harvest (1942) and Madame Curie (1943). Both films went to bright new star Greer Garson instead, and Crawford left the studio soon after.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.882295608520508, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She always considered The Unknown (1927) a big turning point for her. She said it wasn't until working with Lon Chaney in this film that she learned the difference between standing in front of a camera and acting in front of a camera. She said that was all due to Chaney and his intense concentration, and after that experience she said she worked much harder to become a better actress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356959342956543, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Drank excessively and smoked until she began practicing Christian Science, at which time she abruptly quit smoking. The amount she drank decreased substantially for decades, but then increased during the 1960s and 1970s as her career wound down and health problems increased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502016067504883, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Was dancing in a chorus line in 1925 when she was spotted by MGM and offered a screen test. Although she wanted more than anything to continue dancing, she turned down the offer at first. Another chorus girl persuaded her to try the test, however, and a few weeks later she was put under contract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376899719238281, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Adopted another son in the early 1940s, but during a magazine interview she disclosed the location of his birth, and his biological mother showed up at her Brentwood home wanting the baby back. Thinking that a fight would hurt the well-being of the child, Joan gave him back to his mother, who then sold him to another family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99542236328125, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her little tap dancing in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) was the first audible tap dance on the screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360989570617676, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her Oscar statuette for Mildred Pierce (1945) went on auction after her death and sold for $68,000. The auction house had predicted a top bid of $15,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263737678527832, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "WAMPAS Baby of 1926", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331737518310547, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Met her biological father only once when he visited her on the set of Chained (1934). She would never see him again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127591133117676, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Was approached twice by the producers of the Airport disaster movie series. She was offered two different roles in both Airport 1975 (1974) and Airport '77 (1977), but refused.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344575881958008, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Although she claimed her youngest daughters Cathy and Cindy were twins, most sources--including her two older children--claim they were just two babies born about a month apart. Her two older children claimed they couldn't be twins because they looked nothing alike. In the early 1990s Cathy found their birth certificate, which proved that they were indeed twins, born on January 13, 1947. The fact that they were fraternal twins, rather than identical, can account for the fact that they did not look alike. The twins eventually met their birth father and other biological relatives. They found out that their birth mother had died of kidney failure soon after birth and that their father, who had not been married to their mother, did not find out about them until after it was too late. They were sold illegally to Crawford by Tennessee Children's Home Society director Georgia Tann.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.296518325805664, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She has a granddaughter, Chrystal, from son Christopher. She has a granddaughter Carla, born c. 1970, from daughter Cathy. She has eight grandchildren altogether (four from Christopher and two each from Cindy and Cathy).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.176873207092285, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She has a grandson, Casey LaLonde, by her daughter Cathy. He was born c. 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463034629821777, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Is portrayed by Barrie Youngfellow in The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980) and by Faye Dunaway in Mommie Dearest (1981)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700536727905273, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her performance as Mildred Pierce Beragon in Mildred Pierce (1945) is ranked #93 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.895830154418945, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In Italy, almost all of her films were dubbed by Tina Lattanzi and in the fifties mainly by Lidia Simoneschi . She was once dubbed by Gemma Griarotti in the second dubbing of Grand Hotel (1932).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05651569366455, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She was Fred Astaire 's first on-screen dance partner. They appeared in Dancing Lady (1933).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091630935668945, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Salary for 1941, $195,673.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415511131286621, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1933 she appeared in a Coca-Cola print advertisement. Twenty-two years later she married Pepsi-Cola board chairman Alfred Steele .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.193441390991211, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1959, upon the death of her husband Alfred Steele , CEO of the Pepsi-Cola Company, she refused to give up her seat on the board of directors until her forced retirement in 1973. She earned $60,000 per year as a board member and was a tireless supporter of the product, demanding that it receive prominent placement in her films, and traveled extensively as a goodwill ambassador for the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45590591430664, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "While touring the talk show circuit to promote What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Bette Davis told one interviewer that when she and Crawford were first suggested for the leads, Warner Bros. studio head Jack L. Warner replied: \"I wouldn't give a plugged nickel for either of those two old broads.\" Recalling the story, Davis laughed at her own expense. The following day, she received a telegram from Crawford: \"In future, please do not refer to me as an old broad!\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.321245193481445, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Was in consideration for the part of Hildy Johnson in His Girl Friday (1940), but Rosalind Russell was cast instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16819953918457, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "After joining Warner Bros., she was looking for her first role at the studio. Jack L. Warner had her in mind for the role of Kathryn Mason in Conflict (1945) and sent the script for the film to her. However, after reading the script, she told her agent to tell Warner that \"Joan Crawford never dies in her movies, and she never ever loses her man to anyone\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.755062103271484, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "The Disneyland attraction \"It's A Small World\" was donated to the famed theme-park courtesy of Joan. During the 1964 World's Fair, Joan, who at the time was member of the board of directors of Pepsi Cola, approached Walt Disney with the suggestion to create a ride dedicated to the children of the world. The musical boat ride was a smash hit and once the fair ended \"It's A Small World\" was transferred in its entirety to Disneyland and was officially reopened to park guests on May 28, 1966, with Crawford in attendance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13747787475586, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She once said in an interview that she and her arch-rival Bette Davis had nothing in common. In reality, they had a handful of similarities in their personal lives. They both had fathers who abandoned their families at a young age, they rose from poverty to success while breaking into films during the late 1920s and early 1930s, had siblings and mothers who milked them financially once they became famous, became Oscar-winning leading ladies, were staunch liberal Democrats and feminists, and had daughters who wrote books denouncing them as bad mothers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09156322479248, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Her favorite musician was Glenn Miller and she especially loved his 1939 song \"Moonlight Serenade\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364847183227539, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "A personal friend of President Lyndon Johnson , she was attending a White House dinner on January 17, 1967, and caused quite a tabloid stir when she implied that Cathy Douglas, the recent widow of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas , failed to show \"proper breeding\" by not knowing how to correctly use her finger bowl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.158123970031738, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Was considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415467262268066, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She was a fan of the TV show Bewitched (1964).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0314302444458, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Was the 26th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Mildred Pierce (1945) at The 18th Academy Awards on March 7, 1946.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486106872558594, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Paramount was the one major studio Crawford never made a film for, although she came very close. In early 1953 she was in talks to star as Sylvia Merril in the Irving Asher production of \"Lisbon\", an international spy tale adapted from a short story by 'Martin Rackin' (qv(. However, the film was shelved when after several rewrites Asher and Crawford weren't sure about the strength of the script. She and director Nicholas Ray (who had been hired to direct \"Lisbon\") both went on to film the 1954 western Johnny Guitar (1954) for Republic Pictures. It was Republic that ended up making Lisbon (1956) with Maureen O'Hara playing Sylvia Merril.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.003971099853516, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "In 1934, Crawford contacted the doctor who had performed her dental and facial operations in 1928, William Branch, for which there were follow-up procedures in 1932 and 1933. She asked him to help her develop a program through which she would underwrite the hospital bills for destitute patients who had once worked in any capacity in the film industry. These people would receive all necessary treatment at the Hollywood Presbyterian Hospital, where she endowed many rooms and a surgical suite. All the bills were sent to her and promptly and privately paid for, without referring them to her business manager. The arrangement was made on condition that her name not be used, and that she receive no credit or publicity for her charitable work in any way. Years later, when her donations were discovered and she was publicly praised, Crawford feigned ignorance of the entire enterprise. According to a confidential hospital report made in 1939, \"In the two years after 1937, more than 390 major surgeries were completed. Joan Crawford paid the bills, she never knew the people for whom she was paying, and she didn't care.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.275276184082031, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "At the Academy Awards presentation for 1961 (1962), Crawford presented Maximilian Schell with his \"Best Actor\" Oscar; the following year, Schell, as presenter of the \"Best Actress\" award, presented the Oscar to Crawford, who was accepting for absent winner Anne Bancroft .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.30958080291748, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Appeared alongside Diane Baker in three films: The Best of Everything (1959), Della (1964) and Strait-Jacket (1964). In the latter two, she played Baker's mother.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16186237335205, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "During filming of her episode of Night Gallery (1969), its director, the then-unknown Steven Spielberg , presented her with the gift of a single red rose in a Pepsi-Cola bottle. At the time, she was still a member of the soft drink giant's board of directors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240558624267578, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "She considered This Woman Is Dangerous (1952) to be the worst film she ever starred in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314998626708984, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "According to Joan, \"You manufacture toys. You don't manufacture stars\" (cited in 'A Tribute to Joan Crawford', in Film Fan Monthly # 138, December 1972).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.594622611999512, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[In The Women (1939)] Norma Shearer made me change my costume sixteen times because every one was prettier than hers. I love to play bitches and she helped me in this part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211163520812988, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "If you start watching the oldies, you're in trouble. I feel ancient if Grand Hotel (1932) or The Bride Wore Red (1937) comes on. I have a sneaking regard for Mildred Pierce (1945), but the others do nothing for me.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187297821044922, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[regarding the films she made after What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)] They were all terrible, even the few I thought might be good. I made them because I needed the money or because I was bored or both. I hope they have been exhibited and withdrawn and are never heard from again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374396324157715, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "If I weren't a Christian Scientist, and I saw Trog (1970) advertised on a marquee across the street, I'd think I'd contemplate suicide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498956680297852, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "I realized one morning that Trog (1970) was going to be my last picture. I had to be up early for the shoot and when I looked outside at the beautiful morning sky I felt that it was time to say goodbye. I think that may have been a prophetic thought because when I arrived on the set that morning the director told me that due to budget cuts we would wrap up filming today. The last shot of that film was a one-take and it was a very emotional moment for me. When I was walking up that hill towards the sunset I was flooded with memories of the last 50 years, and when the director yelled cut I just kept on walking. That for me was the perfect way to end my film career; however, the audiences who had to sit through that picture may feel differently.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368698120117188, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "I hate being asked to discuss those dreadful horror pictures I made the mistake of starring in. They were all just so disappointing to me, I really had high expectations for some of them. I thought that William Castle and I did our best on Strait-Jacket (1964) but the script was ludicrous and unbelievable and that destroyed that picture. I even thought that Berserk (1967) would be good but that was one of the worst of the lot. The other one William Castle and I did [ I Saw What You Did (1965)] was the most wretched of them all and I just wasn't good at playing an over-the-hill nymphomaniac. Ha! Then came Trog (1970). Now you can understand why I retired from making motion pictures. Incidentally, I think at that point in my career I was doing my best work on television. Della was a good television role for me, and I really liked working on that pilot episode of Night Gallery: Night Gallery (The Cemetery/Eyes/The Escape Route) (1969) with young Steven Spielberg . He did a great job and I am very satisfied with my performance on that show. Funny, every time a reporter asks me about my horror pictures they never talk about that one, and it's the only one I liked!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39200210571289, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on working with Bette Davis in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) at Legendary Ladies of the Movies, Town Hall (1973)] It was one of the greatest challenges I ever had. [pauses to allow the laughter from the audience to taper off] I meant that kindly. Bette is of a different temperament than I. Bette had to yell every morning. I just sat and knitted. I knitted a scarf from Hollywood to Malibu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321779251098633, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[commenting on the remake of The Women (1939), The Opposite Sex (1956)] It's ridiculous. Norma [ Norma Shearer ] and I might not ever have been bosom buddies, but we towered compared to those pygmies in the remake!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3515043258667, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Bette Davis during the filming of Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)] She acted like [ What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)] was a one-woman show after they nominated her [for an Academy Award as Best Actress]. What was I supposed to do, let her hog all the glory, act like I hadn't even been in the movie? She got the nomination. I didn't begrudge her that, but it would have been nice if she'd been a little gracious in interviews and given me a little credit. I would have done it for her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060992240905762, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Bette Davis and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)] Sure, she stole some of my big scenes, but the funny thing is, when I see the movie again, she stole them because she looked like a parody of herself, and I still looked like something of a star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300497055053711, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Bette Davis and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)] I have always believed in the Christian ethic, to forgive and forget. I looked forward to working with Bette again. I had no idea of the extent of her hate, and that she planned to destroy me.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1769380569458, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Bette Davis and The Star (1952)] Of course I had heard she was supposed to be playing me, but I didn't believe it. Did you see the picture? It couldn't possibly be me. Bette looked so old, and so dreadfully overweight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988608360290527, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[commenting on sex in films] I find suggestion a hell of a lot more provocative than explicit detail. You didn't see [ Clark Gable ] and [ Vivien Leigh ] rolling around in bed in Gone with the Wind (1939), but you saw that shit-eating grin on her face the next morning and you knew damned well she'd gotten properly laid . . . In my fallen-woman roles . . . nobody saw me do the actual falling . . . but they knew I'd fallen, and when it happened again--well, they got the point, and maybe the pornography that went on inside their heads was better than the actual thing would have been on screen. Censorship was a pain in the ass--when it was moral or political--but in the long run, considering what I see now, I think it served a purpose. Marlon Brando . . . Oh, what was the film [ Last Tango in Paris (1972)] . . . anyway the nude scene. He's at least 40 pounds overweight, and I think the only sex appeal he has would be to a meat packer. That's art? The emphasis seems to be on the seamier side of real life, as though we should be more interested in what happened in the bathroom and the bedroom instead of living room, kitchen and office. The perspective is crazy. If we think about our lives, and divide time into the portions spent on making a living, eating, talking, reading, being entertained by TV or movies or radio or theater or whatever, and having sex, I think we'd find sex coming out on the short end of the stick. Unless you're a whore it doesn't give you the wherewithal to survive. Good God, isn't it more fun doing it or imagining it than watching it? . . . I know I sound like some sort of old Puritan, but I still think back to \"Gone with the Wind\", and that morning scene with Scarlett O'Hara. It was a hell of a lot more sexually stimulating than a glimpse of fat Marlon Brando.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26914119720459, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "When we were making [ What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)], Bette [ Bette Davis ] admitted to me she was \"absolutely smitten\" with Franchot [ Franchot Tone ], who had made Dangerous (1935) with her, but Franchot and I were already very much involved. That proves that Bette did have some good taste in men. Franchot said he thought Bette was a good actress, but he never thought of her as a woman. Our marriage didn't last, but we had some wonderful years. I wouldn't give them back for anything, and we remained friends as long as he lived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965848922729492, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on The David Frost Show (1969), (1970)] I feel that if you have one ounce of good sense and one good friend, you'll never have to go to a psychiatrist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43429183959961, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[The 1930s] Hollywood was capable of hurting me so much. The things about Hollywood that could hurt me (when I first came) can't touch me now. I suddenly decided that they shouldn't hurt me--that was all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493731498718262, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) (1973)] I still get chills when I think of the treachery that Miss Davis [ Bette Davis ] indulged in on that movie, but I refused to ever let anger or hate enter my heart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318628311157227, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[To Spencer Tracy , made up with curled hair for Captains Courageous (1937)] Oh, my God, it's Harpo Marx !", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42033863067627, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "I hate this fucking picture [ What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)], but I need the money, and if it goes over I'll get a nice percentage of the profits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40424919128418, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[commenting on her final days at Warner Brothers] They were grooming Doris Day to take over the top spot. [ Jack L. Warner ] asked me to play her sister in one picture [ Storm Warning (1951)]. I said, \"Come on, Jack. No one could ever believe that I would have Doris Day for a sister\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223146438598633, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Planet of the Apes (1968)] Sure, I'd play an ape if they asked me. Maurice Evans did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454445838928223, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) and whether she hid weights on her body so that Bette Davis would have a hard time lifting her off the bed when she takes her out of the house for their trip to the beach] Weights! And have Bette tell everyone I was as heavy as an elephant. Absolutely not. I may not have made it as easy for her to lift me out of the bed as I could have, at least at first, but when you're a pro you get over any animosity you may feel and help your fellow player out. It simply didn't happen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392330169677734, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "While making Possessed (1947), I wept each morning on my drive to the studio, and I wept all the way back home. I found it impossible to sleep at night, so I'd lie in bed contemplating the future. I fear it with all my heart and soul even as I fear the dark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447376251220703, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on filming the bath scene in The Women (1939)] It took ten hours to shoot. The suds lasted only fifteen minutes under the hot lights. Once, the water began to leak out and the crew had to toss me a towel to clothe myself. It could have been so embarrassing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529207229614258, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on The Women (1939)] It was like a fucking zoo at times. If you let down your guard for one moment you would have been eaten alive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421523094177246, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on why she declined Airport '77 (1977)] I wanted Joel McCrea to play opposite me, and anyway, they actually asked me to fly out there with only one week's notice! Why, that is hardly enough time for makeup tests or rehearsals . . . and when I asked about costume fittings, they said they wanted me to wear my own clothes!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438125610351562, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[ The Story of Esther Costello (1957)] It was one hell of a demanding role and I played it in my own pitch, the way I thought it should be played, and I was right. The complexities of the part were staggering and I have nothing but very fond memories of it--plus the usual nagging question, why the hell didn't more pictures like this come along? Why did I get stuck in freak shows?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451211929321289, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "Everything clicked on Autumn Leaves (1956). The cast was perfect, the script was good, and I think Bob [director Robert Aldrich ] handled everything well. I really think Cliff [ Cliff Robertson ] did a stupendous job; another actor might have been spitting out his lines and chewing the scenery, but he avoided that trap. I think the movie on a whole was a lot better than some of the romantic movies I did in the past. It did all right at the box office, but somehow it just never became better known. It was eclipsed by the picture I did with Bette Davis .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402922630310059, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on being dubbed \"box-office poison in 1938] Box-office poison? Mr.Mayer [MGM chief Louis B. Mayer ] always asserted that the studio had built Stage 22, Stage 24 and the Irving Thalberg Building, brick by brick, from the income on my pictures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.317075729370117, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Mildred Pierce (1945)] The character I played was a composite of the characters I'd always played, and there were a few elements from my own personality and character, too. In a way, I think I was getting ready for \"Mildred Pierce\" when I was a kid, waiting on tables and cooking. But there was not a single Crawford mannerism in my performance. I sailed into [it] with all the gusto I'd been saving for three years. The role was a delight to me, because it rescued me from what was known at MGM as the Joan Crawford formula. I had become so hidden in clothes and sets that nobody could tell whether I had talent or not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.262587547302246, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Possessed (1947)] I worked harder on it than on any other picture. Don't let anyone tell you it's easy to play a madwoman, particularly a psychotic. It was a heavy, heavy picture, not very pleasant, and I was emotionally and physically exhausted when we finished shooting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479040145874023, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on This Woman Is Dangerous (1952)] At the moment when I needed a blockbuster, my next picture could easily have been my swan song. It was the type of improbable corn that had gone out with Adrian 's shoulder pads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441513061523438, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on This Woman Is Dangerous (1952)] I must have been awfully hungry. The kids were in school, the house had a mortgage. And so I did this awful picture that had a shoddy story, a cliché script and no direction to speak of. The thing just blundered along. I suppose I could have made it better, but it was one of those times when I was so disgusted with everything that I just shrugged and went along with it. It was the worst picture I ever made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457873344421387, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on acting] One of the scary things is the effects a really heavy or demanding role will have on your personal life. During The Women (1939), I'm afraid I was as much of a bitch offscreen as I was on. Elizabeth Taylor said that she actually became Martha [in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) in private life, with rather disastrous consequences. I can understand that. I always wondered how Charlton Heston acted offscreen while he was playing Moses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195255279541016, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on Queen Bee (1955)] I had a chance to play the total bitch, a worse bitch than I had played in The Women (1939) - and for a solid ninety minutes, too. I ended up hating myself, honestly feeling that in my death scene I was getting precisely what I deserved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361614227294922, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on returning to MGM to work on Torch Song (1953)] It was like a homecoming. I loved doing that film. It gave me a chance to dance again. All the right elements were there. It was a field day for an actress, particularly one who'd reached a certain age. They don't write pictures like this anymore, do they?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25377368927002, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "19", "passage": "[on The Gorgeous Hussy (1936)] I had read the criticisms of me and my movies and they were discerning. They said that Crawford needs a new deal, and they asked if I was doomed to explore forever the emotional misfortunes of the super-sexed modern young woman. And so, to break away from the pattern, I wanted to do \"The Gorgeous Hussy\". [ David O. Selznick ] laughed at me: \"You can't do a costume picture. You're too modern\". But I begged and begged and begged, and so they let me do it. I was totally miscast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839362144470215, "source": "search", "title": "Joan Crawford - Biography - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Zsazsa gabor", "passage": "ZsaZsa Gabor", "precise_score": -8.416975021362305, "rough_score": -11.48130989074707, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes: Women Say About Men by Brownielocks." }, { "answer": "Zsazsa gabor", "passage": "ZsaZsa Gabor", "precise_score": -8.416975021362305, "rough_score": -11.48130989074707, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes: Women Say About Men by Brownielocks." }, { "answer": "Zsa Zsa Gabor", "passage": "Zsa Zsa Gabor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510680198669434, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes: Women Say About Men by Brownielocks." }, { "answer": "Zsa Zsa Gabor", "passage": "Zsa Zsa Gabor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510680198669434, "source": "search", "title": "Quotes: Women Say About Men by Brownielocks." } ]

[ { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "The Checkers speech or Fund speech was an address made on September 23, 1952, by the Republican candidate for vice president of the United States, California Senator Richard Nixon. Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses. With his place on the Republican ticket in doubt, he flew to Los Angeles and delivered a half-hour television address in which he defended himself, attacked his opponents, and urged the audience to contact the Republican National Committee (RNC) to tell it whether he should remain on the ticket. During the speech, he stated that regardless of what anyone said, he intended to keep one gift: a black-and-white dog who had been named Checkers by the Nixon children, thus giving the address its popular name.", "precise_score": 8.662281036376953, "rough_score": 6.681305885314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The press became aware of the fund in September 1952, two months after Nixon's selection as General Dwight D. Eisenhower's running mate. Within a few days, the story grew until the controversy threatened Nixon's place on the ticket. In an attempt to turn the tide of public opinion, Nixon broke off a whistle-stop tour of the West Coast to fly to Los Angeles to make a television and radio broadcast to the nation; the $75,000 to buy the television time was raised by the RNC. The idea for the Checkers reference came from Franklin Roosevelt's Fala speech—given eight years to the day before Nixon's address—in which Roosevelt mocked Republican claims that he had sent a destroyer to fetch his dog, Fala, when the dog was supposedly left behind in the Aleutian Islands.", "precise_score": 5.068805694580078, "rough_score": 1.8681557178497314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's speech was seen or heard by about 60 million Americans, including the largest television audience to that time, and led to an outpouring of public support. A huge majority of the millions of telegrams and phone calls received by the RNC and other political offices supported Nixon. He was retained on the ticket, which then swept to victory weeks later in November 1952. The Checkers speech was an early example of a politician using television to appeal directly to the electorate, but has since sometimes been mocked or denigrated. Checkers speech has come more generally to mean any emotional speech by a politician.", "precise_score": 4.974177837371826, "rough_score": 3.806514024734497, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon later characterized the attitude of his backers and aides as, \"We want you to start campaigning right now for 1956, and we think the way to do it is to have available the funds to make speeches, make trips to California, and so forth.\" Contributors were drawn only from his early supporters, and contributions were limited to $1,000. Nixon was not to be informed of the names of contributors; however, the fundraising letter stated that Nixon \"will of course be very appreciative of your continuing interest\". By October 30, 1951, some $16,000 had been raised, of which Nixon had spent approximately $12,000, principally from contributors in the Los Angeles area. The senator's Christmas card expense for 1950 and 1951 totaled $4,237.54. Despite the initial fundraising success, only $2,200 could be raised from November 1951 to July 1952, and an engraving bill was unpaid pending a hoped-for contribution of $500.", "precise_score": -2.8724162578582764, "rough_score": -5.710806846618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1952, the Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower as their presidential candidate, who then selected Nixon as his running mate, while the Democrats nominated Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson for president and Alabama Senator John Sparkman for vice president. The California delegation to the 1952 Republican National Convention, including Nixon, had been pledged to the state's \"favorite son\" candidate, Governor Earl Warren, who hoped to gain the presidential nomination in a brokered convention. Warren failed in his attempt to gain the nomination, and his supporters alleged that Nixon had worked behind the scenes to nominate Eisenhower despite his pledge to support Warren, and accused him of political opportunism for accepting the vice presidential nomination. A disgruntled Warren supporter from Pasadena leaked the Fund story to several reporters.", "precise_score": -2.5244808197021484, "rough_score": -7.659435749053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "On September 20, Republican National Committee official Bob Humphreys first suggested that Nixon give a televised speech to the nation to explain his position. RNC chairman and future Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield thought well of the idea, but was concerned about the expense. That evening, Nixon conferred with his aides, who unanimously urged him not to resign from the ticket. Humphreys called Chotiner at Nixon's hotel in Portland, Oregon that evening, and the campaign manager realized that the broadcast was the best opportunity for the candidate to make his case. Humphreys suggested Nixon appear on Meet the Press, but Chotiner rejected the suggestion, insisting that his candidate have complete control of the broadcast \"without interruption by possibly unfriendly press questions\". Humphreys mentioned that Summerfield was concerned about the cost of a television broadcast, but Chotiner noted that the cost of reprinting all campaign materials to reflect a change on the ticket would be far more than that of a telecast.", "precise_score": -3.5116584300994873, "rough_score": -6.743165016174316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On Monday morning, Nixon flew to Los Angeles, making notes for his speech aboard the plane. He jotted down the line he had said in Eugene regarding his wife's coat. He made notes concerning the family finances, upsetting Pat Nixon, who asked why people had to know their financial details. The senator responded that people in politics live in a fishbowl. He recalled the Fala speech, in which Franklin Roosevelt had sarcastically responded to Republican claims he had sent a destroyer to fetch his dog, Fala, and remembered the dog his children had recently received: A Texas traveling salesman named Lou Carrol had read a report that Pat Nixon said her children Tricia and Julie \"longed\" for a dog, and his own dog, an American Cocker Spaniel, had just had a litter. After a telegram exchange, he crated the puppy and shipped it by rail to the Nixons, and six-year-old Tricia Nixon named the dog \"Checkers\". Nixon decided that including the anecdote evoking FDR would needle his enemies and delight his friends.", "precise_score": -3.288311719894409, "rough_score": -7.706497669219971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon, somewhat dazed by the conversation with Dewey, dressed for the speech and reviewed his notes. Chotiner came into the senator's room, and told him that if he was forced off the ticket, Chotiner would call a huge press conference and reveal all the maneuvering that had led to Nixon's departure; Chotiner added that the resulting furor would mean nothing to either of the two men, since they would be through with politics anyway. Nixon later stated that Chotiner's promise broke the tension and gave him a needed lift. Senator and Mrs. Nixon and his staff journeyed to the El Capitan, where they were met by a cheering group of Young Republicans on the sidewalk outside, including future White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman. In Cleveland, General and Mamie Eisenhower, with the general's aides, prepared to watch the speech on television in the manager's office above the Cleveland Public Auditorium, where the presidential candidate was to speak.", "precise_score": -2.31357741355896, "rough_score": -6.468307018280029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "While the senator made these points, Murray Chotiner \"let out shouts of glee\" in his screened booth. As Chotiner exulted, Nixon moved ahead with the lines \"that would give the speech its name, make it famous, and notorious\":", "precise_score": -1.6663060188293457, "rough_score": -5.589529991149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In Cleveland, as the speech concluded, General Eisenhower turned to RNC Chairman Summerfield, \"Well, Arthur, you sure got your money's worth.\" Mamie Eisenhower was in tears, and the general told her that Nixon was a completely honest man. The 15,000 supporters waiting for Eisenhower to speak had heard the Checkers speech over the hall's public address system, and when Congressman George H. Bender took the microphone and asked the crowd, \"Are you in favor of Nixon?\", pandemonium ensued. As the crowd below chanted, \"We want Nixon!\", Eisenhower quickly revised his speech.", "precise_score": 2.2508339881896973, "rough_score": -2.5177876949310303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon celebrated the anniversary of the speech each year. The future president disliked the fact that the address soon became popularly known as the \"Checkers speech.\" In his 1962 book, Six Crises (the Fund crisis being one of the six), he would object to the term, \"as though the mention of my dog was the only thing that saved my political career.\" Nixon preferred to call the address \"the Fund speech,\" and made it required reading for his speechwriters. As time passed, the Checkers speech became denigrated, and Nixon biographer Earl Mazo suggested that much of the attitude of \"I don't like Nixon, but I don't know why,\" which contributed to the failure of his 1960 presidential run, can be traced to the Checkers speech. Other commentators suggested that had he not made the Checkers speech, Nixon might have won in 1960. Nixon retorted that without the Checkers speech, he would not have been around to run in 1960.", "precise_score": 5.623988151550293, "rough_score": 7.3979082107543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952. He had no strong preference for a vice presidential candidate, and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a \"smoke-filled room\" and recommended Nixon to the general, who agreed to the senator's selection. Nixon's youth (he was then 39), stance against communism, and political base in California—one of the largest states—were all seen as vote-winners by the leaders. Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft, New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke to his plans for the country, leaving the negative campaigning to his running mate.", "precise_score": -1.9495418071746826, "rough_score": -7.757734775543213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis. The media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses. Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of possible conflict of interest. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the ticket, the senator went on television to deliver an address to the nation on September 23, 1952. The address, later termed the Checkers speech, was heard by about 60 million Americans—including the largest television audience up to that point. Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret, nor had donors received special favors. He painted himself as a man of modest means (his wife had no mink coat; instead she wore a \"respectable Republican cloth coat\") and a patriot. The speech would be remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back: \"a little cocker spaniel dog … sent all the way from Texas. And our little girl—Tricia, the 6-year-old—named it Checkers.\" The speech was a masterpiece and prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket, which proved victorious in the November election.", "precise_score": 4.3844313621521, "rough_score": 2.342236042022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy; Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world, and the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests. At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, Six Crises, which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech.", "precise_score": -0.8734700679779053, "rough_score": -7.551249980926514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Although Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life (for example, she had been embarrassed by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech), she was supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War, a Republican had a good chance of winning, although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960.", "precise_score": 0.01580934040248394, "rough_score": -0.7409170866012573, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China. Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation. Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One and greeted Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva. Over 100 television journalists accompanied the president. On Nixon's orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print. It also gave him the opportunity to snub the print journalists he despised.", "precise_score": -6.012876033782959, "rough_score": -7.296695232391357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "The History Place - Great Speeches Collection: Richard Nixon Checkers Speech", "precise_score": 2.7803852558135986, "rough_score": -0.9121657609939575, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "At the 1952 Republican national convention, a young Senator from California, Richard M. Nixon, was chosen to be the running mate of presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "precise_score": -1.985581398010254, "rough_score": -7.547561168670654, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon, however, in a brilliant political maneuver, took his case directly to the American people via the new medium of television. During a nationwide broadcast, with his wife Pat sitting stoically nearby, Nixon offered an apologetic explanation of his finances, including the now-famous lines regarding his wife's \"respectable Republican cloth coat.\" Additionally, he told of a little dog named Checkers that was given as a present to his young daughters. \"I want to say right now that regardless of what they say, we're going to keep it.\"", "precise_score": -1.5151833295822144, "rough_score": -7.878773212432861, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Although it would forever be known as Nixon's \"Checkers Speech,\" it was actually a political triumph for Nixon at the time it was given. Eisenhower requested Nixon to come to West Virginia where he was campaigning and greeted Nixon at the airport with, \"Dick, you're my boy.\" The Republicans went on to win the election by a landslide.", "precise_score": 4.583062171936035, "rough_score": 1.4122103452682495, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "On the 100th anniversary of Richard Nixon’s birth, we look back at the long-forgotten four-legged friend who helped save the future president’s political career in 1952.", "precise_score": 2.423919439315796, "rough_score": -0.6737703680992126, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Checkers and Vice President Nixon. Source: Nixon Foundation", "precise_score": 0.6206773519515991, "rough_score": -7.183505535125732, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Indeed, without Checkers the dog, American history could be missing the famous Kennedy-Nixon debate, the 1968 presidential race, the trips to China and Russia, and Watergate.", "precise_score": -2.0874478816986084, "rough_score": -1.8897322416305542, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "But when the Republican vice presidential nominee appeared before a national live TV and radio audience of 60 million people in September 23, 1952, everything was on the line for Nixon and his political future. And Checkers was a key player.", "precise_score": 6.202602863311768, "rough_score": 4.416922569274902, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "About 30 minutes later, Nixon had pulled off the first of several political comebacks in what became known as the “Checkers” speech.", "precise_score": 4.224139213562012, "rough_score": -1.0444371700286865, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Years later, Nixon acknowledged that he added Checkers almost as an inside joke, since President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave his famous “Fala” speech eight years to the day Nixon gave his speech.", "precise_score": 5.632871627807617, "rough_score": 6.285794258117676, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Checkers, in his own way, became a celebrity. But Nixon disliked the term “Checkers speech because he thought it diminished his skills as a politician.", "precise_score": 2.994802951812744, "rough_score": -1.8115249872207642, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In a later book, he complained that the press and his opponents called the event the “Checkers” speech and insinuated that Nixon needed his dog to save his candidacy.", "precise_score": 1.2337990999221802, "rough_score": -1.9105952978134155, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“As though,” he said in 1962, “the mention of my dog was the only thing that saved my career.” Nixon loved the speech on its own as the “fund” speech and asked his future speech writers to review it as mandatory reading.", "precise_score": -2.2322750091552734, "rough_score": -5.054301738739014, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Checkers didn’t live to see Nixon become president in 1969. He passed away in 1964 at the age of 13, and his grave is on Long Island at Bideawee Pet Memorial Park in Wantagh.", "precise_score": -2.94598388671875, "rough_score": -5.651235580444336, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "On the 100th anniversary of Richard Nixon’s birth, we look back at the long-forgotten four-legged friend who helped save the future president’s political career in 1952.", "precise_score": 2.423919439315796, "rough_score": -0.6737703680992126, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Checkers and Vice President Nixon. Source: Nixon Foundation", "precise_score": 0.6206773519515991, "rough_score": -7.183505535125732, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Indeed, without Checkers the dog, American history could be missing the famous Kennedy-Nixon debate, the 1968 presidential race, the trips to China and Russia, and Watergate.", "precise_score": -2.0874459743499756, "rough_score": -1.8897322416305542, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "But when the Republican vice presidential nominee appeared before a national live TV and radio audience of 60 million people in September 23, 1952, everything was on the line for Nixon and his political future. And Checkers was a key player.", "precise_score": 6.202602863311768, "rough_score": 4.416922569274902, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "About 30 minutes later, Nixon had pulled off the first of several political comebacks in what became known as the “Checkers” speech.", "precise_score": 4.224140167236328, "rough_score": -1.0444371700286865, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Years later, Nixon acknowledged that he added Checkers almost as an inside joke, since President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave his famous “Fala” speech eight years to the day Nixon gave his speech.", "precise_score": 5.632871627807617, "rough_score": 6.285794258117676, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Checkers, in his own way, became a celebrity. But Nixon disliked the term “Checkers speech because he thought it diminished his skills as a politician.", "precise_score": 2.9947991371154785, "rough_score": -1.8115249872207642, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In a later book, he complained that the press and his opponents called the event the “Checkers” speech and insinuated that Nixon needed his dog to save his candidacy.", "precise_score": 1.2338013648986816, "rough_score": -1.9105952978134155, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“As though,” he said in 1962, “the mention of my dog was the only thing that saved my career.” Nixon loved the speech on its own as the “fund” speech and asked his future speech writers to review it as mandatory reading.", "precise_score": -2.232274055480957, "rough_score": -5.054301738739014, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Checkers didn’t live to see Nixon become president in 1969. He passed away in 1964 at the age of 13, and his grave is on Long Island at Bideawee Pet Memorial Park in Wantagh.", "precise_score": -2.945981025695801, "rough_score": -5.651235580444336, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Ohio University  >  Research  >  Research Communications  > How Richard Nixon’s famous \"Checkers\" speech set the tone for decades of conservative rhetoric ", "precise_score": 3.955024242401123, "rough_score": 0.44091060757637024, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "How Richard Nixon’s famous \"Checkers\" speech set the tone for decades of conservative rhetoric ", "precise_score": 4.478983402252197, "rough_score": 3.9443931579589844, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "In his famous “Checkers” speech, Richard Nixon—then a senator from California and Dwight Eisenhower’s troubled running mate in the 1952 presidential election—downplayed his connection to a cabal of extremely wealthy donors. He portrayed himself as a middle-class guy whose wife wore “a respectable Republican cloth coat” and whose primary gift from his supporters was a cocker spaniel puppy named Checkers.", "precise_score": 8.206470489501953, "rough_score": 7.2652130126953125, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Although the speech is remembered today as a maudlin appeal to popular sensibilities, Nixon’s gambit worked spectacularly well at the time. The largest television viewing audience to date responded with a torrent of letters and telegrams to the GOP urging the party to keep Nixon on the presidential ticket.", "precise_score": -4.002117156982422, "rough_score": -7.455191612243652, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Senator Richard Nixon's Checkers Speech", "precise_score": 4.819711685180664, "rough_score": 1.276428461074829, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "In his 1952 Checkers speech, Richard Nixon was one of the first politicians to use the medium of television to defend himself against accusations of wrong-doing.", "precise_score": 7.641698837280273, "rough_score": 6.805785179138184, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "This speech came during the 1952 presidential election campaign. Senator Nixon was Dwight D. Eisenhower’s vice-presidential running mate. Accused of accepting illegal gifts, Nixon used his television appearance to deny the allegations and outline his personal financial circumstances.", "precise_score": 2.856961488723755, "rough_score": -1.3633854389190674, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Text of Senator Richard Nixon’s Checkers speech.", "precise_score": 4.129471778869629, "rough_score": -1.4494205713272095, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Richard M. Nixon", "passage": "4. Richard M. Nixon: As running ate to Dwight D. Eisenhower, the future Vice President addresses the TV audience with his \"Checkers Speech\". - September 23, 1952", "precise_score": 9.00893497467041, "rough_score": 8.449191093444824, "source": "search", "title": "The Greatest Speeches of All-Time Vol.II DVD - SoundWorks" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Latest Entertainment News | Richard Nixon Checkers Speech Fallacies 2016 | Smart Wiki Space", "precise_score": 1.8575117588043213, "rough_score": -7.2426886558532715, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon Checkers Speech Fallacies 2016 | Smart Wiki ..." }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Richard was often painful. Nixon's meteoric rise from the unemployment line to the vice presidency in six quick years would never have happened if TV had come along 10 years earlier. He got away with his sleazy \"my dog Checkers\" speech in 1952 because", "precise_score": 5.5157952308654785, "rough_score": 1.9274065494537354, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Nixon Checkers Speech Fallacies 2016 | Smart Wiki ..." }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon, as he related in his address, came from a family of moderate means, and had spent much of his time after law school either in the military, campaigning for office, or serving in Congress. After his successful 1950 Senate campaign, Nixon's backers continued to raise money to finance his political activities. These contributions went to reimburse him for travel costs, postage for political mailings which he did not have franked, and similar expenses. Such a fund was not illegal at the time, but as Nixon had made a point of attacking government corruption, it exposed him to charges he might be giving special favors to the contributors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079255104064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "In 1950, California Congressman Richard Nixon was elected to the Senate, defeating Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas. With the six-year term secured, Nixon campaign officials discussed how to further his career. Campaign manager Murray Chotiner and campaign chairman Bernie Brennan proposed a year-round campaign for the next six years, leading up to a re-election bid in 1956. Nixon's Southern California campaign treasurer Dana Smith suggested what became known as \"the Fund\", to be administered by himself, which would pay for Nixon's political expenses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.444588661193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "As a senator, Nixon received an annual salary of $12,500 (about $150,000 in 2009 dollars). While he received an expense allowance of over $75,000, an amount larger than that of most senators since California was one of the most populous states, the money went to pay his staff of 12 and to cover the cost of stationery, telephone service, telegrams, and other office expenses. It also paid for the one set of round-trip airline tickets between Washington, D.C., and California that Nixon was allowed to buy for himself and his family at taxpayer expense each Congressional session.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301273345947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had campaigned for public integrity in his time in the Senate, even calling for the resignation of his own party chairman, Guy Gabrielson, when the latter was implicated in a loan scandal. By using such \"indignant rhetoric\", Nixon had \"weakened his own position\" when the Fund crisis erupted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960624694824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Dick Nixon", "passage": "On September 14, Nixon was asked about the Fund by reporter Peter Edson of the Newspaper Enterprise Association after the senator completed an appearance on Meet the Press. The candidate told Edson that the Fund was set up by his supporters to pay political expenses, explained that he had made no effort to find out the names of the donors, and referred Edson to Smith for further information. Edson, and other reporters, did contact Smith, who answered questions about the Fund. Three days later, Nixon's campaign train, the \"Dick Nixon Special\", left Pomona, California, on a whistle-stop campaign tour of the West Coast and Rocky Mountain states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273229598999023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Edson's column on the 18th, which included lengthy quotes by Smith on the supposed safeguards in the Fund, was later called by Nixon, \"fair and objective\". However, Leo Katcher of the New York Post interviewed Smith and wrote a story under the headline \"Secret Rich Men's Trust Fund Keeps Nixon in Style Far Beyond His Salary\" and referred to the Fund donors as a \"millionaires' club\". Nixon later praised Katcher's younger brother Edward, also a reporter, for his objectivity, but told him, \"your brother Leo is a son of a bitch\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61094856262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Dick Nixon", "passage": "When the Dick Nixon Special arrived in Bakersfield, California, that day, the candidate, still oblivious to the developing furor, made a speech promoting the Republican ticket, and backing local congressman Thomas H. Werdel. After the speech, Republican activist Keith McCormac showed Nixon the Post story, which had been picked up by United Press under the headline \"Nixon Scandal Fund\". According to McCormac, the senator collapsed into his seat in shock, and needed the help of Murray Chotiner, who was again Nixon's campaign manager, and Congressman Patrick J. Hillings (a Nixon confidant who had succeeded him in the House of Representatives) to return to his compartment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.945621967315674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Democratic National Committee Chairman Stephen A. Mitchell called for Nixon's resignation from the ticket, saying that \"Senator Nixon knows that [the Fund] is morally wrong. General Eisenhower knows that it is morally wrong. The American people know that it is morally wrong.\" On the other hand, Republican Senator Karl Mundt called the story \"a filthy maneuver by left-wingers, fellow travelers, and former communists\". Nixon issued a written statement explaining that the fund was to pay political expenses, in lieu of charging them to the taxpayer. Newspapers printed increasingly lurid accounts of the Fund and its beneficiary. The Sacramento Bee termed Nixon \"the pet protégé of a special interest group of rich southern Californians ... their front man, if not, indeed, their lobbyist.\" The Pasadena Star-News, meanwhile, reported that one contributor had been appealed to on the grounds that the Nixon family needed a larger home and could not afford a maid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54221248626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The train reached Marysville, California, on the morning of September 19, and Nixon gave a speech from the rear platform. As the train pulled out, while he remained on the rear platform, someone in the crowd yelled, \"What about the $16,000?\" (the amount then thought to have been contributed to the Fund). The candidate had the train stopped, and responded that he had been told that if he continued on his political course, \"crooks and communists\" would smear him. He told the crowd that the Fund had saved the taxpayer money, since it paid for matters that could have been paid for through his Senate expense allowance. He promised to throw the \"crooks and communists\" out of Washington.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924221992492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Eisenhower was on his own train, the Look Ahead, Neighbor, stumping through Missouri, and on the morning of the 19th, his campaign staff made him aware of the gathering storm. Eisenhower publicly called upon Nixon to release all documents relating to the Fund, somewhat to the dismay of Chotiner, who wondered, \"What more does the general require than the senator's word?\" Eisenhower aides contacted the senior Republican senator from California, William Knowland, and persuaded him to fly from Hawaii to join the Eisenhower train and be available as a potential replacement running mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534847259521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "By this time, Nixon campaign headquarters was receiving a flood of messages, calling on the senator to resign from the ticket. When Eisenhower's train stopped for the candidate to make speeches, he faced protesters with signs reading \"Donate Here to Help Poor Richard Nixon\". The influential Washington Post and New York Herald-Tribune both called for Nixon to leave the ticket, facts which Chotiner did not tell his candidate; Nixon learned them from a questioning reporter. Over 100 newspapers would editorialize about the Fund on the morning of September 20, opinion running two to one against Nixon. As his train stopped in Eugene, Oregon, Nixon was met with protestors signs referencing his wife: \"Pat, What Are You Going to Do With the Bribe Money?\" and \"No Mink Coats for Nixon—Just Cold Cash\". He angrily responded with a phrase which would be echoed in the Checkers speech. After stating that there were no mink coats for the Nixons, the candidate said that he was \"proud of the fact that Pat Nixon wears a good Republican cloth coat, and she's going to continue to.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.913094520568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Politicians from both parties opined on the propriety of the Fund and on what Nixon should do, most in accord with their political affiliation. Democratic presidential candidate Stevenson, though, publicly reserved judgment, leading Chotiner to suspect \"that Stevenson is afraid of something here. I bet he has something to hide.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043249130249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The avalanche of editorial opinion continued the following day, Sunday, September 21, but Eisenhower continued to withhold judgment. The general considered asking retired Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts to evaluate the legality of the Fund, but time constraints ruled him out. Eisenhower decided to ask the Los Angeles law firm Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher for a legal opinion, while asking the accounting firm Price Waterhouse to audit the Fund's records. Nixon, meanwhile, was encouraged by a supportive telegram from his mother and discouraged by one from former Minnesota governor Harold Stassen urging him to resign from the ticket. New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, a Nixon supporter, called to tell the senator that most Eisenhower aides favored his removal, and that if Nixon made the telecast, he should call for people to write to express their opinions. Dewey added that if the response was not strongly pro-Nixon, the senator should leave the ticket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.075008392333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon finally got a call from Eisenhower at 10 pm, Pacific time, Sunday night. Eisenhower expressed a reluctance to see him leave the ticket, and felt that he should have a chance to make his case to the American people. Nixon enquired if the general would be able to make a decision on whether to keep him as the running mate immediately after the broadcast, and when Eisenhower equivocated, he angrily burst out: \"General, there comes a time in matters like this when you've either got to shit or get off the pot.\" Eisenhower replied that it might take three or four days to gauge public reaction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630476951599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Through the night to the morning of September 22, Eisenhower and Nixon aides arranged the speech. The RNC worked to raise the $75,000 needed to buy the half hour of television time, while the Eisenhower staff secured sixty NBC stations to telecast the speech, with radio coverage from CBS and Mutual. The Nixon staff initially advocated a half hour that evening, Monday, September 22, to follow the immensely popular I Love Lucy show, but when the candidate indicated he could not be ready that soon, settled for 6:30 pm Tuesday night, 9:30 pm in the East, following the almost equally popular Texaco Star Theater, starring Milton Berle. The campaign arranged to use the El Capitan Theatre, in Hollywood, where several variety shows were then filmed, since its lighting was superior to that of NBC Studios. Nixon told the press that he would be addressing the nation on television, but refused to take any questions about what he might say.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.344120025634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "When the plane reached Los Angeles, Nixon secluded himself in a suite in The Ambassador Hotel, letting no one except his wife, Chotiner, and attorney and adviser William P. Rogers have any hint what he was planning. He called two professors he knew at his alma mater, Whittier College, seeking appropriate Abraham Lincoln quotes. They called back with two suggestions, one of which he used. Unwilling to have his message filtered, the candidate adamantly refused to provide the media with any advance text of his speech, convinced that it would reduce the size of his audience. Without any hard information on what would be said during the speech, rumors flew through the media. UPI reported that Nixon would resign from the ticket well before the scheduled time for the speech. On the evening of the 22nd, the media broke the story that Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson had a similar fund, as Chotiner had predicted. The Stevenson information had been leaked by Bob Humphreys at the RNC, but as he later ruefully noted, \"Nobody paid much attention to it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.864694595336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The morning of the 23rd, the day of the speech, brought the reports from the lawyers, who opined that it was legal for a senator to accept expense reimbursements, and from the accountants, who stated that there was no evidence of misappropriation of money. The Fund was to be dissolved, and gifts accepted since Nixon's nomination were to be accounted for as campaign contributions. Despite the reports, Eisenhower had second thoughts about relying on the success of the speech. He told an aide to call Governor Dewey, who was to call Nixon and instruct him to close his speech with his resignation from the ticket. Believing they had resolved the situation at last, Eisenhower and his staff had a relaxed dinner and began to prepare for his own speech that evening, before 15,000 Republican supporters in Cleveland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.426175117492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "At 4:30 pm Pacific Time, Nixon, Chotiner, and Rogers were discussing where the public should be told to send their responses to the speech, when a Dewey aide telephoned for Nixon. Reluctantly, suspecting the reason for the call, Chotiner brought Nixon to the phone to speak with the New York governor. Dewey told Nixon that Eisenhower's aides were unanimous that Nixon resign, though Dewey did not agree, and that Nixon was to so state at the end of his telecast. Nixon asked what the general wanted him to do. Dewey hedged, stating that he had not spoken with the presidential candidate himself, but that the word had come from such close aides to Eisenhower that the demand had to represent the general's view. The candidate replied that it was very late for him to change his remarks; Dewey assured him he need not do so, but simply add at the end his resignation from the ticket and his insistence that Eisenhower accept it. The governor suggested he even announce his resignation from the Senate and his intent to run in the special election which would follow—the two-time losing presidential candidate was sure Nixon would be returned with a huge majority, thus vindicating him. Nixon remained silent for some time, and when Dewey asked him what he would do, the senator told him that he did not know, and if Eisenhower's aides wanted to find out, they could watch just like everyone else. Before slamming down the receiver, Nixon added, \"And tell them I know something about politics, too!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813812255859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The El Capitan Theatre, at Nixon's insistence, was entirely deserted. Press members were confined to a nearby room, where they could watch on television; stenographers were standing by at the Ambassador to ensure an accurate transcript of Nixon's remarks for the press, who would be facing deadlines in the East. Chotiner and Rogers would watch from behind a screen in the theatre; Pat Nixon, wearing a dress knitted by supporters, would sit on stage a few feet from her husband. The chosen set was a \"GI bedroom den\" with a desk, two chairs, and bookshelves. The senator usually preferred to work from a memorized text, but would work from notes for this speech to make the talk sound more spontaneous. Nixon spent some time practicing movements for the cameramen and finally went into the dressing room with his wife for a few minutes of solitude. He told her that he did not think he could go through with it, but she reassured him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.179200172424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The speech opened with Nixon sitting at the desk. He began, \"My fellow Americans, I come before you tonight as a candidate for the Vice Presidency, and as a man whose honesty and integrity has (sic) been questioned.\" The senator indicated that he would not follow the example of the Truman Administration and ignore charges, and that the best response to a smear \"is to tell the truth\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.276756286621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon stated that no contributor to the fund got any service that an ordinary constituent would not have received, and then anticipated the skeptical questions, \"Well, what did you use the fund for, Senator? Why did you have to have it?\" In response to his rhetorical question, he explained salary and office allowances for senators. He went through different ways that political expenses could be met. One way was to be rich, but the senator stated that he was not rich. Another way was to put one's spouse on the Congressional office payroll, as, he stated, his Democratic rival, Senator John Sparkman, had done. Nixon did not feel comfortable doing that himself with so many deserving stenographers in Washington needing work, though Pat Nixon was a \"wonderful stenographer\" and sometimes helped out in the office as a volunteer. At this point, the camera turned from Nixon for the first time to reveal Pat Nixon sitting alongside the desk. The senator indicated he could not continue his law practice, as some Congressmen did, due to the distance to California, and in any event he felt that practicing law while a lawmaker was a conflict of interest. Thus, he indicated, he had found that the best way to pay for political expenses not within his means was to allow contributors to do so. Nixon proffered the legal and accounting opinions as proof of his statements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.845254898071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon, continuing to ask skeptical rhetorical questions, indicated that some might feel that even with the opinions, he might have found some way to personally benefit. In response to his own question, the senator detailed his background and financial situation, beginning with his birth in Yorba Linda, and the family grocery store in which the Nixon boys helped out. He alluded to his work in college and law school, his service record, and stated that at the end of the war, he and Pat Nixon had $10,000 in savings, all of it patriotically in government bonds. The candidate gave the dollar amounts of small inheritances that the Nixons had received from relatives, before turning to their life in Washington:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.593074798583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "As the senator discussed their finances, the telecast again showed Pat Nixon, fixedly watching her husband. Pat Nixon later stated that her rapt gaze was because she did not know exactly what he would say, and wanted to hear. Nixon detailed their assets and liabilities: the mortgaged home in Washington; the similarly mortgaged home in California, then occupied by his parents. The loans from his parents and from Riggs Bank. The borrowed-against life insurance policy on the senator; no insurance on his wife or children. The two-year-old Oldsmobile and the family furniture, and that he and his wife owned no stocks or bonds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01439094543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon expressed pleasure that Stevenson, whom he termed a man who inherited wealth from his father, could run for president. But people \"of modest means\" must also get a chance, and the candidate recited the quotation attributed to Lincoln: \"Remember Abraham Lincoln, you remember what he said: 'God must have loved the common people—He made so many of them.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405159950256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon then called for Stevenson to give a full accounting of his own fund, and a full list of the donors. He also called for Senator Sparkman, who, as Nixon repeated, had put his wife on the payroll, to state fully any outside income he might have had. \"Because, folks, remember, a man that's to be President of the United States, a man that's to be Vice President of the United States must have the confidence of all the people. And that's why I'm doing what I'm doing, and that's why I suggest that Mr. Stevenson and Mr. Sparkman since they are under attack should do what I am doing.\" As the senator made this point, Eisenhower, sitting in the Cleveland office, slammed his pencil down, realizing that he would not be allowed to be the only major party candidate whose finances would evade scrutiny. Eisenhower had benefited from a favorable Act of Congress allowing the income from his bestselling memoirs to be considered capital gains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633245468139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon warned that other smears would be made against him, and many of the same commentators who were attacking him now had also attacked him for his role in the Alger Hiss case, for which he made no apologies. He then rose to his feet, came out from behind the desk, and continued:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944032669067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The senator alleged that Stevenson had downplayed the threat of communism, and was thus unfit to be president. He affirmed that Eisenhower was the only man fit to lead the country in ridding the government of corruption and communism. Reading parts of a letter from the wife of a serviceman fighting in Korea, who, despite her financial woes, had scraped together $10 to donate to the campaign, Nixon promised that he would never cash that check.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.314712524414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "With less than three minutes left in the allotted time, Nixon finally addressed the question: Would he stay or would he go? He indicated that he did not think he should go. \"Let me say this: I don't believe that I ought to quit because I'm not a quitter. And, incidentally, Pat's not a quitter. After all, her name was Patricia Ryan and she was born on St. Patrick's Day, and you know the Irish never quit.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335878372192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Seizing on the fact that the Republican National Convention had routinely given the RNC the power to fill vacancies on the ticket, Nixon evaded Eisenhower's power as the general again slammed his pencil down, this time breaking it:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087831497192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was initially convinced that the speech was a failure. Despite the congratulations of Rogers and Chotiner, and the fact that one of the cameramen had tears running down his face, he reproved himself for not mentioning the address of the Republican National Committee. Though the Young Republicans continued their applause as the Nixon party left the theatre, the candidate fixed on an Irish setter running alongside his car as it pulled away from the curb. \"Well, we made a hit in the dog world anyway.\" Despite the senator's despair, his wife was convinced that her husband had vindicated himself. Over sixty million Americans had watched or listened to the speech, including the largest television audience up to that point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.629852294921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had left the Ambassador with the lobby quiet; he returned to a mob scene, and the candidate was soon surrounded by well-wishers congratulating him. The party was able to get through to his suite, and after a few minutes of tense quiet, calls and telegrams began to pour in \"from everywhere\" praising the speech and urging him to remain on the ticket—but no word came from Eisenhower in Cleveland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.947181701660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Both Eisenhower's speech to the excited crowd and telegram to his running mate were noncommittal. The general applauded his running mate for his speech, but stated that the two had to meet face to face before a final decision could be made. While Eisenhower affirmed that the RNC had the power to elect a replacement candidate, Eisenhower indicated that the committee would, most likely, be guided by his wishes. Eisenhower asked Nixon to meet with him in person in Wheeling, West Virginia, where the general's campaign was next scheduled to go. Eisenhower's telegram was delayed in transmission and lost among the flood being sent to Nixon's suite, and the latter learned of his running mate's position from a wire service report.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198142051696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "When he heard of Eisenhower's posture, Nixon's happiness at what he had finally been convinced was a tour de force turned to fury, and he stated that if the speech did not satisfy the general, nothing he could do would. He called in his secretary, Rose Mary Woods, and dictated a telegram to the RNC resigning from the ticket. As Woods left the room with her notes, Chotiner stopped her, took the sheet, and ripped it up. While Chotiner understood Nixon's rage, he felt that the resignation was premature. The campaign manager urged Nixon simply to allow the public wave of support to pressure Eisenhower. He suggested that instead of going to Wheeling as Eisenhower had requested, that they resume the train tour in Missoula, Montana. Nixon sent Eisenhower a curt acknowledgment of his telegram, and a suggestion that they meet the following week in Washington, D.C. Chotiner then called Summerfield, telling him that Nixon felt he had been abused enough, and would not meet with Eisenhower until Summerfield was able to promise, on his word of honor, that the senator would be confirmed as nominee at that meeting. \"Dick is not going to be placed in the position of a little boy going somewhere to beg for forgiveness.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.970619201660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Just before the Nixon party left for the airport, Nixon friend and journalist Bert Andrews managed to reach him by phone. Andrews told the senator that he should go to Wheeling; that public reaction had already foreordained the outcome. He advised Nixon that he should accede to Eisenhower's desire to make the inevitable decision in his own way, advice Nixon acknowledged \"had the ring of truth\". Nonetheless, the Nixon party flew to Missoula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82918643951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "By this time, the first wave of what would eventually be more than four million letters, telegrams, postcards, and phone calls had flooded into RNC headquarters and other political offices. While a later study found that only about 7 percent of these communications addressed any substantive issue, they still ran 75 to one in favor of Nixon. Nixon skeptics joined in; both Stassen and Dewey sent congratulatory telegrams. Many letters included contributions to help pay for the cost of the broadcast; the RNC eventually recouped four-fifths of the $75,000 cost. Newspaper switchboards were jammed with calls from people seeking the RNC's address, while Western Union was caught off guard by Nixon's request that listeners wire the RNC, and had no extra help on hand. Checkers herself received enough dog food to last a year, and hundreds of collars, leashes, and toys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815603256225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Politicians generally reacted along party lines, with Senator Mundt stating, \"Nixon's speech is complete vindication against one of the most vicious smears in American history.\" Democratic Senator Clinton Anderson of New Mexico stated, \"I wish he had talked about the 18,000 bucks—not the puppy dog ... Suppose someone sets up a fund to buy my meals. I could say I didn't get one red cent of the money.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.039300918579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On the morning of September 24, Summerfield and Humphreys called Nixon at his Missoula hotel. After securing his agreement to fly to Wheeling if Eisenhower agreed to Chotiner's terms, the two reached Eisenhower and campaign leader New Hampshire Governor Sherman Adams in Portsmouth, Ohio, en route to Wheeling, and briefed them on the conversation with Nixon and on the flood of communications from the public. The general and governor agreed that Nixon could come to Wheeling with the assurance he would remain on the ticket. After making speeches in Missoula and at a stop in Denver, and after Eisenhower made his own speech announcing that his running mate had been the victim of an \"attempted smear\", Nixon arrived in Wheeling late in the day on the 24th. Eisenhower came to the airport to meet the plane, and hurried up the steps to greet the Nixons when the door was opened.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.06160831451416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The candidates waved at the crowd of 3,000 which had come to meet the plane, and rode together, with Nixon in place of honor, to a rally at City Island Stadium as Eisenhower chatted to Nixon as if the crisis had never occurred. At the stadium, Eisenhower introduced Nixon as a \"colleague\" who had been subject to \"a vicious and unprincipled attack\" but who had \"vindicated himself\" and who \"stood higher than ever before\". The presidential candidate finished by reading two telegrams, one from Nixon's mother assuring the general of her son's integrity, and the second from Summerfield stating that the RNC had voted unanimously to retain Nixon on the ticket. Nixon then spoke, telling the crowd that this was one of two moments when he was most proud to be an American; the other had been at the victory parade in New York in 1945, when he had seen General Eisenhower go by. He called the Wheeling rally \"the greatest moment of my life\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454894065856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Editorial reaction to the address was divided. The New York Times, which had criticized Nixon, and had even run stories with claims that he was under criminal investigation for the Fund, praised Nixon's \"composure and assurance\". The New York Journal American gushed, \"He was in our opinion, simply magnificent. We know of no other way to say it.\" The Pittsburgh Press called the address \"an extraordinary speech\". The Mobile Register stated that the Fund crisis \"confronted [Nixon] with an unsought opportunity which he made the most of.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.972702980041504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "However, some newspapers disagreed. The Baltimore Sun noted that Nixon \"did not deal in any way with the underlying question of propriety\", while the St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the address \"a carefully contrived soap opera\". Columnist Walter Lippmann called the wave of support for Nixon \"disturbing ... with all the magnification of modern electronics, simply mob law\"; discussing the speech with a dinner guest, he said, \"That must be the most demeaning experience my country has ever had to bear.\" Columnist Thomas Stokes criticized Eisenhower for equivocating on the question of his running mate until \"the young man himself—the accused—had to step in and take over. And how he took over!\" Through his presidency, Eisenhower would continue to be accused of being indecisive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.710909843444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon refused to answer further questions about the Fund, and attention turned to Stevenson's fund, especially as its details became clear. Governor Stevenson's fund, which proved to total $146,000, had been used for such expenditures as Christmas gifts to reporters, dues for private clubs, and to hire an orchestra for a dance his son was hosting. Taking a leaf from Nixon's book, the Democrats refused to answer questions about the governor's fund. Both parties were eager to bury the matter, and the story died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158905029296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "With The New York Times finding that Nixon's performance had given the Republican ticket \"a shot in the arm\", Eisenhower and Nixon swept to victory in November, with the Republicans narrowly taking both Houses of Congress. According to Nixon biographer Conrad Black, the speech earned Nixon supporters throughout Middle America which he would keep through the rest of his life, and who would continue to defend him after his death. Critics, however, would later see the address as the \"ultimate expression\" of the controversial politician's \"phoniness.\" Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose stated that part of the audience considered the address \"one of the most sickening, disgusting, maudlin performances ever experienced.\" In their analysis of the speech published just before Nixon's election as president in 1968, Robert S. Cathcart and Edward A. Schwarz suggested that while Nixon \"met the accusation head-on", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.63015079498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The address was an unprecedented demonstration of the power of television to galvanize large segments of the American people to act in a political campaign. However, the onslaught of negative media attention leading up to the address \"left its scars\" on Nixon, and the future president never returned to the easy relationship with the press that he had enjoyed during his congressional career. His oft-stated view that the media was the enemy came to play a part in his downfall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.53414535522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Despite the many criticisms of the speech in later years, Hal Bochin (who wrote a book about Nixon's rhetoric) suggests that Nixon succeeded at the time because of his use of narrative, spinning a story which resonated with the public:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68253231048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Checkers speech" }, { "answer": "Richard Milhous Nixon", "passage": "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.09039306640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected when he defeated Hubert Humphrey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.234891891479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home. At the same time, he ended military draft. Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972 opened diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year. His administration generally transferred power from Washington to the states. He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race. He was reelected by one of the largest landslides in U.S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76651382446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883113861083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Milhous Nixon", "passage": "Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, in a house his father built. He was the son of Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith; Nixon's upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers: Harold (1909–33), Donald (1914–87), Arthur (1918–25), and Edward (born 1930). Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England; Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703883171081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: \"We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it\". The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to Whittier, California. In an area with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station. Richard's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 after a short illness. At the age of twelve, Richard was found to have a spot on his lung and, with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. Eventually, the spot was found to be scar tissue from an early bout of pneumonia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.704805374145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Young Richard attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class. His parents believed that attendance at Whittier High School had caused Richard's older brother Harold to live a dissolute lifestyle before the older boy fell ill of tuberculosis (he died of the disease in 1933). Instead, they sent Richard to the larger Fullerton Union High School. He had to ride a school bus for an hour each way during his freshman year and he received excellent grades. Later, he lived with an aunt in Fullerton during the week. He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, even though he was rarely used in games. He had greater success as a debater, winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton's Head of English, H. Lynn Sheller. Nixon later remembered Sheller's words, \"Remember, speaking is conversation ... don't shout at people. Talk to them. Converse with them.\" Nixon stated that he tried to use the conversational tone as much as possible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674905776977539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "His parents permitted Richard to transfer to Whittier High School for his junior year, beginning in September 1928. At Whittier High, Nixon suffered his first electoral defeat, for student body president. He generally rose at 4 a.m., to drive the family truck into Los Angeles and purchase vegetables at the market. He then drove to the store to wash and display them, before going to school. Harold had been diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona in the hopes of improving his health, the demands on Richard increased, causing him to give up football. Nevertheless, Richard graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207 students.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781505584716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but Harold's continued illness and the need for their mother to care for him meant Richard was needed at the store. He remained in his hometown and attended Whittier College, his expenses there covered by a bequest from his maternal grandfather. Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, but lacked the size to play. He remained on the team as a substitute, and was noted for his enthusiasm. Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men, the Franklins; many members of the Franklins were from prominent families but Nixon was not. He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society. In addition to the society, schoolwork, and work at the store, Nixon found time for a large number of extracurricular activities, becoming a champion debater and gaining a reputation as a hard worker. In 1933, he became engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief. The two broke up in 1935.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865060806274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After his graduation from Whittier in 1934, Nixon received a full scholarship to attend Duke University School of Law. The school was new and sought to attract top students by offering scholarships. It paid high salaries to its professors, many of whom had national or international reputations. The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, forcing recipients into intense competition. Nixon not only kept his scholarship but was elected president of the Duke Bar Association, inducted into the Order of the Coif, and graduated third in his class in June 1937.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763949394226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After graduating from Duke, Nixon initially hoped to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He received no response to his letter of application and learned years later that he had been hired, but his appointment had been canceled at the last minute due to budget cuts. Instead, he returned to California and was admitted to the bar in 1937. He began practicing with the law firm Wingert and Bewley in Whittier, working on commercial litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, as well as on wills. In later years, Nixon proudly stated that he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney. Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women. In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California, and became a full partner in the firm the following year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.613526344299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In January 1938, Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma \"Pat\" Ryan. Nixon described it in his memoirs as \"a case of love at first sight\"—for Nixon only, as Pat Ryan turned down the young lawyer several times before agreeing to date him. Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal. They wed at a small ceremony on June 21, 1940. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier. They had two daughters, Tricia (born 1946) and Julie (born 1948).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.566400527954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In January 1942, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., where Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration. In his political campaigns, Nixon would suggest that this was his response to Pearl Harbor, but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941. Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier. He was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. He did not enjoy the role, and four months later, applied to join the United States Navy. As a birthright Quaker, he could have claimed exemption from the draft; he might also have been deferred because he worked in government service. But instead of exploiting his circumstance, Nixon opted to enlist in the Navy. His application to enlist was successful, and was appointed a lieutenant junior grade in the U.S Naval Reserve (U.S. Navy Reserve) on June 15, 1942. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.742328643798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In October 1942, he was assigned as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943. On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted to lieutenant. Seeking more excitement, he requested sea duty and was reassigned as the naval passenger control officer for the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command, supporting the logistics of operations in the South West Pacific theater; he was the Officer in Charge of the Combat Air Transport Command at Guadalcanal in the Solomons and in March 1944 at Green Island (Nissan island) just north of Bougainville. His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for C-47 operations and supervised the loading and unloading of the cargo aircraft. For this service, he received a Navy Letter of Commendation (awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon which was later updated to the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal) from his commanding officer for \"meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.123039245605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California. In January 1945, he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the Secretary of the Navy for \"meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty\". Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore. On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. On March 10, 1946, he was relieved of active duty. He resigned his commission on New Year's Day 1946. On June 1, 1953, he was promoted to commander. He retired in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6, 1966.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.532878875732422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1945, Republicans in California's 12th congressional district, frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis, sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign against him. They formed a \"Committee of 100\" to decide on a candidate, hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to Voorhis victories. After the committee failed to attract higher-profile candidates, Herman Perry, Whittier's Bank of America branch manager, suggested Nixon, a family friend with whom he had served on the Whittier College Board of Trustees before the war. Perry wrote to Nixon in Baltimore. After a night of excited talk between the Nixons, the naval officer responded to Perry with enthusiasm. Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where Nixon began a year of intensive campaigning. He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a congressman and suggested that Voorhis's endorsement by a group linked to communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views. Nixon won the election, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis' 49,994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659918785095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In Congress, Nixon supported the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947, a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and served on the Education and Labor Committee. He was part of the Herter Committee, which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid. Nixon was the youngest member of the committee, and the only Westerner. Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.989631652832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon first gained national attention in 1948 when his investigation, as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), broke the Alger Hiss spy case. While many doubted Whittaker Chambers' allegations that Hiss, a former State Department official, had been a Soviet spy, Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation. Under suit for defamation filed by Hiss, Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations. These included paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after having hidden them overnight in a field; they became known as the \"Pumpkin Papers\". Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers. In 1948, Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries, and was comfortably reelected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.640384674072266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Tricky Dick", "passage": "In 1949, Nixon began to consider running for the United States Senate against the Democratic incumbent, Sheridan Downey, and entered the race in November of that year. Downey, faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, announced his retirement in March 1950. Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing Korean War was a major issue. Nixon tried to focus attention on Douglas' liberal voting record. As part of that effort, a \"Pink Sheet\" was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that, as Douglas' voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio (believed by some to be a communist), their political views must be nearly identical. Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points. During this campaign, Nixon was first called \"Tricky Dick\" by his opponents for his campaign tactics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.949395179748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism, traveling frequently and speaking out against the threat. He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist, the controversial Wisconsin senator, Joseph McCarthy, but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations. Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean War. He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia. He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699869155883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Eisenhower gave Nixon responsibilities during his term as vice president—more than any previous vice president. Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them when Eisenhower was absent. A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States and prompted Nixon to appreciate the potential of the region as an industrial center. He visited Saigon and Hanoi in French Indochina. On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the amount of time he devoted to foreign relations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.76163387298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718647956848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Despite intense campaigning by Nixon, who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 1954 elections. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term. On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack; his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the Vice President had no formal power to act. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose, Nixon had \"earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56399917602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration. Nixon, however, believed such an action would destroy his political career. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, stating that it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the President in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.181431770324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In the spring of 1957, Nixon undertook another major foreign trip, this time to Africa. On his return, he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. Nixon advised the President to sign the bill, which he did. Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.276227951049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon embarked on a goodwill tour of South America. In Montevideo, Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima, Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon went to the campus, got out of his car to confront the students, and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him. In Caracas, Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and their limousine was attacked by a pipe-wielding mob. According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct \"caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78136157989502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. On July 24, while touring the exhibits with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the \"Kitchen Debate\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.841201782226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In 1960, Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States. He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate. His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy, and the race remained close for the duration. Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower–Nixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the \"missile gap\"). A new political medium was introduced in the campaign: televised presidential debates. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a five o'clock shadow, in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy. Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought that Nixon had won. Nixon lost the election narrowly, with Kennedy ahead by only 120,000 votes (0.2 percent) in the popular vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.153160095214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard M. Nixon", "passage": "Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Pat Brown for Governor of California in the 1962 election. Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race. The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping-stone for another presidential run, some opposition from the far-right of the party, and his own lack of interest in being California's governor. Nixon hoped that a successful run would confirm him in his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. Instead, he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points, and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career. In an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election, Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent, saying, \"You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference\". The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11, 1962, episode of ABC's Howard K. Smith: News and Comment entitled \"The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon\". Alger Hiss appeared on the program, and many members of the public complained that it was unseemly to allow a convicted felon air time to attack a former vice president. The furor drove Smith and his program from the air, and public sympathy for Nixon grew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682365417480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The Nixon family traveled to Europe in 1963, where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited. The family moved to New York City, where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander. Nixon had pledged, when announcing his California campaign, not to run for president in 1964; even if he had not, he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy, or after his assassination, Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson. In 1964, he supported Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater for the Republican nomination for president; when Goldwater was successful in gaining the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce the candidate to the convention. Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win, Nixon campaigned for him loyally. The election was a disaster for the Republicans; Goldwater's landslide loss to Johnson was matched by heavy losses for the party in Congress and among state governors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.974113464355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the 1966 congressional elections. He campaigned for many Republicans seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains in the midterm election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135672569274902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "One of the most tumultuous primary election seasons ever began as the Tet Offensive was launched, followed by the withdrawal of President Johnson as a candidate after doing unexpectedly poorly in the New Hampshire primary; it concluded with the assassination of one of the Democratic candidates, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, just moments after his victory in the California primary. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney, though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot. He selected Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing to both Northern moderates and Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630354881286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President Hubert Humphrey, who was nominated at a convention marked by violent protests. Throughout the campaign, Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during a period of national unrest and upheaval. He appealed to what he later called the \"silent majority\" of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528725624084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign, meeting with supporters in front of cameras. He stressed that the crime rate was too high, and attacked what he perceived as a surrender by the Democrats of the United States' nuclear superiority. Nixon promised \"peace with honor\" in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that \"new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific\". He did not release specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a \"secret plan\". His slogan of \"Nixon's the One\" proved to be effective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.745420455932617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Johnson's negotiators hoped to reach a truce in Vietnam prior to the election. Nixon received astute analysis on the talks from Henry Kissinger, then a consultant to U.S. negotiator Averell Harriman, and his campaign was in regular contact with Anna Chennault in Saigon. She advised South Vietnamese president Thieu not to go to Paris to join the talks, hinting that Nixon would give him a better deal if elected. Johnson was aware of what was going on, as he had both Chennault and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Washington bugged, and was enraged by what he considered an attempt by Nixon to undermine U.S. foreign policy. On October 31, with no agreement, Johnson announced a unilateral halt to the bombing, and that peace negotiations would start in Paris on November 6, the day after Election Day. On November 2, after speaking with Chennault again, Thieu stated he would not go to Paris. Johnson telephoned Nixon, who denied any involvement; the President did not believe him. Johnson felt he could not publicly mention Chennault's involvement, which had been obtained by wiretapping, but told Humphrey, who chose not to use the information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654413223266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and independent candidate former Alabama Governor George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by nearly 500,000 votes (seven-tenths of a percentage point), with 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace. In his victory speech, Nixon pledged that his administration would try to bring the divided nation together. Nixon said: \"I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to lose a close one.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428712844848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, \"They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.\" In his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that \"the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker\"—a phrase that would later be placed on his gravestone. He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.620626449584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China even before he became president, writing in Foreign Affairs a year before his election: \"There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation.\" Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, with whom the President worked closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir—border clashes between the two took place during Nixon's first year in office—Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China and play against top Chinese players. Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials. On July 15, 1971, it was simultaneously announced by Beijing and by Nixon (on television and radio) that the President would visit China the following February. The announcements astounded the world. The secrecy allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.740219116210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon and Kissinger met for an hour with Mao and Zhou at Mao's official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues. Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon, whom he considered forthright, unlike the leftists and the Soviets. He said he was suspicious of Kissinger, though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his \"encounter with history\". A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the Great Hall of the People. The following day, Nixon met with Zhou; the joint communique following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China, and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification. When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders including the Forbidden City, Ming Tombs, and the Great Wall. Americans received their first glimpse into Chinese life through the cameras which accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.951480865478516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam, and the war was broadly unpopular in the United States, with violent protests against the war ongoing. The Johnson administration had agreed to suspend bombing in exchange for negotiations without preconditions, but this agreement never fully took force. According to Walter Isaacson, soon after taking office, Nixon had concluded that the Vietnam War could not be won and he was determined to end the war quickly. Conversely, Black argues that Nixon sincerely believed he could intimidate North Vietnam through the \"Madman theory\". Nixon sought some arrangement which would permit American forces to withdraw, while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986757278442383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon approved a secret bombing campaign of North Vietnamese and allied Khmer Rouge positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named Operation Menu), a policy begun under Johnson. These operations resulted in heavy bombing of Cambodia; by one measurement more bombs were dropped over Cambodia under Johnson and Nixon than the Allies dropped during World War II. In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to North Vietnamese leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. Initial talks, however, did not result in an agreement. In May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam also did so and for South Vietnam to hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622708320617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In July 1969, Nixon visited South Vietnam, where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops, known as \"Vietnamization\". He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals but authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail, used to supply North Vietnamese forces, that passed through Laos and Cambodia. Nixon announced the ground invasion of Cambodia to the American public on April 30, 1970. His responses to protesters included an impromptu, early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9, 1970. Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot's then-second-in-command, Nuon Chea. Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a \"credibility gap\" on the issue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2550630569458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1971, excerpts from the \"Pentagon Papers\", which had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, were published by The New York Times and The Washington Post. When news of the leak first appeared, Nixon was inclined to do nothing; the Papers, a history of United States' involvement in Vietnam, mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations. He was persuaded by Kissinger that the papers were more harmful than they appeared, and the President tried to prevent publication. The Supreme Court eventually ruled for the newspapers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.085573196411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy in the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis; on taking office he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. These activities concerned the Soviets and Cubans, who feared Nixon might attack Cuba and break the understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev which had ended the missile crisis. In August 1970, the Soviets asked Nixon to reaffirm the understanding; despite his hard line against Castro, Nixon agreed. The process had not yet been completed when the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970. A minor confrontation ensued, which was concluded with an understanding that the Soviets would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles. The final round of diplomatic notes, reaffirming the 1962 accord, were exchanged in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.96595573425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile in September 1970 spurred Nixon and Kissinger to pursue a vigorous campaign of covert resistance to Allende, first designed to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election and then messages to military officers in support of a coup. Other support included strikes organized against Allende and funding for Allende opponents. It was even alleged that \"Nixon personally authorized\" $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper. Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.924627304077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972 and met with Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party; Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers; and Nikolai Podgorny, the head of state, among other leading Soviet officials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.280867576599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev. Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of \"peaceful coexistence\". A banquet was held that evening at the Kremlin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714924812316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Seeking to foster better relations with the United States, both China and the Soviet Union cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily. Nixon later described his strategy:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968875885009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Having made considerable progress over the previous two years in U.S.-Soviet relations, Nixon embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening. Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and MIRVs. While he considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, Nixon felt he would not have time as president to complete it. There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.840106964111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "As part of the Nixon Doctrine that the U.S. would avoid direct combat assistance to allies where possible, instead giving them assistance to defend themselves, the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East—particularly Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia—during the Nixon administration. The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel, an American ally in the Middle East, but the support was not unconditional. Nixon believed that Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the United States should encourage it. The president believed that—except during the Suez Crisis—the U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. However, the Arab-Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon's attention during his first term—for one thing, he felt that no matter what he did, American Jews would oppose his reelection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815025329589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "On October 6, 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, supported with tons of arms and materiel by the Soviet Union, attacked Israel in what was known as the Yom Kippur War. Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis; when Israel gained the upper-hand, Egyptian President Sadat requested a joint U.S.-USSR peacekeeping mission, which the U.S. refused. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3, placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. This was the closest that the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis. Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon's actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354411125183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "After the war, and under Nixon's presidency, the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967. Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.575499534606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first President to visit Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.346004486083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent—its highest rate since the Korean War. The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections (Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon's presidency). According to political economist Nigel Bowles in his 2011 study of Nixon's economic record, the new president did little to alter Johnson's policies through the first year of his presidency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.709800720214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies, but believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition, and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection. As part of his \"New Federalism\" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. However, Nixon gained political credit for advocating them. In 1970, Congress had granted the President the power to impose wage and price freezes, though the Democratic majorities, knowing Nixon had opposed such controls through his career, did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority. With inflation unresolved by August 1971, and an election year looming, Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at Camp David. He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. Bowles points out, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.537628173828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation's defeat, Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents ... to criticize him. His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.526812553405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92574691772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After he won reelection, Nixon found inflation returning. He reimposed price controls in June 1973. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy. The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294473648071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon advocated a \"New Federalism\", which would devolve power to state and local elected officials, though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them. He eliminated the Cabinet-level United States Post Office Department, which in 1971 became the government-run United States Postal Service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770574569702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was a late convert to the conservation movement. Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election; the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. He saw that the first Earth Day in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject, and sought to use that to his benefit; in June he announced the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Nixon broke new ground by discussing environment policy in his State of the Union speech; other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects. Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972—objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.220335960388184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate, federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children, and support for health maintenance organizations (HMOs). A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973. In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and cost sharing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169013023376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Concerned about the prevalence of drug use both domestically and among American soldiers in Vietnam, Nixon called for a War on Drugs, pledging to cut off sources of supply abroad, and to increase funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354901313781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "As one policy initiative, Nixon called for more money for sickle-cell research, treatment, and education in February 1971 and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972. While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a War on Cancer, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023873329162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large-scale integration of public schools in the South. Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites. Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. Soon after his inauguration, he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force, which worked with local leaders—both white and black—to determine how to integrate local schools. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. By 1971, however, tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities, with angry protests over the busing of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.260141372680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970—the first significant federal affirmative action program. He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification. Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968, though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election. Nevertheless, he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63741683959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk. He called the conversation \"the most historic phone call ever made from the White House\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8919677734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon, however, was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the high level seen through the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a manned expedition to Mars as early as 1981. Nixon, however, rejected both proposals due to the expense. Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969, because unmanned spy satellites were shown to be a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090995788574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On March 7, 1970, Nixon announced the end of the Kennedy-Johnson era's massive efforts in the space race, stating \"We must think of [space activities] as part of a continuing process... and not as a series of separate leaps, each requiring a massive concentration of energy. Space expenditures must take their proper place within a rigorous system of national priorities... What we do in space from here on in must become a normal and regular part of our national life and must therefore be planned in conjunction with all of the other undertakings which are important to us.\" He then cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102781295776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a five-year cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program, culminating in the 1975 joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft linking in space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94468879699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment. The Democratic \"Solid South\" had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions. Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but had alienated more moderate Southerners. Nixon's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace's candidacy. Through his first term, he pursued a Southern Strategy with policies, such as his desegregation plans, that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites, encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the Civil Rights era. He nominated two Southern conservatives, Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the Supreme Court, but neither was confirmed by the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.971697807312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection. Virtually assured the Republican nomination, the President had initially expected his Democratic opponent to be Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy (brother of the late president), but he was largely removed from contention after the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident. Instead, Maine Senator Edmund Muskie became the front runner, with South Dakota Senator George McGovern in a close second place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.441535949707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On June 10, McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination. The following month, Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention. He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive. McGovern intended to sharply reduce defense spending and supported amnesty for draft evaders as well as abortion rights. With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for \"amnesty, abortion and acid\". McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate, Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton, dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received treatment for depression. Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle, and was reelected on November 7, 1972 in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history. He defeated McGovern with over 60 percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856278419494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. Those activities included \"dirty tricks,\" or bugging the offices of political opponents and the harassment of activist groups and political figures. The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. The Washington Post picked up on the story; reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an informant known as \"Deep Throat\"—later revealed to be Mark Felt, associate director at the FBI—to link the men to the Nixon administration. Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics, calling news articles biased and misleading. A series of revelations made it clear that the Committee to Re-elect President Nixon, and later the White House, was involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats. Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.188774108886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In July 1973, White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified under oath to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system that recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office. These tapes were subpoenaed by Watergate Special Counsel Archibald Cox; Nixon provided transcripts of the conversations but not the actual tapes, citing executive privilege. With the White House and Cox at loggerheads, Nixon had Cox fired in October in the \"Saturday Night Massacre\"; he was replaced by Leon Jaworski. In November, Nixon's lawyers revealed that an audio tape of conversations, held in the White House on June 20, 1972, featured an 18½ minute gap. Rose Mary Woods, the President's personal secretary, claimed responsibility for the gap, alleging that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape, though her tale was widely mocked. The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President, cast doubt on Nixon's statement that he had been unaware of the cover-up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413966178894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office. He insisted that he had made mistakes, but had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973. On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned —unrelated to Watergate— and was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as Governor of Maryland. Nixon chose Gerald Ford, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64517879486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "I'm not a crook", "passage": "On November 17, 1973, during a televised question and answer session with the press, Nixon said, \"People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60441780090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides. The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment. On July 24, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488435745239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and paid $465,000 in back taxes in 1974.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050758361816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. However, one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the \"Smoking Gun Tape\" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had a lapse of memory. He met with Republican congressional leaders soon after, and was told he faced certain impeachment in the House and had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate— far fewer than the 34 he needed to avoid removal from office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884549140930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty of impeachment, Nixon resigned the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon stated that he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.242165565490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing. It was termed \"a masterpiece\" by Conrad Black, one of his biographers. Black opined that \"What was intended to be an unprecedented humiliation for any American president, Nixon converted into a virtual parliamentary acknowledgement of almost blameless insufficiency of legislative support to continue. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.879599571228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, California. According to his biographer, Aitken, after his resignation, \"Nixon was a soul in torment\". Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7 a.m.—with little to do. His former press secretary, Ron Ziegler, sat with him alone for hours each day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135747909545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford, however, insisted on a statement of contrition; Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed, and on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a \"full, free, and absolute pardon\", which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039436340332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with phlebitis, the inflammation of the walls of a vein. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman—and The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the \"wrong foot\". Judge John Sirica excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections. Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate. Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66760540008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill-will against him in the country. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190447807312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "By early 1975, Nixon's health was improving. He maintained an office in a Coast Guard station 300 yards from his home, at first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day; he mainly worked on his memoirs. He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly. He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February, which compelled him to part with many of his staff, including Ziegler. In August of that year, he met with British talk-show host and producer David Frost, who paid him $600,000 for a series of sit-down interviews, filmed and aired in 1977. They began on the topic of foreign policy, recounting the leaders he had known, but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate. Nixon admitted that he had \"let down the country\" and that \"I brought myself down. I gave them a sword and they stuck it in. And they twisted it with relish. And, I guess, if I'd been in their position, I'd have done the same thing.\" The interviews garnered 45–50 million viewers—becoming the most-watched program of their kind in television history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110708236694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "The interviews helped improve Nixon's financial position—at one point in early 1975 he had only $500 in the bank—as did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy Nixon friends such as Bebe Rebozo. In February 1976, Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao. Nixon had wanted to return to China, but chose to wait until after Ford's own visit in 1975. Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan. Ford won, but was defeated by Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in the general election. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855157852172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In 1976, Nixon was disbarred in the state of New York for obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair. Nixon chose not to present any defense. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.952996253967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "In early 1978, Nixon went to the United Kingdom. He was shunned by American diplomats and by most ministers of the James Callaghan government. He was welcomed, however, by the Leader of the Opposition, Margaret Thatcher, as well as by former prime ministers Lord Home and Sir Harold Wilson. Two other former prime ministers, Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath declined to meet him. Nixon addressed the Oxford Union regarding Watergate:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568838119506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "In 1978, Nixon published his memoirs, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, the first of ten books he was to author in his retirement. The book was a bestseller and attracted a generally positive critical response. Nixon journeyed to the White House in 1979, invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping. Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon, but Deng had stated he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited. Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738935470581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "On August 10, 1979, the Nixons purchased a New York City townhouse at 817 Fifth Avenue after being rejected by two Manhattan co-ops. When the former Shah of Iran died in Egypt in July 1980, Nixon defied the State Department, which intended to send no U.S. representative, by attending the funeral. Though Nixon had no official credentials, as a former president he was seen as the American presence at its former ally's funeral. Nixon supported Ronald Reagan for president in 1980, making television appearances portraying himself as, in biographer Stephen Ambrose's words, \"the senior statesman above the fray\". He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan's victory. After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.117424011230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Throughout the 1980s, Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing, traveled, and met with many foreign leaders, especially those of Third World countries. He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. On a trip to the Middle East, Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya, which attracted significant U.S. media attention; The Washington Post ran stories on Nixon's \"rehabilitation\". Nixon journeyed to the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Mikhail Gorbachev. Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.180849075317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world. At the time, political pundit Elizabeth Drew wrote, \"Even when he was wrong, Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory, as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority, enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times.\" Newsweek ran a story on \"Nixon's comeback\" with the headline \"He's back\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.368316650390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance. They were joined by a large crowd of people, including Presidents Ford, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, as well as their wives, Betty, Nancy, and Barbara. In January 1991, the former president founded the Nixon Center (today the Center for the National Interest), a Washington policy think tank and conference center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20993709564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993, of emphysema and lung cancer. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. Former President Nixon was distraught throughout the interment and delivered a moving tribute to her inside the library building.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898200988769531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon suffered a severe stroke on April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his Park Ridge, New Jersey home. A blood clot resulting from the atrial fibrillation he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart, broken off, and traveled to his brain. He was taken to New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg. Damage to the brain caused swelling (cerebral edema), and Nixon slipped into a deep coma. He died at 9:08 p.m. on April 22, 1994, with his daughters at his bedside. He was 81 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23440933227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's funeral took place on April 27, 1994 in Yorba Linda, California. Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson, and the Reverend Billy Graham. Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.436993598937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Richard Nixon is buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library. He was survived by his two daughters, Tricia and Julie, and four grandchildren. In keeping with his wishes, his funeral was not a full state funeral, though his body did lie in repose in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service. Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly, wet weather to pay their respects. At its peak, the line to pass by Nixon's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting to pay their respects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196969032287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "John F. Stacks of Time magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930405616760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self-created disaster that he faced. To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation, he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world's leaders ... and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House [in 1993], Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman. Clinton, whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon, met openly with him and regularly sought his advice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.284102439880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Tom Wicker of The New York Times noted that Nixon had been equalled only by Franklin Roosevelt in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and, quoting Nixon's 1962 farewell speech, wrote,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.062320709228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Richard Nixon's jowly, beard-shadowed face, the ski-jump nose and the widow's peak, the arms upstretched in the V-sign, had been so often pictured and caricatured, his presence had become such a familiar one in the land, he had been so often in the heat of controversy, that it was hard to realize the nation really would not 'have Nixon to kick around anymore'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142963409423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Ambrose said of the reaction to Nixon's death, \"To everyone's amazement, except his, he's our beloved elder statesman.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995945930480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Upon Nixon's death, almost all of the news coverage mentioned Watergate, but for the most part, the coverage was favorable to the former president. The Dallas Morning News stated, \"History ultimately should show that despite his flaws, he was one of our most farsighted chief executives.\" This offended some; columnist Russell Baker complained of \"a group conspiracy to grant him absolution\". Cartoonist Jeff Koterba of the Omaha World-Herald depicted History before a blank canvas, his subject Nixon, as America looks on eagerly. The artist urges his audience to sit down; the work will take some time to complete, as \"this portrait is a little more complicated than most\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42249584197998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon, \"How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?\" Nixon's biographers disagree on how he will be perceived by history. According to Ambrose, \"Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation.\" Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional career, suggests that \"he was remarkable among his congressional peers, a success story in a troubled era, one who steered a sensible anti-Communist course against the excess of McCarthy\". Aitken feels that \"Nixon, both as a man and as a statesman, has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised for his virtues. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.251018524169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's Southern Strategy is credited by some historians as causing the South to become a Republican stronghold, though others deem economic factors more important to the change. Throughout his career, he was instrumental in moving his party away from the control of isolationists, and as a congressman was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism. According to his biographer, Herbert Parmet, \"Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793891906738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Nixon is given credit for his stance on domestic affairs, which resulted in the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation. Historian Paul Charles Milazzo in his 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, points to Nixon's creation of the EPA and his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act, stating that \"though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.625775337219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon saw his policies regarding Vietnam, China, and the Soviets as key to his place in history. George McGovern, Nixon's onetime opponent, commented in 1983, \"President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World War II ... With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history.\" Political scientist Jussi M. Hanhimäki disagrees, saying Nixon's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the Cold War policy of containment, using diplomatic rather than military means. Historian Christopher Andrew concludes that \"Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena. While the criminal farce of Watergate was in the making, Nixon's inspirational statesmanship was establishing new working relationships with both Communist China and the Soviet Union.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.031651496887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Historian Keith W. Olson has written that Nixon left a negative legacy: fundamental mistrust of government with its roots in Vietnam and Watergate. During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct had been comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than those of the incumbent. Another legacy, for a time, was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. Olson suggests that grants of power to George W. Bush in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks restored the president's power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.754476547241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127182960510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone. Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being \"driven\" though also \"uneasy with himself in some ways\". According to Black, Nixon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20062255859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "Biographer Elizabeth Drew summarized Nixon as a \"smart, talented man, but most peculiar and haunted of presidents\". In his account of the Nixon presidency, author Richard Reeves described Nixon as \"a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts\". Nixon's presidency was doomed by his personality, Reeves argues:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.460434913635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. Even Bebe Rebozo, by some accounts his closest friend, did not call him by his first name. Nixon stated of this,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813782691955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thing—saying, 'Gee, I couldn't sleep' ... I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. That's just the way I am. Some people are different. Some people think it's good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts ... [and] reveal their inner psyche—whether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. Not me. No way. When told that most Americans, even at the end of his career, did not feel they knew him, Nixon replied, \"Yeah, it's true. And it's not necessary for them to know.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323647499084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Nixon" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon had enjoyed a spectacular rise in national politics. Elected to Congress in 1946, he quickly made a name for himself as a militant anti-Communist while serving on the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1950, at age 38, he was elected to the Senate and became an outspoken critic of President Truman's conduct of the Korean War. He also cited wasteful spending by the Democrats, and alleged that Communists had infiltrated the U.S. government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.546769142150879, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon's", "passage": "But Nixon's rapid rise in American politics nearly came to a crashing halt after a sensational headline appeared in the New York Post stating, \"Secret Rich Men's Trust Fund Keeps Nixon in Style Far Beyond His Salary.\" The headline appeared just a few days after Eisenhower had chosen him as his running mate. Amid the shock and outrage that followed, many Republicans urged Eisenhower to dump Nixon from the ticket before it was too late.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934062957763672, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "I am sure that you have read the charges, and you have heard it, that I, Senator Nixon, took $18,000 from a group of my supporters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141236305236816, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Now, was that wrong? And let me say that it was wrong. I am saying it, incidentally, that it was wrong, just not illegal, because it isn't a question of whether it was legal or illegal, that isn't enough. The question is, was it morally wrong? I say that it was morally wrong if any of that $18,000 went to Senator Nixon, for my personal use. I say that it was morally wrong if it was secretly given and secretly handled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339203834533691, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "She is a wonderful stenographer. She used to teach stenography and she used to teach shorthand in high school. That was when I met her. And I can tell you folks that she has worked many hours on Saturdays and Sundays in my office, and she has done a fine job, and I am proud to say tonight that in the six years I have been in the Senate of the United States, Pat Nixon has never been on the government payroll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355497360229492, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "It is our conclusion that Senator Nixon did not obtain any financial gain from the collection and disbursement of the funds by Dana Smith; that Senator Nixon did not violate any federal or state law by reason of the operation of the fund; and that neither the portion of the fund paid by Dana Smith directly to third persons, nor the portion paid to Senator Nixon, to reimburse him for office expenses, constituted income in a sense which was either reportable or taxable as income under income tax laws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245867729187012, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "That is not Nixon speaking, but it is an independent audit which was requested because I want the American people to know all the facts and I am not afraid of having independent people go in and check the facts, and that is exactly what they did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796722412109375, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Dear Senator Nixon,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0545654296875, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Richard M. Nixon", "passage": "Richard M. Nixon - September 23, 1952", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.010315895080566, "source": "search", "title": "1952 Checkers speech - The History Place" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.425687789916992, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.425687789916992, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Of course, President Nixon was a resourceful, resilient politician who could have bounced back from being dropped from the 1952 presidential ticket by Dwight Eisenhower. However, there are few historical examples of candidates who fell from such a big stage and regained their footing in a national election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.092020034790039, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was facing allegations that he benefited from an $18,000 trust fund set up for a future U.S. Senate campaign. He denied the charges, but Eisenhower, under the advice of his campaign staff, was considering dropping Nixon from the campaign, based on public reaction to the speech.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.761232376098633, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon’s speech was carefully crafted to take advantage of the new medium of television and the sensitivity of Republican voters, including a full disclosure of his financial history and rhetoric right from Abraham Lincoln’s playbook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.547765731811523, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon and his supporters called it the “fund” speech, and they knew their political careers rested on its success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.6082763671875, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "And then, Nixon tossed in an anecdote about Checkers, the family’s cocker spaniel, to prove he was just another “common man.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.178874015808105, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“I got a kind of malicious pleasure out of it. I’ll needle them on this one, I said to myself,” Nixon told an interviewer later in the 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50169563293457, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“A man down in Texas heard Pat on the radio mention the fact that our two youngsters would like to have a dog,” Nixon explained about a campaign gift from a supporter from Texas, which came in the form of a cocker spaniel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933877944946289, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The public support for Nixon among GOP voters was overwhelming, and Nixon stayed on the ticket and was elected vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954194068908691, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Visitors leave flags and flowers at the gravesite as a tribute to the dog who helped Nixon, in an indirect way, become vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977995872497559, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.425687789916992, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Richard Nixon", "passage": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.425687789916992, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Of course, President Nixon was a resourceful, resilient politician who could have bounced back from being dropped from the 1952 presidential ticket by Dwight Eisenhower. However, there are few historical examples of candidates who fell from such a big stage and regained their footing in a national election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.092020034790039, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon was facing allegations that he benefited from an $18,000 trust fund set up for a future U.S. Senate campaign. He denied the charges, but Eisenhower, under the advice of his campaign staff, was considering dropping Nixon from the campaign, based on public reaction to the speech.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.761232376098633, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon’s speech was carefully crafted to take advantage of the new medium of television and the sensitivity of Republican voters, including a full disclosure of his financial history and rhetoric right from Abraham Lincoln’s playbook.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.547765731811523, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon and his supporters called it the “fund” speech, and they knew their political careers rested on its success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.6082763671875, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "And then, Nixon tossed in an anecdote about Checkers, the family’s cocker spaniel, to prove he was just another “common man.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.178874015808105, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“I got a kind of malicious pleasure out of it. I’ll needle them on this one, I said to myself,” Nixon told an interviewer later in the 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50169563293457, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“A man down in Texas heard Pat on the radio mention the fact that our two youngsters would like to have a dog,” Nixon explained about a campaign gift from a supporter from Texas, which came in the form of a cocker spaniel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933877944946289, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The public support for Nixon among GOP voters was overwhelming, and Nixon stayed on the ticket and was elected vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954194068908691, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Visitors leave flags and flowers at the gravesite as a tribute to the dog who helped Nixon, in an indirect way, become vice president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977995872497559, "source": "search", "title": "Checkers, the dog who helped save Richard Nixon’s career" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Although politicians have long sought to make themselves “relatable,” Mattson says, Nixon realized television’s potential as a powerful image-creating tool. Ironically, Nixon was famously uncomfortable with people and not particularly likable. Yet he used television to his advantage, designing a set as an intimate living room to make it seem as if he were speaking from his own home. And viewers of the time, unused to or unaware of the ploy, ate it up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80162239074707, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "The technique worked: “People felt that Nixon reached their hearts,” Mattson notes. Few complained that Nixon didn’t address the underlying issue: the influence of money on campaigns and, by extension, policy. Nor did they consider the irony of a well-known conservative portraying himself as a man of the people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049361228942871, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“The original populist People’s Party hated railroads, bankers, and big business,” Mattson says. What Nixon did so astonishingly was to echo that distrust of elites, even as he was taking their money. Who could fault a man who praised the virtues of cloth coats and the love of dogs?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266596794128418, "source": "search", "title": "How Richard Nixon’s famous “Checkers” speech set the tone ..." }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Nixon referred to a cocker spaniel dog his family had been given. Black and white spotted, they called it Checkers. “And you know, the kids, like all kids, love the dog and I just want to say this right now, that regardless of what they say about it, we’re gonna keep it.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463896751403809, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "At the election six weeks later, the Republican Eisenhower-Nixon ticket defeated the Democratic ticket of Adlai Stevenson II and John Sparkman. Nixon became vice-president on January 20, 1953.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503846168518066, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Listen to Nixon’s speech (30m – transcript below)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.093460083007812, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Watch Nixon’s speech in full (30m)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.588134765625, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "I am sure that you have read the charge and you’ve heard that I, Senator Nixon, took $18,000 from a group of my supporters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242937088012695, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "I say that it was morally wrong if any of that $18,000 went to Senator Nixon for my personal use. I say that it was morally wrong if it was secretly given and secretly handled. And I say that it was morally wrong if any of the contributors got special favors for the contributions that they made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18653678894043, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "My wife’s sitting over here. She’s a wonderful stenographer. She used to teach stenography and she used to teach shorthand in high school. That was when I met her. And I can tell you folks that she’s worked many hours at night and many hours on Saturdays and Sundays in my office and she’s done a fine job. And I’m proud to say tonight that in the six years I’ve been in the House and the Senate of the United States, Pat Nixon has never been on the Government payroll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331903457641602, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "“It is our conclusion that Senator Nixon did not obtain any financial gain from the collection and disbursement of the fund by Dana Smith; that Senator Nixon did not violate any Federal or state law by reason of the operation of the fund, and that neither the portion of the fund paid by Dana Smith directly to third persons nor the portion paid to Senator Nixon to reimburse him for designated office expenses constituted income to the Senator which was either reportable or taxable as income under applicable tax laws. (signed) Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher by Alma H. Conway.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203845977783203, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Now that, my friends, is not Nixon speaking, but that’s an independent audit which was requested because I want the American people to know all the facts and I’m not afraid of having independent people go in and check the facts, and that is exactly what they did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.550300598144531, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "Dear Senator Nixon:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115727424621582, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" }, { "answer": "Nixon", "passage": "* Nixon meant to say $10,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407936096191406, "source": "search", "title": "Senator Nixon's Checkers Speech - Watergate scandal" } ]

[ { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "Shastri retained many members of Nehru's Council of Ministers. T. T. Krishnamachari was retained as the Finance Minister of India, as was Defence Minister Yashwantrao Chavan. He appointed Swaran Singh to succeed him as External Affairs Minister. He also appointed Indira Gandhi, daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru and former Congress President, as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting. Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the Minister of Home Affairs.", "precise_score": 2.4050450325012207, "rough_score": 6.888398170471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri" }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "When he was assigned as a Prime Minister of the India after the death of the former Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru on 27th of May in 1964, he retained various earlier members from the Council of Jawaharlal Nehru such as Yashwantrao Chavan as a Defence Minister of India, Swaran Singh as an External Affairs Minister, Indira Gandhi as a Minister of Information and Broadcasting, Gulzarilal Nanda as a Minister of Home Affairs of India, T. T. Krishnamachari as a Finance Minister of India and etc.", "precise_score": 2.6232359409332275, "rough_score": 5.6127424240112305, "source": "search", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri: Biography, Facts, Political Career ..." }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "Shastri joined the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. Deeply impressed and influenced by Mahatma Gandhi (with whom he shares his birthday), he became a loyal follower, first of Gandhi, and then of Jawaharlal Nehru. Following independence in 1947, he joined the latter's government and became one of Prime Minister Nehru's principal lieutenants, first as Railways Minister (1951–56), and then in a variety of other functions, including Home Minister. Shastri was chosen as Nehru's successor owing to his adherence to Nehruvian socialism after Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi turned down Congress President K. Kamaraj's offer of premiership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.508223533630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri" }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "Shastri died in Tashkent, at 02:00 on the day after signing the Tashkent Declaration, reportedly due to a heart attack, but people allege conspiracy behind the death. He was the first Prime Minister of India to die overseas. He was eulogised as a national hero and the Vijay Ghat memorial established in his memory. Upon his death, Gulzarilal Nanda once again assumed the role of Acting Prime Minister until the Congress Parliamentary Party elected Indira Gandhi over Morarji Desai to officially succeed Shastri. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8028063774108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri" }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "Shastri was criticized for failing to deal effectively with India’s economic problems, but he won great popularity for his firmness on the outbreak of hostilities with neighbouring Pakistan (1965) over the disputed Kashmir region. He died of a heart attack after signing a “no-war” agreement with Pres. Ayub Khan of Pakistan and was succeeded as prime minister by Indira Gandhi , Nehru’s daughter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.317683696746826, "source": "search", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri | prime minister of India | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "Though the Indian army reached the outskirts of Lahore, Shastri agreed to withdraw Indian forces. He had always been identified with the interests of the working class and peasants since the days of his involvement with the freedom struggle, and now his popularity agree. But his triumph was short-lived: invited in January 1966 by the Russian Premier, Aleksei Kosygin, to Tashkent for a summit with General Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan and commander of the nation's armed forces, Shastri suffered a fatal heart attack hours after signing a treaty where India and Pakistan agreed to not meddle in each other's internal affairs and \"not to have recourse to force and to settle their disputes through peaceful means. Shastri's body was brought back to India, and a memorial, not far from the national memorial to Mahatma Gandhi, was built to honor him. It says, in fitting testimony to Shastri, \"Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan\" (\"Honor the Soldier, Honor the Farmer\"). He is, however, a largely forgotten figure, another victim of the engineering of India's social memory by Indira Gandhi and her clan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3645272254943848, "source": "search", "title": "Manas: History and Politics, Lal Bahadur Shastri" }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "He also has involved in solving the Madras anti-Hindi agitation in the year 1965. As Indian mother tongue (sole national language) is Hindi, it was opposed by some of the Indian states talking non-Hindi language like English. In order to handle that situation, he decided in his meeting with Indira Gandhi to continue the English as an official language by the non-Hindi speaking states of the India. After his positive assurance the riots was settled to calm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.407159805297852, "source": "search", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri: Biography, Facts, Political Career ..." }, { "answer": "Indira Gandhi", "passage": "Sunil Shastri told HT that his mother had demanded an inquiry into his father’s death when Gulzarilal Nanda and Indira Gandhi came to meet her on separate occasions while they occupied the PM’s chair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.882497787475586, "source": "search", "title": "Lal Bahadur Shastri's sons urge PM to clear the air on his ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "From the October Revolution onward, Lenin had used repression against perceived enemies of the Bolsheviks as a systematic method of instilling fear and facilitating social control, especially during the campaign commonly referred to as the Red Terror. This policy continued and intensified under Stalin, periods of heightened repression including the deportation of kulaks who opposed collectivization, and a severe famine in the Ukraine. A distinctive feature of the Great Purge was that, for the first time, members of the ruling party were included on a massive scale as victims of the repression. Due to the scale of the terror, the substantial victims of the purges were Communist Party members and office-holders. The purge of the Party was accompanied by the purge of the whole society. The following events are used for the demarcation of the period.", "precise_score": -5.106359481811523, "rough_score": -6.568288803100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Eventually almost all of the Bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the Russian Revolution of 1917, or in Lenin's Soviet government afterwards, were executed. Out of six members of the original Politburo during the 1917 October Revolution who lived until the Great Purge, Stalin himself was the only one who remained in the Soviet Union, alive. Four of the other five were executed. The fifth, Leon Trotsky, went into exile in Mexico after being expelled from the Party but was assassinated by Soviet agent Ramón Mercader in 1940. Of the seven members elected to the Politburo between the October Revolution and Lenin's death in 1924, four were executed, one (Tomsky) committed suicide and two (Molotov and Kalinin) lived.", "precise_score": -8.773578643798828, "rough_score": -8.590192794799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "As soon as the Kulak Operation was launched (5 August 1937), regional party and NKVD bosses, eager to show their zeal, demanded an increase in the quotas. Accordingly, the quotas were increased. But this was not only the result of demands from below. The largest new allowances were distributed by Stalin and Ezhov on their own initiative: on 15 October 1937, for example, the Politburo passed a secret resolution increasing the number of people \"to be repressed\" by 120,000 (63,000 \"in the first category\" and 57,000 \"in the second category\"); on 31 January 1938, Stalin ordered a further increase of 57,200, 48,000 of whom were to be executed.", "precise_score": -10.79672908782959, "rough_score": -7.923511505126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "During the late 1930s, Stalin dispatched NKVD operatives to the Mongolian People's Republic, established a Mongolian version of the NKVD troika, and proceeded to execute tens of thousands of people accused of having ties to \"pro-Japanese spy rings.\" Buddhist lamas made up the majority of victims, with 18,000 being killed in the terror. Other victims were nobility and political and academic figures, along with some ordinary workers and herders. Mass graves containing hundreds of executed Buddhist monks and civilians have been discovered as recently as 2003. ", "precise_score": -8.240066528320312, "rough_score": -7.201265335083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In the summer of 1938 Yezhov was relieved from his post as head of the NKVD and was eventually tried and executed. Lavrentiy Beria, a fellow Georgian and Stalin confidant, succeeded him as head of NKVD. On 17 November 1938 a joint decree of Sovnarkom USSR and Central Committee of VKP(b) (Decree about Arrests, Prosecutor Supervision and Course of Investigation) and the subsequent order of NKVD undersigned by Beria, cancelled most of the NKVD orders of systematic repression and suspended implementation of death sentences. The decree signaled the end of massive Soviet purges.", "precise_score": -8.524598121643066, "rough_score": -8.809579849243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Nevertheless, the practice of mass arrest and exile continued until Stalin's death in 1953. Political executions also continued, but, with the exception of Katyn and other NKVD massacres during World War II, on a vastly smaller scale. One notorious example is the \"Night of the Murdered Poets\", in which at least thirteen prominent Yiddish writers were executed on 12 August 1952. Historians such as Michael Parrish have argued that while the Great Terror ended in 1938, a lesser terror continued in the 1940s.", "precise_score": -6.720956802368164, "rough_score": -7.226583480834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "According to Robert Conquest in his 1968 book The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties, with respect to the trials of former leaders, some Western observers were unable to see through the fraudulent nature of the charges and evidence, notably Walter Duranty of The New York Times, a Russian speaker; the American Ambassador, Joseph E. Davies, who reported, \"proof...beyond reasonable doubt to justify the verdict of treason\" and Beatrice and Sidney Webb, authors of Soviet Communism: A New Civilization. While \"Communist Parties everywhere simply transmitted the Soviet line\", some of the most critical reporting also came from the left, notably The Manchester Guardian. The American journalist H. R. Knickerbocker also reported on the executions. He called them in 1941 \"the great purges\", and described how over four years they affected \"the top fourth or fifth, to estimate it conservatively, of the Party itself, of the Army, Navy, and Air Force leaders and then of the new Bolshevik intelligentsia, the foremost technicians, managers, supervisors, scientists\". Knickerbocker also wrote about dekulakization: \"It is a conservative estimate to say that some 5,000,000 [kulaks] ... died at once, or within a few years.\" ", "precise_score": -3.816774845123291, "rough_score": -6.797180652618408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The Great Purge was denounced by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev following Stalin's death. In his secret speech to the 20th CPSU congress in February 1956 (which was made public a month later), Khrushchev referred to the purges as an \"abuse of power\" by Stalin which resulted in enormous harm to the country. In the same speech, he recognized that many of the victims were innocent and were convicted on the basis of false confessions extracted by torture. To take that position was politically useful to Khrushchev, as he was at that time engaged in a power struggle with rivals who had been associated with the Purge, the so-called Anti-Party Group. The new line on the Great Purges undermined their power, and helped propel him to the Chairmanship of the Council of Ministers. Starting from 1954, some of the convictions were overturned. Mikhail Tukhachevsky and other generals convicted in the Trial of Red Army Generals were declared innocent (\"rehabilitated\") in 1957. The former Politburo members Yan Rudzutak and Stanislav Kosior and many lower-level victims were also declared innocent in the 1950s. Nikolai Bukharin and others convicted in the Moscow Trials were not rehabilitated until as late as 1988. Leon Trotsky, considered a major player in the Russian Revolution and a major contributor to Marxist Theory was never rehabilitated by the USSR. The book Rehabilitation: The Political Processes of the 1930s–50s (Реабилитация. Политические процессы 30-50-х годов) (1991) contains a large amount of newly presented original archive material: transcripts of interrogations, letters of convicts, and photos. The material demonstrates in detail how numerous show trials were fabricated.", "precise_score": -6.086063385009766, "rough_score": -7.414658069610596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Historians with archival access have confirmed that Stalin was intimately involved in the terror. Russian historian Oleg V. Khlevniuk states \"…theories about the elemental, spontaneous nature of the terror, about a loss of central control over the course of mass repression, and about the role of regional leaders in initiating the terror are simply not supported by the historical record.\" Stalin personally directed Yezhov to torture those who were not making proper confessions. In one instance, he told Yezhov \"Isn't it time to squeeze this gentleman and force him to report on his dirty little business? Where is he: in a prison or a hotel?\" In another, while reviewing one of Yezhov's lists, he added to M. I. Baranov’s name, \"beat, beat!\" ", "precise_score": -2.914870023727417, "rough_score": -7.225451469421387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The Great Purge has provoked numerous debates about its purpose, scale and mechanisms. According to one interpretation, the Stalin’s regime had to maintain its citizens in a state of fear and uncertainty to stay in power (Brzezinski, 1958). Robert Conquest emphasized Stalin's paranoia, focused on the Moscow show trial of \"Old Bolsheviks\", and analyzed the carefully planned and systematic destruction of the Communist Party. Some others view the Great Purge as a crucial moment – or rather the culmination – of a vast social engineering campaign started at the beginning of the 1930s (Hagenloh, 2000; Shearer, 2003; Werth, 2003).", "precise_score": -9.892818450927734, "rough_score": -8.840353012084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The gradual accession of Stalin to power in the 1920s eventually brought an end to the liberalization of society and the economy, leading instead to a period of unprecedented government control, mobilization, and terrorization of society in Russia and the other Soviet republics. In the 1930s, agriculture and industry underwent brutal forced centralization, and Russian cultural activity was highly restricted. Purges eliminated thousands of individuals deemed dangerous to the Soviet state by Stalin's operatives.", "precise_score": -3.319852828979492, "rough_score": -7.173357963562012, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin's purges began in December 1934, when Sergey Kirov, a popular Leningrad party chief who advocated a moderate policy toward the peasants, was assassinated. Although details remain murky, many Western historians believe that Stalin instigated the murder to rid himself of a potential opponent. In any event, in the resultant mass purge of the local Leningrad party, thousands were deported to camps in Siberia. Zinov'yev and Kamenev, Stalin's former political partners, received prison sentences for their alleged role in Kirov's murder. At the same time, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del--NKVD), the secret police agency that was heir to the Cheka of the early 1920s, stepped up surveillance through its agents and informers and claimed to uncover anti-Soviet conspiracies among prominent long-term party members. At three publicized show trials held in Moscow between 1936 and 1938, dozens of these Old Bolsheviks, including Zinov'yev, Kamenev, and Bukharin, confessed to improbable crimes against the Soviet state. Their confessions were quickly followed by execution. (The last of Stalin's old enemies, Trotsky, who supposedly had masterminded the conspiracies against Stalin from abroad, was murdered in Mexico in 1940, presumably by the NKVD.) Coincident with the show trials of the original leadership of the party, unpublicized purges swept through the ranks of younger leaders in party, government, industrial management, and cultural affairs. Party purges in the non-Russian republics were particularly severe. The Yezhovshchina (\"era of Yezhov,\" named for NKVD chief Nikolay Yezhov) ravaged the military as well, leading to the execution or incarceration of about half the officer corps. The secret police also terrorized the general populace, with untold numbers of common people punished after spurious accusations. By the time the purges subsided in 1938, millions of Soviet leaders, officials, and other citizens had been executed, imprisoned, or exiled.", "precise_score": -6.1040496826171875, "rough_score": -8.200428009033203, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The reasons for the period of widespread purges, which became known as the Great Terror, remain unclear. Western historians variously hypothesize that Stalin created the terror out of a desire to goad the population to carry out his intensive modernization program, or to atomize society to preclude dissent, or simply out of brutal paranoia. Whatever the causes, the purges must be viewed as having weakened the Soviet state.", "precise_score": -5.360099792480469, "rough_score": -6.181208610534668, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In 1936, just as the Great Terror was intensifying, Stalin approved a new Soviet constitution to replace that of 1924. Hailed as \"the most democratic constitution in the world,\" the 1936 document stipulated free and secret elections based on universal suffrage and guaranteed the citizenry a range of civil and economic rights. But in practice the freedoms implied by these rights were denied by provisions elsewhere in the constitution that indicated that the basic structure of Soviet society could not be changed and that the party retained all political power.", "precise_score": -7.452323913574219, "rough_score": -8.474153518676758, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin's murderous ruthlessness was, by any standard, far more horrible than Hitler's. A psychopath who modelled himself on Ivan the Terrible, Stalin instituted a reign of terror without parallel, exterminating opponents or perceived opponents by the multi-million. How many died in his murderous stranglehold?", "precise_score": -1.3994649648666382, "rough_score": -5.399714469909668, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Only in recent years have the Russians themselves learnt just how hideous their history is. Their first glimpse of the reality came in February 1956, when Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin's mass terror and unmasked the prison Gulag system. That was met with widespread disbelief in the West. There can now be no doubt that Stalin, as a matter of policy, killed and killed and killed.", "precise_score": -3.2406163215637207, "rough_score": -7.686989784240723, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "* In 1989, the KGB itself set the death toll in Stalin's 26-year reign of terror (1927-53) at 36 MILLION. But that figure included ONLY the victims of Stalin's liquidations of individuals and groups. Serious research began stepping up with Gorbachev's policy of 'Glasnost.'", "precise_score": 1.7183934450149536, "rough_score": -0.35804009437561035, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "As for Stalin's victims, who is interested? They are so much dust blowing in the Siberian winds. No Spielberg conjures them to life. There are many reasons why Stalin's Great Terror remains the most underreported event of the 20th Century.", "precise_score": -6.020267486572266, "rough_score": -7.813803672790527, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "But in the distorted prism of the new history, they are somehow lost from the equation. At the same time, the number of victims of Stalin's terror has been progressively inflated over recent years to the point where, in the wildest guesstimates, a third of the entire Soviet population is assumed to have been killed in the years leading up to the country's victory over Nazi Germany. The numbers remain a focus of huge academic controversy, partly because most of them are famine deaths which can only be extrapolated from unreliable demographic data. But the fact is that the opening of formerly secret Soviet archives has led many historians - such as the Americans J Arch Getty and Robert Thurston - to scale down sharply earlier cold war estimates of executions and gulag populations under Stalin. The figures are still horrific. For example, 799,455 people were recorded as having been executed between 1921 and 1953, and the labour camp population reached 2.5 million (most convicted for non-political offences) at its peak after the war. But these are a very long way from the kind of numbers relied on by Amis and his mentors.", "precise_score": -6.26460075378418, "rough_score": -7.180713176727295, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "For all their insistence on moral equivalence, Amis and even Conquest say they nevertheless \"feel\" the Holocaust was worse than Soviet repression. But the differences aren't just a matter of feelings. Despite the cruelties of the Stalin terror, there was no Soviet Treblinka, no extermination camps built to murder people in their millions. Nor did the Soviet Union launch the most bloody and destructive war in human history - in fact, it played the decisive role in the defeat of the German war machine (something that eluded its tsarist predecessors). Part of the Soviet tragedy was that that victory was probably only possible because the country had undergone a forced industrial revolution in little more than a decade, in the very process of which the greatest crimes were committed. The achievements and failures of Soviet history cannot in any case be reduced to the Stalin period, any more than the role of communists - from the anti-fascist resistance to the campaigns for colonial freedom - can be defined simply by their relationship to the USSR.", "precise_score": -8.180438041687012, "rough_score": -5.633330821990967, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The Soviet terror began in the 1920s when Lenin ordered the extermination of Cossacks and opponents of the Bolsheviks. Next came Catholics of White Russia, and resisters to communism in the Baltic states and Moldova. Stalin then ordered liquidation of two million small farmers, known as \"Kulaks.\"", "precise_score": 0.5752623081207275, "rough_score": -4.136368751525879, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "From 1934-1941 alone, some seven million victims were sent to the system of concentration camps known as the \"gulag,\" including one million Poles, hundreds of thousands of Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians, and half the entire Chechen and Ingush people. Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Bashkirs, Kalmyks followed. Stalin's gulag did not need gas chambers: Cold, disease and overwork killed 30% of inmates yearly.", "precise_score": -10.264766693115234, "rough_score": -8.468690872192383, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "To this day, Russian and foreign historians are unsure of the full number of Lenin and Stalin's victims. Estimates range from 20-40 million total deaths from 1922 to 1953.", "precise_score": -6.31966495513916, "rough_score": -7.235164642333984, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Since 1991, Russia has been observing Remembrance Day for Victims of Political Persecution on Oct. 30, commemorating victims of Stalin's reign of terror, which peaked in 1937-38.", "precise_score": 3.0227246284484863, "rough_score": 3.0197081565856934, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Communism’s first leader — Vladimir Lenin — fell ill and died in 1924, setting the stage for Josef Stalin. Just as it had been under the first few years of communist policies, the Soviet Union fell into another great famine in the early ’30s. Stalin brutally kept food from starving people, ordering his soldiers to shoot and kill peasants that came near it. Adding to the five million who had succumbed to the famine of 1921, another six million people died.", "precise_score": -3.958275318145752, "rough_score": -7.9001054763793945, "source": "search", "title": "Communism: The Four-Part Series | Glenn Beck" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The term \"repression\" was officially used to describe the prosecution of people considered counter-revolutionaries and enemies of the people by the leadership of the Soviet Union. The purge was motivated by the desire to remove dissenters from the Communist Party and to consolidate the authority of Joseph Stalin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.126352310180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The Great Purge was started under the NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda, but the height of the campaigns occurred while the NKVD was headed by Nikolai Yezhov, from September 1936 to August 1938, hence the name Yezhovshchina. The campaigns were carried out according to the general line, and often by direct orders, of the Party Politburo headed by Stalin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.721521377563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "From 1930 onwards, the Party and police officials feared the \"social disorder\" caused by the upheavals of forced collectivization of peasants and the resulting famine of 1932–1933, as well as the massive and uncontrolled migration of millions of peasants into cities. The threat of war heightened Stalin's perception of marginal and politically suspect populations as the potential source of an uprising in case of invasion. He began to plan for the preventive elimination of such potential recruits for a mythical \"fifth column of wreckers, terrorists and spies.\" (Hagenloh, 2000; Shearer, 2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.563192367553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The political purge was primarily an effort by Stalin to eliminate challenge from past and potential opposition groups, including the left and right wings led by Leon Trotsky and Nikolai Bukharin, respectively. Following the Civil War and reconstruction of the Soviet economy in the late 1920s, veteran Bolsheviks no longer thought necessary the \"temporary\" wartime dictatorship, which had passed from Lenin to Stalin. Stalin's opponents on both sides of the political spectrum chided him as undemocratic and lax on bureaucratic corruption. These tendencies may have accumulated substantial support among the working class by attacking the privileges and luxuries the state offered to its high-paid elite. The Ryutin Affair seemed to vindicate Stalin's suspicions. He enforced a ban on party factions and banned those party members who had opposed him, effectively ending democratic centralism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.723274230957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In the new form of Party organization, the Politburo, and Stalin in particular, were the sole dispensers of ideology. This required the elimination of all Marxists with different views, especially those among the prestigious \"old guard\" of revolutionaries. As the purges began, the government (through the NKVD) shot Bolshevik heroes, including Mikhail Tukhachevsky and Béla Kun, as well as the majority of Lenin's Politburo, for disagreements in policy. The NKVD attacked the supporters, friends, and family of these \"heretical\" Marxists, whether they lived in Russia or not. The NKVD nearly annihilated Trotsky's family before killing him in Mexico; the NKVD agent Ramón Mercader was part of an assassination task force put together by Special Agent Pavel Sudoplatov, under the personal orders of Stalin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.240662574768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In 1934, Stalin used the murder of Sergey Kirov as a pretext to launch the Great Purge, in which about a million people perished . Some later historians came to believe that Stalin arranged the murder, or at least that there was sufficient evidence to reach such a conclusion. Kirov was a staunch Stalin loyalist, but Stalin may have viewed him as a potential rival because of his emerging popularity among the moderates. The 1934 party congress elected Kirov to the central committee with only three votes against, the fewest of any candidate, while Stalin received 292 votes against. After Kirov's assassination, the NKVD charged the former oppositionists, an ever-growing group according to their determination, with Kirov's murder as well as a growing list of other offences, including treason, terrorism, sabotage, and espionage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387179374694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Another justification for the purge was to remove any possible \"fifth column\" in case of a war. Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, participants in the repression as members of the Politburo, maintained this justification throughout the purge; they each signed many death lists. Stalin believed war was imminent, threatened both by an explicitly hostile Germany and an expansionist Japan. The Soviet press portrayed the country as threatened from within by fascist spies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.357705116271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Between 1936 and 1938, three very large Moscow Trials of former senior Communist Party leaders were held, in which they were accused of conspiring with fascist and capitalist powers to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, dismember the Soviet Union and restore capitalism. These trials were highly publicized and extensively covered by the outside world, which was mesmerized by the spectacle of Lenin's closest associates confessing to most outrageous crimes and begging for death sentences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243865966796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "*The first trial was of 16 members of the so-called \"Trotskyite-Kamenevite-Zinovievite-Leftist-Counter-Revolutionary Bloc\", held in August 1936, at which the chief defendants were Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, two of the most prominent former party leaders. Among other accusations, they were incriminated with the assassination of Sergey Kirov and plotting to kill Stalin. After confessing to the charges, all were sentenced to death and executed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.607714653015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Zinoviev and Kamenev demanded, as a condition for \"confessing\", a direct guarantee from the Politburo that their lives and that of their families and followers would be spared. This offer was accepted, but when they were taken to the alleged Politburo meeting, only Stalin, Kliment Voroshilov, and Yezhov were present. Stalin claimed that they were the \"commission\" authorized by the Politburo and gave assurances that death sentences would not be carried out. After the trial, Stalin not only broke his promise to spare the defendants, he had most of their relatives arrested and shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274781227111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The fact that Yagoda was one of the accused showed the speed at which the purges were consuming its own. Meant to be the culmination of previous trials, it was now alleged that Bukharin and others sought to assassinate Lenin and Stalin from 1918, murder Maxim Gorky by poison, partition the U.S.S.R and hand her territories to Germany, Japan, and Great Britain, and other preposterous charges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.318990707397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Even previously sympathetic observers who had stomached the earlier trials found it harder to swallow these new allegations as they became ever more absurd, and the purge expanded to include almost every living Old Bolshevik leader except Stalin. No other crime of the Stalin years so captivated Western intellectuals as the trial and execution of Bukharin, who was a Marxist theorist of international standing. For some prominent communists such as Bertram Wolfe, Jay Lovestone, Arthur Koestler, and Heinrich Brandler, the Bukharin trial marked their final break with communism, and even turned the first three into fervent anti-Communists eventually. To them, Bukharin's confession symbolized the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710437774658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The preparation for this trial, which took over a year, was delayed in its early stages due to the reluctance of some party members to denounce their comrades. It was at this time that Stalin personally intervened to speed up the process and replaced Yagoda with Nikolai Yezhov.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.704748153686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Anastas Mikoyan and Vyacheslav Molotov later claimed that Bukharin was never tortured, but it is now known that his interrogators were given the order, \"beating permitted,\" and were under great pressure to extract confession out of the \"star\" defendant. Bukharin initially held out for three months, but threats to his young wife and infant son, combined with \"methods of physical influence\" wore him down. But when he read his confession amended and corrected personally by Stalin, he withdrew his whole confession. The examination started all over again, with a double team of interrogators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64768123626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Romain Rolland and others wrote to Stalin seeking clemency for Nikolai Bukharin, but all the leading defendants were executed except Rakovsky and two others (who were killed in NKVD prisoner massacres in 1941). Despite the promise to spare his family, Bukharin's wife, Anna Larina, was sent to a labor camp, but she survived to see her husband rehabilitated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.148553848266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The purge of the army was claimed to be supported by German-forged documents (said to have been correspondence between Marshal Tukhachevsky and members of the German high command). The claim is unsupported by facts, as by the time the documents were supposedly created, two people from the eight in the Tukhachevsky group were already imprisoned, and by the time the document was said to reach Stalin the purging process was already underway. However the actual evidence introduced at trial was obtained from forced confessions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494603157043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "* Poet Osip Mandelstam was arrested for reciting his famous anti-Stalin poem Stalin Epigram to his circle of friends in 1934. After intervention by Nikolai Bukharin and Boris Pasternak (Stalin jotted down in Bukharin's letter with feigned indignation: “Who gave them the right to arrest Mandelstam?”), Stalin instructed NKVD to \"isolate but preserve\" him, and Mandelstam was \"merely\" exiled to Cherdyn for three years. But this proved to be a temporary reprieve. In May 1938, he was promptly arrested again for \"counter-revolutionary activities\". On 2 August 1938, Mandelstam was sentenced to five years in correction camps and died on 27 December 1938 at a transit camp near Vladivostok. Pasternak himself was nearly purged, but Stalin is said to have crossed Pasternak's name off the list, saying \"Don't touch this cloud dweller.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627899169921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "* Tabidze's lifelong friend and fellow poet, Paolo Iashvili, having earlier been forced to denounce several of his associates as the enemies of the people, shot himself with a hunting gun in the building of the Writers' Union. He witnessed and was even forced to participate in public trials that ousted many of his associates from the Writers' Union, effectively condemning them to death. When Lavrenty Beria chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus under Stalin and subsequently head of the NKVD, further pressured Iashvili with the alternatives of denouncing Tabidze or being arrested and tortured by the NKVD, Iashvili killed himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816279411315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "* Jan Sten, philosopher and deputy head of the Marx-Engels Institute, was Stalin's private tutor when Stalin was trying hard to study Hegel's dialectic. (Stalin received lessons twice a week from 1925 to 1928, but he found it difficult to master even some of the basic ideas. Stalin developed enduring hostility toward German idealistic philosophy, which he called \"the aristocratic reaction to the French Revolution\".) In 1937, Sten was seized on the direct order of Stalin, who declared him one of the chiefs of \"Menshevizing idealists\". On 19 June 1937, Sten was put to death in Lefortovo prison. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772233009338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "On 2 July 1937, Stalin sent a top-secret letter to all regional Party chiefs (with a copy to NKVD regional chiefs) ordering them to present, within five days, estimates of the number of kulaks and \"criminals\" that should be arrested, executed, or sent to camps. Produced in a matter of days, these figures roughly matched those of \"suspect\" individuals already under police surveillance, although the criteria used to distribute the \"kulak and criminal elements\" among the two categories are not clear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89738655090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The pro-Soviet leader Sheng Shicai of Xinjiang province in China launched his own purge in 1937 to coincide with Stalin's Great Purge. The Xinjiang War (1937) broke out amid the purge. Sheng received assistance from the NKVD. Sheng and the Soviets alleged a massive Trotskyist conspiracy and a \"Fascist Trotskyite plot\" to destroy the Soviet Union. The Soviet Consul General Garegin Apresoff, General Ma Hushan, Ma Shaowu, Mahmud Sijan, the official leader of the Xinjiang province Huang Han-chang and Hoja-Niyaz were among the 435 alleged conspirators in the plot. Xinjiang became under virtual Soviet control. Stalin opposed the Chinese Communist Party. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.001180648803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Evidence and the results of research began to appear after Stalin's death which revealed the full enormity of the Purges. The first of these sources were the revelations of Nikita Khrushchev, which particularly affected the American editors of the Communist Party USA newspaper, the Daily Worker, who, following the lead of The New York Times, published the Secret Speech in full. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50047779083252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "West, especially after the (partial) opening of the relevant Soviet files of the period in the early 1990s. Jerry F. Hough claims, regarding the numbers executed in the Great Purge, \"a figure in the low hundreds of thousands seems much more probable than one in the high hundreds\" and that a lower figure of only \"tens of thousands\" was \"even probable\". Sheila Fitzpatrick also placed the numbers executed in the \"low hundreds of thousands.\" Robert W. Thurston allows for 681,692 executions, but argues that Stalin \"was not guilty of mass first degree murder from 1934 to 1941\" and that he was a \"fear ridden man\" who \"overreacted to events.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488892555236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin's role", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350288391113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In addition to authorizing torture, Stalin also signed 357 lists in 1937 and 1938 authorizing executions of some 40,000 people, and about 90% of these are confirmed to have been shot. While reviewing one such list, Stalin reportedly muttered to no one in particular: \"Who's going to remember all this riff-raff in ten or twenty years time? No one. Who remembers the names now of the boyars Ivan the Terrible got rid of? No one.\" Stalin's alleged remark may be compared with Hitler's famous admonition to his generals in 1939: \"Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573402404785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "At least two Soviet commissions investigated the show-trials after Stalin's death. The first was headed by Molotov and included Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Suslov, Furtseva, Shvernik, Aristov, Pospelov, and Rudenko. They were given the task to investigate the materials concerning Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, Tukhachevsky, and others. The commission worked in 1956–1957. While stating that the accusations against Tukhachevsky et al. should be abandoned, it failed to fully rehabilitate the victims of the three Moscow trials, although the final report does contain an admission that the accusations have not been proven during the trials and \"evidence\" had been produced by lies, blackmail, and \"use of physical influence\". Bukharin, Rykov, Zinoviev, and others were still seen as political opponents, and though the charges against them were obviously false, they could not have been rehabilitated because \"for many years they headed the anti-Soviet struggle against the building of socialism in USSR\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.280841827392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin committed a very grave crime against the Communist party, the socialist state, Soviet people and worldwide revolutionary movement... Together with Stalin, the responsibility for the abuse of law, mass unwarranted repressions and death of many thousands of wholly innocent people also lies on Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26921272277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In 2007, one such site, the Butovo firing range near Moscow, was turned into a shrine to the victims of Stalinism. Between August 1937 and October 1938, more than 20,000 people were shot and buried there. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.520000457763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "File:Stalin-repressions-poles-memorial.jpg|Memorial to Polish victims of Stalinist repression, Tomsk, Russia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53281021118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "File:Stalin-repressions-Tomsk-stone.jpg|Memorial to victims of Stalinist repression in Tomsk, Russia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.475515365600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Purge" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin, forcible rule was the only way to keep the Soviet Union together. Where are the origins of this thought? Here the central governments were using force to unify the people. There was a vision of this monolithic state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866044044494629, "source": "search", "title": "Russian History Michael Report 1600s-1700s - #bookoflife." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "At the end of the 1920s, a dramatic new phase in economic development began when Stalin decided to carry out a program of intensive socialist construction. To some extent, Stalin pressed economic development at this point as a political maneuver to eliminate rivals within the party. Because Bukharin and some other party members would not give up the gradualistic NEP in favor of radical development, Stalin branded them \"right-wing deviationists\" and during 1929 and 1930 used the party organization to remove them from influential positions. Yet Stalin's break with the NEP also revealed that his doctrine of building \"socialism in one country\" paralleled the line that Trotsky had originally supported early in the 1920s. Marxism supplied no basis for Stalin's model of a planned economy, although the centralized economic controls of the war communism years seemingly furnished a Leninist precedent. Between 1927 and 1929, the State Planning Committee (Gosudarstvennyy planovyy komitet--Gosplan) worked out the First Five-Year Plan (see Glossary) for intensive economic growth; Stalin began to implement this plan--his \"revolution from above\"--in 1928.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.650564193725586, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The First Five-Year Plan called for rapid industrialization of the economy, with particular emphasis on heavy industry. The economy was centralized: small-scale industry and services were nationalized, managers strove to fulfill Gosplan's output quotas, and the trade unions were converted into mechanisms for increasing worker productivity. But because Stalin insisted on unrealistic production targets, serious problems soon arose. With the greatest share of investment put into heavy industry, widespread shortages of consumer goods occurred, and inflation grew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072108268737793, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "To satisfy the state's need for increased food supplies, the First Five-Year Plan called for the organization of the peasantry into collective units that the authorities could easily control. This collectivization program entailed compounding the peasants' lands and animals into collective farms (kolkhozy; sing., kolkhoz --see Glossary) and state farms (sovkhozy; sing., sovkhoz --see Glossary) and restricting the peasants' movement from these farms. The effect of this restructuring was to reintroduce a kind of serfdom into the countryside. Although the program was designed to affect all peasants, Stalin in particular sought to eliminate the wealthiest peasants, known as kulaks. Generally, kulaks were only marginally better off than other peasants, but the party claimed that the kulaks had ensnared the rest of the peasantry in capitalistic relationships. In any event, collectivization met widespread resistance not only from the kulaks but from poorer peasants as well, and a desperate struggle of the peasantry against the authorities ensued. Peasants slaughtered their cows and pigs rather than turn them over to the collective farms, with the result that livestock resources remained below the 1929 level for years afterward. The state in turn forcibly collectivized reluctant peasants and deported kulaks and active rebels to Siberia. Within the collective farms, the authorities in many instances exacted such high levels of procurement that starvation was widespread.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562732696533203, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "By 1932 Stalin realized that both the economy and society were under serious strain. Although industry failed to meet its production targets and agriculture actually lost ground in comparison with 1928 yields, Stalin declared that the First Five-Year Plan had successfully met its goals in four years. He then proceeded to set more realistic goals. Under the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-37), the state devoted attention to consumer goods, and the factories built under the first plan helped increase industrial output in general. The Third Five-Year Plan, begun in 1938, produced poorer results because of a sudden shift of emphasis to armaments production in response to the worsening international climate. In general, however, the Soviet economy had become industrialized by the end of the 1930s. Agriculture, which had been exploited to finance the industrialization drive, continued to show poor returns throughout the decade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317893981933594, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The complete subjugation of the party to Stalin, its leader, paralleled the subordination of industry and agriculture to the state. Stalin had assured his preeminent position by squelching Bukharin and the \"right-wing deviationists\" in 1929 and 1930. To secure his absolute control over the party, however, Stalin began to purge leaders and rank-and-file members whose loyalty he doubted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639734268188477, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The power of the party, in turn, now was concentrated in the persons of Stalin and the members of his handpicked Politburo. As if to symbolize the lack of influence of the party rank and file, party congresses were convened less and less frequently. State power, far from \"withering away\" after the revolution as Karl Marx had prescribed, instead grew. With Stalin consciously building what critics would later describe as a cult of personality, the reverence accorded him in Soviet society gradually eclipsed that given to Lenin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.776540756225586, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The party also subjected science and the liberal arts to its scrutiny. Development of scientific theory in a number of fields had to be based upon the party's understanding of the Marxist dialectic, which derailed serious research in certain disciplines. The party took a more active role in directing work in the social sciences. In the writing of history, the orthodox Marxist interpretation employed in the late 1920s was modified to include nationalistic themes and to stress the role of great leaders to create legitimacy for Stalin's dictatorship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212668418884277, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Soviet foreign policy underwent a series of changes during the first decade of Stalin's rule. Soon after assuming control of the party, Stalin oversaw a radicalization of Soviet foreign policy that paralleled the severity of his remaking of domestic policy. To heighten the urgency of his demands for moderniza-tion, Stalin portrayed the Western powers, particularly France, as warmongers eager to attack the Soviet Union. The Great Depression, which seemingly threatened to destroy world capitalism in the early 1930s, provided ideological justification for the diplomatic self-isolation practiced by the Soviet Union in that period. To aid the triumph of communism, Stalin resolved to weaken the moderate social democratic parties of Europe, which seemed to be the communists' rivals for support among the working classes of the Western world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.929197311401367, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Conversely, the Comintern ordered the Communist Party of Germany to aid the anti-Soviet National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) in its bid for power, in the hopes that a Nazi regime would exacerbate social tensions and produce conditions that would lead to a communist revolution in Germany. In pursuing this policy, Stalin thus shared responsibility for Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933 and its tragic consequences for the Soviet Union and the rest of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.478850364685059, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The dynamics of Soviet foreign relations changed drastically after Stalin recognized the danger posed by Nazi Germany. From 1934 through 1937, the Soviet Union tried to restrain German militarism by building coalitions hostile to fascism. In the international communist movement, the Comintern adopted the \"popular front\" policy of cooperation with socialists and liberals against fascism, thus reversing its line of the early 1930s. In 1934 the Soviet Union joined the League of Nations, where Maksim Litvinov, the Soviet commissar of foreign affairs, advocated disarmament and collective security against fascist aggression. In 1935 the Soviet Union formed defensive military alliances with France and Czechoslovakia, and from 1936 to 1939 it gave assistance to antifascists in the Spanish Civil War. The menace of fascist militarism to the Soviet Union increased when Germany and Japan (which already posed a substantial threat to the Soviet Far East) signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936. But the West proved unwilling to counter German provocative behavior, and after France and Britain acceded to Hitler's demands for Czechoslovak territory at Munich in 1938, Stalin abandoned his efforts to forge a collective security agreement with the West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.834646224975586, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Convinced now that the West would not fight Hitler, Stalin decided to come to an understanding with Germany. Signaling a shift in foreign policy, Vyacheslav Molotov, Stalin's loyal assistant, replaced Litvinov, who was Jewish, as commissar of foreign affairs in May 1939. Hitler, who had decided to attack Poland despite the guarantees of Britain and France to defend that country, soon responded to the changed Soviet stance. While Britain and France dilatorily attempted to induce the Soviet Union to join them in pledging to protect Poland, the Soviet Union and Germany engaged in intense negotiations. The product of the talks between the former ideological foes--the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) of August 23, 1939--shocked the world. The open provisions of the agreement pledged absolute neutrality in the event one of the parties should become involved in war, while a secret protocol partitioned Poland between the parties and assigned Romanian territory as well as Estonia and Latvia (and later Lithuania) to the Soviet sphere of influence. With his eastern flank thus secured, Hitler began the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. World War II had begun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185009002685547, "source": "search", "title": "Russia - Transformation and Terror - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088664054870605, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "New Russians Gripped By Stalin's Old Spell ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.617789268493652, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "It was the site of one of the most infamous political executions in Stalin's Russia. Stalin ordered 157 political prisoners, including the sister of his enemy Leon Trotsky, taken from their cells on September 11, 1941 and shot in the woods outside the town.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.726561546325684, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "But now, as nostalgia for Josef Stalin swells in Russia and the 60th anniversary of the Soviet victory over the Nazis on May 9 approaches, Oryol has rekindled its affection for a man seen by many as the 20th century's worst mass murderer.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.480443000793457, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The town council has written to President Vladimir Putin demanding his support for having Stalin's \"honour\" restored to the history books, his statues re-erected, and his name once more given to streets and squares.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177376747131348, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Last week the Communist party leader, Gennady Zyuganov, said Russia \"should once again render honour to Stalin for his role in building socialism and saving human civilisation from the Nazi plague\".  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246079444885254, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "He suggested a challenge to the Communist party's 1956 resolution condemning the \"cult of personality\" erected around Stalin.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200081825256348, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Statues by the Moscow monumentalist Zurab Tsereteli featuring Stalin beside his wartime counterparts Roosevelt and Churchill are planned for the southern town of Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad, and Mirny in Siberia.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.602014541625977, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The rehabilitation of Stalin appears to have some popular backing. Last month a national poll by Romir Monitoring showed that 53% of Russians thought that on balance Stalin's rule was \"positive\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.984602928161621, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "\"Stalin played an undoubted huge role in our victory and in rebuilding the economy of the USSR after the war\", said Vladimir Zagianov, aged 30, a member of Oryol's Communist town council.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.339592933654785, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "\"Official figures are that 750,000 died [from political repression] in Stalin's time,\" he added, significantly reducing the figures offered by many historians.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321639060974121, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In his office, flanked and echoed by the editor of the local paper and two officials, he said that \"human rights workers\" funded from abroad wanted to destroy Stalin's legacy.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139118194580078, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Vera Dinisenko, 52, who works in a cafe, said: \"It's been a nightmare since [Stalin]. Now every six months prices go up. My parents say the benefits of Stalin were entirely material. He did not touch our relatives. Many disappeared, but you can't blame Stalin alone.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06439208984375, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin's propaganda image as the Soviet Man of Steel was cast in the popular imagination in mammoth battles like this, when the Red Army's tank squadrons suffered horrific losses in charges against superior German armour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757765769958496, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "\"It can't have been a picnic in there, if you were related to Stalin's worst enemy,\" he said. \"She had no crime other than being Trotsky's sister.\"  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285224914550781, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "That September night she and 156 others were driven to the woods, passing along a road then called Stalin Street, and shot for \"counter-revolutionary activities\".  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96435546875, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Ask any Westerner to name the most evil figure of the past century. Almost always, the same answer comes up: Hitler. Sustained brainwashing has done its job...Der Führer still towers above all rivals as modern history's greatest demon. But increasingly, research proves that we have been persuaded to fixate on the wrong dictator. History's airbrush has worked overtime on the most criminal monster of them all: Josef Stalin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936909675598145, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "On one day alone, December 8, 1938, Stalin signed 30 death lists, containing thousands of names. He then went to the Kremlin cinema to watch a comedy called 'Happy Guys.' It is this viper's ghost that should worry us rather than Hitler's. Yet no Nuremberg trials have ever been conducted into Soviet atrocities. There have never been any Soviet war crimes trials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.763579368591309, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "First, Hitler lost, Stalin - ally of the West - won. Stalin believed (correctly) that he could get away with mass murder. As he told Mao Tse-tung when the Red Chinese leader, visited Moscow in 1949: \"Victors are not judged.\" Perhaps the whole of modern history is summed up in those four words.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.126644134521484, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Many anti-Stalinists knew, and published, the truth: men such as Malcolm Muggeridge, George Orwell, and Arthur Koestler. But their reports were overwhelmed from the start by the pro-Stalinists. Way back in the mid 1930s, the father of all fellow travellers, George Bernard Shaw, dismissed reports of a Moscow-engineered famine killing millions as \"pure invention.\" Shaw knew better, of course. Stalin had given him the details.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.663681983947754, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "As he did to New York Times correspondent Walter Duranty, a prince of liars, who gained the Pulitzer Prize for his fictional accounts of Stalin's \"new civilisation\" and of \"the great Soviet miracle.\" Duranty played a key role in perpetrating one of the greatest cover-ups in history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159990310668945, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Western illusions did not stop there. Bizarre as it now seems, many at the highest level, up to and including US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, revered Stalin and were consciously partisan in their support of this butcher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.682297706604004, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The truth is that vast numbers in the West worshipped Stalin as almost a demigod, and nursed an almost religious faith that the USSR represented the great new hope of all mankind. Stalin fondly referred to such useful idiots as his \"maggots.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868388175964355, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Above all, until quite recently, we have had little real access to communist archives. Even today the most sensitive are still closed. So we still do not know the full answers: Was it one tenth or one-twentieth of the entire adult Soviet population who served time in Stalin's prison camps? Did 3 million die in the Gulag, or was the figure closer to ten? We may never know but the effort to break through the Great Amnesia is picking up speed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249353408813477, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Till the late 1980s, hardly anyone but local villagers knew where the bones were buried. For the past 13 years the Russians have been slowly recovering their past, with new mass graves being uncovered at regular intervals. And, as soon as the existence of the first Stalinist mass graves were made known, people began to come forward with revelations of the death camps. In one, Kolyma, the huge prison complex in the Russian Arctic, so many bones lay around that in the summer children used the skulls to gather blueberries. Now memorials are being built.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.675434112548828, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Next came the Ukraine. Robert Conquest in his Harvest of Sorrow suggests that when, on Stalin's direct orders, the entire grain crop of the Ukraine was seized for export, the number of resulting deaths was probably about 1.5 million, equalling the total dead of WW l.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.304827690124512, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "We will now turn to a brilliant but deeply disturbing new book by a young British historian, Night of Stone: Death & Memory in Russia by Catherine Merridale, published by Granta. Dr. Merridale is one of a growing army of scientists dedicated to uncovering the truth about Soviet-era crimes, the legacy of Josef Stalin and the society he created.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624839782714844, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "She spent two years in Russia and the Ukraine, researching documents from the Stalinist era only now coming to light: and talking to ordinary Russians about what it is like to live in a country haunted by the all-pervasive presence of death. Her book, an excellent work of scholarship, attempts to explain how the Russian people lived through some of the greatest horrors of a singularly bloody 20th century: and how, at long last, they are coming to terms with their shocking past and themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.499333381652832, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Merridale does not attempt to put a precise figure on how many Russians lives were lost to violence between 1914 and Stalin's death in 1953, but suggests a total well in excess of 50 MILLION. All of it planned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.945984840393066, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin's own signature is on thousands of death warrants. Millions more were denounced as enemies of the state for no other reason than they wished to think for themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941465377807617, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The death rate in the gulags peaked in 1942-3. Without doubt, the brutalisation of millions of Russians over the previous quarter century contributed to the grim reputation of the Red Army in WW2. Soldiers were treated like livestock. At Stalingrad, there was no one left to dig the graves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.656400680541992, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "At last came victory in the Great Patriotic War, as it was known, the only occasion for real celebrations that many of those Merridale interviewed, had known in all their lives. After Stalin's death in 1953, the repression gradually eased. \"A human being survives only by his ability to forget,\" wrote a survivor of the Kolyma Camp. In recent years, many of the anonymous Gulag death camps have quietly disappeared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525976181030273, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin himself spelt it out. His Short Course Into The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union contains references to the liquidation of his political opponents. He wrote: \"The Soviet Government had only to raise its little finger for them to vanish without trace.\" How true.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004342079162598, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "-Josef Stalin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119861602783203, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The now routine equation of Stalin and Hitler both distorts the past and limits the future", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080453872680664, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "It would be easy to dismiss the controversy over the latest Martin Amis offering as little more than a salon tiff among self-referential literati. His book, Koba the Dread, follows a well-trodden political path. An excoriation of Lenin, Stalin and communism in general (interlaced with long-simmering spats with his once communist father Kingsley and radical friend Christopher Hitchens), it is intended to be a savage indictment of the left for its supposed inability to acknowledge the crimes committed in its name. Strong on phrasemaking, the book is painfully short on sources or social and historical context. The temptation might be to see it as simply a sign that the one-time enfant terrible of the London literary scene was reliving his father's descent into middle-aged blimpishness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80879020690918, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "That would be a mistake. Amis's book is in reality only the latest contribution to the rewriting of history that began in the dying days of the Soviet Union and has intensified since its collapse. It has become almost received wisdom to bracket Stalin and Hitler as twin monsters of the past century - Mao and Pol Pot are sometimes thrown in as an afterthought - and commonplace to equate communism and fascism as the two greatest evils of an unprecedentedly sanguinary era. In some versions, communism is even held to be the more vile and bloodier wickedness. The impact of this cold war victors' version of the past has been to relativise the unique crimes of Nazism, bury those of colonialism and feed the idea that any attempt at radical social change will always lead to suffering, killing and failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.032032012939453, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "This profoundly ideological account has long since turned into a sort of gruesome numbers game. The bizarre distortions it produces were on show last week during a television interview with Amis, when the BBC presenter Gavin Esler remarked in passing that Stalin was \"responsible for at least three times as many deaths\" as Hitler - a truly breathtaking throwaway line. Esler was presumably comparing Amis's own figure of 20 million Stalin victims (borrowed from the cold war historian Robert Conquest) with the 6 million Jews murdered by Hitler in the Holocaust. But of course Hitler took a great many more lives than 6 million: over 11 million are estimated to have died in the Nazi camps alone and he might reasonably be held responsible for the vast majority of the 50 million killed in the Second World War, including more than 20 million Soviet dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185785293579102, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "If Lenin and Stalin are regarded as having killed those who died of hunger in the famines of the 1920s and 1930s, then Churchill is certainly responsible for the 4 million deaths in the avoidable Bengal famine of 1943 - and earlier British governments are even more guilty of the still larger famines in late 19th and early 20th-century India, which claimed as many as 30 million victims under a punitive free market regime. And of course, in the post-colonial era, millions have been killed by US and other western forces or their surro gates in wars, interventions and coups from Vietnam to central America, Indonesia to southern Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.054743766784668, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "In 1932-33, Stalin unleashed genocide against Ukraine's independent-minded farmers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.568534851074219, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "When Communist Party bureaucrats delayed Stalin's plans to transform the Soviet Union from a backward rural society into a modern industrial powerhouse, \"Koba,\" as he was called, had NKVD shoot 700,000 party members. Thereafter, his orders were promptly obeyed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660984992980957, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Stalin committed his worst crimes well before Hitler's major atrocities got under way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.066394805908203, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "We have forgotten that Germany alone did not spark the Second World War. Germany and the U.S.S.R. jointly invaded Poland in 1939; Stalin then attacked Finland. Two years later, Britain and the U.S.S.R. invaded neutral Iran. History indeed remains the propaganda of the victors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.589512825012207, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "If we keep hectoring Germany and Japan to admit guilt for events of the 1940s, is it not time the United States, Britain and Canada admit their own culpability in allying themselves to Stalin, a monster who killed over four times the number of Hitler's victims?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897342681884766, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "After all, Stalin's concentration camps were up and running a decade ahead of Germany's. The murder of millions of Ukrainians and Balts took place before the world's gaze -- six or seven years before the Second World War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.083325386047363, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The foolish Roosevelt, who hailed Stalin as \"Uncle Joe,\" and the cannier Winston Churchill both knew they were allied to the biggest mass murderer since Genghis Khan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651399612426758, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Western powers should practise what they piously preach to Germany, Japan and, lately, Turkey, by at least apologizing for their sordid deal with Stalin, which was every bit as immoral as if they had made a deal with Hitler, as Stalin long feared they would, to destroy the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57314395904541, "source": "search", "title": "Stalin" }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in WWII victory | Russia Beyond The Headlines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589844703674316, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in WWII victory", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034626960754395, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "wwii , history , josef stalin , reprisals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97637939453125, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev has slammed Soviet dictator Josef Stalin and his entourage for practices amounting to \"war\" on their nation but credited them with contributing to the Soviet Union's victory over Nazi Germany in World War II .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.205805778503418, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "\"Not only Josef Stalin but also a whole number of other leaders undoubtedly deserve an extremely harsh assessment for what was happening in those times,\" Medvedev said at a meeting on Tuesday with the leadership of the Perm regional branch of the ruling United Russia party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778203010559082, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "What Russians think about Stalin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883657455444336, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "He hailed the fact that a museum of victims of Stalin-era persecutions has been set up in the Perm territory and deplored the absence of such museums in other parts of Russia though, he said, there had been initiatives to that effect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400081634521484, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "The day involves memorial events nationwide, including the annual \"Bringing Back the Names\" rallies at the Solovki Stone in Moscow, organized by human rights group Memorial, during which lists of victims of Stalin's executions are read out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89363956451416, "source": "search", "title": "Medvedev criticizes Stalin but credits him with role in ..." }, { "answer": "Stalin", "passage": "Former Ukrainian president, Victor Yushchenko, in a speech to the United States, put the total number of his dead countrymen at 20 million. It was essentially a genocide of the Ukrainian people, believed to have been planned by Stalin to eliminate the Ukrainian Independence Movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938802719116211, "source": "search", "title": "Communism: The Four-Part Series | Glenn Beck" } ]

[ { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Queen Elizabeth II dedicates John F. Kennedy Memorial at Runnymede - YouTube", "precise_score": -3.8785173892974854, "rough_score": -6.7222418785095215, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II dedicates John F. Kennedy Memorial at ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Queen Elizabeth II dedicates John F. Kennedy Memorial at Runnymede", "precise_score": -3.236114263534546, "rough_score": -5.8499531745910645, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II dedicates John F. Kennedy Memorial at ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "On the stone is the dedication \"This acre of English Ground was Given to the United States of America by the People of Britain in Memory of John F. Kennedy.\" Also inscribed are his birth and death dates and a passage from his 1961 inaugural address.", "precise_score": 3.448058605194092, "rough_score": 1.9505810737609863, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II dedicates John F. Kennedy Memorial at ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and their children, John Jr. and Caroline, in Hyannis Port , MA, August 1962. The Kennedy Compound comprises 6 acres of waterfront property, and was once the home of JFK’s father. The grounds also served as a base for JFK’s 1960 presidential campaign. 960 1280", "precise_score": -9.519192695617676, "rough_score": -10.731541633605957, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and their children, John Jr. and Caroline, in Hyannis Port , MA, August 1962. The Kennedy Compound comprises 6 acres of waterfront property, and was once the home of JFK’s father. The grounds also served as a base for JFK’s 1960 presidential campaign.", "precise_score": -9.581193923950195, "rough_score": -10.769070625305176, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Dealey Plaza, a 15-acre public park in Dallas where the JFK assassination occurred. The northwest side of the plaza is home to the infamous \"Grassy Knoll,\" from which, the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined there was a “high probability” that a second assassin also fired at JFK but missed. Dealey Plaza was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993. 960 1280", "precise_score": -10.94277572631836, "rough_score": -10.897379875183105, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, located on Columbia Point in Boston, is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration. At the dedication ceremony in 1979, JFK Jr. read from the Stephen Spender poem, “I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great.” 960 1280", "precise_score": -10.872901916503906, "rough_score": -10.826805114746094, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "And on a lone hill, on the southwest edge of Jerusalem , the Yad Kennedy memorial was dedicated in JFK’s honor on July 4, 1966. The flat-topped memorial offers up a powerful image: 53 concrete “ribs,” separated by high, narrow windows, depict the huge stump of a tree cut down in its prime. 960 1280", "precise_score": -10.188125610351562, "rough_score": -10.180438995361328, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "And on a lone hill, on the southwest edge of Jerusalem , the Yad Kennedy memorial was dedicated in JFK’s honor on July 4, 1966. The flat-topped memorial offers up a powerful image: 53 concrete “ribs,” separated by high, narrow windows, depict the huge stump of a tree cut down in its prime.", "precise_score": -10.16282844543457, "rough_score": -10.212386131286621, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This acre of English ground was given to the United States of America by the people of Britain in memory of John F. Kennedy.” Those words, etched across this limestone memorial, were dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1965, in Runnymede alongside the River Thames. JFK’s widow, Jackie, attended the dedication. 960 1280", "precise_score": 6.916073799133301, "rough_score": 8.525842666625977, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This acre of English ground was given to the United States of America by the people of Britain in memory of John F. Kennedy.” Those words, etched across this limestone memorial, were dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1965, in Runnymede alongside the River Thames. JFK’s widow, Jackie, attended the dedication.", "precise_score": 6.934643268585205, "rough_score": 8.474384307861328, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Replica Cross - Photo courtesy of jackiesjewelry.com A Gift form Queen Mother of England to Jackie Kennedy in memory of JFK", "precise_score": -8.283122062683105, "rough_score": -7.103636741638184, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "35th President of the United States", "passage": "This little piece of land was given as a dedication to the memory of John F. Kennedy follwing his assassination. The land is in the middle of Britain! And amazingly, it is actually United States soil - right in the middle of England! Land gift to the American people in memory of a great leader, a great pilgrim of peace, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States of America, the husband of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy.", "precise_score": -0.39517462253570557, "rough_score": -7.094827175140381, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Jackie collected crosses. One of the most wonderful across the continents stories is associated with this beautiful blue sapphire cross. The Queen Mother gave this to Jackie immediately following JFK's death. The Queen of England Mother gave Jackie this cross in 1965. Queen Elizabeth the second gave to the people of the Untied Stated 1 acre of land - one piece of land that is American soil! In memory of John F. Kennedy.", "precise_score": 1.5715789794921875, "rough_score": 0.6896706819534302, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "photo used for educational purposes from bbc.co.uk The John F. Kennedy Family in Runneymede (JFK Jr, Jackie, Carolyn and Robert Kennedy - JFK's younger brother), greeting Queen Elizabeth (the daughter of the Queen Mother who gave the cross to Jackie)", "precise_score": -10.293895721435547, "rough_score": -9.989578247070312, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "It is the National Trust that brings us the land and preservation at Runneymede. The one acre dedicated as a memorial to John F. Kennedy resides within the boundaries of Runneymede. The one acre as mentioned before has been donated to the people of the United States and is actually United States ground! Here is some more information about the National Trust in Britain:", "precise_score": -3.1646718978881836, "rough_score": -7.153372287750244, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Memorial Overlooks Runnymede - Donated in Memory of John F. Kennedy", "precise_score": -8.699305534362793, "rough_score": -10.175372123718262, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "This memorial stands halfway up the Cooper's Hill Slopes and overlooks Runnymede, on ground previously belonging to the Crown and now the property of the United States of America. It is made of Portland stone to the design of G.A. Jellicoe and was unveiled by HM Queen Elizabeth II on 14 May 1965 in the presence of President Kennedy's widow and children. Visitors reach the memorial by treading a steep path of irregular granite steps, one for each year of Kennedy's life.", "precise_score": -0.49288707971572876, "rough_score": -5.208626747131348, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "The inscription reads: 'This acre of English ground was given to the United States of America by the people of Britain in memory of John F. Kennedy, born 19th May, 1917: President of the United States 1961-63: died by an assassin’s hand 22nd November,1963.", "precise_score": 3.3999392986297607, "rough_score": 3.600755214691162, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The wisdom of Queen Mother to celebrate the life of JFK with a cross, a personal preference of Jackie is only dwarfed by the donation of a historic memorial - a piece of land in Runnymede near the very spot that the freedoms for Americans were built upon (the Magna Carta).", "precise_score": -7.599611282348633, "rough_score": -10.238236427307129, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "American involvement in Vietnam had evolved through the United States’ support of French colonial rule after World War II. The United States saw the anti-communist Viet Diem and his regime as a “proving ground for Democracy,” in the words of then US senator from Massachusetts John F. Kennedy. After being elected president in 1960, Kennedy increased military aid. By the time of his assassination in November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel stationed in Vietnam.", "precise_score": -10.248958587646484, "rough_score": -10.285097122192383, "source": "search", "title": "The Sixties and Protest Music | The Gilder Lehrman ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK, the name conjures the days of Camelot. Relive the life of America’s youngest elected president and see the worldwide memorials that followed John F. Kennedy's assassination on Nov. 22, 1963.", "precise_score": -10.674992561340332, "rough_score": -10.896113395690918, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and their children, John Jr. and Caroline, in Hyannis Port , MA, August 1962. The Kennedy Compound comprises 6 acres of waterfront property, and was once the home of JFK’s father. The grounds also served as a base for JFK’s 1960 presidential campaign. 960 1280", "precise_score": -9.519192695617676, "rough_score": -10.731541633605957, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and their children, John Jr. and Caroline, in Hyannis Port , MA, August 1962. The Kennedy Compound comprises 6 acres of waterfront property, and was once the home of JFK’s father. The grounds also served as a base for JFK’s 1960 presidential campaign.", "precise_score": -9.581193923950195, "rough_score": -10.769070625305176, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Dealey Plaza, a 15-acre public park in Dallas where the JFK assassination occurred. The northwest side of the plaza is home to the infamous \"Grassy Knoll,\" from which, the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined there was a “high probability” that a second assassin also fired at JFK but missed. Dealey Plaza was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993. 960 1280", "precise_score": -10.94277572631836, "rough_score": -10.897379875183105, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, located on Columbia Point in Boston, is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration. At the dedication ceremony in 1979, JFK Jr. read from the Stephen Spender poem, “I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great.” 960 1280", "precise_score": -10.872901916503906, "rough_score": -10.826805114746094, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "And on a lone hill, on the southwest edge of Jerusalem , the Yad Kennedy memorial was dedicated in JFK’s honor on July 4, 1966. The flat-topped memorial offers up a powerful image: 53 concrete “ribs,” separated by high, narrow windows, depict the huge stump of a tree cut down in its prime. 960 1280", "precise_score": -10.188125610351562, "rough_score": -10.180438995361328, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "And on a lone hill, on the southwest edge of Jerusalem , the Yad Kennedy memorial was dedicated in JFK’s honor on July 4, 1966. The flat-topped memorial offers up a powerful image: 53 concrete “ribs,” separated by high, narrow windows, depict the huge stump of a tree cut down in its prime.", "precise_score": -10.16282844543457, "rough_score": -10.212386131286621, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This acre of English ground was given to the United States of America by the people of Britain in memory of John F. Kennedy.” Those words, etched across this limestone memorial, were dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1965, in Runnymede alongside the River Thames. JFK’s widow, Jackie, attended the dedication. 960 1280", "precise_score": 6.916073799133301, "rough_score": 8.525842666625977, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This acre of English ground was given to the United States of America by the people of Britain in memory of John F. Kennedy.” Those words, etched across this limestone memorial, were dedicated by Queen Elizabeth II in May 1965, in Runnymede alongside the River Thames. JFK’s widow, Jackie, attended the dedication.", "precise_score": 6.934643268585205, "rough_score": 8.474384307861328, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "The shallow steps running beside the path are numbered to represent each of President Kennedy's years of life. At the top of the steps there are larger platforms for viewing the memorial stone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465453147888184, "source": "search", "title": "Queen Elizabeth II dedicates John F. Kennedy Memorial at ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397560119628906, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The Kennedy Family in Hyannis Port, MA, 1948. L-R: John F. Kennedy, Jean Kennedy, Rose Kennedy, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Patricia Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy (kneeling). JFK was the second of 9 children. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963621139526367, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The Kennedy Family in Hyannis Port, MA, 1948. L-R: John F. Kennedy, Jean Kennedy, Rose Kennedy, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Patricia Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy (kneeling). JFK was the second of 9 children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986289978027344, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257662773132324, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK National Historic Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379575729370117, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK National Historic Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379575729370117, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "See JFK’s birthplace in Brookline, MA. The Kennedy family moved into this 7-room, 2-and-a-half-story home in 1915; 2 years later John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in an upstairs bedroom. The home is closed during the winter, and reopens for summer. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23959732055664, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "See JFK’s birthplace in Brookline, MA. The Kennedy family moved into this 7-room, 2-and-a-half-story home in 1915; 2 years later John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in an upstairs bedroom. The home is closed during the winter, and reopens for summer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257011413574219, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Lieutenant junior grade John F. Kennedy aboard the PT-109 in the South Pacific, 1943. For heroic actions waged after his ship was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Hollywood later brought this story to the silver screen, in 1963’s biopic PT 109. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326900482177734, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Lieutenant junior grade John F. Kennedy aboard the PT-109 in the South Pacific, 1943. For heroic actions waged after his ship was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Hollywood later brought this story to the silver screen, in 1963’s biopic PT 109.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342330932617188, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496837615966797, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496837615966797, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "This small island, in the Pacific Ocean, is the area where the 26-year-old JFK aided his injured crew after his boat, the PT-109, was rammed by a Japanese destroyer. Colloquially known as Plum Pudding Island, the tiny tropical island was later named JFK Island in honor of JFK’s heroism that day in 1943. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3178129196167, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "This small island, in the Pacific Ocean, is the area where the 26-year-old JFK aided his injured crew after his boat, the PT-109, was rammed by a Japanese destroyer. Colloquially known as Plum Pudding Island, the tiny tropical island was later named JFK Island in honor of JFK’s heroism that day in 1943.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326598167419434, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In April 1961, President Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion, an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban government. In this photo, a Cuban tank is positioned near the area where 1,500 anti-Castro rebels came ashore. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399538040161133, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In April 1961, President Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion, an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban government. In this photo, a Cuban tank is positioned near the area where 1,500 anti-Castro rebels came ashore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43170166015625, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972126007080078, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy wrote \"Missile Sites\" on this map of Cuba and marked them with \"X\"s when he was first briefed by the CIA on the Cuban Missile Crisis on Oct. 16, 1962. JFK's brother, Bobby, later wrote a memoir about this flashpoint moment, when the US was pushed to the brink of nuclear war, in Thirteen Days. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377720832824707, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy wrote \"Missile Sites\" on this map of Cuba and marked them with \"X\"s when he was first briefed by the CIA on the Cuban Missile Crisis on Oct. 16, 1962. JFK's brother, Bobby, later wrote a memoir about this flashpoint moment, when the US was pushed to the brink of nuclear war, in Thirteen Days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38460636138916, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph by Robert Knudsen, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922378540039062, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy and daughter Caroline aboard the \"Honey Fitz\" off the coast of Hyannis Port, MA, Aug. 31, 1963. Caroline later named her firstborn son, John ‘Jack’ Schlossberg, in honor of her father. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187246322631836, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy and daughter Caroline aboard the \"Honey Fitz\" off the coast of Hyannis Port, MA, Aug. 31, 1963. Caroline later named her firstborn son, John ‘Jack’ Schlossberg, in honor of her father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237704277038574, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972126007080078, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK’s Final Moments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471238136291504, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK’s Final Moments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471238136291504, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President John F. Kennedy", "passage": "President John F. Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally ride through Dallas moments before Kennedy was assassinated, Nov. 22, 1963. Kennedy was shot twice, Connally in the chest, wrist and thigh. A 10-month investigation led by the Warren Commission concluded, in September 1964, that a lone gunman was the culprit; but 50 years later, many doubts remain in the American public’s mind. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20157241821289, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President John F. Kennedy", "passage": "President John F. Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally ride through Dallas moments before Kennedy was assassinated, Nov. 22, 1963. Kennedy was shot twice, Connally in the chest, wrist and thigh. A 10-month investigation led by the Warren Commission concluded, in September 1964, that a lone gunman was the culprit; but 50 years later, many doubts remain in the American public’s mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238415718078613, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Dealey Plaza, a 15-acre public park in Dallas where the JFK assassination occurred. The northwest side of the plaza is home to the infamous \"Grassy Knoll,\" from which, the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined there was a “high probability” that a second assassin also fired at JFK but missed. Dealey Plaza was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975619316101074, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Explore the details of JFK’s assassination, as well as his legacy, at the Sixth Floor Museum . Located on the sixth floor of the Dallas County Administration Building, the museum houses a collection of 40,000 items related to JFK’s assassination. The museum also has a webcam that features a live view from the sniper spot. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35653018951416, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Explore the details of JFK’s assassination, as well as his legacy, at the Sixth Floor Museum . Located on the sixth floor of the Dallas County Administration Building, the museum houses a collection of 40,000 items related to JFK’s assassination. The museum also has a webcam that features a live view from the sniper spot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38337230682373, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Eternal Flame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407793045043945, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Eternal Flame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407793045043945, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "An eternal flame marks JFK's grave at Arlington National Cemetery . Just 11 days prior to his assassination, JFK had visited the cemetery for Veterans Day services, and remarked, “I could spend eternity here.” JFK’s family honored his wish; his wife, Jackie, and 2 infant children, would later join him at this burial site. JFK’s brothers, Senators Robert Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy are buried a few yards away. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233941078186035, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "An eternal flame marks JFK's grave at Arlington National Cemetery . Just 11 days prior to his assassination, JFK had visited the cemetery for Veterans Day services, and remarked, “I could spend eternity here.” JFK’s family honored his wish; his wife, Jackie, and 2 infant children, would later join him at this burial site. JFK’s brothers, Senators Robert Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy are buried a few yards away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264646530151367, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“I look forward to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft,” said JFK less than a month before his death. Today, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1971, stands as a living memorial to America’s 35th president. The center is the nation's busiest performing arts facility and annually hosts approximately 2,000 performances for audiences totaling nearly 2 million. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014223098754883, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“I look forward to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft,” said JFK less than a month before his death. Today, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1971, stands as a living memorial to America’s 35th president. The center is the nation's busiest performing arts facility and annually hosts approximately 2,000 performances for audiences totaling nearly 2 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054224014282227, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437395095825195, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437395095825195, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, located on Columbia Point in Boston, is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration. At the dedication ceremony in 1979, JFK Jr. read from the Stephen Spender poem, “I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.943035125732422, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Montreal’s President Kennedy Avenue", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453012466430664, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Montreal’s President Kennedy Avenue", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453012466430664, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "That greatness translated into widespread international appeal. Following JFK’s assassination, the world joined the United States in mourning. This included Canada, where the predominantly Roman Catholic Montreal named the street west of Saint-Urbain Street as Avenue du President-Kennedy, in honor of America’s first Catholic president. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106266021728516, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "That greatness translated into widespread international appeal. Following JFK’s assassination, the world joined the United States in mourning. This included Canada, where the predominantly Roman Catholic Montreal named the street west of Saint-Urbain Street as Avenue du President-Kennedy, in honor of America’s first Catholic president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148092269897461, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Eight days after Kennedy’s assassination, a square in front of city hall in West Berlin was renamed John F. Kennedy Platz. It was here that JFK had delivered his rousing speech to Berliners, proclaiming “Ich bin ein Berliner.” The renaming of the square is noted in this large plaque, at the entrance to the old-time city hall. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433481216430664, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Eight days after Kennedy’s assassination, a square in front of city hall in West Berlin was renamed John F. Kennedy Platz. It was here that JFK had delivered his rousing speech to Berliners, proclaiming “Ich bin ein Berliner.” The renaming of the square is noted in this large plaque, at the entrance to the old-time city hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44998550415039, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148810386657715, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148810386657715, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial Park", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404672622680664, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial Park", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404672622680664, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This is not the land of my birth, but it is the land for which I hold the greatest affection.” JFK was speaking about Ireland , which he visited in June 1963 -- he would later call his 4 days there the best 4 of his life. Visit Kennedy’s ancestral homeland, in New Ross, Co Wexford, and you’ll find the 623-acre John F. Kennedy Memorial Park. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93232536315918, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This is not the land of my birth, but it is the land for which I hold the greatest affection.” JFK was speaking about Ireland , which he visited in June 1963 -- he would later call his 4 days there the best 4 of his life. Visit Kennedy’s ancestral homeland, in New Ross, Co Wexford, and you’ll find the 623-acre John F. Kennedy Memorial Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997828483581543, "source": "search", "title": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England : Remembering JFK ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Jacqueline Kennedy's life (wife of former US President John F. Kennedy commonly referred to as JFK) was fairy-tale and is often referred to as Camelot in visual parallel to the \"American royalty\" life that she lead. Jackie Kennedy continues even today to fascinated us. Her life and her jewelry holds a great deal of history including the beautiful sapphire cross depicted above that forever connects the continents from Europe to North America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956449508666992, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "History is an acquired taste. I first learned to love history when I had a Teacher's Assistant at Marquette University lecture the entire class on the tip of his toes. I have never before and never since that time since such enthusiasm on one subject. History is fun IF you can connect the dots. And connecting the dots is exactly what Philip Katz does. He relates not just the love story of the jewelry but the cultural significance behind the jewelry. The majority of the pieces were given to Jackie from John F. Kennedy for celebration of anniversaries or birthdays or from political allies such as this exquisite piece from the Queen Mother of England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385875701904297, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Jackie was always at JFK's side. She traveled overseas, she greeted the royalty and other dignitaries of other countries. She was not allowed to wear her crosses because she was deemed an elected official. As I later detail in this article, she protested with her husband and mandated that her daughter wear a cross with the reasoning that her daughter was not an elected official.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43185043334961, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Religion was a part of Jackie's lifestyle. While she was an elected official, Jackie could not wear a cross, her daughter, Caroline however, she required her daughter, Caroline to wear a cross every day. JFK did not want the photo of the cross because of his respect for the the conflict of religion and the state. Caroline is said to continue to wear a cross daily.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483275413513184, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The history of these pieces, the ability to actually wear and enjoy and retell the history of love, romance and political connections is only made possible by the authorization of the family of Jackie Kennedy. These pieces are truly treasures and not just in the sense of jewelry. More importantly, these pieces of jewelry represent the history that has made American proud. These pieces celebrate the love story of JFK and Jackie, celebrate the contributions made by Jackie and celebrate the impact JFK and Jackie had not just upon America but also on the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31498908996582, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "photo courtesy of The National Trust detailing the John F. Kennedy Memorial location in regards to the Magna Carta Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341608047485352, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "1965: John F. Kennedy Memorial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107845306396484, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "from the inaugural address of President Kennedy, January 1961.'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39199161529541, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "For more information about the JFK memorial, visit the historic town of Egham in Surrey, England", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302472114562988, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "We often forget that JFK was a pilgrim of peace and fought for and enacted new legislation to bring unity to the United States and truly ended desegregation. He was a President who presided during a very tumultuous time in the United States, a time when African-Americans sat in a different location on buses and in restaurants, a time when equal rights was on paper not in practice. It is was JFK who brought about a cultural change in the United States. It was John F. Kennedy who brought to us freedoms in practice.  It was JFK who was truly a pilgrim of peace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363039016723633, "source": "search", "title": "One Acre in England - Jackie Kennedy Connecting Europe and ..." }, { "answer": "President John F. Kennedy", "passage": "November 2, 1962 - During the Cuban Missile Crisis , President John F. Kennedy announced on TV, \"the Soviet bases in Cuba are being dismantled, their missiles and related equipment being crated, and the fixed installations at these sites are being destroyed.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323722839355469, "source": "search", "title": "The History Place - This Month in History: November" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Birthday - Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968) was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and served as his attorney general. Following the assassination of President Kennedy, Robert Kennedy became a U.S. Senator from New York. In 1968, he sought the Democratic nomination for president and appeared headed for victory, but was shot and killed by an assassin in Los Angeles, just after winning the California primary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175914764404297, "source": "search", "title": "The History Place - This Month in History: November" }, { "answer": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy", "passage": "November 22, 1963 - At 12:30 p.m., on Elm Street in downtown Dallas, President John F. Kennedy's motorcade slowly approached a triple underpass. Shots rang out. The President was struck in the back, then in the head. He was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital where fifteen doctors tried to save him. At 1 p.m., John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, was pronounced dead. On board Air Force One, at 2:38 p.m., Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th President.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062152862548828, "source": "search", "title": "The History Place - This Month in History: November" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "November 25, 1963 - Three days after his assassination, John F. Kennedy was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323476791381836, "source": "search", "title": "The History Place - This Month in History: November" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56641960144043, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Remembering JFK", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460570335388184, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The Kennedy Family in Hyannis Port, MA, 1948. L-R: John F. Kennedy, Jean Kennedy, Rose Kennedy, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Patricia Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy (kneeling). JFK was the second of 9 children. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963621139526367, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The Kennedy Family in Hyannis Port, MA, 1948. L-R: John F. Kennedy, Jean Kennedy, Rose Kennedy, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Patricia Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy (kneeling). JFK was the second of 9 children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986289978027344, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257662773132324, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK National Historic Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379575729370117, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK National Historic Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379575729370117, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "See JFK’s birthplace in Brookline, MA. The Kennedy family moved into this 7-room, 2-and-a-half-story home in 1915; 2 years later John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in an upstairs bedroom. The home is closed during the winter, and reopens for summer. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23959732055664, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "See JFK’s birthplace in Brookline, MA. The Kennedy family moved into this 7-room, 2-and-a-half-story home in 1915; 2 years later John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in an upstairs bedroom. The home is closed during the winter, and reopens for summer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257011413574219, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Lieutenant junior grade John F. Kennedy aboard the PT-109 in the South Pacific, 1943. For heroic actions waged after his ship was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Hollywood later brought this story to the silver screen, in 1963’s biopic PT 109. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326900482177734, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Lieutenant junior grade John F. Kennedy aboard the PT-109 in the South Pacific, 1943. For heroic actions waged after his ship was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Hollywood later brought this story to the silver screen, in 1963’s biopic PT 109.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342330932617188, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496837615966797, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496837615966797, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "This small island, in the Pacific Ocean, is the area where the 26-year-old JFK aided his injured crew after his boat, the PT-109, was rammed by a Japanese destroyer. Colloquially known as Plum Pudding Island, the tiny tropical island was later named JFK Island in honor of JFK’s heroism that day in 1943. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3178129196167, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "This small island, in the Pacific Ocean, is the area where the 26-year-old JFK aided his injured crew after his boat, the PT-109, was rammed by a Japanese destroyer. Colloquially known as Plum Pudding Island, the tiny tropical island was later named JFK Island in honor of JFK’s heroism that day in 1943.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326598167419434, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In April 1961, President Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion, an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban government. In this photo, a Cuban tank is positioned near the area where 1,500 anti-Castro rebels came ashore. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399538040161133, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "In April 1961, President Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs invasion, an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's Cuban government. In this photo, a Cuban tank is positioned near the area where 1,500 anti-Castro rebels came ashore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43170166015625, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972126007080078, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy wrote \"Missile Sites\" on this map of Cuba and marked them with \"X\"s when he was first briefed by the CIA on the Cuban Missile Crisis on Oct. 16, 1962. JFK's brother, Bobby, later wrote a memoir about this flashpoint moment, when the US was pushed to the brink of nuclear war, in Thirteen Days. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377720832824707, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy wrote \"Missile Sites\" on this map of Cuba and marked them with \"X\"s when he was first briefed by the CIA on the Cuban Missile Crisis on Oct. 16, 1962. JFK's brother, Bobby, later wrote a memoir about this flashpoint moment, when the US was pushed to the brink of nuclear war, in Thirteen Days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38460636138916, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph by Robert Knudsen, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922378540039062, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy and daughter Caroline aboard the \"Honey Fitz\" off the coast of Hyannis Port, MA, Aug. 31, 1963. Caroline later named her firstborn son, John ‘Jack’ Schlossberg, in honor of her father. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187246322631836, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "President Kennedy and daughter Caroline aboard the \"Honey Fitz\" off the coast of Hyannis Port, MA, Aug. 31, 1963. Caroline later named her firstborn son, John ‘Jack’ Schlossberg, in honor of her father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237704277038574, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, White House, in the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972126007080078, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK’s Final Moments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471238136291504, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK’s Final Moments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471238136291504, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President John F. Kennedy", "passage": "President John F. Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally ride through Dallas moments before Kennedy was assassinated, Nov. 22, 1963. Kennedy was shot twice, Connally in the chest, wrist and thigh. A 10-month investigation led by the Warren Commission concluded, in September 1964, that a lone gunman was the culprit; but 50 years later, many doubts remain in the American public’s mind. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20157241821289, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President John F. Kennedy", "passage": "President John F. Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally ride through Dallas moments before Kennedy was assassinated, Nov. 22, 1963. Kennedy was shot twice, Connally in the chest, wrist and thigh. A 10-month investigation led by the Warren Commission concluded, in September 1964, that a lone gunman was the culprit; but 50 years later, many doubts remain in the American public’s mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238415718078613, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Dealey Plaza, a 15-acre public park in Dallas where the JFK assassination occurred. The northwest side of the plaza is home to the infamous \"Grassy Knoll,\" from which, the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined there was a “high probability” that a second assassin also fired at JFK but missed. Dealey Plaza was named a National Historic Landmark in 1993.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975619316101074, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Explore the details of JFK’s assassination, as well as his legacy, at the Sixth Floor Museum . Located on the sixth floor of the Dallas County Administration Building, the museum houses a collection of 40,000 items related to JFK’s assassination. The museum also has a webcam that features a live view from the sniper spot. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35653018951416, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Explore the details of JFK’s assassination, as well as his legacy, at the Sixth Floor Museum . Located on the sixth floor of the Dallas County Administration Building, the museum houses a collection of 40,000 items related to JFK’s assassination. The museum also has a webcam that features a live view from the sniper spot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38337230682373, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Eternal Flame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407793045043945, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "JFK Eternal Flame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407793045043945, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "An eternal flame marks JFK's grave at Arlington National Cemetery . Just 11 days prior to his assassination, JFK had visited the cemetery for Veterans Day services, and remarked, “I could spend eternity here.” JFK’s family honored his wish; his wife, Jackie, and 2 infant children, would later join him at this burial site. JFK’s brothers, Senators Robert Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy are buried a few yards away. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233941078186035, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "An eternal flame marks JFK's grave at Arlington National Cemetery . Just 11 days prior to his assassination, JFK had visited the cemetery for Veterans Day services, and remarked, “I could spend eternity here.” JFK’s family honored his wish; his wife, Jackie, and 2 infant children, would later join him at this burial site. JFK’s brothers, Senators Robert Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy are buried a few yards away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264646530151367, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“I look forward to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft,” said JFK less than a month before his death. Today, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1971, stands as a living memorial to America’s 35th president. The center is the nation's busiest performing arts facility and annually hosts approximately 2,000 performances for audiences totaling nearly 2 million. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.014223098754883, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“I look forward to an America which will reward achievement in the arts as we reward achievement in business or statecraft,” said JFK less than a month before his death. Today, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1971, stands as a living memorial to America’s 35th president. The center is the nation's busiest performing arts facility and annually hosts approximately 2,000 performances for audiences totaling nearly 2 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054224014282227, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437395095825195, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437395095825195, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, located on Columbia Point in Boston, is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration. At the dedication ceremony in 1979, JFK Jr. read from the Stephen Spender poem, “I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.943035125732422, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Montreal’s President Kennedy Avenue", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453012466430664, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "President Kennedy", "passage": "Montreal’s President Kennedy Avenue", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453012466430664, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "That greatness translated into widespread international appeal. Following JFK’s assassination, the world joined the United States in mourning. This included Canada, where the predominantly Roman Catholic Montreal named the street west of Saint-Urbain Street as Avenue du President-Kennedy, in honor of America’s first Catholic president. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106266021728516, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "That greatness translated into widespread international appeal. Following JFK’s assassination, the world joined the United States in mourning. This included Canada, where the predominantly Roman Catholic Montreal named the street west of Saint-Urbain Street as Avenue du President-Kennedy, in honor of America’s first Catholic president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148092269897461, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Eight days after Kennedy’s assassination, a square in front of city hall in West Berlin was renamed John F. Kennedy Platz. It was here that JFK had delivered his rousing speech to Berliners, proclaiming “Ich bin ein Berliner.” The renaming of the square is noted in this large plaque, at the entrance to the old-time city hall. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433481216430664, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "Eight days after Kennedy’s assassination, a square in front of city hall in West Berlin was renamed John F. Kennedy Platz. It was here that JFK had delivered his rousing speech to Berliners, proclaiming “Ich bin ein Berliner.” The renaming of the square is noted in this large plaque, at the entrance to the old-time city hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44998550415039, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148810386657715, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial in England", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148810386657715, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial Park", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404672622680664, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "John F. Kennedy", "passage": "John F. Kennedy Memorial Park", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404672622680664, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This is not the land of my birth, but it is the land for which I hold the greatest affection.” JFK was speaking about Ireland , which he visited in June 1963 -- he would later call his 4 days there the best 4 of his life. Visit Kennedy’s ancestral homeland, in New Ross, Co Wexford, and you’ll find the 623-acre John F. Kennedy Memorial Park. 960 1280", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93232536315918, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" }, { "answer": "JFK", "passage": "“This is not the land of my birth, but it is the land for which I hold the greatest affection.” JFK was speaking about Ireland , which he visited in June 1963 -- he would later call his 4 days there the best 4 of his life. Visit Kennedy’s ancestral homeland, in New Ross, Co Wexford, and you’ll find the 623-acre John F. Kennedy Memorial Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997828483581543, "source": "search", "title": "JFK Island : Remembering JFK : TravelChannel.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of non-cooperation, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from civil service, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent incident at Chauri Chaura, the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s.", "precise_score": 1.8039528131484985, "rough_score": 2.0890471935272217, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The visit, in 1928, of the British Simon Commission, charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout the country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the Bardoli Satyagraha, brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics.", "precise_score": 4.333343029022217, "rough_score": 5.050006866455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915, and initially entered the political fray not with calls for a nation-state, but in support of the unified commerce-oriented territory that the Congress Party had been asking for. Gandhi believed that the industrial development and educational development that the Europeans had brought with them were required to alleviate many of India's problems. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a veteran Congressman and Indian leader, became Gandhi's mentor. Gandhi's ideas and strategies of non-violent civil disobedience initially appeared impractical to some Indians and Congressmen. In Gandhi's own words, \"civil disobedience is civil breach of unmoral statutory enactments.\" It had to be carried out non-violently by withdrawing co-operation with the corrupt state. Gandhi's ability to inspire millions of common people became clear when he used satyagraha during the anti-Rowlatt Act protests in Punjab. Gandhi had great respect for Lokmanya Tilak. His programmes were all inspired by Tilak's \"Chatusutri\" programme.", "precise_score": -0.028324417769908905, "rough_score": -4.0923943519592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "From 1920 to 1922, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co-operation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj (self rule). The first satyagraha movement urged the use of khadi and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain. It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts; resign from government employment; refuse to pay taxes; and forsake British titles and honours. Although this came too late to influence the framing of the new Government of India Act 1919, the movement enjoyed widespread popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off the movement following the Chauri Chaura incident, which saw the death of twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob. The movement eventually became very successful in the fight for freedom in India.", "precise_score": 0.8964442610740662, "rough_score": 2.3038530349731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Especially during the Battle of Britain in 1940, Gandhi resisted calls for massive civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party, stating he did not seek India's self-rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain. In 1942, the Congress launched the Quit India movement. There was some violence but the Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of Congress leaders, including all the main national and provincial figures. They were not released until the end of the war was in sight in 1945.", "precise_score": -0.13633626699447632, "rough_score": -2.6447479724884033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "During the movement, Gandhi and his followers continued to use non-violence against British rule. This movement was where Gandhi gave his famous message, \"Do or Die!\", and this message spread towards the Indian community. In addition, this movement was addressed directly to women as \"disciplined soldiers of Indian freedom\" and they had to keep the war for independence to go on (against British rule).", "precise_score": 4.517045497894287, "rough_score": 3.295900821685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "On 8 August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched. However, it was an extremely controversial decision. At Gowalia Tank, Mumbai, Gandhi urged Indians to follow a non-violent civil disobedience. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow the orders of the British. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India–Burma border, responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. The Congress Party's Working Committee, or national leadership was arrested all together and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort. They also banned the party altogether. All the major leaders of the INC were arrested and detained. As the masses were leaderless the protest took a violent turn. Large-scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. The movement also saw widespread acts of sabotage, Indian under-ground organisation carried out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys, government buildings were set on fire, electricity lines were disconnected and transport and communication lines were severed. The disruptions were under control in a few weeks and had little impact on the war effort. The movement soon became a leaderless act of defiance, with a number of acts that deviated from Gandhi's principle of non-violence. In large parts of the country, the local underground organisations took over the movement. However, by 1943, Quit India had petered out.", "precise_score": 2.683540105819702, "rough_score": 3.7934155464172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1919 the European population in Punjab feared the Indians would overthrow British rule. A nationwide hartal (strike action), which was called on 30 March (later changed to 6 April) by Mahatma Gandhi, had turned violent in some areas. Authorities were also becoming concerned by displays of Hindu-Muslim unity. Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, decided to deport major agitators from the province. One of those targeted was Dr. Satyapal, a Hindu who had served with the Royal Army Medical Corps during the First World War. He advocated non-violent civil disobedience and was forbidden by the authorities to speak publicly. Another agitator was Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, a Muslim barrister who wanted political change and also preached non-violence. The district magistrate, acting on orders from the Punjab government, had the two leaders arrested. On 9 April 1919, crowds soon gathered at a bridge leading into the Civil Lines, where the British lived, demanding a release of the two men. Unable to hold the crowd back, troops panicked and began firing, killing several protesters.", "precise_score": 5.706660747528076, "rough_score": 7.986011505126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reginald Edward Harry Dyer" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "For many today, non-violence is a concept only associated with Mahatma Gandhi and India's freedom struggle during the early 20th century. However, Gandhi's championing of non-violent resistance, or satyagraha , to bring about political change relied on principles that were already deeply ingrained in Indian thought and culture. Non-violence or non-injury (ahimsa in Sanskrit) is a precept common to three faiths that originated in the Indian subcontinent—Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism.", "precise_score": 2.0886099338531494, "rough_score": -1.6326277256011963, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948), known as Mahatma (\"Great Soul\"), was the great political leader and social reformer who founded India's nonviolent movement against British colonial rule. Born the son of a state minister in Gujarat in 1869, Gandhi moved to South Africa after studying law in London. While practicing law in South Africa, between 1893 and 1914, he became a social reformer and mobilized diverse South African communities to protest British laws, such as the poll tax, that discriminated against Indians. While in Africa, he developed the practice of satyagraha , or nonviolent protest, based on the ethical ideal of ahimsa (\"no-harm\" or non-violence) a precept deeply rooted in the three faiths that originated in India— Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism . In 1909, he wrote his landmark work, Hind Swaraj, or Freedom of India, that discussed nonviolent non-cooperation as a means to end British colonial rule.", "precise_score": 4.205678939819336, "rough_score": 0.7287530899047852, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "From 1920 to 1948, Gandhi organized a series of campaigns that successfully mobilized Indians across the country against British rule. A non-cooperation movement in the early 1920s that urged citizens to boycott civic services and withhold tax revenues led to thousands of arrests and a government ban on public meetings. In 1930, he led a satyagraha against the British salt tax, marching 240 miles from his Sabarmati ashram to Dandi beach, in Gujarat. After picking up a lump of sea salt on the beach, Gandhi was arrested for breaking the law and 60,000 to 90,000 others would be arrested over the next few months. Before Gandhi could organize a \"Quit India\" campaign against British rule in 1942, he was arrested and detained in jail for the duration of World War II.", "precise_score": 2.531306266784668, "rough_score": 2.8123626708984375, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was assassinated in Delhi by a radical Hindu nationalist, Naturam Godse. India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru famously said after Gandhi's assassination: \"The light has gone out of our lives.\" His methods of nonviolence would influence civil rights movements around the world and figures including Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela.", "precise_score": -0.2509046792984009, "rough_score": -3.1516692638397217, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Hindi for \"holding fast to the truth\" or \"truth force,\" satyagraha was a form of civil disobedience against British rule in South Africa and India advocated by India's Mahatma Gandhi . Satyagraha draws on traditions of non-violence in Buddhism and Jainism and influenced 20th-century activists including Martin Luther King, Jr. Peaceful marches, picketing, and non-cooperation are among satyagraha tactics used to persuade the opposition to accept the ideal or right way of behavior.", "precise_score": 3.5310349464416504, "rough_score": 3.0069921016693115, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place also throughout the Indian sub-continent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle and. Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard.‪All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan in 15 August 1947.", "precise_score": 7.265881538391113, "rough_score": 7.783980846405029, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: \"high-souled\", \"venerable\")—applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,‪—is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for \"father\",‪\"papa\"‪ ) in India.", "precise_score": 3.9938793182373047, "rough_score": 1.6467314958572388, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.", "precise_score": -3.318197727203369, "rough_score": -4.721759796142578, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest.", "precise_score": 1.4484193325042725, "rough_score": 3.830517292022705, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.‪ Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire‪ was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan.‪ As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,‪ also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.‪ Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating.‪ Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range.‪", "precise_score": -3.2049577236175537, "rough_score": -4.575003147125244, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was sent to London again in 1909, but he felt that suffering in jail did more good than spending money in England seeing politicians and journalists. After meeting extremists who insisted that India could never win its independence without violence, on his return voyage Gandhi wrote the dialog Hind Swaraj, which means \"Indian Self-Rule.\" Based on the conversations he had in London, in this diatribe against the corruption of Western civilization Gandhi suggested that India could gain its independence by nonviolent means and self-reliance. He rejected brute force and its oppression and declared that soul force or love is what keeps people together in peace and harmony. History ignores the peaceful qualities but notices the interruptions and violations which disrupt civilization. He concluded the dialog by declaring that his life was henceforth dedicated to attaining Indian self-rule.", "precise_score": 3.011547565460205, "rough_score": 1.4410791397094727, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Meanwhile India was still suffering under British colonial rule. Gandhi arrived in England during the first week of the World War, and again he supported the British by raising and leading an ambulance corps; but he became ill and returned to India in January 1915. The great poet Rabindranath Tagore gave Gandhi the title \"Mahatma,\" meaning \"Great Soul,\" and in May 1915 Gandhi founded the Satyagraha Ashram for his family and co-workers near the textile city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat. When a family of untouchables asked to live in the ashram, Gandhi admitted them. Orthodox Hindus believed this polluted them. Funds ran out, and Gandhi was ready to live in the untouchable slums if necessary; but an anonymous benefactor donated enough money to last a year. To help change people's attitudes about these unfortunate pariahs, Gandhi renamed them \"Harijans\" or \"Children of God.\" Later he called his weekly magazine Harijan also. In a speech at the opening of Benares University on February 6, 1916 Gandhi said he was ashamed to be speaking in English but questioned whether the anarchists' use of assassination and bomb-throwing was honorable. Yet he agreed that Indians must take power into their hands to gain self-government. Actually Gandhi had not planned to say these things but did so after he was interrupted by the opposition of Theosophist Annie Besant.", "precise_score": -3.490436315536499, "rough_score": -3.8359744548797607, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was given editorial control over two weeklies without advertisements-Young India in English and Navajivan in Gujarati and later Hindi. More than seven thousand delegates attended the Amritsar Congress the last week of 1919. Gandhi agreed to support the Muslim Khilafat movement without requiring them to stop slaughtering cows. Instead of civil disobedience, he proposed a nation-wide campaign of nonviolent noncooperation with the British government. For the peasant this meant not paying taxes and not buying liquor because the government gained revenue from its sale. Gandhi wrote to the Viceroy, returning his war medals. In October 1920 at the annual Indian Congress 14,000 delegates enthusiastically agreed on noncooperation with the British and to end untouchability. Gandhi promised that noncooperation would bring about self-government in one year. At the beginning of 1921 Motilal Nehru, D. R. Das, Vallabhbhai Patel, and thousands of others abandoned their law practices and British courts as students, teachers, and professionals went into the villages to teach literacy and noncooperation.", "precise_score": -0.8535763621330261, "rough_score": -4.212038040161133, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi traveled throughout India addressing mass meetings, and imported fabrics were burned. He urged people to spin and weave their own cloth while boycotting British products, and he designed a Congress flag with a spinning wheel in the center. When the Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) visited Bombay in November 1921, protests degenerated into mob violence with looting. Some policemen were beaten to death; in three days of riots 58 Bombay citizens were killed, and four hundred were injured. Gandhi went on a fast to end the violence. In December the arrests began. By the time Congress met in the last week of 1921 there were 20,000 in jail. Some nationalist patriots urged rebellion. Although Gandhi believed that cowardice is worse than violence, he still believed that nonviolent action is better than both. Six thousand delegates approved Gandhi's resolution for civil disobedience of all government laws, especially those banning public meetings.", "precise_score": 0.682083010673523, "rough_score": -4.278969764709473, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi planned a massive nonviolent campaign in Bardoli, a county of 87,000; but news of how an Indian mob had murdered 23 constables by burning their police station reached him on February 8, 1922, the day it was to begin. Although this incident occurred 800 miles from Bardoli, he once again canceled the campaign, this time before it had started; instead, he fasted for five days in penance. Yet the British Viceroy ordered Gandhi's arrest, and on March 10, 1922 Gandhi was given his only judicial trial by the British. He made no apology for his noncooperation, which he admitted was legally seditious. To Justice Robert Broomfield he said,", "precise_score": -1.583414912223816, "rough_score": -4.749011039733887, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Then on March 2, 1930 Gandhi wrote a long letter to Viceroy Irwin informing him that civil disobedience would begin on March 11. He noted how ruinously expensive was the British military administration that was exploiting them. Even the salt from the sea was taxed. He believed that nothing but organized nonviolence could stop the organized violence of the British government. Civil disobedience would begin with a few people from his Satyagraha Ashram, but others might choose to join. Gandhi explained, \"My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through nonviolence, and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India. I do not seek to harm your people.\"12 Gandhi decided to disobey the Salt Laws, which forbade Indians from making their own salt, because this British monopoly especially struck at the poor.", "precise_score": 0.015594216994941235, "rough_score": -2.643773078918457, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi traveled to London, where he met Charlie Chaplin, George Bernard Shaw, and Maria Montessori among others. Not having seen a movie, Gandhi did not know who Chaplin was; but his criticisms of modern civilization may have influenced his film Modern Times . Gandhi spoke for a half hour on radio to the United States about a nonviolent way better than brute force to fight for freedom that is more consistent with human dignity. He appealed to the conscience of the world to rescue his people, who were dying in order to regain liberty. In discussing relations with the British he said he did not want isolated independence but voluntary interdependence based on love. However, the British Labour Party had been replaced by a coalition led by Ramsay MacDonald, and they used the Indian minorities problems to divide the Indian Congress. In his final speech at the Conference on November 30, 1931 Gandhi said he still wanted complete independence and warned, \"Today you have to fight the school of terrorists which is there with your disciplined and organized terrorism, because you will be blind to the facts or the writing on the wall.\"13", "precise_score": -4.605194568634033, "rough_score": -4.767780303955078, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was concerned that the British presence would invite the Japanese to invade India. So on July 14, 1942 the Congress Working Committee adopted the famous \"Quit India\" resolution, and on August 7 the massive nonviolent struggle began under the leadership of Gandhi. Two days later he and the other leaders were arrested, and Congress was declared illegal. The paper Harijan was put under a ban and was not allowed to publish again until 1946. Thus for three and a half years we have little or no writing from Gandhi. While he was detained at the Aga Khan palace, he complained that the government was spreading rumors that he was encouraging violent activities. He announced a three-week fast to seek justice from God because the government had denied him justice. Although the Viceroy warned him that he would consider a fast by Gandhi \"political blackmail\" and would let him die, Gandhi disagreed and began fasting on February 10, 1943. If he had not taken some lime juice with his water, he probably would have died. Gandhi's release from prison on May 5, 1944 has been called the end of the Gandhian era.", "precise_score": 1.3060321807861328, "rough_score": 3.0015885829925537, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence", "precise_score": -1.0798548460006714, "rough_score": -4.331078052520752, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence | History Today" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi’s reputation as the Indian spiritual and political leader who coordinated and led a successful national struggle for independence against British imperial rule on the strength of a non-violent movement survives largely intact. The legend of Mahatma Gandhi has it that he returned to India from South Africa in 1915, took control of and radically transformed the Indian nationalist movement, and led three great popular movements that eventually wore down the British government and led to Indian independence. These were the Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920-22, in conjunction with the Khilafat Movement for the restoration of the Caliphate in Turkey after the First World War (a coalition he proposed with Muslim political leaders in which he required his colleagues to accept him as Dictator – his word); the Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930-31 (unsuccessfully sought to be revived from 1932 to 1934); and the Quit India Movement of 1942. His ability to give voice to the authentic spirit of the Indian masses, so the story goes, was in stark contrast to those political leaders who used ‘western’ political idioms in pursuit of the goal of Indian independence.", "precise_score": 5.324245929718018, "rough_score": 6.5494794845581055, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence | History Today" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Britain’s Salt Acts prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in the Indian diet. Citizens were forced to buy the vital mineral from the British, who, in addition to exercising a monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, also exerted a heavy salt tax. Although India’s poor suffered most under the tax, Indians required salt. Defying the Salt Acts, Gandhi reasoned, would be an ingeniously simple way for many Indians to break a British law nonviolently. He declared resistance to British salt policies to be the unifying theme for his new campaign of satyagraha, or mass civil disobedience.", "precise_score": -2.201231002807617, "rough_score": -3.2959165573120117, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In India, Gandhi was welcomed as a Saint, as his efforts in South Africa had become famous back home. He had supported the British effort in World War I, but after colonial British authorities imposed laws that would allow Indians to be imporsoned without trial for suspicion of sedition, Gandhi decided it was time to implement a satyagraha protest. The country rocked, and violence ensued: over 400 Indians were massacred at Amritsar in the Punjab by British-led soldiers. In 1920, Gandhi had become the predominant leader of the Indian National Congress, a 35-year-old group lobbying for Indian independance. For the next few years, his non-violent protests and boycotts of British policies and products, involving thousands of people, made enormous waves. The English authorities were not quite sure how to deal with him, for he was revered by the people of India - a population at the time of somewhere near 350 million or more - that if anything were to happen to him, the countryside would erupt in rage and violence. Though his non-violent acts of civil disobedience were very effective, the British often ended up being in the position of not wanting to punish him, as his imprisonment often caused far greater problems for them with angry natives. It became harder to hold together everyone in non-voilence, and in 1922 violence broke out, which was against everything Gandhi stood for - so he temporarily called off the action. He was then tried for sedition and imprisoned for two years.", "precise_score": 0.8960159420967102, "rough_score": 2.802694797515869, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Several months after he got out of prison, he endured a three-week fast - to protest violent outbreaks by militant Indians, to convince them of the way of non-violence. In 1927, Britian appointed a constitutional reform commision, a group that did not include a single Indian. The Indian National Congress boycotted the commission, and Gandhi demanded dominion status from the British government withing a year. He used as leverage the threat of a nation-wide satyagraha for complete independance. In March 1930, he implemented one of his most famous incidents of satyagraha in history: the march to the sea to make salt. Thousands hiked more than two-hundred miles with him to the sea, where together they made salt - a product monopolized by the British, and deemed illegal to make or sell otherwise. The protest against British salt resulted in the imprisonment of over 60,000 Indians - whom were said to have gone to the prisons �cheerfully�. This event, as welll as others - like Gandhi�s implementation of a national day of prayer to protest British policies - are well-chronicled in the 1982 movie �Gandhi,� starring Ben Kingsley.", "precise_score": 0.578466534614563, "rough_score": 2.281820774078369, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "One of the most famous leaders of a non-violent movement was Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), who opposed British imperial rule in India during the 20th century.", "precise_score": 7.1364874839782715, "rough_score": 5.337485313415527, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi called it \"satyagraha\" which means 'truth force.' In this doctrine the aim of any non-violent conflict was to convert the opponent; to win over his mind and his heart and pursuade him to your point of view.", "precise_score": -3.204688787460327, "rough_score": -4.540745735168457, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi led the movement for independence in India by using non-violent civil disobedience. His tactics drove the British from India, but he failed to wipe out ancient Indian religious and caste hatreds.", "precise_score": 6.405909061431885, "rough_score": 7.325201511383057, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Naturally shy and retiring, Mohandas K. Gandhi was a small, frail man with a high-pitched voice. He didn't seem like a person destined to lead millions of Indians in their battle for independence from the British Empire . And the tactics that he insisted his followers use in this struggle—non-violent civil disobedience —seemed unlikely to drive a powerful empire from India.", "precise_score": 3.6128318309783936, "rough_score": -0.20127636194229126, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "While in jail, Gandhi read the essay \"Civil Disobedience\" by Henry David Thoreau, a 19th-century American writer. Gandhi adopted the term \"civil disobedience\" to describe his strategy of non-violently refusing to cooperate with injustice, but he preferred the Sanskrit word satyagraha (devotion to truth). Following his release from jail, he continued to protest the registration law by supporting labor strikes and organizing a massive non-violent march. Finally, the Boer government agreed to a compromise that ended the most objectionable parts of the registration law.", "precise_score": -5.321449279785156, "rough_score": -4.3569793701171875, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1917, while Britain was fighting in World War I , Gandhi supported peasants protesting unfair taxes imposed by wealthy landowners in the Bihar province in northeastern India. Huge crowds followed him wherever he went. Gandhi declared that the peasants were living \"under a reign of terror.\" British officials ordered Gandhi to leave the province, which he refused to do. \"I have disregarded the order,\" he explained, \"in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience.\"", "precise_score": -2.497004985809326, "rough_score": -1.7720001935958862, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Instead of granting India independence after World War I, Britain continued its colonial regime and tightened restrictions on civil liberties. Gandhi responded by calling for strikes and other acts of peaceful civil disobedience. During one protest assembly held in defiance of British orders, colonial troops fired into the crowd, killing more than 350 people. A British general then carried out public floggings and a humiliating \"crawling order.\" This required Indians to crawl on the ground when approached by a British soldier.", "precise_score": -0.43579068779945374, "rough_score": 0.573208212852478, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The massacre and crawling order turned Gandhi against any further cooperation with the British government. In August 1920, he urged Indians to withdraw their children from British-run schools, boycott the law courts, quit their colonial government jobs, and continue to refuse to buy imported cloth. Now called \"Mahatma,\" meaning \"Great Soul,\" Gandhi spoke to large crowds throughout the country. \"We in India in a moment,\" he proclaimed, \"realize that 100,000 Englishmen need not frighten 300 million human beings.\"", "precise_score": -1.3477426767349243, "rough_score": -4.006656646728516, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1922, the British arrested Gandhi for writing articles advocating resistance to colonial rule. He used his day in court to indict the British Empire for its exploitation and impoverishment of the Indian people. \"In my humble opinion,\" he declared at his trial, non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.\" The British judge sentenced him to six years in prison.", "precise_score": -0.21310079097747803, "rough_score": -0.3524784445762634, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "When he was released after two years, Gandhi remained determined to continue his struggle against British colonial rule. He also decided to campaign against Hindu-Muslim religious hatred and Hindu mistreatment of the so-called untouchables, whom he called the Children of God. In Gandhi's mind, all of these evils had to be erased if India were to be free.", "precise_score": -1.1454397439956665, "rough_score": -3.840989351272583, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1930, Gandhi carried out his most spectacular act of civil disobedience. At that time, British colonial law made it a crime for anyone in India to possess salt not purchased from the government monopoly. In defiance of British authority, Gandhi led thousands of people on a 240-mile march to the sea where he picked up a pinch of salt. This sparked a mass movement among the people all over the country to gather and make their own salt.", "precise_score": -0.7695513963699341, "rough_score": -4.616714000701904, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi now held the attention of the world, which pressured the British to negotiate with Indian leaders on a plan for self-rule. The British, however, stalled the process by making proposals that aggravated Indian caste and religious divisions.", "precise_score": 1.0230178833007812, "rough_score": -4.548473834991455, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Who was Mahatma Gandhi? He was a physically small man with a big idea who achieved great things. He worked for the dignity of Indians in South Africa, struggled for Indian independence, and inspired others like Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States to confront injustice with non-violent methods. It is the acid test of non-violence, Gandhi once said, that in a non-violent conflict there is no rancor left behind and, in the end, the enemies are converted into friends.", "precise_score": -1.4935400485992432, "rough_score": -2.1610336303710938, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.698551177978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "India" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets. There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines, and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After World War I, in which approximately one million Indians served, a new period began. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislations, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol. During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections. The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India into two states: India and Pakistan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.209578990936279, "source": "wiki", "title": "India" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too proved relatively short-lived, lasting just under two years. Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority. The Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.261890888214111, "source": "wiki", "title": "India" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Many Indian festivals are religious in origin. The best known include Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Thai Pongal, Holi, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, and Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories – Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869667053222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "India" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example of this dominance is the basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date. The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic achievement; the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830144882202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "India" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The year 1915 also saw the return of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to India. Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor Gopal Krishna Gokhale and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country first-hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled Satyagraha (or, Striving for Truth). For Gandhi, Satyagraha was different from \"passive resistance\", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as a practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; Satyagraha, on the other hand, was for him the \"last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause.\" Ahimsa or \"non-violence\", which formed the underpinning of Satyagraha, came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During the years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of Satyagraha in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7762250900268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay, Hind Swaraj, (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of Swaraj, or \"self-rule\" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of untouchability from Indian society; and the exercise of swadeshi – the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian cottage industry. The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and Ahimsa, while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that was not only perpetrating the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself, was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of swaraj; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9241943359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in Champaran district in Bihar, near the Nepal border, where he was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting indigo (for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, Rajendra Prasad, from Bihar, who would become a loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual Satyagraha. Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during war-time, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into the case. Although, the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of swaraj. The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas - both in his native Gujarat - one in the rural Kaira district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of Ahmedabad, where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement. Champaran, Kaira, and Ahmedabad were important milestones in the history of Gandhi's new methods of social protest in India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.475502967834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two Rowlatt Bills. Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, \"I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peace time to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary.\" In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its \"official majority\" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of \"anarchical and revolutionary movements\", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the Indian Penal Code. Even so, when it was passed, the new Rowlatt Act aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to the forefront of the nationalist movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.85879135131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "At its annual session in Lahore, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, issued a demand for Purna Swaraj (Hindi: \"complete independence\"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the Congress Working Committee, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the Salt Satyagraha, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the Round Table Conferences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.06971549987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Sardar Patel, Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, B. R. Ambedkar representing the Untouchable community, and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs, agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines in stark opposition to Gandhi's views. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new nation of India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.118532180786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the newly drawn borders. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders, among both the refugee and resident populations of the three faiths, died in the violence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588432312011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "British Raj" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The very first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. The last stages of the self-rule struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns. Activists Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule. Poets and writers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramaniya Bharathi, Allama Iqbal, Josh Malihabadi, Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. Feminists such as Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics. Babasaheb Ambedkar championed the cause of the disadvantaged sections of Indian society within the larger self-rule movement. The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Army movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.36181640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi arrives in India", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.597505569458008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) had been a prominent leader of the Indian nationalist movement in South Africa, and had been a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and abusive labour treatment as well as suppressive police control such as the Rowlatt Acts. During these protests, Gandhi had perfected the concept of satyagraha, which had been inspired by the philosophy of Baba Ram Singh (famous for leading the Kuka Movement in the Punjab in 1872). In January 1914 (well before the First World War began) Gandhi was successful. The hated legislation against Indians was repealed and all Indian political prisoners were released by General Jan Smuts. Gandhi accomplished this through extensive use of non-violent protest, such as boycotting, protest marching, and fasting by him and his followers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.151824951171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's vision would soon bring millions of regular Indians into the movement, transforming it from an elitist struggle to a national one. The nationalist cause was expanded to include the interests and industries that formed the economy of common Indians. For example, in Champaran, Bihar, Gandhi championed the plight of desperately poor sharecroppers and landless farmers who were being forced to pay oppressive taxes and grow cash crops at the expense of the subsistence crops which formed their food supply. The profits from the crops they grew were insufficient to provide for their sustenance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463907241821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The self-rule movement as late as 1918 was an elitist movement. Gandhi changed that and made it a mass movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722271919250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years of prison, but was released after serving two. On his release from prison, he set up the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, on the banks of river Sabarmati, established the newspaper Young India, and inaugurated a series of reforms aimed at the socially disadvantaged within Hindu society — the rural poor, and the untouchables. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885811805725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "This era saw the emergence of new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party, including C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose and others- who would later on come to form the prominent voices of the Indian self-rule movement, whether keeping with Gandhian Values, or, as in the case of Bose's Indian National Army, diverging from it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.822236061096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Many women participated in the movement, including Kasturba Gandhi (Gandhi's wife), Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Muthulaxmi Reddy, Aruna Asaf Ali, and many others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1198091506958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi emerged from his long seclusion by undertaking his most famous campaign, a march of about 400 kilometres (240 miles) from his commune in Ahmedabad to Dandi, on the coast of Gujarat between 11 March and 6 April 1930. The march is usually known as the Dandi March or the Salt Satyagraha. The Dandi March or Salt March was a very important and well-known moment for Gandhi as a \"freedom fighter\". This march was an act of civil disobedience against the British empire and the unjust salt tax of the British. Salt was a very essential aspect to survival and the tax on salt was seen as a form of arrogance of the British. The salt tax was an issue for many of the people of India, especially the poor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.051002502441406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "At Dandi, a protest against British taxes on salt, Gandhi and thousands of his followers broke the law by making their own salt from seawater (at the Gulf of Khambhat). It took 24 days for him to complete this march. Every day he covered 10 miles and gave many speeches. The Dandi March launched the civil disobedience movement (from 1930 to 1931), and it attracted attention across the world through the media, rallied participation of many Indian people, and had a \"profound cultural resonance\". The Dandi March not only united the Indian people but also exposed the facade of the British empire and, eventually, the British's power was shaken. Eventually, the Dandi March was looked at as the turning point in India's struggle for self-rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.168880939483643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In April 1930, there were violent police-crowd clashes in Calcutta. Approximately 100,000 people were imprisoned in the course of the civil disobedience movement (1930–31), while in Peshawar unarmed demonstrators were fired upon in the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre. The latter event catapulted the then newly formed Khudai Khidmatgar movement (founder Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Frontier Gandhi) onto the National scene. While Gandhi was in jail, the first Round Table Conference was held in London in November 1930, without representation from the Indian National Congress. The ban upon the Congress was removed because of economic hardships caused by the satyagraha. Gandhi, along with other members of the Congress Working Committee, was released from prison in January 1931.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.889382839202881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In March 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed, and the government agreed to set all political prisoners free (Although, some of the key revolutionaries were not set free and the death sentence for Bhagat Singh and his two comrades was not taken back which further intensified the agitation against Congress not only outside it but within the Congress itself). In return, Gandhi agreed to discontinue the civil disobedience movement and participate as the sole representative of the Congress in the second Round Table Conference, which was held in London in September 1931. However, the conference ended in failure in December 1931. Gandhi returned to India and decided to resume the civil disobedience movement in January 1932.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.397838592529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The entry of India into the war was strongly opposed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939, but later resigned due to differences in opinion with Gandhi. After resignation he formed his own wing separated from the mainstream congress leadership known as Forward bloc which was the centre of ex-congressmen with socialist views; however he remained emotionally attached with him for the remainder of his life. Bose then founded the All India Forward Bloc. In 1940, a year after war broke out, the British had put Bose under house arrest in Calcutta. However, he escaped and made his way through Afghanistan to Nazi Germany to seek Hitler and Mussolini's help for raising an army to fight the British. The Free India Legion comprising Erwin Rommel's Indian POWs was formed. However, in light of Germany's changing fortunes, a German land invasion of India became untenable and Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan and arranged for a submarine. Bose was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia, where he formed the Azad Hind Government, a Provisional Free Indian Government in exile, and reorganised the Indian National Army composed of Indian POWs and volunteering Indian expatriates in South-East Asia, with the help of the Japanese. Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolts among Indian soldiers to defeat the British raj.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.446761131286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan) or the August Movement was a civil disobedience movement in India launched on 8 August 1942 in response to Gandhi's call for immediate self-rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II. He asked all teachers to leave their schools, and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement. Due to Gandhi's political influence, his request was followed by a massive proportion of the population. In addition, the INC led the Quit India Movement to demand the British to leave India and to have India as a sovereign state ruled by the Indian people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.070439338684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The aim of the movement was to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding the Allied war effort hostage. The call for determined but passive resistance that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement is best described by his call to Do or Die, issued on 8 August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay, since renamed August Kranti Maidan (August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress khiland were to spend the rest of the war in jail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7830657958984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organisation itself. In Golwalkar’s own words, “In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is the organisation of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks” Overall, the Quit India Movement turned out to be not very successful and only lasted until 1943. It drew away from Gandhi's tactic of non-violence; it eventually became a rebellious act without any real leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.698486328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indian independence movement" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "*Charles Freer Andrews, an Anglican priest and friend of Gandhi, who termed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre as \"cold-blooded massacre and inhumane.\"Home Political, K. W., A, 20 June 1920, Nos 126–194, National Archives of India, New Delhi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.007307052612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reginald Edward Harry Dyer" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "*Gandhi will not lead India to capable self-government. The British Raj must continue, firm and unshaken in its administration of justice to all men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.934595108032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reginald Edward Harry Dyer" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Dyer is played by Edward Fox in the 1982 film Gandhi. Dyer's scenes in the film depict the massacre as well as Dyer's testimony to the inquisition panel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353177070617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reginald Edward Harry Dyer" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407174110412598, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454873085021973, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "After returning to India in 1915, Gandhi organized satyagrahas against poverty and unfair taxes, championing boycotts and peaceful strikes.  In the 1920s, Gandhi reorganized the Indian National Congress and wrote its constitution that prioritized Congressional representation for rural India and created a permanent committee to agitate for independence. He also adopted a simpler way of life, eschewing European clothes for the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, which he spun on a charkha; adhering to a strictly vegetarian diet; and undertaking fasts that he also employed in social protest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.091202735900879, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mahatma Gandhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35345458984375, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's first satyagraha in 1918 focused on residents in Bihar who were forced to grow and sell indigo for very low prices. Organized protests and strikes against landlords in Bihar led to agreements between the British government and the farmers. In 1919, another satyagraha focused on excessive taxes levied by the British on famine-stricken peasants in Gujarat. After Gujarati farmers waged a tax revolt, the British government seized their lands. In the wake of continued protest, the government eventually met farmers' demands by suspending taxes for two years and returning their lands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.19599723815918, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's most famous satyagraha, in 1931, targeted the British-imposed salt laws that punished individuals who manufactured their own salt. At 61 years old, Gandhi and a group of followers marched 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coast at Dandi, encouraging people he met along the way to use their own salt. When he reached the coast, he picked up a lump of salt from the beach, breaking the salt laws. The crowd then marched on a salt depot, and Gandhi was arrested. Between 60,000 and 90,000 Indians, including the entire Indian National Congress , were arrested in subsequent months. The march mobilized citizens across India but failed to garner concessions from the British.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9865617752075195, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Another critical satyagraha, Gandhi's Quit India Movement, culminated in the All India Congress Committee's passage of a 1942 Quit India resolution that called for the immediate withdrawal of the British from India. Gandhi and many other protesters, including members of the Indian National Congress, were imprisoned. The British would begin independence talks with the Indian National Congress in 1946, and granted India its independence in 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.95761775970459, "source": "search", "title": "Non-Violence | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Identify examples of individuals who led resistance to political oppression such as Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Oscar Romero, Natan Sharansky, Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo, and Chinese student protestors in Tiananmen Square describe the major influences of women such as Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria, Mother Teresa, Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, and Golda Meir during major eras of world history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.113616943359375, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mahatma Gandhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35345458984375, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "What qualities of Indira Gandhi enabled her to dominate Indian politics for three decades?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200878143310547, "source": "search", "title": "Nationalism, Independence Movements and Popular Resistance ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.804430961608887, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "This is a chapter in World Peace Efforts Since Gandhi , which is published as a book. For ordering information, please click here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378744125366211, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi continues what the Buddha began.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469653129577637, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "in Gandhi it undertakes to transform all worldly conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311430931091309, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi, Hind Swaraj", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34341049194336, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi, Young India August 11, 1920", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853222846984863, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi, 1924", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429884910583496, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi, 1942", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436107635498047, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar in western India. His father was prime minister of the very small state, and his mother was a religious Vaishnavite. At the age of 13 Mohandas was married to a girl his own age and began an active sex life. In his autobiography he admitted that as a boy he secretly ate meat with his friends so that they could become strong like the English. After some local education it was decided that he should go to England to study law. He gained his mother's permission by promising to refrain from wine, women, and meat, but he defied his caste's regulations which forbade travel to England. He joined the Inner Temple law college in London. In searching for a vegetarian restaurant he discovered its philosophy in Henry Salt's A Plea for Vegetarianism and became convinced. He organized a vegetarian club and met people with theosophical and altruistic interests. He discovered the Bhagavad-Gita in Edwin Arnold's poetic translation, The Song Celestial, and offered his limited knowledge of Sanskrit to others. This Hindu scripture and the Sermon on the Mount later became his bibles and spiritual guidebooks. He memorized the Gita during his daily tooth brushing and often recited its original Sanskrit at his prayer meetings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405256271362305, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's Experiments in South Africa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465585708618164, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "By the time Gandhi returned to India in 1891, his mother had died. He was not successful at breaking into the legal profession because of his shyness. So he took the opportunity of representing an Indian firm in Natal, South Africa for a year. South Africa, which was notorious for racial discrimination, gave Gandhi the insults which awakened his social conscience. He refused to remove his turban in court; he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment; he was beaten for refusing to move to the footboard of a stage-coach for the sake of a European passenger; and he was pushed and kicked off a footpath by a policeman. As a lawyer Gandhi did his best to discover the facts and get the parties to accept arbitration and compromise in order to settle out of court. After solving a difficult case in this way he was elated and commented, \"I had learned to find out the better side of human nature and to enter men's hearts. I realized that the true function of a lawyer was to unite parties riven asunder.\"1 He also insisted on receiving the truth from his clients; if he found out that they had lied, he dropped their cases. He believed that the lawyer's duty is to help the court discover the truth, not to try to prove the guilty innocent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.424215316772461, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "At the end of the year during a farewell party before he was to sail for India, Gandhi noticed in the newspaper that a bill was being proposed that would deprive Indians of the vote. His friends urged him to stay and lead the fight for their rights in South Africa. He founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894, and their efforts were given considerable notice by the press. While he was visiting India, Gandhi wrote a green pamphlet entitled The Grievances of the British Indians in South Africa. When he returned from fetching his family from India in January 1897, the South Africans tried to stop him from landing by bribing and threatening the ship-owner Dada Abdulla Sheth; but Dada Abdulla was Gandhi's client, and finally after a long quarantine period Gandhi was allowed to disembark. The waiting mob recognized Gandhi, and some whites began to hit his face and body until the Police Superintendent's wife came to his rescue. The mob threatened to Iynch him, but Gandhi escaped in a disguise and remained in protective police custody for a few days. Later he refused to prosecute anyone, holding to the principle of self-restraint in regard to a personal wrong; besides, it had been the community leaders and the Natal government who caused the problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.915746688842773, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi felt it was his duty to support the British during the Boer War; so he organized and led an Indian Ambulance Corps to nurse the wounded on the battlefield. Even this effort was somewhat delayed by race prejudice; but when three hundred free Indians and eight hundred indentured servants volunteered, the whites were impressed. Gandhi was given a medal for his service in the Boer War. In 1902 he traveled in India, and with Gokhale's support his resolution for the Indians in South Africa was passed by the Indian Congress in Calcutta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.782781600952148, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi served the Indian community in Johannesburg, and during the plague of 1904 he got Indian money sterilized so that they could get nursing services. He was instrumental in publishing Indian Opinion weekly in English, Gujarati, Hindi, and Tamil from the hundred-acre Phoenix Farm community he founded. Attracted to the simple agricultural life, Gandhi was influenced by John Ruskin's Unto This Last, which he translated into Gujarati. He readily agreed with Ruskin's idea that the good of the individual is contained in the good of all; but the value of labor in tilling the soil or in handicrafts was a revelation to Gandhi. He recruited another Indian ambulance unit during the Zulu Rebellion and was made a sergeant major. Gandhi experimented with celibacy during his thirties, and in 1906 he took the Brahmacharya vow for the rest of his life. That year Gandhi led a delegation to London and met with the Secretary of State for India, John Morley, to present the case for Indians' rights in South Africa. Gandhi also met with Winston Churchill, who promised to help.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.300803184509277, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "His first use of civil disobedience on a mass scale began in September 1906 when the Transvaal government wanted to register the entire Indian population and passed what the Indians called the \"Black Act.\" In response they held a mass meeting in the Imperial Theatre of Johannesburg; some were so angry at the humiliating ordinance that they threatened a violent response if put to the test. However, with Gandhi's advice they all decided as a group to refuse to comply with the registration provisions. Gandhi suggested that they take a pledge in the name of God; even though they were Hindus and Muslims, they all believed in one and the same God. Every one of the nearly three thousand Indians present took the solemn pledge. Gandhi decided to call this technique of refusing to submit to injustice satyagraha, which means literally \"holding to the truth.\" One week after the pledge, Asiatic women were excused from having to register.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.08732795715332, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "When the Transvaal government finally put the Asiatic Registration Act into effect in 1907, only 511 out of 13,000 Indians registered. Gandhi and several other Indians were arrested. He was given two months without hard labor, and he spent the time reading. During his life Gandhi would spend a total of 249 days in South African jails and 2,089 days in Indian jails. Gandhi declared to his followers that a satyagrahi must be fearless and always trust his opponent, \"for an implicit trust in human nature is the very essence of his creed.\"2 Satyagraha thus by its honest purity appeals to the best in the adversary and exposes the true situation for all to see.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.550651550292969, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "On February 3, 1908 General Jan Christiaan Smuts promised Gandhi that he would repeal the Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act if they would accept the compromise and register. Gandhi explained the agreement to a meeting, and a majority agreed to register. However, Gandhi's former client Mir Alam Khan accused him of selling out to General Smuts and swore he would kill any man who gave his fingerprints. A week later Gandhi went to register, and the tall Mir Alam knocked him out. Gandhi was kicked and beat by Mir Alam and his companions until he was rescued by passing Europeans. Gandhi was taken to the home of Baptist minister Joseph Doke, where he gave his fingerprints and recovered from his injuries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5303316116333, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "General Smuts then introduced a bill to validate the voluntary certificates but not to repeal the Black Act. So on August 16, 1908 three thousand Indians gathered outside the Hamida Mosque in Johannesburg to hear Gandhi make a speech before they burned about two thousand registration certificates. Mir Alam apologized to Gandhi, and they shook hands. Some Chinese burned their certificates too. Two days later the government started deporting new Asiatic immigrants for not knowing a European language. On October 7 Gandhi was arrested for not having his certificate and for refusing to be fingerprinted. He asked for the maximum punishment and was sentenced to a fine or two months hard labor; he chose the latter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860508918762207, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "While reading in jail, Gandhi discovered Thoreau 's \"Civil Disobedience.\" He was already familiar with the works of Tolstoy and was \"overwhelmed\" by The Kingdom of God is Within You as he \"began to realize more and more the infinite possibilities of universal love.\"4 Gandhi distinguished satyagraha from \"passive resistance,\" which had been used by religious Non-conformists and suffragettes in England and sometimes inflicted injuries and damage. In Satyagraha in South Africa Gandhi wrote that passive resistance had been used along with the use of arms; but satyagraha is the negation of brute force and avoids any injury to the opponent while being willing to suffer in one's own person. As other examples of satyagraha he gave Jesus Christ, the early Christians , and the Russian Doukhobors cited by Tolstoy .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.834298133850098, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The protest movement for Indian rights in South Africa continued to grow; at one point out of the 13,000 Indians in the province 2,500 were in jail, while 6,000 had fled Transvaal. In being civil to the opponents during the disobedience, Gandhi developed the use of ahimsa, which means \"non-hurting\" and is usually translated \"nonviolence.\" Gandhi followed the precept, \"Hate the sin and not the sinner.\" Since we are all one spiritually, to hurt or attack another person is to attack oneself. Though we may attack an unjust system, we must always love the persons involved. Thus ahimsa became his method in the search for truth. People said that Gandhi was a saint who was losing himself in politics, but he considered himself a politician trying his hardest to be a saint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.302558422088623, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Aided by a donation of 1500 pounds and the 1,100-acre farm bought and built by architect Hermann Kallenbach, Gandhi named this ashram Tolstoy Farm. He exchanged a few letters with the great Russian novelist before he died and continued to write and edit the journal Indian Opinion in order to elucidate the principles and practice of satyagraha.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184480667114258, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Three issues brought the quest for Indian rights in South Africa to a crisis-there was a three-pound annual tax on former indentured servants; Asian immigration was banned; and in March 1913 a law went into effect invalidating all but Christian marriages. When Gandhi explained the new law to his wife Kasturbai, she and others crossing the border into Transvaal in protest were arrested on September 15, 1913. Gandhi could not figure out how to feed the striking miners that gathered around him at Newcastle; so after warning them about the horrors of European-run jails, at the end of October he led them from Natal into Transvaal so that they could be \"safely deposited in jail.\" He was followed by 2,037 men, 127 women, and 57 children. After they crossed the border, they were not arrested. Gandhi was arrested and paid bail to return to his army; he was arrested again and released and arrested once more, all within four days. The pilgrims headed toward Tolstoy Farm but were deported back to the Newcastle mines, where they were imprisoned. Gandhi was sentenced to three months' hard labor, but the strikes and demonstrations went on with about 50,000 indentured laborers on strike and thousands of free Indians in prison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.896032333374023, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The Christian missionary Charles F. Andrews donated all his money to the movement. Gandhi and the other leaders were released and announced another march. However, Gandhi refused to take advantage of a railway strike by white employees and called off the march in spite of Smuts' broken pledge in 1908. Gandhi explained, \"Forgiveness is the ornament of the brave.\"5 After six months of negotiation the issues were finally resolved by Smuts and Gandhi at the end of June in 1914, and the Indian Relief Act went into effect in July. All marriages regardless of religion were valid; the tax on indentured laborers was canceled including arrears; and Indians were allowed to move more freely. General Smuts expressed his respect for Gandhi and his gentle but powerful methods, which had made him realize which laws had to be repealed. Gandhi summarized in Indian Opinion the power of the satyagraha method and prophesied how it could transform modern civilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.970518112182617, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi began wearing home-spun khadi in order to encourage self-sufficient village industries and thus help alleviate poverty in India. In April 1917 Gandhi went to Bihar to learn how suffering indigo workers in Champaran were being exploited by exorbitant fees of landlords. He was arrested and ordered to leave; but as he insisted on staying, he was put in jail. However, the officials soon realized that the Mahatma was the only one who could control the crowds. Assistants helped by carefully documenting the grievances of several thousand peasants, and reforms were won again by civil disobedience. The textile workers of Ahmedabad were also economically oppressed. Gandhi suggested a strike; when the workers were weakening in their resolve, he went on a fast to encourage them to continue the strike. Gandhi explained that he did not fast to coerce the opponent but to strengthen or reform those who loved him. He did not believe in fasting for higher wages, but he fasted so that the workers would accept the system of arbitration to resolve the conflict, which they did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.369756698608398, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In the spring of 1918 Gandhi was persuaded by the British to help raise soldiers for a final victory effort in the war. Charlie Andrews criticized Gandhi for recruiting Indians to fight for the British. Gandhi spoke to large audiences but gained hardly any recruits. He was experimenting with a limited raw-food diet and became sick. Even after the war the Rowlatt Act continued the strict laws against sedition. Despite India's cooperation with Britain during the war, they did not receive Dominion Status, and civil liberties were being curtailed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.079701900482178, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Guided by a dream or inner experience, Gandhi decided to call for a one-day hartal or general strike on all economic activity. Many signed the satyagraha pledge, and Gandhi suggested making \"a continuous and persistent effort to return good for evil.\"7 Before that day in Old Delhi, Gurka troops opened fire on a march and killed five Hindus and four Muslims. On April 6, 1919 all Indians stopped working. Gandhi spoke and said that machine-guns would no longer afflict them. Two days later he was arrested trying to go to Delhi. News of his arrest led to civil disobedience. Gandhi was allowed to return to Ahmedabad, which he found under martial law because mill workers had killed a British officer, burned government buildings, extorted money, captured weapons, plundered shops, and attacked private houses. Gandhi realized that now he must protest the behavior of his own people, and he announced a penitential fast for three days, calling off the campaign and declaring he had made a \"Himalayan miscalculation.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.164161682128906, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "He explained, \"In my opinion, non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.\"11 Broomfield sentenced him to six years and hoped the government would reduce the term. Gandhi was in fact released after 22 months after he had an appendectomy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830601692199707, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Perhaps the greatest block to Indian unity and self government was the religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims. In 1924 an anti-Muslim book led to riots and the murder of its author. After 36 Hindus were killed at Kohat, Gandhi fasted for three weeks. He pleaded for unity in diversity, religious tolerance, and love for one another. After he approved of killing stray dogs, Gandhi was accused of abandoning ahimsa. He was blamed for killing a maimed calf that was suffering from an incurable disease at his ashram; but he considered that action nonviolent because the unselfish purpose was to relieve the pain of the calf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.143144607543945, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "During the late 1920s Gandhi wrote An Autobiography, which he subtitled \"The Story of My Experiments with Truth.\" This book is quite candid and humble in the way he examined his faults and his efforts to overcome them. In the preface he indicated that his goal was spiritual liberation (moksha). In his speeches he pointed out his five-point program on the fingers of his hand: equality for untouchables, spinning, no alcohol or opium, Hindu-Muslim friendship, and equality for women. They were all connected to the wrist, which stood for nonviolence. Finally in 1928 he announced a satyagraha campaign in Bardoli against a 22% increase in British-imposed taxes. Refusing to pay taxes, the people had their possessions confiscated, and some were driven off their land; but they remained nonviolent. It lasted several months, and hundreds were arrested. Finally the government gave in and agreed to cancel the tax increase, release all prisoners, and return confiscated land and property; the peasants agreed to pay their taxes at the previous rate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.814521789550781, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The Indian Congress wanted self-government and considered war for independence. Gandhi naturally refused to support a war but declared that if India was not free under Dominion Status by the end of 1929, then he would demand independence. Consequently on January 26, 1930 he asked people to celebrate Independence Day, and he proclaimed a manifesto that India must sever its connection with Britain and attain complete independence. Gandhi announced an eleven-point program that included reducing land revenue by fifty percent, abolishing the salt tax, prohibiting alcohol, passing a tariff to protect against foreign cloth, enacting a coastal reservation bill to help Indian shipping, revaluating the rupee, reducing military expenditures by at least fifty percent, reducing salaries of civil servants by half, releasing all political prisoners except for murder, abolishing or controlling the Criminal Investigation Department that was targeting Congress, and issuing firearms for self-defense under popular control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.833874702453613, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Beginning with 78 members of his ashram, Gandhi led a 240-mile march to the sea that took 24 days. Thousands had gathered at the start, and several thousand joined them on the march. First Gandhi and then others all along the seacoast gathered some salt water in pans to dry it. In Bombay the Congress had pans on the roof; 60,000 people assembled, and hundreds were arrested. At Karachi, where 50,000 watched the salt being made, the crowd was so thick that the police could make no arrests. The jails were filled with at least 60,000 offenders. Amazingly enough there was practically no violence at all; the people did not want Gandhi to cancel the movement. Gandhi was arrested before he could invade the Dharasana Salt Works, but the poet Sarojini Naidu led 2,500 volunteers and warned them not to resist the blows of the police. According to an eye-witness account by the United Press reporter Webb Miller, they continued to march in hour after hour and were beaten down with steel-shod lathis by the 400 police; but they did not try to fight back, and the injured were dragged away by women. The poet Tagore declared that Europe had lost her moral prestige in Asia. Soon more than 100,000 Indians were in prison, including almost all the leaders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.832892417907715, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was called to meet with Viceroy Irwin eight times. Lord Irwin wanted the civil disobedience ended, but Gandhi demanded an inquiry into the police brutality. Finally on March 5, 1931 they signed the Delhi Pact that treated India as an equal with England and provided for constitutional issues to be discussed at a Round Table Conference in London. Civil disobedience was called off; prisoners were released; and salt manufacture was permitted on the coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.30397891998291, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Back in India at the beginning of 1932, communication with the Viceroy broke down over the threat of civil disobedience, and Gandhi was arrested. As during the salt campaign, the old Regulation XXV of 1827 was used to detain him indefinitely without a trial. While in the Yeravda jail Gandhi fasted on behalf of the Harijans because they had been given a separate electorate. It was to be a \"fast unto death\" unless he could awaken the Hindu conscience. On September 21, 1932 millions of Indians fasted with him for 24 hours. Three days later the Yeravda Pact was signed, and it was ratified the next day. After an overwhelming vote in favor of it, Hindu temples were opened to untouchables for the first time. Gandhi replaced Young India with the weekly Harijan. Still concerned about the Harijans, he fasted for three weeks in May 1933; British officials, afraid he might die, released him from prison. In August 1933 he was arrested again and was sentenced to one year. On the seventh day of his fast he was released unconditionally in a very precarious condition. After he recovered, Gandhi went on a speaking tour and raised money for the Harijans (untouchables), traveling more than 12,000 miles. In May 1934 the All-India Congress endorsed Gandhi's proposal to call off the civil disobedience campaign except for specific grievances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.951606750488281, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "By the time the second world war was approaching, Gandhi had been confirmed in his pacifist principles. He pointed out how Abyssinia could have used nonviolence against Mussolini, and he recommended it to the Czechs and China. He suggested, \"If it is brave, as it is, to die to a man fighting against odds, it is braver still to refuse to fight and yet to refuse to yield to the usurper.\"14 As early as 1938 he exhorted the Jews to stand up for their rights and die if necessary as martyrs so that a degrading manhunt could be turned into a calm and determined stand. Gandhi even recommended the British use nonviolent methods to fight Hitler; no longer could he support any kind of war or killing. On December 24, 1938 he wrote,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.705230712890625, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "He even wrote an open letter to Hitler himself, asking him not to go to war. In April 1939 Gandhi prophesied that before the war ended, the democracies would have adopted the tactics of the Fascists and Nazis, including conscription and methods of force to compel and exact obedience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701836585998535, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Calling for mass satyagraha in defiance of the ban on propaganda against the war, Gandhi promised Congress he would stay out of jail; but his disciple Vinoba Bhave was arrested in October 1940, and about 15,000 were in prison by May 1941. The next year Gandhi wrote, \"Supposing that the women and the children of Europe became fired with the love of humanity, they would take the men by storm and reduce militarism to nothingness in an incredibly short time.\"16 He suggested ways to resist the Japanese nonviolently, though he also said that if India had a national government, it should ally itself with the United Nations against the Fascist powers. He criticized the Japanese for attacking China and predicted that their ambition would fail and might prevent the \"world federation and brotherhood without which there can be no hope for humanity.\"17", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4908671379089355, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "When the war ended, Gandhi hoped for a real peace based on freedom and equality for all races and nations. He contrasted nonviolence to the horrible violence of the atomic bomb, and he called the use of this weapon on Japan cowardice. In his last years he became more of a socialist, because he believed that inequality breeds violence while equality produces nonviolence. He went on a pilgrimage to Noakhali to help the poor. Independence for India was now imminent, but the Muslim leader Jinnah was holding out for the creation of a separate state of Pakistan. In a last-ditch effort to salvage Indian unity, on April 1, 1947 Gandhi proposed that Jinnah and his Muslim League control the new government; but this was considered impractical as partition became inevitable. Two weeks later the last viceroy Mountbatten and Gandhi did get Jinnah to sign with them the following statement:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.976920127868652, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi prayed for unity and tolerance, and he even read from the Qur'an at his prayer meetings. Hindus attacked him because they thought he was partial to Muslims; but Muslims demanded he let them have Pakistan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.431297302246094, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi went to Calcutta to calm the Hindu-Muslim strife and violence, and on August 15, 1947, the long-awaited independence day for India, he fasted and prayed there instead of going to the ceremonies at Delhi. On the first of September he fasted again, and he only broke it three days later after municipal officials assured him that there had been no violence for 24 hours. The princely state of Kashmir was invaded by Muslim tribesmen and Pakistani troops. The Hindu maharajah asked to join the Indian Union and said he intended to appoint the Muslim Sheikh Abdulla prime minister, whose National Conference party also appealed to India to repel the invaders. On October 29, 1947 India announced the accession of Kashmir and sent in troops. Gandhi was criticized for approving this action; but he believed it was justified in these circumstances because not to stand one's ground to defend oneself against an aggressor would be cowardice. Although he may not help one retaliate, Gandhi believed that he must not let a coward find shelter behind the guise of nonviolence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.489307880401611, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "His last fast began on January 13, 1948, and on the third day the Indian cabinet followed Gandhi's advice and agreed to pay the forty million pounds from united India's assets that they had withheld from Pakistan because of Kashmir. Gandhi's kidneys were not functioning well, and on January 18 Congress got the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jews, and other religious groups to sign a peace agreement; on that day he ended his fast. Although this religious hatred saddened Gandhi, India had gained her independence, accomplishing the greatest nonviolent revolution in the history of the world. Finally Gandhi was assassinated by a small Hindu conspiracy on January 30, 1948 at a prayer meeting; with his last breath the Mahatma chanted the name of God.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.011640548706055, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Albert Einstein considered Gandhi to be the most enlightened statesman of the age and declared,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113752365112305, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi had demonstrated that a powerful human following", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256587028503418, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Einstein also predicted, \"The problem of bringing peace to the world on a supranational basis will be solved only by employing Gandhi's method on a large scale.\"20 The Encyclopedia Britannica summarizes Gandhi's significance with the statement, \"He was the catalyst if not the initiator of three of the major revolutions of the 20th century: the revolutions against colonialism, racism, and violence.\"21 What was his philosophy of nonviolent soul-force, and what instructions did he give in the use of these methods?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573089599609375, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Satyagraha means literally holding on to the truth. The Hindu understanding of Sat is more than conceptual truth but means also being, existence, reality; ultimately we realize that our spiritual beingness is the essence of truth as a reality greater than any concept of the mind. Thus the term \"soul-force\" conveys the idea of employing our spiritual energies. For Gandhi this truth or spiritual reality is the goal, and the means to the goal must be as pure and loving as possible. He noted that we may always control the means but never the ends. Thus the means must be as good as the goal. Ahimsa therefore is the way of acting without hurting anyone or inflicting oneself against another spiritual being. We may hate an injustice for the harm that it brings to people, but we must always love all the people involved out of respect for human dignity. Satyagraha attempts to awaken an awareness of the truth about the injustice in the perpetrators, and by ahimsa this is done without hurting them. Since humans are subject to error and we cannot be sure we are judging accurately, we must refrain from punishing. Thus ahimsa is an essential safeguard in the quest for truth and justice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287456512451172, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi explained that satyagraha is not a method of the weak, like passive resistance, but it is a tool for the strong that excludes the use of violence in any shape or form. Satyagraha is insisting on the truth and can be offered in relation to one's family, rulers, fellow citizens, or even the whole world. Gandhi elucidated three necessary conditions for its success:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544013023376465, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi emphasized self-suffering rather than inflicting suffering on others. By undergoing suffering to reveal the injustice the satyagrahi strives to reach the consciences of people. Satyagraha does not try to coerce anyone but rather to convert by persuasion, to reach the reason through the heart. Satyagraha appeals to intelligent public opinion for reform. In the political field the struggle on behalf of the people leads to the challenging of unjust governments or laws by means of noncooperation or civil disobedience. When petitions and other remedies fail, then a satyagrahi may break an unjust law and willingly suffer the penalty in order to call attention to the injustice. However, one does not hide or try to escape from the law like a criminal, rather one openly and civilly disobeys the law as a protest, fully expecting to be punished. In Hind Swaraj Gandhi wrote, \"It is contrary to our manhood if we obey laws repugnant to our conscience.\"23 By eliminating violence satyagraha gives the opponent the same rights and liberties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.443108558654785, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Satyagraha requires self-discipline, self-control, and self-purification, and satyagrahis must always make the distinction between the evil and the evil-doer. They must overcome evil with good, hatred with love, anger with patience, falsehood with truth, and violence with ahimsa. This takes a perfect person for complete success, and therefore training and education are essential to even make it workable. Gandhi emphasized that every child should know about the soul, truth, love, and the powers latent in the soul. Both men and women and even children may participate, and it demands the courage that comes from spiritual strength and the power of love. Surely it takes more courage to face the weapons of death without fighting than it does to fight and kill. From his experience Gandhi believed that those who wished to serve their country through satyagraha should observe chastity, adopt poverty, follow truth, and cultivate fearlessness. It is through fearlessness that we can have the courage to renounce all harmful weapons, filling and surrounding ourselves with the spiritual protection of a loving and peaceful consciousness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458799362182617, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi listed detailed rules to guide the satyagrahi. One should harbor no anger but suffer the anger of the opponent, putting up with assaults without retaliating but not submitting out of fear of punishment nor to any order given in anger. One should not resist arrest by a person in authority nor resist confiscation of property; but if one is the trustee for the property of another, one may refuse to surrender it. One should not swear or curse or insult the opponent nor join cries that are contrary to the spirit of nonviolence. Civil resisters may not salute the Union Jack (a flag), but they should not insult it nor officials. If officials are being assaulted, one should protect them by risking one's life. In prison one should behave with decorum and observe discipline that is not contrary to self-respect; one should not consider oneself superior to other prisoners nor observe any distinction. One should not fast to gain conveniences. Gandhi believed that civil resisters who have chosen to join the corps should obey all orders of the leader. One should trust the care of dependents to God. One should not cause communal quarrels; but in the event of a disagreement should support the party clearly in the right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.056109428405762, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Noncooperation is a comprehensive policy used by people when they can no longer in good conscience participate in or support a government that has become oppressive, unjust, and violent. Although satyagrahis do not attack the wrong-doer, it is their responsibility not to promote or support the wrong actions. Thus noncooperators withdraw from government positions, renounce government programs and services, and refuse to pay taxes to the offending government. While challenging the power of the state in this way noncooperators have the opportunity to learn greater self-reliance. Gandhi held that noncooperation with an unjust government was not only an inherent right but as much a duty as is cooperation with a just government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.166335105895996, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Most of the time Gandhi and his followers were involved in constructive programs, and he considered these the most important part of nonviolent action. For Gandhi they included Hindu-Muslim friendship or communal unity, removing untouchability or racial discrimination, abstaining from alcohol and drugs, practicing spinning, weaving, and other village industries, sanitation, schooling and adult education, uplift of women, education in hygiene and health, cultivating one's language, working for economic equality, forming labor unions, helping the poor, rural people and lepers, and improving the education and lives of students.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.513931274414062, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Ahimsa or nonviolence is absolutely essential to Gandhi's civil disobedience. Satyagrahis are expected to give their lives in efforts to quell violence if it erupts. Gandhi interpreted ahimsa broadly as refraining from anything at all harmful. This principle can be hurt by every evil thought, by undue haste, by lying, by hatred, by wishing ill to anybody, or by our holding on to what the world needs. Thus even greed and avarice can violate ahimsa. Nonviolence has a great spiritual power, but the slightest use of violence can taint a just cause. The strength is not physical but comes from the spiritual will. Nonviolence implies self-purification, and the spiritual power the nonviolent person has is always greater than one would have by using violence. The end of violence is always defeat, but nonviolence is endless and is never defeated. The following is Gandhi's summary of the implications of nonviolence:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.536879539489746, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's struggle was so overwhelming and significant, because he challenged the institutional violence of the modern state. He not only recommended refusing military service but also refusing to pay taxes to a militarized state. In addition to citizens' not cooperating with an evil government, a neutral country also has the obligation to refuse to support or assist a military state or aggressor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.991312980651855, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi suggested a nonviolent army that could engage in constructive activities, lessen tensions, and sacrifice their lives to calm mobs and end riots. He described the qualifications for such a peace brigade in 1938. One must have a living faith in nonviolence and the courage to die without anger, fear, or retaliation. The peace messenger must have equal respect for all religions. This work for peace is done locally alone or in groups. Peace messengers will cultivate contacts with people through personal service. One must have integrity and be strictly impartial. Peace brigades should be aware of brooding conflicts and anticipate conflicts before they break out into conflagrations. Volunteers can be drawn from various walks of life. A distinctive dress would enable the brigade to be recognized without difficulty. The cost of training and equipping such a peace brigade or even an army of satyagrahis would be insignificant compared to the huge expenses of the modern military establishment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.969887733459473, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi envisioned a nonviolent state which would protect itself by not cooperating with any aggressor. He was concerned that the democracies would adopt the forceful methods of the Fascists; but true democracy must ultimately be nonviolent, for violence is an obvious restriction of liberty. He observed that the science of war leads to dictatorship, but the science of nonviolence leads to democracy. In 1946 Gandhi asserted that a true democracy will not rely on an army. It is a poor democracy that depends on military assistance because military force interferes with the free growth of the mind and smothers the soul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.773869514465332, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi criticized America for its treatment of the Negro. He observed that armaments are used for greedy exploitation and that the competition and desire for material possessions and the great power's imperialistic designs are the biggest blocks to world peace. Also they must shed their fear of destruction; then by disarmament peace can be attained. Gandhi warned that if the mad arms race continued, it would result in unprecedented slaughter. If a victor remains, the victory will be a living death for that nation. The only escape from this impending doom is by boldly and unconditionally accepting nonviolence with all its glorious implications. His concept of sarvodaya urged us to go beyond family and country to consider the good of all, and he recommended a world governing body which would recognize the equal independence of each nation. He believed that religion means being friendly to one's opponents because being friendly to friends is just business. Gandhi said that the golden way is to be friends with the world and regard the whole human family as one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.336450576782227, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "1. An Autobiography by M. K. Gandhi, p. 100.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233918190002441, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "2. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischer, p. 81.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301733016967773, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "4. An Autobiography by M. K. Gandhi, p. 119.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213427543640137, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "5. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischer, p. 115.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364901542663574, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "12. Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, p. 744.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35389232635498, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "14. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischer, p. 344-345.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366838455200195, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "15. M. K. Gandhi in Harijan, December 24, 1938 quoted in The Gandhi Reader ed. Homer A. Jack, p. 339.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129597663879395, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "16. Women and Social Justice, p. 100 quoted in Verma, M. M., Gandhi's Technique of Mass Mobilization, p. 135.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245253562927246, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "17. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi by Louis Fischer, p. 383.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.375556945800781, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "18. Mahatma: Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Volume 7 by D. G. Tendulkar, p. 377.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280410766601562, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "19. Gandhi: A Life by Yogesh Chadha, p. 467.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305630683898926, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "22. M. K. Gandhi in Harijan, 31 March 1946 quoted in Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha), p. 382.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.872498989105225, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "23. Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule by Mahatma Gandhi, p. 80.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.336002349853516, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "24. M. K. Gandhi in Harijan, 5 November 1936, vol. IV, p. 236 in Non-Violence in Peace & War, Volume 1, p. 127-128.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.876700401306152, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Nonviolent Revolution by Sanderson Beck" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence | History Today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.914910316467285, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi, Non-Violence and Indian Independence | History Today" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.179330825805664, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56592845916748, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The world is weary of hate. We see the fatigue overcoming the Western nations. We see that this song of hate has not benefited humanity. Let it be the privilege of India to turn a new leaf and set a lesson to the world.- Gandhiji in Indian Villages by Mahadev Desai.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.304167747497559, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "- Gandhiji�s Correspondence with the Government 1942-1944, Navajivan Publishing House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33499526977539, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "- Gandhiji�s Correspondence with the Government 1942-1944, Navajivan Publishing House", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33499526977539, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "-  Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi , G.A. Natesan & Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3287992477417, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "� With Gandhii in Ceylon by Mahadev Desai", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202967643737793, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "- Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi , G.A. Natesan & Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3287992477417, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "- Gandhiji in Indian Villages by Mahadev Desai", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983986854553223, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "- Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi , G.A. Natesan & Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3287992477417, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi's Views On Nonviolence - Nonviolence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403135299682617, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426935195922852, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "On March 12, 1930, Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi begins a defiant march to the sea in protest of the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.011702060699463, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "On March 12, Gandhi set out from Sabarmati with 78 followers on a 241-mile march to the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea. There, Gandhi and his supporters were to defy British policy by making salt from seawater. All along the way, Gandhi addressed large crowds, and with each passing day an increasing number of people joined the salt satyagraha. By the time they reached Dandi on April 5, Gandhi was at the head of a crowd of tens of thousands. Gandhi spoke and led prayers and early the next morning walked down to the sea to make salt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.599553108215332, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "He had planned to work the salt flats on the beach, encrusted with crystallized sea salt at every high tide, but the police had forestalled him by crushing the salt deposits into the mud. Nevertheless, Gandhi reached down and picked up a small lump of natural salt out of the mud–and British law had been defied. At Dandi, thousands more followed his lead, and in the coastal cities of Bombay and Karachi, Indian nationalists led crowds of citizens in making salt. Civil disobedience broke out all across India, soon involving millions of Indians, and British authorities arrested more than 60,000 people. Gandhi himself was arrested on May 5, but the satyagraha continued without him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.113181114196777, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In January 1931, Gandhi was released from prison. He later met with Lord Irwin, the viceroy of India, and agreed to call off the satyagraha in exchange for an equal negotiating role at a London conference on India’s future. In August, Gandhi traveled to the conference as the sole representative of the nationalist Indian National Congress. The meeting was a disappointment, but British leaders had acknowledged him as a force they could not suppress or ignore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.288028240203857, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "India’s independence was finally granted in August 1947. Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist less than six months later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.868908882141113, "source": "search", "title": "Gandhi leads civil disobedience - Mar 12, 1930 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in British colonial India in the year 1869. He attended school in England for several years, after which he returned home to find his mother dead, and the prospects for work poor. He accepted a one year contracted job in South Africa, where he immediately incurred race and religious discrimination and extreme prejudice from white European colonial rulers. This was the norm for local non-whites, but it infuriated Gandhi to the point of protest. He became political, arguing proficiently on behalf of the rights of the Natal Indians in South Africa. It was here that he first put into use his concept of satyagraha (devotion to truth), which upheld the philosophy of inviting suffering, rather than inflicting it, to address social and economic wrongs. After reading John Ruskin's Unto this Last, a critique of capitalism, Gandhi started a sort of communal farm, where friends and relatives lived together with the help of each other. The second of these farms was named after the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, whose book The Kingdom of God is Within You also had a profound effect on Gandhi. The Indian uprising in South Africa affected many people, and a gang of angry whites once assaulted Gandhi and almost lynched him upon his return to Durban from India.In July, 1914, Gandhi left South Africa to return home to his native India, leaving behind him many improvements in the condition of the Natal Indians - though they were still oppressed, and left with much to accomplish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3557915687561035, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "1947 brought about the eventual independance of India, but it was a tainted one for Gandhi. The fighting between Muslims and Hindus had become terrible, despite fasts by the Mahatma which temporarlily levelled peace through some of the troubled areas (also covered well by the movie). In the end it was not enough, and India was divided into two seperate countries: India, of Hindu majority; and Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim country. Gandhi's teachings of tolerance and love for all men as brothers often angered both Muslim and Hindu, and in the end he was murdered by a radical Hindu who evidently felt betrayed by the Mahatma's dual allegiance to both religions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.729894638061523, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Albert Einstein admired Gandhi for his dedication to non-violence, realizing it was an 'antidote' for the explosiveness of the atom bomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.840401649475098, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Mohandas Gandhi is credited with beginning assaults on three enormous areas that would be echoed in other countries throughout the century: racism, colonialism, and violence. For Americans (and also for the rest of the world), a notable leader for change who used many of the teachings of Gandhi was Martin Luther King, Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.626192092895508, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi greatly admired the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy (especially for his book The Kingdom of God is Within You), and named one of his communal farms after him. He also stated that he learned much of his ideas of non-violence from Jesus Christ (although he was not a Christian). He also cited Henry David Thoreau as a source for the idea of civil disobedience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.919780731201172, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "\"'Persons in power,' Gilbert Murray prophetically wrote about Gandhi in the Hibbert Journal in 1918, 'should be very careful how they deal with a man who cares nothing for sensual pleasure, nothing for riches, nothing for comfort or praise, or promotion, but is simply determined to do what he believes to be right. He is a dangerous and uncomfortable enemy, because his body which you can always conquer gives you so little purchase upon his soul.'\"(Britannica, p.650)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.641785621643066, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The complete collection of the writings of Mohandas Gandhi runs to 90 whole volumes. Included in his work is the autobiography he wrote in 1925 An Autobiography, or The Story of My Experiments With Truth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33231258392334, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Here is a short list of quotes from Gandhi, who was called Mahatma (great soul) by the people of India:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574820518493652, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265110969543457, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265110969543457, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi took the religious principle of ahimsa (doing no harm) common to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism and turned it into a non-violent tool for mass action. He used it to fight not only colonial rule but social evils such as racial discrimination and untouchability as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.904217720031738, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was firm that satyagraha was not a weapon of the weak - \"Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong; it admits of no violence under any circumstance whatever; and it always insists upon truth.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970917701721191, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi did not think that non-violence was a tool for those who were too scared to take up arms (an accusation that was sometimes made):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13615608215332, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi, Young India, 28 May 1924", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759675025939941, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Non-violence in Gandhi's thinking was a tool that anyone could (and should) use, and it was based on strongly religious thinking:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.307766914367676, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi, Harijan, 5 September 1936", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232739448547363, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi, Harijan, 12 November 1935", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32603645324707, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "You can get a clear understanding of what's involved in non-violence by looking at the instructions that Gandhi gave to followers of his satyagraha movement in India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.992942810058594, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence" }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil Disobedience - Constitutional Rights Foundation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276315689086914, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil Disobedience", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376216888427734, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "BRIA 16:3 Home | \" You Can't Trust Anyone Over 30\": The Berkeley Free Speech Movement | Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil Disobedience | The Rescue Movement and Free Speech", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408734321594238, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil Disobedience", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229018211364746, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was born into a Hindu merchant caste family in 1869. He was the youngest child. His father was the chief minister of an Indian province and showed great skill in maneuvering between British and Indian leaders. Growing up, Gandhi exhibited none of his father's interest in or skill at politics. Instead, he was heavily influenced by the Hinduism and Jainism of his devoutly religious mother. She impressed on him beliefs in non-violence, vegetarianism, fasting for purification, and respect for all religions. \"Religions are different roads converging upon the same point,\" he once said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636356353759766, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1888, Gandhi sailed for England where, following the advice of his father, he studied to become a lawyer. When he returned to India three years later, he took a job representing an Indian ship-trading company that was involved in a complicated lawsuit in South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434833526611328, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Traveling to South Africa in 1893, Gandhi soon discovered that the ruling white Boers, descendants of Dutch settlers, discriminated against the dark-skinned Indians who had been imported as laborers. Gandhi himself experienced this discrimination when railroad officials ordered him to sit in a third-class coach at the back of a train even though he had purchased a first-class ticket. Gandhi refused the order and police forced him off the train.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722453117370605, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "This event changed his life. Gandhi soon became an outspoken critic of South Africa's discrimination policies. This so angered the Boer population that at one point a white mob almost lynched him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823073387145996, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "At the turn of the century, the British fought the Boers over control of South Africa with its rich gold and diamond mines. Gandhi sympathized with the Boers, but sided with Britain because he then believed that the British Empire \";existed for the benefit of the world.\" Britain won the war, but much of the governing of South Africa remained in the hands of the Boers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.789884567260742, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "In 1907, the Boer legislature passed a law requiring that all Indians register with the police and be fingerprinted. Gandhi, along with many other Indians, refused to obey this law. He was arrested and put in jail, the first of many times he would be imprisoned for disobeying what he believed to be unjust laws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72183609008789, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Having spent more than 20 years in South Africa, Gandhi decided that his remaining life's work awaited him in India. As he left South Africa in 1914, the leader of the Boer government remarked, The saint has left our shores, I sincerely hope forever.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56021785736084, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "When Gandhi returned to India, he was already a hero in his native land. He had abandoned his western clothing for the simple homespun dress of the poor people. This was his way of announcing that the time had come for Indians to assert their independence from British domination. He preached to the Indian masses to spin and weave in lieu of buying British cloth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.182173728942871, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi struggled throughout his life against what he considered three great evils afflicting India. One was British rule, which Gandhi believed impoverished the Indian people by destroying their village-based cloth-making industry. The second evil was Hindu-Muslim disunity caused by years of religious hatred. The last evil was the Hindu tradition of classifying millions of Indians as a caste of \"untouchables\". Untouchables, those Indians born into the lowest social class, faced severe discrimination and could only practice the lowest occupations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.820981502532959, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The British arrested Gandhi and put him on trial. But under pressure from Gandhi's crowds of supporters, British authorities released him and eventually abolished the unjust tax system. Gandhi later said, \"I declared that the British could not order me around in my own country.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.984058380126953, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Despite his differences with Britain, Gandhi actually supported the recruitment of Indian soldiers to help the British war effort. He believed that Britain would return the favor by granting independence to India after the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.851161003112793, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi Against the Empire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122855186462402, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Many answered Gandhi's call. But as the movement spread, Indians started rioting in some places. Gandhi called for order and canceled the massive protest. He drew heavy criticism from fellow nationalists, but Gandhi would only lead a non-violent movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.165820598602295, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi was arrested and jailed, but his followers marched to take over the government salt works. Colonial troops attacked the marchers with clubs. But true to Gandhi's principle of non-violence, the protesters took the blows without striking back. Gandhi explained, I want world sympathy in this battle of Right against Might.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.097846508026123, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "The Mahatma decided that he had to do everything he could to eliminate Hindu prejudice and discrimination against the untouchables if India were ever to become a truly free nation. In 1932, he announced a fast unto death\" as part of his campaign to achieve equality for this downtrodden caste. Gandhi ended his fast when some progress was made toward this goal, but he never achieved full equality for the Children of God.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.654410362243652, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi also dreamed of a united as well as a free India. But distrust between the two factions led to increasing calls for partitioning India into separate Hindu and Muslim homelands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.765119552612305, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "During World War II , colonial officials cracked down on a movement calling for the British to \"Quit India.\" They imprisoned Gandhi and many other Indians until the end of the war. Britain's prime minister, Winston Churchill, declared, \"I have not become the King's First Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.50030517578125, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Disheartened by the religious hatred and violence, Gandhi spoke to both Hindus and Muslims, encouraging peace and forgiveness. He opposed dividing the country into Hindu and Muslim nations, believing in one unified India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.657062530517578, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Finally, in May 1947, British, Muslim, and Hindu political leaders reached an agreement for independence that Gandhi did not support. The agreement created a Hindu-dominated India and a Muslim Pakistan. As Independence Day (August 15, 1947) approached, an explosion of Hindu and Muslim looting, rape, and murder erupted throughout the land. Millions of Hindus and Muslims fled their homes, crossing the borders into India or Pakistan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.020619869232178, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Gandhi traveled to the areas of violence, trying to calm the people. In January 1948, he announced that he would fast until a reunion of hearts of all communities had been achieved. At age 78, he weakened rapidly. But he did not break his fast until Hindu and Muslim leaders came to him pledging peace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.609861373901367, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "On January 30, 1948, an assassin shot and killed the Great Soul of India while he was attending a prayer meeting. The assassin was a Hindu who believed Gandhi had sold out to the Muslims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.340850830078125, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "What non-violent methods did Gandhi use in South Africa and India to achieve his goals?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.806136131286621, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "How did Gandhi justify breaking the law in his civil disobedience campaigns? Do you agree with him? Explain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36133098602295, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Although Gandhi never used or advocated violence, he did not absolutely oppose it. I do believe that where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, he wrote, I would advise violence. Describe a situation where you think Gandhi might agree that resorting to violence was necessary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411788940429688, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Non-Violent Resistance And Social Transformation: A highly informative web site describing the importance of civil disobedience to Gandhi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.64060115814209, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." }, { "answer": "Gandhi", "passage": "Since Gandhi, many individuals and groups have employed non-violent civil disobedience. The question has often arisen whether the civil disobedience was justified. In this activity, students examine various situations and tell whether the situation calls for civil disobedience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64064884185791, "source": "search", "title": "BRIA 16 3 b Bringing Down an Empire: Gandhi and Civil ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "St. Andrew's", "passage": "2:30 p.m. -- Hutchence's funeral set to take place at St. Andrew's Cathedral in George Street, Sydney. His body is to be cremated.", "precise_score": 8.38507080078125, "rough_score": 8.615837097167969, "source": "search", "title": "INXS Leader Michael Hutchence's Final Hours - MTV" }, { "answer": "St Andrew's", "passage": "In 1814 the Governor called on a convict named Francis Greenway to design Macquarie Lighthouse. The lighthouse and its Classical design earned Greenway a pardon from Macquarie in 1818 and introduced a culture of refined architecture that remains to this day. Greenway went on to design the Hyde Park Barracks in 1819 and the Georgian style St James's Church in 1824. Gothic-inspired architecture became more popular from the 1830s. John Verge's Elizabeth Bay House and St Philip's Church of 1856 were built in Gothic Revival style along with Edward Blore's Government House of 1845. Kirribilli House, completed in 1858, and St Andrew's Cathedral are rare examples of Victorian Gothic construction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.975692749023438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sydney" }, { "answer": "St Andrew's", "passage": "The indigenous people of Sydney held totemic beliefs known as \"dreamings\". Governor Lachlan Macquarie made an effort to found a culture of formal religion throughout the early settlement and ordered the construction of churches such as St Matthew's, St Luke's, St James's, and St Andrew's. These and other religious institutions have contributed to the education and health of Sydney's residents over time. 28.3% identify themselves as Catholic, whilst 17.6% practice no religion, 16.1% are Anglican, 4.7% are Islamic, 4.2% are Eastern Orthodox, 4.1% are Buddhist, 2.6% are Hindu, and 0.9% are Jewish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.911638259887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sydney" }, { "answer": "St. Andrew's", "passage": "On 27 November, Hutchence's coffin was carried out of St. Andrew's Cathedral by members of the band and his younger brother Rhett. \"Never Tear Us Apart\" was played in the background. Nick Cave, a friend of Hutchence, performed his 1997 song \"Into My Arms\" during the funeral and requested that television cameras be switched off. Rhett claimed in his 2004 book, Total XS, that on the previous day at the funeral parlour, Yates had put a gram of heroin into the dead Hutchence's pocket. He was cremated at Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.509981632232666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Hutchence" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "The original Broadway play starred Tallulah Bankhead as Regina Giddens (for which she won Variety's citation as best actress of the year) and premiered on February 15, 1939, at the National Theatre. The production was hugely successful, running for 410 performances, before its extensive tour of the United States. The opening night cast also included Carl Benton Reid as Oscar, Charles Dingle as Benjamin, Frank Conroy as Horace, Patricia Collinge as Birdie, Dan Duryea as Leo, and Florence Williams as Alexandra. The production was produced and directed by Herman Shumlin. Eugenia Rawls replaced Williams later in the run. The title \"The Little Foxes\" was suggested by Dorothy Parker.", "precise_score": 7.707018852233887, "rough_score": 7.665349960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Little Foxes" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "With its ever timely theme, The Little Foxes is Hellman's best known and most popular plays. Its numerous productions have included three on Broadway. Tthe 1939 premiere is best remembered for Tallulah Bankhead's Regina. The viper-in-chief was played by Elizabeth Taylor in 1981 and Stockard Channing in 1997. There was also a 1941 movie that starred Bette Davis. While these productions were helmed by the likes of Mike Nichols on stage and William Wyler in Hollywood, all surrounded the actors with lavishly detailed period costumes and sets, a grand staircase being something of a de rigueur scenic centerpiece for all.", "precise_score": 7.839601516723633, "rough_score": 8.596098899841309, "source": "search", "title": "The Little Foxes, a Curtainup review" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "Most of us know the morally corrupt, rapacious Hubbard clan from the 1941 golden oldie film version of Lillian Hellman's play The Little Foxes. The role of the family's best known, viper-in-chief, Regina Giddens, was originated by Tallulah Bankhead on Broadway, and Bette Davis on screen.", "precise_score": 7.8324127197265625, "rough_score": 8.517061233520508, "source": "search", "title": "\"Another Part of the Forest, a Curtainup review" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "The Little Foxes is a 1939 play by Lillian Hellman, considered a classic of 20th century drama. Its title comes from Chapter 2, Verse 15 of the Song of Solomon in the King James version of the Bible, which reads, \"Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines: for our vines have tender grapes.\" Set in a small town in Alabama in 1900, it focuses on the struggle for control of a family business. Tallulah Bankhead starred in the original production as Regina Hubbard Giddens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7540767192840576, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Little Foxes" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "The Little Foxes was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse October 10, 1941. The radio adaptation starred Tallulah Bankhead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5023362636566162, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Little Foxes" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "William Wyler directed Davis for the third time in Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes (RKO, 1941), but they clashed over the character of Regina Giddens, a role originally played on Broadway by Tallulah Bankhead (coincidentally, Davis had portrayed in film roles initiated by Bankhead on the stage twice before, in Dark Victory and Jezebel). Wyler encouraged Davis to emulate Bankhead's interpretation of the role, but Davis wanted to make the role her own. She received another Academy Award nomination for her performance, and never worked with Wyler again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.86489725112915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bette Davis" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "The Little Foxes is a classic of 20th century American drama. Written by Lillian Hellman, the play premiered on Broadway in 1939 starring Tallulah Bankhead as the lead part, Regina Giddens. The play has since been revived on Broadway in 1967 starring Anne Bancroft, 1981 starring Elizabeth Taylor, and 1997 starring Stockard Channing. The 2017 revival, a Manhattan Theater Club production, takes the star power offered by this play one step further: the lead roles of Regina Giddens and her sister-in-law, Birdie Hubbard, are played by two actresses – Cynthia Nixon and Laura Linney – in repertory. The two actresses switch off playing the two roles each night.  The director of this production is Daniel Sullivan, who has previously worked with both ladies before: in 2006, Sullivan directed Nixon in the MTC production of Rabbit Hole, and in 2010, Sullivan directed Linney in the MTC production of Time Stands Still.  In addition, Sullivan has directed Sylvia, The Country House, The Snow Geese, Orphans, Glengarry Glen Ross, The Columnist, Good People, and many more. Laura Linney has appeared on Broadway many times since her debut in the 1991 production of Six Degrees of Separation, with other credits including Les Liaisons Dangereuses, Sight Unseen, The Crucible, and Uncle Vanya. Nixon has also appeared on Broadway regularly since 1980, with credits such as The Real Thing, Wit, Two Women, and The Last Night of Ballyhoo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.080403804779053, "source": "search", "title": "The Little Foxes - Getting Tickets & Show Information" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "Regina Giddens, the tactical, new-money Clytemnestra at the fulcrum of Lillian Hellman's High Left melodrama The Little Foxes, is more or less iconically synonymous with Bette Davis, star of the 1941 film version. (Tallulah Bankhead originated the role onstage.) Davis's Regina — archetypally “southern,” dangerously composed — barely needed to move to rule the movie. She’s like some possessed armoire out of Lovecraft, handsome and impregnable, looming in and out of scenes as if by levitation. Those famous flashing eyes did all the heavy lifting. And, needless to say, Bette Davis? Did not snort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.63152551651001, "source": "search", "title": "Theater Review: The Mama Grizzly of The Little Foxes ..." }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "Hellman’s melodrama is, among other things, a showcase for a towering actress. When the flamboyant Tallulah Bankhead originated the role on Broadway, in 1939, Brooks Atkinson wrote, in the Times, “Sometimes our Tallulah walks buoyantly through a part without much feeling for the whole design. But as the malevolent lady of ‘The Little Foxes,’ she plays with superb command . . . constantly aware of the poisonous spirit within.” When Bette Davis agreed to play Regina in William Wyler’s deep and eerie 1941 screen adaptation, she insisted that she had nothing to add to what Bankhead had done with the part. But her director did. Wyler made Davis look like a construction. He buttoned her up in close-fitting shirts and high collars, then hemmed her in with closeups in which she had a Kabuki pallor, her spoiled rosebud of a mouth puckering out of her white face. It was these constrictions that allowed Davis to explode so forcefully, and with such calculated contempt, especially in Regina’s final, chilling conversation with her ailing husband:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.831737995147705, "source": "search", "title": "It’s a Man’s World - The New Yorker" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "In 1941, Reid left for Hollywood to recreate his stage role of Oscar Hubbard in the outstanding film adaptation of Lillian Hellman 's play \"The Little Foxes\". Shot at RKO studios, it was brilliantly directed by William Wyler . With his customary scowl and icy delivery, Reid was perfect as one of two avaricious brothers (the other was played by Charles Dingle ) of equally venomous turn-of-the century Southern aristocrat Regina Giddens (whose part was played on stage by Tallulah Bankhead and in the film by Bette Davis ). Reid's powerful performance ensured many more years of regular employment in films, though none of his subsequent roles ever came close to repeating his earlier success. However, Reid found a new lease of life on the small screen, invariably as senior military brass ( Yancy Derringer , 12 O'Clock High ) or elder statesmen ( Target: The Corruptors ), even occasionally as murder victims ( Perry Mason ) or spy masters ( Burke's Law ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.441816806793213, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular People With Biographies Matching \"Little Foxes\"" }, { "answer": "Tallulah Bankhead", "passage": "Born to play Tennessee Williams , her harsh beauty, caustic humor and throaty tones were unmistakable and reminiscent of a bygone era that once idolized Tallulah Bankhead and Marlene Dietrich . Her old-fashioned stylings were perhaps too theatrical or indulgent to make a noticeable dent on film or TV (such was the case of Bankhead) but perhaps Hollywood was the one who lost out on what could have been a wonderfully flamboyant character actress. In any event, actress Carrie Nye belonged to the stage and in return it embraced her for four decades.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685755729675293, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular People With Biographies Matching \"Little Foxes\"" } ]

[ { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Few years later, in 1991, a big retrospective celebrated at the Galliera Palace the forty years of the high fashion house creation. Hubert de Givenchy left the company in 1995. He was succeeded by some British young creators such as: John Galliano, Alexander McQueen and Julien MacDonald. From December 2003 to 2006, the British cutter Ozwald Boateng is named as the artistic director of the Givenchy men's division.", "precise_score": 5.238190650939941, "rough_score": 5.940972805023193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Givenchy" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "John Galliano succeeded Givenchy upon his retirement but was in turn promoted to Christian Dior less than two years later, prompting the hiring of Alexander McQueen. In 2001, designer Julien Macdonald was appointed Artistic Director for the women's lines, which consist of haute couture and ready-to-wear.", "precise_score": 3.956474542617798, "rough_score": 5.156744956970215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Givenchy" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Lee Alexander McQueen, CBE (17 March 1969 - 11 February 2010) was a British fashion designer and couturier. He is known for having worked as chief designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001 and for founding his own Alexander McQueen label. His achievements in fashion earned him four British Designer of the Year awards (1996, 1997, 2001 and 2003), as well as the CFDA's International Designer of the Year award in 2003. McQueen committed suicide in 2010 at the age of forty.", "precise_score": 8.597464561462402, "rough_score": 9.363062858581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Lee Alexander McQueen was a British fashion designer and couturier best known for his in-depth knowledge of bespoke British tailoring, his tendency to juxtapose female strength and sensuality with fragility in his collections, as well as the emotional power and raw energy of his provocative fashion shows. He is also known for having worked as chief designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001 and for founding his own label under the name Alexander McQueen. His achievements in fashion earned him four British Designer of the Year awards (1996, 1997, 2001 and 2003), as well as the CFDA’s International Designer of the Year award in 2003.", "precise_score": 6.8596086502075195, "rough_score": 6.743312835693359, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "After retiring in 1995, Hubert de Givenchy was succeeded by young British designers. On January 1st 1996, John Galliano is appointed as head designer of Givenchy�s haute couture and ready-to-wear lines. On October 14th 1997, John Galliano departs for Dior and is replaced at the helm of Givenchy by fellow British Designer of the Year and enfant terrible Alexander McQueen.", "precise_score": 8.936040878295898, "rough_score": 8.684900283813477, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert De Givenchy - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In 2001, Alexander McQueen left Givenchy. He departed as the ultimate professional, doing the Autumn/Winter 2002 collection with an intimate showing of wonderful clothes that crossed Tough Chic with a youthful charm delivered with impeccable skill.", "precise_score": 0.6953823566436768, "rough_score": 2.3641860485076904, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert De Givenchy - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In 1996 English fashion designer Alexander McQueen succeeded Galliano at Givenchy, and the following year they jointly received the British Designer of the Year award. In 2009 Galliano was awarded the French Legion of Honor , the country’s highest honour.", "precise_score": 7.224150657653809, "rough_score": 7.407515525817871, "source": "search", "title": "John Galliano | British fashion designer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "At the end of 1999, Alexander McQueen opened his first store in London, at Conduit Street, near the Japanese designers. In the year 2000, Alexander McQueen suddenly left Givenchy. He is continuing to design clothes under his own label. His replacement at Givenchy is British designer Julien MacDonald.", "precise_score": 3.9448256492614746, "rough_score": 7.259275436401367, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Born March 17, 1969 in Lewisham, London, United Kingdom Lee Alexander McQueen, is a British fashion designer and couturier. He is best known for his theatrical influence, his creations are not only beautiful but also raw and colorful. He is also known for having worked as chief designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001 and for founding his own label under the name Alexander McQueen. He won four British Designer of the Year awards in 1996, 1997, 2001 and 2003, as well as the CFDA's International Designer of the Year award in 2003. Photo: Reuters", "precise_score": 7.358914375305176, "rough_score": 8.146766662597656, "source": "search", "title": "World's Top 10 Most Popular Fashion Designers" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen later described his thoughts on the idea used during VOSS of forcing his audience to stare at their own reflection in the mirrored walls for over an hour:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381963729858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In Spring 2011, Michelle Olley was asked by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York to contribute to their Alexander McQueen exhibition, Savage Beauty. She was interviewed by The Met about VOSS for the audio guide to the show. Olley's detailed diary/journal of modelling for McQueen – written between 18–27 September as the show was being planned and staged – was included in the Met Museum website coverage of the Savage Beauty exhibition. The VOSS diary relates details of the show and encounters with McQueen, ending with how Olley returned home after the show to find: \"...a MASSIVE bouquet of flowers has arrived, with a note [from McQueen] saying, \"Thank you for everything – you were beautiful! – Lee xxx\" \" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244888305664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "By the end of 2007, Alexander McQueen had boutiques in London, New York, Los Angeles, Milan, and Las Vegas. Celebrity patrons, including Nicole Kidman, Penélope Cruz, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Rihanna, and J-pop queens, such as Ayumi Hamasaki, Namie Amuro, and Koda Kumi, have frequently been spotted wearing Alexander McQueen clothing to events. Björk, Ayumi Hamasaki and Lady Gaga have often incorporated Alexander McQueen pieces in their music videos. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19537353515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "A memorial was held for McQueen at St. Paul's Cathedral on 20 September 2010. It was attended by Björk, Kate Moss, Sarah Jessica Parker, Naomi Campbell, Stella McCartney, Lady Gaga and Anna Wintour amongst 2,500 other invited guests. On 18 February 2010, Robert Polet, the president and chief executive of the Gucci Group, announced that the Alexander McQueen business would carry on without its founder and creative director. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611672401428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City hosted a posthumous exhibition of McQueen's work in 2011 titled Savage Beauty. The exhibition’s elaborate staging includes unique architectural finishes and soundtracks for each room. Despite being open for only three months, it was one of the most popular exhibitions in the museum's history. The exhibition was so successful that Alexander McQueen fans and industry professionals worldwide began rallying at Change.org to \"Please Make Alexander McQueen's Savage Beauty a Traveling Exhibition\" to bring honour to McQueen and see his vision become a reality: to share his work with the entire world. The exhibition then appeared in London's Victoria & Albert Museum between 14 March and 2 August 2015. It sold over 480,000 tickets, making it the most popular show ever staged at that museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144129753112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "McQueen is also given homage in the popular MMO World of Warcraft. There is an NPC dedicated to Alexander McQueen that is a Tailoring Trainer. This trainer is also the only one on the horde side that gives a special quest Cloth Scavenging. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202350616455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Right before Alexander McQueen's death, he had an eighty percent finished Autumn/Winter collection, 16 pieces, presented during Paris Fashion Week on 8 March 2010, to a select handful of fashion editors in a mirrored, gilded salon at the 18th-century Hôtel de Clermont-Tonnerre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293777465820312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "After company owner Gucci confirmed that the brand would continue, McQueen's long-term assistant Sarah Burton was named as the new creative director of Alexander McQueen in May 2010. In September 2010, Burton presented her first womenswear collection in Paris.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85982608795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46086311340332, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356160163879395, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "By the end of 2007, Alexander McQueen had boutiques in London, New York, Los Angeles, Milan and Las Vegas. Celebrity patrons, including Nicole Kidman, Penélope Cruz, Sarah Jessica Parker and Rihanna, J-Pop Queens such as Ayumi Hamasaki, Namie Amuro, andKoda Kumi have frequently been spotted wearing Alexander McQueen clothing to events. Björk, Ayumi Hamasaki and Lady Gaga have often incorporated Alexander McQueen pieces in their music videos. By wearing his designs, celebrities such as the above mentioned have further increased the notability of the McQueen brand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05042552947998, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "McQueen’s funeral took place on 25 February 2010 at St Paul’s Church, Knightsbridge, West London. His ashes were later scattered on the Isle of Skye. A memorial was held for McQueen at Saint Paul’s Cathedral on 20 September 2010. It was attended by Björk, Kate Moss, Sarah Jessica Parker, Naomi Campbell, Stella McCartney and Anna Wintour amongst 2,500 other invited guests. On 18 February 2010, Robert Polet, the president and chief executive of the Gucci Group, announced that the Alexander McQueen business would carry on without its founder and creative director.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.650279998779297, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "On 16 February 2010, pop musician Lady Gaga performed an acoustic version of her pop hit Telephone and segued into Dance In The Dark at the 2010 Brit Awards. During the performance, Gaga honored McQueen, saying, “this is for Alexander McQueen.\" She also commemorated McQueen after accepting her award for Best International Artist, Best International Female and Best International Album. Gaga dedicated a song on the special edition of her third album, Born This Way, to him entitled \"Fashion of His Love”. Various other musicians, who were friends and collaborators with McQueen, commentated on his death, including Kanye West, Courtney Love, and Katy Perry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217686653137207, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In March 2010, a visual tribute to McQueen and his “manta” design was organised featuring Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss and Annabelle Neilson, among others. Right before Alexander McQueen’s death he had an eighty percent unfinished autumn/winter collection, 16 pieces, presented during Paris Fashion Week on March 8th 2010, to a select handful of fashion editors in a mirrored, gilded salon at the 18th-century Hôtel de Clermont-Tonnerre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.655792236328125, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "After company owner Aldo confirmed that the brand would continue, McQueen’s long-term assistant Sarah Burton was named as the new creative director of Alexander McQueen in May 2010. In September 2010, Burton presented her first womenswear collection in Paris.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922418594360352, "source": "search", "title": "FASHION is not a CRIME | Alexander McQueen" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In 1996 as Galliano was switching to Dior, a fellow Englishman and another alumni of St. Martins, Alexander McQueen became head of design where he remained until 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.788486957550049, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert de Givenchy French Fashion designer. - Toffsworld.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen British Designer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.817516326904297, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert de Givenchy French Fashion designer. - Toffsworld.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Lee Alexander McQueen, one of the finest young British designers of his generation,  received a posthumous award for Outstanding Achievement in Fashion Design at the British Fashion Awards 2010,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.633293151855469, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert de Givenchy French Fashion designer. - Toffsworld.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Dubbed ‘enfant terrible’, as Jean Paul Gaultier was in the 80’s, Alexander McQueen has manipulated his own fashion career to become one of the youngest fashion designers to achieve ‘British Designer of the Year’ in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5923571586608887, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert de Givenchy French Fashion designer. - Toffsworld.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen graduated from Central St Martins College of Art & Design in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.881054878234863, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert de Givenchy French Fashion designer. - Toffsworld.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen’s collections combine an in-depth working knowledge of bespoke British tailoring, the fine workmanship of the French Haute Couture atelier and the impeccable finish of Italian manufacturing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349763870239258, "source": "search", "title": "Hubert de Givenchy French Fashion designer. - Toffsworld.com" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578977584838867, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356160163879395, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen was born on March 17th 1969 in London, Englan as the youngest of six children. He left school at the age of 16 and was immediately offered an apprenticeship at the traditional Saville Row tailors Anderson and Shephard and then at neighbouring Gieves and Hawkes, both masters in the technical construction of clothing. From there he moved to the theatrical costumiers Angels and Bermans where he mastered six methods of pattern cutting from the melodramatic 16th Century to the brutally sharp tailoring which has become a McQueen signature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991390228271484, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen said \"The clothes I design are strong - they are meant to build confidence\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274835586547852, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In 1997 Bernard Arnault who owns Dior, Givenchy and Lacroix, approached Alexander McQueen with a proposal that McQueen should take over Givenchy since John Galliano, was taking over Dior. Initially McQueen refused. Bernard Arnault, who is very passionate about fashion, tried his best to convince McQueen to accept. Eventually he did agree to take over Givenchy from Spring/Summer 1997. His monetary package was reported at 2 million pounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3940969705581665, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen opened his first American showroom in New York in September 2002.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037611961364746, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "In February 2004, Alexander was offered YSL Rive Gauche after Tom Ford leaves, but he has declined the job as he wants to concentrate on his own label. To celebrate five years of the American Express Centurion Card, Alexander McQueen put on a \"Black\" Fashion show at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in Central London on June 3rd, 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819047927856445, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen's collections are known for both the emotional power and raw energy of his shows as well as the romantic but determinedly contemporary nature of this clothes. It is typical of McQueen to use the juxtaposition between contrasting elements; fragility and strength, tradition and modernity and fluidity and severity. An openly emotional and even passionate viewpoint is realised with a profound respect and influence for the arts and crafts tradition. Alexander McQueen's collections combine an in-depth working knowledge of bespoke British tailoring, the fine workmanship of the French Haute Couture atelier and the impeccable finish of Italian manufacturing. Alexander McQueen's collections for Givenchy have included golden eagles embroidered by Lesage, rose petals pressed into sheer organdie, pure gold material woven for a bolero jacket, feathers painstakingly layered like a bird's wing onto a catsuit and other unique weird styles. But he has not forgotten that he must play the Givenchy game, if he is to succeed. He has managed to continue to design in his funky, youthful modern manner at his own house of McQueen while also producting the elegant, expensive, beautiful creations at Givenchy. This takes a real effort, but so far he is succeeding. He will probably get better as he gains more experience even though these two houses are so different.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.186441421508789, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen - SHOWstudio - The Home of fashion film and Live Fashion Broadcasting", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446672439575195, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - SHOWstudio - The Home of Fashion Film" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen was a British fashion designer. Born in London in 1969, the youngest of six children, he left school at sixteen and went straight into an apprenticeship at the traditional Savile Row tailors Anderson and Sheppard. He then gained further experience at neighbouring tailors Gieves and Hawkes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.739045143127441, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - SHOWstudio - The Home of Fashion Film" }, { "answer": "Alexander McQueen", "passage": "Alexander McQueen presents a live stream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524639129638672, "source": "search", "title": "Alexander McQueen - SHOWstudio - The Home of Fashion Film" } ]

[ { "answer": "7", "passage": "Jane Fonda (born Jayne Seymour Fonda; December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model and fitness guru. She is a two-time Academy Award winner and two time BAFTA Award winner. In 2014, she was the recipient of the American Film Institute AFI Life Achievement Award.", "precise_score": 2.1236789226531982, "rough_score": 4.235720634460449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Fonda made her Broadway debut in the 1960 play There Was a Little Girl, for which she received the first of two Tony Award nominations, and made her screen debut later the same year in Tall Story. She rose to fame in 1960s films such as Period of Adjustment (1962), Sunday in New York (1963), Cat Ballou (1965), Barefoot in the Park (1967) and Barbarella (1968). Her first husband was Barbarella director Roger Vadim. A seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for They Shoot Horses, Don't They (1969) and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978). Her other nominations were for Julia (1977), The China Syndrome (1979), On Golden Pond (1981) and The Morning After (1986). Her other major competitive awards include an Emmy Award for the 1984 TV film The Dollmaker, two BAFTA Awards for Julia and The China Syndrome and four Golden Globe Awards.", "precise_score": 1.8014638423919678, "rough_score": 3.3923532962799072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In 1982, she released her first exercise video, Jane Fonda's Workout, which became the highest-selling video of the time. It would be the first of 22 workout videos released by her over the next 13 years which would collectively sell over 17 million copies. Divorced from second husband Tom Hayden, she married billionaire media mogul Ted Turner in 1991 and retired from acting. Fonda was divorced from Turner in 2001. She returned to acting with her first film in 15 years with the 2005 comedy Monster in Law. Subsequent films have included Georgia Rule (2007), The Butler (2013), This Is Where I Leave You (2014) and Youth (2015). In 2009, she returned to Broadway after a 45-year absence, in the play 33 Variations, which earned her a Tony Award nomination, while her recurring role in the HBO drama series The Newsroom (2012-2014), has earned her two Emmy Award nominations. She also released another five exercise videos between 2010 and 2012. She currently stars with Lily Tomlin and Martin Sheen in the Netflix original series Grace and Frankie (2015).", "precise_score": 0.863762378692627, "rough_score": 2.639132022857666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Jayne Seymour Fonda was born on December 21, 1937, in New York City, the daughter of actor Henry Fonda and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Brokaw (née Seymour). According to her father, their surname came from an Italian ancestor who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1500s.Henry Fonda, My Life, New York: Dutton, 1981. There, they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names, with Jane's first Fonda ancestor reaching New York in 1650. She also has English, Scottish, and French ancestry. She was named for the third wife of Henry VIII, Jane Seymour, to whom she is distantly related on her mother's side. She has a brother, Peter, an actor, and a maternal half-sister, Frances de Villers Brokaw (aka \"Pan\"), whose daughter is Pilar Corrias, owner of Pilar Corrias Gallery in London. ", "precise_score": -3.555004835128784, "rough_score": -5.041074752807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In 1963, she appeared in Sunday in New York. Newsday called her \"the loveliest and most gifted of all our new young actresses\". However, she also had detractors—in the same year, the Harvard Lampoon named her the \"Year's Worst Actress\" for The Chapman Report. Fonda's career breakthrough came with Cat Ballou (1965), in which she played a schoolmarm turned outlaw. This comedy Western received five Oscar nominations and was one of the year's top ten films at the box office. It was considered by many to have been the film that brought Fonda to bankable stardom. After this came the comedies Any Wednesday (1966), opposite Jason Robards and Dean Jones, and Barefoot in the Park (1967), co-starring Robert Redford.", "precise_score": 0.9891132712364197, "rough_score": -2.5796337127685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda won her first Academy Award for Best Actress in 1971, again playing a prostitute, the gamine Bree Daniels, in the murder mystery Klute. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for Klute and another in 1978 for Coming Home as well as the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1978, for the story of a disabled Vietnam War veteran's difficulty in re-entering civilian life. ", "precise_score": 1.578019380569458, "rough_score": -3.5304367542266846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Between Klute in 1971 and Fun With Dick and Jane in 1977, Fonda did not have a major film success. She appeared in A Doll's House (1973), Steelyard Blues and The Blue Bird (1976). From comments ascribed to her in interviews, some have inferred that she personally blamed the situation on anger at her outspoken political views: \"I can't say I was blacklisted, but I was greylisted.\" However, in her 2005 autobiography, My Life So Far, she rejected such simplification. \"The suggestion is that because of my actions against the war my career had been destroyed ... But the truth is that my career, far from being destroyed after the war, flourished with a vigor it had not previously enjoyed.\" She reduced acting because of her political activism providing a new focus in her life. Her return to acting in a series of 'issue-driven' films reflected this new focus.", "precise_score": -3.863447427749634, "rough_score": -2.311563491821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In 1972, Fonda starred as a reporter alongside Yves Montand in Tout Va Bien, directed by Jean-Luc Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin. The two directors then made Letter to Jane, in which the two spent nearly an hour discussing a news photograph of Fonda.", "precise_score": -3.336442232131958, "rough_score": -2.8429958820343018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Through her production company, IPC Films, she produced films that helped return her to star status. The 1977 comedy film Fun With Dick and Jane is generally considered her \"comeback\" picture. Also in 1977, she portrayed the playwright Lillian Hellman in Julia, receiving positive reviews, BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress, and an Oscar nomination. During this period, Fonda announced that she would make only films that focused on important issues, and she generally stuck to her word. She turned down An Unmarried Woman because she felt the part was not relevant. She won another BAFTA Award for Best Actress in 1979 with The China Syndrome, about a cover-up of a vulnerability in a nuclear power plant. The same year, she starred in The Electric Horseman with her previous co-star, Robert Redford.", "precise_score": 2.021280288696289, "rough_score": 3.6534242630004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "For many years Fonda took ballet class to keep fit, but after fracturing her foot while filming The China Syndrome, she was no longer able to participate. To compensate, she began participating in aerobics and strengthening exercises under the direction of Leni Cazden. The Leni Workout became the Jane Fonda Workout, which began a second career for her, continuing for many years. This was considered one of the influences that started the fitness craze among baby boomers, then approaching middle age. In 1982, Fonda released her first exercise video, titled Jane Fonda's Workout, inspired by her best-selling book, Jane Fonda's Workout Book. Jane Fonda's Workout became the highest selling home video of the next few years, selling over a million copies. The video's release led many people to buy the then-new VCR in order to watch and perform the workout at home. The exercise videos were produced and directed by Sidney Galanty, who helped to put the deal together with video distributor Stuart Karl, of Karl Home Video. Galanty produced the first video and 11 more after that. She would subsequently release 23 workout videos with the series selling a total of 17 million copies combined, more than any other exercise series. She released five workout books and thirteen audio programs, through 1995. After a fifteen-year hiatus, she released two new fitness videos on DVD in 2010, aiming at an older audience. ", "precise_score": -4.389281749725342, "rough_score": -2.056562662124634, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Because of her tour of North Vietnam during wartime and the subsequent rumors circulated about her visit, resentment against her among some veterans and currently serving U.S. military still exists. For example, when U.S. Naval Academy plebes, who had not yet been born when Fonda protested the Vietnam war, shouted out \"Goodnight, Jane Fonda!\", the company replied \"Goodnight, bitch!\" This practice has since been prohibited by the academy's Plebe Summer Standard Operating Procedures. In 2005, Michael A. Smith, a U.S. Navy veteran, was arrested for disorderly conduct in Kansas City, Missouri, after he spat chewing tobacco in Fonda's face during a book-signing event for her autobiography, My Life So Far. He told reporters that he \"consider[ed] it a debt of honor\", adding \"she spit in our faces for 37 years. It was absolutely worth it. There are a lot of veterans who would love to do what I did.\" Fonda refused to press charges. ", "precise_score": -4.503614902496338, "rough_score": -2.610041856765747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In a 60 Minutes interview on March 31, 2005, Fonda reiterated that she had no regrets about her trip to North Vietnam in 1972, with the exception of the anti-aircraft-gun photo. She stated that the incident was a \"betrayal\" of American forces and of the \"country that gave me privilege\". Fonda said, \"The image of Jane Fonda, Barbarella, Henry Fonda's daughter ... sitting on an enemy aircraft gun was a betrayal ... the largest lapse of judgment that I can even imagine.\" She later distinguished between regret over the use of her image as propaganda and pride for her anti-war activism: \"There are hundreds of American delegations that had met with the POWs. Both sides were using the POWs for propaganda ... It's not something that I will apologize for.\" Fonda said she had no regrets about the broadcasts she made on Radio Hanoi, something she asked the North Vietnamese to do: \"Our government was lying to us and men were dying because of it, and I felt I had to do anything that I could to expose the lies and help end the war.\" ", "precise_score": -5.258819580078125, "rough_score": -3.0323970317840576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In the 2004 presidential election, her name was used as a disparaging epithet against John Kerry, the former VVAW leader, who was then the Democratic Party presidential candidate. Republican National Committee Chairman Ed Gillespie called Kerry a \"Jane Fonda Democrat\". Also, Kerry's opponents circulated a photograph showing Fonda and Kerry in the same large crowd at a 1970 anti-war rally, although they were sitting several rows apart. A faked composite photograph, which gave the false impression that the two had shared a speaker's platform, was also circulated. ", "precise_score": -5.453165531158447, "rough_score": -5.124307632446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "In 1994, the United Nations Population Fund made Fonda a Goodwill Ambassador. In 2004, she was awarded the Women's eNews 21 Leaders for the 21st Century award as one of Seven Who Change Their Worlds. In 2007, Fonda was awarded an Honorary Palme d'Or by Cannes Film Festival President Gilles Jacob for career achievement. Only three others had received such an award – Jeanne Moreau, Alain Resnais, and Gerard Oury. ", "precise_score": 0.48249807953834534, "rough_score": -0.1946224421262741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Ranking at number 21 in Empire magazine's 100 Sexiest Stars in Film History, Jane Fonda, fitness expert and veteran actress, has a long list of hit movies to her name, including: Klute, Barefoot in the Park, Barbarella, They Shoot Horses Don't They?, and On Golden Pond (each breakthrough movies in their own right). The latter starred Fonda with her father, Henry Fonda (12 Angry Men, The Grapes of Wrath), the only movie the famous pair ever made together, for which she was nominated for an Oscar. All in all, she has been nominated for seven Oscars and won two of them -- but perhaps her biggest feat came in hunting down some of the more interesting roles for women in Hollywood. That, and the ten Golden Globes for which she was nominated. (She won half of them.) In the later part of her acting career, she starred in Julia, Coming Home, Agnes of God, 9 to 5, and Stanley and Iris. This generation may not remember this brilliant leading lady who graduated from Vassar (labeled a radical in the '60s and '70s for her political and feminist points of view) for her acting ability -- but for her workout tapes. Jane Fonda helped start a fitness craze in the '80s, selling tapes on everything from aerobics to working-out-while-you're-pregnant to yoga. Fonda has made a reported $670 million from her fitness tapes and merchandising -- a sum equaling more than all of her movies put together. Jane Fonda got her start just by being a Fonda. She didn't show much interest in acting as child, but when she was 17, she performed in a community theater production with her father in The Country Girl (1954) and showed real talent. She then joined the Actor's Studio after meeting Lee Strasberg. The Broadway production of Tall Story, which Jane Fonda had a role in, was remade into a movie, and this became her screen debut. Jane Fonda's father is famous actor Henry Fonda, and her brother is actor Peter Fonda. The Fonda children had a notably troubled relationship with their father. Their mother committed suicide when Jane was only 13. From the time she was in high school until she was 36, Jane struggled with bulimia. She has been married and divorced three times, the last time to CNN's network founder, conservative Ted Turner. She has four children and is also aunt to Bridget Fonda. As expected, the press has kept a watchful, and not always kind, eye upon her throughout her life. Fonda came out of semi-retirement from acting in 2001 for a benefit performance of The Vagina Monologues. The year before, she made a film in Nigeria to promote stopping female genital mutilation. She has also written several books. ~ Sandy Lawson", "precise_score": 3.036008358001709, "rough_score": 0.7753379940986633, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda Movies on iTunes - Apple" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Born in New York City to legendary screen star Henry Fonda and New York socialite Frances Seymour Brokaw, Jane Seymour Fonda was destined early to an uncommon and influential life in the limelight. Although she initially showed little inclination to follow her father's trade, she was prompted by Joshua Logan to appear with her father in the 1954 Omaha Community Theatre production of \"The Country Girl\". Her interest in acting grew after meeting Lee Strasberg in 1958 and joining the Actors Studio. Her screen debut in Tall Story (1960) (directed by Logan) marked the beginning of a highly successful and respected acting career highlighted by two Academy Awards for her performances in Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978), and five Oscar nominations for Best Actress in They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), Julia (1977), The China Syndrome (1979), The Morning After (1986) and On Golden Pond (1981), which was the only film she made with her father. Her professional success contrasted with her personal life, which was often laden with scandal and controversy. Her appearance in several risqué movies (including Barbarella (1968)) by then-husband Roger Vadim was followed by what was to become her most debated and controversial period: her espousal of anti-establishment causes and especially her anti-war activities during the Vietnam War. Her political involvement continued with fellow activist and husband Tom Hayden in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the 1980s she started the aerobic exercise craze with the publication of the \"Jane Fonda's Workout Book\". She and Hayden divorced, and she married broadcasting mogul Ted Turner in 1991.", "precise_score": 0.48172783851623535, "rough_score": -0.3971959352493286, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "She and The China Syndrome (1979) co-stars Jack Lemmon and Michael Douglas have all won Oscars for Leading Roles. Fonda won for Klute (1971), Lemmon won for Save the Tiger (1973), and Douglas won for Wall Street (1987).", "precise_score": 0.8852937817573547, "rough_score": 0.11978233605623245, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Jane Fonda was the first pick for the role of Evelyn Mulwray in Chinatown (1974). She was wanted by the film's producer Robert Evans , who was also at the time chief of production at Paramount Pictures, and by Paramount owner Charlie Bluhdorn , but director Roman Polanski was insistent on Faye Dunaway from the get-go and never offered her the part.", "precise_score": -3.964280605316162, "rough_score": -0.9280478954315186, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Her war protests canceled the impact of her first Oscar for Klute (1971). Although Fonda scaled back her career between 1972 and 1976 in favor of activism, none of the three films she did make during that period received wide distribution. At the same time a sub-rosa Hollywood campaign was going on to destroy the actress's respectability and spread false rumors about her subversive behavior. One widely circulated fabrication had Fonda destroying the only existing negative of Stagecoach (1939) because she despised John Wayne .", "precise_score": -0.7158805727958679, "rough_score": -1.8871443271636963, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda developed an admirably selective attitude to the films she picked after breaking out, turning down leads in Rosemary’s Baby and Bonnie and Clyde. Holding out served her well, with her first role of the 70s winning her an Oscar for best actress. As the cynical prostitute who finds herself embroiled in the search for a killer, she’s tough, at times fascinatingly unemotional and yet ultimately vulnerable, dominating the film with a complex performance.", "precise_score": 0.9289563894271851, "rough_score": -3.0361454486846924, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda: five best moments | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "As the 70s drew to a close (an era when the actor believed her options were limited because of her political views), Fonda won her second Oscar for a film that was closely tied to her stance on Vietnam. In a drama she developed herself, she played a woman who starts an affair with a paralysed veteran while her husband is away at war. Fonda gives a deeply felt and restrained turn, refusing to present her performance or the film as anything resembling a lecture.", "precise_score": 2.180736541748047, "rough_score": -4.152143955230713, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda: five best moments | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Angelina Jolie won her first Oscar for her stunning performance as Lisa, a disturbed and rebellious mental hospital patient in director James Mangold's Girl, Interrupted (the film's only Oscar). [Her father, Jon Voight had won the Best Actor Oscar a generation ago as a crippled Vietnam veteran in Coming Home (1978). They joined the only other father-daughter Oscar winners from the past: Henry Fonda (for On Golden Pond (1981)) and Jane Fonda (for Klute (1971) and Coming Home (1978)).]", "precise_score": 0.2141713947057724, "rough_score": 1.8025658130645752, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Oscar-winning actress Jane Fonda remains at the top of her evergreen game at the age of 77.", "precise_score": 0.9584140777587891, "rough_score": 2.3070478439331055, "source": "search", "title": "Caine, Fonda and Keitel show their 'Youth' at Cannes - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Lily Tomlin has only been nominated for a single Oscar, 39 years ago for Nashville. She did not get a supporting nod for Flirting with Disaster (she should have).  She was not nominated for Short Cuts nor for I Heart Huckabees.  Jane Fonda has been nominated seven times and won twice.  She was nominated 6 times for lead actress and 1 time for supporting. Still, it has been twenty years since Jane Fonda was up for Oscar consideration with The Morning After. Fonda and Tomlin starred together in Nine to Five, a memorable, iconic film that earned a single Oscar nomination for Best Song.", "precise_score": 6.796704292297363, "rough_score": 7.079344749450684, "source": "search", "title": "Oscar Flashback: In Tribute, Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin ..." }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda was a visible political activist in the counterculture era during the Vietnam War and has been more recently involved in advocacy for women. She was famously and controversially photographed sitting on an anti-aircraft gun on a 1972 visit to Hanoi. She has also protested the Iraq War and violence against women, and describes herself as a feminist. In 2005, she, Robin Morgan and Gloria Steinem co-founded the Women's Media Center, an organization that works to amplify the voices of women in the media through advocacy, media and leadership training, and the creation of original content. Fonda currently serves on the board of the organization. She published an autobiography in 2005. In 2011, she published a second memoir, Prime Time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.966635227203369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "1970s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325628280639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "She supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers in the early 1970s, stating \"Revolution is an act of love; we are the children of revolution, born to be rebels. It runs in our blood.\" She called the Black Panthers \"our revolutionary vanguard ... we must support them with love, money, propaganda and risk.\" She has been involved in the feminist movement since the 1970s, which dovetails with her activism in support of civil rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342975616455078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In April 1970, Fonda, with Fred Gardner and Donald Sutherland formed the FTA tour (\"Free The Army\", a play on the troop expression \"Fuck The Army\"), an anti-war road show designed as an answer to Bob Hope's USO tour. The tour, described as \"political vaudeville\" by Fonda, visited military towns along the West Coast, with the goal of establishing a dialogue with soldiers about their upcoming deployments to Vietnam. The dialogue was made into a movie (F.T.A.) which contained strong, frank criticism of the war by servicemen and servicewomen; it was released in 1972. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361285209655762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "On May 4, 1970, Fonda appeared before an assembly at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, to speak on GI rights and issues. The end of her presentation was met with a discomforting silence. The quiet was broken when Beat poet Gregory Corso staggered onto the stage. Drunk, Corso challenged Fonda, using a four-letter expletive: Why hadn't she addressed the shooting of four students at Kent State by the Ohio National Guard, which had just taken place? Fonda in her autobiography revisited the incident: \"I was shocked by the news and felt like a fool.\" On the same day, she joined a protest march on the home of university president, Ferrel Heady. The protestors called themselves \"They Shoot Students, Don't They?\" — a reference to Fonda's recently released film, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, which had just been screened in Albuquerque.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.685427188873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In the same year, Fonda spoke out against the war at a rally organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She offered to help raise funds for VVAW and, for her efforts, was rewarded with the title of Honorary National Coordinator. On November 3, 1970, Fonda started a tour of college campuses on which she raised funds for the organization. As noted by The New York Times, Fonda was a \"major patron\" of the VVAW. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.679556846618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda visited Hanoi in July 1972 to witness firsthand the bombing damage to the dikes. After touring and photographing dike systems in North Vietnam, she said the United States had been intentionally targeting the dike system along the Red River. Columnist Joseph Kraft, who was also touring North Vietnam, said he believed the damage to the dikes was incidental and was being used as propaganda by Hanoi, and that, if the U.S. Air Force were \"truly going after the dikes, it would do so in a methodical, not a harum-scarum way\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.486922264099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "It happened on my last day in Hanoi. I was exhausted and an emotional wreck after the 2-week visit ... The translator told me that the soldiers wanted to sing me a song. He translated as they sung. It was a song about the day 'Uncle Ho' declared their country's independence in Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square. I heard these words: \"All men are created equal; they are given certain rights; among these are life, Liberty and Happiness.\" These are the words Ho pronounced at the historic ceremony. I began to cry and clap. These young men should not be our enemy. They celebrate the same words Americans do. The soldiers asked me to sing for them in return ... I memorized a song called \"Day Ma Di\", written by anti-war South Vietnamese students. I knew I was slaughtering it, but everyone seemed delighted that I was making the attempt. I finished. Everyone was laughing and clapping, including me ... Here is my best, honest recollection of what happened: someone (I don't remember who) led me towards the gun, and I sat down, still laughing, still applauding. It all had nothing to do with where I was sitting. I hardly even thought about where I was sitting. The cameras flashed ... It is possible that it was a set up, that the Vietnamese had it all planned. I will never know. But if they did I can't blame them. The buck stops here. If I was used, I allowed it to happen ... a two-minute lapse of sanity that will haunt me forever ... But the photo exists, delivering its message regardless of what I was doing or feeling. I carry this heavy in my heart. I have apologized numerous times for any pain I may have caused servicemen and their families because of this photograph. It was never my intention to cause harm.[http://janefonda.com/the-truth-about-my-trip-to-hanoi \"The Truth About My Trip To Hanoi\"]. July 22, 2011; accessed January 27, 2014 at the Jane Fonda official website.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.746350288391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda made radio broadcasts on Hanoi Radio throughout her two-week tour, commenting on her visits to villages, hospitals, schools, and factories damaged in the war and denouncing U.S. military policy in Vietnam. Fonda has defended her decision to travel to North Vietnam and her radio broadcasts. During the course of her visit, Fonda visited American prisoners of war (POWs), and brought back messages from them to their families. When stories of torture of returning POWs were later being publicized by the Nixon administration, Fonda called the returning POWs \"hypocrites and liars and pawns\", adding about the prisoners she visited, \"These were not men who had been tortured. These were not men who had been starved. These were not men who had been brainwashed.\" In addition, Fonda told The New York Times in 1973, \"I'm quite sure that there were incidents of torture ... but the pilots who were saying it was the policy of the Vietnamese and that it was systematic, I believe that's a lie.\" Her visits to the POW camp led to persistent and exaggerated rumors which were repeated widely in the press and continued to circulate on the Internet decades later. Fonda, as well as the named POWs, have personally denied the rumors, and subsequent interviews with the POWs showed these rumored allegations to be false as the persons named had never met Fonda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.684701442718506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In 1972, Fonda helped fund and organize the Indochina Peace Campaign, which continued to mobilize antiwar activists across the nation after the 1973 Paris Peace Agreement, through 1975, when the United States withdrew from Vietnam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98630428314209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In 2013, it was revealed that Fonda was one of approximately 1,600 Americans whose communications between 1967 and 1973 were monitored by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) as part of Project Minaret, a program that some NSA officials have described as \"disreputable if not downright illegal\". Fonda's communications, as well as those of her husband, Tom Hayden, were intercepted by Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). Under the UKUSA Agreement, the GCHQ sent the intercepted data on Americans to the U.S. government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.241971015930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In the days before the September 17, 2006 Swedish elections, Fonda went to Sweden to support the new political party Feministiskt initiativ in their election campaign. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.313366889953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda went to Seattle, Washington, in 1970 to support a group of Native Americans who were led by Bernie Whitebear. The group had occupied part of the grounds of Fort Lawton, which was in the process of being surplussed by the United States Army and turned into a park. The group was attempting to secure a land base where they could establish services for the sizable local urban Indian population, protesting that \"Indians had a right to part of the land that was originally all theirs.\" The endeavor succeeded and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center was constructed in the city's Discovery Park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.644927024841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "On January 27, 2007, Fonda participated in an anti-war rally and march held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., declaring that \"silence is no longer an option\". Fonda spoke at an anti-war rally earlier in the day at the Navy Memorial, where members of the organization Free Republic picketed in a counter protest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.303315162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Fonda married her first husband, French film director Roger Vadim, on August 14, 1965, at the Dunes Hotel in Las Vegas. The couple had a daughter, Vanessa, born on September 28, 1968, in Paris, France, and named for actress and activist Vanessa Redgrave. On January 19, 1973, three days after obtaining a divorce from Vadim in Santo Domingo, Fonda married activist Tom Hayden in a free-form ceremony at her home in Laurel Canyon. Their son, Troy O'Donovan Garity, was born on July 7, 1973 in Los Angeles and was given his paternal grandmother's maiden name, as the names \"Fonda and Hayden carried too much baggage\". Fonda and Hayden wanted to give their son a name that \"was both American and Vietnamese\" and chose \"Troy\", an Anglicization of the Vietnamese \"Troi\", as the only name they could think of meeting that requirement. Hayden chose O'Donovan as the middle name after Irish revolutionary Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. In 1982, Fonda and Hayden unofficially adopted an African-American teenager, Mary Luana Williams (known as Lulu), who was the daughter of members of the Black Panthers. Fonda and Hayden were divorced on June 10, 1990 in Santa Monica. She married her third husband, cable-television tycoon and CNN founder Ted Turner, on December 21, 1991, at a ranch near Capps, Florida. The pair divorced on May 22, 2001 in Atlanta, Georgia. Since 2009, Fonda has been in a relationship with record producer Richard Perry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.366751194000244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jane Fonda" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The 88th Academy Awards ceremony was held at the Dolby Theatre on February 28, 2016 and hosted by Chris Rock. A total of 2,947 Oscars have been awarded since the inception of the award through the 87th. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.119226455688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($ in dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098636627197266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27, 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.452730178833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.884576797485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Since 1972, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.485487937927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy (the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Academy Scientific and Technical Award, the Academy Award for Technical Achievement, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation and the Student Academy Award) plus two awards that are not presented annually (the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated britannium on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg) and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.125643730163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "20090127&idn_UlAAAAIBAJ&sjid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500349998474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "ff0FAAAAIBAJ&pg6931,2001573 Lodi News-Sentinel]) It takes between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246177673339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners were expected to return the statuettes to the Academy after the ceremony and wait several weeks to have inscriptions applied. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. In 2010, the R.S. Owens company made 197 engraved nameplates ahead of the ceremony, bearing the names of every potential winner. The 175 or so nameplates for non-winning nominees were recycled afterwards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.97838306427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of 5,783 . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287079811096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) for the past 73 annual awards ceremonies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260186195373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81621265411377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583436965942383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best Foreign Language Film). For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was actually first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film per year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.383414268493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283429145812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970, after which NBC resumed the broadcasts. ABC once again took over broadcast duties in 1976, and has broadcast the Oscars ever since; its current contract with the Academy runs through 2020. The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite in 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9084296226501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The ceremonies were moved up from late-March or early-April to late February or early March starting in 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into early March in deference to the Winter Olympics. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The Awards show holds the distinction of having won the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.206377983093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Historically, the \"Oscarcast\" has pulled in a bigger haul when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture trophy. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated close to US$600 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars. The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers. The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on 7 April 1970. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.20771598815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budgeted, independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%. In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest rated and least watched ceremony to date, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards. The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independently financed film (No Country for Old Men).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.508832931518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what was the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481142044067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.094943046569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "* Academy Special Achievement Award: 1972 to 1995", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.317482948303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild. George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a 'meat parade', saying 'I don't want any part of it.\" The third was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's The Godfather), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech detailing his criticisms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.422605514526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The term \"Oscar\" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field, an activity the AMPAS discourages.[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/court-oscar-may-be-generic-132235 Court: 'Oscar' may be generic term in Italian - Hollywood Reporter][http://uk.reuters.com/article/industry-oscar-dc-idUKN1527923720070316 Court: Oscar may be generic term in Italian | Reuters]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.800065994262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (1) | Trivia  (141) | Personal Quotes  (55) | Salary  (17)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.533663749694824, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "5' 8\" (1.73 m)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313846588134766, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Attended Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. Her roommate was Lara Parker . Parker later co-starred with Jane's brother Peter Fonda in the film Race with the Devil (1975).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.840915679931641, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Ranked #83 in Empire (UK) magazine's \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list. [October 1997]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94890308380127, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "2nd November 1970: Fonda was arrested at Cleveland Airport, Ohio after allegedly kicking patrolman Robert Pieper and customs agent Edward Matuszek in the groin and upper leg during their struggle to detain her when 105 bottles containing some 2,000 capsules were found in the star's luggage. She spent ten hours in a cell at the Cuyahoga County Jail and was released on $6,000 personal bond. A federal drug smuggling charge was dropped once the substances were identified as vitamins and prescribed amounts of Dexedrine, Valium & Compazine. Due to lack of evidence, a federal assault charge pressed by Matuszek was dropped as well. Pieper filed a $100,000 personal injury lawsuit against her in civil court which was eventually dismissed at his attorney's request.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.738797187805176, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Jane now openly admits that she suffered from bulimia from ages 13 to 37. While modeling, she said she lived on cigarettes, coffee, speed, and strawberry yogurt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.760750770568848, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Was offered the role of Chris MacNeil in The Exorcist (1973).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439501762390137, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Born on the same day Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) premiered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443440437316895, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Passed on the title role in Norma Rae (1979), which won a Best Actress Oscar for its eventual star Sally Field .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.213188171386719, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Her performance as Bree Daniels in Klute (1971) is ranked #91 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.685226440429688, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "A 1972 visit to Hanoi during the Vietnam war where Fonda campaigned in favor of the communist regime and the subsequent release of several photographs of her atop a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gun used against American air crews earned her the nickname \"Hanoi Jane.\" As a result of her visit to Hanoi and the accompanying photographs, many Americans continue to regard Fonda with general resentment and hostility to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.050037860870361, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Turned down the role of Bonnie Parker, then played by Faye Dunaway , in Bonnie and Clyde (1967). Living in France at the time, she did not want to relocate to the United States for the part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.040743827819824, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Her aerobics video \"Jane Fonda's Workout\" sold 17 million copies, making it the bestselling home video ever and her an icon of this form of exercises (1982).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.348834991455078, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Was offered the role of Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), but she turned it down. Louise Fletcher , who went on to win the Best Actress Oscar for her performance, was cast instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.610376358032227, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Turned down Marsha Mason 's role in Cinderella Liberty (1973).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292706489562988, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Louis Malle originally planned to direct Pretty Baby (1978), a film about photographer E.J. Bellocq, with Fonda and Jodie Foster to play the roles of Hattie and Violet, respectively. In the end, both actresses were unavailable due to scheduling conflicts, so Susan Sarandon and Brooke Shields were cast in the roles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.559952735900879, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "In the mid-'80s, while developing the screenplay for the movie that eventually became Contact (1997), authors Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan envisioned Fonda in the role of Dr. Ellie Arroway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.199893474578857, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Was the 71st actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Klute (1971) at The 44th Annual Academy Awards (1972) on April 10, 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.374338626861572, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Her role in The China Syndrome (1979) was originally written as a male role, to be played by Richard Dreyfuss . After Dreyfuss quit, the role was rewritten as female with Fonda in mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.793034553527832, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Was considered for the role of \"Betsy\" in Taxi Driver (1976), but Cybill Shepherd was cast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412378311157227, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Tom Hayden was reportedly worth only $50,000 when he married Fonda in 1973. Hayden received an estimated $30 million under California's joint property law in the couple's 1990 divorce settlement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.675210952758789, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Mike Nichols considered Fonda to play Bobbie in Carnal Knowledge (1971) before he cast Ann-Margret .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.332316398620605, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Turned down the part of Joanna Kramer in Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36147689819336, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Turned down Patty Duke 's role in Valley of the Dolls (1967).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490150451660156, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Was in consideration for the role of Elaine Robinson in The Graduate (1967), eventually played by Katharine Ross to great acclaim.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88908576965332, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Her top favorites of the films she's done are Coming Home (1978), The Dollmaker (1984), Klute (1971), They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) and Julia (1977).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063373565673828, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Was amongst those suggested by United Artists for the role of Diana Christensen in Network (1976).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285256385803223, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Came out in support of Marion Cotillard and Bradley Cooper to help the actors get Oscar nominations for their films Two Days, One Night (2014) and American Sniper (2014), respectively. Both ended up being nominated for the 87th Academy Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.126850128173828, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "Heinous rumors about her trip to Hanoi have circled around the internet since two letters purportedly written by Vietnam veterans were posted online in the late '90s. One of the made-up myths, in précis, is that four prisoners of war listed as missing in action slipped Ms. Fonda tiny pieces of paper with their social security numbers so to identify themselves to American authorities - only for her to hand the pile of notes to a North Vietnamese commanding officer who ordered beatings for the men in question, killing all except one who lived to tell the story. The other tale is that a POW was struck in the face with a wooden baton for refusing to talk to Fonda on a separate occasion during the same visit and suffers from permanent double vision as a result of that punishment. The claimed authors of these letters are Col. Larry Carrigan and Air Force pilot Jerry Driscoll, each of whom have repeatedly denied both writing the letters and the incidents described therein. In actuality, no POWs would have needed to sneak Fonda notes with their socials written on them, as she could simply have remembered their names and repeated them once she returned home. Plus, there was no reason for the POWs' identities to have been kept a secret in the first place. While in North Vietnam, Fonda only met with a single group of seven POWs, none of whom said they were coerced into the meeting. Former POW Edison Miller said the entire camp he was in wanted to meet her and certainly no one was tortured for refusing to do so. Fonda brought mail for imprisoned U.S. servicemen with her to Hanoi, and she returned to the United States carrying 241 letters from American POWs back to their families. She even called the wives of some of the men she met with to provide them with updates about their husbands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.742253303527832, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Received $2 million from Columbia Pictures in 1979 to appear in a prison movie to be called \"Her Brother's Keeper\" whether or not it was ultimately made, which it wasn't. Such an arrangement is known informally as a pay-or-play contract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22421646118164, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "I was terrified when I turned 30. I was pregnant and had the mumps and Faye Dunaway was just coming out in Bonnie and Clyde (1967). I thought, 'Oh my God, I'll never work again. I'm old!'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270953178405762, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "\"If you understood what Communism was, you would hope, you would pray on your knees that one day we would become Communist.\" (speaking to students at the University of Michigan in 1970)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.414588928222656, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Dating's not something I spend a lot of time thinking about. Nor do I miss it, frankly. I feel 71 years old. I do. I'm really aware of the miles that have been logged and of the life that has gone under the bridge and how it has made me grow. I'm someone who has always tried to think about what it has all meant. I'm a quester. So I feel my age. I feel grown up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410672187805176, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "I took Klute (1971) because, in it, I expose a great deal of the oppression of women in this country - the system which makes women sell themselves for possessions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42866325378418, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "[reflecting on her career slump in the mid-1970s] I can't say I was blacklisted, but I was greylisted. Nixon used the same tactics on me he used on people he didn't like in the '50s. He had conservative state legislators introduce measures that would condemn or ban my films or prohibit me from even entering the state. Conservative theater owners went along, and studio executives who might have shared my politics said, 'What can we do? Why take a chance?'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249002456665039, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Salary (17)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477147102355957, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Friday 29 January 2016 10.37 EST", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316963195800781, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda: five best moments | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Last modified on Thursday 4 February 2016 06.37 EST", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328934669494629, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda: five best moments | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "The 60s was a busy time for Fonda, with 17 films to her name in the decade. While the productions’ quality wasn’t consistent, she proved a versatile screen presence, adept at both comedy and drama. Her light touch was on show in this comedy western, which proved she was also a bankable star. The film itself may have been patchy, but Fonda’s star potential was never brighter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.142991065979004, "source": "search", "title": "Jane Fonda: five best moments | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Tomlin, 75, also stars in the soon-to-be-released film \"Grandma,\" about a misanthropic poet whose granddaughter shows up at her door in need. Add to the good reviews she's been getting for that role the fact that she received an Emmy nomination this summer for her work as Frankie, and a little celebrating would surely be in order. \"It's been a great year for me. That's all I can say,\" Tomlin says. \"If one looks at years that way.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522674560546875, "source": "search", "title": "Lily Tomlin's 'Grace and Frankie' Emmy nod adds to notable ..." }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "You've been working in television since \"Laugh-In\" in 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350020408630371, "source": "search", "title": "Lily Tomlin's 'Grace and Frankie' Emmy nod adds to notable ..." }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "director Lasse Hallstrom's and Miramax's coming of age story The Cider House Rules (with seven nominations and two wins), set within a New England orphanage/abortion clinic, with two Oscars, Best Adapted Screenplay (by John Irving for his own 1985 novel) and Best Supporting Actor (Michael Caine). Its other nominations included Best Picture, Best Director, Best Score, Best Film Editing and Best Art Direction", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.552448272705078, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Seven", "passage": "director Michael Mann's scathing and compelling The Insider (with seven nominations and no wins), a serious, based-on-a-true-story film about tobacco-industry controversies (Best Picture, Best Actor (Russell Crowe), Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Film Editing and Best Sound)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973703384399414, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "79 year-old \"Grey Fox\" Richard Farnsworth (with his second and last career nomination, and first Best Actor nomination) became the oldest lead actor nominee ever for his moving role as ailing, 73 year-old Iowan widower Alvin Straight, who journeyed from Laurens, IA to Mount Zion, WI on a riding lawn-mower for a reunion with his sick brother in director David Lynch's low-key true story The Straight Story", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.223960876464844, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "[Farnsworth's first nomination was as Best Supporting Actor for Comes a Horsemen (1978)]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.758010864257812, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "[Previous nominations and wins: Best Actor nomination for Malcolm X (1992), Best Supporting Actor nomination for Cry Freedom (1987), and an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in Glory (1989).]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.35894250869751, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Meryl Streep (with her twelfth career nomination, 20 years after her first Oscar (for Best Supporting Actress) and 17 years after her second Oscar (for Best Actress), and 21 years after her first nomination, and tying Katharine Hepburn's record of 12 for the most acting nominations), as East Harlem elementary school music-violin teacher Roberta Tsavaras in director Wes Craven's critically-disparaged Music of the Heart", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.541435241699219, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "[Note: Moore's first nomination was Best Supporting Actress for Boogie Nights (1997)]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.608522415161133, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Another major omission was the intriguing, bewildering, trend-setting and plot-twisting Spanish psychological drama Open Your Eyes (1997, Sp.) (aka Abre Los Ojos), released in the USA in 1999, with nominations lacking for Best Picture, Best Director (Alejandro Amenábar), Best Actor (Eduardo Noriega), Best Supporting Actress (Penelope Cruz), and Best Original Screenplay (Amenábar and Mateo Gil). (The possible years for the film to be submitted as Spain's Foreign Language Film nominee were taken by Secrets of the Heart (1997, Sp.) (aka Secretos del corazón) in 1997, The Grandfather (1998, Sp.) (aka El Abuelo) in 1998, and this year's Best Foreign Language Film Winner, Pedro Almodóvar's superb All About My Mother (1999, Sp.) (aka Todo sobre mi madre)).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.525482177734375, "source": "search", "title": "1999 Academy Awards® Winners and History - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "His movie career started out with hits such as \"Zulu\" (1964) and \"The Italian Job\" (1969). His portrayal as a charming gangster in 1971's \"Get Carter\" and womaniser in \"Alfie\" established him as the acting face of Swinging Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998673439025879, "source": "search", "title": "Caine, Fonda and Keitel show their 'Youth' at Cannes - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Born in 1937 in New York to Hollywood star Henry Fonda, Jane would follow in her father's footsteps to be a dominating presence on the silver screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.7266130447387695, "source": "search", "title": "Caine, Fonda and Keitel show their 'Youth' at Cannes - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "She won her first Oscar for the 1971 film \"Klute\" and her second in 1979's \"Coming Home\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.38280200958252, "source": "search", "title": "Caine, Fonda and Keitel show their 'Youth' at Cannes - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "7", "passage": "Following a divorce with Turner in 2001, Fonda charged back into the acting spotlight, appearing in \"Monster-in-Law\" alongside Jennifer Lopez, and with Lindsay Lohan in 2007's \"Georgia Rule\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.17628288269043, "source": "search", "title": "Caine, Fonda and Keitel show their 'Youth' at Cannes - Yahoo" } ]

[ { "answer": "Manuel Noriega", "passage": "Manuel Noriega, corrupt Central American dictator.", "precise_score": -3.5543031692504883, "rough_score": -2.9099373817443848, "source": "search", "title": "The Out of Bounds Moon - Forrest Astrology" } ]

[ { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "The security camera of the Sunset District branch of Hibernia Bank in San Francisco showed Patricia Hearst holding an assault rifle as members of the Symbionese Liberation Army carried out the midday robbery.  Was the rich heiress, kidnapped two months earlier, acting in fear of her life?  Was she brainwashed?  Or did she participate in the robbery as a loyal soldier in \"the revolution\"?  That was the issue a California jury had to decide in the 1976 trial of Patty Hearst.", "precise_score": -1.4563182592391968, "rough_score": -4.070950031280518, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "The arrest of Patty Hearst came over a year later, after authorities following the trail of  SLA member Kathleen Soliah (who had not long before organized a commemoration of the gun battle in a Berkeley park) were led to Emily and William Harris and Hearst.  Hearst was arrested on September 18, 1975 at her apartment in the outer Mission District of San Francisco.  Patty Hearst's mother, Catherine, expressed confidence that her daughter would not face imprisonment: \"I don't believe Patty's legal problems are that serious.  After all, she's primarily a kidnap victim.  She never went off and did anything of her own free will.\"", "precise_score": -4.655366897583008, "rough_score": -5.881412982940674, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "The trial of Patricia Hearst began on February 4, 1976 (two years to the day after the kidnapping) in the courtroom of U. S. District Judge Oliver J. Carter.  The kidnap victim, who had spent fifty-nine days blindfolded and living in a closet where she was subjected to verbal and sexual abuse, was charged with armed robbery of the Hibernia Bank.  In the days following her arrest three months earlier, Hearst had maintained her allegiance to the SLA.  By the time of the trial, however, she had changed her tune.  She claimed she had been brainwashed and feared that had she tried to return to her parents, she would have been killed.  Carolyn Anspacher, who covered the trial for the San Francisco Chronicle, offered this assessment of Patty Hearst:", "precise_score": 0.5212924480438232, "rough_score": -6.064837455749512, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "Opening statements for the two sides addressed the reality that the crime for which Hearst was being tried was captured on videotape.  U. S. Attorney Robert R. Browning quoted from the words of Hearst's April 17 communique: \"My gun was loaded, and at no time did any of my comrades intentionally point their guns at me.\"  Bailey, on the other hand, suggested that the robbery was staged by the SLA to make Hearst appear to be an \"outlaw.\"  Bailey told jurors, the SLA \"positioned her directly in front of the cameras\" like \"a prized pig.\"  Bailey also argued, \"Perhaps for the first time in the history of bank robbery, a robber was directed [by other robbers] to identify herself in the midst of the act.\"  Later, when the prosecution played the security videotape, Patty Hearst gazed disbelievingly at the screen, then began weeping.", "precise_score": -2.855977773666382, "rough_score": -5.8327741622924805, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427892684936523, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "Patty Hearst Trial (1976)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301403999328613, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "On the evening of February 4, 1974, three armed members of a group calling itself the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) burst into the Berkeley, California apartment shared by Patty Hearst and her fiance, Steven Weed.  Hearst, the daughter of Randolph Hearst (managing editor of the San Francisco Examiner) and the granddaughter of the legendary William Randolph Hearst, screamed when the men assaulting Weed with a wine bottle.  The SLA members carried Hearst, clothed in a nightgown, out of her apartment and forced her into the trunk of a white car.  Hearst's abductors fired a round of bullets as they sped away, followed by a second vehicle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562832832336426, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patricia Campbell Hearst", "passage": "The SLA released a communique in which it called the kidnapping the \"serving of an arrest warrant on Patricia Campbell Hearst.\"  The communique warned that any attempt to rescue Hearst would result in the prisoner being \"executed.\"  The statement ended with the capital letters: \"DEATH TO THE FASCIST INSECT THAT PREYS UPON THE LIFE OF THE PEOPLE.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.144262313842773, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "Eight days later, the SLA sent a audiotape to a local radio station, KPFA, tape recording from \"General Field Marshall Cinque\" demanding that Randolph Hearst fund a multi-million dollar food giveaway \"as a good faith gesture.\"  \"Cinque\" was actually Donald DeFreeze, who--following his escape from a California prison in March 1973--organized a group of Berkeley area activists that hoped to spur a revolution.  The SLA established as  its goals closing prisons, ending monogamy, and eliminating \"all other institutions that have made and sustained capitalism.\" The tape included the frightened voice of Patty Hearst.  She is heard telling her parents: \"Mom, Dad, I'm okay.  I'm with a combat unit with automatic weapons.  And these people aren't just a bunch of nuts....I want to get out of here but the only way I'm going to do it is if we do it their way.  And I just hope that you'll do what they say, Dad, and do it quickly...\"  The package received by the radio station also included a photograph showing Hearst, brandishing a carbine and wearing a beret, in front of the SLA's seven-headed cobra symbol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880115509033203, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "A month later, Hearst is at another crime scene, this time at Mel's Sporting Goods Store in Englewood, California.  Store employees spotted SLA member William Harris, along with his wife Emily, attempting to shoplift an ammunition case, and a scuffle ensued.  From a van parked across the street from Mel's, shots were fired in the direction of the store.  The shooter was identified as Patty Hearst. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825121879577637, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "The \"Gotterdaemmerung\" came the next day.  One hundred Los Angeles police officers mounted an assault on a home at 1466 54th Street, a place determined to be an SLA hideout.  The event was captured on live television.  Police ordered the home's occupants to \"Come on out.  Hands up.\"  No one answered the call--except with automatic fire.  The heavily armed SLA members succeeded in pinning down the police for a time.  In the end, however, teargas grenades started a fire that consumed the house.  Six  SLA members--a majority of the group's membership, but not included Emily and John Harris or Patty Hearst--died in the assault.  Hearst responded by criticizing \"the fascist pig media\" for \"painting a typically distorted picture\" of her \"beautiful sisters and brothers\" killed in the assault.  She said that \"out of the ashes\" of the fire she \"was reborn\"--and knew what she had to do next.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.720887184143066, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patricia Hearst", "passage": "“[T]he metamorphosis back to Patricia, if indeed there was one, took time and platoons of lawyers, as assembled in desperation by the frantic Hearsts...  [T]he young woman usually referred to as ‘the defendant’ who will be brought into court to stand trial is a seeming replica of the original Patricia Hearst, the soft-voiced Patty who was wrenched from her familiar surroundings by such violence. . . . Her hair, dyed a brassy red when she was arrested, has been toned to a gentle chestnut and coiffed softly around her face.  Her tight and revealing sweater and jeans have been replaced by tasteful slacks and jackets.  She no longer lifts manacled wrists in black power salute and her eyes are, for the most part, downcast, as if she were sharing a secret with herself.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875428199768066, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "Why, then, did Bailey opt for the brainwashing theory?  One reason is because that was the theory that Hearst's parents wanted him to use--and they were paying for his defense.  Randolph and Catherine Hearst seemed unwilling to accept that their daughter would voluntarily choose to become an SLA member.  Another reason might have been Bailey's fear that arguing in this case that Hearst's voluntary conversion came after the Hibernia robbery would expose her to a future prosecution for her shooting outside Mel's Sporting Goods store a month after the bank robbery.  Bailey also had a psychiatrist ready to testify that Patty \"was not responsible for her actions\" and felt confident of his own ability to sway jurors on the brainwashing theory.  Finally, it is possible that Bailey's holding book rights to the Patty Hearst story influenced his decision; brainwashing, it might be assumed, would make for a good story line and boost his recently sagging criminal practice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.050324440002441, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "Psychiatrists played the central role in Hearst's courtroom drama.  Jurors listened to over 200 hours of expert psychiatric testimony.  Before the psychiatric testimony began, according to Shana Alexander in Anyone's Daughter: The Times and Trials of Patty Hearst, most jurors thought Hearst was probably innocent--or, at least, not guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187045097351074, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patty Hearst", "passage": "No psychiatrist had a bigger effect on the jury's thinking that government psychiatrist Joel Fort.  He told jurors to be skeptical of defense psychiatrists, who treat everybody as a patient, not a defendant.  He suggested that they have a strong interest in helping Hearst avoid hard time in prison.  Moreover, he questioned the ability of defense psychiatrists to draw conclusions about Hearst's state of mind at a time fifteen months before they first interviewed her.  According to Fort, Patty Hearst was a prime candidate for radicalism even before her kidnapping.  Fort described the young Hearst as basically \"an amoral person\" who thought rules did not apply to her.  He noted that she lied to nuns at school about her mother having cancer in order to get out of an exam, engaged in sexual activity at an early age, and experimented with drugs such as LSD.  Fort offered his \"velcro theory\" for aimless, lost souls such at Hearst: such persons, he said, float around in moral space and then find stuck to them the first random ideology they bump into.  It is not at all surprising, Fort concluded, that Hearst would find the SLA appealing.  Many of its members, including Cinque, came from educated, upper-class background similar to Patty's--and all chose to become members without being brainwashed.  Hearst, if the jurors believed Fort, signed on with the sociopaths as a form of self-hatred. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886873245239258, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" }, { "answer": "Patricia Campbell Hearst", "passage": "Hearst was sentenced to seven years in prison.  President Jimmy Carter commuted Hearst's sentence to time served in February 1979.  Hearst gained her release from prison after just twenty-two months.  On January 20, 2001, the last full day of his presidency, Bill Clinton granted Patricia Campbell Hearst a full pardon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240313529968262, "source": "search", "title": "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account - UMKC School of Law" } ]

[ { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office. The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.", "precise_score": -7.457663536071777, "rough_score": -9.236309051513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "White House" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "Distinguished jurist, effective administrator, but poor politician, William Howard Taft spent four uncomfortable years in the White House. Large, jovial, conscientious, he was caught in the intense battles between Progressives and conservatives, and got scant credit for the achievements of his administration.", "precise_score": -5.149104595184326, "rough_score": -9.08806324005127, "source": "search", "title": "William Howard Taft | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "William Howard Taft (1909-13), who at 330 pounds was too hefty to fit into a standard-sized tub, had a custom tub built for his extra-large frame. After it was manufactured, four men fit inside the tub for a photograph.", "precise_score": 0.11614304035902023, "rough_score": -2.2221734523773193, "source": "search", "title": "The Plumbing in the White House - PlumbingSupply.com" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "At 325 pounds, William Howard Taft (1857-1930), who was dubbed “Big Bill,” was the largest president in American history and often got stuck in the White House bathtub. His advisors had to sometimes pull him out.[2]", "precise_score": 7.254730224609375, "rough_score": 7.630410194396973, "source": "search", "title": "99 Interesting Facts about the U.S. Presidents" }, { "answer": "President Taft", "passage": "Taft's disposition was more prone to judicious administration than presidential activism. Though he came to the White House promising to continue Roosevelt's agenda, he was more comfortable executing the existing law than demanding new legislation from Congress. His first effort as President was to lead Congress to lower tariffs, but traditional high tariff interests dominated Congress, and Taft largely failed in his effort at legislative leadership. He also alienated Roosevelt when he attempted to break up U.S. Steel, a trust that Roosevelt had approved while President. Taft also forced Roosevelt's forestry chief to resign, jeopardizing Roosevelt's gains in the conservation of natural resources. By 1911, Taft was less active in \"trust-busting,\" and generally seemed more conservative. In foreign affairs, Taft continued Roosevelt's goal of expanding U.S. foreign trade in South and Central America, as well as in Asia, and he termed his policy \"dollar diplomacy.\"President Taft's life-long dream of reaching the U.S. Supreme Court was satisfied in 1921 with his appointment as chief justice by President Warren Harding. Taft had been uncomfortable with politics. His tendency to contemplate every side of an issue served him well as chief justice but rendered him indecisive and ineffectual as President. His presidency is generally viewed as a failure, swinging as he did from a progressive program of \"trust busting\" to reactionary conservatism in the face of withering criticism from Roosevelt and his allies. While Taft's presidency left a mark on the organization and conduct of the executive branch, and developed the administration of anti-trust policy, his public leadership has been widely seen as below average for 20th century Presidents.", "precise_score": -6.120584011077881, "rough_score": -8.560341835021973, "source": "search", "title": "William Taft: Life in Brief—Miller Center" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. In the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.950556755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "White House" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "William Howard Taft | whitehouse.gov", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58301067352295, "source": "search", "title": "William Howard Taft | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "William Howard Taft", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086174964904785, "source": "search", "title": "William Howard Taft | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "William Howard Taft was elected the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and later became the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have served in both of these offices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375897407531738, "source": "search", "title": "William Howard Taft | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "Learn more about William Howard Taft 's spouse, Helen Herron Taft .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262078285217285, "source": "search", "title": "William Howard Taft | whitehouse.gov" }, { "answer": "William Taft", "passage": "William Taft", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913397789001465, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Trivia - Midnightflyer's ( James R. Howington ..." }, { "answer": "William Taft", "passage": "In 1943 Franklin Roosevelt made the first Presidential flight. As a boy, Roosevelt visited president Grover Cleveland and Cleveland told him never to become the president. Roosevelt was the first president to appear on television. There was an assassination attempt on Roosevelt in February, 1933. Roosevelt was unharmed, but Anton Cermak, mayor of Chicago, was killed. Franklin D. Roosevelt was in office longer than any other president. He served three consecutive terms and died during his fourth. His Secretary of State, Cordell Hull won a Nobel Peace Prize. He was the first president to have a presidential aircraft. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a fifth cousin once removed of his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, and a seventh cousin once removed of Winston Churchill. Roosevelt's favorite food was fried cornmeal mush. He was the first president whose mother was eligible to vote for him. Roosevelt had a dog named \"Fala\" who was with him all the time. He also had a German sheperd named \"Major\" that was famous for biting several politicians. Roosevelt was related by either blood or marriage to eleven other Presidents: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Ulysses Grant, William Henry Harrison, Benjamin Harrison, James Madison, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Zachary Taylor, Martin Van Buren and George Washington. Franklin D. Roosevelt's favorite sport was swimming. Roosevelt's birthday is a legal holiday in the Virgin Islands. Half a century ago, the American destroyer USS William D. Porter accidentally fired a live torpedo at the battleship USS Iowa during a practice exercise on Nov.14, 1943. As if this weren't bad enough, the Iowa was carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and all of the country's World War II military brass to 'the big three' conferences in Cairo and Teheran. Roosevelt was to meet with Stalin of the Soviet Union and Churchill of Great Britain, and had the W.D. Porter sucessfully launched torpedo struck the Iowa at the aiming point, the last 50 years of world history might have been quite different. Fortunately, the W.D. Porter's warning allowed the Iowa to evade the speeding torpedo which exploded in the wake of the Iowa, and historic events carried on as we know them. He was named after a great-uncle, Franklin Hughes Delano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.769354820251465, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Trivia - Midnightflyer's ( James R. Howington ..." }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "Twenty-six Presidents were lawyers before becoming president. Ten presidents were generals: Washington, Jackson, W. Harrison, Taylor, Pierce, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, B. Harrison, and Eisenhower. George Washington surveyor, planter, general of the Army of the United Colonies planter, lieutenant-general of all the U.S. armies John Adams schoolteacher, lawyer, diplomat, vice president under Washington, writer Thomas Jefferson writer, inventor, lawyer, architect, governor of Virginia, secretary of state under Washington, vice president under Adams writer, gentleman farmer, rector at the University of Virginia James Madison lawyer, political theorist, U.S. congressman, secretary of state under Jefferson, rector at the University of Virginia James Monroe soldier, lawyer, U.S. senator, governor of Virginia writer, regent at the University of Virginia John Quincy Adams lawyer, diplomat, professor, U.S. senator, secretary of state under Monroe, U.S. representative from Massachusetts Andrew Jackson soldier, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator, governor of Tenn, gentleman farmer Martin Van Buren lawyer, U.S. senator, governor of New York, vice president under Jackson, activist for Free Soil Party William Henry Harrison soldier, diplomat, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator from Ohio, died in office John Tyler lawyer, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator, vice president under Harrison, chancellor of the College of William and Mary, member of the Confederate House of Representatives James Knox Polk lawyer, U.S. congressman, governor of Tennessee, died 103 days after leaving office Zachary Taylor soldier, died in office Millard Fillmore lawyer, U.S. congressman, vice president under Taylor, rogue political activist, chancellor of the University of Buffalo Franklin Pierce lawyer, soldier, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator from New Hampshire, gentleman farmer James Buchanan lawyer, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator, U.S. secretary of state, writer Abraham Lincoln postmaster, lawyer, U.S. congressman from Illinois Andrew Johnson tailor, U.S. congressman, governor of Tennessee, U.S. senator from Tennessee, vice president under Lincoln, U.S. senator from Tennessee Ulysses Simpson Grant U.S. Army general, political activist, writer Rutherford Birchard Hayes lawyer, soldier, U.S. congressman, governor of Ohio, education activist, president of the National Prison Reform Association James Abram Garfield schoolteacher, soldier, U.S. representative from Ohio, died in office Chester Alan Arthur schoolteacher, lawyer, tariff collector, vice president under Garfield Grover Cleveland sheriff, lawyer, mayor, governor of New York Benjamin Harrison lawyer, soldier, journalist, U.S. senator from Indiana lawyer, lecturer William McKinley soldier, lawyer, U.S. congressman, governor of Ohio, died in office Theodore Roosevelt rancher, soldier, governor of New York, vice president under McKinley, hunter, writer William Howard Taft lawyer, judge, dean of the University of Cincinnati Law School, U.S. secretary of war professor, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Woodrow Wilson lawyer, professor, president of Princeton University, governor of New Jersey retired in poor health Warren Gamaliel Harding newspaper editor, U.S. senator from Ohio died in office Calvin Coolidge lawyer, governor of Massachusetts, vice president under Harding, writer, president of the American Antiquarian Society Herbert Clark Hoover engineer, U.S. secretary of commerce chair of the Hoover Commission on administrative reform Franklin Delano Roosevelt lawyer, governor of New York died in office Harry S. Truman farmer, soldier, haberdasher, judge, U.S. senator, vice president under Roosevelt, writer Dwight David Eisenhower supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe, U.S. Army chief of staff, writer John Fitzgerald Kennedy writer, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator from Massachusetts, died in office Lyndon Baines Johnson schoolteacher, soldier, congressman, U.S. senator from Texas, vice president under Kennedy, rancher, writer Richard Milhous Nixon lawyer, U.S. congressman, U.S. senator, vice president under Eisenhower, writer Gerald Rudolph Ford lawyer, U.S. congressman, vice president under Nixon, writer James Earl Carter, Jr. peanut farmer, governor of Georgia writer, soldier, humanitarian, Nobel-prize winning statesman Ronald Wilson Reagan movie actor, corporate spokesman, governor of California, writer George Herbert Walker Bush oil executive, U.S. congressman, U.S. ambassador to the UN, Director of CIA, vice president under Reagan William Jefferson Clinton lawyer, governor of Arkansas writer, independent ambassador George Walker Bush oil executive, sport team owner, governor of Texas —", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76952838897705, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Trivia - Midnightflyer's ( James R. Howington ..." }, { "answer": "William H. Taft", "passage": "George Washington (1789-97) Virginia John Adams (1797-1801) Massachusetts Thomas Jefferson (1801-09) Virginia James Madison (1809-17) Virginia James Monroe (1817-25) Virginia John Quincy Adams (1825-29) Massachusetts Andrew Jackson (1829-37) South Carolina Martin Van Buren (1837-41) New York William Henry Harrison (1841) Virginia John Tyler (1841-45) Virginia James K. Polk (1845-49) North Carolina Zachary Taylor (1849-50) Virginia Millard Fillmore (1850-53) New York Franklin Pierce (1853-57) New Hampshire James Buchanan (1857-61) Pennsylvania Abraham Lincoln (1861-65) Kentucky Andrew Johnson (1865-69) North Carolina Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) Ohio Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-81) Ohio James A. Garfield (1881) Ohio Chester A. Arthur (1881-85) Vermont Grover Cleveland (1885-89) New Jersey Benjamin Harrison (1889-93) Ohio Grover Cleveland (1893-97) New Jersey William McKinley (1897-1901) Ohio Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09) New York William H. Taft (1909-13) Ohio Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) Virginia Warren G. Harding (1921-23) Ohio Calvin Coolidge (1923-29) Vermont Herbert Hoover (1929-33) Iowa Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-45) New York Harry S. Truman (1945-53) Missouri Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-61) Texas John F. Kennedy (1961-63) Massachusetts Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69) Texas Richard M. Nixon (1969-74) California Gerald R. Ford (1974-77) Nebraska Jimmy Carter (1977-81) Georgia Ronald Reagan (1981-89) Illinois George Bush (1989-93) Massachusetts William J. Clinton (1993-2001) Arkansas George W. Bush (2001-) Connecticut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.728113174438477, "source": "search", "title": "Presidential Trivia - Midnightflyer's ( James R. Howington ..." }, { "answer": "William Taft", "passage": "George Washington, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, James Polk, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, James Garfield, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Warren Harding, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson, and Gerald Ford were all Masons, many symbols of which are found on American currency.[9]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.871772766113281, "source": "search", "title": "99 Interesting Facts about the U.S. Presidents" }, { "answer": "William Taft", "passage": "William Taft was the first president to own a car.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.978676795959473, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of the United States - Timeline and Trivia" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "In one of the more interesting presidential images we have found, this one features the incomparable William Howard Taft riding a water buffalo he named \"Lunchy...\" while serving as President Theodore Roosevelt's governor of the Philippines post Spanish American War about 1904.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779067039489746, "source": "search", "title": "The Scouting Party | Facebook" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "President William Howard Taft held many titles - President of the United States, Chief Justice of the United States, Secretary of War, Solicitor General, Governor of Cuba, and Governor of the Philippines, among others. Yet there is only one title which he still holds some 80 years after his death - fattest President.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42435359954834, "source": "search", "title": "Taft: Fattest President of the United States - History of Old" }, { "answer": "President Taft", "passage": "President Taft in 1907, about one year after his first diet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.415250778198242, "source": "search", "title": "Taft: Fattest President of the United States - History of Old" }, { "answer": "William Taft", "passage": "William Taft: Life in Brief—Miller Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156597137451172, "source": "search", "title": "William Taft: Life in Brief—Miller Center" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "William Howard Taft faced the difficult task as President of living up to the legacy of Theodore Roosevelt. Taft so disappointed his predecessor, former mentor, and friend, that Roosevelt opposed his renomination in 1912 and bolted from the Republican Party to form his own \"Bull-Moose\" party, creating an opening for Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential election. Taft's lifelong ambition was to serve as Chief Justice of the United States, to which he was appointed after leaving the presidency. He remains the only man in American history to have gained the highest executive and judicial positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.867803573608398, "source": "search", "title": "William Taft: Life in Brief—Miller Center" }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "passage": "From childhood, William Howard Taft had a weight problem, a reaction perhaps to his parents' very high expectations for him. At times during his presidency, he reached 300 pounds. He followed his father's and half-brother's path to Yale University, graduating second in his class. He studied law at the University of Cincinnati and entered private practice while also holding several local appointive positions. At age 29, Taft married an ambitious, intellectual, and independent woman, Helen \"Nellie\" Herron, who pushed him to strive for more than a judicial career. He held several key legal and judicial posts from 1887 to 1900, including judge of the Cincinnati Superior Court, U.S. solicitor general, and then as a member of the Sixth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. President William McKinley then asked Taft to serve as president of the commission to oversee the newly won Philippine Islands. Taft was disappointed, but pushed by his associates, including his wife, he took the job, with McKinley's promise of a future position on the Supreme Court upon his return.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50797176361084, "source": "search", "title": "William Taft: Life in Brief—Miller Center" }, { "answer": "William Taft", "passage": "William Taft Essays", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248594284057617, "source": "search", "title": "William Taft: Life in Brief—Miller Center" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The Kingdom of Italy () was a state founded in 1861 when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. In 1943 Italy underwent a regime change, whereby the entire fascist leadership was removed and former dictator Benito Mussolini was imprisoned, and the fascist system of government was eradicated at the local and national level. In the northern areas, where the Germans had control, the fascist system was retained under the name of Italian Social Republic. It was a puppet regime under Mussolini (who had been rescued by the Germans), which was destroyed in 1945. In 1946 Italy voted to abolish the monarchy and elect its head of state, making it a republic.", "precise_score": 0.5984358191490173, "rough_score": -1.2116773128509521, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "\"Fascist Italy\" is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government. The fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values, and a rapprochement with the Catholic Church. According to Payne (1996), \"[the] Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases\". The first phase (1923–25) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a \"legally organized executive dictatorship\". Then came the second phase, \"the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929\". The third phase, with less activism, was 1929–34. The fourth phase, 1935–40, was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy; warfare in Ethiopia, which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea; confrontations with the League of Nations sanctions; growing economic autarchy; and semi-Nazification. The war itself (1940–43) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats, while the rump Salo regime under German control was the final stage (1943–45). ", "precise_score": 1.3300678730010986, "rough_score": -0.2094295173883438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943. It switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas (south of Rome) controlled by the Allied invaders. The remnant fascist state in northern Italy that continued fighting against the Allies was a puppet state of Nazi Germany, the \"Italian Social Republic\", still led by Mussolini and his loyalist Fascists. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the constitutional referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, which is the present form of Italy today.", "precise_score": -0.5990530848503113, "rough_score": -1.125491976737976, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "* Victor Emmanuel III (1900–46) – King of Italy during the First World War and during the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini.", "precise_score": -0.579291582107544, "rough_score": -1.5202125310897827, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1911, Giolitti's government sent forces to occupy Libya. While the success of the Libyan War improved the status of the nationalists, it did not help Giolitti's administration as a whole. The government attempted to discourage criticism by speaking about Italy's strategic achievements and inventiveness of their military in the war: Italy was the first country to use the airship for military purposes, and undertook aerial bombing on the Ottoman forces. The war radicalized the Italian Socialist Party: anti-war revolutionaries led by future-Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini called for violence to bring down the government. Giolitti returned as Prime Minister only briefly in 1920, but the era of liberalism was effectively over in Italy.", "precise_score": 1.2695941925048828, "rough_score": 3.425757646560669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Furious over the peace settlement, the Italian nationalist poet Gabriele D'Annunzio led disaffected war veterans and nationalists to form the Free State of Fiume in September 1919. His popularity among nationalists led him to be called Il Duce (The Leader) and he used blackshirted paramilitary in his assault on Fiume. The leadership title of \"Duce\" and the blackshirt paramilitary uniform would later become synonymous with the Fascist movement of Benito Mussolini. The demand for annexation of Fiume spread to all sides of the political spectrum, including Mussolini's Fascists. D'Annunzio's stirring speeches drew Croatian nationalists to his side. He also kept contact with the Irish Republican Army and Egyptian nationalists. ", "precise_score": -4.949334144592285, "rough_score": -0.771580159664154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In October 1922, Mussolini took advantage of a general strike by workers, and announced his demands to the government to give the Fascist Party political power or face a coup. With no immediate response, a small number of Fascists began a long trek across Italy to Rome which was called the March on Rome, claiming to Italians that Fascists were intending to restore law and order. Mussolini himself did not participate until the very end of the march, with d'Annunzio at being hailed as leader of the march until it was learned he had been pushed out of a window and severely wounded in a failed assassination attempt, depriving him of the possibility of leading an actual coup d'état orchestrated by an organization originally founded by himself. The Fascists, under the leadership of Mussolini demanded Prime Minister Luigi Facta's resignation and that Mussolini be named Prime Minister. Although the Italian Army was far better armed than the Fascist paramilitaries, the Italian government under King Victor Emmanuel III faced a political crisis. The King was forced to choose which of the two rival movements in Italy would form the government: Mussolini's Fascists, or the anti-monarchist Italian Socialist Party. He selected the Fascists. ", "precise_score": -1.3059680461883545, "rough_score": -1.3110028505325317, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On October 28, 1922, the king selected Mussolini to become Prime Minister, allowing Mussolini and the Fascist Party to pursue their political ambitions as long as they supported the monarchy and its interests. Mussolini at 39 was young compared to other Italian and European leaders. His supporters called him Il Duce (\"The Leader\") . A personality cult was developed that portrayed him as the nation's saviour which was aided by the personal popularity he held with Italians already which would remain strong until Italy faced continuous military defeats in World War II.", "precise_score": -1.3890265226364136, "rough_score": -0.4548511207103729, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Over the next four years, Mussolini eliminated nearly all checks and balances on his power. In 1926, he passed a law that declared he was responsible only to the king and made him the sole person able to determine Parliament's agenda. Local autonomy was swept away, and appointed podestas replaced communal mayors and councils. Soon after all other parties were banned in 1928, parliamentary elections were replaced by plebiscites in which the Grand Council nominated a single list of candidates. Mussolini wielding enormous political powers as the effective ruler of Italy. The King was a figurehead and handled ceremonial roles; he retained the power to dismiss the prime minister on the advice of the Grand Council—which is what happened in 1943.", "precise_score": -2.4249210357666016, "rough_score": -0.8020451068878174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Relations with the Roman Catholic Church improved significantly during Mussolini's regime. Despite earlier opposition to the Church, after 1922, Mussolini made an alliance with the pro-church Partito Popolare Italiano or Italian People's Party. In 1929 Mussolini and the pope came to an agreement that ended a standoff that reached back to 1860 and had alienated the Church from the Italian government. The Orlando government had started the process of reconciliation during the World War, and the pope furthered it by cutting ties with the Christian Democrats in 1922. Mussolini and the leading fascists were atheists but they recognized the opportunity of warmer relations with Italy's large Catholic element. ", "precise_score": -3.4369149208068848, "rough_score": 0.26022642850875854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After Italy became isolated in 1936, the government had little choice but to work with Germany to regain a stable bargaining position in international affairs and reluctantly abandoned its support of Austrian independence from Germany. On October 28, 1937, Mussolini declared Italy's support of Germany regaining its colonies lost in World War I, declaring\"", "precise_score": -2.3069405555725098, "rough_score": 3.7025744915008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italy then signed an armistice with the Allied armed forces and the Kingdom of Italy joined the Allies in their war against Nazi Germany. The new Royalist government of Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Badoglio raised an Italian Co-Belligerent Army, an Italian Co-Belligerent Navy, and an Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force. The Badoglio government attempted to establish a non-partisan administration and a number of political parties were allowed to exist again after years of ban under Fascism. These ranged from liberal to communist parties which all were part of the government. Italians celebrated the fall of Mussolini and as more Italian territory was taken by the Allies, the Allies were welcomed as liberators by Italians, who opposed the German occupation.", "precise_score": -0.9400931000709534, "rough_score": -0.24787308275699615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In October 1922, Mussolini led the Fascists on a march on Rome, and King Emmanuel III, who had little faith in Italy’s parliamentary government, asked Mussolini to form a new government. Initially, Mussolini, who was appointed prime minister at the head of a three-member Fascist cabinet, cooperated with the Italian parliament, but aided by his brutal police organization he soon became the effective dictator of Italy. In 1924, a Socialist backlash was suppressed, and in January 1925 a Fascist state was officially proclaimed, with Mussolini as Il Duce, or “The Leader.”", "precise_score": 5.192690849304199, "rough_score": 5.434252738952637, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In July 1943, the failure of the Italian war effort and the imminent invasion of the Italian mainland by the Allies led to a rebellion within the Fascist Party. Two days after the fall of Palermo on July 24, the Fascist Grand Council rejected the policy dictated by Hitler through Mussolini, and on July 25 Il Duce was arrested. Fascist Marshal Pietro Badoglio took over the reins of the Italian government, and in September Italy surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. Eight days later, German commandos freed Mussolini from his prison in the Abruzzi Mountains, and he was later made the puppet leader of German-controlled northern Italy. With the collapse of Nazi Germany in April 1945, Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans and on April 29 was executed by firing squad with his mistress, Clara Petacci, after a brief court-martial. Their bodies, brought to Milan, were hanged by the feet in a public square for all the world to see.", "precise_score": -0.980138897895813, "rough_score": -0.6444566249847412, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": " As the first modern European fascist dictator, Mussolini and his tactics served as an example for Adolf Hitler, the German leader of the Nazis, and Francisco Franco, the leader of the Fascist Party in the Spanish Civil War, and their fascist inspired regimes. During World War Two, his actions led to the fall of his regime and his becoming Hitler's puppet as the head of the \"Italian Social Republic.\" Also his actions at this time led to the fall of his regime. He brought Italy to a state of poverty and disunity, leading to the formation of a new republic and constitution. Mussolini's dictatorship began with the climate created by World War One, ended after a second world war, which was partially started by him, and set the stage for the introduction of the modern Italian government.", "precise_score": 1.4745144844055176, "rough_score": 1.3362218141555786, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "When the war ended, Italy was hit with an economic crisis along with vast amounts of social unrest, the result of participation in the war. Many Italians, including Mussolini, felt that the Treaty of Versailles, which did not give Italy the lands it had been promised when it entered the war on the side of the Allies, was unfair. In October 1922, the infamous March on Rome occurred. Mussolini commanded his forces from a post in Milan and ordered them to seize power in Rome. King Victor Emmanuel, fearing that the March on Rome would lead to a civil war, gave Mussolini the post of Prime Minister. Between 1925 and 1927, he began to consolidate his dictatorship by doing away with all opposing press and non-fascist parties. He also created the OVRA, a secret police force, and made the government entirely fascist . People began to call him Il Duce, meaning leader.", "precise_score": -0.040826328098773956, "rough_score": -0.7591952681541443, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini's ultimate goal was to create a new Roman Empire. He began by invading and conquering Ethiopia as well as by aiding Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Even before his military actions, he signed the Lateral Accords, stating that Pope Pius XI would finally recognize Italy as an independent state. The pope said that Mussolini was, \"the man whom God has sent us.\" The recognition of Italy helped him gain great support, as did his skill with propaganda and speaking. When Mussolini was dictator, the Italian government controlled industry, schools, and the press. His power is best exemplified by the fact that he was able to create many seemingly ridiculous laws. For example, in July 1926, Mussolini declared that the length of the workday would be increased but salaries would not change, newspapers could be no more than six pages, gasoline had to be mixed with alcohol, no more luxurious homes could be built, nothing could be sold after ten PM, and all bread had to contain at least fifteen percent non-white flour. In order to keep his power, Mussolini became an absolute ruler and fixed any elections.", "precise_score": -1.5959898233413696, "rough_score": -0.5815009474754333, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini served as Italy’s 40th Prime Minister from 1922 until 1943. He is considered a central figure in the creation of Fascism and was both an influence on and close ally of Adolf Hitler during World War II .", "precise_score": 0.5864421725273132, "rough_score": -1.2938817739486694, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1914, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain of events that culminated in the start of World War I . On August 3, 1914, the Italian government announced that it would remain strictly neutral. Mussolini initially used his position as editor of Avanti! to urge fellow socialists to support the government in its position of neutrality.", "precise_score": -2.460303783416748, "rough_score": 1.744531512260437, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On May 23, 1915, the Italian government ordered general mobilization of her armed forces. The next day, Italy declared war on Austria, officially joining World War I. Mussolini, accepting his call to the draft, reported for duty in Milan on August 31, 1915 and was assigned to the 11th Regiment of the Bersaglieri (a corps of sharpshooters).", "precise_score": -4.430941581726074, "rough_score": -0.49069923162460327, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After the war, Mussolini, who had become decidedly anti-socialist, began to advocate for a strong central government in Italy. Soon, Mussolini was also advocating for a dictator to lead that government.", "precise_score": 3.130195140838623, "rough_score": 2.4701967239379883, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By September of 1922, the Blackshirts controlled most of northern Italy. Mussolini assembled a Fascist Party conference on October 24, 1922 to discuss a coup de main or “sneak attack” on the Italian capital of Rome.", "precise_score": -1.5802956819534302, "rough_score": -1.3789414167404175, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini, who had stayed behind in Milan, received an offer from the king to form a coalition government. Mussolini then proceeded to the capital supported by 300,000 men and wearing a black shirt.", "precise_score": -1.4794865846633911, "rough_score": -0.9460468292236328, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On October 31, 1922, at the age of 39, Mussolini was sworn in as prime minister of Italy.", "precise_score": -1.1694177389144897, "rough_score": -1.366503119468689, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After elections were held, Mussolini controlled enough seats in parliament to appoint himself Il Duce (\"the leader\") of Italy. On January 3, 1925, with the backing of his Fascist majority, Mussolini declared himself dictator of Italy.", "precise_score": 3.72896671295166, "rough_score": -0.8422459363937378, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, byname Il Duce (Italian: “The Leader”) (born July 29, 1883, Predappio, Italy—died April 28, 1945, near Dongo), Italian prime minister (1922–43) and the first of 20th-century Europe’s fascist dictators.", "precise_score": 3.5680923461914062, "rough_score": -0.4296019673347473, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Wounded while serving with the bersaglieri (a corps of sharpshooters), he returned home a convinced antisocialist and a man with a sense of destiny. As early as February 1918, he advocated the emergence of a dictator—“a man who is ruthless and energetic enough to make a clean sweep”—to confront the economic and political crisis then gripping Italy. Three months later, in a widely reported speech in Bologna, he hinted that he himself might prove to be such a man. The following year the nucleus of a party prepared to support his ambitious idea was formed in Milan . In an office in Piazza San Sepolcro, about 200 assorted republicans, anarchists, syndicalists, discontented socialists, restless revolutionaries, and discharged soldiers met to discuss the establishment of a new force in Italian politics. Mussolini called this force the fasci di combattimento (“fighting bands”), groups of fighters bound together by ties as close as those that secured the fasces of the lictors—the symbols of ancient Roman authority. So fascism was created and its symbol devised.", "precise_score": -1.722051739692688, "rough_score": 1.7205462455749512, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In the summer of 1922, Mussolini’s opportunity presented itself. The remnants of the trade-union movement called a general strike . Mussolini declared that unless the government prevented the strike, the Fascists would. Fascist volunteers, in fact, helped to defeat the strike and thus advanced the Fascist claim to power. At a gathering of 40,000 Fascists in Naples on October 24, Mussolini threatened, “Either the government will be given to us, or we will seize it by marching on Rome.” Responding to his oratory the assembled Fascists excitedly took up the cry, shouting in unison “Roma! Roma! Roma!” All appeared eager to march.", "precise_score": -5.35743522644043, "rough_score": -0.7308158278465271, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Later that day, Mussolini and other leading Fascists decided that four days later the Fascist militia would advance on Rome in converging columns led by four leading party members later to be known as the Quadrumviri. Mussolini himself was not one of the four.", "precise_score": -3.8591763973236084, "rough_score": 2.4380228519439697, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "He was still hoping for a political compromise, and he refused to move before King Victor Emmanuel III summoned him in writing. Meanwhile, all over Italy the Fascists prepared for action, and the March on Rome began. Although it was far less orderly than Fascist propaganda later suggested, it was sufficiently threatening to bring down the government. And the king, prepared to accept the Fascist alternative , dispatched the telegram for which Mussolini had been waiting.", "precise_score": -4.692060947418213, "rough_score": -0.37104418873786926, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini’s obvious pride in his achievement at becoming (October 31, 1922) the youngest prime minister in Italian history was not misplaced. He had certainly been aided by a favourable combination of circumstances, both political and economic; but his remarkable and sudden success also owed something to his own personality, to native instinct and shrewd calculation, to astute opportunism, and to his unique gifts as an agitator. Anxious to demonstrate that he was not merely the leader of fascism but also the head of a united Italy, he presented to the king a list of ministers, a majority of whom were not members of his party. He made it clear, however, that he intended to govern authoritatively. He obtained full dictatorial powers for a year; and in that year he pushed through a law that enabled the Fascists to cement a majority in the parliament. The elections in 1924, though undoubtedly fraudulent, secured his personal power.", "precise_score": -0.9395735263824463, "rough_score": -0.3060738146305084, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "From the beginning the war went badly for Italy, and Mussolini’s opportunistic hopes for a quick victory soon dissolved. France surrendered before there was an opportunity for even a token Italian victory, and Mussolini left for a meeting with Hitler, sadly aware, as Ciano put it, that his opinion had “only a consultative value.” Indeed, from then on Mussolini was obliged to face the fact that he was the junior partner in the Axis alliance. The Germans kept the details of most of their military plans concealed, presenting their allies with a fait accompli for fear that prior discussion would destroy surprise. And thus the Germans made such moves as the occupation of Romania and the later invasion of the Soviet Union without any advance notice to Mussolini.", "precise_score": -8.215373992919922, "rough_score": -1.3586809635162354, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Rather than allow the Germans to occupy and govern Italy entirely in their own interests, Mussolini agreed to Hitler’s suggestion that he establish a new Fascist government in the north and execute those members of the Grand Council, including his son-in-law, Ciano, who had dared to vote against him. But the Repubblica Sociale Italiana thus established at Salò was, as Mussolini himself grimly admitted to visitors, no more than a puppet government at the mercy of the German command. And there, living in dreams and “thinking only of history and how he would appear in it,” as one of his ministers said, Mussolini awaited the inevitable end. Meanwhile, Italian Fascists maintained their alliance with the Germans and participated in deportations, the torture of suspected partisans, and the war against the Allies.", "precise_score": -2.188967704772949, "rough_score": -0.9637649059295654, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italians were not satisfied with the way other countries treated them after World War I. Benito Mussolini emerged as a powerful leader who promised the people that he would bring back pride and make Italy a well-respected state again. He created his own private army with their own uniforms. Mussolini’s followers were aggressive and started fights with other citizens and regular soldiers in the streets. Finally, in 1922 Mussolini became dictator of Italy.", "precise_score": 3.6253342628479004, "rough_score": -0.9040894508361816, "source": "search", "title": "Fascism | Rise of Fascism | Life in a Fascist Regime" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "With Italy’s leading non-fascist politicians hopelessly divided and with the threat of violence in the air, on October 29 the king offered Mussolini the chance to form a coalition government. But although the premiership was now his, Il Duce—a master of propaganda who claimed the backing of 300,000 fascist militiamen when the real number was probably far lower—wanted to make a show of force. As a result, he joined armed supporters who flooded the streets of Rome the following day. Mussolini would later mythologize the March on Rome’s importance.", "precise_score": -1.547929286956787, "rough_score": 3.396697759628296, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After becoming prime minister, Mussolini reduced the influence of the judiciary, muzzled a free press, arrested political opponents, continued condoning fascist squad violence and otherwise consolidated his hold on power. However, he continued working within the parliamentary system at least somewhat until January 1925, when he declared himself dictator of Italy. Following a series of assassination attempts in 1925 and 1926, Mussolini tightened his grip even further, banning opposition parties, kicking out over 100 members of parliament, reinstating the death penalty for political crimes, ramping up secret police activities and abolishing local elections.", "precise_score": 1.8210008144378662, "rough_score": 1.201322317123413, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Having already snatched away Libya and Ethiopia, Allied forces invaded Italy proper in 1943 and began dropping bombs on Rome. On July 25 of that year, King Victor Emmanuel informed Mussolini that he would be replaced as prime minister. Il Duce was then arrested and imprisoned in various places, including a remote mountain ski resort from which German commandos rescued him a month and a half later. From September 1943 to April 1945, Mussolini headed a puppet government in German-occupied northern Italy. At the end of the war, he tried to sneak over the Swiss border wearing a German greatcoat and helmet. But an Italian partisan recognized him and shouted out, “We’ve got Big-Head!” Mussolini was executed the following day, and his corpse was strung upside down in a Milan square.", "precise_score": -2.5374300479888916, "rough_score": 0.11932368576526642, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The 'Red Menace' alarmed the industrialists, landlords and other property holders, while many Italians were discontented with the government which drove D'Annunzio from Fiume. The fear of revolution and the desire for national glory were manipulated to the advantage of a new political group, the Fascists, led by Benito Mussolini.", "precise_score": -1.7419087886810303, "rough_score": -1.120139241218567, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The turning-point for the growth of the Fascist movement came by the end of 1920. Three important events were chiefly responsible for bringing new strength to the Fascist movement. The first event was that after D'Annunzio and his followers were driven from Fiume by the end of 1920, many Italian nationalists took Mussolini as their leader for he had always advocated a strong foreign policy and the annexation of Fiume and Dalmatia. The second event was that during 1919-1920, governments in Italy changed rapidly and yet all of them failed to find effective solutions to the most urgent problems of the day—the problems of economic inflation and social unrest. The third event was that after the General Strike in 1920, as stated earlier, the property class became haunted by the spectre of a Communist revolution and wanted a strong government to restore law and order in the country.", "precise_score": -1.59397554397583, "rough_score": 0.668344259262085, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After his initial success, Mussolini became more violently anti-Bolshevik than ever in order to win more support from the property class. He stopped attacking the monarchy, the Catholics and capitalists. He promised a strong government which could suppress the socialists' disturbances and a strong foreign policy which could bring national glory to Italy. Economically, he championed economic liberalism and an improvement in the conditions of the workers. As a result of Mussolini's new tactics, finances poured in from the industrialists. Fascist membership jumped up from 20,000 in 1920 to 248,000 in 1921, and to 300,000 in 1922.", "precise_score": -3.183270215988159, "rough_score": 1.3421385288238525, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Matteotti's murder led to an outcry against Mussolini. The parties in opposition to Mussolini's government withdrew from the parliament. This was called the Aventine Secession. The Aventine Secession only strengthened Mussolini's determination to use force to wipe out all his opponents. In 1926, a law on association outlawed all political opposition, and a secret police force was established to arrest political opponents. In 1925-26, more than ten thousand anti-fascists were arrested, sentenced to death and exiled. To strengthen his control of the country, the workers' unions were dissolved and opposition newspapers were closed. In 1928, a new law abolished universal suffrage and restricted parliamentary elections to candidates officially nominated by the Fascist Grand Council. In the 1929 elections, an al1-Pascist Parliament was elected. In the same year, Mussolini, the Duce (the leader) was given power by the pro-Fascist parliament to govern by decrees. He issued a series of decrees which transferred to him complete legislative authority. The King had to accept Mussolini as the permanent Prime Minister of Italy. From this time onwards, all other ministers were appointed, and dismissed by and directed to work under Mussolini alone.", "precise_score": -3.724773645401001, "rough_score": -0.7043138146400452, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1938, the Fascist Grand Council abolished the Parliament, and set up in its place an Assembly of Corporations which consisted of representatives from twenty-two industrial and professional corporations. In other words, the parliamentary system in Italy came to an end. In 1939, though Italy remained, in name, a monarchy, Mussolini, as the Duce of the Fascist Party, was the uncrowned King of Italy. He was always right and no one dared to oppose him.", "precise_score": -1.4401283264160156, "rough_score": 0.05552877113223076, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In short, Mussolini, by the Lateran Agreements, had obtained the much-needed support from a broad section of the Italian people for his dictatorial regime.", "precise_score": 0.5421639680862427, "rough_score": 3.7958805561065674, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1943, Mussolini was forced to resign by a coup led by King Victor Emmanuel.", "precise_score": -1.2093621492385864, "rough_score": -0.7523759007453918, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After Mussolini had seized political power in 1922, he maintained himself in power by imposing a strict control of the political, economic and political social life of the Italian people. During the rule of Mussolini (1922-1943), dictatorship Italians enjoyed a long period of stable government but they were deprived of political liberty and economic advancement. Italy remained a poor and backward country. It is no wonder that Italy met with defeats in the Second World War and Mussolini's regime was overthrown by the Italian people in the midst of the war.", "precise_score": 1.2470850944519043, "rough_score": -0.6093219518661499, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, multi-seat electoral constituencies, was introduced after World War I. Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals. Elections took place in 1919, 1921, and 1924: in this last occasion, Mussolini abolished the PR replacing it with a block voting system on national bases, which gave to the Fascist Party the absolute majority of the Chamber seats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9625706672668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In Italy, society was divided over the war: Italian socialists generally opposed the war and supported pacificism, while nationalists militantly supported the war. Long-time nationalists Gabriele D'Annunzio and Luigi Federzoni and an obscure Marxist journalist and new convert to nationalist sentiment, future Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, demanded that Italy join the war. For nationalists, Italy had to maintain its alliance with the Central Empires, in order to obtain colonial territories in expenses of France. For the liberals, the war presented Italy a long-awaited opportunity to use an alliance with the Entente to gain certain Italian-populated and other territories from Austria-Hungary, which had long been part of Italian patriotic aims since unification. In 1915, relatives of Italian revolutionary and republican hero Giuseppe Garibaldi died on the battlefield of France, where they had volunteered to fight. Federzoni used the memorial services to declare the importance of Italy joining the war, and to warn the monarchy of the consequences of continued disunity in Italy if it did not:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6040735244750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini used his new newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia and his strong oratorical skills to urge nationalists and patriotic revolutionary leftists to support Italy's entry into the war to gain back Italian populated territories from Austria-Hungary, by saying \"enough of Libya, and on to Trent and Trieste\". Mussolini claimed that it was in the interests of socialists to join the war to tear down the aristocratic Hohenzollern dynasty of Germany which he claimed was the enemy of all European workers. Mussolini and other nationalists warned the Italian government that Italy must join the war or face revolution and called for violence against pacifists and neutralists. Left-wing nationalism also erupted in southern Italy, socialist and nationalist Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida saw joining the war as essential to relieving southern Italy of the rising cost of bread which had caused riots in the south, and advocated a \"war of revolution\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.270854949951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Morale fell among Italian soldiers who lived a tedious life when not on the front lines: they were forbidden to enter theatres or bars even when on leave. However, when battles were about to occur, alcohol was made freely available to the soldiers in order to reduce tension before the battle. In order to escape the tedium after battles, some groups of soldiers worked to create improvised brothels. In order to maintain morale, the Italian army had propaganda lectures of the importance of the war to Italy, especially in order to retrieve Trento and Trieste from Austria-Hungary. Some of these lectures were carried out by popular nationalist war proponents such as Gabriele D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio himself would participate in a number of paramilitary raids on Austrian positions along the Adriatic coastline during the war and temporaly lost his sight after a plane raid. Prominent pro-war advocate Benito Mussolini was prevented from giving lecture by the government, most likely because of his revolutionary socialist past.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.167522430419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini in war and postwar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.138258934020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1914, Benito Mussolini was forced out of the Italian Socialist Party after calling for Italian intervention against Austria. Prior to World War I, Mussolini had opposed military conscription, protested against Italy's occupation of Libya, and was the editor of the Socialist Party's official newspaper, Avanti!. Over time, he simply called for revolution, without mentioning class struggle. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo (an armaments firm) and other companies to create his own newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war. The Allies, eager to draw Italy to the war, helped finance the newspaper. This newspaper became Fascism's official newspaper. During the war, Mussolini served in the army and was wounded once. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8961341381073, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Following the end of the war and the Treaty of Versailles, in 1919, Mussolini created the Fasci di Combattimento or Combat League. It was originally dominated by patriotic socialist and syndicalist veterans who opposed the pacifist policies of the Italian Socialist Party. The Fascists initially had a platform far more inclined to the left, promising social revolution, proportional representation, women's suffrage (partly realized in 1925), and dividing private property held by estates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7901506423950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On 15 April 1919, the Fascists made their debut in political violence, when a group of members from the Fasci di Combattimento attacked the offices of Avanti! Recognizing the failures of the Fascists' initial revolutionary and left-leaning policy, Mussolini moved the organization away from the left and turned the revolutionary movement into an electoral movement in 1921 named the Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party). The party copied the nationalist themes of D'Annunzio and rejected parliamentary democracy while still operating within to destroy it. Mussolini changed his original revolutionary policies, such as moving away from anti-clericalism to supporting the Catholic Church and abandoned his public opposition to the monarchy. Support for the Fascists began to grow in 1921 and Fascist-supporting army officers began taking arms and vehicles from the army to use in counterrevolutionary attacks on socialists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.096526622772217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1920, Giolitti had come back as Prime Minister in an attempt to solve the deadlock. One year later, Giolitti's government had already become unstable, and a growing socialist opposition further endangered his government. Giolitti believed that the Fascists could be toned down and used to protect the state from the socialists. He decided to include Fascists on his electoral list for the 1921 elections. In the elections, the Fascists did not make large gains, but Giolitti's government failed to gather a large enough coalition to govern and offered the Fascists placements in his government. The Fascists rejected Giolitti's offers and joined with socialists in bringing down his government. A number of descendants of those who had served Garibaldi's revolutionaries during unification were won over to Mussolini's nationalist revolutionary ideals. His advocacy of corporatism and futurism had attracted advocates of the \"third way\". But most importantly he had won over politicians like Facta and Giolitti who did not condemn him for his Blackshirts' mistreatment of socialists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.190399169921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Upon taking power, Mussolini formed a legislative coalition with nationalists, liberals, and populists. However goodwill by the Fascists towards parliamentary democracy faded quickly: Mussolini's coalition passed the electoral Acerbo Law of 1923, which gave two thirds of the seats in parliament to the party or coalition that achieved 25% of the vote. The Fascist Party used violence and intimidation to achieve the 25% threshold in the 1924 election, and became the ruling political party of Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.420727491378784, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Following the election, Socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti was assassinated after calling for an annulment of the elections because of the irregularities. Following the assassination, the Socialists walked out of parliament, allowing Mussolini to pass more authoritarian laws. In 1925, Mussolini accepted responsibility for the Fascist violence in 1924, and promised that dissenters would be dealt with harshly. Before the speech, Blackshirts smashed opposition presses and beat up several of Mussolini's opponents. This event is considered the onset of undisguised Fascist dictatorship in Italy, though it would be 1928 before the Fascist Party was formally declared the only legal party in the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4832229614257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "With the concept of totalitarianism, Mussolini and the Fascist regime set an agenda of improving Italian culture and society based on ancient Rome, personal dictatorship, and some futurist aspects of Italian intellectuals and artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.842184066772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini's propaganda idolized him as the nation's saviour. The Fascist regime attempted to make him omnipresent in Italian society. Much of Fascism's appeal in Italy was based on the personality cult around Mussolini and his popularity. Mussolini's passionate oratory and personality cult was displayed at huge rallies and parades of his Blackshirts in Rome which served as an inspiration to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party in Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9480748176574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The Lateran Accord of 1929 was a treaty that recognized the pope the sovereign of the tiny Vatican City inside Rome, which gave it independent status and made the Vatican an important hub of world diplomacy. The Concordat of 1929 made Catholicism the sole religion of the state (although other religions were tolerated), paid salaries to priests and bishops, recognized church marriages (previously couples had to have a civil ceremony), and brought religious instruction into the public schools. In turn the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian state, which had a veto power over their selection. A third agreement paid the Vatican 1750 million lira (about $100 million) for the seizures of church property since 1860. The Church was not officially obligated to support the Fascist regime; the strong differences remained but the seething hostility ended. The Church especially endorsed foreign policies such as support for the anti-Communist side in the Spanish Civil War, and support for the conquest of Ethiopia. Friction continued over the Catholic Action youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his Fascist youth group. In 1931 Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Non abbiamo bisogno (\"We Have No Need)\") that denounced the regime's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned \"pagan worship of the State.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0025410652160645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A nationwide plebiscite was held in March 1929 to endorse the treaty. Opponents were intimidated by the Fascist regime; the Catholic Action party (Azione Cattolica) instructed Italian Catholics to vote for Fascist candidates to represent them in positions in churches, Mussolini claimed that \"no\" votes were of those \"... few ill-advised anti-clericals who refuse to accept the Lateran Pacts\". Nearly 9 million Italians voted or 90 per cent of the registered electorate; only 136,000 voted \"no\". The Lateran Treaty remains in place to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4390170574188232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On the issue of antisemitism, the Fascists were divided on what to do, especially with the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany. A number of Fascist members were Jewish, and Mussolini himself did not personally believe in antisemitism, but to appease Hitler, antisemitism within the Fascist party steadily increased. In 1936, Mussolini made his first written denunciation of Jews by claiming that antisemitism had only arisen because Jews had become too predominant in the positions of power of countries and claimed that Jews were a \"ferocious\" tribe who sought to \"totally banish\" Christians from public life. In 1937, Fascist member Paolo Orano criticized the Zionist movement as being part of British foreign policy which designed to secure British hold of the area without respecting the Christian and Muslim presence in Palestine. On the matter of Jewish Italians, Orano said that they \"should concern themselves with nothing more than their religion\" and not bother boasting of being patriotic Italians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.948915958404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The major source of friction between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy was Italy's stance on Jews. In his early years as Fascist leader, while Mussolini harboured racial stereotypes of Jews he did not hold a firm stance on Jews, and his official stances oscillated and shifted to meet the political demands of the various factions of the Fascist movement, rather than having any concrete stance. Of the 117 original members of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento founded on 23 March 1919, 5 were Jewish. Since the movement's early years, there were a small number of prominent openly anti-Semitic Fascists such as Roberto Farinacci. There were also prominent Fascists who completely rejected anti-Semitism, such as Italo Balbo who lived in Ferrara, which had a substantial Jewish community that was accepted and few anti-Semitic incidents. Mussolini initially had no anti-Semitic statements in his policies. However, in response to his observation of large numbers of Jews amongst the Bolsheviks, and claims (that were later confirmed to be true) that the Bolsheviks and Germany (that Italy was fighting in World War I) were politically connected, Mussolini made anti-Semitic statements involving the Bolshevik-German connection as being an \"unholy alliance between Hindenburg and the synagogue\". Mussolini came to believe rumours that Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin was of Jewish descent. Mussolini attacked the Jewish banker Giuseppe Toeplitz of Banca Commerciale Italiana by claiming that he was a German agent and traitor of Italy. In an article in Il Popolo d'Italia in June 1919, Mussolini wrote a highly anti-Semitic analysis on the situation in Europe involving Bolshevism following the October Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and war in Hungary involving the Hungarian Soviet Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.131999969482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "This statement by Mussolini on a Jewish-Bolshevik-plutocratic connection and conspiracy was met with opposition in the Fascist movement, resulting in Mussolini responding to this opposition amongst his supporters by abandoning and reversing this stance shortly afterwards in 1919. In reversing his stance due to opposition to it, Mussolini no longer expressed his previous assertion that Bolshevism was Jewish but warned that due to the large numbers of Jews in the Bolshevik movement, the rise of Bolshevism in Russia would result in a ferocious wave of anti-Semitism in Russia. He then claimed that \"anti-Semitism is foreign to the Italian people\" but warned Zionists that they should be careful not to stir up anti-Semitism in \"the only country where it has not existed\". One of the Jewish financial supporters of the Fascist movement, was Toeplitz, whom Mussolini had earlier accused of being a traitor during World War I. Early on there were prominent Jewish Italian Fascists such as Aldo Finzi, Finzi was born of a mixed marriage of a Jewish and Christian Italian, he was baptized as a Catholic. Another prominent Jewish Italian Fascist was Ettore Ovazza who was a staunch Italian nationalist and an opponent of Zionism in Italy. 230 Italian Jews took part in the Fascists' March on Rome in 1922. In 1932, Mussolini made his private attitude about Jews known to the Austrian ambassador when discussing the issue of the anti-Semitism of Hitler, saying: \"I have no love for the Jews, but they have great influence everywhere. It is better to leave them alone. Hitler's anti-Semitism has already brought him more enemies than is necessary\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.401777744293213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italian Fascism adopted antisemitism in the late 1930s, and Mussolini personally returned to invoke antisemitic statements as he had done earlier. The Fascist regime used antisemitic propaganda for the Spanish Civil War from 1937 to 1938 that emphasized that Italy was supporting Spain's Nationalist forces against a \"Jewish International\". The Fascist regime's adoption of official antisemitic racial doctrine in 1938 met opposition from Fascist members including Balbo, who regarded antisemitism as having nothing to do with Fascism and staunchly opposed the antisemitic laws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.524399757385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1938, under pressure from Nazi Germany, Mussolini made the regime adopt a policy of antisemitism, which was extremely unpopular in Italy and in the Fascist Party itself. As a result of the laws, the Fascist regime lost its propaganda director, Margherita Sarfatti, who was Jewish and had been Mussolini's mistress. A minority of high-ranking Fascists were pleased with the antisemitic policy such as Roberto Farinacci who claimed that Jews through intrigue had taken control key positions of finance, business and schools and he claimed that Jews sympathized with Ethiopia during Italy's war with it and that Jews had sympathized with Republican Spain during the Spanish Civil War. In 1938, Farinacci became the minister in charge of culture, and adopted racial laws designed to prevent racial intermixing which included antisemitism. Until the armistice with the Allies in September 1943, the Italian Jewish community was protected from deportation to the Nazi death camps in the east. With the armistice, Hitler took control of the German occupied territory in the north and began an effort to liquidate the Jewish community under his control. Shortly after the entry of Italy into the war, numerous camps were established for the imprisonment of enemy aliens and Italians suspected to be hostile to the regime. In contrast to the brutality of the Nazi-run camps, the Italian camps allowed families to live together and there was a broad program of social welfare and cultural activities.[http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/italy_main.htm Italy]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.500082492828369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For security of the regime, Mussolini advocated complete state authority, and created the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale or National Security Volunteer Militia in 1923, which are commonly referred to as the Blackshirts for the colour of their uniforms. Most of the Blackshirts were members from the Fasci di Combattimento. A secret police force called the Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo (Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism) or OVRA was created in 1927. It was led by Arturo Bocchini to crack down on opponents of the regime and Mussolini (there had been several near-miss assassination attempts on Mussolini's life in his early years in power). This force was effective, but unlike the Schutzstaffel (SS) in Nazi Germany or the NKVD of the Soviet Union, the OVRA caused far fewer deaths of political opponents. However Fascists methods of repression were cruel which included physically forcing opponents of Fascism to swallow castor oil which would cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, leaving the victim in a painful and physically debilitated state which would sometimes would result in death. [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a4_028.html The Straight Dope: Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.397611141204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini and the Fascist Party promised Italians a new economic system called corporatism. Corporatism was an outgrowth of socialism into a new economic system where the means of production were nominally left in the hands of the civil sector, but directed and controlled by the State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.603693962097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1935, the Doctrine of Fascism was published under Mussolini's name, although it was most likely written by Giovanni Gentile. It described the role of the state in the economy under corporatism. By this time, Fascism had been drawn more towards the support of market forces being dominant over state intervention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.640387535095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Fascists claimed that this system would be egalitarian and traditional at the same time. The economic policy of corporatism quickly faltered: the left-wing elements of the Fascist manifesto were opposed by industrialists and landowners who supported the party because it pledged to defend Italy from communism and socialism. As a result, corporatist policy became dominated by the industries. Initially, economic legislation mostly favoured the wealthy industrial and agrarian classes by allowing privatization, liberalization of rent laws, tax cuts and administrative reform. However, economic policy changed drastically following the Matteoti Crisis where Mussolini began pushing for a totalitarian state. In 1926, the Syndical laws (also known as the Rocco laws) were passed, organizing the economy into 12 separate employer and employee unions. The unions were largely state-controlled and were mainly used to suppress opposition and reward political loyalty. While the Fascist unions could not protect workers from all economic consequences, they were responsible for the handling of social security benefits, claims for severance pay, and could sometimes negotiate contracts that benefited workers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.6677565574646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Lee identifies three major themes in Mussolini's foreign-policy. The first was a continuation of the foreign-policy objectives of the preceding Liberal regime. Liberal Italy had allied itself with Germany and Austria, and had great ambitions in the Balkans and North Africa. It had been badly defeated in Ethiopia in 1896, there was a strong demand for seizing that country. Second was a profound disillusionment after the heavy losses of the First World War. The small territorial gains from Austria were not enough to compensate for the war's terrible costs; other countries especially Poland and Yugoslavia received much more and Italy felt cheated. Third was Mussolini's promise to restore the pride and glory of the old Roman Empire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.097554683685303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as a Great Power in Europe, making it a \"New Roman Empire\". Mussolini promised that Italy would hold power over the Mediterranean Sea. In propaganda, Fascists used the ancient Roman \"Mare Nostrum\" (Latin for \"Our Sea\"). The Fascist regime increased funding and attention to military projects, and began plans to create an Italian Empire in North and East Africa, and reclaim dominance in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea. The Fascists launched wars to conquer Dalmatia, Albania and Greece for the Italian Empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.142935276031494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Colonial efforts in Africa began in the 1920s, as civil war plagued Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI) as the Arab population there refused to accept Italian colonial rule. Mussolini sent Marshal Rodolfo Graziani to lead a punitive pacification campaign against the Arab nationalists. Omar Mukhtar, led the Arab resistance movement. After a much-disputed truce on 3 January 1928, the Fascist policy in Libya increased in brutality. A barbed wire fence was built from the Mediterranean to the oasis of Jaghbub to sever lines critical to the resistance. Soon afterwards, the colonial administration began the wholesale deportation of the people of the Jebel Akhdar to deny the rebels the support of the local population. The forced migration of more than 100,000 people ended in concentration camps in Suluq and Al-'Aghela where tens of thousands died in squalid conditions. It's estimated that the number of Libyans who died - killed either through combat or starvation and disease - was at least 80,000, and up to half of the Cyrenaican population. After Al-Mukhtar's capture September 15, 1931 and his execution in Benghazi, the resistance petered out. Limited resistance to the Italian occupation crystallized around Sheik Idris, the Emir of Cyrenaica.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8402657508850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1935, Mussolini believed that the time was right for Italy to invade Ethiopia (a.k.a. Abyssinia) to make it a colony. As a result, the Second Italo-Abyssinian War erupted. Italy invaded Ethiopia from the Italian colonies of Eritrea and Somaliland. Italy committed atrocities against the Ethiopians during the war, including the use of aircraft to drop poison gas on the defending Ethiopian soldiers. Ethiopia surrendered in 1936, completing Italy's revenge for its failed colonial conquest of the 1880s. King Victor Emmanuel III was soon proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia. The international consequences for Italy's belligerence resulted in its isolation at the League of Nations. France and Britain quickly abandoned their trust of Mussolini. The only nation to back Italy's aggression was Nazi Germany. After being condemned by the League of Nations, the Grand Council of Fascism declared Italy's decision to leave the League on December 11, 1937 and Mussolini denounced the League as a mere \"tottering temple\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.821540117263794, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After pressure was placed on Italy by Nazi Germany to promote a racist agenda, the Fascist regime moved away from its previous promotion of colonialism based on the spread of Italian culture to a directly racist colonial agenda. The Fascist regime declared that it would promote mass Italian settlements in the colonies that would in the Fascist regime's terms, \"create in the heart of the African continent a powerful and homogeneous nucleus of whites strong enough to draw those populations within our economic orbit and our Roman and Fascist civilization\". Fascist rule in its Italian colonies differed from region to region. Rule in Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI), a colony including Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland, was harsh for the native peoples as Fascist policy sought to destroy native culture. In February 1937, Rodolfo Graziani ordered Italian soldiers to pillage native settlements in Addis Ababa, which resulted in hundreds of Ethiopians being killed and their homes being burned to the ground. After the occupation of Ethiopia, the Fascist regime endorsed racial segregation to reduce the number of mixed offspring in Italian colonies which they claimed would \"pollute\" the Italian race. Marital and sexual relationships between Italians and Africans in its colonies were made a criminal offense when the Fascist regime implemented decree-law No. 880 April 19, 1937 which gave sentences of one to five years imprisonment to Italians caught in such relationships. The law did not give any sentences to native Africans, as the Fascist government claimed that only those Italians were to blame for damaging the prestige of their race. Despite racist language used in some propaganda, the Fascist regime accepted recruitment of native Africans who wanted to join Italy's colonial armed forces and native African colonial recruits were displayed in propaganda. In Italian Libya, Mussolini downplayed racist policies as he attempted to earn the trust of Arab leaders there. Individual freedom, inviolability of home and property, right to join the military or civil administrations, and the right to freely pursue a career or employment were guaranteed to Libyans by December 1934. In famous trip to Libya in 1937, a propaganda event was created when on March 18 Mussolini posed with Arab dignitaries who gave him an honorary \"Sword of Islam\" (that had actually been made in Florence) which was to symbolize Mussolini as a protector of the Muslim Arab peoples there. In 1939, laws were passed that allowed Muslims to be permitted to join the National Fascist Party and in particular the Muslim Association of the Lictor (Associazione Musulmana del Littorio) for Muslim Libya, and the 1939 reforms allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.721879005432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After Germany annexed Czechoslovakia, Mussolini turned his attention to Albania. On April 7, 1939, Italy invaded the country, and after a short campaign Albania was occupied, and its parliament crowned Victor Emmanuel III King of Albania. The historical justification for the annexation of Albania laid in the ancient history of the Roman Empire in which the region of Albania had been an early conquest for the Romans, even before northern Italy had been taken by Roman forces. But obviously by the time of annexation, little connection to Italy remained amongst Albanians. In actuality, the annexation of Albania was far from a military conquest as the country had been a de facto protectorate of Italy since the 1920s and much of its army were commanded by Italian officers sent from Italy. The occupation was not appreciated by King Emmanuel III, who feared that it had isolated Italy even further than its war against Ethiopia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.620781898498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "When the Nazi Party attained power in Germany in 1933, Mussolini and the Fascist regime in public showed approval of Hitler's regime, with Mussolini saying \"The victory of Hitler is our victory\". The Fascist regime also spoke of creating an alliance with the new regime in Germany. In private, Mussolini and the Italian Fascists showed disapproval of the Nazi government and Mussolini had a disapproving view of Hitler despite ideological similarities. The Fascists distrusted Hitler's Pan-German ideas which they saw as a threat to territories in Italy that previously had been part of Austrian Empire. Although other Nazis disapproved of Mussolini and Fascist Italy, Hitler had long idolized Mussolini's oratorical and visual persona, and adopted much of the symbolism of the Fascists into the Nazi Party, such as the Roman, straight-armed salute, dramatic oratory, the use of uniformed paramilitaries for political violence, and the use of mass rallies to demonstrate the power of the movement. In 1922 Hitler tried to ask for Mussolini's guidance on how to organize his own version of the March on Rome which would be a \"March on Berlin\" (which came into being as the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923). Mussolini did not respond to Hitler's requests as he did not have much interest in Hitler's movement and regarded Hitler to be somewhat crazy. Mussolini did attempt to read Mein Kampf to find out what Hitler's National Socialist movement was but was immediately disappointed, saying that Mein Kampf was \"a boring tome that I have never been able to read\" and remarked that Hitler's beliefs were \"little more than commonplace clichés.\" While Mussolini like Hitler believed in the cultural and moral superiority of whites over coloured peoples, he opposed Hitler's antisemitic beliefs. A number of Fascists were Jewish, including Mussolini's mistress Margherita Sarfatti, the director of Fascist art and propaganda, and there was little support amongst Italians for antisemitism. Mussolini also did not evaluate race as being a precursor of superiority, but rather culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.470452308654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler and the Nazis continued to try to woo Mussolini to their cause, and eventually Mussolini gave financial assistance to the Nazi party and allowed Nazi paramilitaries to train in Italy in the belief that despite differences, a fascist regime in Germany could be beneficial to Italy. Suspicion of the Nazis increased after 1933, Mussolini sought to ensure that Nazi Germany would not become the dominant fascist state in Europe. To do this, Mussolini opposed German efforts to annex Austria after the assassination of fascist Austrian President Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, and promised the Austrians military support if Germany were to interfere. This promise helped save Austria from annexation in 1934.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.797293186187744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Public appearances and propaganda constantly portrayed the closeness of Mussolini and Hitler and the similarities between Italian Fascism and German National Socialism. While both ideologies had significant similarities, the two factions were suspicious of each other, and both leaders were in competition for world influence. Hitler and Mussolini first met in June 1934, as the issue of Austrian independence was in crisis. In private, after the visit in 1934, Mussolini said that Hitler was just \"a silly little monkey\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.93629789352417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "With no significant opposition from Italy, Hitler proceeded with Anschluß, the annexation of Austria in 1938. Germany later claimed the Sudetenland, a province of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by Germans. Mussolini felt he had little choice but to help Germany to avoid isolation. With the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938, the Fascist regime began to be concerned about the majority ethnic German population in southern Tyrol, and whether they would want to join a Greater Germany. The Fascists were also concerned about whether Italy should follow Nazi antisemitic policies in order to gain favour from those Nazis who had mixed feelings about Italy as an ally. In 1938, Mussolini pressured fellow Fascist members to support the enacting of antisemitic policies, but this was not well taken, as a number of Fascists were Jewish and antisemitism was not an active political concept in Italy. Nevertheless, Mussolini forced through antisemitic legislation even while his own son-in-law and prominent Fascist Count Galeazzo Ciano personally condemned such laws. In turn for enacting the extremely unpopular antisemitic laws, Mussolini and the Fascist government demanded a concession from Hitler and the Nazis. In 1939 the Fascists demanded from Hitler that his government willingly accept the Italian government's plan to have all Germans in south Tyrol either leave Italy or be forced to accept Italianization. Hitler agreed and thus the threat to Italy from the south Tyrol Germans was neutralized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1463303565979, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "As war approached in 1939, the Fascist regime stepped up an aggressive press campaign against France claiming that Italian people were suffering in France. This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France, Germany on German-populated Alsace-Lorraine and Italy on Italian populated Nice and Corsica. In May 1939, a formal alliance was organized. The alliance was known as the Pact of Steel which obliged Italy to fight alongside Germany if war broke out against Germany. Mussolini felt obliged to sign the pact in spite of his own concerns that Italy could not fight a war in the near future. This obligation grew from his promises to Italians that he would build an empire for them and from his personal desire to not allow Hitler to become the dominant leader in Europe. Mussolini was repulsed by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreement where Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to partition the Second Polish Republic into German and Soviet zones for an impending invasion. The Fascist government saw this as a betrayal of the Anti-Comintern Pact, but decided to remain officially silent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8586552143096924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 beginning World War II, Mussolini publicly declared on September 24, 1939, that Italy had the choice of entering the war or to remain neutral which would cause the country to lose its national dignity. Nevertheless, despite his aggressive posture, Mussolini kept Italy out of the conflict for many months. Mussolini told his son in law, Count Ciano, that he was personally jealous over Hitler's accomplishments and hoped that Hitler's prowess would be slowed down by Allied counterattack. Mussolini went so far as to lessen Germany's successes in Europe by giving advanced notice to Belgium and the Netherlands of an imminent German invasion, of which Germany had informed Italy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0843875408172607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In drawing out war plans, Mussolini and the Fascist regime decided that Italy would aim to annex large portions of Africa and the Middle East to be included in its colonial empire. Hesitance remained from the King and military commander Pietro Badoglio who warned Mussolini that Italy had too few tanks, armoured vehicles, and aircraft available to be able to carry out a long-term war and Badoglio told Mussolini \"It is suicide\" for Italy to get involved in the European conflict. Mussolini and the Fascist regime took the advice to a degree and waited as France was invaded by Germany before deciding to get involved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.685265302658081, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Continuing indications of Italy's subordinate nature to Germany arose during the Greco-Italian War, which was disastrous for the poorly armed Italian Army. Mussolini had intended the war with Greece to prove to Germany that Italy was no minor power in the alliance, but a capable empire which could hold its own weight. Mussolini boasted to his government that he would even resign from being Italian if anyone found fighting the Greeks to be difficult. Within days of invading Greece, the Greek army pushed the Italian army back into Albania and humiliatingly put Italy on the defensive. Hitler and the German government were frustrated with Italy's failing campaigns, but so was Mussolini. Mussolini in private angrily accused Italians on the battlefield of becoming \"overcome with a crisis of artistic sentimentalism and throw in the towel.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5845255851745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "To gain back ground in Greece, Germany reluctantly began a Balkans Campaign alongside Italy which resulted also in the destruction of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941 and the ceding of Dalmatia to Italy. Mussolini and Hitler compensated Croatian nationalists by endorsing the creation of the Independent State of Croatia under the extreme nationalist Ustaše. In order to receive the support of Italy, the Ustaše agreed to concede the main central portion of Dalmatia as well as various Adriatic islands to Italy, as Dalmatia held a significant number of Italians. The ceding of the Adriatic islands was considered by the Independent State of Croatia to be a minimal loss, as in exchange for those cessions, they were allowed to annex all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, which led to the persecution of the Serb population there. Officially, the Independent State of Croatia was a kingdom and an Italian protectorate, ruled by Italian House of Savoy member Tomislav II of Croatia, however he never personally set foot on Croatian soil, and the government was run by Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Ustaše. Italy did however hold military control across all of Croatia's coast, which combined with Italian control of Albania and Montenegro, gave Italy complete control of the Adriatic Sea, thus completing a key part of the Mare Nostrum policy of the Fascists. The Ustaše movement proved valuable to Italy and Germany as a means to counter Royalist Chetnik guerrillas (although they did work with them because they did not really like the Ustaše movement whom they left up to the Germans) and the communist Yugoslav Partisans under Josip Broz Tito who opposed the occupation of Yugoslavia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.352315425872803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk Clash of civilisations], Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 7 the annual mortality rate in the Italian concentration camps was higher than the average mortality rate in Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald (which was 15%), at least 18%. Monsignor Joze Srebnic, Bishop of Veglia (Krk island), on 5 August 1943 reported to Pope Pius XII that \"witnesses, who took part in the burials, state unequivocally that the number of the dead totals at least 3,500\". After the war Yugoslavia, Greece and Ethiopia requested the extradition of 1,200 Italian war criminals for trail. However they never saw anything like the Nuremberg trials, because the British government with the beginning of the Cold War saw in Pietro Badoglio a guarantee of an anti-communist post-war Italy. The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy about the country's actions during the war. In 1963 anthology \"Notte sul'Europa\" a photography of an internee from Rab concentration camp was included while claiming to be a photography of an internee from a German Nazi camp, when in fact the internee was a Slovene Janez Mihelčič, born 1885 in Babna Gorica, who died at Rab in 1943. In 2003 the Italian media published Silvio Berlusconi's statement that Benito Mussolini merely \"used to send people on vacation\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.688549995422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By 1943, Italy was failing on every front, by January of the year, half of the Italian forces serving on the Eastern Front had been destroyed, the African campaign had collapsed, the Balkans remained unstable, and demoralised Italians wanted an end to the war. King Victor Emmanuel III urged Count Ciano to overstep Mussolini to try to begin talks with the Allies. In mid-1943, the Allies commenced an invasion of Sicily in an effort to knock Italy out of the war and establish a foothold in Europe. Allied troops landed in Sicily with little initial opposition from Italian forces. The situation changed as the Allies ran into German forces, who held out for some time before Sicily was taken over by the Allies. The invasion made Mussolini dependent on the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) to protect his regime. The Allies steadily advanced through Italy with little opposition from demoralized Italian soldiers, while facing serious opposition from German forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.61797833442688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "By 1943, Mussolini had lost the support of the Italian population for having led a disastrous war effort. To the world, Mussolini was viewed as a \"sawdust caesar\" for having led his country to war with ill-equipped and poorly trained armed forces which failed in battle. The embarrassment of Mussolini to Italy led King Victor Emmanuel III and even members of the Fascist Party to desire Mussolini's removal. The first stage of his ousting took place when Fascist Party's Grand Council under the direction of Fascist member Dino Grandi voted to remove Mussolini as the party's leader. Days later, on 26 July 1943, Emmanuel III officially removed Mussolini from the post of Prime Minister and replaced him with Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Upon removal, Mussolini was immediately arrested. When the radio brought the unexpected news of muscling these replacement, Italians assume the war was practically over. The fascist organizations that had for two decades pledged their loyalty to \"Il Duce\" were silent—no effort was made by any of them to protest. The new Badoglio government stripped away the final elements of Fascist rule by banning the Fascist Party. The fascists had never controlled the army, but they did have a separately armed militia; it was merged into the army. The main fascist organs, including the Grande Council, the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State, and the Chambers were all disbanded. All local fascist formations clubs and meetings were shut down. Slowly, the most outspoken Fascists were purged from office. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.371826648712158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "However, Mussolini's reign in Italy was not over. A German commando unit led by Otto Skorzeny rescued Mussolini from the mountain hotel where he was being held under arrest. Hitler instructed Mussolini to establish the Italian Social Republic in German-held northern Italy. The Italian Social Republic was a German puppet state. The Fascist state's armed forces were a combination of Mussolini loyalist Fascists and German armed forces. However Mussolini had little power, Hitler and the German armed forces led the campaign against the Allies and saw little interest in preserving Italy as more than a buffer zone against an Allied invasion of Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5819544792175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini was captured on April 27, 1945, by Communist Italian partisans near the Swiss border as he tried to escape Italy. On the next day, he was executed for high treason, as sentenced in absentia by a tribunal of the CLN. Afterwards, the bodies of Mussolini, his mistress, and about fifteen other Fascists were taken to Milan where they were displayed to the public. Days later on 2 May 1945, the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) in Italy surrendered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7607834339141846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "First Marshal of the Empire – Supreme commander of the Italian Royal Army, Air Force, Navy, and the Voluntary Militia for National Security from 1938 to 1943 during the Fascist era, held by both Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.843332529067993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "* Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (Voluntary Militia for National Security also known as the \"Blackshirts\") Militia loyal to Benito Mussolini during the Fascist era, abolished in 1943.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.012449264526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Most of the historiographical controversy centers on sharply conflicting interpretations of fascism and the Mussolini regime. The 1920s writers on the left, following the lead of Communist theorist Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), stressed that fascism was a form of capitalism. The fascist regime controlled the writing and teaching of history through the central \"Giunta Centrale per gli Studi Storici\" and control of access to the archives and sponsored historians and scholars who were favorable toward it such as philosopher Giovanni Gentile and historians Gioacchino Volpe and Francesco Salata. In October 1932, it sponsored a large Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution, featuring its favored modernist art and asserting its own claims to express the spirit of Roman glory. After the war most historiography was intensely hostile to Mussolini, emphasizing the theme of fascism and totalitarianism. An exception was conservative historian Renzo De Felice (1929–96), whose 6,000 pages of biography (4 vol 1965–97) remains the most exhaustive examination of public and private documents and serves as a basic resource for all scholars. He argued that Mussolini was a revolutionary modernizer in domestic issues but a pragmatist in foreign policy who continued the Realpolitik policies of liberal Italy, 1861–1922. In the 1990s, a cultural turn began with studies that examined the issue of popular reception and acceptance of Fascism using the perspectives of 'aestheticization of politics' and 'sacralisation of politics'. By the 21st century the old \"anti-Fascist\" postwar consensus was under attack from a group of revisionist scholars who have presented a more favorable and nationalistic assessment of Mussolini's role, both at home and abroad. Controversy rages as there is no consensus among scholars using competing interpretations based on revisionist, anti-Fascist, intentionalist, or culturalist models of history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.049181938171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kingdom of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "* Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, Benito Mussolini's Italy, and other fascist dictatorships;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.47694730758667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dictatorship" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - Mar 23, 1919 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207202911376953, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697031021118164, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697031021118164, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697031021118164, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini, an Italian World War I veteran and publisher of Socialist newspapers, breaks with the Italian Socialists and establishes the nationalist Fasci di Combattimento, named after the Italian peasant revolutionaries, or “Fighting Bands,” from the 19th century. Commonly known as the Fascist Party, Mussolini’s new right-wing organization advocated Italian nationalism, had black shirts for uniforms, and launched a program of terrorism and intimidation against its leftist opponents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3806989192962646, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini appealed to Italy’s former Western allies for new treaties, but his brutal 1935 invasion of Ethiopia ended all hope of alliance with the Western democracies. In 1936, Mussolini joined Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in his support of Francisco Franco’s Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War, prompting the signing of a treaty of cooperation in foreign policy between Italy and Nazi Germany in 1937. Although Adolf Hitler’s Nazi revolution was modeled after the rise of Mussolini and the Italian Fascist Party, Fascist Italy and Il Duce proved overwhelmingly the weaker partner in the Berlin-Rome Axis during World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2283267974853516, "source": "search", "title": "Mussolini founds the Fascist party - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.925599098205566, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": " Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7979494333267212, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini's rise to power began in World War One with the involvement of Italy on behalf of the Allies. There was great dissent over whether or not such involvement was necessary or beneficial, and the Socialist Party opposed the addition of Italian Arms to the forces of the Allies. Benito Mussolini, a prominent Socialist journalist, originally agreed with his party in regards to the war, but several months after the start of the war he changed his opinion and left the Socialist Party. After leaving the Socialist Party he founded a fascist newspaper, Popola d'Italia, and several fascist groups, the Autonomous Fascists, the Constituent Fascists, the Revolutionary Fascists, and the Fighting Fascists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.442590236663818, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A picture of the March on Rome, after which Mussolini was named Prime Minister of Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.989236354827881, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A propaganda pamphlet from the early 1940s that denounced the Atlantic Alliance and praised Mussolini and the fighting qualities of the Italian soldier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.598065137863159, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Picture of Hitler and Mussolini, used as war propaganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.898381233215332, "source": "search", "title": "Europe's First Fascist Dictator: Mussolini" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6251482963562012, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682628631591797, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A Biography of Benito Mussolini, the Fascist Dictator of Italy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7039432525634766, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini. (circa 1925).  (Photo by FPG/Archive Photos/Getty Images)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.041388511657715, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Who Was Benito Mussolini?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.109679222106934, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1943, Mussolini was replaced as Prime Minister and served as the head of the Italian Social Republic until his capture and execution by Italian partisans in 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8498642444610596, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Also Known As: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, Il Duce", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.311487197875977, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Biography of Benito Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92104721069336, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini was born in Predappio, a hamlet above Verano di Costa in northern Italy. Mussolini’s father, Alessandro, was a blacksmith and an ardent socialist who scorned religion. His mother, Rosa Maltoni, was an elementary school teacher and a very pious, devout Catholic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.422736167907715, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini had two younger siblings: a brother (Arnaldo) and a sister (Edvidge).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.500332832336426, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "While growing up, Mussolini proved to be a difficult child. He was disobedient and had a quick temper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.620500564575195, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Despite all the trouble he caused at school, Mussolini still managed to obtain a diploma and then, a little surprisingly, Mussolini worked for a short time as a school teacher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.555307388305664, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini as a Socialist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.613726615905762, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Looking for better job opportunities, Mussolini moved to Switzerland in July 1902. In Switzerland, Mussolini worked at a variety of odd jobs and spent his evenings attending local socialist party meetings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.90814208984375, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "One of those jobs was working as a propagandist for a bricklayer trade union. Mussolini took a very aggressive stance, frequently advocated violence, and urged a general strike to create change. All of which led to him being arrested several times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.765273571014404, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Between his turbulent work at the trade union during the day and his many speeches and discussions with socialists at night, Mussolini soon made enough of a name for himself in socialist circles that he began writing and editing several socialist newspapers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.910052299499512, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1904, Mussolini returned to Italy to serve his conscription requirement in Italy’s peace-time army. In 1909, he lived for a short time in Austria working for a trade union. He wrote for a socialist newspaper and his attacks on militarism and nationalism resulted in his expulsion from Austria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7043039798736572, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Once again back in Italy, Mussolini continued to advocate for socialism and to develop his skills as an orator. He was forceful and authoritative, and while frequently wrong in his facts, his speeches were always compelling. His views and his oration skills quickly brought him to the attention of his fellow socialists. On December 1, 1912, Mussolini began work as the editor of the Italian Socialist newspaper, Avanti!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.919379711151123, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini Changes His Opinion on Neutrality", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.353553771972656, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "However, Mussolini's views of the war soon changed. In September 1914, Mussolini wrote several articles supporting those who were backing Italy’s entry into the war. Mussolini’s editorials caused an uproar among his fellow socialists and in November 1914, after a meeting of the party executives, he was formally expelled from the socialist party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9409830570220947, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini Severely Wounded in WWI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.198486328125, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "During the winter of 1917, Mussolini’s unit was field testing a new mortar when the weapon exploded. Mussolini was severely wounded with more than forty pieces of shrapnel embedded in his body. After a long stay at a military hospital, Mussolini recovered from his injuries and was then discharged from the army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.280221939086914, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini and Fascism", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.514936447143555, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini wasn't the only one ready for a major change. World War I had left Italy in shambles and people were looking for a way to make Italy strong again. A wave of nationalism swept across Italy and many people began to form local, small, nationalist groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.023540019989014, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "It was Mussolini who on March 23, 1919 personally assembled these groups into a single, national organization under his leadership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.186837196350098, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini called this new group, Fasci di Combattimento (commonly called the Fascist Party). Mussolini took the name from the ancient Roman fasces , a symbol that contained a bundle of rods with an axe in the center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.381482124328613, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A key component of Mussolini's new Fascist Party were the Blackshirts. Mussolini formed groups of marginalized ex-servicemen into squadristi. As their numbers grew, the squadristi were reorganized into the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicuressa Nazionale, or MVSN, which would later serve as Mussolini’s national security apparatus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.142788887023926, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For a decade, Italy prospered in peace. However, Mussolini was intent on turning Italy into an empire and to do that, Italy needed a colony. So, in October 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The conquest was brutal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.770932197570801, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Other European countries criticized Italy, especially for Italy's use of mustard gas . In May 1936, Ethiopia surrendered and Mussolini had his empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.628246784210205, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "This was the height of Mussolini's popularity; it all went downhill from here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682088851928711, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini and Hitler", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.228595733642578, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Out of all the countries in Europe, Germany had been the only country to support Mussolini's attack on Ethiopia. At that time, Germany was led by Adolf Hitler , who had formed his own Fascist organization, the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (commonly called the Nazi Party ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.742713212966919, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Hitler admired Mussolini; Mussolini, on the other hand, did not even like Hitler at first. However, Hitler continued to support and back Mussolini, such as during the war on Ethiopia, which eventually swayed Mussolini into an alliance with Hitler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.557488918304443, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On May 22, 1939, Mussolini entered into the “Pact of Steel” with Hitler, which basically tied the two countries in the event of war. And war was soon to come.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.74134635925293, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini’s Big Mistakes in World War II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.256853103637695, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini - The Fascist Dictator of Italy" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.559063911437988, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682628631591797, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Alternative Titles: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, Il Duce", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.344527244567871, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682628631591797, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40727424621582, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith . In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often spoke of himself as a “man of the people.” The Mussolini family was, in fact, less humble than he claimed—his father, a part-time socialist journalist as well as a blacksmith, was the son of a lieutenant in the National Guard , and his mother was a schoolteacher—but the Mussolinis were certainly poor. They lived in two crowded rooms on the second floor of a small, decrepit palazzo; and, because Mussolini’s father spent much of his time discussing politics in taverns and most of his money on his mistress, the meals that his three children ate were often meagre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.226545810699463, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A restless child, Mussolini was disobedient, unruly, and aggressive. He was a bully at school and moody at home. Because the teachers at the village school could not control him, he was sent to board with the strict Salesian order at Faenza, where he proved himself more troublesome than ever, stabbing a fellow pupil with a penknife and attacking one of the Salesians who had attempted to beat him. He was expelled and sent to the Giosuè Carducci School at Forlimpopoli, from which he was also expelled after assaulting yet another pupil with his penknife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.567049980163574, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "During a period of freedom in 1909, he fell in love with 16-year-old Rachele Guidi, the younger of the two daughters of his father’s widowed mistress; she went to live with him in a damp, cramped apartment in Forlì and later married him. Soon after the marriage, Mussolini was imprisoned for the fifth time; but by then Comrade Mussolini had become recognized as one of the most gifted and dangerous of Italy’s younger socialists. After writing in a wide variety of socialist papers, he founded a newspaper of his own, La Lotta di Classe (“The Class Struggle”). So successful was this paper that in 1912 he was appointed editor of the official Socialist newspaper, Avanti! (“Forward!”), whose circulation he soon doubled; and as its antimilitarist, antinationalist, and anti-imperialist editor, he thunderously opposed Italy’s intervention in World War I .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.047553062438965, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Soon, however, he changed his mind about intervention. Swayed by Karl Marx ’s aphorism that social revolution usually follows war and persuaded that “the defeat of France would be a deathblow to liberty in Europe,” he began writing articles and making speeches as violently in favour of war as those in which he previously had condemned it. He resigned from Avanti! and was expelled from the Socialist Party . Financed by the French government and Italian industrialists, both of whom favoured war against Austria, he assumed the editorship of Il Popolo d’Italia (“The People of Italy”), in which he unequivocally stated his new philosophy: “From today onward we are all Italians and nothing but Italians. Now that steel has met steel, one single cry comes from our hearts—Viva l’Italia! [Long live Italy!]” It was the birth cry of fascism . Mussolini went to fight in the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.114262580871582, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "At rallies—surrounded by supporters wearing black shirts —Mussolini caught the imagination of the crowds. His physique was impressive, and his style of oratory, staccato and repetitive, was superb. His attitudes were highly theatrical, his opinions were contradictory, his facts were often wrong, and his attacks were frequently malicious and misdirected; but his words were so dramatic, his metaphors so apt and striking, his vigorous, repetitive gestures so extraordinarily effective, that he rarely failed to impose his mood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.729181289672852, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Fascist squads, militias inspired by Mussolini but often created by local leaders, swept through the countryside of the Po Valley and the Puglian plains, rounded up Socialists, burned down union and party offices, and terrorized the local population. Hundreds of radicals were humiliated, beaten, or killed. In late 1920, the Blackshirt squads, often with the direct help of landowners, began to attack local government institutions and prevent left-wing administrations from taking power. Mussolini encouraged the squads—although he soon tried to control them—and organized similar raids in and around Milan. By late 1921, the Fascists controlled large parts of Italy, and the left, in part because of its failures during the postwar years, had all but collapsed. The government, dominated by middle-class Liberals, did little to combat this lawlessness, both through weak political will and a desire to see the mainly working-class left defeated. As the Fascist movement built a broad base of support around the powerful ideas of nationalism and anti-Bolshevism, Mussolini began planning to seize power at the national level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5853254795074463, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Many Italians, especially among the middle class, welcomed his authority. They were tired of strikes and riots, responsive to the flamboyant techniques and medieval trappings of fascism, and ready to submit to dictatorship, provided the national economy was stabilized and their country restored to its dignity. Mussolini seemed to them the one man capable of bringing order out of chaos . Soon a kind of order had been restored, and the Fascists inaugurated ambitious programs of public works. The costs of this order were, however, enormous. Italy’s fragile democratic system was abolished in favour of a one-party state . Opposition parties, trade unions, and the free press were outlawed. Free speech was crushed. A network of spies and secret policemen watched over the population. This repression hit moderate Liberals and Catholics as well as Socialists. In 1924 Mussolini’s henchmen kidnapped and murdered the Socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti , who had become one of fascism’s most effective critics in parliament. The Matteotti crisis shook Mussolini, but he managed to maintain his hold on power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4287683963775635, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini was hailed as a genius and a superman by public figures worldwide. His achievements were considered little less than miraculous. He had transformed and reinvigorated his divided and demoralized country; he had carried out his social reforms and public works without losing the support of the industrialists and landowners; he had even succeeded in coming to terms with the papacy. The reality, however, was far less rosy than the propaganda made it appear. Social divisions remained enormous, and little was done to address the deep-rooted structural problems of the Italian state and economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.507647514343262, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini might have remained a hero until his death had not his callous xenophobia and arrogance , his misapprehension of Italy’s fundamental necessities, and his dreams of empire led him to seek foreign conquests. His eye rested first upon Ethiopia , which, after 10 months of preparations, rumours, threats, and hesitations, Italy invaded in October 1935. A brutal campaign of colonial conquest followed, in which the Italians dropped tons of gas bombs upon the Ethiopian people. Europe expressed its horror; but, having done so, did no more. The League of Nations imposed sanctions but ensured that the list of prohibited exports did not include any, such as oil, that might provoke a European war. If the League had imposed oil sanctions, Mussolini said, he would have had to withdraw from Ethiopia within a week. But he faced no such problem, and on the night of May 9, 1936, he announced to an enormous, expectant crowd of about 400,000 people standing shoulder to shoulder around Piazza Venezia in Rome that “in the 14th year of the Fascist era” a great event had been accomplished: Italy had its empire. This moment probably marked the peak of public support for the regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.845832586288452, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Italy had also found a new ally. Intent upon his own imperial ambitions in Austria, Adolf Hitler had actively encouraged Mussolini’s African adventure, and under Hitler’s guidance Germany had been the one powerful country in western Europe that had not turned against Mussolini. The way was now open for the Pact of Steel—a Rome-Berlin Axis and a brutal alliance between Hitler and Mussolini that was to ruin them both. In 1938, following the German example, Mussolini’s government passed anti-Semitic laws in Italy that discriminated against Jews in all sectors of public and private life and prepared the way for the deportation of some 20 percent of Italy’s Jews to German death camps during the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.351464033126831, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "While Mussolini understood that peace was essential to Italy’s well-being, that a long war might prove disastrous, and that he must not “march blindly with the Germans,” he was beset by concerns that the Germans “might do good business cheaply” and that by not intervening on their side in World War II he would lose his “part of the booty.” His foreign secretary and son-in-law, Count Galeazzo Ciano , recorded that during a long, inconclusive discussion at the Palazzo Venezia, Mussolini at first agreed that Italy must not go to war, “then he said that honour compelled him to march with Germany.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.016396522521973, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini watched the progress of Hitler’s war with bitterness and alarm, becoming more and more bellicose with each fresh German victory, while frequently expressing hope that the Germans would be slowed down or would meet with some reverse that would satisfy his personal envy and give Italy breathing space. When Germany advanced westward, however, and France seemed on the verge of collapse, Mussolini felt he could delay no longer. So, on June 10, 1940, the fateful declaration of war was made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.32180118560791, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "It was to “pay back Hitler in his own coin,” as Mussolini openly admitted, that he decided to attack Greece through Albania in 1940 without informing the Germans. The result was an extensive and ignominious defeat, and the Germans were forced unwillingly to extricate him from its consequences. The 1941 campaign to support the German invasion of the Soviet Union also failed disastrously and condemned thousands of ill-equipped Italian troops to a nightmarish winter retreat. Hitler had to come to his ally’s help once again in North Africa . After the Italian surrender in North Africa in 1943, the Germans began to take precautions against a likely Italian collapse. Mussolini had grossly exaggerated the extent of public support for his regime and for the war. When the Western Allies successfully invaded Sicily in July 1943, it was obvious that collapse was imminent .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.359924793243408, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For some time Italian Fascists and non-Fascists alike had been preparing Mussolini’s downfall. On July 24, at a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council—the supreme constitutional authority of the state, which had not met once since the war began—an overwhelming majority passed a resolution that in effect dismissed Mussolini from office. Disregarding the vote as a matter of little concern and refusing to admit that his minions could harm him, Mussolini appeared at his office the next morning as though nothing had happened. That afternoon, however, he was arrested by royal command on the steps of the Villa Savoia after an audience with the king.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.026214599609375, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "As German defenses in Italy collapsed and the Allies advanced rapidly northward, the Italian Communists of the partisan leadership decided to execute Mussolini. Rejecting the advice of various advisers, including the elder of his two surviving sons—his second son had been killed in the war—Mussolini refused to consider flying out of the country, and he made for the Valtellina, intending perhaps to make a final stand in the mountains; but only a handful of men could be found to follow him. He tried to cross the frontier disguised as a German soldier in a convoy of trucks retreating toward Innsbruck, in Austria. But he was recognized and, together with his mistress, Claretta Petacci, who had insisted on remaining with him to the end, he was shot and killed on April 28, 1945. Their bodies were hung, head downward, in the Piazza Loreto in Milan. Huge jubilant crowds celebrated the fall of the dictator and the end of the war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.56360125541687, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini with two of his sons, Bruno (left) and Vittorio, 1935.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.469459533691406, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The great mass of the Italian people greeted Mussolini’s death without regret. He had lived beyond his time and had dragged his country into a disastrous war, which it was unwilling and unready to fight. Democracy was restored in the country after 20 years of dictatorship, and a neo-Fascist Party that carried on Mussolini’s ideals won only 2 percent of the vote in the 1948 elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8725075721740723, "source": "search", "title": "Benito Mussolini | Italian dictator | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "3. A dictator maintained his power by violence and fear. Private armies were used (e.g. Mussolini’s Blackshirts, Hitler’s Brownshirts = Sturmabteilung or Stormtroopers) to protect the leader and attack enemies (e.g. Communists)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1995649337768555, "source": "search", "title": "Germany - rpfuller.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "A putsch is an armed rising. The Munich putsch is compared to Mussolini’s march on Rome, but whereas Mussolini was successful, Hitler failed to gain power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.699766159057617, "source": "search", "title": "Germany - rpfuller.com" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Fascism first appeared after World War I when Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy. In Germany of the 1930s Adolf Hitler’s National Socialism rose to power . Fascism also appeared in Japan, Spain and Argentina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.23527193069458, "source": "search", "title": "Fascism | Rise of Fascism | Life in a Fascist Regime" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.682628631591797, "source": "search", "title": "Fascism | Rise of Fascism | Life in a Fascist Regime" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the Headlines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375579833984375, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762641906738281, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762641906738281, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762641906738281, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On October 29, 1922, fascist leader Benito Mussolini was offered the Italian premiership amid political and social upheaval. Explore nine things you may not know about “Il Duce” and his 21 years in power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4008870124816895, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "1. Mussolini had a penchant for violence even as a youth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0940580368042, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Born on July 29, 1883, Mussolini gained a reputation for bullying and fighting during his childhood. At age 10 he was expelled from a religious boarding school for stabbing a classmate in the hand, and another stabbing incident took place at his next school. He also admitted to knifing a girlfriend in the arm. Meanwhile, he purportedly pinched people at church to make them cry, led gangs of boys on raids of local farmsteads and eventually became adept at dueling with swords. When the New York Times reported on Mussolini’s May 1922 duel against a rival newspaper editor, it mentioned that he bore over 100 wounds received in battle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.958505153656006, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "2. Mussolini was a socialist before becoming a fascist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.579665184020996, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Born to a socialist father, Mussolini was named after leftist Mexican President Benito Juárez. His two middle names, Amilcare and Andrea, came from Italian socialists Amilcare Cipriani and Andrea Costa. Early in Mussolini’s life, for instance, those names seemed appropriate. While living in Switzerland from 1902 to 1904, he cultivated an intellectual image and wrote for socialist periodicals such as L’Avvenire del Lavoratore (The Worker’s Future). He then served in the Italian army for nearly two years before resuming his career as a teacher and journalist. In his articles and speeches, Mussolini preached violent revolution, praised famed communist thinker Karl Marx and criticized patriotism. In 1912 he became editor of Avanti! (Forward!), the official daily newspaper of Italy’s Socialist Party. But he was expelled from the party two years later over his support for World War I. By 1919 a radically changed Mussolini had founded the fascist movement, which would later become the Fascist Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.322964906692505, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "3. Italy’s leaders never called on the military to stop Mussolini’s insurrection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.273232460021973, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "From 1920 to 1922, armed fascist squads faced minimal interference from the police or army as they roamed the country causing property damage and killing an estimated 2,000 political opponents. Many other citizens were beaten up or forced to drink castor oil. Then, on October 24, 1922, Mussolini threatened to seize power with a demonstration known as the March on Rome. Though Prime Minister Luigi Facta knew of these plans, he failed to act in any meaningful way. Finally, when fascists began occupying government offices and telephone exchanges on the night of October 27, Facta and his ministers advised King Victor Emmanuel III to declare a state of emergency and impose martial law. The wavering king refused to sign any such decree, however, and Facta was forced to resign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.738569974899292, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "4. Contrary to popular belief, Mussolini did not take power in a coup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.891044616699219, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "5. Mussolini did not become a true dictator until 1925.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8773202896118164, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "6. Mussolini was anti-Church before becoming pro-Church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.936338424682617, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "As a socialist youth, Mussolini declared himself an atheist and railed against the Catholic Church, going so far as to say that only idiots believed Bible stories and that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were lovers. He even authored an anti-clerical pulp novel. But after taking power, Il Duce began working to patch up that relationship. He outlawed freemasonry, exempted the clergy from taxation, cracked down on artificial contraception, campaigned for an increased birth rate, raised penalties for abortion, restricted nightlife, regulated women’s clothing and banned homosexual acts among adult men. Despite having many mistresses himself, he also put in place harsh punishments for adultery. In 1929 Mussolini signed an agreement with the Vatican under which the Church received authority over marriage and was compensated for property that had been seized decades earlier. Pope Pius XI afterwards referred to Mussolini as the “man whom providence has sent us.” Nonetheless, tensions between the two eventually resurfaced over such things as Mussolini’s racial laws, where were similar to those in Nazi Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.160276412963867, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "7. Mussolini sought to establish an Italian empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.169299125671387, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini launched his first military action in 1923 when he bombarded and briefly occupied the Greek island of Corfu. Several years later, he authorized the use of concentration camps and poison gas to help put down a rebellion in Libya, which at that time was an Italian colony. Poison gas was again used illegally during the conquest of Ethiopia in 1935 and 1936, after which Il Duce declared that Italy finally had its empire. “It is a fascist empire, an empire of peace, an empire of civilization and humanity,” he purportedly said. Three years later, Italy invaded and annexed Albania. In addition to those wars of expansion, conflict-loving Mussolini also propped up right-wing dissidents. During the Spanish Civil War, for example, he supplied troops and arms to General Francisco Franco’s Nationalist movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1902554035186768, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For all his bluster, Mussolini did not enter World War II until June 1940, by which time his Nazi Germany allies had already swept through much of Europe. It soon became apparent that Italy lacked adequate military equipment and that its pace of production was pitiful. In fact, the United States could manufacture more planes in a week than Italy could in a year. Mussolini did not help matters by repeatedly changing his war plans and stretching his forces too thin. His poorly executed attack on France made little progress until the French asked the Germans for an armistice. Later that year, Italian troops invaded Greece, only to be pushed back into neighboring Albania. Italy’s North Africa campaign likewise stalled, although in both cases Germany temporarily came to the rescue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0038390159606934, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "9. Mussolini was deposed without a fight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.094786643981934, "source": "search", "title": "9 Things You May Not Know About Mussolini - History in the ..." }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Rise of Mussolini - His Background", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.626498222351074, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Benito Mussolini was born in 1883. His father was a blacksmith and also an anarchist. His mother was a schoolmistress. His birthplace, Romagna, was known in the 19th century for its rebellious spirit. In his youth, Mussolini did not make much achievement in education.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.978829860687256, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "From 1902 onwards, he picked up socialist ideas, particularly the syndicalism of Sorel. After 1904, he became a famous socialist agitator and journalist. His literary and speaking ability made him the editor of a socialist newspaper, Avanti. It is important to note that Mussolini was never a convinced socialist. The views expressed in his newspaper were not consistent. When anarchism was popular among the Italian workers, Mussolini advocated anarchist ideas in his newspaper. This seemed to indicate that he was an opportunist, very interested in winning followers and power for himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.44435453414917, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1915, Mussolini was attacked by the Socialist Party for favouring war on the side of the Allies. He left the party and served as a soldier until he was wounded. After his recovery, he returned to Milan as an editor of his own newspaper 'The People of Italy'. By the end of the war, through his own experience as an editor, Mussolini had learnt the power of propaganda in mustering support from the masses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.045938968658447, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In March 1919, he formed the Milan fascio. It had no clear-cut programme except a belief in action. It only had vague ideas about radical reforms. For propaganda purpose, Mussolini advocated universal suffrage, the abolition of the Senate, land for the peasants, improvement of workers' conditions and a strong foreign policy. It seemed that Mussolini had not completely discarded his early socialist thought. The property class did not like his radical party programme. In the elections of November 1919 for the Chamber of Deputies, Mussolini and one of his close associates failed to win a seat for themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.035285234451294, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "With some support from the property class, Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party in 1921. In the elections of May 1921, Fascists were able to gain 35 seats out of 355 - a tremendous gain in contrast to their total failure only 18 months ago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6510820388793945, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "From May 1921 to 1922, Mussolini changed his tactics to suit the different circumstances with the aim of seizing political power as soon as possible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7635393142700195, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "On October 26, 1922, Mussolini decided to exploit the chaotic situation to seize power. He threatened a 'March on Rome' if he was not accepted into the cabinet. Bands of armed Fascists marched to Rome from various parts of the country. This threat caused genuine alarm to the politicians in Rome, who failed to deal with the emergency. The Liberal Premier resigned almost at once. King Victor Emmanuel refused to call out the army to resist the Fascists partly because he was anxious to avoid civil war, and partly because he wanted a strong government to restore law and order. The King asked Mussolini to form a new government. On October 31, Mussolini became Prime Minister in a coalition government of Fascists, Nationalists, Catholics, and right-wing Liberals. Power was thus put into Mussolini's hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.692151665687561, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "(iv) Mussolini was an opportunist and he could always change his party programme to win favour from the people—particularly the property class; and", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.279097557067871, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The word Fascism has a dual origin. It comes in part from the word 'fasces', a bundle of rods round an axe carried by the magistrates in ancient Rome as a symbol of power and authority. It comes also from the Italian word, fascio, meaning band or group. The basic concept of Fascism, as elaborated by Mussolini, was that the State was absolute before which individuals and groups were all relative.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.070786476135254, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Politically, to the Fascists, parliamentary democracy could only lead to inefficiency and corrupt government; and so the whole parliamentary system must be discarded. In the words of Mussolini, national strength was conceived qualitatively and not quantitatively. For the strength of the nation, it should be ruled by a well-disciplined party elite, which, under the guidance of an inspired and unquestioned leader, would restore order and stability for the nation and lead it forward to greatness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.303224563598633, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Economically, Mussolini preferred state control to laissez faire. Labour and capital must work together under the direction of the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.431131362915039, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Socially, Mussolini condemned Marxism for dividing the nation into classes and causing class war which would sap the strength of a nation. Thus he demanded that the people should subject themselves to the absolute authority of the state. People could find their own worth only when they were serving the state. As a result, freedom of assembly and thinking were wiped out in Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.942585468292236, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In foreign policy, since Fascism promised national glory, it was natural for Mussolini to adopt an expansionist foreign policy from the beginning of his rule. Mussolini's ultimate goal was to revive the glories of the old Roman Empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.480406761169434, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In short, a Fascist state was a totalitarian state, controlling all the political, economic and social activities of its people. Mussolini always proclaimed, \"Everything within the state, nothing against the state, nothing outside the state.\" The masses should only \"believe, obey and fight.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.323513031005859, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "N.B. It must be emphasized that Fascism was an opportunistic philosophy. In its early days 'action' was the only watch-word. Mussolini could always adjust his philosophy to appeal to all discontented groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.46497631072998, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Political Dictatorship Under Mussolini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.193747043609619, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini was not satisfied with a coalition government. He aimed to be the ruler of one-party totalitarian state. From 1922 to 1929, slowly but gradually, he destroyed all effective opposition at home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7118635177612305, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "From, 1922 to 1923, Mussolini steadily built up his own power in the government. He placed loyal Fascists in key government positions, created the Voluntary Fascist Militia for National Security, and promoted the Grand Council of Fascism (the highest authority of the Fascist Party) into an organ of state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5324034690856934, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In July 1923, Mussolini was able to secure a new electoral law from the parliament. The new law provided that any party, having 25% of the votes in a general election, should receive two-thirds of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Mussolini immediately arranged for elections to the Chamber of Deputies in April 1924. In an atmosphere of intimidation and violence, with the Fascist Militia using strong-arm methods, the 'National List' presented by the Fascists obtained 63% of the roses. In June 1924 when the new Parliament convened, the Socialist leader, Giacomo Matteotti, denounced the Fascists of the use of force in the recent elections. He was immediately murdered by the Fascists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.851015090942383, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "From 1929 to I939, Mussolini completed the building-up of the totalitarian state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.935572147369385, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The basic aim of all economic measures was to bring economic prosperity to Italy. Since 1921 Mussolini continued to adopt the high tariff policy to protect the home market from the competition of foreign goods. The most important economic reform was, however, the formation of the Corporate State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.154489517211914, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1934 twenty-two corporations were formed. Each corporation consisted of employers' and workers' representatives. The government also sent its representatives to participate in the administration of the corporations. All the corporations were put under the supervision of a National Council of Corporations, of which Mussolini was the Chairman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.379765033721924, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Besides the system of corporations, Mussolini helped the industries with financial subsidies. The state would buy the national products even though their prices were higher than the foreign products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.247154235839844, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In spite of all his efforts Mussolini clearly failed to give economic prosperity to Italy and a real improvement in the standard of living of the workers and peasants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.281242847442627, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "To sum up, Mussolini gave to most of the Italians not economic betterment but a decline in their standard of living.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.138010025024414, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "If economic distress could breed discontent, discontent would lead to social unrest. But social unrest was not possible under Mussolini's regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.292095184326172, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "The population as a whole was subject to control by the government through various channels: (i) The secret police was given wide powers. Even the bandits which had been rife in the south for decades were suppressed. (ii) Through education, school children were indoctrinated with Fascist ideas. They were told that \"Mussolini is always right. Millions of them were recruited into the youth organizations of the party. In 1931, university professors were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to fascism and to teach according to its principles. (iii) The mass media. — the cinema, the radio, the press, the books and the magazines—were all strictly censored by the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.648661136627197, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini wanted to secure the support of the Catholics for his regime because most of the Italians were Catholics. Mussolini understood that if he wanted to win over the support of the Catholics, he had to heal the dispute between the Papacy and the Kingdom of Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.382719993591309, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "After long and difficult negotiations between Mussolini and the Pope, the Lateran Agreements of February 1929 were made. They consisted of a Treaty, a Concordat, and a Financial Convention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.859373092651367, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "For Mussolini, it was a great personal triumph. By healing the wounds between the Italian Kingdom and the Papacy, Mussolini could get support from the Catholics — they gave support to Mussolini's regime until his fall from power. As the Pope regarded Mussolini as \"a man of Providence\", this also helped to raise Mussolini's prestige in the eyes of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.985042095184326, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "During his rule Mussolini pursued a vigorous foreign policy. The army nearly doubled in size—from 175,000 men to 275,00 men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.272257804870605, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "(1) Mussolini wanted to establish in the Mediterranean a modern Roman Empire, rivalling that of the ancient Caesars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.212611198425293, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "(3) Like most of his countrymen, Mussolini was disappointed with the small territorial gains following the First World War and the humiliating treatment by the powers at the Paris Peace Conference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.257513523101807, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "(4) Mussolini wanted more territories to settle the surplus Italian population and to acquire raw materials for her industries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.677173137664795, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini pursued his aggressive foreign policy rather cautiously up to the end of the 1920's because he did not want to arouse great opposition from the Big Powers, France and Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.935237884521484, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "In 1923 Mussolini provoked the Corfu Incident. In 1924 he obtained the port Fiume by a treaty with Yugoslavia. In 1926 he began the policy of infiltration into Albania. He made loans to Albania in order to obtain oil concessions. He also sent military advisers to organise the Albanian army. (The climax of all these moves came in April 1939 when the Italian troops overran the country.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.627162933349609, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Throughout the 1920's, Mussolini also tried to repulse any French attempts to make alliances with Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia but he was unsuccessful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.506841659545898, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" }, { "answer": "Mussolini", "passage": "Mussolini first invaded Abyssinia in 1935. This was followed by the formation of Rome-Berlin Axis in November 1936. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) Mussolini also gave almost unlimited support to Franco. In 1940, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France. The Italian forces soon met with defeats in their encounters with the Allied forces and suffered heavy losses in their invasion of Libya and East Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.740941047668457, "source": "search", "title": "Fascist Italy - funfront.net" } ]

[ { "answer": "Don Everly", "passage": "Axl Rose married Erin Everly, the daughter of singer Don Everly , in 1990. The couple annulled their marriage in 1991. He started dating supermodel Stephanie Seymour and they got engaged for a brief period of time.", "precise_score": -2.8202922344207764, "rough_score": -5.870743751525879, "source": "search", "title": "Axl Rose - Famous Singers" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring", "precise_score": 8.002584457397461, "rough_score": 7.879993438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "In 1967, Gere graduated from North Syracuse Central High School, where he excelled at gymnastics and music, playing the trumpet. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.41845178604126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Gere" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts Amherst On A Gymnastics Scholarship Majoring | Richard Gere", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.818772792816162, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "His mother, Doris Ann (née Tiffany, born 1924), was a homemaker. in 1967, he graduated from North Syracuse Central High School, where he excelled at gymnastics and music, playing the trumpet. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.373385429382324, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Tiffany Gere ( /’???r/ GEER; born August 31, 1949) is an American actor. He came to prominence in 1980 for his role in the film American Gigolo, which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol. Gere’s mother, Doris Ann (née Tiffany, born 1924), was a homemaker, and his father, Homer George Gere (born 1922), was an insurance agent for the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company and had originally intended to become a minister. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5277347564697266, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "He came to prominence in 1980 for his role in the film American Gigolo, which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years. His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease in 1973. He became a major star that year with the film American Gigolo, followed by the romantic drama An Officer and a Gentleman, which grossed almost $130 million in 1982. His career was somewhat resurrected after the release of both Internal Affairs and Pretty Woman in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.906775951385498, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gere is a descendant of Mayflower Pilgrims Francis Eaton, John Billington, George Soule, Richard Warren, Degory Priest, William Brewster, and Francis Cooke. Gere is their eldest son and second child. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.519920349121094, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Tiffany Gere ( /’???r/ GEER; born August 31, 1949) is an American actor. Gere is their eldest son and second child. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years. Gere’s 2004 ballroom dancing drama Shall We Dance. Gere was raised by Methodist parents; his interest in Buddhism began when he traveled to Nepal in 1978 with the Brazilian painter, Sylvia Martins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.982790470123291, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gere is a descendant of Mayflower Pilgrims Francis Eaton, John Billington, George Soule, Richard Warren, Degory Priest, William Brewster and Francis Cooke. Gere is their eldest son and second child. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.27719783782959, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "He went on to star in several hit films including An Officer and a Gentleman, Pretty Woman, Primal Fear, and Chicago, for which he won a Golden Globe Award as Best Actor, as well as a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the Best Cast. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years. However, after 1982, Gere’s career was dogged by several box office failures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1730674505233765, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years. His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease in 1973. He became a major star that year with the film American Gigolo, followed by the romantic drama An Officer and a Gentleman, which grossed almost $130 million in 1982.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.794048309326172, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Gere is their eldest son and second child. He attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, majoring in philosophy, but did not graduate, leaving after two years. His first major acting role was in the original London stage version of Grease in 1973. People magazine named Gere the “Sexiest Man Alive” in 1999. in 2002, he appeared in three major releases: the horror thriller The Mothman Prophecies, the drama Unfaithful, and the Academy Award-winning film version of Chicago, for which he won a Golden Globe as “Best Actor – Comedy or Musical”. Gere is also a persistent advocate for human rights in Tibet; he is a co-founder of the Tibet House, creator of The Gere Foundation, and he is Chairman of the Board of Directors for the International Campaign for Tibet. Gere was banned as an Academy Award presenter in 1993 after he denounced the Chinese government in his capacity as presenter. He calls attention to the crime against their peaceful culture and how it reflects on our own relationship with nature and capacity to survive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.723389148712158, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere Attended The University Of Massachusetts ..." }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Humanitarian and actor Richard Gere was born on August 31, 1949, in Philadelphia, the second of five children of Doris Ann (Tiffany), a homemaker, and Homer George Gere, an insurance salesman, both Mayflower descendants. Richard started early as a musician, playing a number of instruments in high school and writing music for high school productions. He graduated from North Syracuse Central High School in 1967, and won a gymnastics scholarship to the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, where he majored in philosophy. He left college after two years to pursue acting, landing a lead role in the London production of the rock musical \"Grease\" in 1973. The following year he would be in other plays, such as \"Taming of the Shrew.\" Onscreen, he had a few roles, and gained recognition in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). Offscreen, he spent 1978 meeting Tibetans when he traveled to Nepal, where he spoke to many monks and lamas. Returning to the US, on Broadway he portrayed a concentration-camp prisoner in \"Bent,\" for which he received the 1980 Theatre World Award. Back in Hollywood, he played the title role in American Gigolo (1980), establishing himself as a major star; this status was reaffirmed by An Officer and a Gentleman (1982). In the early 1980s, Richard went to Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador (amidst ongoing wars and political violence); he traveled with a doctor and visited refugee camps. It is said that he was romantically linked with lovely Brazilian painter Sylvia Martins . In 1990 Richard teamed up with Julia Roberts to star in the blockbuster Pretty Woman (1990); his cool reserve was the perfect complement to Julia's bubbling enthusiasm. The film captured the nation's heart, and won the People's Choice award for Best Movie. Fans clamored for years for a sequel, or at least another pairing of Julia and Richard. They got that with Runaway Bride (1999), which was a runaway success (Richard got $12 million, Julia made $17 million, the box office was $152 million, which shows what happens when you give the public what it wants!). Offscreen, Richard and Cindy Crawford got married December 12, 1991 (they were divorced in 1995). Afterwards, Richard started dating actress Carey Lowell . They had a son, Homer James Jigme Gere, on February 6, 2000. Richard was picked by People magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the world in 1991, and as their Sexiest Man Alive in 1999. He is an accomplished pianist and music writer. Above all, Richard is a humanitarian. He's a founding member of \"Tibet House,\" a nonprofit organization dedicated to the preservation of Tibetan culture. He has been an active supporter of \"Survival International\" for several years, a worldwide organization supporting tribal peoples, affirming their right to decide their own future and helping them protect their lives, lands and human rights (these tribes are global, including the natives of the Amazon, the Maasai of East Africa, the Wichi of Argentina, and others). In 1994 Richard went to London to open Harrods' sale, donating his £50,000 appearance fee to Survival. He has been prominent in their charity advertising campaigns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.338830590248108, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Was a member of the student council, gymnastics team, lacrosse team, and ski team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291685104370117, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "He received a gymnastics scholarship to the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he majored in philosophy; he dropped out in 1969 to pursue acting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4231353998184204, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Graduating in 1967, Gere won a Gymnastics scholarship to the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He majored in Philosophy but left after only two years, in order to pursue acting. Gere performed theatrically in New York and Seattle, before winning the lead role of Danny Zuko in the London production of ‘Grease’ (1973). Following this, he had the privilege of being one of the few Americans ever to work with Britain’s Young Vic Theatre, in ‘The Taming of the Shrew’ (1974).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.7065019607543945, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY: Richard Gere Lifetime" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Humanitarian and actor, Richard Gere was born on August 31, 1949, in Philadelphia. The second of five children, his father, Homer, was an insurance salesman, an...d his mother was Doris. Richard started early as a musician, playing a number of instruments in high school and writing music for high school productions. He graduated from North Syracuse Central High School in 1967, and won a gymnastics scholarship to the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, where he majored in philosophy. He left college after two years to pursue acting, landing a lead role in the London production of the rock musical \"Grease\" in 1973. The following year he would be in other plays, such as \"Taming of the Shrew.\" On screen, he gained recognition in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977), he played the title role in American Gigolo (1980), establishing himself as a major star; this status was reaffirmed by An Officer and a Gentleman (1982).In 1990 Richard teamed up with Julia Roberts to star in the blockbuster Pretty Woman (1990). The film captured the nation's heart, and won the People's Choice award for Best Movie. Fans clamored for years for a sequel, or at least another pairing of Julia and Richard. They got their with Runaway Bride (1999), which was a runaway success (Richard got $12 million, Julia made $17 million, the box office was $152 million, which shows what happens when you give the public what it wants!). Some of the other movies of Richard are; Chicago (2002), Days of Heaven (1978), An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), Mr. Jones (1993), The Hoax (2006), The Mothman Prophecies (2002), Autumn in New York (2000), The Hunting Party (2007), Shall We Dance (2004), Intersection (1994), Sommersby (1993), Breathless (1983), Primal Fear (1996), The Jackal (1997), The Hunting Party (2007), The Flock (2007)... etc etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0982097387313843, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere - Facebook" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Humanitarian and actor Richard Gere was born on August 31, 1949, in Philadelphia, the second of five children of Doris Ann (Tiffany), a homemaker, and Homer George Gere, an insurance salesman, both Mayflower descendants. Richard started early as a musician, playing a number of instruments in high school and writing music for high school productions. He graduated from North Syracuse Central High School in 1967, and won a gymnastics scholarship to the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, where he majored in philosophy. He left college after two years to pursue acting, landing a lead role in the London production of the rock musical \"Grease\" in 1973. The following year he would be in other plays, such as \"Taming of the Shrew.\" Onscreen, he had a few roles, and gained recognition in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977). Offscreen, he spent 1978 meeting Tibetans when he traveled to Nepal, where he spoke to many monks and lamas. Read more on iMDB", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.595862865447998, "source": "search", "title": "Netflix Movies Starring Richard Gere - NetflixMovies.com" }, { "answer": "Gymnastics", "passage": "Richard Gere graduated from North Syracuse Central High School in 1967. At school, he performed well at gymnastics as well as playing the trumpet. Gere went on to study at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he had won a gymnastics scholarship. He left university after two years, without graduating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.731024265289307, "source": "search", "title": "Richard Gere | Biography, News, Photos and Videos ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Gerald Ford", "passage": "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Barack Obama has been elected to a second term, and will complete his term on 20 January 2017, if he does not die or resign before that date. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "precise_score": -8.909919738769531, "rough_score": -10.900993347167969, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nicholas Alexander Faldo", "passage": "Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo MBE (born 18 July 1957) is an English professional golfer on the European Tour, now mainly an on-air golf analyst. A top player of his era, renowned for his single-minded dedication to the game, he was ranked No. 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks. His 40 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships: three Open Championships (1987, 1990, 1992) and three Masters (1989, 1990, 1996).", "precise_score": -7.625645637512207, "rough_score": -6.752627372741699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nick Faldo" }, { "answer": "Faldo Series", "passage": "He has other business interests including coaching schools and pro shops. In 1996 he launched the Faldo Series to provide opportunities to young golfers under the age of 21 from around the world both male and female. There are over 7,000 participants each year and there are 38 tournaments in 28 different countries. Age category winners at each event qualify for either the Faldo Series Grand Final, hosted each year by Faldo at the Lough Erne Golf Resort, Northern Ireland or the Faldo Series Asia Grand Final, also hosted by Faldo at Mission Hills Golf Club, Shenzen, China (A Faldo Design course). The registered charity boasts a number of successful graduates, the most notable being; Rory McIlroy, Yani Tseng, and Nick Dougherty.", "precise_score": -6.963626861572266, "rough_score": -8.179404258728027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nick Faldo" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "NICK FALDO: It’s always been in me. It’s a bit more in evidence lately. I was a serious golfer, obviously, and then the last five or six years I’ve been through serious ups and downs. When I met Valerie [his wife of two years] the transformation began, and I’m still learning to unwind. Our baby is due in August and our life together is incredible. I know what stage I’m at in my career, what my playing capabilities are. I have to let go of the level golfer I was a little but to be happy with what I’ve got.", "precise_score": -5.752513885498047, "rough_score": -8.480217933654785, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "This is how Nick Faldo makes entrances these days. Happy, smiling, at ease, with his friend Brenna Cepelak at his side, Faldo, 38, returns very relaxed to defend his title in the Doral-Ryder Open.", "precise_score": -3.576313018798828, "rough_score": -8.213741302490234, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF - A Relaxed Approach By Faldo - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Nick Faldo with his third wife Valerie Bercher, whom he divorced in 2006", "precise_score": -5.86310338973999, "rough_score": -7.471468448638916, "source": "search", "title": "I know pro golfers ALL play around - they've tried to ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "8 Nick Faldo and Brenna Cepelak", "precise_score": -0.4844619631767273, "rough_score": -9.157012939453125, "source": "search", "title": "The ten sporting love matches | Sport | The Observer" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "In an interview in 2005, Curtis Strange said: \"Nick Faldo stared a lot of guys down. He had a way of folding his arms and looking at you as though he knew you were going to make a mistake. But in our playoff in the 1988 U.S. Open, I was in a good frame of mind to handle him. We didn't say three words all day, which was fine with me. I'm proud of beating him when he was in his prime.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.064831733703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nick Faldo" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Nick Dougherty, who won three Faldo Junior Series events and went on to win tournaments on the European Tour, said of Faldo: \"He's the most driven human being I've ever known. People say Tiger Woods created the new breed of golfer but I believe Nick Faldo did.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805745124816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nick Faldo" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The Voice of Golf", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189205169677734, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169742584228516, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "When Nick Faldo walked the legendary courses where he evidenced his brilliance, his head down in deep concentration, he was criticized for being a cold fish. When he practiced relentlessly on the range, seeking perfection, he was tabbed a selfish loner. When he won with brilliant golf and stunning emotional control, he was told he had no feeling for his fellow man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.477906227111816, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "That’s not the Nick Faldo I know, and now that he is 45 and no longer grinding to be number one, the rest of the world is seeing a more relaxed Faldo, too. When I arrived for our interview at the Faldo Golf Institute by Marriott in Orlando, Florida, Nick was happily mugging for the camera and cooperating with the photographer. When I returned home afterward, I found that Nick had called, leaving a message to say thanks and to wish me a happy weekend. Typical Faldo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50048828125, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "GOLF Magazine: How successfully has the new, funny, affectionate, warm Nick Faldo been playing out?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162714004516602, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "The 1996 Masters wasn’t a good example because I was throwing my clubs in the practice round. It was all going wrong and I went to lunch and sat with a friend and he said to me, “Just remember you are Nick Faldo.” I still wasn’t confident going to the first tee on Thursday. To come off with a 68 in the first round was the breakthrough of the week. On Tuesday I can’t hit a shot and on Thursday I’m Nick Faldo again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454072952270508, "source": "search", "title": "GOLF Magazine Interview: Nick Faldo - Peter Kessler – The ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "For example, almost all the thrice-married Nick Faldo's relationships have overlapped, and Greg Norman had a very brazen affair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981426239013672, "source": "search", "title": "I know pro golfers ALL play around - they've tried to ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Alone on the practice green at the Eagle Trace course here, Nick Faldo seems like any golfer anywhere trying to hone his stroke.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.37757682800293, "source": "search", "title": "\"Faldo Finds Relief after Tabloid Treatment\" by Lorne ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "\"Nick, Nick, over here,\" they howled so that they could get a word, a photograph. \"Wait, stop shooting,\" their prey yelled back. \"I'm Nick Price, not Nick Faldo.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.502218246459961, "source": "search", "title": "\"Faldo Finds Relief after Tabloid Treatment\" by Lorne ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "PONTE VEDRA, Fla. — They don't play anthems on the first tee, but if required by protocol to salute these United States, Nick Faldo undoubtedly would be all hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354290008544922, "source": "search", "title": "A Most Happy Faldo Finds Peace In America - tribunedigital ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "The Masters is two weeks off, and Nick Faldo is already so deliriously content, he can't even wait until tomorrow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424263000488281, "source": "search", "title": "A Most Happy Faldo Finds Peace In America - tribunedigital ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Nick Faldo is facing a £15million divorce payout following the breakdown of his third marriage to the woman he declared was 'The One'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.881217002868652, "source": "search", "title": "Faldo facing £15million divorce | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "While his golfing achievements have dwindled, he is frequently in demand for commentary work on American television. His golf course design business, Nick Faldo Design, has also proved hugely successful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.402822494506836, "source": "search", "title": "Faldo facing £15million divorce | Daily Mail Online" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Didn't Nick Faldo cheat on his wife? or a couple of his wives? - The Geek Club - FFToday Forums", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11825180053711, "source": "search", "title": "Didn't Nick Faldo cheat on his wife? or a couple of his ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Didn't Nick Faldo cheat on his wife? or a couple of his wives?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.087778091430664, "source": "search", "title": "Didn't Nick Faldo cheat on his wife? or a couple of his ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Still, Nick Faldo...not cool.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110647201538086, "source": "search", "title": "Didn't Nick Faldo cheat on his wife? or a couple of his ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Melanie Hickey, ex-wife of Nick Faldo and now a PR consultant, on Tiger Woods in The Observer: \"Over 20 years ago, in a life briefly enjoyed on the inside of the ropes, I lived with the same kind of egocentric, nay, narcissistic behavior that achieves greatness. At the time, I felt that the very characteristics that make a sportsman great are the ones that can destroy a marriage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674307823181152, "source": "search", "title": "Didn't Nick Faldo cheat on his wife? or a couple of his ..." }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "Greg Norman has always been an early riser, awake by sunrise most mornings. Although his 2:49 p.m. tee time with Nick Faldo could make the hours feel like months, Norman had led enough major championships after 54 holes to know the drill. \"I had a great night's sleep,\" he recalls. \"I remember getting up and turning on the Weather Channel, mainly to see which direction the wind would be coming from. I check the forecast and play the golf course in my head with whatever wind they're calling for.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156982421875, "source": "search", "title": "Hawkins/Rosaforte: Black Sunday (revisited) - Golf Digest" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "When Greg Norman misplaced a six-stroke lead over Nick Faldo in the 1996 Masters, the irony registered like a familiar nightmare with Ken Venturi, then the lead analyst on the CBS telecast. Venturi had been on the wrong end of Jackie Burke's record eight-stroke comeback 40 years earlier at Augusta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787952423095703, "source": "search", "title": "Hawkins/Rosaforte: Black Sunday (revisited) - Golf Digest" }, { "answer": "Nick Faldo", "passage": "The hug at the end of the 1996 Masters was touching, if not everlasting, as Greg Norman made clear to Nick Faldo a few years later. Although the two men were never close, Faldo's management company approached Bart Collins, president of Great White Shark Enterprises, to propose a series of corporate-friendly outings that might serve as a good-natured \"sequel\" to Black Sunday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.042226791381836, "source": "search", "title": "Hawkins/Rosaforte: Black Sunday (revisited) - Golf Digest" } ]

[ { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Madeleine Astrid Gurdon, Baroness Lloyd-Webber, (born 30 November 1962) is an English former equestrian sportswoman, and the third and current wife of musical theatre impresario Andrew Lloyd Webber.", "precise_score": 7.364991188049316, "rough_score": 6.62338399887085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madeleine Gurdon" }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Madeleine Astrid Gurdon, Baroness Lloyd-Webber, (born 30 November 1962) is an English former equestrian sportswoman, and the third and current wife of musical theatre impresario Andrew Lloyd Webber .", "precise_score": 7.364991188049316, "rough_score": 6.62338399887085, "source": "search", "title": "Madeleine Gurdon - iSnare Free Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Madeleine Astrid Gurdon, Baroness Lloyd-Webber, (born 30 November 1962) is an English former equestrian sportswoman, and the third and current wife of musical theatre impresario Andrew Lloyd Webber.", "precise_score": 7.364991188049316, "rough_score": 6.62338399887085, "source": "search", "title": "Madeleine Gurdon, Athlete - Bio & Facts" }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born ... Thirdly, he married Madeleine Gurdon in Westminster on 9 February 1991. They have three children, ...\" -  source", "precise_score": 4.168609142303467, "rough_score": 7.222914695739746, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Madeleine Gurdon (30 AD ... Madeleine Astrid Gurdon, Baroness Lloyd-Webber, ... and the third and current wife of musical theatre impresario Andrew Lloyd Webber.\" -  source", "precise_score": 6.709442615509033, "rough_score": 7.4097981452941895, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Horoscope and astrology data of Andrew Lloyd Webber born on 22 ... he married his third wife, Madeleine Gurdon who was equipped to play ... (Madeleine Gurdon) ...\" -  source", "precise_score": 4.174354553222656, "rough_score": 6.692042350769043, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Andrew Lloyd Webber is married to Madeleine Gurdon. View Relationship. ... Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon. Dezso Molnar. Selena Gomez. Community + Banner.\" -  source", "precise_score": 2.7350125312805176, "rough_score": 6.145458221435547, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after prostate cancer treatment has left him impotent - Mirror Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372453689575195, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after prostate cancer treatment has left him impotent", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334464073181152, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber has opened up about his battle with prostate cancer – and revealed the treatment has left him impotent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29014778137207, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and wife Madeleine (pic: Getty)q", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.093613386154175, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber has opened up about his battle with prostate cancer – and revealed the treatment has left him impotent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29014778137207, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Lord Lloyd-Webber", "passage": "Lord Lloyd-Webber, 63, managed to quip: “I’m a ladies’ man who can never make love. I’m resigned to that.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323052406311035, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Lord Lloyd-Webber", "passage": "Lord Lloyd-Webber said he and his wife Madeleine Gurdon decided against using various sex ­stimulants – including an Austin Powers-style “penis pump” – because the contraptions all sounded “too gruesome to contemplate”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.22842417657375336, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Lord Lloyd-Webber", "passage": "Chatting to CNN host Piers at his Mallorcan villa for the programme, Lord Lloyd-Webber admitted he consulted a sex therapist who advised him to try a “penis pump”. He said: “I did look into the alternative possibilities… I did go to the sex education [clinic] for people who have lost their prostates and [the therapist] was very sweet. She said, ‘Ooh, but you can try Viagra, you can try all that and see if it works’. She then produced this contraption, a sort of pump which, allegedly, was in some Austin Powers movie!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367342948913574, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Lord Lloyd-Webber", "passage": "His children would agree. Lord Lloyd-Webber is father to Imogen, 33, and Nicholas, 31, (by first wife Sarah Hugill), and Alastair, 18, William, 16, and Isabella, 13, with Madeleine. His second wife was Sarah Brightman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3991525173187256, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber says he can never have sex again after ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship Details | ShagTree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.05305025354027748, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Who is Andrew Lloyd Webber dating? Andrew Lloyd Webber ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953744888305664, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Andrew Lloyd Webber relationship list. ... Andrew Lloyd Webber is married to Madeleine Gurdon. Commenced Dating: ... Lloyd. Last Name.\" -  source", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.793914794921875, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"... and the third and current wife of musical theatre impresario Andrew Lloyd Webber. ... Gurdon married Lloyd Webber at his Hampshire home on 9 February 1991.\" -  source", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6170835494995117, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "ANDREW LLOYD WEBBER AND MADELEINE GURDON - Dating, Gossip ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.15504789352417, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Who's Dated Who feature on Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon including pictures, ... Andrew Lloyd Webber Aries\" -  source", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2660160064697266, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345319747924805, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Madeleine Gurdon, Self: When Piers Met Andrew Lloyd Webber. Madeleine Gurdon was born as Madeleine Astrid Gurdon. She has been married to Andrew Lloyd Webber since ...\" -  source", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.608118534088135, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber (Composer) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263421058654785, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Andrew Lloyd Webber ... Madeleine Gurdon. Married 1991. Sarah Brightman. Married 1984 ... 1972 24 Years Old Lloyd Webber has married three times.\" -  source", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.622090816497803, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "\"Madeleine Gurdon was born as Madeleine Astrid Gurdon. She has been married to Andrew Lloyd Webber since February 9, 1991. They have three children.\" -  source", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.671673774719238, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Astrology: Andrew Lloyd Webber, horoscope for birth date ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231208801269531, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber | FamousFix.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298818588256836, "source": "search", "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon Relationship ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon<\\/topic> are married.\",\"children\":\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.59210729598999, "source": "search", "title": "Madeleine Gurdon Pics - Madeleine Gurdon Photo Gallery ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Madeleine Gurdon<\\/topic> has 3 children, Alastair (24)<\\/span>, William (23)<\\/span> and Isabella (20)<\\/span>.\",\"onscreen\":\"\",\"last\":null,\"stats\":{\"all\":{\"count\":1,\"longest\":{\"length\":\"9845\",\"name\":\"Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon\",\"url\":\"andrew-lloyd-webber-and-madeleine-gurdon\"},\"shortest\":{\"length\":\"9845\",\"name\":\"Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon\",\"url\":\"andrew-lloyd-webber-and-madeleine-gurdon\"},\"total\":9845},\"married\":{\"count\":1,\"longest\":{\"length\":\"9845\",\"name\":\"Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon\",\"url\":\"andrew-lloyd-webber-and-madeleine-gurdon\"},\"shortest\":{\"length\":\"9845\",\"name\":\"Andrew Lloyd Webber and Madeleine Gurdon\",\"url\":\"andrew-lloyd-webber-and-madeleine-gurdon\"},\"total\":9845},\"engaged\":{\"count\":0,\"longest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"shortest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"total\":0},\"dating\":{\"count\":0,\"longest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"shortest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"total\":0},\"encounter\":{\"count\":0,\"longest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"shortest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"total\":0},\"rumoured\":{\"count\":0,\"longest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"shortest\":{\"length\":0,\"name\":null,\"url\":\"\"},\"total\":0}},\"history\":\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4119629859924316, "source": "search", "title": "Madeleine Gurdon Pics - Madeleine Gurdon Photo Gallery ..." }, { "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "passage": "Madeleine Gurdon and Andrew Lloyd Webber have been married for 25 years since 15th Feb 1991. view relationship", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.337114334106445, "source": "search", "title": "Who is Madeleine Gurdon dating? Madeleine Gurdon boyfriend ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Carlos Menem", "passage": "Ms Fernández will probably struggle on until the 2015 presidential election, which optimists see as a turning-point. Economic wobbles before the election may discredit Peronism’s claim to be the party of strong government. But Peronism is a remarkably plastic political concept, capable of producing both the neoliberal policies overseen by Carlos Menem in the 1990s and the redistributive policies of the Kirchners. The idea of a party that pays the price of bad policies does not seem to apply.", "precise_score": -8.306397438049316, "rough_score": -10.828069686889648, "source": "search", "title": "The Tragedy of Argentina: A Century of Decline - The Economist" } ]

[ { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "Henry Ford II (September 4, 1917 – September 29, 1987), sometimes known as \"HF2\" or \"Hank the Deuce\", was the oldest son of Edsel Ford and oldest grandson of Henry Ford. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) from 1960 to 1979, and chairman for several months thereafter. Notably, under the leadership of Henry Ford II, Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956. From 1943 to 1950, he also served as president of the Ford Foundation.", "precise_score": 5.835548400878906, "rough_score": 6.88395881652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Henry Ford II" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "Henry Ford II (September 4, 1917 — September 29, 1987), commonly known as \"HF2\" and \"Hank the Deuce\", was the son of Edsel Ford and grandson of Henry Ford . He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, Board of directors and Chief executive officer from 1960 to 1979, and chairman for several months thereafter.", "precise_score": 5.578132629394531, "rough_score": 6.968357563018799, "source": "search", "title": "Henry Ford II - Ford Wiki" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "His health failing, Ford ceded the company Presidency to his grandson, Henry Ford II, in September 1945 and went into retirement. He died on April 7, 1947, of a cerebral hemorrhage at Fair Lane, his estate in Dearborn, at the age of 83. A public viewing was held at Greenfield Village where up to 5,000 people per hour filed past the casket. Funeral services were held in Detroit's Cathedral Church of St. Paul and he was buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.704616904258728, "source": "wiki", "title": "Henry Ford" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "Edsel Ford died in 1943, and Henry Ford returned to the presidency of Ford Motor Company briefly before handing it over to his grandson, Henry Ford II, in 1945. He died two years later at his Dearborn home, at the age of 83.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8546266555786133, "source": "search", "title": "Henry Ford - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Grandchild", "passage": "Businessman. An automobile magnate, he was born the first of four children to Edsel and Eleanor Clay Ford, (and was the first grandchild of industrial pioneer Henry Ford). In May 1943, his father Edsel Ford died, and his frail aging grandfather Henry Ford became company President again. Henry Ford II was serving in the United States Navy when he was discharged and came back to help run the company. In 1945, with the help of his mother Eleanor Ford and grandmother Clara Ford, they helped convince his grandfather to step down and allow him to become President of Ford Motor Company. According to one executive \"The Company was dead, and rigor mortis had set in.\" He hired a group who became known as the �Whiz Kids�, which included future United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, to cut costs of the company. In 1949, the '49' Ford came out, and is considered one of the many cars that saved Ford Motor. In the 1970s, with the recession on, and gas rationed along with high prices, Henry Ford still believed America only wanted big cars, but Ford executive Lee Iaccoca convinced him to invest in the Ford �Pinto�. By the late 1970s, Lee Iaccoca was fired. When asked why, he stated,\" Sometimes people just don't like each other.\" His standard line, when he was asked why he did it that way was, \"Never Complain, Never Explain.\" He was married three times, and had three children by his first wife Anne McDonnell. Charlotte, Anne, and Edsel, named after his father. He died at Henry Ford Hospital in 1987. (bio by: Joel Hurley)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6924149990081787, "source": "search", "title": "Henry Ford, II (1917 - 1987) - Find A Grave Memorial" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "On this day in 1956, Henry Ford II, the namesake and grandson of the legendary automobile pioneer, resigns as chairman of his family’s charitable organization, the Ford Foundation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8940067291259766, "source": "search", "title": "Henry Ford II leaves post at Ford Foundation - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "During the 1920s, under Edsel Ford’s nominal presidency, the company diversified by acquiring the Lincoln Motor Car Company, in 1922, and venturing into aviation. At Edsel’s death in 1943 Henry Ford resumed the presidency and, in spite of age and infirmity, held it until 1945, when he retired in favour of his grandson, Henry Ford II .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2573041915893555, "source": "search", "title": "Henry Ford | American industrialist | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "The son of Edsel and the grandson of Henry Ford, Henry Ford II, served as president from 1945 to 1960 and as chairman and CEO from 1960 to 1979. When Henry II took over, the company and its bookkeeping practices were in disarray. With the help of ten former U.S. Army Air Force officers nicknamed the “Whiz Kids,” Henry II transformed the organization into a disciplined company with modern management systems – prepared for the global challenges of the post-war world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.4060468673706055, "source": "search", "title": "Ford Motor Company Timeline | Ford.com" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "Under Henry Ford's grandson, William Clay Ford, the 1956 Mk. II was a revival of the 1941 Continental that grew out of a custom car designed for Edsel Ford's private use. Edsel and designer E.T. Gregorie named these stylish and elegant cars for the inspiration they drew from the \"continental\" cars they saw in Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7910993099212646, "source": "search", "title": "Ford Motor Company Timeline | Ford.com" }, { "answer": "Grandson", "passage": "US motor manufacturer. He was a pioneer of mass production and had a profound influence on the widespread use of motor vehicles. In 1909 Ford produced his famous Model T, of which 15 million were made over the next 19 years at gradually reducing prices due to large-scale manufacture, a succession of simple assembly tasks, and the use of a conveyor belt. He went on to produce a cheap and effective farm tractor, the Fordson, which had a great effect on agricultural mechanization. Control of the Ford Motor Company passed to his grandson, Henry Ford II (1917–87), in 1945 and is now a huge multinational corporation. Among the first Henry Ford's philanthropic legacies is the Ford Foundation (established 1936), a major charitable trust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.792998731136322, "source": "search", "title": "Henry Ford - Oxford Reference" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Graça Machel (, née Graça Simbine, 17 October 1945) is a Mozambican politician and humanitarian. She is the widow of former South African president Nelson Mandela and of Mozambican president Samora Machel. She is an international advocate for women's and children's rights and in 1997 was made a British dame for her humanitarian work.", "precise_score": 3.8110296726226807, "rough_score": 5.8217363357543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graça Machel" }, { "answer": "Rolihlahla Mandela", "passage": "She married then South African President Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, in Johannesburg on 18 July 1998, his 80th birthday. Mandela died on 5 December 2013 after a long sickbed involving pneumonia, and, not so well known to most people, is that Mandela had suffered from prostate cancer since the age of 76. His condition worsened until his death.", "precise_score": -2.9655821323394775, "rough_score": -7.770901679992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graça Machel" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened The Elders, a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday.", "precise_score": 1.9742058515548706, "rough_score": 3.5694568157196045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graça Machel" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. Mandela impressed them with his discussions of Afrikaner history, and the negotiations led to the Groot Schuur Minute, in which the government lifted the state of emergency. In August, Mandela – recognising the ANC's severe military disadvantage – offered a ceasefire, the Pretoria Minute, for which he was widely criticised by MK activists. He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. At the ANC's July 1991 national conference in Durban, Mandela admitted the party's faults and announced his aim to build a \"strong and well-oiled task force\" for securing majority rule. At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected.", "precise_score": -10.77140998840332, "rough_score": -9.195061683654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela was given an office in the newly purchased ANC headquarters at Shell House, Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of Houghton. Mandela's prospects for a peaceful transition were further damaged by an increase in \"black-on-black\" violence, particularly between ANC and Inkatha supporters in KwaZulu-Natal, which resulted in thousands of deaths. Mandela met with Inkatha leader Buthelezi, but the ANC prevented further negotiations on the issue. Mandela argued that there was a \"third force\" within the state intelligence services fuelling the \"slaughter of the people\" and openly blamed de Klerk – whom he increasingly distrusted – for the Sebokeng massacre. In September 1991, a national peace conference was held in Johannesburg at which Mandela, Buthelezi and de Klerk signed a peace accord, though the violence continued.", "precise_score": -8.757833480834961, "rough_score": -8.605199813842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In December 1994, Mandela published Long Walk to Freedom, an autobiography based around a manuscript he had written in prison, augmented by interviews conducted with American journalist Richard Stengel. In late 1994, he attended the 49th conference of the ANC in Bloemfontein, at which a more militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. By 1995, he had entered into a relationship with Graça Machel, a Mozambican political activist 27 years his junior who was the widow of former president Samora Machel. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. She turned down Mandela's first marriage proposal, wanting to retain some independence and dividing her time between Mozambique and Johannesburg.", "precise_score": -0.1011684238910675, "rough_score": 5.164876461029053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including Hendrik Verwoerd's widow, Betsie Schoombie, and lawyer Percy Yutar, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero Daniel Theron. Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that \"courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace.\" He encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated national rugby team, the Springboks, as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After the Springboks won a celebrated final against New Zealand, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner, wearing a Springbok shirt with Pienaar's own number 6 on the back. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans; as de Klerk later put it, \"Mandela won the hearts of millions of white rugby fans.\" Mandela's efforts at reconciliation assuaged the fears of whites, but also drew criticism from more militant blacks. Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority.", "precise_score": -10.409427642822266, "rough_score": -9.4575777053833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela attracted controversy for his close relationship with Indonesian President Suharto, whose regime was responsible for mass human rights abuses, although on a July 1997 visit to Indonesia he privately urged him to withdraw from the occupation of East Timor. He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba, and Libya, and for his personal friendships with Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi. Castro visited in 1998 to widespread popular acclaim, and Mandela met Gaddafi in Libya to award him the Order of Good Hope. When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones, and stated that \"the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies.\" Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya, and the US and Britain, over bringing to trial the two Libyans, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging Pan Am Flight 103. Mandela proposed that they be tried in a third country, which was agreed to by all parties; governed by Scots law, the trial was held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands in April 1999, and found one of the two men guilty. ", "precise_score": -7.438159942626953, "rough_score": -7.598915100097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's relationship with Machel had intensified; in February 1998, he publicly stated that he was \"in love with a remarkable lady\", and under pressure from his friend Desmond Tutu, who urged him to set an example for young people, he organised a wedding for his 80th birthday, in July that year. The following day, he held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. He gave his farewell speech to Parliament on 29 March 1999 when it adjourned prior the 1999 general elections, after which he retired. Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president.", "precise_score": 1.1835688352584839, "rough_score": 2.0943446159362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "He retained some involvement in international affairs. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust, travelling to the U.S. to speak before the Brookings Institution and the NAACP on the need for economic assistance to Africa. He spoke with U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton and President George W. Bush and first met then-U.S. Senator Barack Obama. Mandela also encouraged Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe to resign over growing human rights abuses in the country. When this proved ineffective, he spoke out publicly against Mugabe in 2007, asking him to step down \"with residual respect and a modicum of dignity.\" That year, Mandela, Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech delivered on his 89th birthday. ", "precise_score": -5.146325588226318, "rough_score": -8.58969497680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Madiba", "passage": "Mandela was heterosexual, with biographer Fatima Meer stating that he was \"easily tempted\" by women. Another biographer, Martin Meredith, characterised him as being \"by nature a romantic\", highlighting that he had relationships with various women. Mandela was married three times, fathered six children, and had seventeen grandchildren and at least seventeen great-grandchildren. He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944; they divorced after 13 years in 1957 under the multiple strains of his adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. The couple had two sons whom Mandela survived, Madiba \"Thembi\" Thembekile (1945–1969) and Makgatho Mandela (1950–2005); his first son died in a car crash and his second son died of AIDS. The couple had two daughters, both named Makaziwe Mandela (born 1947 and 1954); the first died at the age of nine months, the second, known as \"Maki\", survived Mandela. Makgatho's son, Mandla Mandela, became chief of the Mvezo tribal council in 2007. Mandela's second wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also came from the Transkei area, although they too met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani and Zindzi. In 1995, he divorced Winnie, and married Graça Machel on his 80th birthday in 1998.", "precise_score": 1.2416151762008667, "rough_score": -5.029382228851318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Wedding plans have been a constant line of inquiry for the world's media on these occasions, but Graca Machel had a way of deflecting enquiries with a smile leaving Mr Mandela to comment.", "precise_score": 2.117403507232666, "rough_score": 2.1828460693359375, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Graca Machel - profile" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Now, with marriage apparently sealing Mr Mandela's commitment to retire from South African politics, it may be that Graca Machel takes on the role as the high profile partner.", "precise_score": 1.3300986289978027, "rough_score": 3.8745646476745605, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Graca Machel - profile" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "She has received a clutch of humanitarian awards, and has served on several boards of international organisations, including the UN Foundation, the African Leadership Forum and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. In 1998, she married Nelson Mandela, on whose Elders panel – a group of former world leaders – she sits. \"I'm in love with a remarkable lady,\" he has said. \"I don't regret the reverses and setbacks because late in my life I am blooming like a flower, because of the love and support she has given me.\"", "precise_score": 2.904752492904663, "rough_score": -5.598219394683838, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel | Top 100 women | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela married Evelyn Mase, a cousin of his political mentor Walter Sisulu, three years after arriving in Johannesburg to avoid an arranged marriage in the rural region of Eastern Cape. He was 26 and she was 22.", "precise_score": -9.09260368347168, "rough_score": -9.273609161376953, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "In 1998, more than 40 years after separating from Mr Mandela, Evelyn married Simon Rakeepile, a fellow Jehovah's Witness. She died in 2004.", "precise_score": -3.7481045722961426, "rough_score": -6.010484218597412, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Graca Machel knew what it was to be married to a liberation movement when she married Mr Mandela towards the end of his presidency.", "precise_score": 3.767275094985962, "rough_score": 5.87752103805542, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Image caption Nelson Mandela married Graca Machel in 1998 on his 80th birthday", "precise_score": 7.933437347412109, "rough_score": 8.526934623718262, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Graça Machel on Mandela: 'I learned to separate the man from the myth' | World news | The Guardian", "precise_score": -1.252609133720398, "rough_score": -1.8492364883422852, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Graça Machel on Mandela: 'I learned to separate the man from the myth'", "precise_score": -2.582751989364624, "rough_score": -2.5769176483154297, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela and his wife, Graça Machel, who he described as a gracious and brilliant lady. Photograph: Louise Gubb/Corbis", "precise_score": 3.8880975246429443, "rough_score": 4.142826557159424, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Many South Africans will say they have lost their tata, as in father. But amid the outpouring of emotion here and around the world, it is easy to forget that there is a woman mourning her husband. Graça Machel married Nelson Mandela on his 80th birthday on 18 July 1998, providing an unexpected romantic epilogue to an epic life. She was to be his champion and companion in his twilight years and first witness to his inexorable decline.", "precise_score": 8.041607856750488, "rough_score": 7.596210479736328, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Machel is 27 years younger than Mandela but has known the pain of loss before. Her first husband, Mozambican president Samora Machel, died in a mysterious plane crash in 1986. She is the only woman in the world to have been first lady of two countries.", "precise_score": 1.5966168642044067, "rough_score": -0.6067669987678528, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela met Machel briefly in Mozambique after his release from prison in 1990, later recalling her as \"a very impressive woman and striking personality\". She caught his eye again when she received an honorary doctorate in Cape Town in 1992. They got much better acquainted a year later when Mandela became a father figure to Samora Machel's six children, taking over on the death of his old friend Oliver Tambo.", "precise_score": -2.050865411758423, "rough_score": -4.6186723709106445, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's marriage to his second wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, had not survived his incarceration and they divorced in 1996. Soon there was no secret about the president's new relationship – he and Machel were seen holding hands on overseas trips and kissing during a state function in Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": 0.22402812540531158, "rough_score": -1.8117400407791138, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "During Mandela's increasingly scarce public appearances following his retirement, Machel was usually at his side. She supported his frail arm as he tried to wave to crowds at the 2010 World Cup closing ceremony. While the rest of the world speculated over his health, she was forced to watch the dying of the light first-hand.", "precise_score": -2.0003156661987305, "rough_score": -7.426780700683594, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "A formidable personality, Machel appears to have been unfazed by Madikizela-Mandela remaining part of Mandela's life. In 2012 photographer Adrian Steirn spoke of them \"laughing hysterically\" together at his birthday party . It remains to be seen whether Machel will clash with Mandela's children and grandchildren over his legacy.", "precise_score": -4.349806308746338, "rough_score": -7.838710308074951, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Twice married and twice widowed, she has never allowed herself to be defined by Samora Machel and Nelson Mandela.", "precise_score": -3.092139959335327, "rough_score": -5.59668493270874, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Graca, a woman of grace, and a woman of substance, has been married to Nelson Mandela since 1998, and has the unique feat of having been First Lady of two countries – South Africa, between 1998 and 1999, when Mandela declined to stand for a second term of office, and Mozambique from 1975 to 1986 when her first husband, Samora Machel, died upon his presidential plane crashing in suspicious circumstances.", "precise_score": 6.666178226470947, "rough_score": 8.042190551757812, "source": "search", "title": "Grace Machel - Awova" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "On 18 July 2007 in South Africa, Graça Machel, Nelson Mandela, and Desmond Tutu convened The Elders, a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday. Machel is a member of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa.", "precise_score": 2.190481424331665, "rough_score": 2.742633581161499, "source": "search", "title": "Grace Machel - Awova" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel: a happy couple", "precise_score": 2.5217292308807373, "rough_score": 0.5318564176559448, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "South African President Nelson Mandela has married his long-term companion, 52-year-old Graca Machel on his 80th birthday.", "precise_score": 4.903827667236328, "rough_score": 5.705088138580322, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "\"I have a very short statement to make and a very happy one. President Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel got married this afternoon,\" he said.", "precise_score": 4.684487819671631, "rough_score": 4.593937873840332, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "It is Nelson Mandela's third marriage. His new wife is the former First Lady of Mozambique and an international stateswoman in her own right. Her former husband, Samora Machel, died in a plane crash in 1986 while he was president of Mozambique.", "precise_score": -0.34979313611984253, "rough_score": 0.2225208431482315, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Graca Machel is known to have resisted marriage up until now as she felt it would have been wrong to marry President Mandela while he was still head of state in South Africa.", "precise_score": 3.5476572513580322, "rough_score": 4.812138557434082, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela has been married three times, has fathered six children, has twenty grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren. He’s currently married to Graça Machel whom he married in 1998.", "precise_score": 5.474991321563721, "rough_score": 6.7609758377075195, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "* Named \"Decade Child Rights Hero\" together with her husband Nelson Mandela ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_YZJSL2tFc watch here]) by 7.1 million children through a [http://worldschildrensprize.org/theglobalvote Global Vote], organized as part of the educational World’s Children’s Prize Program ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287543296813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graça Machel" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "* Received the World’s Children’s Prize in 2005, together with her husband Nelson Mandela ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.562384605407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graça Machel" }, { "answer": "Rolihlahla Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist, who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black chief executive, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.928326606750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the Afrikaner minority government of the National Party established apartheid – a system of racial segregation that privileged whites – in 1948 he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 anti-apartheid Defiance Campaign, was appointed President of the organisation's Transvaal branch, and co-organised the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the South African Communist Party (SACP). Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961, leading a sabotage campaign against the government. In 1962, he was arrested, convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the state, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915547370910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. Amid international pressure and growing fear of a racial civil war, President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990. Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial elections, in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president. Leading a broad coalition government, which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. While continuing with the former government's economic liberalism, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998–99. Declining a second presidential term, he was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela became an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.808208465576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Madiba", "passage": "Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist, while those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters. Conversely, he gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250 honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize, the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Lenin Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata (\"Father\"), and described as the \"Father of the Nation\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227720260620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Madiba", "passage": "Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then a part of South Africa's Cape Province. Given the forename Rolihlahla, a Xhosa term colloquially meaning \"troublemaker\", in later years he became known by his clan name, Madiba. His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was king of the Thembu people in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa's modern Eastern Cape province. One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Because Mandela was only the king's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan, a so-called \"Left-Hand House\", the descendants of his cadet branch of the royal family were morganatic, ineligible to inherit the throne but recognised as hereditary royal councillors. His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. In 1926, Gadla was also sacked for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for standing up to the magistrate's unreasonable demands. A devotee of the god Qamata, Gadla was a polygamist, having four wives, four sons and nine daughters, who lived in different villages. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, who was daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.062335968017578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Later stating that his early life was dominated by traditional Thembu custom and taboo, Mandela grew up with two sisters in his mother's kraal in the village of Qunu, where he tended herds as a cattle-boy, spending much time outside with other boys. Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. Baptised a Methodist, Mandela was given the English forename of \"Nelson\" by his teacher. When Mandela was about nine, his father came to stay at Qunu, where he died of an undiagnosed ailment which Mandela believed to be lung disease. Feeling \"cut adrift\", he later said that he inherited his father's \"proud rebelliousness\" and \"stubborn sense of fairness\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275733947753906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's mother took him to the \"Great Place\" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted under the guardianship of Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their son, Justice, and daughter, Nomafu. As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life. He attended a Methodist mission school located next to the palace, studying English, Xhosa, history and geography. He developed a love of African history, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and became influenced by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of the visiting Chief Joyi. At the time he nevertheless considered the European colonialists not as oppressors but as benefactors who had brought education and other benefits to southern Africa. Aged 16, he, Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the circumcision ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; the rite over, he was given the name Dalibunga.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.309295654296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Intending to gain skills needed to become a privy councillor for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education at Clarkebury Methodist High School, Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland. Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his \"stuck up\" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. Completing his Junior Certificate in two years, in 1937 he moved to Healdtown, the Methodist college in Fort Beaufort attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. The headmaster emphasised the superiority of English culture and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native African culture, making his first non-Xhosa friend, a Sotho language-speaker, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho. Spending much of his spare time long-distance running and boxing, in his second year Mandela became a prefect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151985168457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "With Jongintaba's backing, Mandela began work on a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree at the University of Fort Hare, an elite black institution in Alice, Eastern Cape, with around 150 students. There he studied English, anthropology, politics, native administration, and Roman Dutch law in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the Native Affairs Department. Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, K. D. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. Continuing his interest in sport, Mandela took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about Abraham Lincoln, and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Although having friends connected to the African National Congress (ANC) and the anti-imperialist movement who wanted South Africa to be independent of the British Empire, Mandela avoided any involvement, and became a vocal supporter of the British war effort when the Second World War broke out. Helping found a first-year students' house committee which challenged the dominance of the second-years, at the end of his first year he became involved in a Students' Representative Council (SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was temporarily suspended from the university; he left without receiving a degree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75584888458252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Returning to Mqhekezweni in December 1940, Mandela found that Jongintaba had arranged marriages for him and Justice; dismayed, they fled to Johannesburg via Queenstown, arriving in April 1941. Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his \"first sight of South African capitalism in action\", but was fired when the induna (headman) discovered that he was a runaway. Staying with a cousin in George Goch Township, Mandela was introduced to realtor and ANC activist Walter Sisulu, who secured him a job as an articled clerk at law firm Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman. The company was run by a liberal Jew, Lazar Sidelsky, who was sympathetic to the ANC's cause. At the firm, Mandela befriended Gaur Radebe, a Xhosa member of the ANC and Communist Party, as well as Nat Bregman, a Jewish communist who became his first white friend. Attending communist talks and parties, Mandela was impressed that Europeans, Africans, Indians and Coloureds were mixing as equals. He later stated that he did not join the Party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially-based rather than class warfare. Continuing his higher education, Mandela signed up to a University of South Africa correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.864740371704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Earning a small wage, Mandela rented a room in the house of the Xhoma family in the Alexandra township; despite being rife with poverty, crime and pollution, Alexandra always remained a special place for him. Although embarrassed by his poverty, he briefly courted a Swazi woman before unsuccessfully courting his landlord's daughter. In order to save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the Queen Regent of Basutoland. In late 1941, Jongintaba visited, forgiving Mandela for running away. On returning to Thembuland, the regent died in winter 1942; Mandela and Justice arrived a day late for the funeral. After passing his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland. He later stated that he experienced no epiphany, but that he \"simply found [himself] doing so, and could not do otherwise.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054403305053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela began studying law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was the only black African student in the faculty. Although facing racism from some, he befriended liberal and communist European, Jewish, and Indian students, among them Joe Slovo and Ruth First. Becoming increasingly politicised, in August 1943 Mandela marched in support of a successful bus boycott to reverse fare rises. Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending much time with other activists at Sisulu's Orlando house, including old friend Oliver Tambo. In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an ANC member affiliated with the Africanist branch of African nationalism, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC President Alfred Bitini Xuma on the subject at his home in Sophiatown; the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the Bantu Men's Social Centre, with Lembede as President and Mandela as a member of its executive committee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841861724853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Madiba", "passage": "At Sisulu's house, Mandela met Evelyn Mase, a trainee nurse and ANC activist from Engcobo, Transkei. Entering a relationship and marrying in October 1944, they initially lived with her relatives until moving in to a rented house in the township of Orlando in early 1946. Their first child, Madiba \"Thembi\" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of meningitis nine months later. Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53599739074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate Peter Mda, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, in December 1947 supporting an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. In 1947, Mandela was elected to the executive committee of the ANC's Transvaal Province branch, serving under regional president C. S. Ramohanoe. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041619300842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In the South African general election, 1948, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel François Malan took power, soon uniting with the Afrikaner Party to form the National Party. Openly racialist, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with the new apartheid legislation. Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his cadres began advocating direct action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced by the tactics already employed by South Africa's Indian community. Xuma did not support these measures and was removed from the presidency in a vote of no confidence, replaced by James Moroka and a more militant executive containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo, and Godfrey Pitje. Mandela later related that \"[he and his colleagues] had [...] guided the ANC to a more radical and revolutionary path.\" Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135802268981934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950, and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian, and communist activists to call a May Day general strike in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35165023803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Thenceforth, Mandela rejected Lembede's Africanist beliefs and embraced the idea of a multi-racial front against apartheid. Influenced by friends like Moses Kotane and by the Soviet Union's support for wars of independence, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by Marxists like Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong, eventually embracing the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism. Commenting on communism, he later stated that he \"found [himself] strongly drawn to the idea of a classless society which, to [his] mind, was similar to traditional African culture where life was shared and communal.\" In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist, although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent less time with his family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218852043151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. The campaign was designed to follow the path of nonviolent resistance influenced by Mahatma Gandhi; some supported this for ethical reasons, but Mandela instead considered it pragmatic. At a Durban rally on 22 June, Mandela addressed an assembled crowd of 10,000, initiating the campaign protests, for which he was arrested and briefly interned in Marshall Square prison. The events of the campaign resulted in Mandela establishing himself as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa. With further protests, the ANC's membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the Public Safety Act, 1953 to permit martial law. In May, authorities banned Transvaal ANC President J. B. Marks from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected regional president in October.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107229232788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act and stood trial as one of the 21 accused – among them Moroka, Sisulu, and Yusuf Dadoo – in Johannesburg. Found guilty of \"statutory communism\", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months' hard labour was suspended for two years. In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical, and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out. In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela's \"No Easy Walk to Freedom\" speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, a seminal influence on Mandela's thought. The speech laid out a contingency plan for a scenario in which the ANC was banned. This Mandela Plan, or M-Plan, involved dividing the organisation into a cell structure with a more centralised leadership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997780799865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela obtained work as an attorney for the firm Terblanche and Briggish, before moving to the liberal-run Helman and Michel, passing qualification exams to become a full-fledged attorney. In August 1953, Mandela and Tambo opened their own law firm, Mandela and Tambo, operating in downtown Johannesburg. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved blacks, often dealing with cases of police brutality. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the Group Areas Act; as a result, their custom dwindled. As a lawyer of aristocratic heritage, Mandela was part of Johannesburg's elite black middle-class, and accorded much respect as a result from the black community. Although a second daughter, Makaziwe Phumia, was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. Claims have emerged that he was having affairs with ANC member Lillian Ngoyi and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him a child. Disgusted by her son's behaviour, Nosekeni returned to Transkei, while Evelyn embraced the Jehovah's Witnesses and rejected Mandela's preoccupation with politics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104924201965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule. He advised Sisulu to request weaponry from the People's Republic of China, but though the Chinese government supported the anti-apartheid struggle, they believed the movement insufficiently prepared for guerilla warfare. With the involvement of the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the ANC planned a Congress of the People, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era. Based on the responses, a Freedom Charter was drafted by Rusty Bernstein, calling for the creation of a democratic, non-racialist state with the nationalisation of major industry. When the charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in Kliptown, attended by 3,000 delegates, police cracked down on the event, but it remained a key part of Mandela's ideology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235687255859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 with local tribal leaders, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to Cape Town. In March 1956 he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it. Mandela's marriage broke down as Evelyn left him, taking their children to live with her brother. Initiating divorce proceedings in May 1956, she claimed that Mandela had physically abused her; he denied the allegations, and fought for custody of their children. She withdrew her petition of separation in November, but Mandela filed for divorce in January 1958; the divorce was finalised in March, with the children placed in Evelyn's care. During the divorce proceedings, he began courting and politicising a social worker, Winnie Madikizela, whom he married in Bizana in June 1958. She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison. Together they had two children: Zenani, born in February 1959, and Zindziswa, born in December 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.259801864624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive, accused of \"high treason\" against the state. Held in Johannesburg Prison amid mass protests, they underwent a preparatory examination before being granted bail. The defence's refutation began in January 1957, overseen by defence lawyer Vernon Berrangé, and continued until adjourning in September. In January 1958, Oswald Pirow was appointed to prosecute the case, and in February the judge ruled that there was \"sufficient reason\" for the defendants to go on trial in the Transvaal Supreme Court. The formal Treason Trial began in Pretoria in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judges – all linked to the governing National Party – replaced. In August, one charge was dropped, and in October the prosecution withdrew its indictment, submitting a reformulated version in November which argued that the ANC leadership committed high treason by advocating violent revolution, a charge the defendants denied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264790534973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC); Mandela disagreed with the group's racially exclusionary views, describing them as \"immature\" and \"naïve\". Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned the passes that they were legally obliged to carry. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the Sharpeville massacre. The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3018159866333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC, while in March they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison. Imprisonment caused problems for Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would withdraw in protest until the accused were freed from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960. Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near Pietermaritzburg, Natal, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic. On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, claiming that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused of \"high treason\", for they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29878044128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Black Pimpernel", "passage": "Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled the country incognito, organising the ANC's new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike. Referred to as the \"Black Pimpernel\" in the press – a reference to Emma Orczy's 1905 novel The Scarlet Pimpernel – a warrant for his arrest was put out by the police. Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort to violence through groups like the PAC's Poqo. He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader Albert Luthuli – who was morally opposed to violence – and allied activist groups of its necessity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574688911437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Inspired by the actions of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, in 1961 Mandela, Sisulu, and Slovo co-founded Umkhonto we Sizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\", abbreviated MK). Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from Marxist literature on guerilla warfare by Mao and Che Guevara as well as from the military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter's reputation, it later became widely recognised that MK was the party's armed wing. Most early MK members were white communists who were able to hide Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in Berea, Mandela moved to the communist-owned Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, there joined by Raymond Mhlaba, Slovo, and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. Although in later life Mandela denied ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s. This was confirmed by both the SACP and the ANC after Mandela's death. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee, but later denied it for political reasons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.397346496582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Mandela stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then guerrilla warfare might have been necessary. Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on Dingane's Day (16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239222526550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Leaving South Africa in secret via Bechuanaland, on his way Mandela visited Tanganyika and met with its president, Julius Nyerere. Arriving in Ethiopia, Mandela met with Emperor Haile Selassie I, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference. After the symposium, he travelled to Cairo, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and then went to Tunis, Tunisia, where President Habib Bourguiba gave him £5,000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian President William Tubman and Guinean President Ahmed Sékou Touré. Leaving Africa for London, England, he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters, and prominent politicians. Returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before being recalled to South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.408858299255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "On 5 August 1962, police captured Mandela along with fellow activist Cecil Williams near Howick. Various rumours have circulated suggesting that the authorities were tipped off with regard to Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these little credence. One idea was that his location had been revealed to South African police by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which feared that Mandela was a communist; this claim later received support from an ex-U.S. diplomat who claimed involvement in the operation. Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase \"the ANC's moral opposition to racism\" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. Moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit him, in his cell he began correspondence studies for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from the University of London. His hearing began in October, but he disrupted proceedings by wearing a traditional kaross, refusing to call any witnesses, and turning his plea of mitigation into a political speech. Found guilty, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; as he left the courtroom, supporters sang \"Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66828441619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. The Rivonia Trial began at Pretoria Supreme Court in October, with Mandela and his comrades charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to violently overthrow the government; their chief prosecutor was Percy Yutar. Judge Quartus de Wet soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323637008666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Although four of the accused denied involvement with MK, Mandela and the five other accused admitted sabotage but denied that they had ever agreed to initiate guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to highlight their political cause; at the opening of the defence's proceedings, Mandela gave his three-hour \"I Am Prepared to Die\" speech. That speech – which was inspired by Castro's \"History Will Absolve Me\" – was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. The trial gained international attention; there were global calls for the release of the accused from the United Nations and World Peace Council, while the University of London Union voted Mandela to its presidency. On 12 June 1964, justice De Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges; although the prosecution had called for the death sentence to be applied, the judge instead condemned them to life imprisonment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304640769958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 ft by 7 ft, with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree which he was obtaining from University of London through a correspondence course with Wolsey Hall, Oxford, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in solitary confinement on several occasions for possessing smuggled news clippings. Initially classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289117813110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The political prisoners took part in work and hunger strikes – the latter considered largely ineffective by Mandela – to improve prison conditions, viewing this as a microcosm of the anti-apartheid struggle. ANC prisoners elected him to their four-man \"High Organ\" along with Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, and Raymond Mhlaba, and he involved himself in a group representing all political prisoners on the island, Ulundi, through which he forged links with PAC and Yu Chi Chan Club members. Initiating the \"University of Robben Island\", whereby prisoners lectured on their own areas of expertise, he debated socio-political topics with his comrades.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243809700012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Though attending Christian Sunday services, Mandela studied Islam. He also studied Afrikaans, hoping to build a mutual respect with the warders and convert them to his cause. Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative Helen Suzman of the Progressive Party, who championed Mandela's cause outside of prison. In September 1970, he met British Labour Party MP Dennis Healey. South African Minister of Justice Jimmy Kruger visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get on. His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. His wife was rarely able to visit, being regularly imprisoned for political activity, and his daughters first visited in December 1975; Winnie got out of prison in 1977 but was forcibly settled in Brandfort, still unable to visit him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849773406982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "From 1967, prison conditions improved; black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. In 1969, an escape plan for Mandela was developed by Gordon Bruce, but it was abandoned after the conspiracy was infiltrated by an agent of the South African Bureau of State Security (BOSS), who hoped to see Mandela shot during the escape. In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. Mandela, seeing an increase in the physical and mental abuse of prisoners, complained to visiting judges, who had Badenhorst reassigned. He was replaced by Commander Willie Willemse, who developed a co-operative relationship with Mandela and was keen to improve prison standards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300175666809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "By 1975, Mandela had become a Class A prisoner, allowing greater numbers of visits and letters; he corresponded with anti-apartheid activists like Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Desmond Tutu. That year, he began his autobiography, which was smuggled to London, but remained unpublished at the time; prison authorities discovered several pages, and his study privileges were revoked for four years. Instead, he devoted his spare time to gardening and reading until he resumed his LLB degree studies in 1980.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35747241973877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "By the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM). Seeing the ANC as ineffectual, the BCM called for militant action, but following the Soweto uprising of 1976, many BCM activists were imprisoned on Robben Island. Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. Renewed international interest in his plight came in July 1978, when he celebrated his 60th birthday. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Lesotho, the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in India in 1979, and the Freedom of the City of Glasgow, Scotland in 1981. In March 1980, the slogan \"Free Mandela!\" was developed by journalist Percy Qoboza, sparking an international campaign that led the UN Security Council to call for his release. Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism and supported its suppression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800786018371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In April 1982, Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Tokai, Cape Town along with senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada, and Raymond Mhlaba; they believed that they were being isolated to remove their influence on younger activists at Robben Island. Conditions at Pollsmoor were better than at Robben Island, although Mandela missed the camaraderie and scenery of the island. Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a roof garden, and also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now permitted 52 letters a year. He was appointed patron of the multi-racial United Democratic Front (UDF), founded to combat reforms implemented by South African President P. W. Botha. Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health, and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system; like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.828638076782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Violence across the country escalated, with many fearing civil war. Under pressure from an international lobby, multinational banks stopped investing in South Africa, resulting in economic stagnation. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to release Mandela – then at the height of his international fame – to defuse the volatile situation. Although considering Mandela a dangerous \"arch-Marxist\", in February 1985 Botha offered him a release from prison on condition that he \"unconditionally rejected violence as a political weapon\". Mandela spurned the offer, releasing a statement through his daughter Zindzi stating, \"What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people [ANC] remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159150123596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland, before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. He was met by \"seven eminent persons\", an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, in June calling a state of emergency and initiating a police crackdown on unrest. The anti-apartheid resistance fought back, with the ANC committing 231 attacks in 1986 and 235 in 1987. The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance, and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the Zulu nationalist movement Inkatha, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. Mandela requested talks with Botha but was denied, instead secretly meeting with Minister of Justice Kobie Coetsee in 1987, having a further 11 meetings over the next three years. Coetsee organised negotiations between Mandela and a team of four government figures starting in May 1988; the team agreed to the release of political prisoners and the legalisation of the ANC on the condition that they permanently renounce violence, break links with the Communist Party, and not insist on majority rule. Mandela rejected these conditions, insisting that the ANC would only end its armed activities when the government renounced violence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.977164268493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, notably with a tribute concert at London's Wembley Stadium that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million viewers. Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a criminal gang, the \"Mandela United Football Club\", who had been responsible for torturing and killing opponents – including children – in Soweto. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338823318481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Recovering from tuberculosis exacerbated by the dank conditions in his cell, in December 1988 Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl. He was housed in the relative comfort of a warder's house with a personal cook, and used the time to complete his LLB degree. While there, he was permitted many visitors and organised secret communications with exiled ANC leader Oliver Tambo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924099922180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In 1989, Botha suffered a stroke, retaining the state presidency but stepping down as leader of the National Party, to be replaced by F. W. de Klerk. In a surprise move, Botha invited Mandela to a meeting over tea in July 1989, an invitation Mandela considered genial. Botha was replaced as state president by de Klerk six weeks later; the new president believed that apartheid was unsustainable and released a number of ANC prisoners. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. Although some were deeply opposed to his plans, de Klerk met with Mandela in December to discuss the situation, a meeting both men considered friendly, before legalising all formerly banned political parties in February 1990 and announcing Mandela's unconditional release. Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33559513092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Leaving Victor Verster Prison on 11 February, Mandela held Winnie's hand in front of amassed crowds and press; the event was broadcast live across the world. Driven to Cape Town's City Hall through crowds, he gave a speech declaring his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not over, and would continue as \"a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid\". He expressed hope that the government would agree to negotiations, so that \"there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle\", and insisted that his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in national and local elections.The text of Mandela's speech can be found at Staying at the home of Desmond Tutu, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's Soccer City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173798561096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and then London, where he appeared at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium. Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, in France he was welcomed by President François Mitterrand, in Vatican City by Pope John Paul II, and in the United Kingdom by Thatcher. In the United States, he met President George H.W. Bush, addressed both Houses of Congress and visited eight cities, being particularly popular among the African-American community. In Cuba, he met President Castro, whom he had long admired, with the two becoming friends. He met President R. Venkataraman in India, President Suharto in Indonesia, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Malaysia, Prime Minister Bob Hawke in Australia, and visited Japan; he did not visit the Soviet Union, a longtime ANC supporter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697649002075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) began in December 1991 at the Johannesburg World Trade Center, attended by 228 delegates from 19 political parties. Although Cyril Ramaphosa led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure, and after de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, he took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the \"head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime\". Dominated by the National Party and ANC, little negotiation was achieved. CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a federal system with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a unitary system governed by majority rule. Following the Boipatong massacre of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the Organisation of African Unity in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a UN peacekeeping force be stationed in South Africa to prevent \"state terrorism\". Calling for domestic mass action, in August the ANC organised the largest-ever strike in South African history, and supporters marched on Pretoria. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44763469696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Following the Bisho massacre, in which 28 ANC supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the Ciskei Defence Force during a protest march, Mandela realised that mass action was leading to further violence and resumed negotiations in September. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off, the latter two measures intended to prevent further Inkatha attacks; de Klerk reluctantly agreed. The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year coalition government of national unity and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. The ANC also conceded to safeguarding the jobs of white civil servants; such concessions brought fierce internal criticism. The duo agreed on an interim constitution based on a liberal democratic model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a U.S.-style bill of rights; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own premier and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for federalism and Mandela's for unitary government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249460220336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The democratic process was threatened by the Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG), an alliance of far-right Afrikaner parties and black ethnic-secessionist groups like Inkatha; in June 1993, the white supremacist Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre. Following the murder of ANC activist Chris Hani, Mandela made a publicised speech to calm rioting, soon after appearing at a mass funeral in Soweto for Tambo, who had died of a stroke. In July 1993, both Mandela and de Klerk visited the US, independently meeting President Bill Clinton and each receiving the Liberty Medal. Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. Influenced by Thabo Mbeki, Mandela began meeting with big business figures, and played down his support for nationalisation, fearing that he would scare away much-needed foreign investment. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he was encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992 World Economic Forum in Switzerland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.524571418762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country, at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. The party's slogan was \"a better life for all\", although it was not explained how this development would be funded. With the exception of the Weekly Mail and the New Nation, South Africa's press opposed Mandela's election, fearing continued ethnic strife, instead supporting the National or Democratic Party. Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16219711303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Concerned that COSAG would undermine the election, particularly in the wake of the conflict in Bophuthatswana and the Shell House Massacre – incidents of violence involving the AWB and Inkatha, respectively – Mandela met with Afrikaner politicians and generals, including P. W. Botha, Pik Botha and Constand Viljoen, persuading many to work within the democratic system, and with de Klerk convinced Inkatha's Buthelezi to enter the elections rather than launch a war of secession. As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; although de Klerk was widely considered the better speaker at the event, Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to consider it a victory for Mandela. The election went ahead with little violence, although an AWB cell killed 20 with car bombs. As widely expected, the ANC won a sweeping victory, taking 63% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally change the constitution. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking another. Mandela voted at the Ohlange High School in Durban, and though the ANC's victory assured his election as President, he publicly accepted that the election had been marred by instances of fraud and sabotage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011483192443848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The newly elected National Assembly's first act was to formally elect Mandela as South Africa's first black chief executive. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. The event was attended by 4,000 guests, including world leaders from disparate backgrounds. Mandela headed a Government of National Unity dominated by the ANC – which alone had no experience of governance – but containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. Under the Interim Constitution, Inkatha and the National Party were entitled to seats in the government by virtue of winning at least 20 seats. In keeping with earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of Deputy President. Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to organise policy details. Moving into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to retain the presidential residence in the Groote Schuur estate, instead settling into the nearby Westbrooke manor, which he renamed \"Genadendal\", meaning \"Valley of Mercy\" in Afrikaans. Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly, walking around the area, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.061797142028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Aged 76, he faced various ailments, and although exhibiting continued energy, he felt isolated and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like Harry Oppenheimer of Anglo-American as well as Queen Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa, resulting in strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his opulent surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his R 552,000 annual income to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995. Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of freedom of the press, and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too much on scaremongering around crime. Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day and after assuming the presidency he became so associated with Batik shirts that they came to be known as \"Madiba shirts\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.115951538085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's white population that they were protected and represented in \"the Rainbow Nation\". Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC, he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Energy, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well as naming Buthelezi as Minister for Home Affairs. The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom – like Joe Modise, Alfred Nzo, Joe Slovo, Mac Maharaj and Dullah Omar – had long been comrades, although others, such as Tito Mboweni and Jeff Radebe, were much younger. Mandela's relationship with de Klerk was strained; Mandela thought that de Klerk was intentionally provocative, and de Klerk felt that he was being intentionally humiliated by the president. In January 1995, Mandela heavily chastised him for awarding amnesty to 3,500 police officers just before the election, and later criticised him for defending former Minister of Defence Magnus Malan when the latter was charged with murder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808439254760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela oversaw the formation of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate crimes committed under apartheid by both the government and the ANC, appointing Desmond Tutu as its chair. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the Commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. Dedicated in February 1996, it held two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings, and assassinations, before issuing its final report in October 1998. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Mandela praised the Commission's work, stating that it \"had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547239303588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's administration inherited a country with a huge disparity in wealth and services between white and black communities. Of a population of 40 million, around 23 million lacked electricity or adequate sanitation, and 12 million lacked clean water supplies, with 2 million children not in school and a third of the population illiterate. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. Government financial reserves were nearly depleted, with a fifth of the national budget being spent on debt repayment, meaning that the extent of the promised Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was scaled back, with none of the proposed nationalisation or job creation. In 1996, the RDP was replaced with a new policy, Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), which maintained South Africa's mixed economy but placed an emphasis on economic growth through a framework of market economics and the encouragement of foreign investment; many in the ANC derided it as a neo-liberal policy that did not undermine social inequality, no matter how Mandela defended it. In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the \"Washington consensus\" advocated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302652359008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. The government introduced parity in grants for communities, including disability grants, child maintenance grants, and old-age pensions, which had previously been set at different levels for South Africa's different racial groups. In 1994, free healthcare was introduced for children under six and pregnant women, a provision extended to all those using primary level public sector health care services in 1996. By the 1999 election, the ANC could boast that due to their policies, 3 million people were connected to telephone lines, 1.5 million children were brought into the education system, 500 clinics were upgraded or constructed, 2 million people were connected to the electricity grid, water access was extended to 3 million people, and 750,000 houses were constructed, housing nearly 3 million people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912195205688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The Land Restitution Act of 1994 enabled people who had lost their property as a result of the Natives Land Act, 1913 to claim back their land, leading to the settlement of tens of thousands of land claims. The Land Reform Act 3 of 1996 safeguarded the rights of labour tenants who live and grow crops or graze livestock on farms. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. Recognising that arms manufacturing was a key industry in South Africa, Mandela endorsed the trade in weapons but brought in tighter regulations surrounding Armscor to ensure that South African weaponry was not sold to authoritarian regimes. Under Mandela's administration, tourism was increasingly promoted, becoming a major sector of the South African economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796977043151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Critics like Edwin Cameron accused Mandela's government of doing little to stem the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the country; by 1999, 10% of South Africa's population were HIV positive. Mandela later admitted that he had personally neglected the issue, in part due to public reticence in discussing issues surrounding sex in South Africa, and that he had instead left the issue for Mbeki to deal with. Mandela also received criticism for failing to sufficiently combat crime, with South Africa having one of the world's highest crime rates, and the activities of international crime syndicates in the country growing significantly throughout the decade. Mandela's administration was also perceived as having failed to deal with the problem of corruption. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054773330688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Further problems were caused by the exodus of thousands of skilled white South Africans from the country, who were escaping the increasing crime rates, higher taxes, and the impact of positive discrimination toward blacks in employment. This exodus resulted in a brain drain, with Mandela criticising those who left. At the same time, South Africa experienced an influx of millions of illegal migrants from poorer parts of Africa; although public opinion toward these illegal immigrants was generally unfavourable, characterising them as disease-spreading criminals who were a drain on resources, Mandela called on South Africans to embrace them as \"brothers and sisters\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444116592407227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela expressed the view that \"South Africa's future foreign relations [should] be based on our belief that human rights should be the core of international relations\". Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. In September 1998, Mandela was appointed Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement, who held their annual conference in Durban. He used the event to criticise the \"narrow, chauvinistic interests\" of the Israeli government in stalling negotiations to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and urged India and Pakistan to negotiate to end the Kashmir conflict, for which he was criticised by both Israel and India. Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was scuppered by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. He attempted to overcome the 'Two China Problem' by extending diplomatic recognition to both the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. However, under pressure from the PRC, in November 1996 he cut recognition of Taiwan, and in May 1999 paid an official visit to Beijing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.534295082092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an \"African Renaissance\", and was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. He took a soft diplomatic approach to removing Sani Abacha's military junta in Nigeria but later became a leading figure in calling for sanctions when Abacha's regime increased human rights violations. In 1996, he was appointed Chairman of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the First Congo War in Zaire. He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between Tutsi and Hutu political groups in the Burundian Civil War, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. In South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, in September 1998 it ordered troops into Lesotho in order to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili after a disputed election prompted opposition uprisings. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.731894493103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The new Constitution of South Africa was agreed upon by parliament in May 1996, enshrining a series of institutions to check political and administrative authority within a constitutional democracy. De Klerk opposed the implementation of this constitution, and that month he and the National Party withdrew from the coalition government in protest, claiming that the ANC were not treating them as equals. The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the Nationalists, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Inkatha remained part of the coalition, and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed \"Acting President\", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as President, he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. During a 1997 visit to London, he said that \"the ruler of South Africa, the de facto ruler, is Thabo Mbeki\" and that he was \"shifting everything to him\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40733814239502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. Replacing Mbeki as Deputy President, Mandela and the Executive supported the candidacy of Jacob Zuma, a Zulu who had been imprisoned on Robben Island, but he was challenged by Winnie, whose populist rhetoric had gained her a strong following within the party; Zuma defeated her in a landslide victory vote at the election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.742209434509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Retiring in June 1999, Mandela sought a quiet family life, to be divided between Johannesburg and Qunu. He set about authoring a sequel to his first autobiography, to be titled The Presidential Years, but it was abandoned before publication. Finding such seclusion difficult, he reverted to a busy public life with a daily programme of tasks, met with world leaders and celebrities, and, when in Johannesburg, worked with the Nelson Mandela Foundation, founded in 1999 to focus on rural development, school construction, and combating HIV/AIDS. Although he had been heavily criticised for failing to do enough to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic during his presidency, he devoted much of his time to the issue following his retirement, describing it as \"a war\" that had killed more than \"all previous wars\"; affiliating himself with the Treatment Action Campaign, he urged Mbeki's government to ensure that HIV-positive South Africans had access to anti-retrovirals. Mandela was successfully treated for prostate cancer in July 2001. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.419189453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "In 2002, Mandela inaugurated the Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture, and in 2003 the Mandela Rhodes Foundation was created at Rhodes House, University of Oxford, to provide postgraduate scholarships to African students. These projects were followed by the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory and the 46664 campaign against HIV/AIDS. He gave the closing address at the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban in 2000, and in 2004, spoke at the XV International AIDS Conference in Bangkok, Thailand, there urging for greater measures to tackle tuberculosis as well as HIV/AIDS. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0252103805542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Publicly, Mandela became more vocal in criticising Western powers. He strongly opposed the 1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world. In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the US and UK to launch a war in Iraq, describing it as \"a tragedy\" and lambasting US President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair for undermining the UN, saying, \"All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil\". He attacked the US more generally, asserting that it had committed more \"unspeakable atrocities\" across the world than any other nation, citing the atomic bombing of Japan; this attracted international controversy, although he later reconciled his relationship with Blair. Retaining an interest in Libyan-UK relations, he visited Megrahi in Barlinnie prison and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as \"psychological persecution\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.339818954467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was \"retiring from retirement\" and retreating from public life, remarking, \"Don't call me, I will call you.\" Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the Foundation discouraged invitations for him to appear at public events and denied most interview requests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360556602478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008, with the main celebrations held at Qunu, and a concert in his honour in Hyde Park, London. In a speech marking the event, Mandela called for the rich to help the poor across the world. Throughout Mbeki's presidency, Mandela continued to support the ANC, usually overshadowing Mbeki at any public events that the two attended. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor Jacob Zuma, although the Nelson Mandela Foundation were upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93136215209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In 2004, Mandela successfully campaigned for South Africa to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup, declaring that there would be \"few better gifts for us\" in the year marking a decade since the fall of apartheid. Mandela emotionally raised the FIFA World Cup Trophy after South Africa was awarded host status. Despite maintaining a low profile during the event due to ill-health, Mandela made his final public appearance during the World Cup closing ceremony, where he received a \"rapturous reception\". Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. In mid-2013, as Mandela was hospitalised for a lung infection in Pretoria, his descendants were involved in an intra-family legal dispute relating to the burial place of Mandela's children, and ultimately Mandela himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639747619628906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In February 2011, Mandela was briefly hospitalised with a respiratory infection, attracting international attention, before being re-hospitalised for a lung infection and gallstone removal in December 2012. After a successful medical procedure in early March 2013, his lung infection recurred and he was briefly hospitalised in Pretoria. In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he was rehospitalised in Pretoria in a serious condition. Cape Town Archbishop Thabo Makgoba visited Mandela at the hospital and prayed with Machel, while Zuma cancelled a trip to Mozambique to visit him the following day. In September 2013, Mandela was discharged from hospital, although his condition remained unstable. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.143912315368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "After suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection, Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at around 20:50 local time (UTC+2) at his home in Houghton, surrounded by his family. Zuma publicly announced his death on television, proclaiming ten days of national mourning, a memorial service held at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium on 10 December 2013, and 8 December as a national day of prayer and reflection. Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria and a state funeral was held on 15 December in Qunu. Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. Images of and tributes to Mandela proliferated across social media. His $4.1 million estate was left to his widow, other family members, staff, and educational institutions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287467956542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela was a practical politician, rather than an intellectual scholar or political theorist. According to biographer Tom Lodge, \"for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends.\" Mandela identified as both an African nationalist, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC, and a democratic socialist. He advocated the ultimate establishment of a classless society, with Sampson describing him as \"openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336695671081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela was influenced by Marxism, and during the revolution he advocated scientific socialism. During the Treason Trial, he denied being a communist, maintaining this stance when later talking to journalists. Conversely, biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela \"embraced communism and communists\" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, while historian Stephen Ellis found evidence that Mandela had been an active member of the South African Communist Party (SACP). This was confirmed after his death by the SACP and the ANC. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on the party's Central Committee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357855796813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The 1955 Freedom Charter, which Mandela had helped create, called for the nationalisation of banks, gold mines and land, believing this necessary to ensure equal distribution of wealth. Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the time. It has been repeatedly suggested that Mandela would have preferred to develop a social democratic economy in South Africa but that this was not feasible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s. This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the socialist states in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc during the early 1990s. In contrast, China was developing rapidly within a \"socialist market economy\" and Mandela began to quote Deng Xiaoping's aphorism, \"It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196267127990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela took political ideas from other thinkers, among them Indian independence leaders like Gandhi and Nehru, African-American activists, and African nationalists like Nkrumah, and fitted them into the South African situation. At the same time he rejected other aspects of their thought, such as the anti-white sentiment of many African nationalists. He also synthesized both counter-cultural and hegemonic views, for instance by drawing upon ideas from Afrikaner nationalism. Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, he was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. His political thought nevertheless exhibited tensions between his support for liberal democracy and pre-colonial African forms of consensus decision making. He held a conviction that \"inclusivity, accountability and freedom of speech\" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in natural and human rights, pursuing not only racial equality but also promoting gay rights as part of the post-apartheid reforms. His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through \"legal revolution\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175877571105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Madiba", "passage": "Mandela was widely considered a charismatic leader, with biographer Mary Benson describing him as having been \"a born mass leader who could not help magnetizing people\". He was highly image conscious and throughout his life always sought out fine quality clothes, with many commentators believing that he carried himself in a regal manner. His aristocratic heritage was repeatedly emphasised by supporters, thus contributing to his \"charismatic power\". While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the \"African gentleman\", having \"the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech\" associated with such a position. In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became \"one of the first media politicians [...] embodying a glamour and a style that projected visually a brave new African world of modernity and freedom\". In the 1990s, he came to be associated closely with the highly coloured \"Madiba shirts\" that he began wearing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729180335998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "His official biographer, Anthony Sampson, commented that he was a \"master of imagery and performance\", excelling at presenting himself well in press photographs and producing sound bites. His public speeches were presented in a formal, stiff manner, and often consisted of clichéd set phrases. Although not considered a great orator, his speeches conveyed \"his personal commitment, charm and humour\". In describing his life, Mandela stated, \"I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379143714904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela was a private person who often concealed his emotions and confided in very few people. Privately, he lived an austere life, refusing to drink alcohol or smoke, and even as President made his own bed. Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour, he was known for being both stubborn and loyal, and at times exhibited a quick temper. He was typically friendly and welcoming, and appeared relaxed in conversation with everyone, including his opponents. Constantly polite and courteous, he was attentive to all, irrespective of their age or status, and often talked to children or servants. He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. In later life, he always looked for the best in people, even defending political opponents to his allies, who sometimes thought him too trusting of others. He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity, with the Methodist Church of Southern Africa claiming that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. An analysis of his writings have led to him being described by theologian Dion Forster as a Christian humanist, who relied more upon Ubuntu than Christian theology. According to Sampson, Mandela however never had \"a strong religious faith\", while Boehmer stated that Mandela's religious belief was \"never robust\". He was fond of Indian cuisine, and had a lifelong interest in archaeology and boxing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130789756774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "By the time of his death, within South Africa Mandela was widely considered both \"the father of the nation\" and \"the founding father of democracy\". Outside of South Africa, he was a \"global icon\", with the scholar of South African studies Rita Barnard describing him as \"one of the most revered figures of our time\". One biographer considered him \"a modern democratic hero\", while his popularity had resulted in a cult of personality building up around him. He is often cited alongside Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. Boehmer described him as \"a totem of the totemic values of our age: toleration and liberal democracy\" and \"a universal symbol of social justice\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199549674987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela's international fame had emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous prisoner, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. In 1986, Mandela biographer Mary Benson characterised him as \"the embodiment of the struggle for liberation\" in South Africa. Meredith stated that in becoming \"a potent symbol of resistance\" to apartheid during the 1980s, he had gained \"mythical status\" internationally. Sampson commented that even during his life, this myth had become \"so powerful that it blurs the realities\", converting Mandela into \"a secular saint\". Within a decade of the end of his Presidency, Mandela's era was being widely thought of as \"a golden age of hope and harmony\", with much nostalgia being expressed for it. Across the world, Mandela earned international acclaim for his activism in overcoming apartheid and fostering racial reconciliation, coming to be viewed as \"a moral authority\" with a great \"concern for truth\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860068321228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela generated controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having detractors on both the radical left and right. Some voices in the ANC accused him of selling out for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government. Concerns were raised that the personal respect and authority he accrued were in contrast to the ideals of democracy that he promoted. His government would be criticised for its failure to deal with the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and to promote an economic model that benefited South Africa's poor. During the 1980s, Mandela was widely labelled a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence. Thatcher attracted international attention for describing the ANC as \"a typical terrorist organisation\" in 1987, although she later called on Botha to release Mandela. Mandela has also been criticised for his friendship with political leaders such as Castro, Gaddafi, and Suharto – deemed dictators by critics – as well as his refusal to condemn their human rights violations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799041748046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "On 16 December 2013, the Day of Reconciliation, a nine-metre-high, bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at the Union Buildings by President Jacob Zuma. In 2004, Johannesburg granted Mandela the Freedom of the City, and the Sandton Square shopping centre was renamed Nelson Mandela Square, after a Mandela statue was installed there. In 2008, another Mandela statue was unveiled at Drakenstein Correctional Centre, formerly Victor Verster Prison, near Cape Town, standing on the spot where Mandela was released from the prison. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027156829833984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "In 1993, he received the joint Nobel Peace Prize with de Klerk. In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July, as \"Mandela Day\", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to donate 67 minutes to doing something for others, commemorating the 67 years that Mandela had been a part of the movement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877134323120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and appointment to the Order of Canada, he was also the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. Mandela was the last recipient of the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize and the first recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights. In 1990, he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the Government of India, and in 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan. The same year, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey; he at first refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John (upon the recommendation of the order's Honours and Awards Committee) and granted him membership in the Order of Merit (a personal gift of the monarch). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.782491683959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "The first biography of Mandela was authored by Mary Benson, based on brief interviews with him that she had conducted in the 1960s. Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. The first was Fatima Meer's Higher Than Hope, which was heavily influenced by Winnie and thus placed great emphasis on Mandela's family. The second was Anthony Sampson's Mandela, published in 1999. Other biographies included Martin Meredith's Mandela, first published in 1997, and Tom Lodge's Mandela, brought out in 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03512191772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Since the late 1980s, Mandela's image began to appear on a proliferation of items, among them \"photographs, paintings, drawings, statues, public murals, buttons, t-shirts, refrigerator magnets, and more\", items that have been characterised as \"Mandela kitsch\". Following his death, there appeared many internet memes featuring images of Mandela with his inspirational quotes superimposed onto them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42981243133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Many artists have dedicated songs to Mandela. One of the most popular was from The Special AKA who recorded the song \"Free Nelson Mandela\" in 1983, which Elvis Costello also recorded and had a hit with. Stevie Wonder dedicated his 1985 Oscar for the song \"I Just Called to Say I Love You\" to Mandela, resulting in his music being banned by the South African Broadcasting Corporation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3600435256958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela has been depicted in cinema and television on multiple occasions. He was portrayed by Danny Glover in the 1987 HBO television film Mandela. The 1997 film Mandela and de Klerk starred Sidney Poitier as Mandela, and Dennis Haysbert played him in Goodbye Bafana (2007). In the 2009 BBC telefilm Mrs Mandela, Mandela was portrayed by David Harewood, and Morgan Freeman portrayed him in Invictus (2009). Terrence Howard portrayed him in the 2011 film Winnie Mandela. He was portrayed by Idris Elba in the 2013 film Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70743179321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "She is at ease on the world stage and, since stories of their romantic involvement was confirmed two years ago, has accompanied Mr Mandela on official visits abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130361557006836, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Graca Machel - profile" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela: \"She changed my life\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391530990600586, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Graca Machel - profile" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443732261657715, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354719161987305, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela had no shortage of female admirers, given his charm and impeccable dress sense.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453445434570312, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Evelyn Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301692962646484, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "\"I think I loved him the first time I saw him,\" she is quoted as saying in Higher Than Hope, a biography of Mr Mandela that came out in 1990 when he was released from prison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300469398498535, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "They were married for 13 years. During much of that time, her nurse's salary supported the family while Mr Mandela pursued his law studies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482781410217285, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Together they had four children. The death of their second child aged nine months had a devastating effect on Evelyn, who became more religious, while Mr Mandela became more political.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413050651550293, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Nelson and Evelyn Mandela's children", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291900634765625, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "''I could not give up my life in the struggle, and she could not live with my devotion to something other than herself and her family,'' Mr Mandela wrote in his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36567497253418, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "It was a bitter end to the marriage, and Mr Mandela returned home on bail after his arrest on treason charges to find she had moved out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991501808166504, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Five years after Mr Mandela was sentenced to life in prison in 1964, their eldest son Thembekile died in a car crash.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36191463470459, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "In an interview just after the general election which saw Mr Mandela elected as the country's first black president, she said she had not seen him since he had been released from prison, but she knew \"the people love him very much\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435773849487305, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela: Second wife", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788801193237305, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela's romance with Winnie Madikizela blossomed during his treason trial. She was a 22-year-old social worker, 16 years younger than him and she would become a political firebrand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08134937286377, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "\"I was both courting her and politicising her,\" Mr Mandela said in his autobiography.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309903144836426, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "In her 1984 memoir Part of My Soul Went with Him, she said that Mr Mandela never formally proposed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11569881439209, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Winnie Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335142135620117, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Three years after their wedding, Mr Mandela went underground - he was captured and imprisoned for sabotage in 1962 for five years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807120323181152, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Nelson and Winnie Mandela's children", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321734428405762, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Despite her controversial politics in the late 1980s - and her involvement in the abduction of a teenage boy accused of being a police spy who was murdered by one of her bodyguards - the couple put on a united front for Mr Mandela's release in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939362525939941, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "She said there had been a great fear that the ANC leadership would die in prison. On the day of his release, before he walked free, Mr Mandela was full of excitement and they were both shocked by his reception, she recalled in an interview in The Guardian newspaper in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173686981201172, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "The couple separated before Mr Mandela became president, over growing political and personal differences, and reports of her infidelity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28541374206543, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "They later divorced and during court proceedings it was revealed that after Mr Mandela's release from prison, she had never entered their bedroom while he was awake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332541465759277, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Profile: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451248168945312, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "\"It's just wonderful that finally we have found each other and can share a life together,\" Mr Mandela's biographer Anthony Sampson quoted her as saying two years before their marriage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080700874328613, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Twenty-seven years his junior, she was reportedly reluctant to marry him because of her sense of obligation to the people of Mozambique, and the tension between Mr Mandela and Winnie Mandela following their divorce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434306144714355, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "He could be \"very impatient\" and \"very stubborn\" - and in a sentiment shared with Mr Mandela's other wives, she told Mr Sampson: \"He is a symbol, that's correct, but he's not a saint.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3818998336792, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Madiba", "passage": "\"Madiba is a very proud person. He is vain so when he realises that he can't walk tall and firm like he used to be, he doesn't like it,\" she told CNN on his 91st birthday .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457681655883789, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Nevertheless she told the BBC in 2010 it was wonderful to watch Mr Mandela \"get old gracefully\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42514705657959, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela death: The women who loved him - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela Bio - World Leader from South Africa, Birth sign Cancer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06612491607666, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela Birthday - World Leader from South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela Fans also Viewed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451945304870605, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela Birthday - World Leader from South Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Former first lady was Nelson Mandela's champion and companion right up to his death", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270049095153809, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "\"I cannot describe my joy and happiness to receive the love and warmth of such a humble but gracious and brilliant lady,\" Mandela wrote at the time. \"It gives me unbelievable comfort and satisfaction to know that there [is] somebody somewhere in the universe on whom I can rely, especially on matters where my political comrades cannot provide me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.155363082885742, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Asked by CNN: \"Do you look at him and go, 'I married Nelson Mandela ?'\" the former first lady replied: \"At the beginning, yes. I already had this very deep involvement with him. It's … there was a sort of conflict between the man I loved and the myth. Particularly because people were saying things, and I couldn't figure out the two would go together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917466163635254, "source": "search", "title": "Graca Machel - theguardian.com" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230978965759277, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Mandela weds on his 80th birthday", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061983108520508, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Deputy President Thabo Mbeki confirmed that the marriage had taken place at Mr Mandela's Johannesburg home on Saturday afternoon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864802360534668, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "The marriage took place inside President Nelson Mandela's private home in Johannesburg. It was a multi-denominational service in the presence of friends, relatives and senior government ministers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285652160644531, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "A BBC correspondent outside Mr Mandela's says the official order of service for the marriage showed a Methodist minister officiated, while Archbishop Desmond Tutu gave a blessing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52562141418457, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Editor of South African Sunday Independent, John Battersby: wedding has been a dream of Mr Mandela's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864639282226562, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "But President Mandela is known to have been keen to marry and his withdrawal from political life over the past six months could be a sign that he came to a compromise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938409805297852, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "Flowers arriving at Mandela's Johannesburg home", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469696044921875, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela became known as the world's most famous political prisoner. Throughout the decades of his incarceration, anti-apartheid activists used his birthday to focus on the wrongs of the apartheid government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153252601623535, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "This year, the South African media stoked rumours that a wedding would take place to coincide with Mr Mandela's birthday celebrations. The prospect of a matrimonial match undoubtedly contributed to interest in the event both inside and outside South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833988189697266, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mr Mandela", "passage": "Mr Mandela's spokesman, Parks Mankhlana: \"Couple were elegantly dressed\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347878456115723, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Mandela", "passage": "He said he revered Mandela alongside Mahatma Gandhi - the champion of India's non-violent campaign to win independence from Britain. More than 100 other barbers volunteered to help with the work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394170761108398, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | Africa | Mandela weds on his 80th birthday" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397224426269531, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264671325683594, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Rolihlahla Mandela", "passage": "Also Known As: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363001823425293, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela (born Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918) was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, Nelson came to symbolize black political aspirations and was named head of the ANC after his release on Feb. 11, 1990. He and F. W. de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating South Africa’s peaceful transition to multiracial democracy. After the ANC victory in the April 1994 elections, Mandela worked to ease racial tensions, court foreign investment, and provide services to the victims of apartheid. On Dec. 5, 2013, after a long battle with a lung infection, Mandela died at the age of 95.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.524023056030273, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life" }, { "answer": "Nelson Mandela", "passage": "Nelson Mandela is best known for serving as the President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first to be elected in a fully representative, multiracial election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534248352050781, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson Mandela - Hollywood Life" } ]

[ { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice and Charles Saatchi sold Margaret Thatcher to Britain and the Concorde to the world; by the mid-1980s their advertising company was the biggest on the planet. Then Charles was eased out, and Maurice was ousted in a boardroom coup. Fiammetta Rocco traces the story behind the brothers’ tempestuous departure, including a $38 million revelation, a battle for revenge, and the birth of the New Saatchi Agency.", "precise_score": 3.5259149074554443, "rough_score": 1.1343539953231812, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The campaign to evict Maurice Saatchi from the board of Saatchi & Saatchi Company P.L.C. (the holding company that owns the group’s two main divisions, including Saatchi & Saatchi Advertising Worldwide) had been started the previous spring by David Herro, a 33-year-old Chicago fund manager, whose Oakmark International Fund owned nearly 10 percent of Saatchi’s shares. He had taken a violent dislike to Maurice when they met at a lunch in Maurice’s Berkeley Square office. Herro had insisted on pronouncing Saatchi’s name “Mo-reees.” After the meeting, he made no secret of the fact that he disapproved of Saatchi, and reportedly described him as a “toffee-nosed Brit.”", "precise_score": 0.7857324481010437, "rough_score": 3.570094347000122, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The first time I met Maurice Saatchi was on February 8, when he gave a speech to the Foreign Press Association in London. It was nearly five weeks after he’d quit his old company, and then announced he was starting a brand-new agency. By coincidence, it was the same day that a judge—asked by Saatchi & Saatchi to issue an injunction to block Maurice’s plans—began hearing evidence in the High Court. It was the first time Maurice Saatchi had publicly faced the press since the debacle.", "precise_score": -0.027035240083932877, "rough_score": 3.374490261077881, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Saatchi’s splendid country mansion dates back to 1842. The house is set in an abundance of gardens which surround a lake Saatchi created by flooding a full 13 acres of pastureland. Where Charles’s passion is contemporary art—he and his first wife, Doris, opened the Saatchi Gallery in north London in 1985—Maurice’s is gardens.", "precise_score": 2.37616229057312, "rough_score": 0.7643702030181885, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Born in Baghdad on June 21, 1946, Maurice Saatchi is the third of Nathan and Daisy Saatchi’s four sons. Charles, the Saatchi’s second child, had arrived three years earlier. Their father was a prosperous textile merchant, and the family was part of the permanent Iraqi-Jewish community that once flourished in Baghdad. The end of World War II brought grave political difficulties for Iraq’s Jewish population, and by the mid-1940s, Nathan Saatchi had begun searching Europe for an alternative home for his family. He bought two textile mills while on a visit to Britain in 1946. The following year, he sold the business in Baghdad and moved his family to Hampstead, where he had already bought a house. Just in time; shortly after the Saatchis left Baghdad, 120,000 Jews were forced to flee the country.", "precise_score": 4.536715507507324, "rough_score": 3.941329002380371, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "On one level, expansion by acquisition made sense. The company had an unbroken history of profit growth, and it could acquire with shares instead of cash; in the early 80s the share price was still increasing. In 1986 the brothers acquired the American Ted Bates Agency, for which they paid $450 million, and Saatchi & Saatchi became the biggest ad agency in the world. Then, in 1987, an unknown young Conservative Party member named Michael Dobbs (author of several books, including House of Cards) was hired by Maurice to help devise the group’s global-communications strategy. But when he showed up the first day, Maurice told him that first Saatchi & Saatchi was going to buy the Midland Bank.", "precise_score": 2.7116658687591553, "rough_score": 1.4897181987762451, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "But they made it. By selling off what they could, renegotiating debt, and restructuring the company’s balance sheet, the duo began reversing Saatchi & Saatchi’s fortunes. True, Louis-Dreyfus sometimes promised more than he could deliver—he never sacked Charles Saatchi from the board, though he reportedly vowed to others that he would. Nor did he evict the brothers from the expensive suite of offices they maintained at Berkeley Square long after the rest of the company had moved out. But he shook up the company quite enough for Maurice Saatchi, who lowered his profile. “History would have been completely different [if they hadn’t come],” says Maurice. “In the end they probably liked the role of savior. They concentrated on costs and I concentrated on clients.”", "precise_score": 2.213475465774536, "rough_score": 1.5123395919799805, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Believing he’d saved Saatchi, the savior began to look for other errant flocks. He wasn’t interested in the quotidian scenarios of day-to-day operations. “Robert likes the big picture,” says a banker who worked closely with him at Saatchi & Saatchi. “He’s not interested in details.” Certainly, the Frenchman had become famous in Britain, but the ambition to prove himself on his home turf was still unfulfilled. And when an offer came from French financiers to help Crédit Lyonnais, the troubled French state bank, sort out one of its most problematic investments—Adidas—he jumped. And he persuaded Charles and Maurice to join him in a little deal, a seemingly insignificant purchase of some Adidas stock. In April 1993, more than three years after he joined Saatchi & Saatchi, Louis-Dreyfus left London. Charles Scott became C.E.O. Louis-Dreyfus, however, did maintain a position on the Saatchi board.", "precise_score": 0.7917859554290771, "rough_score": 1.0675426721572876, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Today, Maurice Saatchi is knitting feverishly in the offices of the New Saatchi Agency in central London. Charles, who quit Saatchi & Saatchi six weeks after Maurice, is there as well and remains a potent influence. The New Saatchi Agency, which recently announced its alliance with a unit of Publicis S.A., the French ad giant, has already won more than $100 million worth of business. One source with knowledge of the agency’s plans says New Saatchi will open offices in New York, Sydney, and the Far East. Maurice is hard at work. He has turned a page. He is rich. And he has something to prove. Will he succeed?", "precise_score": 2.2735111713409424, "rough_score": 1.7159409523010254, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Founds Saatchi & Saatchi together with brother Maurice", "precise_score": 2.746453285217285, "rough_score": 6.051821231842041, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Charles Saatchi | European CEO" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Saatchi had thus set in motion a method of controlling the world around him from a behind-the-scenes position, influencing both the field of politics and the business of advertising by pulling a few tactful strings. That continued when Maurice was fired from Saatchi & Saatchi and the brothers co-founded M&C Saatchi in 1995 – which became the new go-to for political advertising.", "precise_score": 1.9573426246643066, "rough_score": 2.414865493774414, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Charles Saatchi | European CEO" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "A master of image manipulation, Saatchi, 66, has long cultivated the power of absence. As an advertising mogul in the 1970s, this Baghdad-born son of Iraqi Jewish immigrants built Saatchi & Saatchi, together with younger brother Maurice, into the world’s largest agency. While Maurice worked as the front man, dealing with clients and running the business, Charles was its behind-the-scenes creative force, says former Wall Street Journal advertising writer Kevin Goldman, author of a 1996 book on the rise and fall of the agency. Unlike creative directors at competing agencies, Charles refused to meet with clients. Reclusiveness worked to his advantage. “It added cachet,” says Goldman.", "precise_score": 4.934856414794922, "rough_score": 5.386229991912842, "source": "search", "title": "The Art of Being Charles Saatchi - Forbes" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Saatchi & Saatchi grew like bamboo, buying up 80 or so companies, 13 of them in 1985. Revenue in 1989 was $3.2 billion. But the brothers had expanded too quickly, and by the 1990s the firm was trembling on a mountain of debt, its share price sliding. At the end of 1994 the board ousted Maurice. Charles quit shortly thereafter. Maurice started a new agency, M&C Saatchi; Charles is involved in name only. Publicis bought Saatchi & Saatchi in 2000.", "precise_score": 4.370204448699951, "rough_score": 5.447746753692627, "source": "search", "title": "The Art of Being Charles Saatchi - Forbes" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Charles Saatchi Net Worth is $100 Million.. Charles Saatchi (/E?sE?E?tE?iE?/; born 9 June 1943) is a British businessman and the co-founder with his brother Maurice of the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi, and led that business a?? the world's largest advertising agency in th...", "precise_score": 5.340961933135986, "rough_score": 6.4832611083984375, "source": "search", "title": "Charles Saatchi - %name% Net Worth" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Charles Saatchi Net Worth is $100 Million. Charles Saatchi is a British businessman and the co-founder with his brother Maurice of the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi, and led that business a?? the world's largest advertising agency in the 1980s a?? until they were forced out in 1995. In the same year the Saatchi brothers formed a new agency called M&C Saatchi. Charles is also known as an art collector and owner of the Saatchi Gallery, and in particular for his sponsorship of the Young British Artists , including Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin.", "precise_score": 5.820762634277344, "rough_score": 6.770305156707764, "source": "search", "title": "Charles Saatchi - %name% Net Worth" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Charles Saatchi is the second of four sons born to Nathan Saatchi and Daisy Ezer, a wealthy Iraqi Jewish family in Baghdad, Iraq. The name \"Saatchi\" derives from the Iraqi Arabic ??????????U? meaning \"watchmaker\",Persian and Turkish. Charles' brothers are David , Maurice Nathan and Philip . Nathan was a textile merchant and in 1947, he anticipated a flight that tens of thousands of Iraqi Jews...", "precise_score": 7.706829071044922, "rough_score": 5.755973815917969, "source": "search", "title": "Charles Saatchi - %name% Net Worth" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The view from Maurice Saatchi’s old office is surprisingly ordinary. Hardly what you’d expect for the co-founder of an upstart advertising agency that became a vast creative giant, the most famous name in the field. Still, there is something soothing about the sooty skyline of London, and Saatchi needed soothing last December 16, when his board of directors kept him waiting for seven hours in the purgatory of his bright bunker with its white desk and white walls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4254580736160278, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Within days, he would join Elvis, Madonna, Charles and Diana as a British tabloid icon recognizable by only his first name: Maurice Versus the Beancounters. Or Maurice Stages a Talent Raid. But on that December day, there was only the skyline for distraction, the city lights, and the company of his older brother Charles, with whom Maurice has shared a business partnership and a fraternal rivalry that reminds public-relations maestro Sir Tim Bell of Cain and Abel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.549810409545898, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "On that December day, however, Cain and Abel spoke in quiet tones. And what did they discuss? “I don’t know,” Maurice says. “I just remember being there a very long time.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446852684020996, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Down the hall, the Saatchi board was sequestered behind closed doors. Their topic was ostensibly confidential, though such was the company’s fame that speculation about the outcome of the meeting was splashed over the morning papers. Maurice Saatchi was under siege. For nearly 25 years, he had ruled a company defined by the phrase “Nothing is impossible” and an attitude of gunslinging self-assurance so profound that insiders called it “the virus.” He had stood at the center of his company’s every victory: the momentous occasion when a handful of brazen campaign posters won the undying loyalty of Margaret Thatcher and the Conservatives; the day when Saatchi’s seemingly life-size poster of the Concorde ascending was installed near the Queens Midtown Tunnel in Manhattan; the time in 1986 when the agency’s London share price hit a high of $78 (an increase of more than 10,000 percent on the launch price); the premiere of the hugely successful “Tastes Great, Less Filling” campaign for Miller Lite; the opening of the agency’s landmark Manhattan fortress, with its rooftop running track; the 43rd corporate acquisition, when Saatchi became the largest advertising company on the face of the globe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6993895769119263, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "They included board member and chief executive Charles Scott, Maurice Saatchi’s chief antagonist. A straight-forward man, known as Charlie to friends, Scott loves nothing more than a good game of football.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.14857077598571777, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "There were two Americans: Professor Theodore “Ted” Levitt, author of a celebrated Harvard Business Review essay on the globalization of markets, had grown disenchanted with Maurice Saatchi over time. No less antagonistic was Dr. Tom Russell, a businessman who resides in Florida and who joined the board in 1990. Russell had fallen out with Maurice Saatchi in the summer of 1994. The reason would become clearer as the board meeting wore on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.919644594192505, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The second absentee, much less well disposed toward Maurice, also communicated by fax. The message from Robert Louis-Dreyfus, Saatchi’s former chief executive, announced that he was resigning from the board. A cocky French businessman with a reputation for saving companies in financial difficulty, Louis-Dreyfus later cited the pressure of his new post as head of Adidas, the troubled German sportswear manufacturer, as the reason for his departure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.41614294052124, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "There was no small talk that day. Chairing the meeting was the Honourable Clive Gibson, a member of Lord Rothschild’s inner circle. In front of each director were notepads, pens, a glass of water. There was only one item on the agenda, but it was far from clear what was going to happen. If the board retained Maurice Saatchi, it ran the risk of his being removed at a special gathering of shareholders within six weeks. If it discharged him, it risked a bloody war that might well level the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.567801475524902, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "“I’ll never forget,” says one who was there, “at the end of lunch Maurice takes out this big box of cigars, lights one up, looks out over the most expensive real estate in London. He says, ‘What are we going to do about all these expenses?’ I mean, knock, knock, knock. Is there anybody home? What a way to run a company!”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455233573913574, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "When the extent of the windfall was revealed, the board was aghast. Was this really just a private investment? Or had the brothers worked for their money? And if they had, then didn’t it belong, by rights, to Saatchi & Saatchi, the company that employed them? In a silent eruption of fury, envy, and confusion, the last dregs of support for Maurice simply drained away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7829933166503906, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Charles and Maurice Saatchi had been paid $38 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7534422874450684, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Two hours later, the meeting broke up. But the stage was set. For absolutely nothing that came afterward—not Maurice’s departure, his opening of the New Saatchi Agency, not his terrible public battle with Saatchi & Saatchi, not even the 47 percent drop in the company’s share price—would have happened the way it did had it not been for the disclosure of the payment to the Saatchis. “People wanted to get Maurice after that,” explained another former senior Saatchi executive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7220290899276733, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "“For the first time,” said Bungey, “Maurice had a lot of cash.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032204627990723, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "On January 3, Maurice Saatchi informed the board that he had decided not to accept their conciliatory offer of the chairmanship of the company’s principal division, Saatchi & Saatchi Advertising. Fueled by his new wealth, he gave vent to his feelings in a splenetic little memo to company secretary Graham Howell. “Please inform Mr. Herro that I do not accept his offer. It was kind of him to consider me for the position.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6907036304473877, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "For all the stresses of the previous weeks, Maurice looked rather spectacular as he stalked up the association’s grand stairway. He has curly reddish hair fashionably shorn, exudes a sort of ravenous magnetism, and stands taller than he appears in photographs. His suit was baggy, its studied shapelessness balanced by its excellent cut. The label, he told me later, was Comme des Garçons. Little things like that—like the neoSwifty glasses, with their trendy thick arms, and the black suede shoes—mark him as someone deeply concerned with appearances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132000923156738, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Before he began, Saatchi laid out the rules. His speech—concerning the necessity of truth in advertising—would be on the record, but he would take no questions afterward. He never gives interviews, a point he took pains to emphasize. But if people wanted to speak to him later, his comments would be off the record. It all seemed rather contradictory, and one European reporter leapt up angrily to protest. “You shouldn’t have come,” she shouted. “It’s an outrage.” But Maurice insisted. He did not say—as quiet courtesy is one of his most disarming characteristics—that if she didn’t like it she could leave. After the formal presentation, when Saatchi did speak (at length) about his battle with the company and his future, he didn’t seem to be at all put out by the fact that the recorders and TV cameras were humming. When he left, he seemed confident that in some private way he had breached none of the rules he has set for himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.405962944030762, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "“Maurice doesn’t like his fingerprints on things,” Saatchi’s press representative Sir Tim Bell had told me weeks before. I was reminded of this when I visited Maurice Saatchi in his new office, a few doors down the road from the Comme des Garçons store in central London. In the middle of the room is a broad black desk, surrounded on three walls by a series of muted paintings of heroic women by the Portuguese artist Paula Rego. He began with his mantra: “I don’t do interviews. It’s just something I’ve never done.” As he unlaced one black suede shoe and slipped it off, he explained that he would give me a “background briefing,” some of which could be on the record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.713082313537598, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Though his semantic distinctions are baffling, there is a purpose to Maurice Saatchi’s incessant stage-man-aging: his version of events gets publicized, yet he can deny all responsibility. Maurice doesn’t like his fingerprints on things.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.527976989746094, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Some would say that Maurice’s belief that conventional rules apply only to little people was one of the main causes of his downfall. But it must also be remembered that—along with his persuasive charm and Charles’s creativity and ruthlessness—it was instrumental in his success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209526062011719, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "That success, even after the past six years of turmoil at Saatchi & Saatchi, is there for all to see. Maurice and his beautiful second wife, Josephine Hart, the Irish fund-raiser and novelist (Damage, Sin, and the soon-to-be-published Oblivion), live in London in an elegant mews house near Berkeley Square. They summer at their home in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, and spend weekends and winter holidays at their country house in Sussex. Old Hall is just an hour and a half’s drive from London. (“An hour, if there’s no traffic,” insists Maurice, who owns a pair of dark-red Bentley Mulsanne Turbos: one in France and one in London. The cars are identical, except that the one in England is usually driven by chauffeur.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.636322557926178, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice Saatchi went to Old Hall to ponder his future after the December board meeting. “Walking round my garden is the only thing I do to relax,” he says. Until December 16, Maurice’s life appears to have been a saga of ever upward mobility. A costly saga. His expenses, a major issue at the company, came to more than $700,000 last year and nearly a million dollars the year before. In addition, he spent $60,000 last year on hiring cars and taxis, $50,000 throwing a party for the premiere of the film version of Damage (which starred Jeremy Irons and was directed by Louis Malle), and $8,500 dispatching flowers. Every time a government minister changed jobs, he or she received a bouquet of flowers from the brothers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.732143402099609, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Few things wrinkle Maurice Saatchi’s Comme des Garçons more than the subject of his expenses, the subject which so infuriated David Herro. Mention this money and Saatchi’s lips grow thin, his voice clipped. “Chairmen of public companies do business entertaining,” he says. It comes out as four precisely enunciated utterances: “En. Ter. Tai. Ning.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.097738742828369, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The children were quickly assimilated and, although their parents’ mother tongues were Arabic and Hebrew, spoke English at home. Nathan Saatchi is an elder of the Sephardic Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue on Lauderdale Road (where Maurice married his first wife, Gillian Osband), but today Maurice has ceased his religious observance. Michael Green, chairman of Carlton Communications and a childhood friend, says he has spent years arguing with the brothers about the importance of Judaism in their lives. “I am very aware of being Jewish,” he says. “They say I am still stuck in the ghetto. They say, ‘Why don’t you grow up and move on. You should get out of this ghetto, like we have.’”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.050295598804950714, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice does not care to discuss his family in detail, saying only, “I had a very nice, upper-middle-class upbringing in a very nice house in Hampstead. It was all very good, and very happy, and very nice.” Yet the differences between the brothers were evident early on. Where Charles, the maverick, struggled with school until he eventually abandoned it at age 17, Maurice earned a first-class degree in sociology at the London School of Economics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.943086624145508, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The power equation between the instinctive, brilliant Charles and his steady, studious brother remained somehow unbalanced. “For years, Maurice was always in the shadow of Charles,” says one man who knows both brothers well. “Even if he wasn’t really, he felt as if he was.” Another colleague explains it more colorfully: “It is Charles who makes the bullets that Maurice fires.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701833724975586, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Charles and Maurice Saatchi started their ad business in 1970 with $60,000 in backing from a group of investors, including the fashion designer Mary Quant, high priestess of Carnaby Street and the miniskirt. Two years later, when they bought her out, she made nearly three times her investment in profit. “I don’t remember the figures,” she says. “I just had lunch with Maurice and realized he was brilliant.” The Saatchis were young—and they were new. But it wasn’t just that. “I thought they had more ambition than anyone else,” Michael Bungey recalls. “They were terrific lateral thinkers. They were more daring. Quite simply, they had more balls than anyone else.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.374157428741455, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Almost every journalist at the Foreign Press Association asked Maurice Saatchi the same question: Would he ever do the same for the Labour Party? But to even consider that question is to completely misunderstand Saatchi’s relationship with the Tories. “We do owe them everything, Charles and I,” he told me later. “When Mrs. Thatcher hired us, nobody had ever heard of us. Certainly not in America. That election victory in 1979 was the basis of our international—particularly U.S.—expansion. She was so respected in America that if she thought we were good we were good. She made us.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9932525157928467, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "A reverse takeover by the holding company of London’s Garland-Compton agency in 1975 gave Saatchi & Saatchi a public listing. Then, with its usual voracious appetite, the company set about acquiring new agencies. Saatchi & Saatchi swallowed up 7 companies in 1984, 13 more in 1985. “They wanted more than anything to be the biggest,” Tim Bell recalls. “Always the biggest. I remember Charles screaming at Maurice on the phone. ‘Get on with it, Maurice. Today’s Monday. If you don’t get on with it, by Thursday there’ll be nothing left to buy.’”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4925169348716736, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The brothers’ ambition was to build a global “know-how” empire that would supply clients with all their communications and consultancy needs—including banking services. When Maurice Saatchi tipped his cap at the Midland Bank, England’s third-largest, the Bank of England was more than a little surprised. Maurice was eventually forced to back off. He did not stop trying, though. Within days, he tried to take over a well-known merchant bank named Hill Samuel, where he was also rebuffed. Five weeks later, in October 1987, the stock market crashed, and Saatchi’s share price was cut by half.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5829229354858398, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "While Maurice was hell-bent on global expansion and the core business suffered, Charles built his massive contemporary-art collection, which became the Saatchi Gallery. Little is known about the inner workings of the gallery. Even today, 10 years after it was founded, its finances are mysterious. Charles has always insisted he is just a collector, but corporate records indicate that his Conarco partnership made at least $42.3 million in profit by dealing in works of art between 1988 and 1994. The figure is particularly astounding considering that this period included the worst years of the recession.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.035223960876465, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "‘The very worst moment of my career,” Maurice says, “was having to stand up in 1989 at the annual general meeting—after 18 years of consecutive profit growth—and say we were not going to meet our profit expectations for that year.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361289024353027, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Charles, who realized that the company required emergency treatment, pressed Maurice to appoint a chief executive in October 1989. “My brother is brutally frank on many subjects,” says Maurice, who, until then, was chairman and filled the role of C.E.O.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96383285522461, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Robert Louis-Dreyfus was not Maurice’s first choice; he had approached London Weekend Television’s Sir Christopher Bland and two others before finding the man whom Saatchi-ites refer to—always with a French accent—as “Ro-bear.” Yet the suave French businessman, who once dated actress Kim Basinger (and who was once prosecuted by the S.E.C. under insider-trading laws), turned out to be a godsend for the British advertising giant. Saatchi needed serious help, and Louis-Dreyfus, whose family owns the commodities-trading combine S.A. Louis-Dreyfus et Cie., had much to prove. Although the company, one of Europe’s largest privately held businesses, provides jobs for some family members, Louis-Dreyfus never made it onto the fast track there. He entered the family business in 1974, but left in 1982 to join IMS International, the pharmaceuticals-research company, having learned that “a family business is very nice from the outside.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.054898377507925034, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "One Saatchi executive who later got to know Robert Louis-Dreyfus says, “He’s got a confidence problem. He always seemed desperate to be admired.” IMS proved to be just what the ambitious Louis-Dreyfus needed. In 1984, he became president and C.E.O., and within four years the company grew sevenfold. In 1988 he supervised the sale of IMS for $1.7 billion, walking away from the deal with a reported $10 million. When Maurice Saatchi approached him to become head of Saatchi & Saatchi, Louis-Dreyfus was ready. It seemed that he had forgotten what he had learned about family businesses. Upon arrival, he said, he found the company in much worse condition than the silvery-tongued Maurice Saatchi had admitted. “I ought to have done my homework better,” Louis-Dreyfus says today. In fact, Saatchi & Saatchi was virtually bankrupt by the beginning of 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.53714919090271, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice Saatchi may not have been so unhappy to see him go. Bates C.E.O. Michael Bungey explains it this way: “There once was a train set. It went off the tracks. Charlie Scott and Robert Louis-Dreyfus were brought in to fix it. Many of us said, ‘Watch out for when the train set’s mended. The brothers will want it back.’ That’s exactly what happened.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.14199686050415, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice, of course, has his own explanation. “When I hired them [Scott and Louis-Dreyfus], I put myself into a cupboard for several years and threw away the key. I decided I would be humble and stay out of the way.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365996360778809, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "At the beginning of 1994, Sir Peter Walters came on board as a new non-executive director. Walters assumed the view that Charles Scott was not adequately filling his role as chief executive and that Maurice needed to be “more assertive” as chairman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.806456565856934, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "“Maurice took what I said as a personal blessing to turn on Charlie Scott,” says Walters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350972175598145, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "What Maurice doesn’t fully acknowledge is that there had been a major confrontation with Scott before Walters arrived. For some months after Scott took over as C.E.O., the company had been fighting costs. In the fall of 1993, it lost two major accounts—Chrysler and Helene Curtis. With replacement business hard to find, the pressure to save money grew more intense. Attention turned to the brothers’ offices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156583786010742, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "When the company left the massive Berkeley Square headquarters, the brothers insisted on staying behind, ensconced in baronial splendor on the top floor, served by a personal staff of 10. Keeping them there cost the company more than $1.5 million a year. In December 1993, Scott and the board finally decided to force them to move out. Furthermore, Charles Saatchi, who, according to Maurice, had never attended a board meeting in his life, was made to resign from the board and named “life president” of Saatchi & Saatchi P.L.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2846452295780182, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Both Scott and Maurice Saatchi hired public-relations men in the early spring of 1994. “The whole world knows that last year Maurice tried to get me fired,” says Scott. Key financial journalists were briefed on Maurice’s behalf by David Burnside, who had recently started his own public-relations business. He’d been fired by a major Saatchi client, British Airways, after becoming embroiled in a dirty-tricks campaign against Richard Branson and Virgin Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.091250419616699, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "When I asked Maurice Saatchi whether Burnside had indeed been working for him in placing critical stories, he just smiled and said, “Um. There was a press war.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.066860675811768, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Unbeknownst to the public, Maurice Saatchi came within a whisker of being fired for his part in that war. When The Sunday Times ran a full-page article critical of Scott on March 20, Maurice’s critics blamed him for the negative publicity. But the company’s key clients maintained their old loyalties. British Airways chairman Sir Colin Marshall wrote to one director last May, reminding him that “Maurice Saatchi has been the driving force and key lynch-pin.” Five days later, the normally reticent Mars brothers (of the Mars candy corporation) faxed Maurice Saatchi a letter threatening to move their business elsewhere. “Your leaving would be a major factor in a decision to let such a move take place,” they said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6694719791412354, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "But two fresh battles quickly surfaced. The first was about Maurice’s remuneration. After reducing each brother’s pay from more than $1 million to about half that in October 1990 (Maurice insisted that his official salary remain what it had always been, a fact that complicated future negotiations), Herro and the board tried to go even further last summer. They proposed a three-year fixed contract for Maurice with a base salary of $300,000 and an incentive package of bonus and share options that would be tied to the fortunes of Saatchi & Saatchi’s share price.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.171635627746582, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice was not at all happy. He recalls, “Charles, who has a very blunt view of these things, told me, ‘You’re a fool. All you’re doing is agreeing to your cheaper sacking in six months’ time.’ He was right. I did it under pressure from Herro personally. I was very unhappy, but I did it.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110209465026855, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The second part of Maurice’s pay package—the share options—caused the real problem. British financial guidelines suggest that the maximum value of options which an executive should enjoy is eight times his salary. But eight times what in this case? Maurice’s salary kept changing—and his official salary was higher than what he was actually getting. He naturally fought for the highest figure, which would have allowed him a total of $7.5 million in share options, if the Saatchi share price doubled within three years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140532493591309, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The next skirmish was over the company name. For years, Saatchi’s two main advertising divisions—Bates and Saatchi & Saatchi Advertising—had suffered from association with the troubled holding company. Maurice, not surprisingly, refused to discuss a change. “I didn’t see any merit in taking down the most famous name in advertising,” he recalls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.0720011293888092, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Maurice Saatchi has never been a fabulously wealthy man. True, he owns beautiful houses, entertains in style, and drives a hell of a car. Two even. But unlike his brother or Robert Louis-Dreyfus, Maurice has not possessed the kind of liquid wealth necessary to become an independent financial force. That all began to change in the winter of 1992–93, when Louis-Dreyfus approached the brothers with an offer of a gamble on Adidas’s shares. That deal, which turned a $10,000 investment into $38 million in less than two years, has been shrouded in secrecy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.08249729871749878, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Henri Filho, Jean-Paul Tchang, and Mme. Beaux put together a magical deal to entice Louis-Dreyfus to take the business over. (Tchang had once worked for Louis-Dreyfus’s family bank and had known him since 1981.) The deal went like this: 15 percent of Adidas’s equity went to Louis-Dreyfus and his partners, who set up a small Luxembourg holding company named Ricesa. The partners included fellow Saatchi director and former IMS president Tom Russell, French businessman Christian Tourres, and a small British investment company named Hatzone, owned by Charles and Maurice Saatchi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.366226673126221, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Louis-Dreyfus wanted Charles and Maurice involved because of their marketing skills. In the summer of 1993, Saatchi & Saatchi Advertising did a presentation to Louis-Dreyfus and his team. The company had spent $300,000 on the presentation, which would have been the centerpiece of a campaign to reposition Adidas in the market. “We thought it went pretty well,” says Jeremy Sinclair, who was there along with Maurice and an account executive named Peter Levitan. “In fact, Robert had to go to a meeting right after, but first he called me out into another room and said, ‘Don’t worry. You’ve got it. It’s great.’ Then he asked if he could borrow my tie.” Louis-Dreyfus insists that all he said was: “My vote will be for you.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.40377724170684814, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Rather mysteriously, two to three weeks after the presentation, Peter Levitan received a two-line fax from Louis-Dreyfus turning Saatchi down. Maurice didn’t even get a phone call until after the fax. The brothers’ usefulness to Louis-Dreyfus, it seems, had come to an end. The relationship deteriorated further when Louis-Dreyfus learned of Maurice’s press campaign against Charlie Scott, whom he had brought from IMS to Saatchi & Saatchi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9061399102210999, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Two months later—at the end of June 1994—the Saatchis’ lawyers, Watson Farley & Williams, came to believe that Louis-Dreyfus was planning to transfer the option to buy some of the outstanding Adidas shares and cut Ricesa out. Both Louis-Dreyfus and Tourres insist that the initial granting of the option to Ricesa was “a mistake.” Adds Louis-Dreyfus, “They were offered a free lunch and asked for the whole restaurant.” Maurice confronted Christian Tourres, a Ricesa shareholder and now deputy chairman of Adidas, at a meeting in London. “I tried to have a friendly conversation with him,” says Tourres. “[But in the end] I said, ‘Fine. Fuck off.’ Actually what I said was ‘I’m sorry, we will have to fight.’” And fight they did. The brothers won a High Court injunction in Britain, and took legal action in France, Belgium, and Germany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.966788291931152, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "In early December, about two weeks before the board meeting that would decide Maurice’s future, the long legal wrangle between Louis-Dreyfus and the brothers finally came to an end. Henri Filho imposed a settlement on the two sides. Paying half in cash and half in a promissory note, Sogedim, a new Belgian company formed by Louis-Dreyfus, bought the Saatchis out for $38 million. “Mr. Saatchi is absolutely ruthless,” says Tourres. “We were trying to work between friends, and Mr. Saatchi is not of this caliber.” Last February, Saatchi & Saatchi sued the brothers to make restitution for any profits as a result of the Adidas deal. A court hearing is expected in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.12666551768779755, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The Adidas deal leaves much that is unexplained, not least whether Louis-Dreyfus had any role to play in Maurice Saatchi’s departure from Saatchi & Saatchi. There is no concrete evidence that Louis-Dreyfus was behind Maurice’s troubles, but the circumstantial evidence is abundant. All those months that the relationship between Maurice and the company was going from bad to worse, Louis-Dreyfus was sitting on Saatchi’s board. So was another Ricesa shareholder, Tom Russell. What’s more, Charles Scott—Maurice’s main opponent—had been brought into the company by Louis-Dreyfus. Would they have been able to keep the two issues separate? When asked if he had played any role in Maurice’s departure, Louis-Dreyfus replied, “Absolutely not.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0269286632537842, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "The sheer size of the deal also leaves open the question of how it affected Maurice’s state of mind. Is it possible that the Saatchi chairman was unable to understand how his part in the press campaign against Scott, his share-options scheme, his insistence that the company name not be changed, would all be held against him? Was Maurice—blinded by his perception of himself as a victim of Louis-Dreyfus—unable to see that, to others, he was an oppressor?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.660543918609619, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Saatchi believes there was a conspiracy to unseat him. I could find no real evidence of a direct link between Louis-Dreyfus and Herro, but it is clear that Maurice’s windfall upset many around him. In an unguarded moment, one Saatchi board member turned to me and said, “I’m jealous as hell as to why Louis-Dreyfus didn’t give me one little piece of it. I haven’t much money, but £1,000 I could have managed.” Others, even those who supported Maurice, were also left feeling uneasy. Many who watched him could not rid themselves of the suspicion that he had put his private interests ahead of those of the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5398030281066895, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "If the company’s revenge was to get rid of him, Maurice’s counterstrategy was to hit back hard. “The Adidas payment was fuck-you money,” says one who closely watched events unfold at the company. “Maurice could not have afforded to leave without it.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323695182800293, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "And hit back he did—with maximum publicity. Soon after Maurice’s departure, three of his closest associates also handed in their resignations. Jeremy Sinclair, Bill Muirhead, and David Kershaw had all written letters in support of Maurice. “They took no notice of us whatsoever,” Muirhead says. But their resignation letters were printed in full by the London Evening Standard. (Saatchi & Saatchi’s lawsuit against these executives for breach of contract is due to be heard in the High Court on June 12.) Within days, another whole tier of advertising executives below them also quit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.041975498199463, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Those clients whom the board also ignored were not happy, either. Mars was the first to announce it was reviewing its account, adspeak for changing agencies. British Airways, a $90 million account, and the Mirror Group (which owns The Independent) soon followed. The Conservative Party, which owes the company close to $1.5 million, can’t leave until the debt is cleared. But senior party officials say they would like to follow Maurice. By the end of March, Saatchi & Saatchi had lost well over $150 million worth of business, the share price had fallen nearly 50 percent to a record low, and the two sides were pelting each other with litigation which will take years to clean off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.225899696350098, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "And what of Maurice? Few entrepreneurs get the chance to start out all over again. But he has just turned 49, and is still a skillful executive. What’s more, he now has motivation and experience. “There are certain proverbs that have been handed down for thousands of years,” he says. “Obviously they have survived these millennia because they are true. A good one would be ‘Stick to your knitting.’ That would be a good proverb to relearn.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331079483032227, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "Robert Louis-Dreyfus does not doubt the possibility. “One of Maurice’s great qualities,” he says, “is that he is a street fighter, a ruthless street fighter.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267324447631836, "source": "search", "title": "The Saatchi Brothers’ Breakup | Vanity Fair" }, { "answer": "Maurice", "passage": "It makes perfect sense that a man with such a keen eye for both creativity and commerce should start out in the advertising world. Unlike his seemingly more shrewd and strategic approach to collecting and selling art, however, Saatchi entered the industry by chance, accepting a job as a voucher clerk in a small London advertising agency with just two O Levels under his belt. In 1967, he founded creative consultancy CramerSaatchi, which, with the help of co-founder and brother Maurice, blossomed into Saatchi & Saatchi in 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11686041206121445, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Charles Saatchi | European CEO" } ]

[ { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973), more commonly known as Salvador Allende, was a Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections. ", "precise_score": 6.08162784576416, "rough_score": 8.242385864257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a member of the Socialist Party, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race. He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority.", "precise_score": 5.711041450500488, "rough_score": 4.792387962341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende won the 1970 Chilean presidential election as leader of the Unidad Popular (\"Popular Unity\") coalition. On 4 September 1970, he obtained a narrow plurality of 36.2% to 34.9% over Jorge Alessandri, a former president, with 27.8% going to a third candidate (Radomiro Tomic) of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), whose electoral platform was similar to Allende's. According to the Chilean Constitution of the time, if no presidential candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote, Congress would choose one of the two candidates with the highest number of votes as the winner. Tradition was for Congress to vote for the candidate with the highest popular vote, regardless of margin. Indeed, former president Jorge Alessandri had been elected in 1958 with only 31.6% of the popular vote, defeating Allende.", "precise_score": 7.480799198150635, "rough_score": 5.954811096191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Throughout his presidency, Allende remained at odds with the Chilean Congress, which was dominated by the Christian Democratic Party. The Christian Democrats (who had campaigned on a socialist platform in the 1970 elections, but drifted away from those positions during Allende's presidency, eventually forming a coalition with the National Party), continued to accuse Allende of leading Chile toward a Cuban-style dictatorship, and sought to overturn many of his more radical policies. Allende and his opponents in Congress repeatedly accused each other of undermining the Chilean Constitution and acting undemocratically.", "precise_score": 6.019779205322266, "rough_score": 3.5206830501556396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The United States opposition to Allende started several years before he was elected President of Chile. Declassified documents show that from 1962 through 1964, the CIA spent $3 million in anti-Allende propaganda \"to scare voters away from Allende's FRAP coalition\", and spent a total of $2.6 million to finance the presidential campaign of Eduardo Frei.", "precise_score": 2.875920295715332, "rough_score": 3.5502898693084717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The possibility of Allende winning Chile's 1970 election was deemed a disaster by a US administration that wanted to protect US geopolitical interests by preventing the spread of Communism during the Cold War. In September 1970, President Nixon informed the CIA that an Allende government in Chile would not be acceptable and authorized $10 million to stop Allende from coming to power or unseat him. Henry Kissinger's 40 Committee and the CIA planned to impede Allende's investiture as President of Chile with covert efforts known as \"Track I\" and \"Track II\"; Track I sought to prevent Allende from assuming power via so-called \"parliamentary trickery\", while under the Track II initiative, the CIA tried to convince key Chilean military officers to carry out a coup.[http://foia.state.gov/Reports/HincheyReport.asp Hinchey Report] CIA Activities in Chile. 18 September 2000. Retrieved 18 November 2006.", "precise_score": 5.6200056076049805, "rough_score": 4.34954833984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean Intelligence Agencies", "precise_score": 4.798731803894043, "rough_score": 3.7456393241882324, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "By the end of the 1960s, the polarization of Chilean politics had overwhelmed the traditional civility of Chile's vaunted democratic institutions. The centrist agreements of the past, which had enabled presidents to navigate a difficult course of compromise and conciliation, became more difficult to attain. The American Central Intelligence Agency had influenced elections in Chile dating back to 1958, but in 1970 the socialist candidate, a physician named Salvador Allende, was elected president. In a reflection of Chile's increased ideological polarization, Allende was elected president with 36.2 percent of the vote in 1970. Unable or unwilling to form coalitions, the left, center, and right had all nominated their own candidates in the mistaken hope of obtaining a majority.", "precise_score": 6.962822437286377, "rough_score": 6.000011920928955, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "On September 11, 1973, the democratically elected President of Chile, Salvador Allende, died during a US-backed coup d’état. 40 years on, Allende is of critical importance to those of the left, the poor and the underprivileged.", "precise_score": 5.859364032745361, "rough_score": 7.6212687492370605, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "On September 4, 1973, as the Chilean military prepared to overthrow Salvador Allende in a US-backed coup d’état, the country’s President remained defiant as he spoke to an unprecedented one-million-strong pro-Allende demonstration in Santiago. The demonstrators filed past La Moneda, the country’s Presidential Palace, and shouted “Allende, Allende, el pueblo te defiende” (“Allende, Allende, the people will defend you”). Following months of crippling strikes and an unsuccessful coup attempt in June of that year, the Chilean leader warned of those who “do not respect the majoritarian will of Chile”, and promised: “Let them know that I will not take a single step back! I will leave when I have carried out the people’s mandate! I have no alternative.” On the afternoon of September 11, as forces loyal to General Augusto Pinochet and the military junta surrounded the besieged Palace, Allende honoured the promise he made in his last radio broadcast to never resign to an unconstitutional government. By choosing to take his own life, he symbolically died as the freely elected President of Chile.", "precise_score": 3.242950677871704, "rough_score": 4.868217468261719, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Forty years after his death, Salvador Allende, the first democratically chosen Marxist leader in Latin America, remains a hero of the left, of the poor and of the underprivileged. A tenacious leader, he secured Chile’s top political post on his fourth attempt following his election in September 1970. Despite his Marxist credentials, Allende was quintessentially a Chilean nationalist who committed his life’s work to the betterment of his fellow countrymen and countrywomen, and to freedom from economic dependence or servitude to any outside power. As a close political confidant, Sergio Vuskovic, has testified: “He was not a Marxist in the classical literal sense, and frowned upon communist dogmas that emphasized a single party dominated ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’. What he did take from Marxism was a preoccupation with the workers and the poor, and the idea of equality. For these reasons, it would be more accurate to describe Allende as a libertarian socialist.\" He respected and enjoyed close ties with militant revolutionaries such as Cuba’s Fidel Castro but rejected the violent revolutionary approach for Chile and faithfully espoused social and political reforms within his country via democratic means. ", "precise_score": 6.109023571014404, "rough_score": 5.213443756103516, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In 1970s Chile democratically elected Salvador Allende took - QU - 301", "precise_score": 5.382582187652588, "rough_score": 4.510914325714111, "source": "search", "title": "In 1970s Chile, democratically elected Salvador Allende ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In 1970’s Chile, democratically elected Salvador Allende took over as President, and sought to reduce the country’s inflation rate and create more job opportunities. As he struggled between communist and socialist parties, Allende watched as his programs continuously failed and inflation rates rose during his tenure. Before he could get a handle on national issues, Allende was killed in a military coup d’état, and replaced by the military regime of Pinochet. According to excerpts of The Shock Doctrine, by Naomi Klein, Chile is an example of shock therapy that is instituted through extreme violence and terror. Although the shock therapy of Chile provided short-term economic stability, they set themselves up for a debt crisis later on, and the short stability came with rapid human rights violations (Klein). On a more positive note, Bolivia experienced greater success in the mid 1980’s. Bolivia was in a period of extreme inflation after a continuous string of unstable governments; Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozado implemented Decree 21060, which sought to change the theory that only a military government could reinstall a new economic plan. De Lozado is quoted defending his decision, “ If you keep to gradualism, people don't believe you, and the hyperinflation just keeps roaring stronger. So shock therapy is get it over, get it done, stop hyperinflation, and then start rebuilding your economy so you achieve growth” (de Lozado). While these programs had the right intentions, and the leaders of Bolivia did not become greedy or power hungry, even rejecting some unconstitutional offers to them unlike other Latin American leaders had in the past,", "precise_score": 6.629956245422363, "rough_score": 5.932491302490234, "source": "search", "title": "In 1970s Chile, democratically elected Salvador Allende ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Salvador Allende (full name Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens), perhaps one of the better-known South American presidents outside of the continent, was a remarkable character. Born on 26th June 1908 in Valparaíso, Chile, Allende made a name for himself long before he was elected as the country’s president in 1970.", "precise_score": 8.014622688293457, "rough_score": 8.33714771270752, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende | New Histories" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Prior to his ascendance to the presidency in 1970, Allende experienced three unsuccessful attempts to be elected (1952, 1958 and 1964). As the Chilean President, Allende represented the party Unidad Popular and is widely regarded as the first democratically elected Marxist in the Americas. His policies as head of the Chilean state concentrated on the welfare of the people. He attempted to resolve the two big issues of the time – malnourishment (50% of children in Chile were classed as malnourished) and unemployment (20% of Chilean men were out of work). Allende gave every child in Chile half a litre of milk a day, increased wages by 40%, nationalised the copper industry (by far Chile’s largest at the time) as well as the banks, and placed restrictions on the inflation of prices by companies.", "precise_score": 6.7689056396484375, "rough_score": 6.46900749206543, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende | New Histories" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Salvador Allende Gossens (Spanish pronunciation: [salßa'ðo? a'?ende '?osens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician who is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a [ country in Latin America.[1] ]", "precise_score": 6.262387752532959, "rough_score": 7.602823257446289, "source": "search", "title": "In 1970, Salvador Allende was elected President of this ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Weegy: Salvador Allende Gossens (Spanish pronunciation: [salßa'ðo? a'?ende '?osens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician who is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a [ country in Latin America.[1] ]", "precise_score": 6.146859169006348, "rough_score": 7.555591583251953, "source": "search", "title": "In 1970, Salvador Allende was elected President of this ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct 24, 1970 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": 9.039200782775879, "rough_score": 8.782060623168945, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile", "precise_score": 6.232841491699219, "rough_score": 5.070610046386719, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile", "precise_score": 6.232841491699219, "rough_score": 5.070610046386719, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile", "precise_score": 6.232841491699219, "rough_score": 5.070610046386719, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende’s election in 1970 was his third attempt at the presidency. In 1958, and again in 1964, Allende had run on a socialist/communist platform. In both elections, the United States government (as well as U.S. businesses such as International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), which had significant investments in Chile) worked to defeat Allende by sending millions of dollars of assistance to his political opponents. In 1970, the United States again worked for Allende’s defeat, but he finished first out of the four candidates. However, since he had garnered less than 40 percent of the popular vote, the final decision had to be made by the Chilean congress. The United States worked feverishly to derail Allende’s selection but the election was upheld on October 24, 1970. Allende immediately confirmed the worst fears of U.S. officials when he extended diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam, North Korea, and Cuba, and also began to take action to nationalize the holdings of U.S. corporations in Chile, notably ITT and Kennecott Copper. U.S. officials also believed that Allende was supporting revolutionary activities in Latin America and viewed him as a significant threat to hemispheric security and U.S. economic interests in Chile.", "precise_score": 6.807621955871582, "rough_score": 6.376626014709473, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Reflecting the spirit of such Cold War notions, a CIA document from the month after Allende was elected president on Sept. 11, 1970, says, \"It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup\" and \"it is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG\" - US government - \"and American hand be well hidden.\" Whatever the details of US complicity in Pinochet's eventual seizure of power, Americans must not forget that their own democratic leaders share complicity in the disappearances, torture, and killings perpetrated after 1973 by their man in Chile.", "precise_score": 4.582571506500244, "rough_score": 4.061975955963135, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In September 1970, Salvador Allende, the UP candidate, was elected president of Chile. Over the next three years, a unique political and economic experience followed. The UP was a coalition of left and center-left parties dominated by the Socialist Party (Partido Socialista--PS) and the Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile--PCCh), both of which sought to implement deep institutional, political, and economic reforms. The UP's program called for a democratic \"Chilean road to socialism\".", "precise_score": 9.10119915008545, "rough_score": 8.133219718933105, "source": "search", "title": "The Popular Unity Government, 1970-73 - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Chile's Salvador Allende died in a United States-backed coup on 11 September 1973 - three years earlier he had become Latin America's first democratically-elected Marxist president.", "precise_score": 5.745827674865723, "rough_score": 6.659031867980957, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Americas | Profile: Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "As president, Allende adopted a policy of nationalization of industries and collectivisation; due to these and other factors, increasingly strained relations between him and the legislative and judicial branches of the Chilean government—who did not share his enthusiasm for socialisation—culminated in a declaration by Congress of a \"constitutional breakdown.\" A centre-right majority including the Christian Democrats, whose support had enabled Allende's election, denounced his rule as unconstitutional and called for his overthrow by force. On 11 September 1973, the military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état sponsored by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, he gave his last speech vowing not to resign. Later that day, Allende shot himself dead with an assault rifle, according to an investigation conducted by a Chilean court with the assistance of international experts in 2011. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.050840139389038, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Following Allende's deposition, General Augusto Pinochet declined to return authority to the civilian government, and Chile was later ruled by a military junta that was in power up until 1990, ending almost 41 years of Chilean democratic rule. The military junta that took over dissolved the Congress of Chile and began a persecution of alleged dissidents, in which thousands of Allende's supporters were kidnapped, tortured, and murdered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.619451999664307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende was born on 26 June 1908 in Santiago. He was the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe. Allende's family belonged to the Chilean upper middle class and had a long tradition of political involvement in progressive and liberal causes. His grandfather was a prominent physician and a social reformist who founded one of the first secular schools in Chile.Patricio Guzmán, Salvador Allende (film documentary, 2004) Salvador Allende was of Belgian and Basque descent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2246665954589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende attended high school at the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra in Valparaíso. As a teenager, his main intellectual and political influence came from the shoe-maker Juan De Marchi, an Italian-born anarchist. Allende was a talented athlete in his youth, being a member of the Everton de Viña del Mar sports club (named after the more famous English football club of the same name), where he is said to have excelled at the long jump. Allende then graduated with a medical degree in 1933 from the University of Chile. During the medical school Allende was influenced by Professor Max Westenhofer, a German pathologist who stressed on the social determinants of disease and social medicine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6812849044799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "He co-founded a section of the Socialist Party of Chile (founded in 1933 with Marmaduque Grove and others) in Valparaíso and became its chairman. He married Hortensia Bussi with whom he had three daughters. He was a Freemason, a member of the Lodge Progreso No. 4 in Valparaíso. In 1933, he published his doctoral thesis Higiene Mental y Delincuencia (Crime and Mental Hygiene) in which he criticized Cesare Lombroso's proposals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027017593383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Upon entering the government, Allende relinquished his congressional seat for Valparaíso, which he had won in 1937. Around that time, he wrote La Realidad Médico Social de Chile (The social and medical reality of Chile). After the Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany, Allende was one of 76 members of the Congress who sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. Following President Aguirre Cerda's death in 1941, he was again elected deputy while the Popular Front was renamed Democratic Alliance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0209004878997803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In 1945, Allende became senator for the Valdivia, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes provinces; then for Tarapacá and Antofagasta in 1953; for Aconcagua and Valparaíso in 1961; and once more for Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes in 1969. He became president of the Chilean Senate in 1966. During the Fifties, Allende introduced legislation that established the Chilean national health service, the first program in the Americas to guarantee universal health care. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5713492631912231, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "His three unsuccessful bids for the presidency (in the 1952, 1958 and 1964 elections) prompted Allende to joke that his epitaph would be \"Here lies the next President of Chile.\" In 1952, as candidate for the Frente de Acción Popular (Popular Action Front, FRAP), he obtained only 5.4% of the votes, partly due to a division within socialist ranks over support for Carlos Ibáñez. In 1958, again as the FRAP candidate, Allende obtained 28.5% of the vote. This time, his defeat was attributed to votes lost to the populist Antonio Zamorano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1701347827911377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Relationship with the Chilean Communist Party ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464858055114746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende had a close relationship with the Chilean Communist Party from the beginning of his political career. On his fourth (and successful) bid for the presidency, the Communist Party supported him as the alternate for its own candidate, the world-renowned poet Pablo Neruda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.048247814178467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "One month after the election, on 20 October, while the Senate had still to reach a decision and negotiations were actively in place between the Christian Democrats and the Popular Unity, General René Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, was shot resisting a kidnap attempt by a group led by General Roberto Viaux. Hospitalized, he died of his wounds three days later, on 23 October. Schneider was a defender of the \"constitutionalist\" doctrine that the army's role is exclusively professional, its mission being to protect the country's sovereignty and not to interfere in politics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968835830688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Upon assuming power, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing a socialist programme called La vía chilena al socialismo (\"the Chilean Path to Socialism\"). This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper mining and banking), and government administration of the health care system, educational system (with the help of a U.S. educator, Jane A. Hobson-Gonzalez from Kokomo, Indiana), a programme of free milk for children in the schools and shanty towns of Chile, and an expansion of the land seizure and redistribution already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva, who had nationalized between one-fifth and one-quarter of all the properties listed for takeover. Allende also intended to improve the socio-economic welfare of Chile's poorest citizens; a key element was to provide employment, either in the new nationalized enterprises or on public work projects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.593649864196777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In November 1970, 3,000 scholarships were allocated to Mapuche children in an effort to integrate the Indian minority into the educational system, payment of pensions and grants was resumed, an emergency plan providing for the construction of 120,000 residential buildings was launched, all part-time workers were granted rights to social security, a proposed electricity price increase was withdrawn, diplomatic relations were restored with Cuba, and political prisoners were granted an amnesty. In December that same year, bread prices were fixed, 55,000 volunteers were sent to the south of the country to teach writing and reading skills and provide medical attention to a sector of the population that had previously been ignored, a central commission was established to oversee a tri-partite payment plan in which equal place was given to government, employees and employers, and a protocol agreement was signed with the United Centre of Workers which granted workers representational rights on the funding board of the Social Planning Ministry. An obligatory minimum wage for workers of all ages (including apprentices) was established, free milk was introduced for expectant and nursing mothers and for children between the ages of 7 and 14, free school meals were established, rent reductions were carried out, and the construction of the Santiago subway was rescheduled so as to serve working-class neighbourhoods first. Workers benefited from increases in social security payments, an expanded public works program, and a modification of the wage and salary adjustment mechanism (which had originally been introduced in the Forties to cope with the country’s permanent inflation), while middle-class Chileans benefited from the elimination of taxes on modest incomes and property. In addition, state-sponsored programs distributed free food to the country’s neediest citizens, and in the countryside, peasant councils were established to mobilise agrarian workers and small proprietors. In the government’s first budget (presented to the Chilean congress in November 1970), the minimum taxable income level was raised, removing from the tax pool 35% of those who had paid taxes on earnings in the previous year. In addition, the exemption from general taxation was raised to a level equivalent to twice the minimum wage. Exemptions from capital taxes were also extended, which benefitted 330,000 small proprietors. The extra increases that Frei promised to the armed forces were also fully paid. According to one estimate, purchasing power went up by 28% between October 1970 and July 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634647369384766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The rate of inflation fell from 36.1% in 1970 to 22.1% in 1971, while average real wages rose by 22.3% during 1971. Minimum real wages for blue-collar workers were increased by 56% during the first quarter of 1971, while in the same period real minimum wages for white-collar workers were increased by 23%, a development that decreased the differential ratio between blue- and white-collar workers’ minimum wage from 49% (1970) to 35% (1971). Central government expenditures went up by 36% in real terms, raising the share of fiscal spending in GDP from 21% (1970) to 27% (1971), and as part of this expansion, the public sector engaged in a huge housing program, starting to build 76,000 houses in 1971, compared to 24,000 for 1970.[http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8301.pdf The Socialist-Populist Chilean Experience, 1970-1973] During a 1971 emergency program, over 89,000 houses were built, and during Allende’s three years as president an average of 52,000 houses were constructed annually. Although the acceleration of inflation in 1972 and 1973 eroded part of the initial increase in wages, they still rose (on average) in real terms during the 1971–73 period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9474458694458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The new Minister of Agriculture, Jacques Chonchol, promised to expropriate all estates which were larger than eighty \"basic\" hectares. This promise was kept, with no farm in Chile exceeding this limit by the end of 1972. Within eighteen months, the Latifundia (extensive agricultural estates) had been abolished. The agrarian reform had involved the expropriation of 3,479 properties which, added to the 1,408 properties incorporated under the Frei Government, made up some 40% of the total agricultural land area in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120257377624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The Allende government also sought to bring the arts (both serious and popular) to the mass of the Chilean population by funding a number of cultural endeavours. With eighteen-year-olds and illiterates now granted the right to vote, mass participation in decision-making was encouraged by the Allende government, with traditional hierarchical structures now challenged by socialist egalitarianism. The Allende Government was able to draw upon the idealism of its supporters, with teams of \"Allendistas\" travelling into the countryside and shanty towns to perform volunteer work. The Allende Government also worked to transform Chilean popular culture through formal changes to school curriculum and through broader cultural education initiatives, such as state-sponsored music festivals and tours of Chilean folklorists and nueva canción musicians. In 1971, the purchase of a private publishing house by the state gave rise to \"Editorial Quimantu,\" which became the center of the Allende Government’s cultural activities. In the space of 2 years, 12 million copies of books, magazines, and documents (8 million of which were books) specializing in social analysis, were published. Cheap editions of great literary works were produced on a weekly basis, and in most cases were sold out within a day. Culture came into the reach of the masses for the first time, who responded enthusiastically. \"Editorial Quimantu\" encouraged the establishment of libraries in community organizations and trade unions. Through the supply of cheap textbooks, it enabled the Left to progress through the ideological content of the literature made available to workers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.048131465911865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "To improve social and economic conditions for women, the Women’s Secretariat was established in 1971, which took on issues such as public laundry facilities, public food programs, day-care centers, and women’s health care (especially prenatal care). The duration of maternity leave was extended from 6 to 12 weeks, while the Allende Government veered the educational system towards poorer Chileans by expanding enrollments through government subsidies. A \"democratisation\" of university education was carried out, making the system tuition-free. This led to an 89% rise in university enrollments between 1970 and 1973. The Allende Government also increased enrollment in secondary education from 38% in 1970 to 51% in 1974. Enrollment in education reached record levels, including 3.6 million young people, and 8 million school textbooks were distributed among 2.6 million pupils in primary education. An unprecedented 130,000 students were enrolled by the universities, which became accessible to peasants and workers. The illiteracy rate was reduced from 12% in 1970 to 10.8% in 1972, while the growth enrollment in primary school enrollment increased from an annual average of 3.4% in the period 1966–70 to 6.5% in 1971–1972. Secondary education grew at a rate of 18.2% in 1971–1972, and the average school enrollment of children between the ages of 6 and 14 rose from 91% (1966–70) to 99%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.737610816955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Social spending was dramatically increased, particularly for housing, education, and health, while a major effort was made to redistribute wealth to poorer Chileans. As a result of new initiatives in nutrition and health, together with higher wages, many poorer Chileans were able to feed themselves and clothe themselves better than they had been able to before. Public access to the social security system was increased, while state benefits such as family allowances were raised significantly. The redistribution of income enabled wage and salary earners to increase their share of national income from 51.6% (the annual average between 1965 and 1970) to 65% while family consumption increased by 12.9% in the first year of the Allende Government. In addition, while the average annual increase in personal spending had been 4.8% in the period 1965–70, it reached 11.9% in 1971. During the first two years of Allende’s presidency, state expenditure on health rose from around 2% to nearly 3.5% of GDP. According to Jennifer E. Pribble, this new spending \"was reflected not only in public health campaigns, but also in the construction of health infrastructure.\" Small programs targeted at women were also experimented with, such as cooperative laundries and communal food preparation, together with an expansion of child-care facilities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.058466911315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Minimum pensions were increased by amounts equal to two or three times the inflation rate, and between 1970 and 1972, such pensions increased by a total of 550%. The incomes of 300,000 retirement pensioners were increased by the government from one-third of the minimum salary to the full amount. Labor insurance cover was extended to 200,000 market traders, 130,000 small shop proprietors, 30,000 small industrialists, small owners, transport workers, clergy, professional sportsmen, and artesans. The public health service was improved, with the establishment of a system of clinics in working-class neighborhoods on the peripheries of the major cities, providing a health center for every 40,000 inhabitants. Statistics for construction in general, and house-building in particular, reached some of the highest levels in the history of Chile. Four million square metres were completed in 1971–72, compared to an annual average of two-and-a-half million between 1965 and 1970. Workers were able to acquire goods which had previously been beyond their reach, such as heaters, refrigerators, and television sets. As further noted by Ricardo Israel Zipper,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813878059387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum term of six years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only was a major restructuring program organized (the Vuskovic Plan), he had to make it a success if a socialist successor to Allende was going to be elected. In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Minister of the Economy Pedro Vuskovic's expansive monetary policy were highly favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in GDP, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). However, by 1972, the Chilean escudo had an inflation rate of 140%. The average Real GDP contracted between 1971 and 1973 at an annual rate of 5.6% (\"negative growth\"); and the government's fiscal deficit soared while foreign reserves declined. The combination of inflation and government-mandated price-fixing, together with the \"disappearance\" of basic commodities from supermarket shelves, led to the rise of black markets in rice, beans, sugar, and flour.. Archived on the Internet Archive, 22 September 2003 The Chilean economy also suffered as a result of a US campaign against the Allende government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.15352459251880646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In 1971, Chile re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba, joining Mexico and Canada in rejecting a previously established Organization of American States convention prohibiting governments in the Western Hemisphere from establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba. Shortly afterward, Cuban president Fidel Castro made a month-long visit to Chile. Originally the visit was supposed to be one week; however, Castro enjoyed Chile and one week led to another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.086700439453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In October 1972, the first of what were to be a wave of strikes was led first by truckers, and later by small businessmen, some (mostly professional) unions and some student groups. Other than the inevitable damage to the economy, the chief effect of the 24-day strike was to induce Allende to bring the head of the army, general Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister. Allende also instructed the government to begin requisitioning trucks in order to keep the nation from coming to a halt. Government supporters also helped to mobilize trucks and buses but violence served as a deterrent to full mobilization, even with police protection for the strike-breakers. Allende's actions were eventually declared unlawful by the Chilean appeals court and the government was ordered to return trucks to their owners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.650191307067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende raised wages on a number of occasions throughout 1970 and 1971, but these wage hikes were negated by the in-tandem inflation of Chile's fiat currency. Although price rises had also been high under Frei (27% a year between 1967 and 1970), a basic basket of consumer goods rose by 120% from 190 to 421 escudos in one month alone, August 1972. In the period 1970–72, while Allende was in government, exports fell 24% and imports rose 26%, with imports of food rising an estimated 149%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8797945976257324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Export income fell due to a hard-hit copper industry: the price of copper on international markets fell by almost a third, and post-nationalization copper production fell as well. Copper is Chile's single most important export (more than half of Chile's export receipts were from this sole commodity ). The price of copper fell from a peak of $66 per ton in 1970 to only $48–9 in 1971 and 1972. Chile was already dependent on food imports, and this decline in export earnings coincided with declines in domestic food production following Allende's agrarian reforms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.772724151611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende's increasingly bold socialist policies (partly in response to pressure from some of the more radical members within his coalition), combined with his close contacts with Cuba, heightened fears in Washington. The Nixon administration continued exerting economic pressure on Chile via multilateral organizations, and continued to back Allende's opponents in the Chilean Congress. Almost immediately after his election, Nixon directed CIA and U.S. State Department officials to \"put pressure\" on the Allende government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.449483871459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende's Popular Unity government tried to maintain normal relations with the United States. When Chile nationalized its copper industry, Washington cut off U.S. credits and increased its support to opposition. Forced to seek alternative sources of trade and finance, Chile gained commitments from the Soviet Union to invest some $400 million in Chile in the next six years. Allende's government was disappointed that it received far less economic assistance from the USSR than it hoped for. Trade between the two countries did not significantly increase and the credits were mainly linked to the purchase of Soviet equipment. Moreover, credits from the Soviet Union were much less than those provided to the People's Republic of China and countries of Eastern Europe. When Allende visited the USSR in late 1972 in search of more aid and additional lines of credit, after 3 years, he was turned down. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.492787837982178, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Declassified documents related to the military coup have shown that although the CIA didn't \"instigate\" the 1973 coup, they were well aware of it and knew about it in advance. However, the US refused to \"provide any assistance\" because it was \"strictly an internal Chilean matter.\" According to CIA documents, the United States \"probably appeared to condone [the coup],\" considering their intelligence collection and active participation in positively slanting propaganda in 1974 to place Pinochet and his military government in a positive light. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274004936218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Additionally, some point to the involvement of the Defense Intelligence Agency agents that allegedly secured the missiles used to bombard La Moneda Palace. In fact, open US military aid to Chile continued during the Allende administration, and the national government was very much aware of this, although there is no record that Allende himself believed that such assistance was anything but beneficial to Chile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.183004379272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "During Nixon's presidency, U.S. officials attempted to prevent Allende's election by financing political parties aligned with opposition candidate Jorge Alessandri and supporting strikes in the mining and transportation sectors. After the 1970 election, the Track I operation attempted to incite Chile's outgoing president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, to persuade his party (PDC) to vote in Congress for Alessandri. Under the plan, Alessandri would resign his office immediately after assuming it and call new elections. Eduardo Frei would then be constitutionally able to run again (since the Chilean Constitution did not allow a president to hold two consecutive terms, but allowed multiple non-consecutive ones), and presumably easily defeat Allende. The Chilean Congress instead chose Allende as President, on the condition that he would sign a \"Statute of Constitutional Guarantees\" affirming that he would respect and obey the Chilean Constitution and that his reforms would not undermine any of its elements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6399036645889282, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Track II was aborted, as parallel initiatives already underway within the Chilean military rendered it moot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458771705627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "During the second term of office of Democratic President Bill Clinton, the CIA acknowledged having played a role in Chilean politics before the coup, but its degree of involvement is debated. The CIA was notified by its Chilean contacts of the impending coup two days in advance but contends it \"played no direct role in\" the coup. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302591323852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The most prominent U.S. corporations in Chile before Allende's presidency were the Anaconda and Kennecott copper companies and ITT Corporation, International Telephone and Telegraph. Both copper corporations aimed to expand privatized copper production in the city of El Teniente in the Chilean Andes, the world's largest underground copper mine. At the end of 1968, according to US Department of Commerce data, U.S. corporate holdings in Chile amounted to $964 million. Anaconda and Kennecott accounted for 28% of U.S. holdings, but ITT had by far the largest holding of any single corporation, with an investment of $200 million in Chile. In 1970, before Allende was elected, ITT owned 70% of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company and funded El Mercurio, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. Documents released in 2000 by the CIA confirmed that before the elections of 1970, ITT gave $700,000 to Allende's conservative opponent, Jorge Alessandri, with help from the CIA on how to channel the money safely. ITT president Harold Geneen also offered $1 million to the CIA to help defeat Allende in the elections. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2951977252960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "After General Pinochet assumed power, United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told President Richard Nixon that the U.S. \"didn't do it,\" but \"we helped them...created the conditions as great as possible.\" (referring to the coup itself). Recent documents declassified under the Clinton administration's Chile Declassification Project show that the United States government and the CIA sought to overthrow Allende in 1970 immediately before he took office (\"Project FUBELT\"). Many documents regarding the U.S. intervention in Chile remain classified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.910307884216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Christopher Andrew alleges that the KGB said that Allende \"was made to understand the necessity of reorganizing Chile's army and intelligence services, and of setting up a relationship between Chile's and the USSR's intelligence services\".Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article568154.ece How 'weak' Allende was left out in the cold by the KGB] (excerpt from The Mitrokhin Archive Volume II), The Times (UK), 19 September 2005. But that claim is not accurate, because once Allende was elected President via the electoral ballot it became a new historical precedent. The Soviet Union observed closely whether this alternative form of socialism could work, and they did not interfere with the Chileans' decisions. Nikolai Leonov affirms that whenever he tried to give advice to Latin American leaders he was usually turned down by them, and he was told that they had their own understanding on how to conduct political business in their countries. Leonov adds that the relationships of KGB agents with Latin American leaders did not involve intelligence, because their intelligence target was the United States. Since many North Americans were living in the region, they were focusing in recruiting agents from the United States. Latin America was also a good region for KGB agents to get in touch with their informants from the CIA or other contacts from the United States than inside that country. Additionally, many scholars or experts in the field are skeptical about the reliability of Vasili Mitrokhin's claims, and believe that the origin of the source is doubtful or mysterious. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.20440673828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Political and moral support came mostly through the Communist Party and unions of the Soviet Union. For instance, Allende received the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union in 1972. However, there were some fundamental differences between Allende and Soviet political analysts, who believed that some violence – or measures that those analysts \"theoretically considered to be just\" – should have been used. Declarations from KGB General Nikolai Leonov, former Deputy Chief of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, confirmed that the Soviet Union supported Allende's government economically, politically and militarily. Leonov stated in an interview at the Chilean Center of Public Studies (CEP) that the Soviet economic support included over $100 million in credit, three fishing ships (that distributed 17,000 tons of frozen fish to the population), factories (as help after the 1971 earthquake), 3,100 tractors, 74,000 tons of wheat and more than a million tins of condensed milk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.783324718475342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In mid-1973 the USSR had approved the delivery of weapons (artillery, tanks) to the Chilean Army. However, when news of an attempt from the Army to depose Allende through a coup d'état reached Soviet officials, the shipment was redirected to another country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.480067253112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In August 1973, a constitutional crisis occurred, and the Supreme Court of Chile publicly complained about the inability of Allende government to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats uniting with the National Party) accused the government of unconstitutional acts through Allende's refusal to promulgate constitutional amendments, already approved by the Chamber, which would have prevented his government from continuing his massive nationalization plan and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.038296699523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "According to Chilean political scientist Arturo Valenzuela (later becoming a U.S. citizen and Assistant Secretary of State for Hemispheric Affairs in the Obama administration), a greater share of the blame for the breakdown in Chilean democracy lay with the leftist Allende government. While each side increasingly distrusted the other, the extreme leftists accelerated the process and left less room for political moderation than the extreme rightists. He writes \"By its actions, the revolutionary Left, which had always ridiculed the possibility of a socialist transformation through peaceful means, was engaged in a self-fulfilling prophecy.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.417393684387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "On 26 May 1973, the Supreme Court of Chile unanimously denounced the Allende government's disruption of the legality of the nation in its failure to uphold judicial decisions, because of its continual refusal to permit police execution of judicial decisions contrary to the government's own measures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.881958961486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "On 22 August 1973, the Christian Democrats and the National Party members of the Chamber of Deputies joined together to vote 81 to 47 in favor of a resolution that asked the authorities to \"put an immediate end\" to \"breach[es of] the Constitution. . . with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843584060668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "President Allende wrote: \"Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it...With a tranquil conscience...I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside...I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences...Congress has made itself a bastion against the transformations...and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions, sterilizing all creative initiatives.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.552030086517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country's current crisis, and that the Congress were obstructing said means; having already paralyzed the State, they sought to destroy it. He concluded by calling upon the workers, all democrats and patriots to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the revolutionary process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208284378051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the constitutional crisis with a plebiscite. His speech outlining such a solution was scheduled for September 11, but he was never able to deliver it. On September 11, 1973, the Chilean military, aided by the United States and its Central Intelligence Agency CIA, staged a coup against Allende.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.037598609924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "tw farewell speech] to Chileans on live radio, speaking of himself in the past tense, of his love for Chile and of his deep faith in its future. He stated that his commitment to Chile did not allow him to take an easy way out, and he would not be used as a propaganda tool by those he called \"traitors\" (he refused an offer of safe passage), clearly implying he intended to fight to the end. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42199993133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Lingering doubts regarding the manner of Allende's death persisted throughout the dark years of the Pinochet regime—a regime that had kidnapped, tortured and murdered thousands of Chilean citizens. Given the regime's dismal record for truthtelling and its unfailing instinct for secrecy, many Chileans and independent observers refused to accept on faith the government's version of events amid speculation that Allende had been murdered by government agents. When in 2011 a Chilean court at last opened a criminal investigation into the circumstances of Allende's death, Pinochet had long since left power and Chile had meanwhile become one of the most stable democracies in the Americas according to The Economist magazine's democracy index.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.862316131591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The ongoing criminal investigation led to a May 2011 court order that Allende's remains be exhumed and autopsied by an international team of experts. Results of the autopsy were officially released in mid-July 2011. The team of experts concluded that the former president had shot himself with an AK-47 assault rifle. In December 2011 the judge in charge of the investigation affirmed the experts' findings and ruled Allende's death a suicide. On 11 September 2012, the 39th anniversary of Allende's death, a Chilean appeals court unanimously upheld the trial court's ruling, officially closing the case. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208834648132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "According to Isabel Allende Bussi—the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chilean Senate—the Allende family has long accepted that the former President shot himself, telling the BBC that: \"The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed. When faced with extreme circumstances, he made the decision of taking his own life, instead of being humiliated.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4490325450897217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The definitive and unanimous results produced by the 2011 Chilean judicial investigation appear to have laid to rest decades of nagging suspicions that Allende might have been assassinated by the Chilean Armed Forces. But public acceptance of the suicide theory had already been growing for much of the previous decade. In a post-junta Chile where restrictions on free speech were steadily eroding, independent and seemingly reliable witnesses at last began to tell their stories to the news media and to human rights researchers. The cumulative weight of the facts reported by these witnesses provided factual support for many previously unconfirmed details relating Allende's death.Gonzalez Camus, Ignacio, El dia en que murio Allende (\"The day that Allende Died\"), 1988, pp. 282 and following.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.168464660644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Memorials to Allende include a statue in front of the Palacio de la Moneda. The placement of the statue was not without controversy, as it is located facing the eastern edge of the Plaza de la Ciudadanía, this plaza containing memorials to a number of Chilean heroes. However, the statue is not located in the plaza, but rather on a surrounding sidewalk and facing an entrance to the plaza.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.512412071228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende is buried in the general cemetery of Santiago.[http://en.mercopress.com/2011/09/12/former-chilean-president-allende-remains-buried-for-third-time-in-private-ceremony Former Chilean president Allende remains buried for third time in private ceremony — MercoPress] His tomb is constantly visited both by foreigners and locals alike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.668858528137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The broken glasses of Allende were given to the Chilean National History Museum in 1996 by a woman who had found them in La Moneda in 1973. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.037235736846924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "FAS | Intelligence | World Agencies | Chile ||||| Index | Search |", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56777286529541, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The Allende experiment enjoyed a triumphant first year, followed by two disastrous final years. According to the Popular Unity [ Unidad Popular - UP] coalition , Chile was being exploited by parasitic foreign and domestic capitalists. The government therefore moved quickly to socialize the economy, taking over the copper mines, other foreign firms, oligopolistic industries, banks, and large estates. By a unanimous vote of Congress in 1971, the government totally nationalized the foreign copper firms, which were mainly owned by two United States companies, Kennecott and Anaconda. The nationalization measure was one of the few bills Allende ever got through the opposition- controlled legislature, where the Christian Democrats constituted the largest single party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.915510177612305, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Meanwhile, the United States pursued a two-track policy toward Allende's Chile. At the overt level, Washington was frosty, especially after the nationalization of the copper mines; official relations were unfriendly but not openly hostile. The government of President Richard M. Nixon launched an economic blockade conjunction with U.S. multinationals (ITT, Kennecott, Anaconda) and banks (Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank). The US squeezed the Chilean economy by terminating financial assistance and blocking loans from multilateral organizations. But during 1972 and 1973 the US increased aid to the military, a sector unenthusiastic toward the Allende government. The United States also increased training Chilean military personnel in the United States and Panama.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8477623462677, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "According to notes taken by CIA director Richard Helms at a 1970 meeting in the Oval Office, his orders were to \"make the economy scream.\" It was widely reported that at the covert level the United States worked to destabilize Allende's Chile by funding opposition political groups and media and by encouraging a military coup d'�tat. The agency trained members of the fascist organization Patria y Libertad (PyL) in guerrilla warfare and bombing, and they were soon waging a campaign of arson. CIA also sponsored demonstrations and strikes, funded by ITT and other US corporations with Chilean holdings. CIA-linked media, including the country's largest newspaper, fanned the flames of crisis. While these United States actions contributed to the downfall of Allende, no one has established direct United States participation in the coup d'�tat and few would assign the United States the primary role in the destruction of that government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.511556625366211, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The two sides reached a showdown in the March 1973 congressional elections. The opposition expected the Allende coalition to suffer the typical losses of Chilean governments in midterm elections, especially with the economy in a tailspin. The National Party and PDC hoped to win two-thirds of the seats, enough to impeach Allende. They netted 55 percent of the votes, not enough of a majority to end the stalemate. Moreover, the Popular Unity's 43 percent share represented an increase over the presidential tally of 36.2 percent and gave Allende's coalition six additional congressional seats; therefore, many of his adherents were encouraged to forge ahead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.154171943664551, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende either was assassinated or committed suicide while defending (with an assault rifle) his socialist government against the coup d'�tat. Several cabinet ministers were also assassinated, the universities were put under military control, opposition parties were banned and thousands of Chileans were tortured and killed, many fingered as \"radicals\" by lists provided by the CIA. Although sporadic resistance to the coup erupted, the military consolidated control much more quickly than it had believed possible. Many Chileans had predicted that a coup would unleash a civil war, but instead it ushered in a long period of repression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.245343208312988, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The major media in the United States ignored the issue of CIA involvement until 1974, when Michael J. Harrington (D-MA) leaked details of secret Congressional testimony by William Colby. And in late 1975, the Senate Committee headed by Frank Church released the report on \"Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973.\" In 1982 the movie \"Missing,\" directed by Costa-Gavras and starring Jack Lemmon and Sissy Spacek, provided a dramatized account of Charles Horman, a 30-year-old American free-lance journalist secretly arrested and executed during the coup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.005824089050293, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Covert Action in Chile, 1963-1973 , a Staff report of The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (US Senate), 18 December 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288132667541504, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Chilean workers marching in support of Allende in 1964", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.089913845062256, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "His left-wing politics were informed by the dire poverty experienced by most Chilean citizens that he witnessed as a doctor and as a politician. Upon securing the Presidency, Allende immediately set out to implement major social reforms. Examples included social security rights for all workers, land redistribution, rent reductions, improved health care facilities, improved housing and sanitation, free milk for nursing mothers and school children, anti-illiteracy campaigns, the raising of the minimum wage, and the granting of three thousand scholarships for the marginalized Mapuches Indian community. Positive results from such initiatives included an increase in school enrollments and a reduction of nearly 20 per cent in malnutrition rates amongst the very young. In order to finance such programs, Allende embarked on an ambitious program encompassing the accelerated nationalization and expropriation of industries. Such policies were of deep concern to US corporations such as Kennecott, Anaconda, PepsiCo, and International Telephone and Telegraph. Such corporations played a major role in lobbying the US government to implement measures aimed at asphyxiating the freely elected government of Chile. According to Lubna Qureshi, an expert on the coup of 1973, the strategic threat of Soviet infiltration was not the foremost American concern in the Chilean case, rather “the predominant motivation was a fear of a demonstration effect and a diminution of US economic and political power and influence in Latin America.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.346943855285645, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Criticizing the wildly excessive profits enjoyed by US corporations from copper, Chile’s most lucrative resource, Allende argued that: “Those same enterprises exploited Chile’s copper for many years, in the last 42 years alone taking out more than four thousand million dollars in profits although their initial investment was no more than thirty million dollars… Four thousand million dollars would completely transform Chile. A small part of that sum would ensure proteins for all the children of my country.” Successive US administrations had been influencing elections in Chile for years but Allende’s election to the Presidency in 1970 compelled Washington to redouble its efforts, and in the words of President Nixon “to make the [Chilean] economy scream”. The determination of the Americans to suffocate the Andean country’s left-wing government and to sow the seeds of a coup d’état could also be clearly seen in the words of the US Ambassador to Chile, Edward Korry, when he declared: “not a nut or bolt shall reach Chile under Allende. Once Allende comes to power we shall do all within our power to condemn Chile and all Chileans to utmost deprivation and poverty.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5412211418151855, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "To this end, the Central Intelligence Agency engaged in massive clandestine operations, which had a hugely detrimental effect upon the country. The CIA concerned itself with the restriction of vital Chilean imports, exports, and assets, misinformation campaigns, funding opposition groups, manipulating the parliamentary process, and fomenting labour protests including a significant miners’ strike and a paralysing truck drivers’ strike in late 1972 (in a country with no extensive railway network). Most notoriously, Washington’s hand was shown in the kidnapping and ultimate murder of General Rene Schneider in October 1970, just a month after Allende’s election. Schneider was the commander-in-chief of the Chilean armed forces and was targeted for replacement due to his loyalty to his country’s constitution and his refusal to support the US-sponsored coup d’état strategy to topple Allende. By 1972, the collective effect of such interference was startling. From a figure of 977 strikes in the country in 1969, three years later the number had risen to an incredible 3287. By August 1973, inflation was at 320 per cent and the budget deficit was 115 per cent of the country’s receipts. By early September, political and economic paralysis, and CIA-backed Machiavellian machinations influenced a weakening of Allende’s congressional support from earlier in the year. However, the million-strong march on September 4 at least indicated that he still enjoyed considerable grass-roots support and that he stood a respectable chance of holding out until his term ended in 1976. From Washington’s perspective, this ‘grim’ political reality compelled them to focus more exclusively on supporting the ‘Track II’ military coup option. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.089075565338135, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The coup of September 11th 1973 was the endgame in Washington’s plans for Salvador Allende. Following his death, Chile was transformed from a civilian-ruled symbol of hope in the region since 1925 into a US-supported fascist dictatorship that ruthlessly crushed all political opposition and ruled the country with an iron fist until 1990. Over 3000 Chileans were killed or disappeared by the Pinochet regime and over 30,000 were imprisoned. In his last speech to the Chilean people just before his death, Allende placed the destruction of democracy in his country squarely at the door of the greedy within Chile and the forces of “foreign capital, and imperialism, who together with the reaction, created the climate in which the Armed Forces broke their tradition.” Forty years after his death, historical archives regarding the coup d’état reflect the accuracy of the late President’s words. Today the “great avenues” that Allende spoke of on his final day have indeed opened, and free Chileans can once again endeavour in his spirit to build a better society.    ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.622612237930298, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Salvador Allende | openDemocracy" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Bolivia did not experience overwhelming long-term success. Bolivia did improve in many aspects, such as GDP per capita, adult literacy, and child mortality rates, however they remain poor and divided until today (Sachs 107). These other examples can give insight into whether or not shock therapy is truly the catalyst for the success or failure of an economic reform. Chile was generally unsuccessful, as the shock therapy carried with it an impending debt crisis, as well as torture and violence at the hands of the leader, Pinochet. Bolivia was moderately successful, but a collapse in the tin market along with other limiting factors economically stunted Bolivia, and the country was unable to pay off debts. While today, Bolivia is more successful than in 1985, and the country has had stable prices and increased growth, the effects were too minute to lift the country out of poverty. The question then, is why? Why was Poland more successful than these previous two countries? Drawing on my readings, I think one can conclude that shock therapy and its success depends entirely on the timing and sociopolitical context of the nation. Poland was, as Sachs describes, the most liberal of Post-Soviet countries. Additionally, it is geographically ideal, right next to economically stable and developed Western Europe. Poland had seen other countries reestablish themselves in the European Community, and", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351348876953125, "source": "search", "title": "In 1970s Chile, democratically elected Salvador Allende ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende came from a middle class family with roots in freemasonry and politics. His grandfather was a freemason, Head of Health for the army and a senator; he eventually took the title of Gran Maestro of the Gran Logía de Chile in 1884. In 1935 Allende followed in his grandfather’s footsteps and joined as a freemason, where he remained a member for thirty years. He had previously attempted to leave the organisation, but his resignation was refused.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.855020523071289, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende | New Histories" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "It was prior to his freemason years, however, that Allende had gained recognition. As a student of Medicine at the University of Chile, Allende was elected Vice President of the student federation in 1930. This was only a couple of years after having made a name for himself in the fight against the widely disliked President Ibañez, who took power in 1927. Although Allende was expelled for his actions he was allowed back to the university after the downfall of Ibañez in 1931, where he graduated as a surgeon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.930208206176758, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende | New Histories" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Salvador Allende, an avowed Marxist, becomes president of Chile after being confirmed by the Chilean congress. For the next three years, the United States would exert tremendous pressure to try to destabilize and unseat the Allende government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0946195125579834, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Yet, Allende posed an interesting problem. Unlike Castro, he had come to power peacefully and democratically. Thus, the United States could hardly launch a Bay-of-Pigs-like attack on the Allende regime. Undaunted, the administration of President Richard Nixon began to formulate plans to destabilize the Chilean government and see to the removal of Allende. These plans came to fruition in 1973 when a coup by the Chilean military overthrew Allende and assassinated him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.478878021240234, "source": "search", "title": "Leftist Salvador Allende elected president of Chile - Oct ..." }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Salvador Allende was born in Valparaiso, Chile , in 1903. As a medical student he became involved in radical politics and he was arrested several times while at university.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2251623123884201, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In 1933 Allende helped to found the Chilean Socialist Party , a Marxist organization that was opposed to the Soviet Union influenced Communist Party .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.467489719390869, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende's decide to take action to redistribute wealth and land in Chile . Wage increases of around 40 per cent were introduced. At the same time companies were not allowed to increase prices. The copper industry was nationalized. So also were the banks. Allende also restored diplomatic relations with Cuba , China and the German Democratic Republic .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.866266250610352, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The CIA arranged for Michael V. Townley to be sent to Chile under the alias of Kenneth W. Enyart. He was accompanied by Aldo Vera Serafin of the Secret Army Organization (SAO). Townley now came under the control of David Atlee Phillips who had been asked to lead a special task force assigned to remove Allende.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574145317077637, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The CIA attempted to persuade Chile's Chief of Staff General Rene Schneider , to overthrow Allende. He refused and on 22nd October, 1970, his car was ambushed. Schneider drew a gun to defend himself, and was shot point-blank several times. He was rushed to hospital, but he died three days later. Military courts in Chile found that Schneider's death was caused by two military groups, one led by Roberto Viaux and the other by Camilo Valenzuela . It was claimed that the CIA was providing support for both groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.003982067108154, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "David Atlee Phillips set Michael V. Townley the task of organizing two paramilitary action groups Orden y Libertad (Order and Freedom) and Protecion Comunal y Soberania (Common Protection and Sovereignty). Townley also established an arson squad that started several fires in Santiago. Townley also mounted a smear campaign against General Carlos Prats , the head of the Chilean Army. Prats resigned on 21st August, 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959674835205078, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "With a trial of General Augusto Pinochet increasingly unlikely here, victims of the Chilean military's 17-year dictatorship are now pressing legal actions in both Chilean and American courts against Henry A. Kissinger and other Nixon administration officials who supported plots to overthrow Salvador Allende Gossens, the Socialist president, in the early 1970's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1324936151504517, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In perhaps the most prominent of the cases, an investigating judge here has formally asked Mr. Kissinger, a former national security adviser and secretary of state, and Nathaniel Davis, the American ambassador to Chile at the time, to respond to questions about the killing of an American citizen, Charles Horman, after the deadly military coup that brought General Pinochet to power on Sept. 11, 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127656936645508, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "General Pinochet, now 85, ruled Chile until 1990. He was arrested in London in 1998 on a Spanish warrant charging him with human rights violations. After 16 months in custody, General Pinochet was released by Britain because of his declining health. Although he was arrested in Santiago in 2000, he was ruled mentally incompetent to stand trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358818054199219, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "William Rogers, Mr. Kissinger's lawyer, said in a letter that because the investigations in Chile and elsewhere related to Mr. Kissinger \"in his capacity as secretary of state,\" the Department of State should respond to the issues that have been raised. He added that Mr. Kissinger is willing to \"contribute what he can from his memory of those distant events,\" but did not say how or where that would occur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469691276550293, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Relatives of General René Schneider, commander of the Chilean Armed Forces when he was assassinated in Oct. 1970 by other military officers, have taken a different approach than Mrs. Horman. Alleging summary execution, assault and civil rights violations, they filed a $3 million civil suit in Washington last fall against Mr. Kissinger, Richard M. Helms, the former director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and other Nixon-era officials who, according to declassified United States documents, were involved in plotting a military coup to keep Mr. Allende from power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.084446907043457, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "In another action, human rights lawyers here have filed a criminal complaint against Mr. Kissinger and other American officials, accusing them of helping organize the covert regional program of political repression called Operation Condor. As part of that plan, right-wing military dictatorships in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay coordinated efforts throughout the 1970's to kidnap and kill hundreds of their exiled political opponents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19758415222168, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The most adverse exposure was a series of revelations about more than ten years of CIA interference in Chile, from 1963 to 1973. This was one of the most massive campaigns in US intelligence annals. The earliest effort was an attempt to shape the outcome of the 1964 presidential election in Chile, when the CIA underwrote more than half of the expenses of the Christian Democratic Party's campaign. This support was directed at defeating the communist candidate, Salvador Allende. It was probably not known to the Christian Democratic candidate, Eduardo Frei. In addition to funding Frei, the CIA waged an extensive anticommunist propaganda campaign, using posters, the radio, films, pamphlets, and the press, to convince the Chileans that Allende and communism would bring to their country Soviet militarism and Cuban brutality. As part of this campaign, hundreds of thousands of copies of an anticommunist pastoral letter of Pope Pius XI were distributed. Frei won handily, but allegations of CIA involvement seeped out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7792644500732422, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "As a result, the CIA was reluctant to play as large a role in the next Chilean presidential election, in 1970. Not only was its role smaller; it did not support a specific candidate. The effort was directed strictly against Allende and was based primarily on propaganda, employing virtually all Chilean media and some of the international press as well. The program failed when Allende won a plurality, though not a majority, of the popular vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3100873231887817, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Under Chilean electoral law, that threw the choice to a joint session of the legislature some seven weeks later. At the direction of the White House, the CIA moved to prevent the selection and inauguration of Allende. It attempted to induce his political opponents to manipulate the legislative election up to and including a political coup. Some 726 articles, broadcasts, editorials, and similar items were sponsored in the United States and Chile, and many briefings were given to the press. One of those, to Time magazine, reversed the magazine's attitude toward Allende. The overall effort failed, however, because of the unwillingness of the appropriate Chilean politicians to tamper with the constitutional process. Complementing the CIA effort, the US government exerted economic pressure on Chile, again to no avail. A second approach, entirely under CIA auspices, encouraged a military coup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.844918251037598, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "President Richard Nixon directed that neither the Departments of State and Defense nor the US Ambassador to Chile be informed of this undertaking. During a disorganized coup attempt that took place on October 22, the Chief of Staff of the Chilean Army was murdered. The CIA had originally encouraged the group responsible, but sensing that this group was likely to get out of control, the Agency had withdrawn its support a week earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031951904296875, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Allende was installed as President on November 2. Over the next three years, until 1973, the National Security Council authorized the CIA to expend some $7 million covertly to oppose Allende with propaganda, financial support for anti-Allende media in Chile, and funding for private organizations opposed to Allende. Other agencies of the US government applied economic and political pressure. On September 11, 1973, the Chilean military staged a coup in which Allende died, reportedly by suicide. The CIA did not sponsor this coup, but how much its encouragement of the 1970 coup and its continued liaison with the Chilean military encouraged the action is honestly difficult to assess. With Allende gone, the decade-long covert action program was phased out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7014779448509216, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "More was at stake, though, than covert action in Chile. The coup-related deaths in both 1970 and 1973 and the exposure of the role of the United States in helping to topple a democratically elected government, albeit a Marxist one, brought intense scrutiny to the ethics of using covert action to change the political complexion of other countries. As a result, such covert action came to a near halt by the mid 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.407094955444336, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The questions, drawn up by the investigating magistrate Juan Guzman and lawyers for the victims of the Pinochet regime, were submitted to Chile's supreme court, which must now decide whether to forward them to the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486220359802246, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The list is under seal but it is thought to cover the extent of Mr Kissinger's knowledge of the Horman case. Horman's family have repeatedly claimed that the Nixon government, in which Mr Kissinger was national security advisor and secretary of state, knew more about what happened when the journalist was murdered in Chile than it has ever admitted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378669738769531, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "There is a deceptively comforting story line that sequesters the present from the past, disguising any continuity between the regime change produced in Chile on Sept. 11, 1973, and other American experiments of that nature. In that reassuring historical narrative, Pinochet was perhaps guilty of trampling on democratic niceties and of kidnapping, torturing, and killing socialists and Marxists , but he represented, after all, the lesser of two evils. The alternative evil was commonly depicted as Soviet influence, left-wing radicalism, the expropriation of private property, and falling pro-American dominoes across Latin America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304561614990234, "source": "search", "title": "Salvador Allende - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Chile - The Popular Unity Government, 1970-73", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69803524017334, "source": "search", "title": "The Popular Unity Government, 1970-73 - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "Chile Table of Contents", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522387504577637, "source": "search", "title": "The Popular Unity Government, 1970-73 - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "When Allende took office in November 1970, his UP government faced a stagnant economy weakened by inflation, which hit a rate of 35 percent in 1970. Between 1967 and 1970, real GDP per capita had grown only 1.2 percent per annum, a rate significantly below the Latin American average. The balance of payments had shown substantial surpluses during all but one of the years from 1964 to 1970, and, at the time the UP took power, the Central Bank of Chile had a stock of international reserves of approximately US$400 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7583389282226562, "source": "search", "title": "The Popular Unity Government, 1970-73 - Country Studies" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "The Chilean poet Pablo Neruda described him as an \"immortal corpse\", while one of the foreign musicians who travelled to Santiago for a concert commemorating the 30th anniversary of his death titled a performance \"Salvador Allende, Son of God\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.029384613037109, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Americas | Profile: Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "A year later he helped found the Chilean Socialist Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20108413696289, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Americas | Profile: Salvador Allende" }, { "answer": "Chile", "passage": "But as inflation spiralled out of control the chasm between the left and right in Chile widened.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518624305725098, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Americas | Profile: Salvador Allende" } ]

[ { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola”. (Born: Havana) *** Carlos León, Actor, Padre de la hija de Madonna “Lola”. (Nacido en La Habana) | The History, Culture and Legacy of the People of Cuba", "precise_score": 4.502155303955078, "rough_score": 1.534196376800537, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola”. (Born: Havana) *** Carlos León, Actor, Padre de la hija de Madonna “Lola”. (Nacido en La Habana)", "precise_score": 5.037731170654297, "rough_score": 2.326462745666504, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos León, actor, father of Madonna’s Child “Lola”. VIDEO.", "precise_score": 5.238653182983398, "rough_score": 4.415585517883301, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos León was born on July 10, 1966 in La Habana, Cuba. He has been a resident of New York for quiet a few years. Former celebrity as a personal trainer of the star Madonna whom the Queen of Pop met while jogging in Central Park in New York.", "precise_score": 2.0815839767456055, "rough_score": 4.735589027404785, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The actor had a passionate affair with Madonna in the 1990s which resulted in their daughter Lourdes, 14, who he says is the love of his life. Carlos Leon a Cuban who lives in the United States.", "precise_score": -0.4137856364250183, "rough_score": -2.792250156402588, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Father with Madonna of Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon (Lourdes Leon), born 14 October 1996. Lourdes comes from the Marian shrine in France which Madonna’s mother was very devout and Mary by the name of the mother of his dad.", "precise_score": -2.298295736312866, "rough_score": -3.0848629474639893, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna’s ex Carlos Leon in July 2013 wed designer Betina Holte in Gillelje, Denmark, and his daughter Lourdes attended the ceremony. The couple lives in New York.", "precise_score": -0.6239860653877258, "rough_score": -2.8958637714385986, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna and Carlos Leon", "precise_score": -0.7534160017967224, "rough_score": -3.475569486618042, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "We don't know what exercises Madonna did in her workout sessions with her personal trainer Carlos Leon, but the end result was the birth of Madonna's first child, Lourdes, in 1996. Can that happen just by doing squat thrusts?", "precise_score": 2.6205172538757324, "rough_score": 1.5738862752914429, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The fitness trainer-turned-actor, who was in a relationship with the Queen of Pop from 1995 until 1997, is of course already the father of Madonna’s eldest child, daughter Lourdes, now 18.", "precise_score": 2.4804904460906982, "rough_score": 6.805139541625977, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Despite his relationship with Madonna not lasting the distance, Carlos has remained an active presence in his oldest child’s life. The father and daughter are often seen spending time together in New York, with the teenager graduating last year from LaGuardia High School. She is now studying music, theatre and dance at The University of Michigan – her mother’s old alma mater.", "precise_score": -1.2520562410354614, "rough_score": -2.777984619140625, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little Brother! Father Carlos Leon And Wife Betina Holte Welcome Baby Boy! | PerezHilton.com", "precise_score": 1.483283281326294, "rough_score": 0.9763495922088623, "source": "search", "title": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little Brother! Father Carlos Leon And Wife Betina Holte Welcome Baby Boy!", "precise_score": 1.3899857997894287, "rough_score": 2.0872013568878174, "source": "search", "title": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Delighted but already feeling protective of her unborn child, she at first spoke of the situation only to her sister, her personal trainer and, of course, to the baby’s father, Carlos Leon. But secrets about Madonna seldom stay kept. By the time she checked into Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles last week, there were tofu merchants in Bali who knew she was leaning away from a C-section, and the paparazzi, like contractions, were arriving every few minutes.", "precise_score": 2.2727949619293213, "rough_score": 6.007014274597168, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "One part of her life she hasn’t phased out is Leon, 30, the handsome personal trainer and aspiring actor she met while running in Central Park two years ago. Despite reports of their breakup, the pair are living together, though Madonna dodges the question of how involved Leon will be in raising their child. “He is definitely in the picture,” says publicist Rosenberg.", "precise_score": -0.29125893115997314, "rough_score": 0.630375325679779, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos and his wife as Madonna tweets up a storm | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": 0.9423682689666748, "rough_score": -0.7911242246627808, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Because he rarely speaks publicly, there are many rumours about Carlos Leon, Madonna’s ex-boyfriend and the father of her 13-year-old daughter Lourdes.", "precise_score": 3.5162272453308105, "rough_score": -2.0945284366607666, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Through a collision of circumstances, I have accidentally become Madonna’s fitness stalker. After Leon, I will meet her former trainer Tracy Anderson. Gwyneth Paltrow introduced Madonna to Anderson, although Madonna and Anderson’s professional relationship ended last year after a rumoured falling-out, followed by whisperings of a cooling between Madonna and Paltrow. Anderson has faced criticism for her business practices and methods, including recommending baby food (as eaten by Jennifer Aniston) as an effective, healthy way to lose weight.", "precise_score": -3.3901419639587402, "rough_score": 1.4342145919799805, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Although their relationship did not last, Carlos said in an interview: ‘I’m forever grateful to [Madonna]’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.055657386779785, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Leon and Madonna were together in the mid-1990s and split in 1997, after the October 1996 birth of Lourdes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.582766056060791, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "After Madonna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211221694946289, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "All in the family! Madonna may have split from her ex Carlos Leon more than 15 years ago, but she met him for dinner with their daughter Lourdes just this week.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.797823429107666, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The trio reunited in New York City on Thursday, June 19, dining at Manhattan’s trendy downtown lounge and restaurant, Beauty & Essex. Madonna, 56, arrived in a NYC-chic look, an onlooker tells Us, wearing a black top, black pants, and horn-rimmed glasses. An observer tells Us that the modern family “looked like they were having a great time,” and spent the evening “laughing, joking, and enjoying each other’s company.” During their Beauty & Essex feast, the trio dined on basil pesto ravioli, the restaurant’s take on a New York pretzel, salt & vinegar fries, kale and apple salad, and a crispy eggplant pizzetta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00937557220459, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos and Madonna’s eldest child Lourdes, 17, graduated from LaGuardia High School few months ago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.476965427398682, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, el padre de la hija de Madonna “Lola”. (Nacido: La Habana)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.64458703994751, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos León nació el 10 de julio de 1966 en La Habana, Cuba. Ha sido un residente de Nueva York por algunos años ya. El ex celebridad como un entrenador personal de la estrella Madonna a quien la Reina del Pop se encontró cuando ambos salían a correr en el Parque Central de Nueva York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5437116622924805, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "El actor tuvo un apasionado romance con Madonna en la década de 1990 que dio lugar a su hija Lourdes, de 14, de quien dice que es el amor de su vida. Carlos León un cubano que vive en los Estados Unidos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.281206130981445, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "A pesar de que su relación no duró, dijo Carlos en una entrevista: “Estoy eternamente agradecido a [Madonna] ‘.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.685336112976074, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "León y Madonna estaban juntos a mediados de la década de 1990 y se separaron en 1997, después del nacimiento de Lourdes octubre de 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.446627616882324, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Padre con Madonna de Lola Leon (Lourdes León), nacida el 14 de octubre de 1996. Lourdes viene del santuario mariano en Francia, que la madre de Madonna era muy devota y María con el nombre de la madre de su padre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.171390533447266, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Después de Madonna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3092041015625, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "¡Todos en la familia! Madonna podría haber separado de su ex Carlos Leon hace más de 15 años, pero ella se reunió con él para la cena con su hija Lourdes apenas esta semana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.543159484863281, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "El trío se reunió en la ciudad de Nueva York el jueves, 19 de junio de cenar en el salón del centro de moda en Manhattan y restaurante, Belleza y Essex. Madonna, de 56 años, llegó a una mirada NYC-chic, un espectador le dice a nosotros, que llevaba un top negro, pantalones negros y gafas de pasta. Un observador nos dice que la familia moderna “parecía que estaban teniendo un gran momento”, y pasó la noche “riendo, bromeando, y disfrutando de la compañía del otro.” Durante su fiesta Beauty & Essex, el trío cenó raviolis al pesto de albahaca, toma del restaurante en un pretzel papas, sal y vinagre, la col rizada y manzana ensalada de Nueva York, y un pizzetta berenjenas crujientes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999616622924805, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos y la hija mayor de Madonna Lourdes, 17, se graduó de LaGuardia High School secundaria hace unos meses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75341796875, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "La ex de Madonna Carlos León en julio de 2013 diseñador de casarse con Betina Holte en Gillelje, Dinamarca, y su hija Lourdes asistió a la ceremonia. La pareja vive en Nueva York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.598212242126465, "source": "search", "title": "CARLOS LEÓN, Actor, Father of Madonna’s child “Lola ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.837907314300537, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "A big clue that Madonna and Leon were on the outs came when she attended the Oscars sans the father of her new baby. Either they couldn't find a sitter, or they were heading toward a breakup (the latter was ... more ›", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8862810134887695, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna, a woman who angered so many mothers around the world with her promiscuous antics, suggestive lyrics, and blatant disregard for taste, became a mother herself for the first time. She and Leon welcomed a daughter, Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon. more ›", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.569893836975098, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna was already fit-conscious before she hooked up with personal trainer Leon. In fact, they met in Central Park while he was biking and she was jogging. Her pick-up was a short and sweet \"Nice sunglasses.\" more ›", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.970022678375244, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna and Carlos Leon | Dating News, Gossip and Photos" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.304403305053711, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.13394021987915, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna’s ex, Carlos Leon, and wife of nearly two years, Betina Holte, have welcomed a child.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.249893665313721, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"I'm forever grateful to [Madonna]. I have no regrets. I wouldn't change anything. I got the best thing out of that relationship, and that's my daughter. My daughter is everything to me,” he gushed, adding of his parenting style, \"I'm a lenient dad. I'm very empathetic, and I'm good at listening to my daughter. I'm probably a bad dad when it comes to disciplining her.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.604606628417969, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna’s ex Leon welcomes son - Music-News.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "3/12/2015 12:19 PM ET | Filed under: Exclusives! • Madonna • Baby Blabber • Lourdes Leon • It's A Boy! • Celeb Kidz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.790618896484375, "source": "search", "title": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "We hope Madonna 's daughter Lourdes Leon knows how to change diapers!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.515129089355469, "source": "search", "title": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "[ Related: Madonna Gives Lengthy Interview To Howard Stern! ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452740669250488, "source": "search", "title": "EXCLUSIVE! Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Has A Little ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "IT IS A WONDERFUL TIME FOR A woman, that moment when she realizes a new life is within her, stirring, growing, forcing her to think about eventually removing her gold belly-button ring. For Madonna , that revelation came in Buenos Aires last March during the shoot for the musical Evita, when she learned that, after years of talking on the Late Show with David Letterman and in similar intimate venues about trying to get pregnant, she was finally tangoing for two.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679767608642578, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "It was not an easy birth. Madonna ‘s labor began at 3:30 a.m. last Monday morning. Leon and the singer’s sister Melanie Henry, a musicians’ manager in Los Angeles, were with her through the night. But by noon the next day the only thing that had arrived was an intense hunger. “Ugh,” said Madonna , 38, from her bed in the labor room. “I just want some french fries from McDonald’s.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.749035835266113, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Her Plan A had been to have natural childbirth with the soundtrack of a romantic 1988 Alan Rudolph film called The Moderns playing. By 3:30 Monday afternoon, however, Madonna was still in pain but showing no signs of progress, and her doctor suggested a cesarean. She reluctantly agreed and soon found herself heavily sedated and being wheeled toward the delivery room. “Goodbye, everyone,” she said. “I’m going to get my nose job now.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841652870178223, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "From that point on, things proceeded smoothly. Her daughter, weighing 6 lbs. 9 ozs. and sporting a full head of black hair just like her father’s, was born at 4:01 p.m. No, the baby’s name is not Lola—one of the many false rumors preceding the birth. Madonna had said she needed to see her child before coming up with a proper name—and after taking one look, she pronounced the girl Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon. No hyphen, no worries, no doubt about it. “This is,” Madonna told PEOPLE, “the greatest miracle of my life.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.933608055114746, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Leon, meanwhile, seemed just as ecstatic when he stepped out of the delivery room moments after the birth. “She’s the most beautiful baby!” he said, grinning broadly, to a group that included Madonna ‘s manager Caresse Norman, publicist Liz Rosenberg and several friends and personal security guards. Later, Leon was seen blissfully wandering the corridors in a T-shirt reading, “I Got My First Hug at Good Samaritan Hospital.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.907992362976074, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "For a woman who once published a picture book called Sex and scandalized millions by simulating masturbation onstage, Madonna has segued into this current stage of her life quite smoothly. Over the last few months, photos of her showed a face that was fuller and more serene. She had been sonogrammed (It’s a girl!), steeped in Dr. Spock et al (“Which baby book haven’t I read?”), and baby-showered by Rosie O’Donnell and their mutual pals (“The whole world wants to give me advice”). True, in what seemed a classic Madonna touch, her pediatrician turned out to be Paul Fleiss, father of Hollywood madam Heidi. Yet Madonna herself has lately exuded a maternal glow, and the idea of her executing pelvic thrusts anywhere outside a Lamaze class seemed, for the moment, unthinkable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.51453971862793, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Certainly she approached maternity in mature fashion. “We talked about having children while we were making A League of Their Own,” says Rosie O’Donnell . “Both of us lost our mothers at an early age, and so being a mom was important to us.” After Evita wrapped in May, Madonna , who was 5 when her mother died, put her pink Hollywood Hills mansion on the market and bought a more baby-friendly, single-story house in lower profile Los Feliz. For a while, the nursery has been ready for its raison d’être. The room, decorated in soft florals, has a crib and a changing table piled high with stuffed animals—some given to her, some purchased, then tossed on the heap. Says Madonna ‘s younger brother, video director Christopher Ciccone: “There’s a certain serenity in her newfound chaos.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.664250373840332, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "There has also been much joy. “She’s been in a great mood,” says her trainer Ray Kybartas. The first time she felt the baby kick, in May, Madonna says, “I felt like laughing out loud.” During the amniocentesis that same month, “she was very emotional,” says manager Norman. “When Madonna watched the monitor and saw the needle go in, there may have even been a tear on her cheek.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.592909812927246, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Until labor started, Madonna says, she had a relatively easy nine months. She never had morning sickness, and except for a craving for poached eggs in her fourth month, she didn’t have much trouble adhering to her usual low-fat diet. As for working out, she did an almost daily hour of aerobics and some weight training with Kybartas, who adds that “we also did a lot of stretching, especially leg work that would help her in the delivery room.” In her last month, she cut back from six sessions a week to three.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09340763092041, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna lately has displayed a strong sense of family. Two weeks ago she had dinner at her home with Leon, Christopher, sister Melanie and her 6-year-old son Levon. Afterward she did something that one relative says he hasn’t seen her do in years: the dishes. Now that she’s a mother, she has no plans beyond doting on her baby. Because of problems with a stalker last year, Madonna says she won’t be releasing a baby picture soon and “I won’t be doing anything in public with my daughter until she’s much older.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.749722480773926, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Rosie O’Donnell assured her life will be different. “I told her,” she says, “it’s going to change her in the best possible way.” With Lourdes Maria on her hip, Madonna ‘s wants are few. “I just can’t wait,” she says laughingly, “to wear anything with a waistline.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087775230407715, "source": "search", "title": "Labor of Love : People.com" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Her famous matriarch spent Mother's Day tweeting shots of her brood, but on Sunday, Madonna's eldest child Lourdes made time for her daddy despite the national day of celebration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.955938339233398, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "'My daughter is everything': Madonna has always encouraged Lourdes to have a close relationship with her father", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62241268157959, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The actor had a passionate affair with Madonna in the 1990s which resulted in their daughter Lourdes who he says is the love of his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08621597290039, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Bonding time: Madonna didn't hoard her children to her just because it was Mother's Day", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.388028144836426, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Although their relationship did not last, Carlos said in an interview: 'I'm forever grateful to [Madonna]'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.910016059875488, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "As her daughter spent time with her father, Madonna sharefd a snap of herself enjoying a soak in the tub, writing: 'The perfect end to a perfect day. #livingforlove'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.279253959655762, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "'The perfect end to a perfect day!' Madonna shared an Instagram snap of herself enjoying a bubble bath on Mother's Day", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369468688964844, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Happy Mother's Day! Madonna shared photographs of her children, Mercy, 7, and David, 8, with their dog Olga", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.738653182983398, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna also shared a black and white flashback photo of herself with 13-year-old son Rocco, who is her son from her marriage to British film director Guy Ritchie.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.36091423034668, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "'One Lucky Mother!' Madonna also shared a flashback photo of herself with 13-year-old son Rocco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63308334350586, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Star in the making: Madonna shared a beautiful portrait of Mercy as she celebrated her family", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888664245605469, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Yet another snap shows Madonna and David posing together in a touching portrait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423900604248047, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Despite her demanding career, Madonna maintains a close relationship with her children and is regularly seen accompanying her whole brood to Kabbalah services in New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41992473602295, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "He'll be a heart breaker: Madonna and David posed together in a touching portrait", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354496955871582, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon spends Mother's Day with her father Carlos ..." }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.399755477905273, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Home > Work > Feature writing > Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.79923677444458, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.863284111022949, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "That he and Madonna met while running in Central Park, for example. Not exactly: “She was running, I was on my bike. I had seen her a few times before speaking to her,” Leon tells me in the fitness studio that he shares with his personal training business partner, Jeff Bell, in St Mark’s Place, New York. Was he really arrested for smoking pot in Washington Square Park as a young man? “No. But I was arrested for smoking pot next to the Hudson River in my thirties. I was jailed for two days and it wasn’t very nice.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.000008583068848, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "But first Leon: he and Madonna had exercise in common, of course, her physique being as much hailed (toned, lean) as it is criticised (“stringy” arms, “dangerously” thin). Leon worked out from a young age: raised in New York by Cuban parents, he spent much of his childhood roaming the city on his bicycle. “The reason I started getting in shape was that members of my family died at a young age from heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure,” he says. “I was skinny as a kid, I wanted to be muscular and get the girls so I started doing push-ups.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.969101905822754, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "“Madonna and I worked out together when we were together,” Leon says. “It was a mix and match of me following her programme and her following mine. She is always very curious about what’s new, what’s hot. She is the type of person who will do anything exercise-wise. Right now she is using bands (big elastic ones) for resistance training, and her cardio comes from dance.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.146782875061035, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "As for her body, he says: “I think Madonna knows she sets the bar pretty high for people who see her image in the papers. But bear in mind she has a cook, a trainer, she appears on stage for two hours when she’s on tour. She makes her body her business, she really does.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.469467163085938, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna’s celebrity affected their relationship, he says, “especially with the paparazzi. I’ve learnt to smile quietly but it sometimes gets a little overwhelming, especially if you’re having dinner with your daughter. Lourdes doesn’t pay attention to it. After being in the public eye for 16 years, I feel uncomfortable in it. I’m a private person — I should have been a monk. I see myself as Joe Schmo, a regular guy.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867947578430176, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "He and Madonna are “good friends. Just as when we were together, the key is communication and compromise. When we were together I didn’t feel dominated by her, we had a spiritual equality. We still do. I respect her a lot. People think she’s dominating but that’s a character she portrays. I was never intimidated by her. I know that in many people’s eyes I am “Madonna’s ex-boyfriend” or the father of her child. But I’m a regular guy, I hang out with my buddies and with my dog and my girlfriend. I try to live a simple life.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.343994140625, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "He fights ageing — “although people tell me I look younger than 44” — with exercise, “eating right”, drinking lots of water and taking supplements: amino acids and multivitamins. He will “never” have plastic surgery. Next, Leon is planning Belleon studios in Tokyo and London and is creating a TV show focusing on different fitness regimens.On the front desk of Tracy Anderson’s studio in Tribeca, New York, the flowers have ice cubes added to their water. Anderson is probably the best-known personal trainer in the world, with her own machines and DVDs: Madonna is a former client, Paltrow is her business partner (“and like a sister to me, one of my dearest friends in the world”). The resistance-based workouts involve pulleys and sinister-looking cubes hooked to the ceiling. Giant elastic bands are unhooked, with which Anderson leads me on a puzzling, but fun, dance routine to deafening music. From this week you can log on to her “webisode” workouts, targeted at specific body types.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5303239822387695, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna was her client for three years. “I had worked with hundreds of women before her. Who wouldn’t be intimidated by her? But she took orders from me.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095904350280762, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Did they fall out? “When you work with one person exclusively and they are a priority, how long is that sustainable? I had an 11-year-old son and he was sick of travelling and I was sick of being away from him.” Are she and Madonna still friends? “There are different levels of ‘friends’,” says Anderson carefully. “We don’t hang out but we’re not ‘not friends’.” Anderson denies that the association ended because she began a (continuing) relationship with Philippe van den Bossche, the former head of Madonna’s Raising Malawi charity. She also says that “most of what you read” about Madonna and Paltrow’s supposed enmity is fictitious.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73111629486084, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Her famous clients’ perceived extreme skinniness, particularly that of Madonna and SJP, has been discussed endlessly. Is size zero really something for which women and girls should aim? “I don’t think there’s any woman who wouldn’t want it if she knew she could get it,” says Anderson. “But it’s not about being size zero. You can be a killer size eight. It’s not about not eating. I love to eat. My collections come with nutrition advice.” She defends her advocacy of puréed foods. “These are not ‘baby foods’,” she says. “They are large amounts of fruit and vegetable in consumable portions.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143058776855469, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Because of “this rollercoaster and the sniping”, Anderson is seeing a therapist. She has also started studying Kabbalah (but Madonna didn’t introduce her).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80156135559082, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "My immersion in both worlds was brief: Leon and Bell seemed warmer and their studio was cluttered and homely, where Anderson’s was chic, but both use opaque exercise empowerment-speak. Yet when you look at Leon and Anderson’s perfect bodies and Madonna’s supreme feat of physical engineering, it’s clear that something is working — and they made it work eye-bogglingly well for her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.600899696350098, "source": "search", "title": "Carlos Leon and Tracy Anderson: Madonna and me - Tim Teeman" } ]

[ { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born 15 July 1953) is a Haitian politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a Roman Catholic parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest of the Salesian order. He became a focal point for the pro-democracy movement first under Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier and then under the military transition regime which followed. He won the Haitian general election between 1990 and 1991, with 67% of the vote and was briefly president of Haiti, until a September 1991 military coup. The coup regime collapsed in 1994 under US pressure and threat of force (Operation Uphold Democracy). Aristide was then president again from 1994 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2004. However, Aristide was ousted in a 2004 coup d'état, in which one of his former soldiers participated. He accused the United States of orchestrating the coup d'état against him with support from Jamaican prime minister P. J. Patterson, among others. Aristide was later forced into exile in the Central African Republic and South Africa. He finally returned to Haiti in 2011 after seven years in exile. ", "precise_score": 7.403088092803955, "rough_score": 9.754944801330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Jean Bertrand Aristide Net Worth is $800 Million. Jean Bertrand Aristide is a Haitian politician with a net worth of $800 million. Jean Bertrand Aristide built his net worth in politics and as the President of Haiti. He was born in Port-Salut, Hait Jean-Bertrand Aristide is a Haitian former Catholic priest and politician who served as Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies. He became a focal point for the pro-democracy movement first under Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier and then under the military transition regime which followed. He won the Haitian general election, 1990-1991 with 67% of the vote and was briefly President of Haiti, until a September 1991 military coup. The coup regime collapsed in 1994 under US pressure and threat of force after Aristide agreed to roll back several reforms. Aristide was then President again from 1994 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2004.", "precise_score": 6.82586669921875, "rough_score": 9.260293006896973, "source": "search", "title": "Jean Bertrand Aristide Profession - Featured Net Worth List" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Jean Bertrand Aristide Net Worth is $800 Million. Jean Bertrand Aristide is a Haitian politician with a net worth of $800 million. Jean Bertrand Aristide built his net worth in politics and as the President of Haiti. He was born in Port-Salut, Hait Jean-Bertrand Aristide is a Haitian former Catholic priest and politician who served as Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a parish in Port-au-Prince in 1982 after completing his studies. He became a focal point for the pro-democracy movement first under Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier and then under the military transition regime which followed. He won the Haitian general election, 1990-1991 with 67% of the vote and was briefly President of Haiti, until a September 1991 military coup. The coup regime collapsed in 1994 under US pressure and threat of force after Aristide agreed to roll back several reforms. Aristide was then President again from 1994 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2004.", "precise_score": 6.82586669921875, "rough_score": 9.260293006896973, "source": "search", "title": "Jean Bertrand Aristide Profession | Search Net Worth of ..." }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide, (born July 15, 1953, Port Salut, Haiti ), Haitian politician and Roman Catholic priest of the Salesian order, who was a vocal champion of the poor and disenfranchised . He was president of the country in 1991, 1994–96, and 2001–04.", "precise_score": 7.325389385223389, "rough_score": 9.131876945495605, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide | president of Haiti | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Aristide was born into poverty in Port-Salut, Sud Department. His father died three months after Aristide was born, and he later moved to Port-au-Prince with his mother. In 1958, Aristide started school with priests of the Salesian order. He was educated at the Collège Notre-Dame in Cap-Haïtien, graduating with honors in 1974. He then took a course of novitiate studies in La Vega, Dominican Republic, before returning to Haiti to study philosophy at the Grand Séminaire Notre Dame and psychology at the State University of Haiti. After completing his post-graduate studies in 1979, Aristide travelled in Europe, studying in Italy, Greece, [http://docs.google.com/viewer?av&q", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5302700996398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "gr&sig=AHIEtbSKyUkP6nxU_lN51AFz7xsoeoxssQ] and in the Palestinian town of Beit Jala at the Cremisan Monastery. He returned to Haiti in 1982 for his ordination as a Salesian priest, and was appointed curate of a small parish in Port-au-Prince.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.025378227233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Subsequently, Salesian officials ordered Aristide to leave Haiti, but tens of thousands of Haitians protested, blocking his access to the airport. In December 1988, Aristide was expelled from his Salesian order. A statement prepared by the Salesians called the priest's political activities an \"incitement to hatred and violence\", out of line with his role as a clergyman. Aristide appealed the decision, saying: \"The crime of which I stand accused is the crime of preaching food for all men and women.\" In a January 1988 interview, he said \"The solution is revolution, first in the spirit of the Gospel; Jesus could not accept people going hungry. It is a conflict between classes, rich and poor. My role is to preach and organize....\" In 1994, Aristide left priesthood, ending years of tension with the church over his criticism of its hierarchy and his espousal of liberation theology. The following year, Aristide married Mildred Trouillot, with whom he had two daughters.[http://www.aristide.org/articles/aristidecareer.htm Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Tumultuous Career]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.539281129837036, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "In December 1990, a former Catholic priest, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected President in the Haitian general election. In September of the following year, Aristide was overthrown by the military in the 1991 Haitian coup d'état. In 1994, an American team negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of US forces under Operation Uphold Democracy. This enabled the restoration of the democratically elected Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president. In October 1994, Aristide returned to Haiti to complete his term in office. Aristide vacated the presidency in February 1996. In the 1995 election, René Préval was elected as president for a five-year term, winning 88% of the popular vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.672592163085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Haiti" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Before he became a politician, Aristide was a Catholic priest of Salesian order. He started school with the priests of the same order. He attended College Notre Dame and graduated with honors in 1974. He studied philosophy at the Grand Seminaire Notre Dame and psychology at the State University of Haiti. In 1979, he completed his post-graduate studies and traveled in Europe while studying in Italy, Greece and Israel. In 1982, he returned to Haiti for his ordination as a Salesian priest. He was then appointed curate of a small parish in Port-au-Prince. He was responsible in overthrowing the Duvalier family of dictators in 1991 and was chosen as the President to Haiti in the first democratic election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.185931205749512, "source": "search", "title": "Jean Bertrand Aristide Net Worth - TheRichest" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Former Roman Catholic priest, a member of the Society of St. Francis de Sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23081111907959, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "1974 - Enters the priesthood with the Society of St. Francis de Sales (Salesians) in the Dominican Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21992301940918, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "October 17, 1994 - Under pressure from the Vatican , submits a letter formally requesting to leave the priesthood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425989151000977, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Aristide attended a school in Port-au-Prince run by the Roman Catholic Salesian order, and in 1966 he moved to the Salesian seminary at Cap-Haitien and began to prepare for the priesthood. In 1975 he first aligned himself with the poor and Ti Legliz (“Little Church”), a movement that sprang from liberation theology . The following year he returned to Port-au-Prince to study psychology (B.A., 1979) at the state university. The late 1970s was a time of increasing militancy against the brutal regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier , and Aristide, who was responsible for programming at Radio Cacique (the Roman Catholic radio station), urged change. He often found himself at odds with his superiors, who encouraged him to leave the country. Aristide spent most of the next six years studying biblical theology abroad, earning a master’s degree in 1985 at the University of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. In 1982 he visited Haiti briefly for his ordination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7210495471954346, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide | president of Haiti | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Aristide returned to Haiti in 1985, eventually becoming parish priest at St. Jean Bosco, a centre of resistance in Port-au-Prince. In 1986, the year Duvalier was driven from power, Aristide survived the first of many assassination attempts, was cautioned about his outspoken political views by the Salesians, and founded the orphanage Lafanmi Selavi and others. During the next several years he continued to anger the church hierarchy and the military. An attempt in 1987 to transfer him to a less central parish failed when his supporters occupied Port-au-Prince’s cathedral and staged a hunger strike. An attack on a 1988 mass he was celebrating left 13 people dead and more than 70 injured. Objecting to his political activities, the Salesians expelled him in late 1988; in 1994 Aristide formally requested that he be relieved of his priestly duties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.8228960037231445, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide | president of Haiti | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "(born 1953). The first democratically elected leader of Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide rose from poverty to lead the Haitian people out of more than three decades of political corruption and tyranny. As a former parish priest, Aristide preached with great fervor to the poor, urging them to rise against the bonds of the oppressive regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier. Aristide’s advocacy for the poor and powerless earned him the affectionate nickname of Titid, a word that connotes affinity and trust. Ousted in a 1991 coup after only seven months in office, he returned from exile in 1994 in time to complete his term and oversee a smooth transition to another freely elected president in 1996. He again served as president of Haiti from 2001 to 2004.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.976471424102783, "source": "search", "title": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide | president of Haiti | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "There have been rallies calling for him to be allowed back, a sign that the former Roman Catholic priest still enjoys great support among some sections of Haitian society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.180471420288086, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Jean-Bertrand Aristide - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "His political activities were also unpopular with church officials. He was expelled from his religious order in 1988 and left the priesthood in 1994. He later married.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069432258605957, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Jean-Bertrand Aristide - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "The former Roman Catholic priest and Haiti's first democratically elected president chose to go back at a tense time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.164514064788818, "source": "search", "title": "After 7 years in exile, Aristide returns to Haiti - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Aristide’s elevation from slum priest to presidential candidate took place against a background of right-wing death squads and threatened military coups. He rose quickly in the eyes of Haitians, but his stock plummeted in the United States. The New York Times, which relies heavily on informants who can speak English or French, had few kind words for him. ‘He’s a cross between the Ayatollah and Fidel,’ one Haitian businessman was quoted as saying. ‘If it comes to a choice between the ultra-left and the ultra-right, I’m ready to form an alliance with the ultra-right.’ Haitians knew, however, that Aristide would win any democratic election, and on 16 December 1990, he got 67 per cent of the vote in a field of 12 candidates. No run-off was required.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.733231782913208, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Farmer · Who removed Aristide?: The US in Haiti · LRB ..." }, { "answer": "Priest", "passage": "Aristide’s growing authoritarianism has been denounced by virtually every element of the coalition that supported his rise to the presidency in 1990: the priests and laypersons of the liberation theology wing of the Haitian church, the network of grassroots organisations, peasant co-operatives and labour unions, and every single Haitian intellectual or artist of note. Aristide tried to compensate for the defection of his former supporters by recruiting criminal gangs – the chimères, a term derived from the Creole word for ‘hothead’ – and an expensive lobbying effort in Washington, in which Farmer took part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.054424285888672, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Farmer · Who removed Aristide?: The US in Haiti · LRB ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra was lastly married to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death. The couple married at Sunnylands, in Rancho Mirage, California, the estate of media magnate Walter Annenberg, on July 11, 1976.", "precise_score": 6.663950443267822, "rough_score": 5.314280033111572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra suffered from ill health during the last few years of his life, and was frequently hospitalized for heart and breathing problems, high blood pressure, pneumonia and bladder cancer. He was further diagnosed as suffering from dementia. He had made no public appearances following a heart attack in February 1997. Sinatra's wife encouraged him to \"fight\" while attempts were made to stabilize him, and his final words were, \"I'm losing.\" Sinatra's daughter, Tina, later wrote that she and her sister, Nancy, had not been notified of their father's final hospitalization, and it was her belief that \"the omission was deliberate. Barbara would be the grieving widow alone at her husband's side.\" The night after Sinatra's death, the lights on the Empire State Building in New York City were turned blue. Also right after Sinatra's death, the lights on the Las Vegas Strip were dimmed in his honor, and the casinos stopped spinning for a minute.", "precise_score": 3.785259962081909, "rough_score": 4.826191425323486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "You may have heard this news yesterday, but I couldn’t resist commenting on it. Frank Sinatra’s last ex wife, Barbara Sinatra, has a new memoir out in which she writes of her 22 year marriage to Old Blue Eyes, ending when he passed away in 1998 at the age of 82. Barbara is now 84 and is ready to reveal what it was like to be married to the famous crooner. While she remembers plenty of romantic moments it wasn’t always easy going. Frank would sometimes drink gin and she said she avoided him then, but she didn’t get into the details too much. I saw an interview with Barbara on ABC News (below) and I found her story really fascinating. It’s clear that she loved Frank up until the end, and that she misses him terrible. ABC reports that her memoir doesn’t have any details of Frank’s troubled relationship with his daughters at all, and that she steered clear of that topic.", "precise_score": 8.857902526855469, "rough_score": 6.978696823120117, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Marx (widow of Zeppo Marx) married Frank Sinatra in 1976.", "precise_score": 6.596148490905762, "rough_score": 6.599765300750732, "source": "search", "title": "Wives of Frank Sinatra, 1915-1998 - anusha.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Frank Sinatra's last wife, Barbara Marx Sinatra, reveals details of the couple's 22-year marriage in her memoir, \"Lady Blue Eyes.\"", "precise_score": 9.832310676574707, "rough_score": 8.313115119934082, "source": "search", "title": "Excerpt: Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank Sinatra - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra was her famous husband's fourth wife. Also his last. He died in her arms in 1998. They had been married 22 years.", "precise_score": 6.451735973358154, "rough_score": 7.628828525543213, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra married his fourth wife, Barbara, a former model and dancer who had been married to Zeppo Marx, in 1976. She was said to have a calming effect on her husband.", "precise_score": 6.884881973266602, "rough_score": 5.294229507446289, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | SINATRA | Frank Sinatra's love and marriage" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra, the singer's final - and longest-serving - wife, has written a revealing memoir of their fiery days and nights. She talks to Catherine Elsworth about the tender man behind the tough exterior", "precise_score": 6.265633583068848, "rough_score": 6.082204818725586, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "When a drunken Frank Sinatra was threatening to “tear up” the bar of New York’s Waldorf Hotel, and not even his mob-linked heavy Ermenigildo “Jilly” Rizzo could talk him down, his friends knew of only one person who could. That was when Barbara Sinatra, the singer’s longest serving and least-known wife, got the 4am call to help deal with her inebriated spouse. And, as the star’s drinking buddies cowered, the fourth Mrs Sinatra stared her “belligerent” husband down until, calmed, he followed her out “like the puppy that he really was”.", "precise_score": 3.196072578430176, "rough_score": 4.8140411376953125, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Knowing the singer’s reputation with women (exes included Ava Gardner, Lauren Bacall, Juliet Prowse and Mia Farrow), the then Mrs Marx was convinced their charged flirtation was merely a fling. However, in Barbara Blakely Marx, the thrice-married star had met his match. The result was a 22-year marriage and near constant companionship throughout the last 26 years of Sinatra’s life.", "precise_score": 3.4584782123565674, "rough_score": 1.562088966369629, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "By the time Barbara got involved with Sinatra, the singer, divorced from third wife Mia Farrow, was “a 55-year-old living legend who’d grown accustomed to getting his own way”.", "precise_score": 4.343128681182861, "rough_score": 3.650498867034912, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Ava Gardner, Sinatra’s second wife who reportedly left him heartbroken and suicidal, was also a visitor to the Compound. Before one visit, Sinatra built a tennis court for Gardner. He called Barbara, who he hardly knew at that point, and asked if she’d set up a tennis match for her.", "precise_score": 5.258818626403809, "rough_score": 2.9542031288146973, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Years later after Sinatra and Barbara married, Gardner called Barbara at home.", "precise_score": 2.7488961219787598, "rough_score": 5.29504919052124, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra was possessive, Barbara recalls, and someone who “never, ever apologised”. Most women were in love with him – she suspected Nancy Reagan, who called Sinatra to her side after the assassination attempt on her husband, had a crush on him. She also had to contend with “strangers [turning] up claiming to be the mother or grandmother of his child”.", "precise_score": 1.9263153076171875, "rough_score": 1.1419856548309326, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Over the next couple of years Sinatra was in and out of hospital with heart and breathing problems, high blood pressure, pneumonia (he never stopped smoking) and bladder cancer. On May 14 1998, Barbara was called home from dinner after Sinatra suffered a heart attack. At the hospital, his lips were blue. According to his widow, his final words were, “I can’t.”", "precise_score": 0.9843166470527649, "rough_score": 1.0360902547836304, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "I am married to BARBARA SINATRA, who in this Will is referred to as \"my Wife.\" I was formerly married to NANCY BARBATO SINATRA, to AVA GARDNER SINATRA, and to MIA FARROW SINATRA, and each of said marriages were subsequently dissolved. I have three children, all of whom are the issue of my marriage to NANCY BARBATO SINATRA: NANCY SINATRA LAMBERT, FRANCIS WAYNE SINATRA, and CHRISTINA SINATRA. All of the above-named children are adults. I have never had any other children.", "precise_score": 2.7615222930908203, "rough_score": 3.378797769546509, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Will: Frank Sinatra — Do Your Own Will - Free On ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara was married to American film star Zeppo Marx when they first met and in her telling, it was Sinatra, then in his mid-50s, who initiated their long-term affair.", "precise_score": 2.2234177589416504, "rough_score": 2.209543466567993, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Wife No. 4: Sinatra died in Barbara's arms in 1998 at the age of 82 after 22 years of marriage", "precise_score": 4.493494033813477, "rough_score": 5.083953380584717, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a fine, natural understanding of it, and he worked very hard from a young age to improve his abilities in all aspects of music. A perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His deep blue eyes earned him the popular nickname \"Ol' Blue Eyes\". Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976. Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1997. Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him \"the greatest singer of the 20th century\", and he continues to be seen as an iconic figure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9026170372962952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "When Sinatra's mother was a child, her pretty face earned her the nickname \"Dolly\". Energetic and driven, biographers believe that she was the dominant factor in the development of her son's personality traits and extraordinary self-confidence. Barbara Sinatra claims that Dolly was abusive to him as a child, and \"knocked him around a lot\". Dolly became influential in Hoboken and in local Democratic Party circles. She worked as a midwife, earning $50 for each delivery, and according to Sinatra biographer Kitty Kelley, also ran an illegal abortion service that catered to Italian Catholic girls. She also had a gift for languages and served as a local interpreter. Sinatra's illiterate father was a bantamweight boxer who fought under the name Marty O'Brien. He later worked for 24 years at the Hoboken Fire Department, working his way up to captain. Sinatra spent much time at his parents' tavern in Hoboken, working on his homework and occasionally singing a song on top of the player piano for spare change. During the Great Depression, Dolly provided money to her son for outings with friends and to buy expensive clothes, resulting in neighbors describing him as the \"best-dressed kid in the neighborhood\". Excessively thin and small as a child and young man, Sinatra's skinny frame later became a staple of jokes during stage shows. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.301030158996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "In 1970, Sinatra released Watertown, one of his most acclaimed concept albums, with music by Bob Gaudio (of the Four Seasons) and lyrics by Jake Holmes. However, it sold a mere 30,000 copies that year and reached a peak chart position of 101. He left Caesars Palace in September that year after an incident where executive Sanford Waterman pulled a gun on him. He performed several charity concerts with Count Basie at the Royal Festival Hall in London. On November 2, 1970, Sinatra recorded the last songs for Reprise Records before his self-imposed retirement, announced the following June at a concert in Hollywood to raise money for the Motion Picture and TV Relief Fund. He finished the concert with a \"rousing\" performance of \"That's Life\", and stated \"Excuse me while I disappear\" as he left the stage. He told LIFE journalist Thomas Thompson that \"I've got things to do, like the first thing is not to do at all for eight months ... maybe a year\", while Barbara Sinatra later claimed that Sinatra had grown \"tired of entertaining people, especially when all they really wanted were the same old tunes he had long ago become bored by\". While he was in retirement, President Richard Nixon asked him to perform at a Young Voters Rally in anticipation of the upcoming campaign. Sinatra obliged and chose to sing \"My Kind of Town\" for the rally held in Chicago on October 20, 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.558879375457764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "In 1973, Sinatra came out of his short-lived retirement with a television special and album. The album, entitled Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back, arranged by Gordon Jenkins and Don Costa, was a success, reaching number 13 on Billboard and number 12 in the UK. The television special, Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra, reunited Sinatra with Gene Kelly. He initially developed problems with his vocal cords during the comeback due to a prolonged period without singing. That Christmas he performed at the Sahara Hotel in Las Vegas, and returned to Caesars Palace the following month in January 1974, despite previously vowing to perform there again [sic]. He began what Barbara Sinatra describes as a \"massive comeback tour of the United States, Europe, the Far East and Australia\". In July, while on a second tour of Australia, he caused an uproar by describing journalists there – who were aggressively pursuing his every move and pushing for a press conference – as \"bums, parasites, fags, and buck-and-a-half hookers\". After he was pressured to apologize, Sinatra instead insisted that the journalists apologize for \"fifteen years of abuse I have taken from the world press\". In the end, Sinatra's lawyer, Mickey Rudin, arranged a final concert which was televised to the nation, and Sinatra was given the opportunity to say \"I love your attitude, I love your booze\" to the Australian people. In October 1974 he appeared at New York City's Madison Square Garden in a televised concert that was later released as an album under the title The Main Event – Live. Backing him was bandleader Woody Herman and the Young Thundering Herd, who accompanied Sinatra on a European tour later that month. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.552785396575928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra continued to perform at Caesars Palace in the late 1970s, and was performing there in January 1977 when his mother Dolly died in a plane crash on the way to see him. He cancelled two weeks of shows and spent time recovering from the shock in Barbados. In March, he performed in front of Princess Margaret at the Royal Albert Hall in London, raising money for the NSPCC. On March 14 he recorded with Nelson Riddle for the last time, recording the songs \"Linda\", \"Sweet Loraine\" and \"Barbara\". The two men had a major falling out, and later patched up their differences in January 1985 at a dinner organized for Ronald Reagan, when Sinatra asked Riddle to make another album with him. Riddle was ill at the time, and died that October, before they had a chance to record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.133391380310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Arranger Nelson Riddle found Sinatra to be a \"perfectionist who drove himself and everybody around him relentlessly\", and stated that his collaborators approached him with a sense of uneasiness because of his unpredictable and often volatile temperament. Granata comments that Sinatra was almost fanatically obsessed with perfection to the point that people began wondering if he was genuinely concerned about the music or showing off his power over others. On days when he felt that his voice was not right, he would know after only a few notes and would postpone the recording session until the following day, yet still pay his musicians. After a period of performing, Sinatra tired of singing a certain set of songs and was always looking for talented new songwriters and composers to work with. Once he found ones that he liked, he actively sought to work with them as often as he could, and made friends with many of them. He once told Sammy Cahn, who wrote songs for Anchor's Away, \"if you're not there Monday, I'm not there Monday\". Over the years he recorded 87 of Cahn's songs, of which 24 were composed by Jule Styne, and 43 by Jimmy Van Heusen. The Cahn-Styne partnership lasted from 1942 until 1954, when Van Heusen succeeded him as Sinatra's main composer. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Sinatra insisted upon direct input regarding arrangements and tempos for his recordings. He would spend weeks thinking about the songs he wanted to record, and would keep an arranger in mind for each song. If it were a mellow love song, he would ask for Gordon Jenkins. If it were a \"rhythm\" number, he would think of Billy May, or perhaps Neil Hefti or some other favored arranger. Jenkins considered Sinatra's musical sense to be unerring. His changes to Riddle's charts would frustrate Riddle, yet he would usually concede that Sinatra's ideas were superior. Barbara Sinatra notes that Sinatra would almost always credit the songwriter at the end of each number, and would often make comments to the audience, such as \"Isn't that a pretty ballad\" or \"Don't you think that's the most marvelous love song\", delivered with \"childlike delight\". She states that after each show, Sinatra would be \"in a buoyant, electrically charged mood, a post-show high that would take him hours to come down from as he quietly relived every note of the performance he'd just given\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.543646812438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "For Santopietro, Sinatra was the personification of America in the 1950s: \"cocky, eye on the main chance, optimistic, and full of the sense of possibility\". Barbara Sinatra wrote that \"A big part of Frank's thrill was the sense of danger that he exuded, an underlying, ever-present tension only those closest to him knew could be defused with humor\". Cary Grant, a good friend of Sinatra's, stated that Sinatra was the \"most honest person he'd ever met\", who spoke \"a simple truth, without artifice which scared people\", and was often moved to tears by his performances. Jo-Caroll Dennison commented that he possessed \"great inner strength\", and that his energy and drive was \"enormous\". A workaholic, he reportedly only slept for four hours a night on average. Throughout his life, Sinatra had mood swings and bouts of mild to severe depression, admitting to an interviewer in the 1950s that \"I have an over-acute capacity for sadness as well as elation\". Barbara Sinatra stated that he would \"snap at anyone for the slightest misdemeanor\", while Van Heusen said that when Sinatra got drunk it was \"best to disappear\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.918515920639038, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frank Sinatra" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "“He was a guy who took about 12 showers a day,” his widow, Barbara Sinatra, said in an interview with ABC News.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.88815975189209, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara, his fourth and last wife, is promoting her new memoir titled, “Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank,” which delves into the couple’s romantic, but oftentimes difficult, 22-year marriage….", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.619508981704712, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "“I didn’t want to be around him if he drank gin,” Barbara admitted. “Gin, I think, made him mean. So when I’d come out of my room and see the gin bottle on the bar, I’d turn right around, go back in my room, lock the door, because I didn’t want to deal with it.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460836410522461, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "In an excerpt of Barbara’s memoir posted on ABC News, Barbara details how Frank, her then-neighbor, wooed her away from her husband of 12 years, who had been cheating on her anyway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.247997283935547, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Frank had been watching me all night as if he was seeing me for the first time. Sitting close, he called me “Barbara, baby” in that killer voice and flashed me a lopsided smile. He asked if anyone wanted “more gasoline” and offered to fix me a fresh martini. Taking my arm, he led me to the den. It was my turn to watch as he swirled vodka around a glass, reached for an olive and then some ice. A cigarette balanced on his bottom lip, a curl of blue smoke rising. He handed me my drink with a Salute! and then added softly, “Come sit with me awhile.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765122413635254, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Here’s that ABC interview with Barbara promoting her book. She looks so frozen and it’s clear she’s had a ton of work done. When I get to be that age I want to look like Betty White, like I’ve had a lift (or two) but it’s subtle. I find her story and affect very genuine though, and she’s definitely got some incredibly interesting stories to tell. She hung out with the rat pack and in her book she writes that she was romanced by John F. Kennedy. The bastard was probably married at the time, although she only mentions it briefly and it’s hard to tell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972384452819824, "source": "search", "title": "Frank Sinatra’s last wife: he showered 12x/day, romanced ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra 1976", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5195226669311523, "source": "search", "title": "Wives of Frank Sinatra, 1915-1998 - anusha.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "In the book, Barbara Marx Sinatra describes a homey side of the music legend -- a man who was extremely neat, a great cook, a voracious reader and a crossword puzzle ace. On their evenings out, she witnessed his state of the art tipping.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.513393402099609, "source": "search", "title": "Excerpt: Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank Sinatra - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "For a long time I had to pinch myself almost daily to believe that I, Barbara Ann Blakeley, the gangly kid in pigtails from the whistle-stop of Bosworth, Missouri, had somehow become the wife of Francis Albert Sinatra. Could I really be married to the singer whose voice I'd first heard at a drive-in when I was fifteen years old?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3525137901306152, "source": "search", "title": "Excerpt: Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank Sinatra - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Frank had been watching me all night as if he was seeing me for the fi rst time. Sitting close, he called me \"Barbara, baby\" in that killer voice and fl ashed me a lopsided smile. He asked if anyone wanted \"more gasoline\" and offered to fi x me a fresh martini. Taking my arm, he led me to the den. It was my turn to watch as he swirled vodka around a glass, reached for an olive and then some ice. A cigarette balanced on his bottom lip, a curl of blue smoke rising. He handed me my drink with a Salute! and then added softly, \"Come sit with me awhile.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786956787109375, "source": "search", "title": "Excerpt: Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank Sinatra - ABC News" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3959085941314697, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.060836911201477, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Frank Sinatra's widow Barbara, 84, dishes on what it was like living with Ol' Blue Eyes in her new memoir.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6621159911155701, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Frank Sinatra's widow Barbara, 84, dishes on what it was like living with Ol' Blue Eyes in her new memoir.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6621159911155701, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Model, Vegas showgirl, wife of Zeppo Marx, Barbara had been out and about before she met Sinatra. He quickly won her over, but their long-term affair before their marriage did not please Sinatra's feisty mother, Dolly, who asked him, \"Aren't there enough whores around?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4336394667625427, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "By Barbara Sinatra", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5983126163482666, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra could.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.84523344039917, "source": "search", "title": "Barbara Sinatra tells about her life with Frank - USATODAY.com" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Blonde Barbara was as beautiful as all Sinatra's previous brides, but she was also older and more mature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6072285175323486, "source": "search", "title": "BBC News | SINATRA | Frank Sinatra's love and marriage" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Frank and Barbara Sinatra ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8370574712753296, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "“He’d get loaded,” acknowledges 84-year-old Barbara with a twinkle when asked about her husband’s legendary drinking (often a bottle of Jack Daniels a day). But unlike many, she knew that “the sense of danger he exuded” wasn’t all it seemed. So when the boozy ranting and raging began, she paid no attention to it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679194450378418, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Lady Blue Eyes: My Life With Frank Sinatra goes some way to explaining the union and how Barbara learned to keep the “Mr Hyde in his character” at bay. “I was his companion, consultant, muse, psychiatrist and lover,” she writes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.110068321228027, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara describes the book as a “love letter” to Sinatra, detailing her romance with a man whose “sexual energy” outstripped even that of Elvis Presley, whom she had also met in Vegas. But it also offers a revealing portrait of the later life of one of the 20th century’s greatest entertainers, a fiery, moody yet ultimately intensely loyal romantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.319941997528076, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Tall, elegant and younger-looking than her years, Barbara is as press-wary as her husband, who once refused to attend a party Henry Kissinger threw for him because the journalist Barbara Walters was invited. She is initially reserved when we meet at her LA penthouse apartment, one of three properties she owns, a vast, cream-carpeted space with views from the Hollywood Hills to the Pacific filled with framed gold discs, art and photographs, many of them of the glamorous couple. One, next to the chair in which she reclines, has the words “Love is… us” written above their smiling faces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.908869743347168, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara, who grew up a skinny farm girl in Missouri and Kansas and became hooked on Frank Sinatra after hearing his voice at a drive-in aged 15, wears a pale brown woollen trouser suit with an orange chiffon scarf. Her blonde, coiffed hair floats in big, loose curls around her head, and her manicured nails are the darkest red. We sip water from impressively hefty crystal glasses that rest on cocktail napkins embossed with Sinatra in elegant cursive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.061051845550537, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara has said little publicly since her husband’s death aged 82 in 1998. Her memoir was written for her 12-year-old granddaughter, Carina, she says. “I wanted her to know what he was like and what my life was like, too. But it seems to have created [a great deal of] interest because it’s another side of him that most people would never suspect.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273040771484375, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara had married her first husband at 21, had a son, opened a beauty school and then moved to Las Vegas where she worked as a showgirl. Here, Zeppo Marx took a shine to her and they wed (her first marriage had ended). She moved to his home in Palm Springs and embraced the “desert rat” lifestyle of tennis, golf, cocktails and cards. Their neighbour was Sinatra, who lived across the golf course in a mansion he nicknamed “Compound”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.07939901947975159, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "One night in 1957, she passed a tuxedo-clad Sinatra propping up the bar with buddies Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr, Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford. “They all seemed to be loaded, so I remember we walked by and I heard someone say, ‘Hey, Blondie! Come over here. Join us!”’ Barbara recalls. “But I just kept walking. One of the girls with me said, ‘Do you know who that was? That was Frank Sinatra.’ And I said, ‘I don’t care, I don’t want to deal with drunks.’ So we left.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.369102954864502, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "As her marriage to Zeppo, who was 26 years her senior, floundered, Barbara was unable to resist “the extraordinary force of nature” that was Sinatra’s charm, even though she suspected getting involved with him was a terrible idea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8998776078224182, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "It was early in their flirtation that Barbara witnessed Sinatra’s famous temper. During a late-night game of charades at his home, the singer’s team lost a round and Sinatra turned on the time-keeper, Barbara, who held a large brass clock on her lap.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.095642566680908, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "At Sinatra’s side, Barbara soon got used to a life of private jets, lavish gifts and kitchen restaurant exits to avoid the paparazzi. But after dating for nearly five years with no sign of a marriage proposal, she issued an ultimatum. “I thought that that would be the end,” she says matter-of-factly. “Because I knew of a lot of other wonderful ladies that he dated and all of them ended up in breaking up.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.572947025299072, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Realistic about how she tamed such a “hell-raiser”, Barbara believes timing was key: by 60, Sinatra had been everywhere, done everything and was ready for the “wonderful tranquillity” he felt with Barbara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.72341251373291, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "That said, much of their time together was anything but tranquil. While touring, Sinatra, who hated being alone, required a stream of late-night drinking buddies. It was Barbara’s job to make sure there were enough people on hand. Often she too, would stay the course, matching him “drink for drink”. One friend quoted in the book says one of the qualities that most endeared his wife to Sinatra was her stamina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6890671253204346, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara insists she never felt the need to question Sinatra about other women in his life, even though he continued to financially support all his exes, and she had to get him to take down a painting of Mia Farrow in their master bedroom. “When he was with me, he made me feel like I was everything. His love for me and his attention and his time and his gifts, his warmth and understanding made me feel very secure, so I didn’t see any need for that.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.387052536010742, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Throughout, the book offers little snapshots of Sinatra’s idiosyncrasies: his obsessive tidiness and the secret nickname he would use to book hotel rooms or sign love letters to Barbara (Charlie Neat); the $200 tips he’d hand valets in Vegas; the way he would shut himself off in his den (a room he built for a visit from JFK, who stayed with Bing Crosby instead), and sink into deep periods of solitary mourning following the deaths of people such as his parents, Marilyn Monroe and JFK; and how he divided his friends into those who would stay up and drink with him (Robert Mitchum, John Wayne and Orson Welles) and the less favoured ones who preferred an early night (Tony Bennett, Fred Astaire, Bing Crosby and Henry Fonda).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.315083026885986, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "As well as Hollywood royalty, the couple also had connections with the Royal family. Barbara describes an awkward dinner hosted by Princess Margaret. “It was cold as hell in there – I was wearing a strapless dress and had goose pimples. The man next to me, a newspaper editor, offered to turn the gas fire on – and I said that would be wonderful. So he lit it and then we heard a voice from down the table – ‘Turn it orf.’ And he said, ‘Oh, Mrs Sinatra is cold’, and she said, ‘I said turn if orf,’ So I thought, ‘Uh oh. Trouble’.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.431169509887695, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "On another occasion the Princess – who Barbara believes had a crush on Sinatra – invited them to dinner in a private room at Annabel’s after a benefit concert in aid of a children’s charity she was patron of. “Frank had gotten me [the Royal] box at the benefit. I went up to sit down with three girlfriends but the box was nearly full, mostly with [the Princess’s] children and her friends. I’d been drinking a little and I was a little pissed off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2136619091033936, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "The memoir doesn’t dwell on Sinatra’s mob connections, which Barbara sees as part of the fabric of his background and vocation. “Most of his show business friends knew more gangsters than he ever did.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.44089412689209, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "At one point, however, Barbara describes her discomfort at being introduced to a shady group of mobsters called the Harvard boys, who wanted to meet her at dinner. “I said, ‘No, I don’t want to know them, I don’t want to be involved with them.’” But as she left the restaurant, there were four or five guys waiting at the bar. Sinatra explained they controlled venues where he and others played and pleasantries were exchanged. “Nothing in my background had prepared me for people like that.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.413352012634277, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara made it clear she never wanted to be put in that position again – and she wasn’t.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276082992553711, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Instead, Barbara spent much of her time with Frank mingling with celebrities. She met JFK a few times and he flirted with her. “Jack was a devout Catholic and went to church to pray for his family almost every day in between hitting on all the girls, which I thought strange.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.475902557373047, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Princess Grace of Monaco, a close friend before her death, is described as someone who could “lift a few” while Pope John Paul II, whom Barbara met in Rome (she converted to Catholicism for Sinatra) surprised her: “He had a twinkle in his eye that was verging on flirtatiousness.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.154634952545166, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Once when Monroe was staying at the Compound, Barbara’s son Bobby, “who had the worst crush on Marilyn”, insisted Barbara secure an invitation so he could meet the star. “So I called Dorothy, Frank’s secretary, and told her my problem and Frank called and said ‘have him come over’. Bobby met her and he was totally in love.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.095519065856934, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "On another occasion Barbara met the “beautiful and funny” Monroe, then married to Arthur Miller, at the Palm Springs Racquet Club. “I could see why she’d attract the likes of Mr Sinatra, among others. But her dependence on drugs and alcohol left her vulnerable. We had a casual conversation and she seemed sweet, but we were never going to be close. A few years later she was dead.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7962284088134766, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara arrived with two male friends to find Gardner’s maid “mixing Moscow mules at the side of the court. I think Ava was half-looped before we started.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374078750610352, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra appeared and tried to make Gardner jealous by flirting with Barbara. Instead, Gardner flirted openly with her tennis partner as the singer looked on. Sinatra’s eyes “swirled with every emotion. I think he held a torch for Ava his whole life.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.061612606048584, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "“She said, ‘Hello Barbara, this is Ava.’” Her voice drops to a low, husky whisper. “That voice was tantalising. ‘I just wanted to say hello, how are you doing,’ and then she said, ‘Tell me one thing, Barbara, are you and Frank really happy?’ And I said, ‘All I can answer for is me. I’m very happy. Frank’s in Las Vegas and here’s the number, why don’t you call him and ask if he’s happy.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81753921508789, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "On another occasion in the late 1960s, Barbara witnessed a terse exchange between Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, who were staying at the Compound. “I was invited to go there for something, to play tennis, because every time he needed a tennis player he’d call me, and so I came in and they were all at the bar. Richard made some remark about my legs and I guess from what I heard, Elizabeth said ‘What’s wrong with my legs?’ And he said, ‘They’re short’ – and it was the way he said it – ‘and dumpy’. And needless to say that didn’t go over well. Then she said something nasty to him and he said, ‘And your fingers, too, they’re short and stubby’. And she said, ‘Well, since they are so short and stubby and my legs are so dumpy, I want the biggest friggin’ diamond you can ever find from knuckle to knuckle to go on my short, stubby fingers. And she got it. And he gave it to her.” It was the 69-carat Taylor-Burton diamond from Cartier that cost over a million dollars. “Frank always said that was my fault,” she notes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975228309631348, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "According to Barbara, Sinatra hated the nicknames “chairman of the board” and “Rat Pack”. Songs such as Strangers in the Night and My Way “did absolutely nothing for him”, she says, because the lyrics were too “on the nose”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.100284099578857, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara also reveals she was the one who persuaded him to sing what became one of his signature hits, New York, New York, which was initially a hit for Liza Minnelli. “I thought it felt like a man’s song, so I said, ‘Won’t you consider putting that in your show?’ And he said, ‘No, that’s Liza’s song, and I’m not going to do it’. So I waited a while and brought it up again and finally he sang it and it just took off.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129349708557129, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "In his late seventies, Sinatra’s health started declining, and in 1994, he collapsed on stage suffering dehydration. But he continued a gruelling touring schedule. Barbara describes a trip he took in his private plane to Japan aged 79. “He walked up and down the plane the whole distance and drank all the way across the ocean. When he arrived, he took a shower, got ready, did a show then got right back on the plane and flew all the way back – and he walked all the way [up and down the plane] the whole way. I don’t know too many 16-year-olds who could do that.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.870160102844238, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Sinatra was a megastar so there was no chance of the small ceremony she’d hoped for. Although numb with grief, Barbara ensured her husband was dressed in one of his finest suits, and family and friends slipped mementoes into his coffin including a flask of Jack Daniels, his favourite confectionery, Camel cigarettes and his Zippo lighter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3240472972393036, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Since Sinatra’s death, Barbara has kept busy helping with the centre for abused children she has founded in Palm Springs. She is still close to many of the friends they shared. Roger Moore calls regularly, Quincy Jones sends her heart-shaped cookies on Valentine’s Day and she still hosts weekly poker games at her apartment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.554209232330322, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Lady Blue Eyes: My Life with Frank Sinatra by Barbara Sinatra (RRP £18.99) is available from Telegraph Books at £16.99 + £1.25 p&p. Call 0844 871 1516 or visit books.telegraph.co.uk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.616477966308594, "source": "search", "title": "My life with Frank Sinatra - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "J. To my Wife, BARBARA SINATRA, provided that we are married and living together at the time of my death, all of my rights as licensor pursuant to that certain License Agreement dated February 29, 1988 with Sheffield Enterprises, Inc., including my twenty-five percent (25%) royalty thereunder, or in the alternative such shares of Capital Stock of Sheffield Enterprises, Inc. as I may have acquired during my lifetime in exchange for said rights. If my Wife does not survive me or we are not married and living together at the time of my death, this gift shall lapse and shall be considered as part of the residue of my estate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1928068846464157, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Will: Frank Sinatra — Do Your Own Will - Free On ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "K. To my Wife, BARBARA SINATRA, provided that we are married and living together at the time of my death, my interest in that certain Master Recording entitled \"Trilogy\", and all rights to royalties and future distribution related thereto. If my Wife does not survive me or we are not married and living together at the time of my death, this gift shall lapse and shall be considered as part of the residue of my estate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7750719785690308, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Will: Frank Sinatra — Do Your Own Will - Free On ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara Sinatra has recalled how the late singer was both a generous romantic full of charisma and a terrible drunk with a furious temper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1385040283203125, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Remembering Frank: Sinatra's widow Barbara Sinatra has written a book about Ol' Blue Eyes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5211479663848877, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara, 84, the star's fourth wife, is promoting new memoir, Lady Blue Eyes: My Life With Frank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3336639404296875, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "But Barbara also told how she wouldn't want to deal with the mercurial star if he was drinking gin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428600311279297, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Barbara viewed is aggression as exciting and accepted that her husband's inner demons came with the glitz and glamour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672137260437012, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Of Sinatra's notorious reputation as a womaniser, Barbara says she took the advice of her Palm Springs neighbour, Lee Annenberg, and 'looked the other way'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.078373432159424, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "He was married to Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957 and Mia Farrow from 1966 to 1968. He wed Barbara in 1976.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.795825004577637, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." }, { "answer": "Barbara", "passage": "Lady Blue Eyes: My Life With Frank by Barbara Sinatra ($24.99, Crown Archetype)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.018870830535889, "source": "search", "title": "'Obsessive Frank Sinatra took 12 showers a day and always ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "Idi Amin Dada (; 2816 August 2003) was the third President of Uganda, ruling from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Kenya and Uganda. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army, and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.", "precise_score": 6.473807334899902, "rough_score": 8.787579536437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "1971 - Milton Obote toppled in coup led by Army chief Idi Amin. ", "precise_score": 4.508685111999512, "rough_score": 7.651912212371826, "source": "search", "title": "Genocide In Uganda - Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "Idi Amin (ē´dē amēn´), c.1925–2003, Ugandan army officer and dictator. From the small Kakwa ethnic group, he advanced in the Ugandan armed forces from private (1946) to major general (1968). In 1971 he seized control of the government, toppling the regime of Milton Obote . In power, Amin exhibited an unpredictable personality, often capricious and cruel yet displaying a modicum of shrewdness and cunning. His relatively brief regime was nonetheless vicious and corrupt; he brutally suppressed other ethnic groups and political enemies, killed what is believed to be nearly 300,000 (most innocent of any wrongdoing), tortured uncounted thousands more, and looted the nation's treasury. In 1972 he ordered the expulsion of Ugandans of Asian extraction, thrusting the nation into economic chaos. Tanzanian troops joined exiled Ugandan nationalists to invade Uganda in 1978, and Amin was driven into exile in Saudi Arabia the following year.", "precise_score": 5.980775833129883, "rough_score": 8.522089004516602, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "Idi Amin (also known as Idi Amin Dada) was the nutty, ruthless dictator of the African nation of Uganda during the 1970s. He started out as a soldier in the British colonial army in 1946 and became one of its first Ugandan commissioned officers. Idi Amin rose through the ranks and was eventually made the army's chief of staff under Uganda's first president, Milton Obote. In 1971 Amin overthrew Obote and seized power. He became internationally famous in 1976 when he provided a safe haven for hostage-holding Palestinian hijackers, who were then attacked and killed at Entebbe by Israeli forces. In 1978 Amin's forces invaded neighboring Tanzania, but Tanzanian forces drove them back and invaded Uganda, forcing Amin to flee. Amin used brutal force against opponents during his reign, and it is estimated that he is responsible for at least 100,000 deaths (some estimates run as high as 500,000). After fleeing Uganda he settled in Saudi Arabia. He died there in 2003, apparently succumbing to a mixture of hypertension, kidney failure and other ailments.", "precise_score": 5.823596000671387, "rough_score": 7.934682369232178, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Biography (Political Leader) - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In 1965, Prime Minister Milton Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the Ugandan Parliament demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by Kabaka (King) Mutesa II of Buganda, and declared himself executive president. He promoted Amin to colonel and army commander. Amin led an attack on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.702860713005066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In 1971, General Idi Amin overthrew the elected government of Milton Obote and declared himself president of Uganda, launching a ruthless eight-year regime in which an estimated 300,000 civilians were massacred. His expulsion of all Indian and Pakistani citizens in 1972—along with increasing military expenditures—brought about the country’s economic decline, the impact of which lasted decades. In 1979 his reign of terror came to an end as Ugandan exiles and Tanzanians took control of the capital of Kampala, forcing Amin to flee. Never brought to justice for his heinous crimes, Amin lived out the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.3613176345825195, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "After more than 70 years under British rule, Uganda gained its independence on October 9, 1962, and Milton Obote became the nation’s first prime minister. By 1964, Obote had forged an alliance with Amin, who helped expand the size and power of the Ugandan Army. In February 1966, following accusations that the pair was responsible for smuggling gold and ivory from Congo that were subsequently traded for arms, Obote suspended the constitution and proclaimed himself executive president. Shortly thereafter, Obote sent Amin to dethrone King Mutesa II, also known as “King Freddie,” who ruled the powerful kingdom of Buganda in south-central Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.530947685241699, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In 1964, two years after Uganda was granted independence from Great Britian, Amin was appointed deputy chief of the nation's army and air force with the rank of colonel. When Amin's friend, Dr. Milton Obote, seized power in Uganda in February 1966, he placed Amin as his right-hand man in full command of the armed forces, promoting him to major general in 1968. By 1970 a rift had developed between the two men, both wanting more power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2073211669921875, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "Idi Amin whose birth is guessed to be during the mid-1920s survived to 16 August 2003. He was the third official President of Uganda, from 1971 to 1979. Amin decided to join the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946 serving in Somalia and Kenya. He enjoyed a decent career with the British and then was eventually Amin was promoted to the rank of Major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army. He became its Commander before seizing power in the military in January of 1971. It was in after that he deposed his former superior Milton Obote and took power for himself - He promoted himself to field marshal.  He lived a lavish lifestyle while ignoring Uganda’s economic problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.390778541564941, "source": "search", "title": "Genocide In Uganda - Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "Milton Obote becomes president after elections. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553169250488281, "source": "search", "title": "Genocide In Uganda - Idi Amin" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In 1962 Amin participated in stopping cattle rustling between neighboring ethnic groups in Karamoja (Uganda) and Turkana (Kenya). Because of atrocities he committed during these operations, British officials recommended to Apolo Milton Obote (Uganda's prime minister) that he be prosecuted. Obote instead reprimanded him, since it would have been unpolitical to prosecute one of the two African commissioned officers just before Uganda was to gain her independence from Britain on October 9, 1962. Thereafter Amin was promoted to captain in 1962 and major in 1963 and was selected to participate in the commanding officers' course at Wiltshire school of infantry in Britain in 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1354739665985107, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com ..." }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "A coalition of two parties won the pre-independence elections in 1963 and Milton Obote became Prime Minister. Uganda declared independence after the elections and joined the United Nations. In these years of growth the main argument in the parliament was between supporters of the centralized state and supporters of a loose federation, which would grant greater powers to the local tribal kingdoms. Obote was a partner in a coalition which forced him to give special autonomous rights to the Buganda. This led to similar demands by representatives of the other tribes, despite the fact that Obote’s chief attempt was to strengthen the central government, allowing Uganda to exist as one autonomous unit at the expense of local interests, including those of the Buganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052525520324707, "source": "search", "title": "Combat Genocide | Uganda 1971-1985" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In 1966, Prime Minister Milton Obote annulled the constitution, granted himself all governmental powers, and fired the President and Vice President. In September 1967, a new constitution defined Uganda as a republic, granted the President even more powers, and annulled the traditional monarchies. The government lost its stability, and on the 25th of January, 1971, a surprise attack by armed forces led by Idi Amin deposed Obote’s government. Amin declared himself President, dissolved the government, and changed the constitution to give him full control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.193429946899414, "source": "search", "title": "Combat Genocide | Uganda 1971-1985" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In October 1978 Ugandan’s capital city Kampala was captured after a failed attempt by Amin’s army to invade Tanzanian territory. Amin managed to escape with what remained of his army. In 1980, after Amin’s exile and several temporary governments, Milton Obote was reelected as President of Uganda.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.995828151702881, "source": "search", "title": "Combat Genocide | Uganda 1971-1985" }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "In 1962 Amin helped stop cattle rustling, or stealing, between neighboring ethnic groups in Karamoja, Uganda, and Turkana, Kenya. Because of the brutal acts he committed during these operations, British officials recommended to Apolo Milton Obote (1924–), Uganda's prime minister, that he be brought to trial as a criminal. Obote instead publicly criticized him, deciding it would have been politically unwise to put on trial one of the two African officers just before Uganda was to gain independence from Britain on October 9, 1962. Thereafter Amin was promoted to captain in 1962 and major in 1963. He was selected to participate in the commanding officers' course at Wiltshire school of infantry in Britain in 1963. In 1964 he was made a colonel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4454442858695984, "source": "search", "title": "Idi Amin Biography - life, story, school, mother, book ..." }, { "answer": "Milton Obote", "passage": "The third and final strand I will analyse is how Obote alienated the Buganda tribe and added to the resentment towards his government. For this, I will refer to a series of newspaper articles from the Times, reporting the events of the Battle of Mengo Hill on May 24th 1966, the climax of a growing tension between the Buganda, Uganda’s largest tribe, and Obote. As one of the articles explains, “The tension has gripped Uganda since Frederick Mutesa was deposed in February from the office of President of Uganda by Dr.Milton Obote” . This was indeed the case. When Uganda gained its independence, Obote came to power only through an alliance with the Buganda. The Buganda, as Ibingira says in his book ‘The Forging of An African Nation”, had “concession granted to the Kingdom of Buganda in respect to certain legislative powers which the Lukiiko was to exercise independently of the Uganda Parliament…the Government have no constitutional power to determine the fate of the royal throne” . It was through this U.P.C/K.Y partnership that Uganda emerged as an independent nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461167335510254, "source": "search", "title": "How did Idi Amin Dada lead a successful coup in 1971 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez al-Assad ( ', Levantine pronunciation: Modern Standard; 6 October 1930 – 10 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, politician and general who was President of Syria from 1971 to 2000, Prime Minister from 1970 to 1971, Regional Secretary of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party from 1970 to 2000. He participated in the 1963 Syrian coup d'état which brought the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party to power, and was appointed Commander of the Syrian Air Force by the new leadership. In 1966, Assad participated in a second coup, which toppled the traditional leaders of the Ba'ath Party, and brought a radical military faction headed by Salah Jadid to power. Assad was appointed defense minister by the new government. In 1970 Assad seized power by toppling Jadid, and appointed himself the undisputed leader of Syria in the period 1970–1971.", "precise_score": 4.8202128410339355, "rough_score": 5.1077775955200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Having become the main source of initiative inside the Syrian government, Assad began looking for a successor. His first choice as successor was his brother Rifaat al-Assad, widely seen as corrupt. In 1983–84, when Hafez's health was in doubt, Rifaat al-Assad attempted to seize power, claiming that his brother would not be fit to rule if he recovered. When Assad's health did improve, Rifaat al-Assad was exiled from the country. His next choice of successor was his eldest son, Bassel al-Assad. However, things did not go according to plan, and in 1994 Bassel al-Assad died in a car accident. His third choice was his younger son Bashar al-Assad, who at that time had no practical political experience. This move was met with open criticism within some quarters of the Syrian ruling class, but Assad reacted by demoting several officials who opposed his succession plan. Assad died in 2000 and was succeeded by Bashar al-Assad as President and Syrian Regional Branch head.", "precise_score": 1.3948644399642944, "rough_score": 2.7200491428375244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez was born on 6 October 1930 in Qardaha to an Alawite family of the Kalbiyya tribe. His parents were Na'sa and Ali Sulayman al-Assad Hafez was Ali's ninth son, and the fourth from his second marriage. Sulayman married twice, had eleven children and was known for his strength and shooting abilities; locals nicknamed him Wahhish (wild beast). By the 1920s he was respected locally, and like many others he initially opposed the French Mandate for Syria. Nevertheless, Ali Sulayman later cooperated with the French administration and was appointed to an official post. In 1936, he was one of 80 Alawite notables who signed a letter addressed to the French Prime Minister saying that \"[the] Alawi people rejected attachment to Syria and wished to stay under French protection.\" For his accomplishments, he was called al-Assad (a lion) by local residents and made the nickname his surname in 1927.", "precise_score": -0.28518033027648926, "rough_score": -1.7329416275024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Alawites initially opposed a united Syrian state (since they thought their status as a religious minority would endanger them), and Hafez's father shared this belief. As the French left Syria, many Syrians mistrusted Alawites because of their alignment with France. Hafez left his Alawite village, beginning his education at age nine in Sunni-dominated Latakia. He was the first in his family to attend high school, but in Latakia Assad faced Sunni anti-Alawite bias. He was an excellent student, winning several prizes at about age 14. Assad lived in a poor, predominantly Alawite part of Latakia; to fit in, he approached political parties that welcomed Alawites. These parties (which also espoused secularism) were the Syrian Communist Party, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) and the Arab Ba'ath Party; Assad joined the latter in 1946, and some of his friends belonged to the SSNP. The Ba'ath (Renaissance) Party espoused a pan-Arabist, socialist ideology.", "precise_score": -0.4234040379524231, "rough_score": -2.1857666969299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad was an asset to the party, organizing Ba'ath student cells and carrying the party's message to the poor sections of Latakia and Alawite villages. He was opposed by the Muslim Brotherhood, which was allied with wealthy and conservative Muslim families. His high school accommodated students from rich and poor families, and Assad was joined by poor, anti-establishment Sunni Muslim youth from the Ba'ath Party in confrontations with students from wealthy Brotherhood families. He made many Sunni friends, some of whom later became his political allies. While still a teenager, Assad became increasingly prominent in the party as an organizer and recruiter, head of his school's student-affairs committee from 1949 to 1951 and president of the Union of Syrian Students. During his political activism in school, he met many men who would serve him when he was president.", "precise_score": -1.6299201250076294, "rough_score": -3.9780476093292236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In the aftermath of the 1963 coup, at the First Regional Congress (held 5 September 1963) Assad was elected to the Syrian Regional Command (the highest decision-making body in the Syrian Regional Branch). While not a leadership role, it was Assad's first appearance in national politics; in retrospect, he said he positioned himself \"on the left\" in the Regional Command. Khalid al-Falhum, a Palestinian who would later work for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), met Assad in 1963; he noted that Assad was a strong leftist \"but was clearly not a communist\", committed instead to Arab nationalism.", "precise_score": 2.89033842086792, "rough_score": 0.755268931388855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "After the coup, Assad was appointed Minister of Defense. This was his first cabinet post, and through his position he would be thrust into the forefront of the Syrian–Israeli conflict. His government was radically socialist, and sought to remake society from top to bottom. Although Assad was a radical, he opposed the headlong rush for change. Despite his title, he had little power in the government and took more orders than he issued. Jadid was the undisputed leader at the time, opting to remain in the office of Assistant Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command instead of taking executive office (which had historically been held by Sunnis). Nureddin al-Atassi was given three of the four top executive positions in the country: President, Secretary-General of the National Command and Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command. The post of prime minister was given to Yusuf Zu'ayyin. Jadid (who was establishing his authority) focused on civilian issues and gave Assad de facto control of the Syrian military, considering him no threat.", "precise_score": -0.08124636113643646, "rough_score": -0.9184030890464783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "According to Patrick Seale, Assad's rule \"began with an immediate and considerable advantage: the government he displaced was so detested that any alternative came as a relief\". He first tried to establish national unity, which he felt had been lost under the leadership of Aflaq and Jadid. Assad differed from his predecessor at the outset, visiting local villages and hearing citizen complaints. The Syrian people felt that Assad's rise to power would lead to change; one of his first acts as ruler was to visit Sultan Pasha al-Atrash, father of the Aflaqite Ba'athist Mansur al-Atrash, to honor his efforts during the Great Arab Revolution. He made overtures to the Writers' Union, rehabilitating those who had been forced underground, jailed or sent into exile for representing what radical Ba'athists called the reactionary classes: \"I am determined that you shall no longer feel strangers in your own country.\" Although Assad did not democratize the country, he eased the government's repressive policies.", "precise_score": -0.07708906382322311, "rough_score": -4.03696870803833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad institutionalized a system where he had the final say, which weakened the powers of the collegial institutions of the state and party. As fidelity to the leader replaced ideological conviction later in his presidency, corruption became widespread. The state-sponsored cult of personality became pervasive; as Assad's authority strengthened at his colleagues' expense, he became the sole symbol of the government. Because Assad wanted to become an Arab leader, he considered himself a successor to Nasser since he rose to power in November 1970 (a few weeks after Nasser's death). He modeled his presidential system on Nasser's, hailed Nasser for his pan-Arabic leadership and publicly displayed photographs of Nasser with posters of himself. Pictures of Assad—often engaged in heroic activities—were ubiquitous in public places. He named a number of locations and institutions after himself and family members. In schools, children were taught songs praising Assad. Teachers began each lesson with the song \"Our Eternal Leader, Hafez al-Assad\", and he was sometimes portrayed with seemingly divine attributes. Sculptures and portraits depicted him with the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and after his mother's death the government produced portraits of her with a halo. Syrian officials were compelled to call Assad \"the sanctified one\" (\"al-Muqaddas\"). This strategy was also pursued by his son, Bashar al-Assad.", "precise_score": -1.031999945640564, "rough_score": -4.720035552978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Bassel al-Assad became a security officer at the Presidential Palace in 1986, and a year later he was appointed Commander of the Defense Companies. About this time, rumors spread that Assad planned to make Bassel his successor. Bassel al-Assad continued his climb to the top; at the time of the 1991 presidential referendum, citizens were ordered to sing songs praising him. Vehicles belonging to the military and the secret police began bearing images of Bassel, and Assad began to be called the \"Father of Bassel\" in official media. Bassel al-Assad went on his first foreign mission representing his country, traveling to Saudi Arabia to visit King Fahd. Shortly before his death, he represented his absent father at an official event. On 21 January 1994, Bassel al-Assad died in a car accident. In his eulogy, Assad called his son's death a \"national loss\". Bassel al-Assad, in death, played as great a role in his country's life as he did alive: his picture appeared on walls, cars, stores, dishes, clothing and watches. The Syrian Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party began indoctrinating youths with a Bassel al-Assad course. Almost immediately after Bassel's death, Assad began to groom his 29-year-old son Bashar al-Assad for succession.", "precise_score": 0.5352416634559631, "rough_score": -3.938076972961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "\"I declare the victory of Dr Bashar Hafez al-Assad as president of the Syrian Arab Republic with an absolute majority of the votes cast in the election,\" Laham said in a televised address from his office in the Syrian parliament.", "precise_score": 3.7349753379821777, "rough_score": 2.3368825912475586, "source": "search", "title": "Assad re-elected in wartime election - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez al-Assad was born in Kurdaha near Lattakia, Syria , on October 6, 1930. He obtained his High School degree in Lattakia in early forties. He showed interest in public issues during that period which witnessed the Second World War. He participated in demonstrations against the French Occupation as well as in political activities to attain independence, which was achieved on April 17th, 1946.", "precise_score": 1.9157850742340088, "rough_score": -0.8572041988372803, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syrian President Hafez al-Assad died in Damascus at the age of 69 on June 10, 2000. He was succeeded by his son Bashar .", "precise_score": 1.6721528768539429, "rough_score": -1.8992332220077515, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez al-Assad, who was born into a poor family, joined the Ba'ath party as a student and later became a lieutenant in the Syrian Air Force. After the 1963 coup in Syria, which established Ba'athist military control over the country, Hafez al-Assad was put in charge if the Syrian Air Force. In 1966, after yet another coup, he became minister of defense. From that point, he was gaining mass popularity in domestic politics, which allowed him to overthrow Salah Jadid, chief of staff of the armed forces. Hafez became prime minister in 1970, and in 1971 he was elected president. ", "precise_score": 3.605416774749756, "rough_score": 4.45375919342041, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In April of 1971, Egypt's Anwar Sadat, Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Syria's Hafez Assad gathered in Benghazi to sign an agreement on the creation of the Federation of Arab Republics. This union could potentially become a very strong alliance in politics. Although the idea was positively received among the population of these countries, the Federation lasted for only five years due to disagreements between the parties, and never led to full integration of the three.", "precise_score": -0.031191814690828323, "rough_score": -3.8944923877716064, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In November of 1983, Hafez al-Assad had a heart attack. Rifaat al-Assad, his brother, tried to stage a coup to oust him in mid 1984. Before banishing him into exile, Hafez al-Assad relieved him of his duties as commander of the Special Forces and appointed him ceremonial vice president. He was then sent to Moscow, after which he headed to Europe where he spent a life in exile, returning briefly to Syria in the late 1990s. ", "precise_score": 1.0516979694366455, "rough_score": 2.281355381011963, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In January 1994, Hafez's eldest son, Bassel, died in a car accident on his way to the airport at the age of 30. Bassel was regarded as the Hafez's heir al-Assad, and his death was considered a threat to the country's stability. By that time, President Assad was having serious health issues and his son could have taken over the presidency at any moment. 1994 marked a turning point for Syria, because Bashar al-Assad, the current president, came into the picture.", "precise_score": 1.0361377000808716, "rough_score": 3.0378308296203613, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In June, 2000 Syria's president passed away, having held power for almost three decades. Hafez al-Assad prepared Bashar to become the leader of the nation by securing support for him among the army chiefs and high-ranking government officials. As a result of this, transition of power was very smooth with Bashar al-Assad first becoming the leader of the Ba'ath party and later elected president of Syria. ", "precise_score": 4.106644630432129, "rough_score": 5.833840370178223, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Bashar al-Assad, (born September 11, 1965, Damascus , Syria), Syrian president from 2000. He succeeded his father, Ḥafiz al-Assad , who had ruled Syria since 1971. In spite of early hopes that his presidency would usher in an era of democratic reform and economic revival, Bashar al-Assad largely continued his father’s authoritarian methods. Beginning in 2011, Assad faced a major uprising in Syria that evolved into a civil war.", "precise_score": 3.833355188369751, "rough_score": 4.408298969268799, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Bashar al-Assad was the third child of Ḥafiz al-Assad, a Syrian military officer and member of the Baʿth Party who in 1971 ascended to the presidency via a coup. The Assad family belonged to Syria’s ʿAlawite minority, a Shīʿite sect that traditionally constitutes about 10 percent of the Syrian population and has played a dominant role in Syrian politics since the 1960s.", "precise_score": 1.1374486684799194, "rough_score": -3.452707529067993, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syria’s Hafez al-Assad was born October 6, 1930 and died of a heart attack June 10, 2000. His son, Bashar al-Assad , succeeded him as President.", "precise_score": 3.187506914138794, "rough_score": -1.2490105628967285, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez was Prime Minister of Syria from 1970 to 1971, and President from 1971 till the day he died in 2000.", "precise_score": 2.7554256916046143, "rough_score": -2.986086368560791, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Like all other parties in Syria, Hafez al-Assad’s Syrian Ba’ath Party suffered when forced to disband. Egypt for a short time took over the majority of the positions in Syria, and although the union was doomed from the start, it averted the communist threat.", "precise_score": -0.48200371861457825, "rough_score": -3.8948755264282227, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "From 1959–1961, Hafez lived in Egypt. While there, he and other military officers formed a committee to resurrect the Syrian Ba’ath Party. In 1963, two years after the short union with Egypt, the Ba’athists regained power in Syria, with Assad becoming commander of the air force.", "precise_score": 1.0699894428253174, "rough_score": -1.8971433639526367, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1970, Hafez al-Assad became prime minister and in 1971, he was elected president. At the time of his death in 2000, he had ruled Syria for 30 years.", "precise_score": 4.961512565612793, "rough_score": 5.293251991271973, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez’s supporters have lauded him for being a champion of secularism, women’s rights, and Syrian nationalism. He earned praise for bringing stability to Syria, and for improving relations between Syria and the Western powers by supporting the USA in the Gulf War of 1990–1991 (also known as the Persian Gulf War, the First Gulf War, Gulf War I, or the First Iraq War).", "precise_score": -0.10819640755653381, "rough_score": -3.0965614318847656, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Like most dictators, Hafez constructed a cult personality, while his authoritarian administration oversaw multiple human rights abuses both at home and abroad. Aside from his meddling in Jordan, as mentioned above during the Black September in Jordan incident, Hafez was also involved in Lebanon. He systematically eliminated political dissent with arrests, torture, and execution, both inside Syria and across Lebanon, to secure his control over the two “sister” countries. Hezbollah, the terrorist group inside Lebanon, still to this day enjoys Syria’s total support.", "precise_score": -1.3965883255004883, "rough_score": -2.766110897064209, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1973 Assad changed Syria’s Constitution in order to guarantee equal status for women and enable non-Muslims to become president. The latter change was due to pressure from the Muslim Brotherhood. It was probably also due to his being an Alawite Muslim. Since his religion is a small minority in Syria, Hafez was forced to embrace secularism else, his own power would be weakened.", "precise_score": 1.6610761880874634, "rough_score": -4.034702777862549, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "After Israel’s invasion and occupation of southern Lebanon in 1982–1985, Hafez was able to reassert control of the country, eventually compelling Lebanese Christians to accept constitutional changes granting Muslims equal representation in government. Hafez also aided Palestinian and Lebanese resistance groups based in Lebanon and Syria.", "precise_score": 0.2393130362033844, "rough_score": -4.250108242034912, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "President Hafez Assad, the builder of Modern Syria, passed away on June 10, 2000 leaving behind unforgettable pages of glory and treasures of unshaken principles and doctrines. On his style-made correction approach, Syria follows the march under the leadership of his son, Bashar. Once the father changed Syria from a coup-plagued and unfruitful country to an oasis for progress, democracy and development. The son is highly expected to pursue the march on the way of modernization, welfare, steadfastness and progress. Seven years following his untimely demise, millions of the Syrians still feel today, more than ever, their urgent need for his fatherly smile, wise stances, peace efforts, prophetic visions, and the many of much of badly needed force. Personally, the tears of my son, Hafez, who was only six-years that day are still alive inside me with unanswered rhetorical questions: how is it possible even for children to so cry . Emotions, as all know, are never to be exported, imported, neither imposed or whatsoever; they are but to be felt! What might console us, however, is the presence of Assad’s son, Bashar, who, masterfully, has been professional in navigating the Syrian Ship amid the strong storms of today’s crazy world into the safety shores; and apart from the heinous treason of those who were supposedly, one day, close associates and comrades! And apart from the warmongers hunger for killing, disorder and for innocents blood in today’s jungle zoo!!!", "precise_score": 2.5750622749328613, "rough_score": -3.538275718688965, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "President Assad was Born in Lattakia, Al-Qirdaha, a very beautiful Syrian Coastal village, on October the 6th, 1930, and", "precise_score": 0.04600740596652031, "rough_score": -4.314797401428223, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "President Hafez Al-Assad, the builder of modern Syria, delivered the following speech at the People’s Assembly on the occasion of taking the constitutional oath of office for a fifth constitutional term, March 11, 1999. This speech, according to different analyses and readings, can be considered as the beginning of the Syrian March on the way of the 1970- Correction Movement, as to initiate the process of Reform and Modernization, masterfully masterminded and led now - notwithstanding the unjust pressures put on Syria by some countries-  by His Excellency, President Bashar Hafez Al-Assad:", "precise_score": 2.623260736465454, "rough_score": 1.5264042615890503, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad was re-elected in the country's first presidential vote since its civil war broke out three years ago, state-run television reported Wednesday.", "precise_score": 6.352748870849609, "rough_score": 6.30601167678833, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Seven years later, he won again with a similarly mountainous share of the vote. His father, Hafez al-Assad, ruled Syria with an iron fist for 29 years before he died in 2000.", "precise_score": 1.5859118700027466, "rough_score": -3.6759986877441406, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad de-radicalized the Ba'ath government when he took power, by giving more space to private property and strengthening the country's foreign relations with countries which his predecessor had deemed reactionary. He sided with the Soviet Union during the Cold War in turn for support against Israel. While he had forsaken pan-Arabism—or at least the pan-Arab concept of unifying the Arab world into one Arab nation—he did seek to make Syria the defender of Arab interest against Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.282400131225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "When he took power, Assad instituted one-man rule and organized state services into sectarian lines (the Sunnis becoming the formal heads of political institutions, while the Alawites were given control over the military, intelligence and security apparatuses). The formerly collegial powers of Ba'athist decision-making were curtailed, and were transferred to the Syrian presidency. The Syrian government ceased to be a one-party system in the normal sense of the word, and was turned into a one-party state with a strong presidency. To maintain this system, a massive cult of personality centered on Assad and his family was created.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.688395023345947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "After graduating from high school Assad wanted to be a medical doctor, but his father could not pay for his study at the Jesuit University of St. Joseph in Beirut. Instead, in 1950 he decided to join the Syrian Armed Forces. Assad entered the military academy in Homs, which offered free food, lodging and a stipend. He wanted to fly, and entered the flying school in Aleppo in 1950. Assad graduated in 1955, after which he was commissioned a lieutenant in the Syrian Air Force. Upon graduation from flying school he won a best-aviator trophy, and shortly afterwards was assigned to the Mezze air base near Damascus. In his early 20s, he married Anisa Makhlouf in 1957, a distant relative of a powerful family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.918760299682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1954, the military split in a revolt against President Adib Shishakli. Hashim al-Atassi, head of the National Bloc and briefly president after Sami al-Hinnawi's coup, returned as president and Syria was again under civilian rule. After 1955, Atassi's hold on the country was increasingly shaky. As a result of the 1955 election Atassi was replaced by Shukri al-Quwatli, who was president before Syria's independence from France. The Ba'ath Party grew closer to the Communist Party not because of shared ideology, but a shared opposition to the West. At the academy Assad met Mustafa Tlass, his future minister of defense. In 1955, Assad was sent to Egypt for a further six months of training. When Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, Syria feared retaliation from the United Kingdom, and Assad flew in an air-defense mission. He was among the Syrian pilots who flew to Cairo to show Syria's commitment to Egypt. After finishing a course in Egypt the following year, Assad returned to a small air base near Damascus. During the Suez Crisis, he also flew a reconnaissance mission over northern and eastern Syria. In 1957, as squadron commander, Assad was sent to the Soviet Union for training in flying MiG-17s. He spent ten months in the Soviet Union, during which he fathered a daughter (who died as an infant while he was abroad) with his wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4255266189575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1958 Syria and Egypt formed the United Arab Republic (UAR), separating themselves from Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey (who were aligned with the United Kingdom). This pact led to the rejection of Communist influence in favor of Egyptian control over Syria. All Syrian political parties (including the Ba'ath Party) were dissolved, and senior officers—especially those who supported the Communists—were dismissed from the Syrian armed forces. Assad, however, remained in the army and rose quickly through the ranks. After reaching the rank of captain he was transferred to Egypt, continuing his military education with future president of Egypt Hosni Mubarak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.05176830291748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad was not content with a professional military career, regarding it as a gateway to politics. After the creation of the UAR, Ba'ath Party leader Michel Aflaq was forced by Nasser to dissolve the party. During the UAR's existence, the Ba'ath Party experienced a crisis for which several of its members—mostly young—blamed Aflaq. To resurrect the Syrian Regional Branch of the party, Muhammad Umran, Salah Jadid, Assad and others established the Military Committee. In 1957–58 Assad rose to a dominant position in the Military Committee, which mitigated his transfer to Egypt. After Syria left the UAR in September 1961, Assad and other Ba'athist officers were removed from the military by the new government in Damascus, and he was given a minor clerical position at the Ministry of Transport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.911492824554443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad played a minor role in the failed 1962 military coup, for which he was jailed in Lebanon and later repatriated. That year, Aflaq convened the 5th National Congress of the Ba'ath Party (where he was reelected as the Secretary General of the National Command) and ordered the re-establishment of the party's Syrian Regional Branch. At the Congress, the Military Committee (through Umran) established contacts with Aflaq and the civilian leadership. The committee requested permission to seize power by force, and Aflaq agreed to the conspiracy. After the success of the Iraqi coup d'état led by the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi Regional Branch, the Military Committee hastily convened to launch a Ba'athist military coup in March 1963 against President Nazim al-Kudsi (which Assad helped plan). The coup was scheduled for 7 March, but he announced a postponement (until the next day) to the other units. During the coup Assad led a small group to capture the Dumayr air base, 40 km northeast of Damascus. His group was the only one that encountered resistance. Some planes at the base were ordered to bomb the conspirators, and because of this Assad hurried to reach the base before dawn. Because the 70th Armored Brigade's surrender took longer than anticipated, however, he arrived in broad daylight. When Assad threatened the base commander with shelling, the commander negotiated a surrender; Assad later claimed that the base could have withstood his forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.939281940460205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Not long after Assad's election to the Regional Command, the Military Committee ordered him to strengthen the committee's position in the military establishment. Assad may have received the most important job of all, since his primary goal was to end factionalism in the Syrian military and make it a Ba'ath monopoly; as he said, he had to create an \"ideological army\". To help with this task Assad recruited Zaki al-Arsuzi, who indirectly (through Wahib al-Ghanim) inspired him to join the Ba'ath Party when he was young. Arsuzi accompanied Assad on tours of military camps, where Arsuzi lectured the soldiers on Ba'athist thought. In gratitude for his work, Assad gave Arsuzi a government pension. Assad continued his Ba'athification of the military by appointing loyal officers to key positions and ensuring that the \"political education of the troops was not neglected\". He demonstrated his skill as a patient planner during this period. As Patrick Seale wrote, Assad's mastery of detail \"suggested the mind of an intelligence officer\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.614413738250732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad was promoted to major and then to lieutenant colonel, and by the end of 1963 was in charge of the Syrian Air Force. By the end of 1964 he was named commander of the Air Force, with the rank of major general. Assad gave privileges to Air Force officers, appointed his confidants to senior and sensitive positions and established an efficient intelligence network. Air Force Intelligence, under the command of Muhammad al-Khuli, became independent of Syria's other intelligence organizations and received assignments beyond Air Force jurisdiction. Assad prepared himself for an active role in the power struggles that lay ahead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.02505874633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In its bid to seize power the Military Committee allied themselves with the regionalists, a group of cells in the Syrian Regional Branch that refused to disband in 1958 when ordered to do so. Although Aflaq considered these cells traitors, Assad called them the \"true cells of the party\"; this again highlighted differences between the Military Committee and the National Command headed by Aflaq. At the Eighth National Congress in 1965 Assad was elected to the National Command, the party's highest decision-making body. From his position as part of the National Command, Assad informed Jadid on its activities. After the congress, the National Command dissolved the Syrian Regional Command; Aflaq proposed Salah al-Din al-Bitar as prime minister, but Assad and Ibrahim Makhus opposed Bitar's nomination. According to Seale, Assad abhorred Aflaq; he considered him an autocrat and a rightist, accusing him of \"ditching\" the party by ordering the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch in 1958. Assad, who also disliked Aflaq's supporters, nevertheless opposed a show of force against the Aflaqites. In response to the imminent coup Assad, Naji Jamil, Husayn Mulhim and Yusuf Sayigh left for London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5842814445495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In the 1966 Syrian coup d'état, the Military Committee overthrew the National Command. The coup led to a permanent schism in the Ba'ath movement, the advent of neo-Ba'athism and the establishment of two centers of the international Ba'athist movement: one Iraqi- and the other Syrian-dominated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205714225769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "During the failed coup d'état of late 1966, Salim Hatum tried to overthrow Jadid's government. Hatum (who felt snubbed when he was not appointed to the Regional Command after the February 1966 coup d'état) sought revenge and the return to power of Hammud al-Shufi, the first Regional Secretary of the Regional Command after the Syrian Regional Branch's re-establishment in 1963. When Jadid, Atassi and Regional Command member Jamil Shayya visited Suwayda, forces loyal to Hatum surrounded the city and captured them. In a twist of fate, the city's Druze elders forbade the murder of their guests and demanded that Hatum wait. Jadid and the others were placed under house arrest, with Hatum planning to kill them at his first opportunity. When word of the mutiny spread to the Ministry of Defense, Assad ordered the 70th Armored Brigade to the city. By this time Hatum, a Druze, knew that Assad would order the bombardment of Suwayda (a Druze-dominated city) if Hatum did not accede to his demands. Hatum and his supporters fled to Jordan, where they were given asylum. How Assad learned about the conspiracy is unknown, but Mustafa al-Hajj Ali (head of Military Intelligence) may have telephoned the Ministry of Defense. Due to his prompt action, Assad earned Jadid's gratitude.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.949814796447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In the aftermath of the attempted coup Assad and Jadid purged the party's military organization, removing 89 officers; Assad removed an estimated 400 officers, Syria's largest military purge to date. The purges, which began when the Ba'ath Party took power in 1963, had left the military weak. As a result, when the Six-Day War broke out, Syria had no chance of victory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364480972290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The Arab defeat in the Six-Day War, in which Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria, provoked a furious quarrel among Syria's leadership. The civilian leadership blamed military incompetence, and the military responded by criticizing the civilian leadership (led by Jadid). Several high-ranking party members demanded Assad's resignation, and an attempt was made to vote him out of the Regional Command, the party's highest decision-making body. The motion was defeated by one vote, with Abd al-Karim al-Jundi (who the anti-Assad members hoped would succeed Assad as defense minister) voting, as Patrick Seale put it, \"in a comradely gesture\" to retain him. During the end of the war, the party leadership freed Aflaqites Umran, Amin al-Hafiz and Mansur al-Atrash from prison. Shortly after his release, Hafiz was approached by dissident Syrian military officers to oust the government; he refused, believing that a coup at that time would have helped Israel, but not Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.229783535003662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The war was a turning point for Assad (and Ba'athist Syria in general), and his attempted ouster began a power struggle with Jadid for control of the country. Until then Assad had not shown ambition for high office, arousing little suspicion in others. From the 1963 Syrian coup d'état to the Six-Day War in 1967, Assad did not play a leading role in politics and was usually overshadowed by his contemporaries. As Patrick Seale wrote, he was \"apparently content to be a solid member of the team without the aspiration to become number one\". Although Jadid was slow to see Assad's threat, shortly after the war Assad began developing a network in the military and promoted friends and close relatives to high positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.493086814880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad believed that Syria's defeat in the Six-Day War was Jadid's fault, and the accusations against himself were unjust. By this time Jadid had total control of the Regional Command, whose members supported his policies. Assad and Jadid began to differ on policy; Assad believed that Jadid's policy of a people's war (an armed-guerrilla strategy) and class struggle had failed Syria, undermining its position. Although Jadid continued to champion the concept of a people's war even after the Six-Day War, Assad opposed it. He felt that the Palestinian guerrilla fighters had been given too much autonomy and had raided Israel constantly, which in turn sparked the war. Jadid had broken diplomatic relations with countries he deemed reactionary, such as Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Because of this, Syria did not receive aid from other Arab countries. Egypt and Jordan, who participated in the war, received £135 million per year for an undisclosed period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.715200424194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "While Jadid and his supporters prioritized socialism and the \"internal revolution\", Assad wanted the leadership to focus on foreign policy and the containment of Israel. The Ba'ath Party was divided over several issues, such as how the government could best use Syria's limited resources, the ideal relationship between the party and the people, the organization of the party and whether the class struggle should end. These subjects were discussed heatedly in Ba'ath Party conclaves, and when they reached the Fourth Regional Congress the two sides were irreconcilable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.8150053024292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad wanted to \"democratize\" the party by making it easier for people to join. Jadid was wary of too large a membership, believing that the majority of those who joined were opportunists. Assad, in an interview with Patrick Seale in the 1980s, stated that such a policy would make Party members believe they were a privileged class. Another problem, Assad believed, was the lack of local-government institutions. Under Jadid, there was no governmental level below the Council of Ministers (the Syrian government). When the Ba'athist Iraqi Regional Branch (which continued to support the Aflaqite leadership) took control of Iraq in the 17 July Revolution, Assad was one of the few high-level politicians wishing to reconcile with them; he called for the establishment of an \"Eastern Front\" with Iraq against Israel in 1968. Jadid's foreign policy towards the Soviet Union was also criticized by Assad, who believed it had failed. In many ways the relationship between the countries was poor, with the Soviets refusing to acknowledge Jadid's scientific socialism and Soviet newspapers calling him a \"hothead\". Assad, on the contrary, called for greater pragmatism in decision-making.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.734936714172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "By the Fourth Regional Congress and Tenth National Congress in September and October 1968, Assad had extended his grip on the army, and Jadid still controlled the party. At both congresses, Assad was outvoted on most issues, and his arguments were firmly rejected. While he failed in most of his attempts, he had enough support to remove two socialist theoreticians (Prime Minister Yusuf Zu'ayyin and Minister of Foreign Affairs Ibrahim Makhus) from the Regional Command. However, the military's involvement in party politics was unpopular with the rank and file; as the gulf between Assad and Jadid widened, the civilian and military party bodies were forbidden to contact each other. Despite this, Assad was winning the race to accumulate power. As Munif al-Razzaz (ousted in the 1966 Syrian coup d'état) noted, \"Jadid's fatal mistake was to attempt to govern the army through the party\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.978951454162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "While Assad had taken control of the armed forces through his position as Minister of Defense, Jadid still controlled the security and intelligence sectors through Abd al-Karim al-Jundi (head of the National Security Bureau). Jundi—a paranoid, cruel man—was feared throughout Syria. In February 1969, the Assad-Jadid conflict erupted in violent clashes through their respective proteges: Rifaat al-Assad (Assad's brother and a high-ranking military commander) and Jundi. The reason for the violence was Rifaat al-Assad's suspicion that Jundi was planning an attempt on Assad's life. The suspected assassin was interrogated and confessed under torture. Acting on this information, Rifaat al-Assad argued that unless Jundi was removed from his post he and his brother were in danger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35470199584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad was now in control, but he hesitated to push his advantage. Jadid continued to rule Syria, and the Regional Command was unchanged. However, Assad influenced Jadid to moderate his policies. Class struggle was muted, criticism of reactionary tendencies of other Arab states ceased, some political prisoners were freed, a coalition government was formed (with the Ba'ath Party in control) and the Eastern Front—espoused by Assad—was formed with Iraq and Jordan. Jadid's isolationist policies were curtailed, and Syria reestablished diplomatic relations with many of its foes. Around this time, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt, Houari Boumediene's Algeria and Ba'athist Iraq began sending emissaries to reconcile Assad and Jadid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.404336929321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad began planning to seize power shortly after the failed Syrian military intervention in the Jordanian Black September crisis, a power struggle between the PLO and the Hashemite monarchy. While Assad had been in de facto command of Syrian politics since 1969, Jadid and his supporters still held the trappings of power. After attending Nasser's funeral, Assad returned to Syria for the Emergency National Congress (held on 30 October). At the congress Assad was condemned by Jadid and his supporters, the majority of the party's delegates. However, before attending the congress Assad ordered his loyal troops to surround the building housing the meeting. Criticism of Assad's political position continued in a defeatist tone, with the majority of delegates believing that they had lost the battle. Assad and Tlass were stripped of their government posts at the congress; these acts had little practical significance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.865899562835693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "When the National Congress ended on 12 November 1970, Assad ordered loyalists to arrest leading members of Jadid's government. Although many mid-level officials were offered posts in Syrian embassies abroad, Jadid refused: \"If I ever take power, you will be dragged through the streets until you die.\" Assad imprisoned him in Mezze prison until his death. The coup was calm and bloodless; the only evidence of change to the outside world was the disappearance of newspapers, radio and television stations. A Temporary Regional Command was soon established, and on 16 November the new government published its first decree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.35834789276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "At the 11th National Congress Assad assured party members that his leadership was a radical change from that of Jadid, and he would implement a \"corrective movement\" to return Syria to the true \"nationalist socialist line\". Unlike Jadid, Assad emphasized \"the advancement of which all resources and manpower [would be] mobilised [was to be] the liberation of the occupied territories\". This would mark a major break with his predecessors and would, according to Raymond Hinnebusch, dictate \"major alterations in the course of the Ba'thist state\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8876953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad turned the presidency, which had been known simply as \"head of state\" under Jadid, into a position of power during his rule. In many ways, the presidential authority replaced the Ba'ath Party's failed experiment with organized, military Leninism; Syria became a hybrid of Leninism and Gaullist constitutionalism. According to Raymond Hinnebusch, \"as the president became the main source of initiative in the government, his personality, values, strengths and weaknesses became decisive for its direction and stability. Arguably Assad's leadership gave the government an enhanced combination of consistency and flexibility which it hitherto lacked.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.580470085144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "While Assad did not rule alone, he increasingly had the last word; those with whom he worked eventually became lieutenants, rather than colleagues. None of the political elite would question a decision of his, and those who did were dismissed. General Naji Jamil is an example, being dismissed after he disagreed with Assad's handling of the Islamic uprising. The two highest decision-making bodies were the Regional Command and the National Command, both part of the Ba'ath Party. Joint sessions of these bodies resembled politburos in socialist states which espoused communism. Assad headed the National Command and the Regional Command as Secretary General and Regional Secretary, respectively. The Regional Command was the highest decision-making body in Syria, appointing the president and (through him) the cabinet. As presidential authority strengthened, the power of the Regional Command and its members evaporated. The Regional and National Commands were nominally responsible to the Regional Congress and the National Congress—with the National Congress the de jure superior body—but the Regional Congress had de facto authority. The National Congress, which included delegates from Ba'athist Regional Branches in other countries, has been compared to the Comintern. It functioned as a session of the Regional Congress focusing on Syria's foreign policy and party ideology. The Regional Congress had limited accountability until the 1985 Eighth Regional Congress, the last under Assad. In 1985, responsibility for leadership accountability was transferred from the Regional Congress to the weaker National Progressive Front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6981201171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "However, none of these people had a distinct power base from that of Assad. Although Sunnis held the positions of Air Force Commander from 1971 to 1994 (Jamil, Subhi Haddad and Ali Malahafji), General Intelligence head from 1970 to 2000 (Adnan Dabbagh, Ali al-Madani, Nazih Zuhayr, Fuad al-Absi and Bashir an-Najjar), Chief of Staff of the Syrian Army from 1974 to 1998 (Shihabi) and defense minister from 1972 until after Assad's death (Tlass), none had power separate from Assad or the Alawite-dominated security system. When Jamil headed the Air Force, he could not issue orders without the knowledge of Khuli (the Alawite head of Air Force Intelligence). After the failed Islamic uprising, Assad's reliance on his relatives intensified; before that, his Sunni colleagues had some autonomy. A defector from Assad's government said, \"Tlass is in the army but at the same time seems as if he is not of the army; he neither binds nor loosens and has no role other than that of the tail in the beast.\" Another example was Shihabi, who occasionally represented Assad. However, he had no control in the Syrian military; Ali Aslan, First Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations during most of his tenure, was responsible for troop maneuvers. Although the Sunnis were in the forefront, the Alawites had the power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.137567520141602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad's pragmatic policies indirectly led to the establishment of a \"new class\", and he accepted this while it furthered his aims against Israel. When Assad began pursuing a policy of economic liberalization, the state bureaucracy began using their positions for personal gain. The state gave implementation rights to \"much of its development program to foreign firms and contractors, fueling a growing linkage between the state and private capital\". What ensued was a spike in corruption, which led the political class to be \"thoroughly embourgeoised\". The channeling of external money through the state to private enterprises \"created growing opportunities for state elites' self-enrichment through corrupt manipulation of state-market interchanges. Besides outright embezzlement, webs of shared interests in commissions and kickbacks grew up between high officials, politicians, and business interests\". The Alawite military-security establishment got the greatest share of the money; the Ba'ath Party and its leaders ruled a new class, defending their interests instead of those of peasants and workers (whom they were supposed to represent). This, coupled with growing Sunni disillusionment with what Hinnebusch calls \"the regime's mixture of statism, rural and sectarian favouritism, corruption and new inequalities\", fueled the growth of the Islamic movement. Because of this, the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria became the vanguard of anti-Ba'athist forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.209680557250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The Brotherhood had historically been a vehicle for moderate Islam during its introduction to the Syrian political scene during the 1960s under the leadership of Mustafa al-Siba'i. After Siba'i's imprisonment, under Isam al-Attar's leadership the Brotherhood developed into the ideological antithesis of Ba'athist rule. However, the Ba'ath Party's organizational superiority worked in its favor; with Attar's enforced exile, the Muslim Brotherhood was in disarray. It was not until the 1970s that the Muslim Brotherhood established a clear, central collective authority for its organization under Adnan Saad ad-Din, Sa'id Hawwa, Ali Sadr al-Din al-Bayanuni and Husni Abu. Because of their organizational capabilities, the Muslim Brotherhood grew tenfold from 1975 to 1978 (from 500–700 in Aleppo); nationwide, by 1978 it had 30,000 followers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273231506347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Believing they had the upper hand in the conflict, beginning in 1980 the Islamists began a series of campaigns against government installations in Aleppo; the attacks became urban guerilla warfare. The government began to lose control in the city and, inspired by events, similar disturbances spread to Hama, Homs, Idlib, Latakia, Deir ez-Zor, Maaret-en-Namen and Jisr esh-Shagour. Those affected by Ba'athist repression began to rally behind the insurgents; Ba'ath Party co-founder Bitar supported the uprising, rallying the old, anti-military Ba'athists. The increasing threat to the government's survival strengthened the hard-liners, who favored repression over concessions. Security forces began to purge all state, party and social institutions in Syria, and were sent to the northern provinces to quell the uprising. When this failed, the hard-liners began accusing the United States of fomenting the uprising and called for the reinstatement of \"revolutionary vigilance\". The hard-liners won the debate after a failed attempt on Assad's life in June 1980, and began responding to the uprising with state terrorism later that year. Under Rifaat al-Assad Islamic prisoners at the Tadmur prison were massacred, membership in the Muslim Brotherhood became a capital offence and the government sent a death squad to kill Bitar and Attar's former wife. The military court began condemning captured militants, which \"sometimes degenerated into indiscriminate killings\". Little care was taken to distinguish Muslim Brotherhood hard-liners from their passive supporters, and violence was met with violence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.829268455505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The final showdown, the Hama massacre, took place in February 1982 when the government crushed the uprising. Helicopter gunships, bulldozers and artillery bombardment razed the city, killing thousands of people. The Ba'ath government withstood the uprising not because of popular support, but because the opposition was disorganized and had little urban support. Throughout the uprising, the Sunni middle class continued to support the Ba'ath Party because of its dislike of political Islam. After the uprising the government resumed its version of militaristic Leninism, reverting the liberalization introduced when Assad came to power. The Ba'ath Party was weakened by the uprising; democratic elections for delegates to the Regional and National Congresses were halted, and open discussion within the party ended. The uprising made Syria more totalitarian than ever, and strengthened Assad's position as undisputed leader of Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.608597755432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Until his 1985 ouster, Rifaat al-Assad was considered the face of corruption by the Syrian people. Although highly paid as Commander of Defense Companies, he accumulated unexplained wealth. According to Hanna Batatu, \"there is no way that he could have permissibly accumulated the vast sums needed for the investments he made in real estate in Syria, Europe and the United States\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.869914054870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad's first choice of successor was his brother Rifaat al-Assad, an idea he broached as early as 1980, and his brother's coup attempt weakened the institutionalized power structure on which he based his rule. Instead of changing his policy, Assad tried to protect his power by honing his governmental model. He gave a larger role to Bassel al-Assad, who was rumored to be his father's planned successor; this kindled jealousy within the government. At a 1994 military meeting, Chief of Staff Shihabi said that since Assad wanted to normalize relations with Israel, the Syrian military had to withdraw its troops from the Golan Heights. Haydar replied angrily, \"We have become nonentities. We were not even consulted.\" When he heard about Haydar's outburst, Assad replaced Haydar as Commander of Special Forces with the Alawite Major General Ali Habib. Haydar also reportedly opposed dynastic succession, keeping his views secret until after Bassel's death in 1994 (when Assad chose Bashar al-Assad to succeed him); he then openly criticized Assad's succession plans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.342205047607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Abdul Halim Khaddam, Syria's foreign minister from 1970 to 1984, opposed dynastic succession on the grounds that it was not socialist. Khaddam has said that Assad never discussed his intentions about succession with members of the Regional Command. By the 1990s, the Sunni faction of the leadership was aging; the Alawites, with Assad's help, had received new blood. The Sunnis were at a disadvantage, since many were opposed to any kind of dynastic succession. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.12067699432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "When he returned to Syria, Bashar al-Assad enrolled in the Homs Military Academy. He was quickly promoted to Brigadier Commander, and served for a time in the Republican Guard. He studied most military subjects, \"including tank battalion commander, command and staff\" (the latter two of which were required for a senior command in the Syrian army). Bashar al-Assad was promoted to lieutenant general in July 1997, and to colonel in January 1999. Official sources ascribe Bashar's rapid promotion to his \"overall excellence in the staff officers' course, and in the outstanding final project he submitted as part of the course for command and staff\". With Bashar's training, Assad appointed a new generation of Alawite security officers to secure his succession plans. Shihabi's replacement by Aslan as Chief of Staff on 1 July 1998—Shihabi was considered a potential successor by the outside world—marked the end of the long security-apparatus overhaul. Skepticism of Assad's dynastic-succession plan was widespread within and outside the government, with critics noting that Syria was not a monarchy. By 1998 Bashar al-Assad had made inroads into the Ba'ath Party, taking over Khaddam's Lebanon portfolio (a post he had held since the 1970s). By December 1998 Bashar al-Assad had replaced Rafiq al-Hariri, Prime Minister of Lebanon and one of Khaddam's proteges, with Selim Hoss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.20235824584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "By the late 1990s, Assad's health had deteriorated. American diplomats said Assad had difficulty staying focused and seemed tired during their meetings; he was seen as incapable of functioning for more than two hours a day. His spokesperson ignored the speculation, and Assad's official routine in 1999 was basically unchanged from the previous decade. Assad continued to conduct meetings, traveling abroad occasionally; he visited Moscow in July 1999. Because of his increasing seclusion from state affairs, the government became accustomed to working without his involvement in day-to-day affairs. On 10 June 2000, at the age of 69, Hafez al-Assad died of a heart attack while on the telephone with Lebanese prime minister Hoss. 40 days of mourning was declared in Syria and 7 days in Lebanon thereafter. His funeral was held three days later. Assad is buried with his son, Bassel al-Assad, in a mausoleum in his hometown of Qardaha.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.939907073974609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad called his domestic reforms a corrective movement, and it achieved some results. He tried to modernize Syria's agricultural and industrial sectors; one of his main achievements was the completion of the Tabqa Dam on the Euphrates River in 1974. One of the world's largest dams, its reservoir was called Lake Assad. The reservoir increased irrigation of arable land, provided electricity, and encouraged industrial and technical development in Syria. Many peasants and workers received increased income, social security, and better health and educational services. The urban middle class, which had been hurt by the Jadid government's policy, had new economic opportunities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.497827529907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "By 1977 it was apparent that despite some success, Assad's political reforms had largely failed. This was partly due to Assad's foreign policy, failed policies, natural phenomena and corruption. Chronic socioeconomic difficulties remained, and new ones appeared. Inefficiency, mismanagement, and corruption in the government, public, and private sectors, illiteracy, poor education (particularly in rural areas), increasing emigration by professionals, inflation, a growing trade deficit, a high cost of living and shortages of consumer goods were among problems faced by the country. The financial burden of Syria's involvement in Lebanon since 1976 contributed to worsening economic problems, encouraging corruption and a black market. The emerging class of entrepreneurs and brokers became involved with senior military officers—including Assad's brother Rifaat—in smuggling from Lebanon, which affected government revenue and encouraged corruption among senior governmental officials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.207206726074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "During the early 1980s, Syria's economy worsened; by mid-1984, the food crisis was severe, and the press was full of complaints. Assad's government sought a solution, arguing that food shortages could be avoided with careful economic planning. The food crisis continued through August, despite government measures. Syria lacked sugar, bread, flour, wood, iron and construction equipment; this resulted in soaring prices, long queues and rampant black marketeering. Smuggling goods from Lebanon became common. Assad's government tried to combat the smuggling, encountering difficulties due to the involvement of his brother Rifaat in the corruption. In July 1984, the government formed an effective anti-smuggling squad to control the Lebanon–Syria borders. The Defense Detachment commanded by Rifaat al-Assad played a leading role in the smuggling, importing $400,000 worth of goods a day. The anti-smuggling squad seized $3.8 million in goods during its first week.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.862930297851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The Syrian economy grew five to seven percent during the early 1990s; exports increased, the balance of trade improved, inflation remained moderate (15–18 percent) and oil exports increased. In May 1991 Assad's government liberalized the Syrian economy, which stimulated domestic and foreign private investment. Most foreign investors were Arab states around the Persian Gulf, since Western countries still had political and economic issues with the country. The Gulf states invested in infrastructure and development projects; because of the Ba'ath Party's socialist ideology, Assad's government did not privatize state-owned companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.30453634262085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syria fell into recession during the mid-1990s. Several years later, its economic growth was about 1.5 percent. This was insufficient, since population growth was between 3 and 3.5 percent. Another symptom of the crisis was statism in foreign trade. Syria's economic crisis coincided with recession in world markets. A 1998 drop in oil prices dealt a major blow to Syria's economy; when oil prices rose the following year, the Syrian economy partially recovered. In 1999, one of the worst droughts in a century caused a drop of 25–30 percent in crop yields compared with 1997 and 1998. Assad's government implemented emergency measures, including loans and compensation to farmers and the distribution of free fodder to save sheep and cattle. However, those steps were limited and had no measurable effect on the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069518089294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad's government tried to decrease population growth, but this was only marginally successful. One sign of economic stagnation was Syria's lack of progress in talks with the EU on an agreement. The main cause of this failure was the country's difficulty in meeting EU demands to open the economy and introduce reforms. Marc Pierini, head of the EU delegation in Damascus, said that if the Syrian economy was not modernized it would not benefit from closer ties to the EU. Assad's government gave civil servants a 20-percent pay raise on the anniversary of the corrective movement that brought him to power. Although the foreign press criticized Syria's reluctance to liberalize its economy, Assad's government refused to modernize the bank system, permit private banks and open a stock exchange.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4368696212768555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Since the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War, Assad was convinced that the Israelis had won the war by subterfuge; after gaining power, his top foreign-policy priority was to regain the Arab territory lost in the war. Assad reaffirmed Syria's rejection of the 1967 UN Security Council Resolution 242 because he believed it stood for the \"liquidation of the Palestine question\". He believed, and continued to believe until long into his rule, that the only way to get Israel to negotiate with the Arabs was through war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.028641700744629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "When Assad took power, Syria was isolated; planning an attack on Israel, he sought allies and war material. Ten weeks after gaining power, Assad visited the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership was wary of supplying the Syrian government, viewing Assad's rise to power with reserve and believing him to lean further West than Jadid did. While he soon understood that the Soviet relationship with the Arabs would never be as deep as the United States' relationship with Israel, he needed its weapons. Unlike his predecessors (who tried to win Soviet support with socialist policies), Assad was willing to give the Soviets a stable presence in the Middle East through Syria, access to Syrian naval bases (giving them a role in the peace process) and help in curtailing American influence in the region. The Soviets responded by sending arms to Syria. The new relationship bore fruit, and between February 1971 and October 1973 Assad met several times with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.00747299194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad believed that Syria would have no chance in a war against Israel without Egyptian participation. He believed that if the United Arab Republic had not collapsed, the Arabs would already have liberated Palestine. For a war against Israel, Syria needed to establish another front. However, by this time Syria's relations with Egypt and Jordan were shaky at best. Planning for war began in 1971 with an agreement between Assad and Anwar Sadat. At the beginning, the renewed Egyptian–Syrian alliance was based upon the proposed Federation of Arab Republics (FAR), a federation initially encompassing Egypt, Libya, Sudan (which left soon after FAR's first summit) and Syria. Assad and Sadat used the FAR summits to plan war strategy, and by 1971 they had appointed Egyptian General Muhammad Sadiq supreme commander of both armies. From 1972 to 1973, the countries filled their arsenals and trained their armies. In a secret meeting of the Egyptian–Syrian Military Council from 21 to 23 August 1973, the two chiefs of staff (Syrian Yusuf Shakkur and Egyptian Sad al-Shazly) signed a document declaring their intention to go to war against Israel. During a meeting of Assad, Sadat and their respective defense ministers (Tlass and Hosni Mubarak) on 26–27 August, the two leaders decided to go to war together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.35076379776001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Egypt went to war for a different reason than Syria did. While Assad wanted to regain lost Arab territory, Sadat wished to strengthen Egypt's position in its peace policy toward Israel. The Syrians were deceived by Sadat and the Egyptians, which would play a major role in the Arab defeat. Egyptian Chief of Staff Shazly was convinced from the beginning that Egypt could not mount a successful full-scale offensive against Israel; therefore, he campaigned for a limited war. Sadat knew that Assad would not participate in the war if he knew his real intentions. Since the collapse of the UAR, the Egyptians were critical of the Ba'athist government; they saw it as an untrustworthy ally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.317506790161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "At 14:05 on 6 October 1973, Egyptian forces (attacking through the Sinai desert) and Syrian forces (attacking the Golan Heights) crossed the border into Israel and penetrated the Israeli defense lines. The Syrian forces on the Golan Heights met with more intense fighting than their Egyptian counterparts, but by 8 October had broken through the Israeli defenses. The early successes of the Syrian army were due to its officer corps (where officers were promoted because of merit and not politics) and its ability to handle advanced Soviet weaponry: tanks, artillery batteries, aircraft, man-portable missiles, the Sagger anti-tank weapon and the 2K12 Kub anti-aircraft system on mobile launchers. With the help of these weapons, Egypt and Syria neutralized (or slowed) Israel's armor and air supremacy. Egypt and Syria announced the war to the world first, accusing Israel of starting it; Israel had accused the Arabs of starting the Six-Day War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215203285217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The main reason for the reversal of fortune was Egypt's operational pause from 7 to 14 October. After capturing parts of the Sinai, the Egyptian campaign halted and the Syrians were left fighting the Israelis alone. The Egyptian leaders, believing their war aims accomplished, dug in. While their early successes in the war had surprised them, War Minister General Ahmad Ismail Ali advised caution. In Syria, Assad and his generals waited for the Egyptians to move. When the Israeli government learned of Egypt's modest war strategy, it ordered an \"immediate continuous action\" against the Syrian military. According to Patrick Seale, \"For three days, 7, 8, and 9 October, Syrian troops on the Golan faced the full fury of the Israeli air force as, from first light to nightfall, wave after wave of aircraft swooped down to bomb, strafe and napalm their tank concentration and their fuel and ammunition carriers right back to the Purple Line.\" By 9 October, the Syrians were retreating behind the Purple Line (the Israeli–Syrian border since the Six-Day War). By 13 October the war was lost, but (in contrast to the Six-Day War) the Syrians were not crushed; this earned Assad respect in Syria and abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.319743156433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "On 14 October, Egypt began a limited offensive against Israel for political reasons. Sadat needed Assad on his side for his peace policy with Israel to succeed, and military action was a means to an end. The renewed Egyptian military offensive was ill-conceived. A week later, due to Egyptian inactivity, the Israelis had organized and the Arabs had lost their most important advantage. While the military offensive gave Assad hope, this was an illusion; the Arabs had already lost the war militarily. Egypt's behavior during the war caused friction between Assad and Sadat. Assad, still inexperienced in foreign policy, believed that the Egyptian–Syrian alliance was based on trust and failed to understand Egypt's duplicity. Although it was not until after the war that Assad would learn that Sadat was in contact with American National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger almost daily during the war, the seeds of distrust had been sown. Around this time, Sadat called for an American-led ceasefire agreement between Egypt, Syria and Israel; however, he was unaware that under Kissinger's tenure the United States had become a staunch supporter of Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.881658554077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "On 16 October, Sadat—without telling Assad—called for a ceasefire in a speech to the People's Assembly, the Egyptian legislative body. Assad was not only surprised, but could not comprehend why Sadat trusted \"American goodwill for a satisfactory result\". Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin visited Cairo, urging Sadat to accept a ceasefire without the condition of Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories. While Sadat was reluctant at first, Kosygin returned on 18 October with satellite images showing 300 Israeli tanks in Egyptian territory. The blow to Sadat's morale was such that he sent a cable to Assad, obliquely saying that all hope was lost. Assad, who was in a better position, was still optimistic. Under Soviet influence Egypt called for a ceasefire on 22 October 1973, direct negotiations between the warring parties and the implementation of the US Security Council Resolution 242. The ceasefire resolution did not call for Israeli withdrawal from its occupied territories. Assad was annoyed, since he had not been informed beforehand of Sadat's change in policy (which affected them both). On 23 October the Syrian government accepted the ceasefire, spelling out its understanding of UN Resolution 338 (withdrawal of Israeli troops from the occupied territories and the safeguarding of Palestinian rights).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.530734062194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syria intervened in Lebanon in 1976 during the civil war which began in 1975. With the establishment of an Egyptian–Israeli alliance, Syria was the only neighboring state which threatened Israel. Syria initially tried to mediate the conflict; when that failed, Assad ordered the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), a regular force based in Syria with Syrian officers, troops into Lebanon to restore order. Around this time, the Israeli government opened its borders to Maronite refugees in Lebanon to strengthen its regional influence. Clashes between the Syria-loyal PLA and militants occurred throughout the country. Despite Syrian support and Khaddam's mediation, Rashid Karami (the Sunni Muslim Prime Minister of Lebanon) did not have enough support to appoint a cabinet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19277286529541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In early 1976 Assad was approached by Lebanese politicians for help in forcing the resignation of Suleiman Frangieh, the Christian President of Lebanon. Although Assad was open to change, he resisted attempts by some Lebanese politicians to enlist him in Frangieh's ouster; when General Abdul Aziz al-Ahdāb attempted to seize power, Syrian troops stopped him. In the meantime, radical Lebanese leftists were gaining the upper hand in the military conflict. Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), believed that his strong military position would compel Frangieh's resignation. Assad did not wish a leftist victory in Lebanon which would strengthen the position of the Palestinians. He did not want a rightist victory either, instead seeking a middle-ground solution which would safeguard Lebanon and the region. When Jumblatt met with Assad on 27 March 1976, he tried to persuade him to let him \"win\" the war; Assad replied that a ceasefire should be in effect to ensure the 1976 presidential elections. Meanwhile, on Assad's orders Syria sent troops into Lebanon without international approval.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8776631355285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "While Yasser Arafat and the PLO had not officially taken a side in the conflict, several PLO members were fighting with the LNM. Assad attempted to steer Arafat and the PLO away from Lebanon, threatening him with a cutoff of Syrian aid. The two sides were unable to reach an agreement. When Frangieh stepped down in 1976, Syria pressured Lebanese members of parliament to elect Elias Sarkis president. One-third of the Lebanese members of parliament (primarily supporters of Raymond Edde) boycotted the election to protest American and Syrian interference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.190702438354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "On 31 May 1976, Syria began a full-scale intervention in Lebanon to (according to the official Syrian account) end bombardment of the Maronite cities of Qubayat and Aandqat. Before the intervention, Assad and the Syrian government were one of several interests in Lebanon; afterwards, they were the controlling factors in Lebanese politics. On Assad's orders, the Syrian troop presence slowly increased to 30,000. Syria received approval for the intervention from the United States and Israel to help them defeat Palestinian forces in Lebanon. In July, 1976, Henry Kissinger stated that \"Asad has proven ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043267250061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Within a week of the Syrian intervention, Christian leaders issued a statement of support. Muslim leaders established a joint command of all Palestinian groups except As-Sa'iqa, which was driven by the PLO to its stronghold near the main airport. Shortly afterwards, As-Sa'iqa and other leftist Damascus forces were absorbed by the Syrian military. On 8 June 1976 Syrian forces were pushed back from Sidon, encountering stiff resistance in Beirut from the LNM. Assad's actions angered much of the Arab world however and the sight of Syria trying to eliminate the PLO brought criticism upon him. There was considerable hostility to Assad's alliance with the Maronites in Syria. As a result, the Syrian government asked the Arab League to assist in the conflict. The Arab League began to mediate, establishing the Arab Deterrent Force (ADF) for peacekeeping. Syrian strategy at this point was to gradually weaken the LNM and its Palestinian collaborators, continuing to support the Christian militia. However, the Syrians were unable to capture the LNM's stronghold of Aley before the Arab League called for a ceasefire on 17 October. The Arab League strengthened the ADF to 30,000 troops, most Syrian. While some heavy fighting continued, by December 1976 and January 1977 most Palestinian and Lebanese groups had disposed of their heavy weaponry. According to Charles Winslow, the \"main phase\" of the Lebanese Civil War had ended by 1977; until the early 1990s most violence was attributed to turf, proxy, inter-communal and state wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.796873092651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad used terrorism and intimidation to extend his control over Lebanon. Jumblatt died in a 1977 assassination allegedly ordered by Syria; in 1982, Syrian agents assassinated Lebanese President Bachir Gemayel (who was helped to power by the Israelis during the 1982 Lebanon War). Jumblatt and Gemayel had resisted Assad's attempts to dominate Lebanon. Assad caused the failure of the 1983 Lebanon–Israel agreement, and by proxy guerrilla warfare forced the Israeli Defense Forces to withdraw to southern Lebanon in 1985. Terrorism against Palestinians and Jordanian targets during the mid-1980s thwarted the rapprochement between King Hussein of Jordan and the PLO, slowing Jordanian–Israeli cooperation in the West Bank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5378570556640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hafez al-Assad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has won a landslide victory in presidential poll securing 88.7 percent of the vote, parliament speaker Mohammad al-Laham has said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.21593713760376, "source": "search", "title": "Assad re-elected in wartime election - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Voting was held only in government-controlled areas, excluding vast chunks of northern and eastern Syria that are in rebel hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448638916015625, "source": "search", "title": "Assad re-elected in wartime election - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He was elected to the Students Committee in Lattakia and chaired the first Students Conference in Syria. At that time, as Chairman of the Committee, he led the student's movement under the banner of Al Baath Arab Socialist Party. Liberation from colonialism, Palestinian cause and other national issues were the prominent issues of his concern in late forties and early fifties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6266069412231445, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He became Prime Minister, Minister of Defence on November 21st 1970 after leading the Correction Movement, which widely opened the party's doors to the Arab Masses. He was elected President of the Syrian Arab Republic in a referendum held on March 12, 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84960651397705, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1976 Mr Assad had ordered Syrian troops into Lebanon , the vital buffer state between his country and Israel . Curbing Israel's power and influence was the central plank of his foreign policy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.413412094116211, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syria was accused of backing state terrorist acts including the 1985 hijacking of a TWA airliner in Lebanon. Assad also allowed many Palestinian terrorist organizations to establish bases in Damascus, and also sponsored a Syrian faction of the PLO .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.262811660766602, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad | Jewish Virtual Library" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219260215759277, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146366119384766, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The Hama Massacre occurred in February of 1982, when the Syrian army besieged the town of Hama in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood. The operation was ordered by the president, Hafez al-Assad and perpetrated by the Syrian Arab Army under the command of General Rifaat al-Assad, the president's brother. Experts say that the casualty rate was as high as 40,000 civilians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.935890197753906, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "After the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon in 2005, which led to the collapse of the pro-Syrian government and withdrawal of Syrian troops from the country, Bashar's position was significantly undermined, even though he was re-elected in 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46528434753418, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "9. Syrian Civil War", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541962623596191, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The photo from Bashar's official Instagram account  shows Asma al-Assad embracing a relative of a man killed during the conflict. There were rumors that she had fled the country and went to Russia, but they were later refuted when she made a public appearance. However, other members of the family, including Bashar's sister Bushra with her children and his mother Anisa, are now living in Dubai. Bashar's brother Masher is the second most powerful man in Syria, and his troops play a key role in suppressing the rebels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295683860778809, "source": "search", "title": "A Short History Of Syria's Brutal First Family | Mic" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.261569023132324, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "president of Syria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032089233398438, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syrian Pres. Bashar al-Assad greeting supporters at Damascus University, 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.950995445251465, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Bashar received his early education in Damascus and studied medicine at the University of Damascus, graduating as an ophthalmologist in 1988. He then served as an army doctor at a Damascus military hospital and in 1992 moved to London to continue his studies. In 1994 his older brother, Basil, who had been designated his father’s heir apparent, was killed in an automobile accident. Bashar, despite his lack of military and political experience, was called back to Syria, where he was groomed to take his brother’s place. To bolster his standing with the country’s powerful military and intelligence agencies, he trained at a military academy and eventually gained the rank of colonel in the elite Republican Guard. Ḥafiz al-Assad also sought to engineer a positive public image for his son, who until then had lived out of the public eye. Bashar was placed at the head of a popular anticorruption campaign that resulted in the removal of several officials but ignored the dealings of senior members of the regime. His image as a modernizer was burnished by his appointment as chairman of the Syrian Computer Society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.335948944091797, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Although many Syrians objected to the transfer of power from father to son, Bashar’s ascent engendered some optimism both in Syria and abroad. His youth, education, and exposure to the West seemed to offer the possibility of a departure from what had been the status quo: an authoritarian state, policed by a network of powerful overlapping security and intelligence agencies, and a stagnant state-run economy reliant on shrinking oil reserves. In his inaugural speech, Assad affirmed his commitment to economic liberalization and vowed to carry out some political reform, but he rejected Western-style democracy as an appropriate model for Syrian politics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298235893249512, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad maintained his father’s hard-line stance in Syria’s decades-long conflict with Israel, continuing to demand the return of the Golan Heights and giving support to Palestinian and Lebanese militant groups. Relations with the United States worsened after Assad denounced the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Nationalist and anti-Western rhetoric soon became a standard part of Assad’s speeches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.159018516540527, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "By 2005 Assad had used a series of cabinet reorganizations and forced retirements to sideline members of the “old guard”—powerful government and military officials held over from his father’s administration. They were replaced by younger officials, and many of the most powerful security positions went to relatives of Assad. However, even after this consolidation of Assad’s power, his reform initiatives remained tentative and largely cosmetic. Economic liberalization mainly benefited a politically connected elite without helping the many Syrians who depended on the faltering public sector for employment, services, and subsidies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.232460021972656, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In early 2005, after the assassination of Lebanon’s former prime minister Rafiq al-Hariri , Assad—under pressure from Western and Arab nations—committed to the removal of Syrian troops and intelligence services from Lebanon, where Syrian forces had been stationed since a 1976 military intervention. Although a United Nations investigation appeared to indicate some level of Syrian participation in the assassination of Hariri, the involvement of the Assad administration was not conclusively determined.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.244688987731934, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Beginning in March 2011, Assad faced a significant challenge to his rule when antigovernment protests broke out in Syria, inspired by a wave of pro-democracy uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa . (See Arab Spring .) While Syrian security forces used lethal force against demonstrators, Assad offered a variety of concessions , first shuffling his cabinet and then announcing that he would seek to abolish Syria’s emergency law and its Supreme State Security Court, both of which were used to suppress political opposition. However, implementation of those reforms coincided with a significant escalation of violence against protesters, drawing international condemnation for Assad and his government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.26314640045166, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "As unrest spread to new areas of the country, the government deployed tanks and troops to several cities that had become centres of protest. Amid reports of massacres and indiscriminate violence by security forces, Assad maintained that his country was the victim of an international conspiracy to instigate sectarian warfare in Syria and that the government was engaged in combating networks of armed insurgents rather than peaceful civilian protesters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992204666137695, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "By September 2011 armed opposition groups had emerged and begun to stage increasingly effective attacks against Syrian forces. Attempts at international mediation by the Arab League and the United Nations failed to achieve a cease-fire, and by mid-2012 the crisis had evolved into a full-blown civil war. In July 2012 Assad’s inner circle suffered its most significant losses to date when several senior security officials were killed by a bomb inside a government building during a meeting. Among those killed were Daoud Rajiha, the minister of defense, and Assef Shawkat, Assad’s brother-in-law and one of his closest advisers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.31949234008789, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar al-Assad | president of Syria | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "From 1970 to 2000, he served as Secretary of the Syrian Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party and Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba’ath Party. He was also Minister of Defense from 1966 to 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820140838623047, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez was born in Syria to a poor Alawite family. Alawite is a minority religious sect that has its roots with the Muslim Shiite religion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.779975891113281, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1946, as a student activist, he joined the Syrian wing of the Ba’ath Party. In 1952, he entered the Homs Military Academy and graduated three years later as a pilot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.278865814208984, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "From 1958-1961, Syria had a short-lived union with Egypt as the United Arab Republic. Gamal Abdel Nasser , president of Egypt at this time, along with other worried parties in both Egypt and Syria, were working to lessen the powers of the communists in the area. One of their solutions was a union between the two countries", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.587677001953125, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Nasser favored a federal union, not a total union, but he was more afraid of a communist takeover in Syria. If it were to be a total union, it would be on his terms. His terms was to demand that all parties be dissolved, the army would withdraw from politics, and a plebiscite by the people would be held.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277717590332031, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The powers in Syria agreed with the plebiscite, but the other two demands were hard to swallow. However, Nasser was very popular in Syria, and the increasing strength of the Syrian Communist Party, worried the ruling Ba’ath Party. They were too weak to resist Nasser’s demands and it was already too late to make any changes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19024658203125, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In 1967, Assad was dealt a blow that was to shape the rest of his future. It was during his time, when he was Minister of Defense, that Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel, during the Six-Day War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.583000183105469, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez tried to send in the air force, but since he was involved with his own power struggle at home against Salah al-Jadid, the leader of Syria, and with the threat of an Israeli air raid against Syria, the Syrian air force was never involved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.726463317871094, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Almost overrun, the Jordanians eventually broke the will of the Syrian forces with their own unopposed air force. Late in the afternoon of September 22, 1970, the Syrians began to retreat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287788391113281, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "After the Jordanian fiasco, Assad’s final coup against his internal rivals was to finish his protracted power struggle with Salah al-Jadid, chief of staff of the armed forces. Al-Jadid had been Assad’s political mentor and was the effective leader of Syria. Nevertheless, in November 1970, Assad seized total control and arrested Jadid, along with other members of the government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.13680362701416, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Under his administration, Syria saw increased stability with a program of secularism and industrialization designed to modernize and strengthen the country as a regional power. With Soviet aid, Assad built up the Syrian military and gained popular support with public works funded by Arab donors and international lending institutions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.422835350036621, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Hafez’s critics criticized him for being a dictator and using brutal tactics. In 1982, when the Muslim Brotherhood mounted a rebellion in the Syrian city of Hama , Hafez suppressed the revolt by massacring between 10,000–25,000 people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.171621322631836, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In foreign affairs, Assad tried to establish Syria as a leader of the Arab world. A new alliance with Egypt culminated in the Yom Kippur War against Israel in October 1973. Egypt’s unexpected cessation of hostilities exposed Syria to military defeat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.483121871948242, "source": "search", "title": "Hafez al-Assad - theRevolutionCenter.com" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "His Excellency led the Syrian students' movement since 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444450378417969, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He served as a pilot during the time of Unity between Syria and Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484232902526855, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Sacked from the Army in December 2nd, 1961, and was transferred to a civil job in the aftermath of the Syrian-Egyptian Union collapse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328929901123047, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Effectively contributed to Syria's political struggle as to topple anti-Syrian-Egyptian Union regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350149154663086, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He was elected as President of the Syrian Arab Republic in a popular referendum on March 12th 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.484972953796387, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He led the liberation war of October in 1973 in which the Syrian Armed Forces scored victory and shattered the invincibility of the enemy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350016593933105, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "President Assad rule has been characterized with cling to popular democracy whereby Syria's Constitution was adopted and Parliament role was boosted through the increase of the number of independent MPs as to ascertain full representation to all Syrians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.65143346786499, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "President Assad has ever been the staunch defender of Arab nationalism, unity, and solidarity. His Excellency has repeatedly underlined Syria's cling to the realization of the aspired-for just and comprehensive peace in the region on the bases of international legitimacy resolutions and said:\" Our will for peace is boosted by determination on the liberation, restoration of rights and on safeguarding national dignity. It was our keenness on the peace process as well as on securing security and stability in the region which, time and again, motivated us to keep on announcing our preparedness to resume peace negotiations from where they broke off and on the basis of acknowledging what the previous two Israeli Premiers committed themselves to and on the same bases of the UN Security Council Resolutions and the principle of land for peace.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.601665019989014, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syria, under the wise historic leadership of President Assad, has realized growth and development on all sectors of life, especially at the economic level where economic plurality, private, public and joint sectors, was achieved along the political one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.709715843200684, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "\"This is a day of sadness and sorrow in every home, school, university, farm, factory and quarry,\" a tearful announcer said on Syrian state television. \"Sadness is in the heart of every man, woman and child. The legacy of his accomplishments and ideas is a planet that will shine not just in this generation, but also coming generations.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459259033203125, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Lebanese President Emile Lahoud, in a letter to Assad’s son Bashar, wrote that he was the last to speak to the Syrian leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.859204292297363, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "  “We have moved from a position of weakness into a state of power and dignity. Syria has become able to carry out her national role and preserve national independence.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451271057128906, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Renewing the constitutional term of office on the 10th of last February was mutual pledge between me and our people, who have entrusted in me their confidence, love and support. The past three decades have been filled with successful work and prosperous hope. We face up to difficulties and then we eliminate them. We have achieved tremendous achievements and now we are enjoying them. We have moved from a position of weakness into a state of power and dignity. Syria has become able to carry out her national role and preserve national independence.I pledge, in my capacity as leader of this country to be the keeper of this precious confidence. And to this forum, I once again extend my thanks and love to every citizen stressing determination to continue the struggle in order to meet the ambitions of our people and the continued struggle for the rights of the Arab nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113887786865234, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": " “Syria has built a solid base which has enabled her to move towards a brighter future. Our confidence, from the very beginning, was that caring about people should be to the forefront of our priorities.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467211723327637, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": " During the last 30 years we have realized great achievements in various walks of life. In the building of a sound economy, services, education, culture, sciences and the arts. Syria has built a solid base which has enabled her to move towards a brighter future. Our confidence, from the very beginning, was that caring about people should be to the forefront of our priorities. We worked to consolidate our material structure by constructing a strong national base, despite being besieged by problems and complexities imposed by regional and international conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399641990661621, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "With my deep appreciation for the pain suffered by each party, great pains befall on us all, and the wounds we are all suffering should urge us to overcome the lesser pain in order to get rid of the greater pain. Some talk about making peace with Israel while we refuse peace between us. Peace with Israel will not be achieved unless peace is materialized among the Arabs. As she is fully aware of and deeply concerned over the current situation of the Arab nation and the dangers coming out of the continuation of this situation, Syria will continue seriously to work for attaining Arab solidarity, seeking a way-out of the current situation and founding new controlled bases for Arab relations guaranteeing to reach some agreement and to re-mount the struggle for building-up and progress.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301477432250977, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "But the current Israeli government has obstructed the agreement by refusing to resume negotiations from the point where they had stopped at and by rejecting what was concluded with the previous government. Peace is indispensable for all in as much as it eliminates all causes of wars, tension and hostility, returns the territories occupied in 1967 and the Lebanese territory totally and recognizes the Palestinian people’s national rights. Any other peace is a surrender which will not be accepted by Syria and which will neither ensure security for Israel nor maintain stability in the region. The Israelis should realize that their current policies towards the Arabs cannot bring security for them nor peace to the region. The force allows launching aggression but can’t ensure security and tranquility. The conception of force is relative in time and place, and the elements of force are not static. What is going on in the occupied territories is vivid evidence, and whatever the might of this force possessed by the aggressors, it will remain weaker than the will of the people and their determination to end aggression and liberate the territories. We are confident of restoring our occupied land in the Golan regardless of time, the might of aggressors and the circumstances of the Arabs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020225524902344, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "We have many duties to carry out in the forthcoming stage. The duties are demanded by the stage’s circumstances inside and outside the country. Our success in achieving those duties is connected with faithfulness in words and deed, with abidance by national responsibility, with seriousness in action, with self-confidence and with the love of the homeland. The burdens shouldered by Syria in the current stage require high degrees of responsibility. The homeland is in need of much work, much sweat and blood of each citizen. The homeland is a question of destiny, of the present and of the future. Let’s work to safeguard the home irrespective of great sacrifices. I promise citizens to be always with them in shouldering the home’s burdens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289036750793457, "source": "search", "title": "Bashar Al_Assad - Pictures - President Bashar al-Asssad" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syrian President al-Assad re-elected, state media reports - CNN.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.928709030151367, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syrian opposition, Western countries said the election wouldn't be free or fair", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044325828552246, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "U.N. secretary general had urged Syria not to hold elections during war", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3419771194458, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "But the Syrian government has dismissed any criticism of the process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527235984802246, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Al-Nouri received 4.3% of the vote, and Hajjar received 3.2%, the state-run Syrian Arab News Agency reported, citing Parliament Speaker Mohammad Jihad al-Laham.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.377754211425781, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The voting comes as war continues to rage in Syria. The United Nations estimates more than 100,000 people have been killed in the Middle Eastern nation since an uprising began in March 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321639060974121, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "That includes more fighting on Wednesday. The Local Coordination Committees in Syria, a network of opposition activists, reports on its Facebook page that at least 24 people were killed in violence nationwide, including eight in Aleppo province and six in and around Damascus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359999656677246, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In a nod to this ongoing warfare, al-Assad urged people not to fire guns into the air as an \"expression of our joy and enthusiasm\" -- saying doing so threatens citizens' lives and dishonors Syrian troops on the frontlines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528746604919434, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In a posting on the presidency's Facebook page, cited by SANA , al-Assad told citizens to voice their feelings about the vote \"in a way that reflects our high morals and civilization as Syrians.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.885933876037598, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The office of U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon had urged the Syrian government not to hold the election, warning it would \"damage the political process and hamper the prospects for a political solution\" to the civil war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24598217010498, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Assad government", "passage": "The Islamic Front, one of the largest armed rebel groups, claimed the al-Assad government was blackmailing people to vote in what it called a fake election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.149686813354492, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The British Foreign Office said the vote would \"be a grotesque parody of democracy,\" and the U.S. State Department said the al-Assad government took steps \"to make it difficult if not impossible to have a fair and free election in Syria.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.274496078491211, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "The Syrian government said election monitors from the United States, the European Union or the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe wouldn't be present, but observers from some other countries would be.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847124099731445, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Syria isn't renowned for holding free and fair elections. When al-Assad came to power 14 years ago, he ran unopposed, securing more than 99% of the vote, according to state media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.520641326904297, "source": "search", "title": "Syrian President Al-Assad re-elected, state TV reports - CNN" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He was forced to return to Damascus, the Syrian capital, from London after his older brother Basil - who was initially groomed for the presidency - was killed in a car crash in 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246271133422852, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He promised to inject new freedoms and open up the Syrian market.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487000465393066, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Bashar al-Assad has released around 700 political prisoners since becoming president, boosting hopes of a major improvement in human rights. But there still at least 4,000 in prison and authorities continue to arrest political and human rights activists, censor websites, and detain dissident bloggers. Many Syrian expats and activists have been monitored, threatened and punished for their activities, even overseas .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.007585048675537, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Critics say Assad's inexperience has hindered him from  establishing Syria's place in the new world order [AFP] ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.537322998046875, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "According to Human Rights Watch, as of 2009, Syria’s human rights situation, one of the worst in the world, had \"deteriorated further\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438225746154785, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Assad had insisted that Syria was immune to the uprisings that spread throughout the Arab world and toppled governments in Tunisia and Egypt in early 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.556453704833984, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "Critics say his inexperience in politics has made it difficult for him to establish Syria's place in the new world order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470365524291992, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "\"Syria has become a dictatorship without a dictator,\" a European diplomat in Damascus said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341532707214355, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "He previously rejected comments by some observers that he does not hold full power in Syria, saying there is no logic in accusing him of being a dictator on one hand and lacking authority on the other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487296104431152, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "\"You cannot be a dictator and not in control. If you are a dictator you are in full control ... I have my authority by the Syrian constitution,\" he said in an interview.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438310623168945, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Syria", "passage": "In the first eight months of the protests, as the number of deaths in Syria mount and a growing number of refugees escape to Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan, Assad has kept a low profile, speaking less than a handful of times in public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.621920585632324, "source": "search", "title": "Profile: Bashar al-Assad - Al Jazeera English" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "** In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by the Lenin-led Bolsheviks in 1918.", "precise_score": 0.95979905128479, "rough_score": 2.255734443664551, "source": "wiki", "title": "1998" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "FUNERAL OF THE LAST RUSSIAN TZAR NICHOLAS II AND HIS FAMILY", "precise_score": -0.9560942649841309, "rough_score": -5.482332706451416, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II, his family and servants will be buried in", "precise_score": -4.74625825881958, "rough_score": -3.9498379230499268, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "For almost a century no one knew where exactly the Tsar family was buried. However, in 1991 the remains of Nicholas II, his wife and three daughters were discovered in a mass grave near Ekaterinburg.", "precise_score": -2.252505302429199, "rough_score": -1.3088058233261108, "source": "search", "title": "Russia to exhume father of last Tsar to solve century-old ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Rogaev had previously applied his skills to forensic science in 1997, when a Russian government asked him to verify the identities of Czar Nicholas II and his family from the first grave. Now he had an even greater scientific arsenal to help establish the final fates of all the Romanov children.", "precise_score": -0.2892330586910248, "rough_score": -3.492480754852295, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II was reburied with his wife and three daughters in Saint Petersburg in 1998, while White Russian military leader Anton Denikin was reburied last year.", "precise_score": 4.030990123748779, "rough_score": 0.7874704003334045, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Russian and Danish guards carry a wooden casket with remains of Czarina Maria Feodorovna during a funeral ceremony in the St. Isaac's Cathedral, the principal church of the Romanov dynasty, in St. Petersburg, Russia, Thursday, Sept. 28, 2006. Russian Orthodox Patriarch Alexy II on Thursday led burial ceremonies for Czarina Maria Feodorovna, the Danish-born empress whose remains are to be interred in her adopted land 78 years after her death. Maria Feodorovna was the mother of Russia's last czar, Nicholas II, who was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. She went into exile in Denmark in 1919 and died in 1928. (AP Photo/Dmitry Lovetsky)", "precise_score": -1.4945706129074097, "rough_score": -4.46560525894165, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "The last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II, and his family have been buried in St Petersburg's St Peter and Paul Cathedral, exactly 80 years after their execution by Bolshevik revolutionaries.", "precise_score": 2.689832925796509, "rough_score": 1.6825364828109741, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Romanovs laid to rest" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "The nine coffins bearing the remains of Nicholas II, his wife, three of his children and four loyal staff were interred in the crypt of the cathedral's St Catherine Chapel, the resting place of Russian emperors since the reign of Peter the Great.", "precise_score": -1.5311335325241089, "rough_score": -3.144705295562744, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Romanovs laid to rest" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "he burial, with all due honor and ceremony, of the Royal Martyrs Tsar Nicholas II and his beloved family will take place on 17 July 1988, eighty years to the day after they were brutally executed by the Bolsheviks. The Russian Government has decided today, 27th February 1998, that the remains of the Royal Martyrs will be interred in the Royal vault at the Cathedral of Ss. Peter and Paul in St. Petersburg, Russia. A Russian Orthodox funeral will be performed, with a procession to the Cathedral.", "precise_score": 5.4755659103393555, "rough_score": 7.645596981048584, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Now that the Funeral of the Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and his family will take place in St. Petersburg, we must now put our feelings and hurts behind us, and begin to open up our minds, hearts and soul with forgiveness, looking forward to the blessed day of17th of July in 1998, as a day of a spiritual renewal and repentance for all of Russia, and for all those who have perhaps turned it's back against this lovely family, headed by a devoted man of peace and goodwill for all men! Let us all wipe away all ill feelings, and start on a new spiritual path of love and kindness towards one another, as we deeply absorb the truth that our God loves us too. Our Lord God will be far more pleased with us when each of us begins to realize that He too has forgiven us all.", "precise_score": 0.3264482617378235, "rough_score": -4.215468406677246, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "The Russians buried Czar Nicholas II today in true imperial fashion, beneath a ceiling of cherubim peeking from clouds, in a cathedral of mountainous oak and linden carvings sheathed in gold, among the white marble tombs of the czars who bestrode his empire for three centuries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.204287528991699, "source": "search", "title": "LAST CZAR BURIED - TALE OF 2 RUSSIAS - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.064770698547363, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361442565917969, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290289878845215, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361442565917969, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "The funeral ceremony will begin on July 15 in Yekaterinburg. After several church services held in Yekaterinburg Cathedral of Ascension of the Lord, on July 16 coffins with the remains of Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, three of their five children and four of their servants will be transported to", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06092357635498, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285210609436035, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361442565917969, "source": "search", "title": "Funeral of Nicholas II Romanov in St. Petersburg, Russia" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II, his wife and five children, including his only son and heir, Alexey, were killed in 1918 following the 1917 Revolution. Their bodies were thrown down a mine shaft and then quickly buried somewhere near Ekaterinburg in the Urals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.415886878967285, "source": "search", "title": "Russia to exhume father of last Tsar to solve century-old ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "However, the case was re-opened in 2007 when new evidence appeared – the remains of Nicholas II’s last two children were discovered - daughter Maria and his only son Aleksey who suffered from hemophilia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805438041687012, "source": "search", "title": "Russia to exhume father of last Tsar to solve century-old ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Though the Church has declared Nicholas II, his wife and three daughters as saints, it still won’t recognize the identities of Alexey and Maria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328398704528809, "source": "search", "title": "Russia to exhume father of last Tsar to solve century-old ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Czar Nicholas II sits in this 1910 photo with Empress Alexandra and five children. Daughters in the photo are Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, along with son and Crown Prince Alexei.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119282722473145, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Confusion reigned for 90 years about a possible surviving daughter of Czar Nicholas II, the last Imperial ruler of Russia. Now a public report reveals how modern investigators established that neither Anastasia nor the czar's other children found a fairy tale ending.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785858154296875, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Bolsheviks killed Czar Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra and their five children in 1918 as Russia plunged into bitter civil war. Most of the Romanovs and several servants ended up in an unmarked grave near Yekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains, 900 miles east of Moscow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.467752456665039, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Another key connection came through the male Y chromosomes of the Romanov line. Examination of the bones from the second site turned up one male and one female, which meant that the lab could compare the Y-chromosome markers from the supposed body of Crown Prince Alexei with those of Czar Nicholas II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455690383911133, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Rogaev also compared the grave evidence with the Y-chromosome markers of living male descendants connected to the great grandfather of Czar Nicholas II. He then confirmed that the Y-chromosome markers represented a unique genetic marker of the Romanovs, by checking existing genetic databases from various populations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248945236206055, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "But a final piece of the puzzle arose from an unexpected source – a bloodstained shirt belonging to Czar Nicholas II, carefully preserved in a museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507377624511719, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II survived an assassination attempt during a visit to Osaka, Japan, in 1891, while he was still Russian heir to the throne. His bloodstained shirt ended up as a historical relic in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.184093475341797, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "\"Certainly we did not count on this,\" Rogaev said. \"But surprisingly we got very good DNA profiles, so the estimates of probability for the identification of the remains of Nicholas II are extremely high.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433255195617676, "source": "search", "title": "Case Closed on Murders of Last Russian Czar’s Family" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II's mother, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, is to be reburied in the cathedral in September 2006; she was a Danish princess who married Czar Alexander III and went into exile in Denmark after the Russian Revolution. She died in Denmark and was buried in the royal mausoleum there at Roskilde. This event was occurring as I am writing this, and there are several news stories on the web, though they may not remain there. A few are collected here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.622739315032959, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Danish and Russian officials have gone through years of negotiations to bring about the return, intended to draw a line under the bloody overthrow of the imperial family of Nicholas II by the Bolshevik regime of Vladimir Lenin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.020183563232422, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Empress Maria Fyodorovna fled Russia after her son, Tsar Nicholas II, was murdered by Bolsheviks. Eighty seven years on, she was reburied beside her son and husband in accordance with her final wishes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310751914978027, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Czarina Maria Feodorovna was the mother of Nicholas II, who was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. She fled to Denmark in 1919 and died in 1928.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781563758850098, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "People enter the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress for a burial ceremony for Czarina Maria Feodorovna in St. Petersburg, Russia, Thursday, Sept. 28, 2006. Russian Orthodox Patriarch Alexy II on Thursday led burial ceremonies for Czarina Maria Feodorovna, the Danish-born empress whose remains are to be interred in her adopted land 78 years after her death. Maria Feodorovna was the mother of Russia's last czar, Nicholas II, who was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. She went into exile in Denmark in 1919 and died in 1928. (AP Photo/Ivan Secretarev)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8032941818237305, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "An honour guard of Russian servicemen carry the coffin with the remains of Empress Maria Fyodorovna, the wife of Tsar Alexander III and mother of Russia's last monarch, Nicholas II, in St. Isaac's cathedral in St. Petersburg, September 28, 2006. (Alexander Demianchuk/Reuters)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.418878078460693, "source": "search", "title": "REBURIAL OF MARIA FEODOROVNA - EarthLink" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "The burial of the often-disturbed remains of Nicholas II, Russia's last Czar, and his family next month was planned as an occasion rich in pomp and symbolism, complete with honor guards, a solemn procession through the streets of the old imperial capital of St. Petersburg and a 19-volley salute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.571277141571045, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's 'A List' Begs Off Attending Czar's Funeral ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Instead of a hoped-for moment of national reconciliation, the burial has reopened two of the most delicate debates that have swirled around Nicholas II -- the authenticity of the bones unearthed outside Yekaterinburg, and the Czar's proper place in history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39004135131836, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's 'A List' Begs Off Attending Czar's Funeral ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "The proposal to canonize Nicholas II has powerful supporters within the Russian Orthodox Church, which would be following the example set by the emigre-founded Russian Church Abroad, which has venerated Nicholas II and other members of the Romanov family, along with tens of thousands of other victims of the Russian Revolution, as martyrs for their faith since 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387117385864258, "source": "search", "title": "Russia's 'A List' Begs Off Attending Czar's Funeral ..." }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Samples were taken from Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, and from the bloodstained uniform of Alexander II, Nicholas's grandfather, killed in 1881.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110684394836426, "source": "search", "title": "Russia exhumes bones of murdered Tsar Nicholas and wife ..." }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Tsar Nicholas II, Alexandra, their four daughters - grand duchesses Anastasia, Maria, Olga and Tatiana - their son the Tsarevich Alexei and four royal staff members were murdered in the cellar of a house in Yekaterinburg in 1918.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.271241188049316, "source": "search", "title": "Russia exhumes bones of murdered Tsar Nicholas and wife ..." }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Nicholas II, his wife, and three of his children, are reburied", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04382038116455, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Romanovs laid to rest" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Authenticity of Tsar Nicholas II's remains is disputed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082950592041016, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Romanovs laid to rest" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Scientists say the bones are 97% likely to be those of Tsar Nicholas II and other members of the Romanov family shot by a Bolshevik firing squad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870912551879883, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Romanovs laid to rest" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Tsar Nicholas II And His Family", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19536018371582, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "Tsar Nicholas II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19055461883545, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "These holy remains were discovered near Yekaterinbug, some 900 miles east of Moscow, in July 1991. This past January (following earlier scientific tests), a second DNA test was performed under the supervision of the First Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov, who said President Boris Yelstin gave the cabinet full authority over the plans for the royal burial. Boris Nemtsov had several discussions, on both the final conclusions on the DNA testing, and plans for the funeral for all of the Royal Martyrs, with President Boris Yeltsin and the Russian Orthodox Church of the Patriarchate in Moscow, whose ruling Hierarch is His All Holiness Patriarch Alexis, The Patriarch reported on these conclusions and plans to a Synod of Bishops meeting held late this past February. There is no doubt many officials, as well as the Church hierarchy, have now fully approved the funeral arrangements for the Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and his family. It has been as reported that the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia has said: \"it would be sacrilegious to keep them (the remains) in the police morgue in Yekaterinburg any longer\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.780797958374023, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Since last January (1988), a number of rumors have spread as to whether the bones found in Ykaterinburg where really those of the Tsar and his family. Once the results of the second DNA test were shown to be conclusive, proposals for the funeral arrangements began to appear, and questions were asked as to how Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow would react to the proposed funeral; this was a matter of constant concern throughout Russia and across the world. The Orthodox Church in Russia held a Synod of Bishops meeting in Moscow at which the matter of the Royal funeral was high on the agenda. World media stated to report on the joyful outcome of this Synod on February 27th-28th, and a final statement appeared on the 28th, giving the Synod's approval to the funeral taking place. The protracted debate among the bishops within the Moscow Patriarchate was no longer a problem, guided as they were by the presence and wisdom of the Holy Spirit. They gave their blessing to this momentous and historic event, and offered to participate fully in the funeral services. All things must be discerned by the Spirit of God, and it was spiritually correct for His Holiness Patriarch Alexis and his Synod of Bishops to express their concerns. But it was also reported, however, that other influences might again delay these procedures. By the grace and the sanctification of our Lord God at last all Christians can rejoice and be thankful! The funeral of the Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II will now take place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.454505920410156, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "All Christians should certainly rejoice on hearing this joyful news - joyful not least because it has been quite long enough for the bones of the Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and his most beloved family to have been without a resting place - for their own peace and for the peace of all those who love the Royal Martyrs of Russia. It is for so many of us a great relief, after much strain and debate, that finally the way has been cleared", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595592498779297, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "for the burial of the last soldier of our Lord Jesus Christ. Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and his family, in a place that he had earlier desired: in the Fortress of St. Petersburg, at the Russian Orthodox Church of Ss. Peter and Paul. This funeral will indeed be the funeral of the century for both all Orthodox and non-Orthodox Christians, and for a multitude of non-Orthodox believers who have a sincere love for all the Royal Martyrs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.354842185974121, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "What is also so remarkable and joyful about this forthcoming funeral of the Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and his beloved family is that it gives a great deal of inner spiritual peace to all those who also walked behind his Imperial Majesty in the procession of martyrdom. We have, of course countless numbers of Holy New Martyrs -millions upon millions of them. We have those who have come to the West and expressed with great dismay, that they never saw their Father, Mother, Uncle, Aunt, Brother, Sister, or friend ever again, and often it has been remarked, \" I simply have not ever seem them again, as perhaps they ended up in the Gulag!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861064910888672, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II", "passage": "In conclusion let us all give thanks for those around the world, and in Russia, both the present Government, and to the Venerable Patriarch Alexis and his Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church, all of whom come to agree that this holy funeral should take place. We are thankful, too, for all who have helped in this loving, just, honorable cause, in burying the \"Last Soldier, our Dear Christian friends, Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, Tsarevich Alexis, and Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia, and their devoted friends and servants\". To the present relatives, and to the current Royal Families who are related to this family. I certainly rejoice in the Lord our God with you.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.038055419921875, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Thanks be to God for all things! Peace be unto Your loving souls Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and his Family, and to all those in Russia, and around the world who love You and continue onward with more love. God be merciful until us all, and forgive us!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804007530212402, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" }, { "answer": "Nicholas ii", "passage": "Most Holy Royal Martyrs Tsar-Nicholas II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236998558044434, "source": "search", "title": "The Royal Martyrs Burial In Russia - serfes" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "Campaigning directly to the people became commonplace. Several 20th century Prime Ministers, such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, were famous for their oratorical skills. After the introduction of radio, motion pictures, television, and the internet, many used these technologies to project their public image and address the nation. Stanley Baldwin, a master of the radio broadcast in the 1920s and 1930s, reached a national audience in his talks filled with homely advice and simple expressions of national pride. Churchill also used the radio to great effect, inspiring, reassuring and informing the people with his speeches during the Second World War. Two recent Prime Ministers, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair (who both spent a decade or more as prime minister), achieved celebrity status like rock stars, but have been criticised for their more 'presidential' style of leadership. According to Anthony King, \"The props in Blair's theatre of celebrity included ... his guitar, his casual clothes ... footballs bounced skilfully off the top of his head ... carefully choreographed speeches and performances at Labour Party conferences.\" ", "precise_score": 2.577484369277954, "rough_score": 2.6644880771636963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom and the leader of the executive branch of government. The Prime Minister is a Member of Parliament, and in his executive capacity, is accountable to Parliament. The post is generally acknowledged to have begun with Sir Robert Walpole on 4th April 1721 when he obtained the post of First Lord of the Treasury. The incumbent Prime Minister is Gordon Brown, who took over from Tony Blair on 27th June 2007.", "precise_score": 1.7340673208236694, "rough_score": 0.8105965852737427, "source": "search", "title": "The Top 10 British Prime Ministers - Listverse" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "Tony Blair was Prime Minister from 2nd May 1997-27th June 2007. Despite the highly unpopular war in Iraq, and the Cash for Peerages scandal, Tony Blair will go down in history as one of the great British Prime Ministers. His tenure included huge successes including the devolution of government to Scotland, Wales and eventually Northern Ireland; the popular House of Lords reform; the introduction of the Minimum Wage; the Civil Partnership Act of 2004 which allowed same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual married couples. His most notable achievement from this was that of the St. Andrews Agreement of 2006, which set out a timetable for a new devolved government in Northern Ireland. The situation in Ireland had plagued Prime Ministers since the turn of the 20th century, and the Belfast Agreement of 1998, followed by the St. Andrews Agreement marked a turning point in the politics of Northern Ireland. Tony Blair resigned on the 27th June 2007, angering many over his failure to serve a full term, despite promising to do so.", "precise_score": 2.708131790161133, "rough_score": 3.268378496170044, "source": "search", "title": "The Top 10 British Prime Ministers - Listverse" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "Since 1722, most Prime Ministers have been members of the Commons; since 1902, all have had a seat there.Except Lord Home, who resigned his peerage to stand in a by-election soon after becoming Prime Minister Like other members, they are elected initially to represent only a constituency. Former Prime Minister Tony Blair, for example, represented Sedgefield in County Durham from 1983 to 2007. He became Prime Minister because in 1994 he was elected Labour Party leader and then led the party to victory in the 1997 general election, winning 418 seats compared to 165 for the Conservatives and gaining a majority in the House of Commons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.888910293579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "In addition to being the leader of a great political party and the head of Her Majesty's Government, the modern Prime Minister directs the law-making process, enacting into law his or her party's programme. For example, Tony Blair, whose Labour party was elected in 1997 partly on a promise to enact a British Bill of Rights and to create devolved governments for Scotland and Wales, subsequently stewarded through Parliament the Human Rights Act (1998), the Scotland Act (1998) and the Government of Wales Act (1998).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.188554286956787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "The role and power of the Prime Minister have been subject to much change in the last fifty years. There has gradually been a change from Cabinet decision-making and deliberation to the dominance of the Prime Minister. As early as 1965, in a new introduction to Walter Bagehot's classic work The English Constitution, Richard Crossman identified a new era of \"Prime Ministerial\" government. Some commentators, such as the political scientist Michael Foley, have argued there is a de facto \"British Presidency\". In Tony Blair's government, many sources such as former ministers have suggested that decision-making was controlled by him and Gordon Brown, and the Cabinet was no longer used for decision-making. Former ministers such as Clare Short and Chris Smith have criticised the lack of decision-making power in Cabinet. When she resigned, Short denounced \"the centralisation of power into the hands of the Prime Minister and an increasingly small number of advisers\". The Butler Review of 2004 condemned Blair's style of \"sofa government\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5302871465682983, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "Prime Ministers may dominate the Cabinet so much that they become \"Semi-Presidents\". Examples are William Ewart Gladstone, David Lloyd George, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. The powers of some Prime Ministers waxed or waned, depending upon their own level of energy, political skills or outside events: Ramsay MacDonald, for example, was dominant in his Labour governments, but during his National Government his powers diminished so that he was merely the figurehead of the government. In modern times, Prime Ministers have never been merely titular; dominant or somewhat dominant personalities are the norm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.302053928375244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "However, even a government with a healthy majority can on occasion find itself unable to pass legislation. For example, on 9 November 2005, Tony Blair's Government was defeated over plans which would have allowed police to detain terror suspects for up to 90 days without charge, and on 31 January 2006, was defeated over certain aspects of proposals to outlaw religious hatred. On other occasions, the Government alters its proposals to avoid defeat in the Commons, as Tony Blair's Government did in February 2006 over education reforms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30007266998291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "It has also been common for Prime Ministers to be granted a peerage upon retirement from the Commons, which elevates the individual to the House of Lords. Formerly, the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom (which was always hereditary), with Churchill offered a dukedom. However, since the 1960s, hereditary peerages have generally been eschewed, and life peerages have been preferred, although in 1984 Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages, although Douglas-Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home. Edward Heath, John Major and Tony Blair did not accept peerages of any kind, although Heath and Major were later appointed as Knights of the Garter. Gordon Brown remained a member of parliament until the 2015 general election, and has not, to date, accepted a peerage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.378611087799072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "File:WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING 2009 - Tony Blair.jpg|Tony Blairserved 1997–2007born 1953 (age )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362679481506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "Tony Blair", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291106224060059, "source": "search", "title": "British prime ministers of the 20th century - Britain Magazine" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "5. Tony Blair Wikipedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31779670715332, "source": "search", "title": "The Top 10 British Prime Ministers - Listverse" }, { "answer": "Tony Blair", "passage": "Britain's current leader Tony Blair was not included because his spell in Downing Street is not complete.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463175773620605, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | UK | Politics | Churchill 'greatest PM of 20th ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in Algeria in 1936, at a time when the North African country was still under French rule.", "precise_score": 9.531547546386719, "rough_score": 10.27873706817627, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Yves Saint Laurent shuts its doors" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": 9.589611053466797, "rough_score": 10.237262725830078, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent, fashion icon, dies aged 71 - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": 9.589611053466797, "rough_score": 10.237262725830078, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent - Il Est Mort! - the DataLounge" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": 9.589611053466797, "rough_score": 10.237262725830078, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent dead at 71: Tributes pour in to French ..." }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": 9.589611053466797, "rough_score": 10.237262725830078, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: A giant of French fashion | SBS News" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent was born on 1 August 1936, in Oran, Algeria, to Charles and Lucienne Andrée Mathieu-Saint-Laurent. He grew up in a villa by the Mediterranean with his two younger sisters, Michèle and Brigitte. Yves liked to create intricate paper dolls, and by his early teen years he was designing dresses for his mother and sisters. At the age of 17, Saint Laurent moved to Paris and enrolled at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, where his designs quickly gained notice. Michel De Brunhoff, the editor of French Vogue, introduced Saint Laurent to designer Christian Dior, a giant in the fashion world. \"Dior fascinated me,\" Saint Laurent later recalled. \"I couldn't speak in front of him. He taught me the basis of my art. Whatever was to happen next, I never forgot the years I spent at by his side.\" Under Dior's tutelage, Saint Laurent's style continued to mature and gain even more notice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.851654052734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent (designer)" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "In 1960, Saint Laurent found himself conscripted to serve in the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence. Alice Rawsthorn writes that there was speculation at the time that Marcel Boussac, the owner of the House of Dior and a powerful press baron, had put pressure on the government not to conscript Saint Laurent in 1958 and 1959 but reversed course and asked that the designer be conscripted after the disastrous 1960 season so that he could be replaced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.49574089050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent (designer)" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. France was a major participant in the First World War, from which it emerged victorious, and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War, but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and the colonies in Indochina became independent in the 1950s after long, bloody wars. Nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic and military connections with France. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.619339942932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "France" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "The GPRF laid the groundwork for a new constitutional order that resulted in the Fourth Republic, which saw spectacular economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses). France was one of the founding members of NATO (1949). France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954 at the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Only months later, France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria. Torture and illegal executions were perpetrated by both sides and the debate over whether or not to keep control of Algeria, then home to over one million European settlers, wracked the country and nearly led to a coup and civil war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.316096305847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "France" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "In 1958, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened Presidency. In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the war. The Algerian War was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 that led to Algerian independence. A vestige of the colonial empire are the French overseas departments and territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71964168548584, "source": "wiki", "title": "France" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration the country has received since the early 20th century; between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France. The next largest wave came in the 1960s, when around 1.6 million pieds noirs returned to France following the independence of its North African possessions, Algeria and Morocco. They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous immigrants from Spain and Portugal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.538642883300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "France" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "In 2008, the INSEE estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million where of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi ancestry. In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly to people from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646933555603027, "source": "wiki", "title": "France" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "After returning from a short stint of military service in Algeria, he decided to open his own fashion house together with Pierre Berge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813078880310059, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Yves Saint Laurent shuts its doors" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "He took over the fashion house when Dior died suddenly three years later, but in 1960 was called up to fight in his native Algeria in the war of independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246152877807617, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent, fashion icon, dies aged 71 - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "However in 1960, like many Frenchmen of his age, Saint Laurent was called up to fight in his native Algeria, where an independence war was under way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.595635890960693, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent - Il Est Mort! - the DataLounge" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "One of a handful of designers who dominated 20th century fashion - on a par with Christian Dior, Coco Chanel and Paul Poiret - Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.303752899169922, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent dies at 71 - Columns - News" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "During his farewell in 2002, Saint Laurent said he had \"always given the highest importance of all to respect for this craft, which is not exactly an art, but which needs an artist to exist.\"  One of a handful of designers who dominated 20th century fashion -- with Christian Dior, Coco Chanel and Paul Poiret -- Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, when the North African country was a still French territory. A shy, lonely, child, he was taunted over his homosexuality and became fascinated by clothes, and already had a solid portfolio of sketches when he first arrived in Paris in 1953, aged 17. Vogue editor Michel de Brunoff, who became a key supporter, was quickly won over, and published the images.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.552523612976074, "source": "search", "title": "To the great YSL | Yatzer" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "The following year Saint Laurent won three of the four categories in a design competition in Paris -- the fourth went to his contemporary Karl Lagerfeld, now at Chanel. De Brunoff advised Christian Dior to hire him and he rapidly became heir apparent to the great couturier, taking over the house when Dior died suddenly three years later. However in 1960, Saint Laurent was called up to fight in his native Algeria, where an independence war was under way. Less than three weeks later he won an exemption on health grounds, but when he returned to Paris Dior had already found a replacement for him, Marc Bohan. With his associate Berge, Saint Laurent resolved to strike out on his own, with Berge taking care of the business side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.090092658996582, "source": "search", "title": "To the great YSL | Yatzer" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936. At the time the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 10.201090812683105, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent dead at 71 - ABC News (Australian ..." }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "In 1960, like many Frenchmen of his age, Saint Laurent was called up to fight in his native Algeria, where an independence war was under way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.081188678741455, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent dead at 71 - ABC News (Australian ..." }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "He took over the fashion house when Dior died suddenly three years later, but in 1960 was called up to fight in his native Algeria in the war of independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246152877807617, "source": "search", "title": "Yves Saint Laurent dead at 71: Tributes pour in to French ..." }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "One of a handful of designers who dominated 20th century fashion - on a par with Christian Dior, Coco Chanel and Paul Poiret - Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.303752899169922, "source": "search", "title": "Fashion - Entertainment - smh.com.au" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "However in 1960, like many Frenchmen of his age, Saint Laurent was called up to fight in his native Algeria, where an independence war was under way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.595635890960693, "source": "search", "title": "Fashion - Entertainment - smh.com.au" }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "One of a handful of designers who dominated 20th century fashion -- on a par with Christian Dior, Coco Chanel and Paul Poiret -- Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born in the coastal town of Oran, Algeria, on August 1, 1936, at a time when the North African country was still considered part of France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.287914276123047, "source": "search", "title": "French fashion icon Yves Saint Laurent dies at 71 (Wizbang ..." }, { "answer": "Algeria", "passage": "However in 1960, like many Frenchmen of his age, Saint Laurent was called up to fight in his native Algeria, where an independence war was under way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.595635890960693, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary: A giant of French fashion | SBS News" } ]

[ { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Brezhnev's next two successors, transitional figures with deep roots in his tradition, did not last long. Yuri Andropov was 68 years old and Konstantin Chernenko 72 when they assumed power; both died in less than two years. In an attempt to avoid a third short-lived leader, in 1985, the Soviets turned to the next generation and selected Mikhail Gorbachev.", "precise_score": 2.786979913711548, "rough_score": 0.33163103461265564, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soviet Union" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union - Nov 12, 1982 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": 0.8876192569732666, "rough_score": -2.2442574501037598, "source": "search", "title": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union - Nov 12 ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "– It all started with KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov and Defense Minister Dmitri Ustinov. Their initiative has picked up one of the closest associates of Andropov, my immediate boss (he then headed the Soviet foreign intelligence), Vladimir Kryuchkov. All the defense ministers of the Soviet Union, until Dmitri Yazov, also participated in this.", "precise_score": 2.645402193069458, "rough_score": -2.34743070602417, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Leonoid Brezhnev, the only leader Borya and the other children — now in their teens — have known, dies of a heart attack after 18 years of uninterrupted rule. Yuri Andropov, 68, succeeds him as the leader of the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": 1.8037673234939575, "rough_score": -0.47004011273384094, "source": "search", "title": "From USSR to My Perestroika | My Perestroika | POV | PBS" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Less than two years after taking over leadership of the Soviet Union, Yuri Andropov dies. He is succeeded by 72-year-old Konstantin Chernenko.", "precise_score": 4.730988025665283, "rough_score": 4.204993724822998, "source": "search", "title": "From USSR to My Perestroika | My Perestroika | POV | PBS" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "In 1979, Gorbachev was promoted to the Politburo (first as a candidate member before receiving full membership in 1980). There, he received the patronage of Yuri Andropov , head of the KGB and also a native of Stavropol , and was promoted during Andropov's brief time as leader of the Party before Andropov's death in 1984. With responsibility over personnel, working together with Andropov, 20 percent of the top echelon of government ministers and regional governors were replaced, often with younger men. During this time Grigory Romanov , Nikolai Ryzhkov , and Yegor Ligachev were elevated, the latter two working closely with Gorbachev, Ryzhkov on economics, Ligachev on personnel. He was also close to Konstantin Chernenko , Andropov's successor, serving as second secretary. [3]", "precise_score": 0.7941293120384216, "rough_score": -0.669773519039154, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Prior to the creation of the post of president, the de jure head of state of the Soviet Union was the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, who was often called \"president\" by non-Soviet sources. For most of the Soviet Union's existence, all effective executive political power was in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the Chairman of the Presidium exercising largely symbolic and figurehead duties. Starting with Leonid Brezhnev in 1977, the last four General Secretaries—Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko and Gorbachev—simultaneously served as de jure head of state during their time in office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.329401969909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the Soviet Union" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "The state security police (the KGB and its predecessor agencies) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the Stalinist terror, but after the death of Stalin, the state security police was brought under strict party control. Under Yuri Andropov, KGB chairman in 1967–1982 and General Secretary from 1982 to 1983, the KGB engaged in the suppression of political dissent and maintained an extensive network of informers, reasserting itself as a political actor to some extent independent of the party-state structure, culminating in the anti-corruption campaign targeting high party officials in the late 1970s and early 1980s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.821035861968994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soviet Union" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "In 1967, the campaign of this suppression increased under new KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov. After suppressing the Prague Spring, KGB Chairman Andropov established the Fifth Directorate to monitor dissension and eliminate dissenters. He was especially concerned with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov, \"Public Enemy Number One\". Andropov failed to expel Solzhenitsyn before 1974; but did internally exile Sakharov to Gorky in 1980. The KGB failed to prevent Sakharov's collecting his Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, but did prevent Yuri Orlov collecting his Nobel Prize in 1978; Chairman Andropov supervised both operations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.946530818939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "KGB" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "On February 2, 1973, the Politburo, which was led by Yuri Andropov at the time, demanded that KGB members influence Bangladesh (which was then newly formed) where Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was scheduled to win parliamentary elections. During that time, the Soviet secret service tried very hard to ensure support for his party and his allies and even predicted an easy victory for him. In June 1975, Mujib formed a new party called BAKSAL and created a one-party state. Three years later, the KGB in that region increased from 90 to 200, and by 1979 printed more than 100 newspaper articles. In these articles, the KGB officials accused Ziaur Rahman, popularly known as \"Zia\", and his regime of having ties with the United States. During that time, the CIA founded Operation Arsenal which was meant to protect the current President of Bangladesh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8556458950042725, "source": "wiki", "title": "KGB" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "In August 1979, the KGB accused some officers who were arrested in Dhaka in an overthrow attempt, and by October, Andropov approved the fabrication of a letter in which he stated that Muhammad Ghulam Tawab, a Vice-Marshal at the time, was the main plotter, which led the Bangladeshi, Indian and Sri Lankan press to believe that he was an American spy. Under Andropov's command, Service A, a KGB division, falsified the information in a letter to Moudud Ahmed in which it said that he was supported by the American government and by 1981 even sent a letter accusing the Reagan administration of plotting to overthrow President Zia and his regime. The letter also mentioned that after Mujib was assassinated the United States contacted Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad to replace him as a short-term President. When the election happened in the end of 1979, the KGB made sure that the Bangladesh National Party would win. The party received 207 out of 300 seats, but the Zia regime did not last long, but fell on May 29, 1981 when after numerous escapes, Zia was assassinated in Chittagong. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.860818862915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "KGB" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "The next day, General Boris Ivanov who was behind the mission in Kabul along with General Lev Gorelov and Deputy Defense Minister Ivan Pavlovsky visited Amin to congratulate him on his election to power. On the same day the KGB decided to imprison Sayed Gulabzoy as well as Muhammad Watanjar and Asadullah Sarwari but while in captivity and under an investigation all three denied the allegation that the current Minister of Defense was an American secret agent. The denial of claims was passed on to Yuri Andropov and Leonid Brezhnev, who as the main chiefs of the KGB proposed operation Raduga to save the life of Gulabzoy and Watanjar and send them to Tashkent from Bagram airbase by giving them fake passports. With that and a sealed container in which an almost breathless Sarwari was laying, they came to Tashkent on September 19.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.182765007019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "KGB" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "The Soviets established a special commission on Afghanistan, comprising KGB chairman Yuri Andropov, Boris Ponomarev from the Central Committee and Dmitriy Ustinov, the Minister of Defence. In late April 1978, the committee reported that Amin was purging his opponents, including Soviet loyalists, that his loyalty to Moscow was in question and that he was seeking diplomatic links with Pakistan and possibly the People's Republic of China (which at the time had poor relations with the Soviet Union). Of specific concern were Amin's secret meetings with the U.S. chargé d'affaires, J. Bruce Amstutz, which, while never amounting to any agreement between Amin and the United States, sowed suspicion in the Kremlin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.001880645751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soviet–Afghan War" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.050256729125977, "source": "search", "title": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union - Nov 12 ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.050256729125977, "source": "search", "title": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union - Nov 12 ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.050256729125977, "source": "search", "title": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union - Nov 12 ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Following the death of long-time Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev two days earlier, Yuri Andropov is selected as the new general secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. It was the culmination of a long, but steady march up the Communist Party hierarchy for Andropov.Born in Russia in 1914, by the 1930s Andropov was an active participant in the Communist Youth League. During World War II, he led a group of guerilla fighters who operated behind Nazi lines. His work led to various positions in Moscow, and in 1954, he was named as Soviet ambassador to Hungary. During the Hungarian crisis of 1956, Andropov proved his reliability. He lied to Hungarian Prime Minister Imre Nagy about Soviet military intentions, and later assured Nagy that he was safe from Soviet reprisals. Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest in November 1956 and Nagy was captured and executed in 1958.Andropov’s work in Hungary brought him back to Moscow, where he continued to rise through the ranks of the Communist Party. In 1967, he was named head of the KGB, Russia’s secret police force. A hard-liner, he supported the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia and oversaw the crackdown on dissidents such as Andrei Sakharov and Aleksandr Solzhenitzyn. In 1982, with Brezhnev deathly ill and fading fast, Andropov left the KGB and began jockeying for power. When Brezhnev died on November 10, 1982, Andropov was poised to assume power. He was named general secretary on November 12.His rule was short-lived, but eventful. At home, he tried to reinvigorate the flagging Russian economy and attacked corruption and rising alcoholism among the Soviet people. In his foreign policy, Andropov faced off against the adamantly anticommunist diplomacy of President Ronald Reagan. Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were severely strained when Soviet pilots shot down a Korean airliner in September 1983. Later that year, Soviet diplomats broke off negotiations concerning reductions in Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces and the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START). Andropov had suffered from nearly debilitating illnesses since early 1983, and died on February 9, 1984. He was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.238975763320923, "source": "search", "title": "Yuri Andropov assumes power in the Soviet Union - Nov 12 ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "A native of Ukraine, a former officer of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, a graduate of the Andropov Institute of KGB, and now the American financial analyst Yuri Shvets in the 1980s, at the height of the \"cold war\" was a scout in the United States. Was working as an undercover reporter in Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) to collect and analyze information about possible sudden nuclear attack on the Soviet Union by America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.234493732452393, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "– Is it true that you studied with Vladimir Putin in the Andropov Institute of the KGB?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.041173934936523, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "– After graduating from the Andropov Institute Putin was sent to the territorial authorities - the KGB in Leningrad and Leningrad region. This is extremely important for the understanding of \"Who is mister Putin?\" and what is happening with Russia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.10275411605835, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "To enter the Red Banner Andropov Institute of the KGB was extremely difficult. But if you managed to do that, you were sent with a probability of 99.9% to Intelligence service (with the exception of Republican comrades of the Ukrainian SSR and other republics - they were sent to Moscow for training of national personnel, and then were often sent back). But Leningrad - is another story. My groupmates from the city were then in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, responsible for foreign intelligence, but Putin - no.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.537628173828125, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "During his studies in Moscow, Putin as a nonresident was living in a closed facility, which was located outside the city, deep in the forest and was surrounded by a high fence. The future president of the Russian Federation was there 24 hours a day, seven days a week for almost a year. The Institute of Andropov not only taught, but also studied the students to understand were they suitable for use in intelligence or not? Student Putin was being studied for a year in the way no  laboratory can do in the world, and as a result, was sent to work in the Leningrad region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.141971111297607, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "– I do not insist. It is his real, not fake web professional biography. The fact that Putin after Andropov Institute was sent back to Leningrad - a definite diagnosis. During his studies, he was being studied by dozens of teachers and professional instructors, each of whom at the end of study at the graduation wrote the appropriate response. I've seen some of these characteristics – it was great analysis, stunning deep descriptions of the intellectual and psychological abilities of the object. By the way, you know how much about the person says his nickname? In the KGB Putin was called Stub, then – Pale Moth, and now – Botox.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.121822357177734, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "General Secretary of the CPSU and KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov. \"Generals ruined Soviet Union. The heads of the Defense Ministry and the KGB entered into an agreement to receive more money from the budget, awards, stars, stripes. It all started with Andropov.\" Photo: Wikipedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.641857147216797, "source": "search", "title": "Putin’s groupmate, a former KGB spy: You seriously think ..." }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Mr Putin's ascent to the presidency of Russia was the result of a chain of events that started at least a quarter of a century earlier, when Yuri Andropov, a former head of the KGB, succeeded Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary of the Communist Party. Andropov's attempts to reform the stagnating Soviet economy in order to preserve the Soviet Union and its political system have served as a model for Mr Putin. Early in his presidency Mr Putin unveiled a plaque at the Lubyanka headquarters that paid tribute to Andropov as an “outstanding political figure”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8594446182250977, "source": "search", "title": "The making of a neo-KGB state | The Economist" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "The Soviet economy was also in trouble. Yuri Andropov, the KGB boss and later Soviet leader, had responded in the early 1980s by trying to impose more discipline on the ailing system, and many in the KGB shared his hope it could be saved from within. Others thought this to be unrealistic and believed the system itself would have to be junked. Putin, in a newspaper interview last year, hinted that he believed the system could have been salvaged. He said that \"few people understand the magnitude of the catastrophe that happened late in the 1980s when the Communist Party had failed to modernize the Soviet Union.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.208836555480957, "source": "search", "title": "Putin's Career Rooted in Russia's KGB (washingtonpost.com)" }, { "answer": "Andropov", "passage": "Martin Sixsmith: But 17 years on, the secret police have made a remarkable comeback. Here on the front wall of the Lubyanka, a new plaque has appeared, glorifying the former KGB boss, Yuri Andropov, and just look who unveiled the plaque: the President of Russia, a former KGB man himself, Vladimir Putin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.218026161193848, "source": "search", "title": "After the KGB - Background Briefing - ABC Radio National ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Louise Ciccone", "passage": "Madonna Louise Ciccone (born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\", Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists.", "precise_score": 1.2706834077835083, "rough_score": 2.812592029571533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Looks like Madonna 's daughter Lourdes Leon is a chip off the old block.", "precise_score": 5.073037624359131, "rough_score": 3.9674086570739746, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Is The Spitting Image Of Her ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Maria", "passage": "Gave birth to baby daughter named Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon (aka Lourdes Leon ). The father is Madonna's fitness trainer, Carlos Leon . [October 1996]", "precise_score": 5.662814617156982, "rough_score": 6.739196300506592, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Madonna and her daughter Lourdes Leon launched their fashion line, \"Material Girl\". [August 2010]", "precise_score": 5.147687911987305, "rough_score": 0.8921600580215454, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Lourdes Leon has arrived! The first child of the iconic Madonna made a splash by dissing Kylie Jenner, but there’s so much more to her than meets the eye. Here are 5 things to know about Madonna’s daughter!", "precise_score": 4.352029323577881, "rough_score": 1.0542035102844238, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon Facts: 5 Things About Madonna’s Daughter ..." }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Lourdes is the daughter of Madonna and Carlos Leon, who is Cuban. She is also Italian and French Canadian. When Lourdes and Madonna moved to London, due to Madonna’s marriage to Guy Ritche , both Lourdes and her half-brother, Rocco Ritchie, were enrolled in a French language school, reportedly to reflect their international heritage and lifestyle.", "precise_score": 5.052732944488525, "rough_score": 5.467846393585205, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon Facts: 5 Things About Madonna’s Daughter ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Dating Timothee Chalamet, Homeland Star - Us Weekly", "precise_score": 4.6139044761657715, "rough_score": 3.0291800498962402, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Dating Homeland's Timothee ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Leon Dating Timothee Chalamet, Homeland Star", "precise_score": 5.004450798034668, "rough_score": 3.6482269763946533, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Dating Homeland's Timothee ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Maria", "passage": "After its release, Evita garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from Time magazine commented, \"It's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes.\" Madonna won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role. She released three singles from the Evita soundtrack album, including \"You Must Love Me\" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1997) and \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\". Madonna was later presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Tony Bennett at the 1996 Billboard Music Awards. On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon. Biographer Mary Cross writes that although Madonna was often ill during the filming and worried that her pregnancy would harm the film, she reached some important personal goals: \"Now 38 years old, Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child, both in the same year. She had reached another turning point in her career, reinventing herself and her image with the public.\" Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997; she declared that they were \"better off as best friends.\" After Lourdes's birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah. She was introduced to Jewish mysticism by actress Sandra Bernhard in 1997. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9238537549972534, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Rocco John Ritchie", "passage": "She met director Guy Ritchie, who would become her second husband, in November 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11, 2000 in Los Angeles. Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencing placenta praevia. He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch, Scotland, on December 21, 2000. Madonna married Ritchie the following day at nearby Skibo Castle. Her fifth concert tour, titled Drowned World Tour, started in June 2001. The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows. She also released her second greatest-hits collection, titled GHV2, to coincide with the home video release of the tour. GHV2 debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.258630752563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Madonna Ritchie", "passage": "Madonna starred in the film Swept Away, directed by Ritchie. Released direct-to-video in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure. In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre (billed as 'Madonna Ritchie'), to universally bad reviews and was described as \"the evening's biggest disappointment\" by one. That October, she released \"Die Another Day\", the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day, in which she had a cameo role, described by The Guardian film reviewer as \"incredibly wooden\". The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.497931957244873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "David Banda", "passage": "While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country. While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, \"These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing..... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband.\" The adoption was finalized in May 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.858810901641846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Louise Ciccone", "passage": "The remarkable, hyper-ambitious Material Girl who never stops reinventing herself, Madonna is a seven-time Grammy Award-winner who has sold over three hundred million records and CDs to adoring fans worldwide. Her film career, however, is another story. Her performances have consistently drawn scathing or laughable reviews from film critics, and the films have usually had tepid, if any, success at the box office. Born Madonna Louise Ciccone in August 1958 in Bay City, Michigan, she is the daughter of Madonna Louise Fortin and Silvio Ciccone , an engineer designer for car companies. Her father was of Italian descent (from a family from Pacentro) and her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. She moved to New York in 1978 and studied with renowned choreographer Alvin Ailey , joined up with the Patrick Hernandez Revue, formed a pop/dance band called \"Breakfast Club\" and began working with then-boyfriend Stephen Bray on recording several disco-oriented songs. New York producer/D.J. Mark Kamins passed her demo tapes to Sire Records in early 1982 and the rest is history. The 1980s was Madonna's boom decade, and she dominated the music charts with a succession of multimillion-selling albums, and her musical and fashion influence on young women was felt around the globe. Madonna first appeared on screen in two low-budget films marketed to an adolescent audience: A Certain Sacrifice (1985) and Vision Quest (1985). However, she scored a minor cult hit with Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) starring alongside spunky Rosanna Arquette . Madonna's next effort with then husband Sean Penn , Shanghai Surprise (1986), was savaged by critics, although the resilient star managed to somewhat improve her standing with her next two films, the off-beat Who's That Girl (1987) (although she did receive decidedly mixed reviews, they weren't as negative as those of her previous effort) and the quirky Damon Runyon -inspired Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989). The big-budget and star-filled Dick Tracy (1990) had her playing bad girl \"Breathless Mahoney\" flirting with Warren Beatty , but the epic failed to catch fire at the box office. Taking an earthier role, Madonna was much more entertaining alongside Tom Hanks and Geena Davis in A League of Their Own (1992), a story about female baseball players during W.W.II. However, she again drew the wrath of critics with the whodunit Body of Evidence (1993), an obvious (and lame) attempt to cash in on the success of the sexy Sharon Stone thriller Basic Instinct (1992). Several other minor screen roles followed, then Madonna starred as Eva Perón in Evita (1996), a fairly well received screen adaptation of the hugely successful Broadway musical, for which she received a Golden Globe for Best Actress. The Material Girl stayed away from the movie cameras for several years, returning to co-star in the lukewarm romantic comedy The Next Best Thing (2000), followed by the painful Swept Away (2002) for husband Guy Ritchie . If those films weren't bad enough, she was woefully miscast as a vampish fencing instructor in the James Bond adventure Die Another Day (2002). After finally admitting that her acting days were over, Madonna began a directing career in 2008 with the barely remembered Filth and Wisdom (2008) and a year later she reunited with Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991) director Alek Keshishian to develop a script about the relationship between the Duke of Windsor and the Duchess of Windsor that led to his abdication in 1936: the result, a movie named W.E. (2011), starring James D'Arcy and Andrea Riseborough as the infernal but still royal couple, was released in 2011 to lukewarm critics but it gathered one Oscar nomination for costumes and won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song for \"Masterpiece\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4158835411071777, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Her song \"Little Star\" from her \"Ray of Light\" album (1998) is dedicated to her daughter Lourdes Leon .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.073626518249512, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Her son, Rocco Ritchie , with Ritchie, was born by emergency C-section - 3 weeks early. [11 August 2000]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697690963745117, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Was first introduced to her husband Guy Ritchie by Sting & Trudie Styler at their Country Estate. Sting was later made godfather of their first born son Rocco Ritchie .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500265121459961, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie", "passage": "She and husband Guy Ritchie adopted a boy from Malawi, David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie (born September 24th 2005). They filed the adoption papers on October 10, 2006 and the adoption was finalized on May 28, 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89973258972168, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Was 4 months pregnant with her daughter Lourdes Leon when she completed filming on Evita (1996).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.25340461730957, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Returned to work 7 months after giving birth to her daughter Lourdes Leon in order to begin recording her seventh studio album \"Ray of Light\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60368824005127, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Returned to work 8 months after giving birth to her son Rocco Ritchie in order to begin performing in her fifth concert tour, \"Drowned World Tour\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128246307373047, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Had planned to deliver both daughter Lourdes Leon and son Rocco Ritchie naturally but ultimately delivered them via emergency Caesarean sections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14224624633789, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Lost custody of her son Rocco Ritchie to ex-husband Guy Ritchie in March 2016. Over the Christmas holidays in 2015, Rocco decided to live with his dad in London instead of returning to his mother, who lives in New York. This decision ensued in a custody battle over whether Rocco needs to be forced to return to live with his mother against his will or whether he could stay and live with his father. It was ruled in March 2016 that Rocco can live with his father, while he can visit his mother during holidays in the US.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849638938903809, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "[during an interview on E! Television, May 2006, about her daughter Lourdes Leon ] Sometimes she doesn't want me to come to certain things because she knows everyone is going to pay attention to me and then they'll treat her differently. I took her to school on the first day last year, and all these kids were buzzing around. She came home that day and she was really irritated and kind of bummed out, like people were playing this contest - what would it be like to be Madonna's daughter?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5821284055709839, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Lourdes Leon Facts: 5 Things About Madonna’s Daughter - Hollywood Life", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2865118384361267, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon Facts: 5 Things About Madonna’s Daughter ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "She’s the daughter of Madonna , 56, but Lourdes Leon is more than just that. The 18-year old recently caught everyone’s attention when she reportedly slammed Kylie Jenner , 17, calling the KUWTK star “vile.” Before the great Lourdes-Kyle feud kicks off, HollywoodLife.com has you covered when it comes to knowing everything about the girl they call “Lola.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.35741132497787476, "source": "search", "title": "Lourdes Leon Facts: 5 Things About Madonna’s Daughter ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Madonna's daughter Lourdes Leon and Homeland actor Timothee Chalamet have reportedly been dating since April this year. Credit: Elder Ordonez/INFphoto.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.19392640888690948, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Makes Out With Boyfriend in ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "PHOTOS: Lourdes Leon Is All Grown Up And Fashionable In New York City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3255033493042, "source": "search", "title": "Papa Don't Preach! Madonna's 17-Year-Old Daughter Tells ..." }, { "answer": "David Banda", "passage": "In today's rendition of \"proof that kids are carbon copies of their parents,\" Madonna took her eldest Lourdes, 16, along with Rocco, 12, David Banda, 8, and Mercy James, 8, to Malawai . Maybe we just haven't seen Lourdes in a while but boy, is she a spitting image of her mother or what?!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9437097311019897, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Looks JUST Like Her (PHOTO)" }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Madonna's daughter Lourdes Leon enjoys bike ride with her father Carlos | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.975025475025177, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's daughter Lourdes Leon enjoys bike ride with her ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Lourdes Leon and her father Carlos rode bikes together in New York City on Thursday during her summer break before starting college.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468432426452637, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's daughter Lourdes Leon enjoys bike ride with her ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Pedal power: Lourdes Leon went on a bike ride on Thursday with her father Carlos Leon in New York City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474518775939941, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's daughter Lourdes Leon enjoys bike ride with her ..." }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Madonna said she used the N-word as a 'term of endearment' for her 13-year-old son Rocco Ritchie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7461676001548767, "source": "search", "title": "'I am not a racist!' Madonna apologizes for calling her ..." }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Madonna has apologized for calling her son, Rocco Ritchie, the N-word in an Instagram picture following a public outcry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4146252870559692, "source": "search", "title": "'I am not a racist!' Madonna apologizes for calling her ..." }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "Fighting words: Madonna landed in hot water Friday evening after using the N-word in a caption that accompanied a photo of her son, 13-year-old Rocco Ritchie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.134077548980713, "source": "search", "title": "'I am not a racist!' Madonna apologizes for calling her ..." }, { "answer": "David Banda", "passage": "Madonna has two adopted children from Malawi, David Banda and Mercy James, both eight-years-old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.204071521759033, "source": "search", "title": "'I am not a racist!' Madonna apologizes for calling her ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Maria", "passage": "She also has a 17-year-old daughter, Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, from a previous relationship with Cuban-born personal trainer Carlos Leon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.271154403686523, "source": "search", "title": "'I am not a racist!' Madonna apologizes for calling her ..." }, { "answer": "Rocco Ritchie", "passage": "'Bring it! 2014!' Madonna shared an Instagram snap Saturday of her 13-year-old son Rocco Ritchie clutching a bottle of 94-proof Bombay Sapphire gin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.895341873168945, "source": "search", "title": "'I am not a racist!' Madonna apologizes for calling her ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Lourdes Leon and Timothee Chalamet are dating Credit: Kevin Mazur/WireImage.com; Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372678756713867, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Dating Homeland's Timothee ..." }, { "answer": "Lourdes Leon", "passage": "Lourdes Leon is (sort of) hung up on a new, semi-famous guy: Homeland actor Timothee Chalamet. A source confirms to Us Weekly that Madonna 's 16-year-old daughter is dating high school senior Chalamet, who plays Vice President Walden's danger-prone son, Finn. Page Six first reported that Lourdes and Chalamet, classmates at the famed La Guardia High School of Performing Arts, are romantically attached.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.27022701501846313, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's Daughter Lourdes Dating Homeland's Timothee ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein was born in Amman on 14 November 1935 to King Talal bin Abdullah and Princess Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil. After completing his elementary education in Amman, he was educated at Victoria College in Alexandria, Egypt. He proceeded to Harrow School in England, where he befriended his second cousin Faisal II of Iraq. He pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.", "precise_score": 2.396768569946289, "rough_score": 3.921600818634033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Hussein was appointed Crown Prince of Jordan on 9 September 1951. Abdullah's eldest son, Talal, became King of Jordan, but thirteen months later was forced to abdicate owing to his mental state (European and Arab doctors diagnosed schizophrenia). King Talal's son, Crown Prince Hussein, was proclaimed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 11 August 1952, succeeding at the age of 16. A Regency Council was appointed until he came of age. He was enthroned on 2 May 1953.", "precise_score": 6.805020809173584, "rough_score": 6.4332966804504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein was succeeded as king by his eldest son Abdullah II of Jordan.", "precise_score": 8.29593563079834, "rough_score": 6.744518280029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "*** His Majesty Abdullah II, King of The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (born 1962). The current King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Married to Rania Al-Yassin. They have four children: Crown Prince Hussein, Princess Iman, Princess Salma and Prince Hashem.", "precise_score": 4.920200347900391, "rough_score": 5.275789737701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein (, ʿAbdullāh aṯ-ṯānī ibn Al-Ḥusayn; born 30 January 1962) has been the King of Jordan since he ascended the throne on 7 February 1999 upon the death of his father King Hussein. Abdullah is a member of the Hashemite family, which has ruled Jordan since 1921, and claims to be descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ", "precise_score": 6.598723411560059, "rough_score": 6.427838325500488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "1 His Majesty King Abdullah II: King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]. Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved on 14 December 2007 The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed Al Maktoum, is his brother-in-law, through marriage to Abdullah's sister Haya bint Al Hussein.", "precise_score": 3.5634193420410156, "rough_score": 3.013113498687744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On 24 January 1999, King Hussein named Abdullah as his heir-apparent, replacing Prince Hassan. ", "precise_score": 6.815937042236328, "rough_score": 9.212743759155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah became King on 7 February 1999, upon the death of his father King Hussein. Hussein had recently named him Crown Prince on 24 January, changing the constitution and replacing Hussein's brother Hassan, who had served many years in the position (nearly 34 years, from 1965 to 1999). Abdullah's namesake is King Abdullah I, his great grandfather who founded modern Jordan. ", "precise_score": 7.683621406555176, "rough_score": 9.045510292053223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Prince Ali bin Al Hussein, one of his brothers and president of the Jordan Football Association, has claimed that King Abdullah is the biggest fan of the Jordan national football team. King Abdullah himself was a former president of the football association until he assumed his father's throne and became King of Jordan and was succeeded by Prince Ali.", "precise_score": 6.030981063842773, "rough_score": 4.881314754486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The current monarch, Abdullah II, ascended the throne in February 1999 after the death of his father Hussein. Abdullah reaffirmed Jordan's commitment to the peace treaty with Israel and its relations with the United States. He refocused the government's agenda on economic reform, during his first year. King Abdullah's eldest son, Prince Hussein is the current Crown Prince of Jordan. The current prime minister is Hani Al-Mulki who received his position on 29 May 2016. ", "precise_score": 4.935628414154053, "rough_score": 2.8270835876464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein spent the final months of his life working relentlessly for peace and a succession that he hoped would insure both his immediate family's control of the throne and political stability in Jordan. Less than two weeks before his death, he stunned the world by bypassing his younger brother, Prince Hassan, 51, and designating his eldest son, 37-year-old Abdullah, as heir to the throne.", "precise_score": 4.409712314605713, "rough_score": 5.537575721740723, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Indeed, the legacy of political pragmatism and the fate of Abdullah, Jordan's first King, strongly shaped his rule. In the summer of 1951, when he was 15, King Hussein saw his grandfather gunned down at the entrance of the silver-domed Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.", "precise_score": 2.9954605102539062, "rough_score": 3.754237651824951, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "After Abdullah's assassination, Prince Talal, who had been treated at a Swiss clinic for schizophrenia, took the throne. When his attacks worsened, Parliament removed him, on Aug. 11, 1952, less than a month after Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt helped topple King Farouk in a military coup. Hussein, then 16, was proclaimed Jordan's King just as intense Arab nationalism was taking hold throughout the region.", "precise_score": 5.0014424324035645, "rough_score": 5.2474684715271, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein's successor is Crown Prince Abdullah, who was born in 1962.", "precise_score": 6.988788604736328, "rough_score": 5.5871357917785645, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On September 6, 1951, King Abdullah’s eldest son, King Talal, assumed the throne. He was soon followed by his eldest son, Hussein, who was proclaimed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on August 11, 1952. A Regency Council was appointed until King Hussein’s formal accession to the throne on May 2, 1953, when he assumed his constitutional powers after reaching the age of eighteen, according to the Islamic calendar.", "precise_score": 5.588176727294922, "rough_score": 6.303082466125488, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - His Majesty King Hussein bin Talal" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "AMMAN, Jordan -- While many in his kingdom slept, King Hussein of Jordan confirmed early today his much rumored decision to replace his brother Hassan as heir to the throne with the monarch's oldest son, Abdullah.", "precise_score": 8.11697006225586, "rough_score": 8.663594245910645, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan dumps brother as heir to the throne ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "\"We, Hussein I, King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. decree our eldest son, his Royal Highness Prince Abdullah bin Hussein, as crown prince and grant him all related rights and privileges,\" the terse decree read.", "precise_score": 4.73175048828125, "rough_score": 3.085082769393921, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan dumps brother as heir to the throne ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Hussein bin Talal was born on November 14, 1935, in Amman, Jordan. The son of King Talal, also known as Talal I bin Abdullah, Hussein ruled as king of Jordan from 1953 to 1999. His era of reign—spanning the Cold War and 40 years of Arab-Israeli conflict—marked the making of modern Jordan. Hussein bin Talal died in 1999. His successor was Abdullah II.", "precise_score": 7.579317092895508, "rough_score": 3.5900604724884033, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein bin Talal - King - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Survival, then, is one of Hussein’s key legacies and something he practiced from a young age. In 1951 the young Prince accompanied his grandfather, King Abdullah I, for Friday prayers at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in East Jerusalem when a Palestinian gunman shot, and killed, the monarch of Jordan. According to the story, a medal on Hussein’s uniform saved him from the same fate when a bullet ricocheted off it. Hussein’s father abdicated 13 months later and Hussein was appointed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 11 August 1952, aged 16.", "precise_score": 3.9409329891204834, "rough_score": 2.769542694091797, "source": "search", "title": "MEMO Profile: King Hussein of Jordan (14 November 1935 – 7 ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In some ways, Hussein’s private life mirrored his political allegiances. Hussein’s first wife, Dina, had a degree from Cambridge; his second was the daughter of a British colonel, Antoinette Gardiner, who converted and changed her name to Muna. Their eldest son, Abdullah, is the current King of Jordan. Hussein’s fourth, and final wife, was  Arab-American. During his time as monarch Hussein had four wives (though not at the same time), and 12 children.", "precise_score": 4.08572244644165, "rough_score": 4.38510274887085, "source": "search", "title": "MEMO Profile: King Hussein of Jordan (14 November 1935 – 7 ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Jordan's King Abdullah stripped his younger half brother Hamzeh of the latter's position as crown prince yesterday. He has not yet named a new successor, though by the terms of the Jordanian constitution Abdullah's ten-year-old son Hussein would automatically inherit the throne.", "precise_score": 7.061007976531982, "rough_score": 5.10686731338501, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In the event Abdullah dies without further action on succession, his son Hussein will be named king but would not actually rule until 2012, when he reaches the age of eighteen. In the interim, Jordan would be governed either by a single regent or a regency council. It is the king's prerogative to name the regent or the regency council as a precaution in the event of his death; if none is named, then the responsibility falls to the Jordanian cabinet. At the moment, it is not known whether Abdullah has privately taken steps to prepare for this constitutional void; no public announcement has been made.", "precise_score": 3.01322865486145, "rough_score": 2.653918743133545, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor - The New York Times", "precise_score": 3.6489944458007812, "rough_score": 2.878700017929077, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein of Jordan decreed on Monday that his eldest son, Prince Abdullah, would be next in line for the throne, Jordanian officials said.", "precise_score": 5.280616760253906, "rough_score": 6.349181175231934, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Prince Abdullah bin Hussein was born in Amman on Jan. 30, 1962, to the King and his second wife, Toni Avril Gardiner, an Englishwoman, who was known as Princess Musa.", "precise_score": 0.5035607218742371, "rough_score": 4.916726589202881, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On 20 July 1951, Prince Hussein traveled to Jerusalem to perform Friday prayers at the Al-Aqsa Mosque with his grandfather, King Abdullah I, where a Palestinian assassin opened fire on Abdullah and his grandson. Abdullah was killed, but the 15-year-old Hussein survived the assassination attempt, and according to witnesses, pursued the gunman. Witnesses reported that the gunman turned his weapon on the young prince, who was saved when the bullet was deflected by a medal on his uniform which had been given to him by his grandfather.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.661597490310669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On 24 January 1999, Hussein made a change to his will revising the law of succession, which earlier had designated his brother Hassan as heir-apparent, in favour of his eldest son Abdullah. He abruptly returned to the U.S. clinic on 25 January 1999 for further treatment undergoing a failed bone marrow transplant after which he returned to Jordan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5787322521209717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "*** His Royal Highness Prince Ali bin Al Hussein (born 1975). Married to Rym Brahimi now known as Her Royal Highness Princess Rym al-Ali. They have two children, HRH Princess Jalilah and HRH Prince Abdullah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.691983222961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hussein of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah was born to Hussein and his second wife, the British-born Princess Muna al-Hussein. Abdullah was named Crown Prince shortly after his birth. King Hussein transferred the title to his own brother, Hassan, in 1965, only to return it to Abdullah in 1999. Abdullah is married to Queen Rania of Jordan, who is of Palestinian origin. In 1993, Abdullah assumed command of Jordan's Special Forces, and became a Major General in May 1998.Kingabdullah.jo (2006), [http://www.kingabdullah.jo/main.php?main_page0&lang_hmka1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1249178647994995, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah was born in Amman, to King Hussein, during his marriage to British-born Princess Muna al-Hussein (born Antoinette Avril Gardiner). Abdullah was the king's eldest son and as such he was heir apparent to the throne of Jordan under the 1952 constitution. However, due to unstable times in the 1960s, King Hussein decided to appoint his brother, Prince Hassan bin Talal, as his heir-apparent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4746261239051819, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah began his schooling at the Islamic Educational College in Amman. Abdullah then attended St Edmund's School, Hindhead, in England, before continuing his education in the United States at Eaglebrook School and Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts. In 1980, Abdullah attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, was commissioned into the British Army as a Second Lieutenant, and served for a year as a troop commander in the 13th/18th Royal Hussars. In 1982, Abdullah was admitted to Pembroke College, Oxford, where he completed a one-year Special Studies course in Middle Eastern Affairs. Upon returning home, Abdullah joined the Royal Jordanian Army, serving as an officer in the 40th Armored Brigade, and undergoing a parachuting and freefall course. In 1985, Abdullah attended the Armored Officer's Advanced Course at Fort Knox, and in 1986, he became commander of a tank company in the 91st Armored Brigade, holding the rank of Captain. He also served with the Royal Jordanian Air Force in its Anti-Tank Wing, where he was trained to fly Cobra attack helicopters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.698209285736084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 1987, Abdullah attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629899978637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 1993, Abdullah assumed command of Jordan's Special Forces, and became a Major General in May 1998.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5406346321105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "A few hours after the announcement of his father's death, Abdullah went before an emergency session of the Jordanian National Assembly. Wearing a red-and-white Keffiyeh, Abdullah entered the parliament to quiet applause from senators and assemblymen, some weeping. Hussein's two brothers, Hassan and Mohammed, walked ahead of him. Abdullah stood in front of a portrait of Hussein at-attention, drawing more applause. Abdullah then spoke in Arabic the oath taken by Hussein almost fifty years before; \"I swear by Almighty God to uphold the constitution and to be faithful to the nation\". Zaid al-Rifai, speaker of the House of Notables (Senate), opened the session with Al-Fatiha, the opening Sura (chapter) of the Quran. His voice cracked with emotion as he led the recitation. \"God, save his majesty,\" \"God, give him advice and take care of him.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.659724712371826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah is the head of a constitutional monarchy in which the king retains substantial power. In 2010, he was chosen as the fourth most influential Muslim in the world. In the 2016 edition he is leading the field as most influential Muslim. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.017421722412109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Jordan's economy has improved since Abdullah ascended to the throne in 1999, and he has been credited with increasing foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships, and providing the foundation for Aqaba's free trade zone and Jordan's flourishing ICT sector. He also set up five other special economic zones: Irbid, Ajloun, Mafraq, Ma'an and the Dead Sea. As a result of these reforms, Jordan's economic growth has doubled to 6% annually under Abdullah's rule compared to the latter half of the 1990s. Foreign direct investment from the West as well as the countries of the Persian Gulf has continued to increase. He also negotiated a free trade agreement with the United States, which was the third free trade agreement for the U.S. and the first with an Arab country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.693607330322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 2008 Abdullah began his Decent Housing for Decent Living campaign in which all Jordanian citizens, and Palestinian refugees, will be guaranteed residential housing with access to community needs such as health, education, and community activities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.512395858764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah's speech at The Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law in September 2005 was entitled \"Traditional Islam: The Path to Peace.\" While en route to the United States, Abdullah met with Pope Benedict XVI to build on the relations that Jordan had established with Pope John Paul II to discuss ways in which Muslims and Christians can continue to work together for peace, tolerance, and coexistence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.664002895355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah announced on 2 March 2007 municipal elections in Jordan and on 25 November 2006 in his parliament address, told the parliament to work on reforms of the press and publication law. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.832115650177002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah has worked for the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, attending the Arab Summit in 2002, OIC conferences and having several summits with US, Israeli and Palestinian delegations to find a solution for the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. On 6 December 2012, Abdullah traveled to the West Bank to visit the Palestinian Authority, becoming the first head of state to visit the territory after it was accepted as a non-member observer state to the United Nations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629558563232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Jordan received criticism when Toujan al-Faisal, Jordan's first female member of Parliament and an outspoken advocate for freedom of expression and human rights, was jailed for slandering the government after she charged it with corruption in a letter to Abdullah. She was pardoned and released by Abdullah. Despite these events, Abdullah has continued his aggressive liberalization of Jordan's media. He recently issued a declaration forbidding detention of journalists in Jordan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.82226037979126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Major General Yair Naveh, GOC of the Israel Defense Forces Homefront Command and former GOC of Israeli Central Command, said in a gathering with reporters that Abdullah might fall and that he could be the last king of Jordan. The statement created tension between the two countries, and afterwards Naveh retracted his statement and apologized. Later, the Israeli prime minister Olmert expressed the disagreement of Israel with Naveh's statement, and referred to it as a personal and irrelevant view. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3087995052337646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah has a strong belief in a powerful military and has led Jordan into adopting a \"quality over quantity\" policy. This policy has led Jordan to acquire advanced weaponry and greatly increase and enhance its F-16 fighter jet fleet. The ground forces have acquired the Challenger 1 main battle tank, a vehicle far superior to the T-72/55 tanks that have traditionally dominated Arab armies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4087090492248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah has made women's rights an important part of his dynasty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.284191131591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On 28 November 2004, Abdullah removed the title of crown prince from his half-brother, Hamzah, whom he had appointed on 7 February 1999, in accordance with their father's wishes. In a letter from Abdullah to Hamzah, read on Jordanian state television, he said, \"Your holding this symbolic position has restrained your freedom and hindered our entrusting you with certain responsibilities that you are fully qualified to undertake.\" No successor to the title was named at that time, but it was anticipated that Abdullah intended to appoint formally his own son and new heir apparent, Prince Hussein, as crown prince. Hussein was granted the title on 2 July 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.742748260498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 2005 BBC International published an article titled \"Jordan edging towards democracy\", where Abdullah expressed his intentions of making Jordan a democratic country. According to the article, United States President George W. Bush urged Abdullah to \"...take steps towards democracy.\" Thus far, however, democratic development has been limited, with the monarchy maintaining most power and its allies dominating parliament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.825660228729248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Elections were held in November 2010, and following the Arab Spring in 2011, a new prime minister was appointed. In June 2011 Abdullah announced a move to a British style of Cabinet Government but it is still under debate. In 2015, the one vote system was shed. The move is expected to empower political parties, in an attempt to introduce party-based governments chosen by the parliament in the future. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67162799835205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Jordan embarked on an aggressive economic liberalization program when Abdullah ascended the throne in 1999, in an effort to stimulate the economy and raise the standard of living. Jordan's economy has improved since Abdullah's assumption of power. He has been credited with increasing foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships and providing the foundation of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority and Jordan's flourishing information and communication technology (ICT) sector. He also set up five other special economic zones: Irbid, Ajloun, Mafraq, Ma'an and the Dead Sea. As a result of these reforms, Jordan's economic growth has doubled to 6% annually under Abdullah II's rule compared to the latter half of the 1990s. Direct foreign investment from the West as well as from the countries of the Persian Gulf continued to increase. He also negotiated a free-trade agreement with the United States, which was the third free trade agreement for the U.S. and the first with an Arab country. Jordan's foreign debt to GDP percentage fell from more than 210 percent in 1990 to 83 percent by the end of 2005, a substantial decrease that was described as an \"extraordinary achievement\" by the International Monetary Fund. His efforts have turned Jordan into the freest Arab economy and the 9th freest economy in the world according to an 2015 study issued by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty. However, regional turmoil in the 2010s and the Global financial crisis of 2007–08 has severely crippled the Jordanian economy and its growth, making it increasingly reliant on foreign aid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.765679359436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 2007 Abdullah revealed that Jordan has plans to develop nuclear power for internal energy purposes because unlike other countries in the region, Jordan has almost no oil. Jordan is one of the few non-petroleum producing nations in the region and was strategically dependent on subsidized oil from its neighbor Iraq. The 2003 American invasion of Iraq cut the oil supply to Jordan and put its national and energy security at risk. Jordan in 2007 signed a gas deal with Egypt, the pipeline was attacked 37 times by Islamic State affiliates in the Sinai by 2014, this added enormous strain on Jordan's electrical company whose debts rose substantially. The cut in Egyptian gas supplies coincided with Jordan hosting millions of Syrian refugees. Jordan's first nuclear facility will be ready by 2016 called Jordan Research and Training Reactor located in Jordan University of Science and Technology in Irbid which aims to train Jordanian students in the already existing Nuclear engineering program. There will be two other nuclear reactors to be completed by 2023 and 2025 which will be located near Qasr Amra. In turn, the nuclear power plants will desalinate the water and pump it to northern Jordan. According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Jordan is the world's third poorest country in terms of water resources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.68220853805542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 2010 Abdullah proposed a World Interfaith Harmony Week at the United Nations, to promote a culture of peace; the elimination of all forms of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief; and the promotion of interreligious dialogue. In 2016, it was announced that Abdullah will fund the restoration of Christ’s Tomb in Jerusalem’s Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Royal Court informed the Orthodox Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem of the “makruma” (Royal Benefaction) in a letter of 10 April 2016. According to the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, the aedicule, the place of burial and resurrection of Christ, will be the object of the restoration. It has remained untouched since 1947 when the British put in place steel support beams as part of a restoration project that never took place. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.233050346374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Speaking about the unrest in Syria and Iraq, Abdullah told a delegation of US congressmen in June 2014 of his fears of wider unrest in the Middle East the turmoil in Iraq could spill over into the entire region. He added that any solution to the problems in the war-torn country must involve all of the people of Iraq. Abdullah’s comments put him at odds with Israel on Iraq’s future. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had called for full independence for Iraq’s northern Kurdish region, echoing earlier statements by President Shimon Peres. Abdullah’s comments came as the Iraqi army continued to attack jihadist forces that had recently seized large areas of the country north of Baghdad. In the biggest operation at the time against the Islamic State, troops backed by tanks and helicopter gunships battled to retake the city of Tikrit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.408061981201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "This followed reports of ISIS activity inside Jordan itself, at two rallies in Ma'an tens of protesters took it to the street raising their fists while waving home-made banners bearing the logo and inscriptions of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and shouted, \"Down, down with Abdullah,\" the king of Jordan. Supporters of Islamic State in Jordan is extremely low and even might have become non-existent after the murder of the Jordanian pilot Muath Al-Kasasbeh by the Islamic State in February 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6661486625671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 2014, two constitutional amendments, approved by the majority of both upper and lower houses, granted the King of Jordan sole authority to appoint the head of the armed forces and director of the kingdom’s General Intelligence Department (GID). Almost three years earlier, in October 2011, in response to public protests calling for political reforms, Abdullah had approved a number of constitutional amendments that curtailed some of his powers and allowed for the creation of a Constitutional Court and an Independent Elections Commission. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0470235347747803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "According to The Royal Hashemite Court, King Abdullah conducted a total of 1,381 activities in 2015. Of which; 835 were meetings with Jordanian figures, 435 meetings with foreign figures, 92 phone calls with Arab and foreign leaders, 52 military events, 19 speeches and interviews, 36 working visits and received 123 leaders and officials from Arab and foreign countries. Of the total 835 meetings with Jordanian figures; 647 were meetings with officials and 52 were with military staff. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.675380706787109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah is married to Rania al-Abdullah of Palestinian origin. He is the first king of Jordan who has never had more than one wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.366506814956665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah has listed sky diving, rally racing, scuba diving, football, and science fiction among his interests and hobbies. He promotes tourism in Jordan, having served as a tour guide for Discovery Channel travel host Peter Greenberg in the \"Jordan: The Royal Tour\". In the program Abdullah said that he is no longer permitted to sky dive since his assumption of the throne. Abdullah also likes motorcycles, and toured Northern California on a Harley-Davidson in July 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.216738700866699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah attended Deerfield Academy in his youth, and in appreciation of the schooling he received, he has created King's Academy, a sister institution, in Jordan. He hired Deerfield Headmaster Eric Widmer to lead it, along with many other Deerfield staff. Prior to Deerfield, King Abdullah attended Eaglebrook School. He is the Colonel-in-Chief of the UK Light Dragoons regiment; his previous connection to the unit includes his service as a Troop Leader in the 13th/18th Royal Hussars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6576473712921143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah has an interest in the internet and information technology, and commented on two Jordanian blogs that discussed his interview with the Petra News Agency: the Black Iris and the newspaper daily Ad-Dustor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.210814476013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "He is also a fan of stand-up comedian Russell Peters, granting him an audience in 2009 and inviting him for dinner. Abdullah helped push a car stuck in snow in Amman during the 2013 Middle East cold snap. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.199427604675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "* 1 March 1965 - 24 January 1999: His Royal Highness The Prince Abdullah of Jordan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.173985719680786, "source": "wiki", "title": "Abdullah II of Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the then Emir Abdullah I and became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. Jordan captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the name of the state was changed to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1949. Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and is one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel. The country is a constitutional monarchy, where the king holds wide executive and legislative powers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.401964545249939, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The Great Arab Revolt successfully gained control of most of territories of the Hejaz and the Levant, including the region east of the Jordan River. However, it failed to gain international recognition as an independent state, due mainly to the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917. This was seen by the Hashemites and the Arabs as a betrayal of their previous agreements with the British, including the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence of 1915, in which the British stated their willingness to recognize the independence of a unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo to Aden under the rule of the Hashemites. The region was divided and Abdullah I, the second son of Sharif Hussein arrived from Hejaz by train in Ma'an in southern Jordan, where he was greeted by Transjordanian leaders. Abdullah established the Emirate of Transjordan, which then became a British protectorate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.396656036376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The first organized army in Jordan was established on 22 October 1920, and was named the \"Arab Legion\". The Legion grew from 150 men in 1920 to 8,000 in 1946. Multiple difficulties emerged upon the assumption of power in the region by the Hashemite leadership. In Transjordan, small local rebellions at Kura in 1921 and 1923 were suppressed by Emir Abdullah with the help of British forces. Wahhabis from Najd regained strength and repeatedly raided the southern parts of his territory in (1922-1924), seriously threatening the Emir's position. The Emir was unable to repel those raids without the aid of the local Bedouin tribes and the British, who maintained a military base with a small RAF detachment close to Amman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.090716361999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Abdullah was assassinated at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 1951 by a Palestinian militant, amid rumors he intended to sign a peace treaty with Israel. Abdullah was succeeded by his son Talal, however Talal soon abdicated due to illness in favor of his eldest son Hussein, who ascended the throne in 1953. On 1 March 1956, King Hussein sacked a number of British personnel serving in the Jordanian Army, an act of Arabization made to ensure the complete sovereignty of Jordan. Neighboring Iraq was also ruled by a Hashemite monarchy; Faisal II of Iraq, who was Hussein's cousin. 1958 witnessed the emergence of the Arab Federation between the two kingdoms, as a response to the formation of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria. The union lasted only six months, being dissolved after Faisal II was deposed by a military coup. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6444461941719055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On 7 February 1999, Abdullah II ascended the throne upon the death of his father Hussein. Jordan's economy has improved since then. Abdullah II has been credited with increasing foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships and providing the foundation for Aqaba's free-trade zone and Jordan's flourishing information and communication technology (ICT) sector. He also set up five other special economic zones. As a result of these reforms, Jordan's economic growth has doubled to 6% annually compared to the latter half of the 1990s. However, the Great Recession and regional turmoil in the 2010s has severely crippled the Jordanian economy and its growth, making it increasingly reliant on foreign aid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6839547157287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The Arab Spring began sweeping the Arab world in 2011, where large scale protests erupted demanding economic and political reforms. However, many of these protests in some countries turned into civil wars and more instability. In Jordan, in response to domestic unrest, Abdullah II replaced his prime minister and introduced a number of reforms including; amending the Constitution and establishing a number of governmental commissions. The King told the new prime minister to \"take quick, concrete and practical steps to launch a genuine political reform process, to strengthen democracy and provide Jordanians with the dignified life they deserve\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1138558387756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In 2014, Jordan joined an aerial bombardment campaign by an international coalition lead by the United States against the Islamic State as part of its intervention in the Syrian Civil War. In 2015, Jordan participated in the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0052125453948975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Jordan's military industry thrived after the King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau (KADDB) defence company was established by King Abdullah II in 1999, to provide an indigenous capability for the supply of scientific and technical services to the Jordanian Armed Forces, and to become a global hub in security research and development. It manufactures all types of military products, many of which are presented at the bi-annually held international military exhibition SOFEX. In 2015, KADDB exported $72 million worth of industries to over 42 countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6611974835395813, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "Music in Jordan is now developing with a lot of new bands and artists, who are now popular in the Middle East. Artists such as Omar Al-Abdallat, Toni Qattan and Hani Metwasi have increased the popularity of Jordanian music. The Jerash Festival is an annual music event that features popular Arab singers. Pianist and composer Zade Dirani has gained wide international popularity. There is also an increasing growth of alternative Arabic music bands, who are dominating the scene in the Arab World, including; El Morabba3, Autostrad, JadaL, Akher Zapheer and Ayloul. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8484697341918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jordan" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "''I have at last carried out the will of King Abdullah,'' he declared on the White House lawn, referring to his grandfather.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.155553817749023, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein said another bullet had ricocheted off a medal on the uniform he had been told to wear by his grandfather, who had become a scapegoat of Arabs furious over their humiliating defeat by Israel in 1948-49 and of Palestinians angry at King Abdullah's secret meetings with Israeli leaders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3246991634368896, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In a memoir, King Hussein said he had learned painful, important lessons from witnessing the killing of Abdullah, a ''wonderful old man'' and a ''man of desert ways to whom I owe more than I can say.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.575404644012451, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In an interview more than 30 years later, the King said he would never forget how Abdullah's aides, his ''so-called friends,'' had scattered in all directions ''like frightened women in the night'' minutes after the killing, or how they had opened political intrigues within hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.357236385345459, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Though he shared Abdullah's commitment to the Arab cause, the assassination reinforced his skepticism about fellow Arab rulers. And from that day on, he carried a gun or kept one within easy reach.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545692443847656, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah had been born and raised among the tribes of the Arabian Desert, but Hussein, in contrast, was educated at Victoria College in Alexandria, Egypt, and at Harrow and the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.476031303405762, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Indeed, his Hashemite family owed much to Britain. To protect against French encroachment on British interests in Palestine, and to reward the family for leading the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans, who were allied to Germany, in 1916, Winston Churchill, then the Colonial Secretary, had carved Transjordan out of Syria in 1921, agreed to finance the emirate with a modest subsidy and given it to Abdullah to rule under British mandate. In 1946 Transjordan became independent. Abdullah, who never abandoned the dream of re-creating and ruling a modern Arab empire, became King and renamed his country the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.002312660217285, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Unlike other Arab leaders, Abdullah -- like his grandson Hussein -- quickly grasped that he would have to deal with the Zionists. Contacts between them began as early as 1926, and in 1946 Abdullah and Jewish leaders agreed informally that Jordan would not oppose establishment of a Jewish state if the Zionists supported his rule over the Arab parts of Palestine. But after war erupted in 1948, Abdullah invaded the newborn state of Israel, winning control of half of Jerusalem and the West Bank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.873237609863281, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The King's second wife was Toni Avril Gardiner, whom the King named Muna, Arabic for My Wish. The shy daughter of an English colonel at the British Embassy, Muna had little interest in politics and refused to be designated Queen. She and King Hussein had four children, including Abdullah. The marriage ended in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.021757356822490692, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Queen Noor and the King grew particularly close during his long fight with cancer. According to family friends, she urged him to designate her son Hamzeh as heir instead of Prince Hassan. While concluding that Hamzah, who is now 18, was still too young for the job, Hussein did pass over his loyal, long-serving brother in favor of Abdullah, his eldest son, who named Hamzeh his Crown Prince yesterday.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.433720111846924, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Hussein's grandfather, King Abdullah, is assassinated in Je 2/3ru 2/3sa 2/3lem. Hussein, who is at his side, is unhurt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4061744213104248, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Home in Jordan, he changes the line of succession by passing the crown from his brother to his son Abdullah. He dies Feb. 7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9051533341407776, "source": "search", "title": "Hussein, King Who Took Risks, Dies at 63 - nytimes.com" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "His family's circumstances were modest. Though heir to the throne, his father, Talal ibn Abdallah, supported his family of three sons and a daughter on an allowance of pounds 1,000 a year. Hussein received his primary education at schools in Amman and then at 13 was sent to Victoria College, Alexandria, an Egyptian boarding school on the British model. He recalled repairing his school uniform with a needle and thread to spare his parents the expense of replacing it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2499022483825684, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "In 1946, Transjordan was granted independence from Britain, partly in recognition of the contribution of the country's British-led army, the Arab Legion, towards the Allied war effort. Abdallah's title was changed from Emir to King.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250898361206055, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "King Abdallah was disappointed by Talal (who suffered from schizophrenia) and pinned his hopes instead on his favourite grandson. He took charge of Hussein's education and instructed him in statecraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.266248941421509, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "One of the principles that Hussein learned from his grandfather was that the state of Israel, which had come into being in 1948, was determined to survive at all costs. Rather than imagine - as did most Arab leaders - that Israel would be wiped off the map in due course, King Abdallah believed that Jordan had to come to terms with it. The same principle guided Hussein throughout his reign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.022440195083618, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "Abdallah had made a secret deal with the leaders of the incipient state of Israel, by which Jordan would take possession of the part of Palestine to be granted to the Arabs under the partition scheme when British rule in Palestine came to an end in 1948. The plan was realised after the Arab-Israeli war of 1948, which followed British withdrawal from Palestine. Jordan claimed the West Bank of the River Jordan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.944806098937988, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "Three years after annexing the West Bank, King Abdallah was assassinated as he entered al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. He had aroused widespread opposition from Arab nationalists for taking the West Bank in a manoeuvre seen as being exclusively in the interests of Jordan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7881473898887634, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdalla", "passage": "Much of the public criticism of Abdallah had come from Egypt. So Hussein continued his education in England, at Harrow, where his cousin, the future King Faisal II of Iraq, was also a pupil. In the meantime, Hussein's father, Talal, had become king, although his mental condition had deteriorated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.556434392929077, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "His new queen became a Muslim, and took the name Muna. They had two sons - the eldest of whom, Abdullah, was named heir to the throne this year - and twin girls. However, their marriage ended in 1972, when Hussein divorced her to marry Alia Toukan, a vivacious Palestinian.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.08953332901001, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "He was born in Amman on November 14, 1935, to Prince Talal bin Abdullah and Princess Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil. King Hussein is survived by two brothers, Prince Muhammad and Prince El Hassan, and one sister, Princess Basma. After completing his elementary education in Amman, His Majesty attended Victoria College in Alexandria, Egypt, and Harrow School in England. He later received his military education at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5576667785644531, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - His Majesty King Hussein bin Talal" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Early in young Hussein’s life, and on July 20, 1951, his grandfather King Abdullah was martyred at al-Aqsa mosque in al-Quds ( Jerusalem ). Hussein was there, with his grandfather, as they went regularly to perform Friday prayers. A medal King Abdullah had recently given the young Prince Hussein, and which he wore after his grandfather’s insistence, saved Hussein from the assassin’s bullet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5376806855201721, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - His Majesty King Hussein bin Talal" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "King Hussein married Queen Noor on June 15, 1978. They have two sons -Hamzah and Hashem- and two daughters -Iman and Raiyah. His Majesty is also survived by three sons -Abdullah, Faisal and Ali- and five daughters -Alia, Zein, Aisha, Haya and Abeer- from three previous marriages. Toward the end of his life, King Hussein became the proud grandfather of a growing number of grandchildren.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.142803192138672, "source": "search", "title": "Biography - His Majesty King Hussein bin Talal" }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Should Hussein opt to take his brother out of the line of succession, it is still unclear which of his sons the king would elevate to the position of crown prince. But speculation is that his eldest son, Prince Abdullah Bin Al Hussein, is the likely candidate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5991018414497375, "source": "search", "title": "CNN - King Hussein ponders change in succession to Jordan ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah, 36, is Hussein's son from his second marriage, to Tony Gardiner, a Briton who adopted the name of Mona when she converted to Islam upon her marriage to Hussein in 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.623302936553955, "source": "search", "title": "CNN - King Hussein ponders change in succession to Jordan ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah has a military education and is popular with Jordan's armed forces, as well as with the kingdom's Bedouin tribes. Analysts say no one can question his legitimacy as crown prince should King Hussein announce a realignment in the line of succession.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5531622767448425, "source": "search", "title": "CNN - King Hussein ponders change in succession to Jordan ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Well-informed royal sources told the Associated Press that Abdullah is likely to pick his brother, Hamza, as his eventual successor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.234918594360352, "source": "search", "title": "CNN - King Hussein ponders change in succession to Jordan ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Prince Abdullah, married and the father of two, is an Army major general who heads an elite palace security force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.827946662902832, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan dumps brother as heir to the throne ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In the Arab world, first-born sons are accorded special standing in the family. Hussein is known as \"Abu Abdullah\" -- father of Abdullah -- in the tradition of Arab society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.774796962738037, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan dumps brother as heir to the throne ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "At times in the past week, the succession saga took on the trappings of a Shakespearean drama or a palace soap opera. Speculation arose over whether the king would chose Abdullah, his oldest son by his second, British-born wife, or 19-year-old Hamzeh, whose mother is the present, U.S.-born Queen Noor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.246312141418457, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein of Jordan dumps brother as heir to the throne ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Accounts say that the Palestinian who fired at Abdullah was adamantly opposed to the King making peace with Israel and for acting in the interests of Jordan, not Palestine. Hussein’s grandfather hoped to take control of the Arab part of Palestine, in exchange for smoothing the creation of Israel. The consequence of these aspirations – the tragic incident at the mosque – was one of many altercations King Hussein would have with the Palestinians during his 46-year reign. As Avi Shlaim puts it in his autobiography, The Lion of Jordan: “no problem that Hussein had to confront during his reign was more taxing or more persistent than the problem of Palestine.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3388618230819702, "source": "search", "title": "MEMO Profile: King Hussein of Jordan (14 November 1935 – 7 ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Hussein’s great grandfather and King of Hijaz, Hussein bin Ali, led the uprising against Ottoman rule on the side of the British. At the time, the Hashemite family were seen to be the guardians of the holy cities Mecca and Medina and had ruled over the Hijaz region for seven centuries. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, Hussein bin Ali’s son Faisal was given Iraq and Abdullah was given Transjordan, which became Jordan. The Hashemite family has traced their ancestry back to the Prophet Mohammed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4684326946735382, "source": "search", "title": "MEMO Profile: King Hussein of Jordan (14 November 1935 – 7 ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession - The Washington Institute for Near East Policy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.949374675750732, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.272619247436523, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "In January 1999, Abdullah was named crown prince by his father, King Hussein, just two weeks before the latter's death from cancer. In so doing, Hussein stripped his full brother, Hassan, from the crown princeship, after more than three decades in the role. After assuming the throne, Abdullah himself named his younger half brother Hamzeh as his own crown prince, evidently fulfilling his father's wish. The now twenty-four-year-old Hamzeh, a former Sandhurst cadet who married a cousin earlier this year, is the son of Queen Noor, Hussein's fourth and last wife. (Ali, another of Hussein's sons and the product of his marriage to the Palestinian Alia Toukan, also got married this year, to the daughter of UN Iraq envoy and former Algerian diplomat Lakhdar Brahimi.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.608920693397522, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Changing lines of succession is a time-honored Hashemite tradition. The late Hussein changed crown princes four times (from his brother Muhammad, to his infant son Abdullah, to his second brother Hassan, and again to his then-grown-up son Abdullah) and he changed the overall line on other occasions, too. In this light, the decision to strip Hamzeh of the succession and award it, by default, to Abdullah's own direct descendants was probably inevitable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.853411674499512, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah's Move", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912609100341797, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Announcement of the king's decision to strip his half brother of the crown princeship came in the form of a letter to \"my dear brother\" Hamzeh. In that note, Abdullah complimented Hamzeh as a \"sincere Jordanian soldier, keen to selflessly perform the call of duty.\" Abdullah then set the predicate for his decision by noting he \"personally\" had chosen Hamzeh \"from amongst all my brothers, including those who are older than you.\" Abdullah then offered a novel if somewhat contradictory explanation for changing his mind now. On the one hand, Abdullah wrote, the crown princeship is only an \"honorary\" position without \"any authority or any responsibility;\" he even cited the late Hussein as the source of authority for the idea of \"the honorary concept of the position of Crown Prince.\" (This point is odd; while the position has no authority it certainly carries responsibility, i.e., the right to inherit the throne.) On the other hand, wrote Abdullah, this honorary role has been too constricting: \"Holding this symbolic position has restrained your freedom and hindered our trusting you with certain responsibilities that you are fully qualified to undertake.\" As a result, Abdullah concluded, \"I have decided to free you from the constraints of the position of Crown Prince in order to give you the freedom to work and undertake any mission or responsibility I entrust you with, along side with all our brothers, the sons of Al Hussein, and other members of the Hashemite Family.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.635075330734253, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Abdullah did not name a new successor, but that is not a legal requirement. As he wrote to Hamzeh, \"As for the position of Crown Prince, I will continue, guided by the Constitution and the good of our beloved Jordan and our noble Hashemite message, to give it my sincere attention.\" Abdullah was most likely referring to chapter four, article 28, of the Jordanian constitution, which stipulates that \"the royal title shall pass from the holder of the throne to his eldest son.\" The constitution offers the king the option of choosing one of his brothers as \"heir apparent,\" as both the incumbent and his father had done, but it does not actually require any declaration of succession. In the absence of such a declaration, succession automatically passes to the eldest son.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4523612260818481, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The simplest explanation for the timing of Abdullah's move is probably the most accurate, i.e., he changed the line of succession because he could. Nearly five years after the death of his father, Abdullah no longer operates under his father's shadow and clearly considers himself to be in full control of the Hashemite kingdom. He evidently calculated that he had attained a status in the country such that his decision would be accepted without dissent by courtiers, family members, and common people alike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.457502365112305, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Indeed, there have already been some murmurings in the media suggesting that replacing Hamzeh, the son of the American-born Queen Noor, with Hussein, the son of the Palestinian-born Queen Rania, might even enhance Abdullah's popularity. Such rumors should not be exaggerated, however, since Hamzeh himself was widely considered a pious, faithful, and devoted young man, certainly more popular than his mother. There is no reason to believe Hamzeh will actively protest his diminished status, though Hashemites -- descendants of the Prophet Muhammad -- are famous for their long memories. Over time, oppositionists and sidelined stalwarts of the late Hussein may try to enlist Hamzeh in their cause, but Hashemites tend to hang together, perhaps because there are so few of them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.697895526885986, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "One intriguing passage in Abdullah's letter suggests a possible alternative route. His reference to having named Hamzeh as crown prince over his older brothers hints that the king may yet have a special role to play for his full brother, Faysal. Indeed, only about a month ago, Abdullah relieved Faysal of his duties as commander of the Jordanian air force and assigned him to Jordanian army headquarters. While some observers suggested this move was in preparation for an eventual elevation of Faysal to serve as chief of the general staff, there is a possibility that Abdullah could name Faysal as crown prince, just as his father named his uncle Hassan crown prince. While the assumption may be that the succession would eventually revert to young Hussein, there is no certainty unless formal decisions to that effect are made. One way to elevate Faysal without risking a diversion in the line of Abdullah would be to issue a royal decree naming Faysal as the regent (or at least a member of the regency council) in the event Abdullah dies before Hussein reaches his majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.788201332092285, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "If there had been any doubt, Abdullah's succession move underscores his tight control on the Jordanian political system. This had been manifested earlier this year by the appointment of his able chief of royal protocol as prime minister. At the same time, the succession decision confirms the political coming-of-age of the forty-two-year-old king. It follows on other bold moves he has made, including his reversal of his father's 1990 Gulf War precedent by lending political and material support to the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and by spearheading a domestic \"Jordan First\" campaign that was perceived by many Palestinian-Jordanians as an affront to their delicate standing in local society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.888911008834839, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "More bold moves may be in the offing. One is Abdullah's effort to project a positive image of Muslim religious tolerance by issuing what he termed his \"Amman Message\" during Ramadan. Another -- and much riskier --  possibility to look for is Abdullah asserting himself as the moderate spokesman on behalf of Iraqi Sunnis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.237968444824219, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Robert Satloff, executive director of The Washington Institute, is the author of From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition (1994) and From Hussein to Abdullah: Jordan in Transition (1999).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.410599708557129, "source": "search", "title": "Analyzing King Abdullah's Change in the Line of Succession ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "World |King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5750765800476074, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Prince Abdullah, who will soon turn 37, is a major general in the army and leads Jordan's special forces. He is said to share his father's common touch and is popular within the military, where support for the monarchy is deeply rooted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.169437408447266, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "A separate copy of the royal decree, also published today, designated Prince Abdullah as the new Crown Prince with ''all rights and priveleges.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.293964385986328, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Little is known about Prince Ab dullah, who has not been tested outside the armed forces. Like his father, he attended the British military academy at Sandhurst, England. A biographer, James Lunt, wrote in his 1989 book ''Hussein of Jordan,'' published by Macmillan London, that Prince Abdullah was ''remarkably like his father in character.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.16515588760376, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "On infrequent occasions, Prince Abdullah has served as regent in Jordan, with the power to oversee the country during the absence of senior members of the royal family. But some of his associates have said he has never shown much ambition outside the army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.154432773590088, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "For a brief period after his birth, the infant was designated Crown Prince, in keeping with the tradition of succession incorporated into Jordan's Constitution after the Emirate of Transjordan was recognized as a state in 1923, under King Abdullah, grandfather of the current King.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2883532047271729, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "The fact that Prince Abdullah's mother was a foreigner, and converted to Islam only upon marriage, has sometimes been seen as a potential obstacle to his becoming King. A more sentimental choice among many Jordanians has been Prince Ali, the King's eldest son by his third wife, Queen Alia, a Palestinian, whom he married shortly after divorcing Princess Musa in 1971.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.692105770111084, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Still, Prince Abdullah -- who attended high school at the Deerfield Academy in Illinois, took one-year courses at Oxford and Georgetown Universities, and served for a short time in the British Army -- has in recent years soothed apprehensions that his outlook might be directed abroad. His wife, Princess Rania, whom he married in 1993, is a Palestinian. They have a son, Prince Hussein, and a daughter, Princess Iman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.624252319335938, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." }, { "answer": "Abdullah", "passage": "Correction: January 27, 1999, Wednesday An article yesterday about King Hussein's selection of his eldest son, Prince Abdullah, as his successor misstated the adopted name of the King's second wife, Toni Avril Gardiner. She was known as Princess Muna, not Musa. Because of an editing error, the article misstated the site of Deerfield Academy, where Prince Abdullah attended secondary school. It is in Massachusetts, not Illinois.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7670623064041138, "source": "search", "title": "King Hussein Selects Eldest Son, Abdullah, as Successor ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Kelly was also active in improving the arts institutions of Monaco, forming the Princess Grace Foundation in 1964 to support local artisans. In 1983, following her death, Princess Caroline assumed the duties of President of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation. Prince Albert is Vice-President. ", "precise_score": -2.8864588737487793, "rough_score": -1.322698950767517, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grace Kelly" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Charlene, Princess of Monaco (French: Charlène;Since her marriage, her name has been Gallicised by adding a grave accent to her name in French documents. born Charlene Lynette Wittstock, 25 January 1978), is a former Olympic swimmer for South Africa and wife of Prince Albert II.", "precise_score": -0.6954511404037476, "rough_score": -2.852219820022583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlene, Princess of Monaco" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Princess Charlene met Prince Albert at the Mare Nostrum swimming competition in Monte Carlo, Monaco in 2000. They were first seen together in 2006, and Princess Charlene has accompanied Prince Albert on many of his official duties since then. They announced their engagement in June 2010, and were married on 1 July 2011. Princess Charlene's pregnancy was announced on 30 May 2014. On 10 December 2014, The Princess of Monaco gave birth to Princess Gabriella and Hereditary Prince Jacques.", "precise_score": -3.343172311782837, "rough_score": -3.534426689147949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlene, Princess of Monaco" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco — Prince Albert II competed in the bobsled event at every Winter Olympics from Calgary 1988 to Salt Lake City 2002. The press reported the prince refused any special treatment during his Olympic stints, and lived in the same basic quarters as all the other athletes. In 2011 he also married a former Olympian, Charlene Wittstock (now Princess of Monaco), a swimmer from South Africa. She finished in 5th-place in the 400 medley relay team at the 2000 Olympics. There is another Olympic link in this family. Albert's grandfather John Kelly (father of his mother Grace Kelly), won both the single and double sculls at the 1920 Games. John Kelly's son John junior (Albert's uncle) also competed in four Olympic campaigns.", "precise_score": 4.27845573425293, "rough_score": 7.282183647155762, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Participation at the Olympics - topendsports.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert II of Monaco faces a paternity test after his wedding to Charlene Wittstock following claims that he has fathered a third child out of wedlock, officials have confirmed.", "precise_score": -4.681669235229492, "rough_score": -5.886557579040527, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Members of Europe's royal families have arrived in Rio for the Olympics. Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark have touched down in Brazil, alongside Prince Albert of Monaco.", "precise_score": -1.1237951517105103, "rough_score": -2.027857780456543, "source": "search", "title": "Denmark and Monaco's royals touch down in Rio for Olympics" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "In 2003, the Henley Royal Regatta renamed the Women's Quadruple Sculls the \"Princess Grace Challenge Cup.\" Kelly was invited to present the prizes at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1981, as a peace offering by the Henley Stewards to put a conflict between her family and Stewards to rest. Prince Albert presented the prizes at the Henley Royal Regatta in 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.333220481872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grace Kelly" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.560322761535645, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.745567321777344, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert II of Monaco visits the International Monaco Yacht Show on September 24, 2010 at Port Hercules in the principalty of Monaco. A selection of 100 exceptional super and mega-yachts from 25 to over 90 m long is presented until September 25, 2010. AFP PHOTO VALERY HACHE (Photo credit should read VALERY HACHE/AFP/Getty Images)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.207830429077148, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Here's a look at the life of His Serene Highness, Prince Albert II . He was formally invested as Monaco's ruler on July 12, 2005, following the death of his father, Prince Rainier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.734792232513428, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "March 31, 2005 - Monaco's Crown Council transfers the regency of the tiny kingdom to Prince Albert, the heir to the throne, saying that Prince Rainier can no longer carry out his duties as monarch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.7423677444458, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "April 6, 2005 - Prince Rainier III dies of organ failure and Prince Albert becomes Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.620963096618652, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "June 23, 2010 - The palace announces Prince Albert's engagement to Charlene Wittstock, 32, a former Olympic swimmer and school teacher from South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.515028953552246, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "July 1, 2011 - Prince Albert marries Charlene Wittstock in a civil wedding ceremony in the Throne room of the Palace of Monaco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.595672130584717, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "December 14, 2015 - Prince Albert is presented with the 2015 Global Advocate Award by U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon for his work on climate change research and environmental conservation efforts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04566478729248, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco Fast Facts - CNN.com" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92884349822998, "source": "search", "title": "Princely Family of Monaco | Unofficial Royalty" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "In addition, Prince Albert has two illegitimate children.  (Neither of them have succession rights):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.534911155700684, "source": "search", "title": "Princely Family of Monaco | Unofficial Royalty" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding, officials confirm - Telegraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.204706192016602, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding, officials confirm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.960965156555176, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Princess Charlene speaks with Monaco's Prince Albert II during their religious wedding ceremony  Photo: REUTERS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.454453945159912, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Princess Charlene kisses Monaco's Prince Albert II during their religious wedding ceremony  Photo: REUTERS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.411561012268066, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Monaco's Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene greet the crowd outside the Palace after the religious wedding ceremony in Monaco Photo: REUTERS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.024727821350098, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "Monaco's Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene greet the crowd outside the Palace after the religious wedding ceremony in Monaco Photo: REUTERS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.024727821350098, "source": "search", "title": "Prince Albert of Monaco faces paternity test after wedding ..." }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "As an active IOC board member, Monaco's Prince Albert will also fulfil his duties in Rio by attending a range of engagements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.494646072387695, "source": "search", "title": "Denmark and Monaco's royals touch down in Rio for Olympics" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "As an active IOC board member, Monaco's Prince Albert will also fulfil his duties in Rio by attending a range of engagements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.494646072387695, "source": "search", "title": "Denmark and Monaco's royals touch down in Rio for Olympics" }, { "answer": "Prince Albert", "passage": "\"First, she has decided not to go because she couldn't stand to be away from the babies for two weeks and they're really not old enough to support the trip,\" Prince Albert told People.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.665087699890137, "source": "search", "title": "Denmark and Monaco's royals touch down in Rio for Olympics" } ]

[ { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Agreement was signed on 15 November 1985 at Hillsborough Castle, by the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, and the Irish Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald.", "precise_score": 9.778230667114258, "rough_score": 9.279218673706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Anglo-Irish Agreement, accord signed by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Garret FitzGerald , the Irish taoiseach (prime minister), on Nov. 15, 1985, at Hillsborough Castle in County Down, N.Ire., that gave the government of Ireland an official consultative role in the affairs of Northern Ireland . Considered one of the most significant developments in British-Irish relations since the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the agreement provided for regular meetings between ministers in the Irish and British governments on matters affecting Northern Ireland. It outlined cooperation in four areas: political matters; security and related issues; legal matters, including the administration of justice; and the promotion of cross-border cooperation.", "precise_score": 10.783513069152832, "rough_score": 10.000387191772461, "source": "search", "title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement | United Kingdom-Ireland [1985 ..." }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed on 15 November, 1985 in Hillsborough, County Down, Northern Ireland by the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald.", "precise_score": 11.066752433776855, "rough_score": 10.441850662231445, "source": "search", "title": "Signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "In November 1985 an agreement was signed by Margaret Thatcher the British Prime Minister and the Irish Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald which has become known as the Anglo-Irish Agreement. It was officially lodged with the United Nations and it recognised the right of the Irish Republic to have a say in the affairs of N. Ireland. Unionists were very opposed to the Agreement and nationalists supported it.", "precise_score": 10.912254333496094, "rough_score": 9.684874534606934, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Anglo-Irish Agreement" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Agreement was signed on 15 November 1985 at Hillsborough Castle, by the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, and the Irish Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald.", "precise_score": 9.778230667114258, "rough_score": 9.279218673706055, "source": "search", "title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "On 15 November 1985 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed by the Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald and the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.", "precise_score": 10.877833366394043, "rough_score": 9.850247383117676, "source": "search", "title": "RTÉ Archives | Politics | Anglo-Irish Agreement" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Campaigning directly to the people became commonplace. Several 20th century Prime Ministers, such as David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, were famous for their oratorical skills. After the introduction of radio, motion pictures, television, and the internet, many used these technologies to project their public image and address the nation. Stanley Baldwin, a master of the radio broadcast in the 1920s and 1930s, reached a national audience in his talks filled with homely advice and simple expressions of national pride. Churchill also used the radio to great effect, inspiring, reassuring and informing the people with his speeches during the Second World War. Two recent Prime Ministers, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair (who both spent a decade or more as prime minister), achieved celebrity status like rock stars, but have been criticised for their more 'presidential' style of leadership. According to Anthony King, \"The props in Blair's theatre of celebrity included ... his guitar, his casual clothes ... footballs bounced skilfully off the top of his head ... carefully choreographed speeches and performances at Labour Party conferences.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140847206115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Prime Ministers may dominate the Cabinet so much that they become \"Semi-Presidents\". Examples are William Ewart Gladstone, David Lloyd George, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. The powers of some Prime Ministers waxed or waned, depending upon their own level of energy, political skills or outside events: Ramsay MacDonald, for example, was dominant in his Labour governments, but during his National Government his powers diminished so that he was merely the figurehead of the government. In modern times, Prime Ministers have never been merely titular; dominant or somewhat dominant personalities are the norm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.585362434387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Generally, however, the Prime Minister is held responsible by the nation for the consequences of legislation or of general government policy. Margaret Thatcher's party forced her from power after the introduction of the poll tax; Sir Anthony Eden fell from power following the Suez Crisis; and Neville Chamberlain resigned in 1940 after the Allies were forced to retreat from Norway, as he believed a government supported by all parties was essential, and the Labour and Liberal parties would not join a government headed by him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.357852935791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Upon retirement, it is customary for the Sovereign to grant a Prime Minister some honour or dignity. The honour bestowed is commonly, but not invariably, membership of the United Kingdom's most senior order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter. The practice of creating a retired Prime Minister a Knight (or, in the case of Margaret Thatcher, a Lady) of the Garter (KG and LG respectively) has been fairly prevalent since the mid-19th century. On the retirement of a Prime Minister who is Scottish, it is likely that the primarily Scottish honour of Knight of the Thistle (KT) will be used instead of the Order of the Garter, which is generally regarded as an English honour.This circumstance is somewhat confused, however, as since the Great Reform Act 1832, only seven Scots have served as Prime Minister. Of these, two – Bonar Law and Ramsay MacDonald – died while still sitting in the Commons, not yet having retired; another, the Earl of Aberdeen, was appointed to both the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Thistle; yet another, Arthur Balfour, was appointed to the Order of the Garter, but represented an English constituency and may not have considered himself entirely Scottish; and of the remaining three, the Earl of Rosebery became a KG, Alec Douglas-Home became a KT, and Gordon Brown remained in the Commons as a backbencher until 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.538749694824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "It has also been common for Prime Ministers to be granted a peerage upon retirement from the Commons, which elevates the individual to the House of Lords. Formerly, the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom (which was always hereditary), with Churchill offered a dukedom. However, since the 1960s, hereditary peerages have generally been eschewed, and life peerages have been preferred, although in 1984 Harold Macmillan was created Earl of Stockton. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher accepted life peerages, although Douglas-Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home. Edward Heath, John Major and Tony Blair did not accept peerages of any kind, although Heath and Major were later appointed as Knights of the Garter. Gordon Brown remained a member of parliament until the 2015 general election, and has not, to date, accepted a peerage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.662991523742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom" }, { "answer": "Mrs T", "passage": "Where do the terrorists operate from? From the Irish Republic! That's where they come from! Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary? To the Irish Republic! And yet Mrs Thatcher tells us that that Republic must have some say in our Province. We say never, never, never, never!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9957914352417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said it brought new hope of ending the violence in Northern Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.325350284576416, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed" }, { "answer": "Mrs T", "passage": "But Treasury minister Ian Gow - one of Mrs Thatcher's closest political allies - has resigned in protest at the deal which is also opposed by the Ulster Unionists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.824933052062988, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed" }, { "answer": "Mrs T", "passage": "In a letter, Mr Gow told Mrs Thatcher the government's change of policy on Northern Ireland would \"prolong and not diminish the agony of Ulster.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.430279731750488, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed by Margaret Thatcher and Irish Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald at Hillsborough Castle in County Down, Northern Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.794433116912842, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed" }, { "answer": "Mrs T", "passage": "The 15 Ulster Unionist MPs have accused Mrs Thatcher of treachery and have said they will resign unless a referendum is held on the agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.344843864440918, "source": "search", "title": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 15 | 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The British government has invited the Irish government to share in the burden of administering the troubled province of Northern Ireland. This is the unique invitation spelled out in an agreement signed on November 15, 1985, by the prime ministers of Britain and Ireland, Margaret Thatcher and Garret FitzGerald. If put into practice, this Anglo-Irish agreement will be the most important development in relations between the two countries since 1922, when the south of Ireland received independent dominion status as the Irish Free State while Northern Ireland remained within the United Kingdom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.150278091430664, "source": "search", "title": "The Anglo-Irish Agreement - Foreign Affairs" }, { "answer": "Mrs. T", "passage": "The agreement represents a dramatic shift in Prime Minister Thatcher’s position. During her first several years in office, she attached the highest importance to maintaining British sovereignty in Northern Ireland. In her first meeting with FitzGerald after he became prime minister in 1981, she remarked that she regarded the north as being \"as British as Finchley,\" referring to her own constituency in the south of England. FitzGerald responded that Britain did not have thousands of troops stationed in Finchley, nor did it have a secretary of state in the cabinet for Finchley’s affairs. One Irish official dubbed Mrs. Thatcher \"the last true unionist.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.273682117462158, "source": "search", "title": "The Anglo-Irish Agreement - Foreign Affairs" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Anglo-Irish agreement, 1985, this was agreed between Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garrett Fitzgerald - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.693099975585938, "source": "search", "title": "The Anglo-Irish agreement, 1985, this was agreed between ..." }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Anglo-Irish agreement, 1985, this was agreed between Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garrett Fitzgerald", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 9.037138938903809, "source": "search", "title": "The Anglo-Irish agreement, 1985, this was agreed between ..." }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "The Anglo-Irish agreement, 1985, this was agreed between Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garrett Fitzgerald. Between 1980 and 1984, the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher held regular meetings with Taoiseach Charles Haughey and then Garrett Fitzgerald. Both governments were concerned about continuing the violence with the IRA and about the increasing support for the IRA'S political wing, Sinn Fein. By 1984, Mrs Thatcher was convinced that any solution would have to involve the Irish republicans. Unionists in Northern Ireland became increasingly concerned during these discussions, but Thatcher ignored their fears. In November 1985, she signed the Anglo-Irish agreement with Garrett Fitzgerald. The agreement was well received in most of mainland Britain and the republic. In Northern Ireland, the alliance and SDLP felt that it had possibilities. Sinn Fein rejected this because it confirmed the partition of Ireland. The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922 established the Irish Free State. Unionist objections to a united Ireland had resulted in the establishment of Northern Ireland through the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Relations between Dublin and London soured shortly after the arrival to power of Eamonn de Valera in 1932. The 1930s were dominated by a trade war, instigated by de Valera's Fianna Fail Government. Ireland ratified a new constitution in 1937 and declared itself a Republic in 1948. Britain responded with the Ireland Act 1949, which claimed exclusive British jurisdiction over the administration of Northern Ireland. The emergence of the civil rights movement and subsequent political violence in Northern Ireland in the late 1960s strained relations between Dublin and London. ...read more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.354757308959961, "source": "search", "title": "The Anglo-Irish agreement, 1985, this was agreed between ..." }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Margaret Thatcher, then British Prime Minister, and Garret FitzGerald, then Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister), signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) at Hillsborough, County Down, on behalf of the two governments. The first part of the document stated: \"The two Governments (a) affirm that any change in the status of Northern Ireland would only come about with the consent of a majority of the people of Northern Ireland.\" The Agreement established the Inter-Governmental Conference that for the first time gave the Irish government a consultative role in matters related to security, legal affairs, politics, and cross-border co-operation. The Agreement also stated that the two governments would support any future wish by the people of Northern Ireland to enter into a united Ireland. Many Nationalists saw this as an important development. Unionists were outraged at the Agreement and began a long campaign to have the AIA removed. [The AIA was only superseded when the Good Friday Agreement was implemented on 2 December 1999.] Loyalist paramilitaries also reacted and the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) declared all members of the Anglo-Irish Conference and Secretariat to be 'legitimate targets'. Ian Gow, then British Treasury Minister, resigned in protest at the signing of the Agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.744635105133057, "source": "search", "title": "CAIN: Events: Anglo-Irish Agreement - Chronology of events" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "James Molyneaux, then leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), and Ian Paisley, then leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), travelled to Downing Street, London, for a meeting with Margaret Thatcher, then British Prime Minister, to discuss the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA). Following the meeting the two Unionist leaders said that they welcomed Thatcher's promise to consider their proposals for talks on devolution for Northern Ireland. [When Moylneaux and Paisley returned to Northern Ireland and held talks with other Unionist representatives in the region, including the leaders of workers in the power stations and the shipyard, they decided that they would hold no further discussions with the Prime Minister until the AIA was overturned.] Belfast City Council voted to refuse to set a 'rate' (local government tax) in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA). [In seventeen other councils across Northern Ireland, where Unionists were in a majority, a similar decision was taken.]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.786933183670044, "source": "search", "title": "CAIN: Events: Anglo-Irish Agreement - Chronology of events" }, { "answer": "Mrs T", "passage": "The Anglo Irish Agreement signed in November 1985 was heavily criticized by many unionists. They felt the British government had betrayed them by allowing the government of the Irish Republic to have a say in N. Ireland affairs. Unionists were not reassured by promises that N. Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom as long as the majority of the population desired it. They believed that Mrs Thatcher had given in to Provisional IRA violence and they felt that a United Ireland would soon be established. As a result they organised a number of demonstrations to protest against the Agreement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.723086833953857, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Anglo-Irish Agreement" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Unionists and nationalists reacted very differently to the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Unionists had not been informed in advance of the Agreement and were surprised and greatly angered by it. They strongly objected to giving the Republic of Ireland any say in the affairs of N. Ireland and believed that by doing so Margaret Thatcher was making concessions to Provisional IRA violence. Unionists organised an \"Ulster Says No\" campaign which involved numerous street demonstrations. All 15 unionist MPs at Westminster resigned their seats in protest. The Alliance Party was the only pro-union party to give its support to the Agreement", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.978959083557129, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Anglo-Irish Agreement" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2882353663444519, "source": "search", "title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "Mrs T", "passage": "“Where do the terrorists operate from? From the Irish Republic! That’s where they come from! Where do the terrorists return to for sanctuary? To the Irish Republic! And yet Mrs Thatcher tells us that that Republic must have some say in our Province. We say never, never, never, never!”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965347290039062, "source": "search", "title": "Anglo-Irish Agreement — AOH Florida State Board" }, { "answer": "Margaret Thatcher", "passage": "Margaret Thatcher further commented there would be", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348104476928711, "source": "search", "title": "RTÉ Archives | Politics | Anglo-Irish Agreement" } ]

[ { "answer": "Douglas Fairbanks", "passage": "The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was established in May 1927 as a non-profit corporation to promote the art of movie making. In the first year, the Academy had 36 members, with Douglas Fairbanks Sr as president. The first Academy Awards, now better known as the Oscars, were presented at a private dinner in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, with less than 250 persons attending. Today, the Academy has over 6 000 honorary members – the Oscar Awards are viewed by more than a billion people on television.", "precise_score": 8.123771667480469, "rough_score": 7.186262607574463, "source": "search", "title": "The first Oscars - Did you know?" }, { "answer": "Douglas Fairbanks", "passage": "The 1st Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1927 and 1928 and took place on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, California. AMPAS president Douglas Fairbanks hosted the show. Tickets cost $5 (which would be $69 in 2016 considering inflation), 270 people attended the event and the presentation ceremony lasted fifteen minutes. Awards were created by Louis B. Mayer, founder of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation (at present merged into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). It is the only Academy Awards ceremony not to be broadcast either on radio or television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.522796154022217, "source": "wiki", "title": "1st Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "Douglas Fairbanks", "passage": "In 1927, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) was established by Louis B. Mayer, originator of Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation, which then would be joined into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Mayer's purpose in creating the award was to unite the five branches of the film industry, including actors, directors, producers, technicians, and writers. Mayer commented on the creation of the awards \"I found that the best way to handle [filmmakers] was to hang medals all over them ... If I got them cups and awards they'd kill them to produce what I wanted. That's why the Academy Award was created\". Mayer asked Cedric Gibbons, art director of MGM, to design an Academy Award trophy. Nominees were notified through a telegram in February 1928. In August 1928, Mayer contacted the Academy Central Board of Judges to decide winners. However, according to the American director King Vidor, the voting for the Academy Award for Best Picture was in the hands of the AMPAS founders Douglas Fairbanks, Sid Grauman, Mayer, Mary Pickford and Joseph Schenck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9388203620910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "1st Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "Douglas Fairbanks", "passage": "The brainchild of Louis B. Mayer, head of the powerful MGM film studio, the Academy was organized in May 1927 as a non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement and improvement of the film industry. Its first president and the host of the May 1929 ceremony was the actor Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. Unlike today, the winners of the first Oscars–as the coveted gold-plated statuettes later became known–were announced before the awards ceremony itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.662395000457764, "source": "search", "title": "First Academy Awards ceremony - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Douglas Fairbanks", "passage": "After a dinner of Filet of Sole Saute au Buerre and Half Broiled Chicken on Toast, Douglas Fairbanks , the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, stood up and gave a speech. Then, with the help of William C. deMille , he called the winners up to the head table and handed them their awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2435302734375, "source": "search", "title": "What Happened at the Very First Academy Awards?" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, shortly before the end of Lebanon's Civil War, Aoun served as Prime Minister of one of two rival governments contending for power at that time. He declared \"The Liberation War\" against the Syrian army forces on 14 March 1989. On 13 October 1990, the Syrian forces invaded Beirut, killing hundreds of unarmed soldiers and civilians. Aoun fled to the French Embassy in Beirut, and was later granted an escape to France. He returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops from the country. In 2006, as head of the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), he signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah, starting a major alliance that has remained ever since. Despite the bloody history with the regime of Hafez al-Assad, father of Bashar al-Assad, Aoun visited Syria in 2009. ", "precise_score": 2.048365592956543, "rough_score": 1.8373026847839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 14 March 1989, after a Syrian attack on the Baabda presidential palace and on the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in Yarze, Aoun declared Liberation war against the Syrian army which was better armed than the Lebanese forces (some 40,000 Syrian troops were in Lebanon at the time). The Syrians were supported by the US government led by George H. Bush in exchange for their support against Saddam Hussein. Over the next few months Aoun's army and the Syrians exchanged artillery fire in Beirut until only 100,000 people remained from the original 1 million, the rest fled the area. During this period Aoun became critical of American support for Syria and moved closer to Iraq, accepting arms supplies from Saddam Hussein.", "precise_score": -3.0632266998291016, "rough_score": -5.628298759460449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The end approached for Aoun when his Iraqi ally Saddam Hussein, launched his invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990. Then Syria's President Hafez al-Assad sided with the United States. In return, the United States agreed to support Syria's interests in Lebanon. On the evening of 12 October, while giving a public speech, he survived an assassination attempt by a lone shooter in the crowd. On 13 October, with American permission, Syrian forces attacked the presidential palace in Baabda, where Aoun was preparing for an attack where he trapped the Syrians. Not very long after the attacks, Aoun was asked to leave Lebanon with the full support of the French Ambassador. Ten months later Aoun went into exile in France, where he led a political party, the Free Patriotic Movement. In 2003, an avowed Aounist candidate, Hikmat Deeb, came surprisingly close to winning a key by-election in the Baabda–Aley constituency with the endorsement of such right-wing figures as Solange and Nadim Gemayel (the widow and son of former President-elect Bachir Gemayel, who was assassinated in 1982), as well as leftists like George Hawi of the Lebanese Communist Party, although most of the opposition (constituted mainly of Qornet Shehwan Gathering) supported the government candidate, Henry Hélou.", "precise_score": -0.025636935606598854, "rough_score": -4.666932106018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 1 December 2006, Michel Aoun declared to a crowd of protesters that the current government of Lebanon was unconstitutional claiming that the government had \"made corruption a daily affair\" and called for the resignation on the government. Hundred of thousands of supporters of this party, Amal Movement and Hezbollah, according to the Internal Security Forces (ISF), (citation required), gathered at Downtown Beirut trying to force Fouad Siniora to abdicate.", "precise_score": -3.408968448638916, "rough_score": -2.136869430541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1989: In February 1989, the Lebanese army take control of the harbour of Beirut, which came to involve military actions against the \"Lebanese force\". On 14 February 1989, Aoun and his family escape an assassination attempt by the \"Lebanese force\". in March, as part of his strategy to reestablish the government's control over illegal ports, Aoun established a Maritime Control Center to stifle traffic from illegal ports operated by Syrian-aligned militias. These militias respond by shelling the sector under Aoun's control, including of the presidential palace, the seat of Aoun's government. In light of Syrian participation in these acts of sedition, Aoun declares a \"war of liberation\" against Syria. In September, Aoun agreed to an Arab League brokered cease-fire. In October 1989, even though the National Reconciliation Charter got support from most Muslim and Christian parliamentarians, Aoun rejected it, because it did not propose a clear schedule for the Syrian army withdrawal from Lebanon, because \"the Charter was passed under duress, with Parliamentarians on foreign soil under Saudi and Syrian foreign influence\". Aoun, using his constitutional powers as acting president, dissolved the parliament.", "precise_score": -2.057567596435547, "rough_score": -1.208214282989502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In January 1990, Aoun's forces, stationed in Amshit and Sarba, were attacked by Christian \"Lebanese Forces\" militia. The forces loyal to Aoun retreated, with four officers of the Lebanese army executed by Lebanese Forces squads. The push was then halted when commander François al-Hajj deployed MILAN anti-tank missiles against advancing LF tanks. Later military positions belonging to the Lebanese Forces in Dbayeh, Ain El Remmaneh, Jounieh, and Beirut were attacked by the Lebanese Army loyal to Aoun. In the war that ensued, the Lebanese Army claimed multiple key positions of the Lebanese Forces, including Ain el Remmaneh, Dbayeh, and parts of a key mountain redoubt in Qlaiat allowing Aoun to control 40% of the Christian parts of Beirut, together with surrounding areas, about 900 km², but lost many military barracks, territories, key ports, and towns including but not limited to the Halat airport, Armored division and barracks in Sarba, Jounieh (Sea port and city), Amshit, Dora and Dekwaneh, and most of the northern Christian areas of Lebanon.", "precise_score": -2.0894663333892822, "rough_score": -2.557051420211792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The President of the Republic of Lebanon General Michel AOUN", "precise_score": -0.9065349102020264, "rough_score": -2.873871088027954, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "At dawn of 13 October 1990, the Syrian army, supported by its intensive bombing raids and the Lebanese Forces militia, invaded the free territories of Lebanon. In the early morning and in view of avoiding a bloodbath, Michel Aoun ordered ceasefire negotiated by the French Ambassador in Lebanon, René Ala. He was asked to head to the embassy headquarters to confirm the negotiated agreement. He was forbidden to leave and go back to the Presidential Palace of Baabda. He arrived to France on 30 August 1991. Thus, his 15-year exile in France began.", "precise_score": 1.75135338306427, "rough_score": -1.0216902494430542, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, Aoun served as Prime Minister of the legal faction of the two rival governments contending for power at that time. He declared \"The Liberation War\" against the Syrian Occupation on 14 March 1989. On 13 October 1990, the Syrian forces invaded Beirut killing hundreds of unarmed soldiers and civilians. General Aoun fled to the French embassy, and was later allowed to travel to France. He returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops. In 2006, as head of the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), he signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah . He visited Syria in 2009. [2] [3] Aoun is a Member of Parliament. He leads the Free Patriotic Movement party which has 27 representatives and is the second biggest bloc in the parliament.", "precise_score": 2.565426826477051, "rough_score": 2.8133299350738525, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun controlled parts of east Beirut, some neighbouring suburbs, and part of Mount Lebanon. In the spring of 1989, the alliance with the Lebanese Forces abruptly fell apart. Aoun denounced the Lebanese Forces militia as a \"mafia-like organization\" . LF's head Samir Geagea questioned Aoun insistence with continuing the losing war against the Syrians, and a bitter, full-scale armed fight ensued in the Christian region. Michel Aoun gained advantage and used the army to wrest control of LF held ports, in order to collect customs revenues for his government. At the same period, Syria and its allies had put Aoun's entire area of influence and its population under a draconian economical blockade.", "precise_score": 0.39692389965057373, "rough_score": 2.199136734008789, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 14 March 1989, after a Syrian attack on the Baabda presidential palace and on the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in Yarze, Aoun declared Liberation war against the Syrian army which was better armed than the Lebanese forces (some 40,000 Syrian troops were in Lebanon at the time). The Syrians were supported by the US government led by George H. Bush in exchange for their support against Saddam Hussein. [6] Over the next few months Aoun's army and the Syrians exchanged artillery fire in Beirut until only 100,000 people remained from the original 1 million, the rest fled the area. [6] During this period Aoun became critical of American support for Syria and moved closer to Iraq, accepting arms supplies from Saddam Hussein. [6]", "precise_score": -3.3253958225250244, "rough_score": -6.047858238220215, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The end approached for Aoun when his Iraqi ally Saddam Hussein, launched his invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990. Then Syria's President Hafez al-Assad sided with the United States. In return, the United States agreed to support Syria's interests in Lebanon.[ citation needed ] On the evening of 12 October, while giving a public speech, he survived an assassination attempt by a lone shooter in the crowd. On 13 October, with American permission,[ citation needed ] Syrian forces attacked the presidential palace in Baabda , where Aoun was preparing for an attack where he trapped the Syrians.[ citation needed ] Not very long after the attacks, Aoun was asked to leave Lebanon with the full support of the French Ambassador.[ citation needed ] There he broadcast on radio, \"Let them learn not to interfere with Lebanese internal issues and no foreign army, not even the Syrian army, has the right to control Lebanon as they wish, and no human being enters Lebanon aggressively, or else they meet the consequences\".[ citation needed ] Ten months later Aoun went into exile in France, where he led a political party , the Free Patriotic Movement . In 2003, an avowed Aounist candidate, Hikmat Deeb , came surprisingly close to winning a key by-election in the Baabda – Aley constituency with the endorsement of such right-wing figures as Solange and Nadim Gemayel (the widow and son of former President-elect Bachir Gemayel , who was assassinated in 1982), as well as leftists like George Hawi of the Lebanese Communist Party , although most of the opposition (constituted mainly of Qornet Shehwan Gathering ) supported the government candidate, Henry Hélou .[ citation needed ] Aoun's ability to attract support from key figures of both the left and right revealed that he was a force to be reckoned with.[ citation needed ]", "precise_score": -1.504950761795044, "rough_score": -5.112705230712891, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the parliamentary election at the end of May 2005, Aoun surprised many observers by entering into electoral alliances with a number of former opponents, including some pro-Syrian politicians including Michel Murr and Suleiman Frangieh, Jr . The March 8th coalition (a strong ally of Syria throughout its occupation of Lebanon up until 2005) did the same by forming the Quadruple alliance with Hezbollah and Amal, two of the biggest pro-Syrian parties in Lebanon. Aoun opposed the 14 March parliamentary coalition which included the Future Movement , the Progressive Socialist Party , the Lebanese Forces and some other parties. Critics argue that this law, implemented by Syrian intelligence chief Ghazi Kanaan, does not provide for a real popular representation and marginalizes many communities especially the Christian one throughout the country (citation required).", "precise_score": -2.5077085494995117, "rough_score": -6.194046974182129, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 1 December 2006, Michel Aoun declared to a crowd of protesters that the current government of Lebanon was unconstitutional claiming that the government had \"made corruption a daily affair\" and called for the resignation on the government. [10] Hundred of thousands of supporters of this party, Amal Movement and Hezbollah, according to the Internal Security Forces (ISF), (citation required), gathered at Downtown Beirut trying to force Fouad Siniora to abdicate.", "precise_score": -3.4803783893585205, "rough_score": -1.8859915733337402, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1989: In February 1989, the Lebanese army take control of the harbour of Beirut, which came to involve military actions against the \"Lebanese force\". On 14 February 1989, Aoun and his family escape an assassination attempt by the \"Lebanese force\". in March, as part of his strategy to reestablish the government's control over illegal ports, Aoun established a Maritime Control Center to stifle traffic from illegal ports operated by Syrian-aligned militias. These militias respond by shelling the sector under Aoun's control, including of the presidential palace, the seat of Aoun's government. In light of Syrian participation in these acts of sedition, Aoun declares a \"war of liberation\" against Syria. In September, Aoun agreed to an Arab League brokered cease-fire. In October 1989, even though the National Reconciliation Charter got support from most Muslim and Christian parliamentarians, Aoun rejected it, because it did not propose a clear schedule for the Syrian army withdrawal from Lebanon, because \"the Charter was passed under duress, with Parliamentarians on foreign soil under Saudi and Syrian foreign influence\". Aoun, using his constitutional powers as acting president dissolved the Parliament.", "precise_score": -2.143249750137329, "rough_score": -1.2728208303451538, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "January 1990: Aoun's forces stationed in Amshit and Sarba, were attacked by Christian \"Lebanese Forces\" militia. The forces loyal to Aoun were forced to retreat, with four officers of the Lebanese army executed by Lebanese Forces squads. The push was then halted when commander François al-Hajj deployed MILAN anti-tank missiles against advancing LF tanks. Later military positions belonging to the Lebanese Forces in Dbayeh, Ain El Remmaneh, Jounieh, and Beirut were attacked by the Lebanese Army loyal to Aoun. In the war that ensued, the Lebanese Army claimed multiple key positions of the Lebanese Forces, including Ain el Remmaneh, Dbayeh, and parts of a key mountain redoubt in Qlaiat allowing Aoun to control 40% of the Christian parts of Beirut, together with surrounding areas, about 900 km², but lost many military barracks, territories, key ports, and towns including but not limited to the Halat airport, Armored division and barracks in Sarba, Jounieh (Sea port and city), Amshit, Dora and Dekwaneh, and most of the northern Christian areas of Lebanon.", "precise_score": -2.510789632797241, "rough_score": -1.928480863571167, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "August 2010: General Fayez Karam was arrested by Lebanese security forces for treason and collaboration with Israel. The arrested General was appointed by Aoun as Head of Anti-Terrorism Unit in 1988. Having served in the army under Aoun, accompanying him in his 15 years of exile in Paris, and returning with him in 2005, Fayez Karam was one of Aoun's close companions. [14] After his return in 2005, General Aoun unsuccessfully nominated Fayez Karam to the post of Head of Internal Security Forces, and twice as a Member of the Parliament of Lebanon . [15] Aoun commented at first that he would not defend Karam and hoped that the maximum punishment be imposed on him, after he and his family had received letters of confession from Fayez Karam that he was collaborating with Israel.", "precise_score": -4.041745185852051, "rough_score": -5.33806037902832, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, Aoun served as Prime Minister of the legal faction of the two rival governments contending for power at that time. He declared \"The Liberation War\" against the Syrian Occupation on the 14th of March 1989. On the 13th of October 1990, the Syrian forces, with support from Samir Geagea 's Lebanese Forces militia and Walid Jumblatt 's PSP militia, invaded Beirut killing hundreds of unarmed soldiers and civilians. General Aoun went to the French embassy to seek inter-mediation for a ceasefire after the Syrian forces bombed the presidential palace in Baabda , and was later allowed to travel to France. He returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops. In 2006, as head of the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), he signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah . He visited Syria in 2009. [2] [3] Aoun is currently a Member of Parliament. He leads the \" Free Patriotic Movement \" party which has 27 representatives and is the second biggest bloc in the parliament.", "precise_score": 1.9570010900497437, "rough_score": 1.7785745859146118, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun controlled parts of east Beirut, some neighbouring suburbs, and part of Mount Lebanon. In the spring of 1989, the alliance with the Lebanese Forces abruptly fell apart. Aoun denounced the Lebanese Forces militia as a \"mafia-like organization\" . LF's head Samir Geagea questioned Aoun insistence with continuing the losing war against the Syrians, and a bitter, full-scale armed fight ensued in the Christian region. Michel Aoun gained advantage and used the army to wrest control of LF held ports, in order to collect customs revenues for his government. At the same period, Syria and its allies had put Aoun's entire area of influence and its population under a draconian economical blockade.", "precise_score": 0.39692389965057373, "rough_score": 2.199136734008789, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On March 14, 1989, after a Syrian attack on the Baabda presidential palace and on the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in Yarze, Aoun declared Liberation war against the Syrian army which was better armed than the Lebanese forces (some 40,000 Syrian troops were in Lebanon at the time). The Syrians were supported by the US government led by George H. Bush in exchange for their support against Saddam Hussein. [6] Over the next few months Aoun's army and the Syrians exchanged artillery fire in Beirut until only 100,000 people remained from the original 1 million, the rest fled the area. [6] During this period Aoun became critical of American support for Syria and moved closer to Iraq, accepting arms supplies from Saddam Hussein. [6]", "precise_score": -3.723170280456543, "rough_score": -5.638951778411865, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The end approached for Aoun when his Iraqi ally Saddam Hussein, launched his invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Syria's President Hafez al-Assad sided with the United States. In return, the United States agreed to support Syria's interests in Lebanon.[ citation needed ] On the evening of October 12, while giving a public speech, he survived an assassination attempt by a lone shooter in the crowd. On October 13, with American permission,[ citation needed ] Syrian forces attacked the presidential palace in Baabda , where Aoun was preparing for an attack where he trapped the Syrians.[ citation needed ] Not very long after the attacks, Aoun was asked to leave Lebanon with the full support of the French Ambassador.[ citation needed ] There he broadcasted on a radio,\"Let them learn not to interfere with Lebanese internal issues and no foreign army, not even the Syrian army, has the right to control Lebanon as they wish, and no human being enters Lebanon aggressively, or else they meet the consequences\".[ citation needed ] Ten months later Aoun went into exile in France, where he led a political party , the Free Patriotic Movement . In 2003, an avowed Aounist candidate, Hikmat Deeb , came surprisingly close to winning a key by-election in the Baabda – Aley constituency with the endorsement of such right-wing figures as Solange and Nadim Gemayel (the widow and son of former President-elect Bachir Gemayel , who was assassinated in 1982), as well as leftists like George Hawi of the Lebanese Communist Party , although most of the opposition (constituted mainly of Qornet Shehwan Gathering ) supported the government candidate, Henry Hélou .[ citation needed ] Aoun's ability to attract support from key figures of both the left and right revealed that he was a force to be reckoned with.[ citation needed ]", "precise_score": -1.888727068901062, "rough_score": -5.370195388793945, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the parliamentary election at the end of May 2005, Aoun surprised many observers by entering into electoral alliances with a number of former opponents, including some pro-Syrian politicians including Michel Murr and Suleiman Frangieh, Jr . The 14 March coalition(a strong ally of Syria throughout its occupation of Lebanon up until 2005) did the same by forming the Quadruple alliance with Hezbollah and Amal, two of the biggest pro-Syrian parties in Lebanon. Aoun opposed the March 14 parliamentary coalition which included the Future Movement , the Hezbollah, the Amal Movement, the Progressive Socialist Party , the Lebanese Forces and some other parties. Critics argue that this law, implemented by Syrian intelligence chief Ghazi Kanaan, does not provide for a real popular representation and marginalizes many communities especially the Christian one throughout the country.", "precise_score": -2.626279354095459, "rough_score": -6.260262966156006, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On December 1, 2006 Free Patriotic Movement leader Michel Aoun declared to a crowd of protesters that the current government of Lebanon was unconstitutional claiming that the government had \"made corruption a daily affair\" and called for the resignation on the government. [8] Hundred of thousands of supporters of this party, Amal Movement and Hezbollah , according to the Internal Security Forces (ISF), gathered at Downtown Beirut trying to force Fouad Siniora to abdicate.", "precise_score": -1.9680603742599487, "rough_score": -2.737375259399414, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1989: In February 1989, the Lebanese army take control of the harbour of Beirut, which came to involve military actions against the \"Lebanese Forces\". On 14th February 1989, aounand his family escape an assassination attempt by the \"Lebanese Forces\". in March, as part of his strategy to reestablish the government's control over illegal ports, Aoun established a Maritime Control Center to stifle trafficks from illegal ports operated by Syrian-aligned militias. These militias respond by shelling the sector under Aoun's control, including of the presidential palace, the seat of Aoun's government. In light of Syrian participation in these acts of sedition, Aoun declares a \"war of liberation\" against Syria. In September, Aoun agreed to an Arab League brokered cease-fire. In October 1989, even though the National Reconciliation Charter got support from most Muslim and Christian parliamentarians, Aoun rejected it, because it did not propose a clear schedule for the Syrian army withdrawal from Lebanon, because \"the Charter was passed under duress, with Parliamentarians on foreign soil under Saudi and Syrian foreign influence\". Aoun, using his constitutional powers as acting president dissolved the Parliament.", "precise_score": -2.2371723651885986, "rough_score": -0.8695282936096191, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "January 1990: Aoun's forces stationed in Amshit and Sarba, were attacked by Christian \"Lebanese Forces\" militia. The forces loyal to Aoun were forced to retreat, with four officers of the Lebanese army executed by Lebanese Forces squads. The push was then halted when commander François al-Hajj deployed MILAN anti-tank missiles against advancing LF tanks. Later military positions belonging to the Lebanese Forces in Dbayeh, Ain El Remmaneh, Jounieh, and Beirut were attacked by the Lebanese Army loyal to Aoun. In the war that ensued, the Lebanese Army claimed multiple key positions of the Lebanese Forces, including Ain el Remmaneh, Dbayeh, and parts of a key mountain redoubt in Qlaiat allowing Aoun to control 40% of the Christian parts of Beirut, together with surrounding areas, about 900 km², but lost many military barracks, territories, key ports, and towns including but not limited to the Halat airport, Armored division and barracks in Sarba, Jounieh (Sea port and city), Amshit, Dora and Dekwaneh, and most of the northern Christian areas of Lebanon.", "precise_score": -2.510789632797241, "rough_score": -1.928480863571167, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "August 2010: General Fayez Karam was arrested by Lebanese security forces for treason and collaboration with Israel. The arrested General was appointed by Aoun as Head of Anti-Terrorism Unit in 1988. Having served in the army under Aoun, accompanying him in his 15 years of exile in Paris, and returning with him in 2005, Fayez Karam was one of Aoun's close companions. [11] After his return in 2005, General Aoun unsuccessfully nominated Fayez Karam to the post of Head of Internal Security Forces, and twice as a Member of the Parliament of Lebanon . [12] Aoun commented at first that he would not defend Karam and hoped that the maximum punishment be imposed on him, after he and his family had received letters of confession from Fayez Karam that he was collaborating with Israel.", "precise_score": -4.043795585632324, "rough_score": -5.336602687835693, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun was elected a Member of Parliament where he headed the Free Patriotic Movement and the broader parliamentary coalition called Reform and Change Bloc, which had 27 representatives making it the second biggest bloc in the Lebanese parliament. He presented his candidacy for presidential election with main rival candidates being Samir Geagea , Suleiman Frangieh and Henri Helou . After his election, he was sworn in as President of Lebanon in succession to President Michel Suleiman.", "precise_score": 0.019956737756729126, "rough_score": -4.752849102020264, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 14 March 1989, after a Syrian attack on the Baabda presidential palace and on the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in Yarze, Aoun declared a liberation war against the Syrian army, which was better armed than the Lebanese forces (some 40,000 Syrian troops were in Lebanon at the time). The Syrians were supported by the US government led by George H. W. Bush in exchange for their support against Saddam Hussein. [7] Over the next few months Aoun's army and the Syrians exchanged artillery fire in Beirut and other areas. [7] During this period Aoun became critical of American support for Syria and moved closer to Iraq, accepting arms supplies from Saddam Hussein. [7]", "precise_score": -3.2874746322631836, "rough_score": -5.795559883117676, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In October 1989, Lebanese National Assembly members met to draw up the Taif Accord in an attempt to settle the Lebanese conflict. This accord was later revealed to have been prepared two years earlier by Rafic Hariri. Aoun refused to attend, denounced the politicians who did so as traitors and issued a decree dissolving the assembly. After it was signed, Aoun denounced the Accord for not appointing a real date for the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. After they signed the Taif Accord (named Taif because it was made in Taif, Saudi Arabia, with the benediction of the USA), the assembly met to elect René Moawad as President in November. Despite heavy-handed pressure from Syria to dismiss Aoun, Moawad refused to do so; his presidency lasted just 17 days before he was assassinated. Elias Hrawi was elected in his place. After assuming office as president, Hrawi appointed General Émile Lahoud as commander of the army and ordered Aoun out of the Presidential Palace. Aoun rejected his dismissal.", "precise_score": -5.369152545928955, "rough_score": -6.0023016929626465, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The Gulf War had its repercussions on Aoun's government. Aoun had asked for help and the only unconditional help he received was from Saadam Hussein , who until 1989 was an ally of the West. On August 2, 1990, Hussein launched his invasion of Kuwait and the US made a coalition against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. President Hafez al-Assad of Syria suddenly sided with his arch enemy, the United States. In return, the United States agreed to support Syria's interests in Lebanon.[ citation needed ] On the evening of 12 October, while giving a public speech, Aoun survived an assassination attempt by a lone shooter in the crowd. On 13 October, with American permission,[ citation needed ] Syrian forces attacked the presidential palace in Baabda , where Aoun was preparing for his defense.[ citation needed ] Not very long after the attacks, Aoun was asked to leave Lebanon with the full support of the French Ambassador.[ citation needed ] Ten months later Aoun went into exile in France, where he led a political party , the Free Patriotic Movement . In 2003, an avowed Aounist candidate, Hikmat Deeb , came surprisingly close to winning a key by-election in the Baabda – Aley constituency against the main candidate, Henri Helou .[ citation needed ]", "precise_score": -1.5628271102905273, "rough_score": -3.1924045085906982, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 1 December 2006, Michel Aoun declared to a crowd of protesters that the current government of Lebanon was unconstitutional claiming that the government had \"made corruption a daily affair\" and called for the resignation on the government. [11] Hundred of thousands of supporters of this party, Amal Movement and Hezbollah, according to the Internal Security Forces (ISF), (citation required), gathered at Downtown Beirut trying to force Fouad Siniora to abdicate.", "precise_score": -3.504922389984131, "rough_score": -1.8456677198410034, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1989: In February 1989: The Lebanese army takes control of the harbour of Beirut, which came to involve military actions against the \"Lebanese force\". On 14 February 1989, Aoun and his family escape an assassination attempt by the \"Lebanese force\". in March, as part of his strategy to reestablish the government's control over illegal ports, Aoun established a Maritime Control Center to stifle traffic from illegal ports operated by Syrian-aligned militias. These militias respond by shelling the sector under Aoun's control, including of the presidential palace, the seat of Aoun's government. In light of Syrian participation in these acts of sedition, Aoun declares a \"war of liberation\" against Syria. In September, Aoun agreed to an Arab League brokered cease-fire. In October 1989, even though the National Reconciliation Charter got support from most Muslim and Christian parliamentarians, Aoun rejected it, because it did not propose a clear schedule for the Syrian army withdrawal from Lebanon, because \"the Charter was passed under duress, with Parliamentarians on foreign soil under Saudi and Syrian foreign influence\". Aoun, using his constitutional powers as acting president, dissolved the parliament", "precise_score": -2.2201030254364014, "rough_score": -1.618519902229309, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanese Republic", "passage": "31 October 2016: After a successful vote by the parliament Michel Aoun is declared as \"President of Lebanese Republic\".", "precise_score": -1.531641960144043, "rough_score": -0.7980085611343384, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The multinational force left Lebanon in 1984. Israel completed its withdrawal in mid-1985 but left soldiers to work in conjunction with the Christian South Lebanese Army (SLA) to maintain a security (\"buffer\") zone. Palestinian action gradually resumed as PLO members and units returned to S Lebanon. Beirut remained a major battle area, and in Feb., 1987, Syrian troops moved into the city to suppress the warring factions. By this time, Iranian-supported Lebanese Shiite groups had become notorious for their holding of Western hostages. When Gemayel's term ended in 1988, it proved impossible to hold national elections and find a successor. A transitional military government was led by Gen. Michel Aoun, whose aim of ousting Syrian forces from Lebanon sparked new rounds of battles and bloodshed.", "precise_score": -0.3559402823448181, "rough_score": -0.2103802114725113, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The long-standing mutual antipathy between Michel Aoun and the traditional Christian leadership may have been a key reason why the ruling coalition shunned the FPM. Many observers attribute this animosity to unsettled accounts, in particular between Aoun and the leader of the Lebanese Forces, Samir Geagea, the two of whom fought a devastating war in 1989. Both men and their followers, so the argument goes, are still fighting the battles of the past. Considering that in Lebanon not only political office but also political and party allegiance are often hereditary (even in supposedly ideological currents like the Communist Party), such hypotheses seem to make sense at first glance. But they still fail to explain how Aoun’s party was able to wrest such a significant amount of support away from the traditional Christian leadership, represented first and foremost by the Gemayel family, whose scions Bashir and Amin were both presidents of Lebanon. In the 2005 elections, Pierre Gemayel (assassinated in November 2006) scored only 29,412 votes on his family’s home turf, compared to 48,872 for the least successful Aounist candidate, and was only elected to Parliament because the FPM list left one Maronite slot free.", "precise_score": 1.1642065048217773, "rough_score": -3.46850848197937, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[2] Hassan Fattah, “Lebanon Divided on Presidential Hopeful Michel Aoun,” International Herald Tribune, January 19, 2007.", "precise_score": -3.2774100303649902, "rough_score": -5.313727855682373, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Before 1990, the main driver of group formation in the Lebanese officer corps revolved around Christian-Muslim identity politics. But the civil war, which ended with the defeat of predominantly Christian LAF units by the Syrian army in October 1990, led to a change in the balance. Over the following decade, Christian officers lost their prior dominance. This was most evident in relation to officers who had served under General Michel Aoun, LAF commander between 1984 and 1990 and caretaker prime minister who was appointed by outgoing president Amine Gemayel in 1988. Aoun led what he called a liberation war against the Syrian garrison in Lebanon in 1989–1990, and so when the rebuilding process began, the LAF command had to deal with Aounist officers who had taken part in the campaign against the Syrian troops. These officers, who considered themselves the heart of the Lebanese army, shared a group identity built on struggle—and, subsequently, marginalization in the armed forces.", "precise_score": 2.3852744102478027, "rough_score": 0.15474288165569305, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The growing influence of Shia officers in the LAF went hand in hand with the army’s blooming relationship with Hezbollah. In the post-1990 period, Lahoud sought to impose a partisan military ideology based on identifying Israel as the country’s principal enemy and the Syrian army and Hezbollah as crucial allies in the fight against it. The Syrian army’s April 2005 withdrawal from Lebanon weakened this approach, but it was partially revived when General Aoun returned to Lebanon from his exile in May and subsequently struck a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Hezbollah. Aounist officers still formed a crucial constituency in the army, and so his new alliance made it easier to get the LAF officers corps to at least tacitly accept the pro-Hezbollah and pro-Syria strategy.", "precise_score": -4.633100509643555, "rough_score": -6.262753963470459, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The multinational force left Lebanon in 1984. Israel completed its withdrawal in mid-1985 but left soldiers to work in conjunction with the Christian South Lebanese Army (SLA) to maintain a security (buffer) zone. Palestinian action gradually resumed as PLO members and units returned to S Lebanon. Beirut remained a major battle area, and in Feb., 1987, Syrian troops moved into the city to suppress the warring factions. By this time, Iranian-supported Lebanese Shiite groups had become notorious for their holding of Western hostages. When Gemayel's term ended in 1988, it proved impossible to hold national elections and find a successor. A transitional military government was led by Gen. Michel Aoun, whose aim of ousting Syrian forces from Lebanon sparked new rounds of battles and bloodshed.", "precise_score": -0.10662908852100372, "rough_score": -3.420624256134033, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The long-standing mutual antipathy between Michel Aoun and the traditional Christian leadership may have been a key reason why the ruling coalition shunned the FPM. Many observers attribute this animosity to unsettled accounts, in particular between Aoun and the leader of the Lebanese Forces, Samir Geagea, the two of whom fought a devastating war in 1989. Both men and their followers, so the argument goes, are still fighting the battles of the past. Considering that in Lebanon not only political office but also political and party allegiance are often hereditary (even in supposedly ideological currents like the Communist Party), such hypotheses seem to make sense at first glance. But they still fail to explain how Aoun’s party was able to wrest such a significant amount of support away from the traditional Christian leadership, represented first and foremost by the Gemayel family, whose scions Bashir and Amin were both presidents of Lebanon. In the 2005 elections, Pierre Gemayel (assassinated in November 2006) scored only 29,412 votes on his family’s home turf, compared to 48,872 for the least successful Aounist candidate, and was only elected to Parliament because the FPM list left one Maronite slot free.", "precise_score": 1.1642065048217773, "rough_score": -3.46850848197937, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[2] Hassan Fattah, “Lebanon Divided on Presidential Hopeful Michel Aoun,” International Herald Tribune, January 19, 2007.", "precise_score": -3.2774100303649902, "rough_score": -5.313728332519531, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In October 1989, Lebanese National Assembly members met to draw up the Taif Accord in an attempt to settle the Lebanese conflict. This accord was later revealed to have been prepared two years earlier by Rafic Hariri. Aoun refused to attend, denounced the politicians who did so as traitors and issued a decree dissolving the assembly. After it was signed, Aoun denounced the Accord for not appointing a real date for the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. After they signed the Taif Accord (named Taif because it was made in Taif KSA with the benediction of the USA), the assembly met to elect René Moawad as President in November. Despite heavy-handed pressure from Syria to dismiss Aoun, Moawad refused to do so; his presidency lasted just 17 days before he was assassinated. Elias Hrawi was elected in his place. After assuming office as president, Hrawi appointed General Émile Lahoud as commander of the army and ordered Aoun out of the Presidential Palace. Aoun rejected his dismissal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.845864772796631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Return to Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168149948120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun ended 15 years of exile when he returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, 11 days after the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. He held a short press conference at Beirut International Airport before heading with a convoy of loyalists and journalists to the \"Grave of the Un-named Soldiers and Martyrs.\" After praying and expressing his gratitude and blessing to the people, he went on to the grave site of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, who was assassinated on 14 February 2005. Then, he visited Samir Geagea who was still in jail for 11 years. His journey continued to Martyr's Square where he was greeted by supporters of the Cedar Revolution.[http://www.mideastviews.com/articleview.php?art=1]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0292887687683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Since his arrival, Aoun has moved into a new home in Lebanon's Rabieh district, where he was visited on 8 May by a large delegation from the disbanded Lebanese Forces (LF), who were among Aoun's former enemies. Aoun and Sitrida Geagea, wife of the imprisoned LF leader Samir Geagea (since released), publicly reconciled. Aoun later visited Geagea in prison (he was the first of all political leaders to do so) and called for his release. Other prominent visitors that day and the next included National Liberal Party leader Dory Chamoun, Solange Gemayel, Nayla Moawad (widow of assassinated President René Moawad), and opposition MP Boutros Harb. Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir of the Maronite community sent a delegation to welcome him, and even the Shiite Muslim Hezbollah Party sent a delegation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.995418548583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the third round of voting, Aoun's party, the Free Patriotic Movement, made a strong showing, winning 21 of the 58 seats contested in that round, including almost all of the seats in the Christian heartland of Mount Lebanon. Aoun also won major Christian districts such as Zahle and Metn. Aoun himself was elected to the National Assembly. In the fourth and final round, however, the FPM failed to win any seats in Northern Lebanon due mainly to the 2000 electoral law that gave the pro Hariri Muslim community of Tripoli an easy veto over any Christian candidate in its electoral district, thus falling short of its objective of holding the balance of power between the main \"anti-Syrian\" opposition coalition (formerly known to be Syria's strong allies) led by Sa'ad Hariri (which won an absolute majority) and the Shiite-dominated Amal-Hezbollah alliance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.412477016448975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 2006, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah met in Mar Mikhayel Church, Chiyah, a venue that symbolizes Christian-Muslim coexistence as the Church, located in the heart of the mainly Muslim Beirut southern suburb, was preserved throughout the wars. The FPM signed a memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah organizing their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament given some conditions. The second and third conditions for disarmament were the return of Lebanese prisoners from Israeli jails and the elaboration of a defense strategy to protect Lebanon from the Israeli threat. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with Syria and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.954350471496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Since the end of the Syrian Occupation of Lebanon, General Aoun is seeking to improve the relationship with Syria as this country is the only official neighbor of Lebanon. He also treated all Lebanese parties as potential partners to change and reform in the country. The Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah enters in this context.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.089648246765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1980: Returns to Lebanon, where he soon is appointed head of the Defence Brigade, which is stationed along the Green Line that separated West and East Beirut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756153106689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "January 1999: Prime Minister Rafik Hariri said that Aoun could return to Lebanon with the guarantee that he would not be arrested. He was uncertain of how Syria would act, and stayed abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.822388648986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 7 May 2005, Aoun returned to Lebanon. In late May, he participated in the parliamentary elections. He was elected to the National Assembly, and his party, the Free Patriotic Movement, won 21 seats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.757134437561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Geagea was referring to his understanding with the Former general over \"the need to adopt an independent foreign policy that guarantees Lebanon's interests and complies with international law.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967290878295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon's top post has been vacant since May 2014 as Lebanese politicians failed to agree on a consensus president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44418716430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michel Aoun" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "28/08/1991 He left Lebanon for France", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.56842565536499, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "07/05/2005 He returned to Beirut after the withdrawal of the Syrian forces from Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274724006652832, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On October 31, 2016, he was elected President of the Republic of Lebanon. He is the thirteenth President after Independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234951972961426, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "05/12/1995 Letter to the Synod for Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488851547241211, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "12/03/1998 Lecture entitled “Lebanon: past, present and future”, ESSEC Institute, Paris", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19817066192627, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "07/03/2002 Lecture entitled \"Stability in Lebanon and Peace in the Middle-east\", ESSEC Institute, Paris", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.244170188903809, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "21/11/2004 Official letter to the Lebanese parties and personalities and to the Syrian State to take part in a dialogue aimed at reaching an agreement about the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon, which would be an honorable exit for all", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38471794128418, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "22/11/2005 Lecture entitled \"the New Lebanon, from liberation to reform, National Press Club, Washington", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584420204162598, "source": "search", "title": "‎العماد ميشال عون - General Michel Aoun‎ - About | Facebook" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In October 1989, Lebanese National Assembly members met to draw up the Taif Accord in an attempt to settle the Lebanese conflict. This accord was later revealed to have been prepared two years earlier by Rafic Hariri. Aoun refused to attend, denounced the politicians who did so as traitors and issued a decree dissolving the assembly. After it was signed, Aoun denounced the Accord for not appointing a real date for the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. After they signed the Taif Accord, the assembly met to elect René Moawad as President in November. Despite heavy handed pressure from Syria to dismiss Aoun, Moawad refused to do so; his presidency lasted just 17 days before he was assassinated. Elias Hrawi was elected in his place. After assuming office as president, Hrawi appointed General Émile Lahoud as commander of the army and ordered Aoun out of the Presidential Palace. Aoun rejected his dismissal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.454214096069336, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Return to Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168149948120117, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun ended 15 years of exile when he returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, 11 days after the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. [7] He held a short press conference at Beirut International Airport before heading with a convoy of loyalists and journalists to the \"Grave of the Un-named Soldiers and Martyrs\" who died in the cause of Lebanese nationalism. After praying and expressing his gratitude and blessing to the people, he went on to the grave site of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri , who was assassinated on 14 February 2005 to pay his respects there. Then, he visited Samir Geagea who was still in jail for 11 years. His journey continued to Martyr's Square where he was greeted by supporters of the Cedar Revolution .( http://www.mideastviews.com/articleview.php?art=1 )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.739105701446533, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Since his arrival, Aoun has moved into a new home in Lebanon's Rabieh district, where he was visited on 8 May by a large delegation from the disbanded Lebanese Forces (LF), who were among Aoun's former enemies. Aoun and Sitrida Geagea , wife of the imprisoned LF leader Samir Geagea (since released), publicly reconciled. Aoun later visited Geagea in prison (he was the first of all political leaders to do so) and called for his release. Other prominent visitors that day and the next included National Liberal Party leader Dory Chamoun , Solange Gemayel , Nayla Moawad (widow of assassinated President René Moawad ), and opposition MP Boutros Harb . Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir of the Maronite community sent a delegation to welcome him, and even the Shiite Muslim Hizbullah Party sent a delegation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.021997451782227, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the third round of voting, Aoun's party, the Free Patriotic Movement, made a strong showing, winning 21 of the 58 seats contested in that round, including almost all of the seats in the Christian heartland of Mount Lebanon . Aoun also won major Christian districts such as Zahle and Metn . [2] [8] Aoun himself was elected to the National Assembly. In the fourth and final round, however, the FPM failed to win any seats in Northern Lebanon due mainly to the 2000 electoral law that gave the pro Hariri Muslim community of Tripoli an easy veto over any Christian candidate in its electoral district, thus falling short of its objective of holding the balance of power between the main \"anti-Syrian\" opposition coalition (formerly known to be Syria's strong allies) led by Sa'ad Hariri (which won an absolute majority) and the Shiite -dominated Amal -Hezbollah alliance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.711354732513428, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 2006, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah met in Mar Mikhayel Church, Chiyah, a venue that symbolizes Christian-Muslim coexistence as the Church, located in the heart of the mainly Muslim Beirut southern suburb, was preserved throughout the wars. The FPM signed a memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah organizing their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament given some conditions. The second and third conditions for disarmament were the return of Lebanese prisoners from Israeli jails and the elaboration of a defense strategy to protect Lebanon from the Israeli threat. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with Syria and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.954350471496582, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1980: Returns to Lebanon, where he soon is appointed head of the Defence Brigade, which is stationed along the Green Line that separated West and East Beirut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756153106689453, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "January 1999: Prime Minister Rafik Hariri said that Aoun could return to Lebanon with the guarantee that he will not be arrested. He was uncertain of how Syria would act, and stayed abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84463119506836, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "7 May 2005: Aoun returned to Lebanon . In late May, he participated in the parliamentary elections. He is elected to the National Assembly, and his party, the Free Patriotic Movement , won 21 seats. 2008: Participated for the first time in the Lebanese government with 5 ministers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.101144790649414, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In October 1989 Lebanese National Assembly members met to draw up the Taif Accord in an attempt to settle the Lebanese conflict. This accord was later revealed to have been prepared two years earlier by Rafic Hariri. Aoun refused to attend, denounced the politicians who did so as traitors and issued a decree dissolving the assembly. After it was signed, Aoun denounced the Accord for not appointing a real date for the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. After they signed the Taif Accord, the assembly met to elect René Moawad as President in November. Despite heavy handed pressure from Syria to dismiss Aoun, Moawad refused to do so; his presidency lasted just 17 days before he was assassinated. Elias Hrawi was elected in his place. After assuming office as president, Hrawi appointed General Émile Lahoud as commander of the army and ordered Aoun out of the Presidential Palace. Aoun rejected his dismissal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.678673267364502, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "  Return to Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168149948120117, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun ended 15 years of exile when he returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, 11 days after the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon. He held a short press conference at Beirut International Airport before heading with a convoy of loyalists and journalists to the \"Grave of the Un-named Soldiers and Martyrs\" who died in the cause of Lebanese nationalism. After praying and expressing his gratitude and blessing to the people, he went on to the grave site of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri , who was assassinated on 14 February 2005 to pay his respects there. Then, he visited Samir Geagea who was still in jail for 11 years. His journey continued to Martyr's Square where he was greeted by supporters of the Cedar Revolution .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.465025424957275, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Since his arrival, Aoun has moved into a new home in Lebanon's Rabieh district, where he was visited on 8 May by a large delegation from the disbanded Lebanese Forces (LF), who were among Aoun's former enemies. Aoun and Sitrida Geagea , wife of the imprisoned LF leader Samir Geagea (since released), publicly reconciled. Aoun later visited Geagea in prison (he was the first of all political leaders to do so) and called for his release. Other prominent visitors that day and the next included National Liberal Party leader Dory Chamoun , Solange Gemayel , Nayla Moawad (widow of assassinated President René Moawad ), and opposition MP Boutros Harb . Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir of the Maronite community sent a delegation to welcome him, and even the Shiite Muslim Hizbullah Party sent a delegation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.021997451782227, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the third round of voting, Aoun's party, the Free Patriotic Movement, made a strong showing, winning 21 of the 58 seats contested in that round, including almost all of the seats in the Christian heartland of Mount Lebanon . Aoun also won major Christian districts such as Zahle and Metn . [2] [7] Aoun himself was elected to the National Assembly. In the fourth and final round, however, the FPM failed to win any seats in Northern Lebanon due mainly to the 2000 electoral law that gave the pro Hariri Muslim community of Tripoli an easy veto over any Christian candidate in its electoral district, thus falling short of its objective of holding the balance of power between the main \"anti-Syrian\" opposition coalition (formerly known to be Syria's strong allies) led by Sa'ad Hariri (which won an absolute majority) and the Shiite -dominated Amal -Hezbollah alliance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.709935665130615, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 2006, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah met in Mar Mikhayel Church, Chiyah, a venue that symbolizes Christian-Muslim coexistence as the Church, located in the heart of the mainly Muslim Beirut southern suburb, was preserved throughout the wars. The FPM signed a memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah organizing their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament given some conditions. The second and third conditions for disarmament were the return of Lebanese prisoners from Israeli jails and the elaboration of a defense strategy to protect Lebanon from the Israeli threat. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with Syria and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in Israel .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.954350471496582, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1980: Returns to Lebanon, where he soon is appointed head of the Defence Brigade, which is stationed along the Green Line that separated West and East Beirut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756153106689453, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "January 1999: Prime Minister Rafik Hariri said that Aoun could return to Lebanon with the guarantee that he will not be arrested. He was uncertain of how Syria would act, and stayed abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84463119506836, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "May 7, 2005: Aoun returned to Lebanon . In late May, he participated in the parliamentary elections. He is elected to the National Assembly, and his party, the Free Patriotic Movement , won 21 seats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.815889358520508, "source": "search", "title": "Michel Aoun : definition of Michel Aoun and synonyms of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of Lebanon, Free Patriotic Movement politicians, Lebanese Maronites, Lebanese military personnel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.841255187988281, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[miːʃaːl ʕa.uːn] ; born 30 September 1933) [1] is the President of Lebanon . He was elected president on 31 October 2016 on the 46th electoral session of the Lebanese parliament . Lebanon had been without a head of state, after President Michel Suleiman stepped down as president at the end of his term in May 2014, resulting in a deadlock as the Parliament failed to elect a successor for 29 months and 45 previous parliamentary sessions did not achieve the necessary quorum for a presidential ballot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444384574890137, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops from the country. In 2006, as head of the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), he signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah , starting a major alliance that has remained ever since. Despite the bloody history with the regime of Hafez al-Assad , father of Bashar al-Assad , Aoun visited Syria in 2009. [2] [3]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.956198692321777, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Return to Lebanon[ edit ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171586036682129, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Aoun ended 15 years of exile when he returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, 11 days after the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon after the assassination of Rafic Hariri on 14 February 2005. [8] Hariri's killing was a catalyst for dramatic political change in Lebanon. The massive protests of the Cedar Revolution helped achieve the withdrawal of Syrian troops and security forces from Lebanon, and a change in governments, paving the way for return of Aoun to Lebanon. Aoun held a short press conference at Beirut International Airport before heading with a convoy of loyalists and journalists to the \"Grave of the Un-named Soldiers and Martyrs\". After praying and expressing his gratitude and blessing to the people, he went on to the grave site of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri . Then, he visited Samir Geagea who was still in jail for 11 years. His journey continued to Martyr's Square where he was greeted by supporters of the Cedar Revolution . [1]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.04837703704834, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Since his arrival, Aoun has moved into a new home in Lebanon's Rabieh district, where he was visited on 8 May by a large delegation from the disbanded Lebanese Forces (LF), who were among Aoun's former enemies. Aoun and Sitrida Geagea , wife of the imprisoned LF leader Samir Geagea (since released), publicly reconciled. Aoun later visited Geagea in prison (he was the first of all political leaders to do so) and called for his release. Other prominent visitors that day and the next included National Liberal Party leader Dory Chamoun , Solange Gemayel , Nayla Moawad (widow of assassinated President René Moawad ), and opposition MP Boutros Harb . Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir of the Maronite community sent a delegation to welcome him, and even the Shiite Muslim Hezbollah Party sent a delegation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.995418548583984, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the third round of voting, Aoun's party, the Free Patriotic Movement, made a strong showing, winning 21 of the 58 seats contested in that round, including almost all of the seats in the Christian heartland of Mount Lebanon . Aoun also won major Christian districts such as Zahle and Metn. [2] [9] Aoun himself was elected to the National Assembly. In the fourth and final round, however, the FPM failed to win any seats in Northern Lebanon due mainly to the 2000 electoral law that gave the pro Hariri Muslim community of Tripoli an easy veto over any Christian candidate in its electoral district, thus falling short of its objective of holding the balance of power between the main \"anti-Syrian\" opposition coalition (formerly known to be Syria's strong allies) led by Sa'ad Hariri (which won an absolute majority) and the Shiite -dominated Amal -Hezbollah alliance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.731958389282227, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The FPM won 21 seats in the parliament, and formed the largest Christian bloc in Lebanon, and second biggest bloc in the Lebanese Parliament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323698043823242, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 2006, Michel Aoun and Hassan Nasrallah met in Mar Mikhayel Church, Chiyah, a venue that symbolizes Christian-Muslim coexistence as the Church, located in the heart of the mainly Muslim Beirut southern suburb, was preserved throughout the wars. The FPM signed a memorandum of understanding with Hezbollah organizing their relation and discussing Hezbollah's disarmament given some conditions. The second and third conditions for disarmament were the return of Lebanese prisoners from Israeli jails and the elaboration of a defense strategy to protect Lebanon from the Israeli threat. The agreement also discussed the importance of having normal diplomatic relations with Syria and the request for information about the Lebanese political prisoners in Syria and the return of all political prisoners and diaspora in Israel . After this event, Aoun and his party became part of the 8 March alliance . [10]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.614678859710693, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The commitment to the implementation of the Taif Accord, the need to stop the flow of arms and militants across the Lebanese-Syrian border in both directions, the ratification of a new electoral law and compliance with international resolutions were among the key points agreed upon between the LF and FPM, Geagea said. As he read the key points of his understanding with Aoun, Geagea paused for a moment to tell joke. With humor, the LF leader asked Aoun to urge his son-in-law Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil to act in accordance with the sixth point of their agreement. Geagea was referring to his understanding with the former general over \"the need to adopt an independent foreign policy that guarantees Lebanon's interests and complies with international law.\" For his part, Aoun thanked Geagea for his support and said he would extend his hands to all political parties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.580123901367188, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In the first official statement since Hariri's initiative emerged, Hezbollah's Politburo Chief Sayyed Ibrahim Amin al-Sayyed announced from the seat of the Maronite patriarchate that his party is committed to supporting the presidential bid of its ally Aoun. Aoun and Geagea kicked off talks a year ago. The talks culminated in a Declaration of Intent that paved the way for a surprise visit by Geagea to Aoun's residence in Rabieh in June. The Declaration of Intent has since brought Aoun and Geagea closer together, putting an end to the bitter rivalry between the Christian leaders who fought a devastating war in 1990. Lebanon's top post has been vacant since May 2014 as Lebanese politicians failed to agree on a consensus president.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.029964447021484, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "On 31 October 2016, Aoun was elected the president of Lebanon, ending a 29-month vacuum at the head of the state. [13] After 45 failed attempts to achieve a parliamentary quorum for presidential elections by the Lebanese Parliament, the 127-seat chamber convened for a 46th time on 31 October under the leadership of house speaker Nabih Berri .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.050605773925781, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Since the end of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon, General Aoun has been seeking to improve his country's relationship with Syria. He has treated all Lebanese parties as potential partners in the process of change and reform of the country. The Memorandum of Understanding with Hezbollah enters in this context.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.994598388671875, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "1980: Returns to Lebanon, where he soon is appointed head of the Defence Brigade, which is stationed along the Green Line that separated West and East Beirut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763581275939941, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "January 1999: Prime Minister Rafik Hariri says that Aoun could return to Lebanon with the guarantee that he will not be arrested. He is uncertain as to how Syria will react, and remains abroad", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.990067481994629, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "7 May 2005: Aoun returns to Lebanon. In late May, he participates in the parliamentary elections. He is elected to the National Assembly, and his party, the Free Patriotic Movement , wins 21 seats", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.927820205688477, "source": "search", "title": "Learn and talk about Michel Aoun, Foreign ministers of ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon: History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22335433959961, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187602996826172, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In ancient times the area of Lebanon and Syria was occupied by the Canaanites, who founded the great Phoenician cities and later established a commercial maritime empire (see Phoenicia ). Lebanon's cities as well as its forests and iron and copper mines (since exhausted) attracted the successive dominant powers in the Middle East. The Phoenician cities occupied a favored position in the Persian Empire and were conquered by Alexander the Great. The region came under Roman dominion starting in 64 B.C. (there are notable Roman ruins at Baalbek ) and was Christianized before the Arab conquest in the 7th cent. By then the Maronites had established themselves—a cardinal fact in the history of Lebanon, which long remained predominantly Christian while Syria became Muslim. Later (11th cent.) the Druze settled in S Lebanon and in adjacent regions of Syria, and trouble between them and the Christians was to become a constant theme in regional history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69824504852295, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The Crusaders (see Crusades ) were active in Lebanon (late 11th cent.) and were aided by the Lebanese Christians. After the Crusaders, Lebanon was loosely ruled by the Mamluks (c.1300). Invasions by Mongols and others contributed to the decline of trade until the reunification of the Middle East under the Ottoman Turks (early 16th cent.). Under Ottoman control, Lebanon had considerable autonomy, and powerful families ruled the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98803424835205, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Many Western religious missions and businesses were established in the area in the 19th cent. Conflict among the religious communities, culminating in massacres of the Maronites by the Druze in 1860, led to intervention by France (1861), and the Ottoman sultan was forced to appoint a Christian governor for Lebanon. The French were given the mandate of Syria after World War I by the League of Nations; Lebanon was a part of that mandate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008549690246582, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The French, being Catholic, separated Lebanon (home of most of the Maronite Catholics) from Syria, thus creating a new state. There was much discontent and, among the Muslims, a desire for independence within a wider Arab state. In 1926 the mandate was given a republican constitution. A treaty with France in 1936 provided for independence after a three-year transition period, but it was not ratified by France. In World War II the French Vichy government controlled Lebanon until a British–Free French force conquered (June–July, 1941) the Lebanese coast. The Free French proclaimed Lebanon an independent republic. Elections were held in 1943, and, after considerable controversy, Lebanon became independent on Jan. 1, 1944.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968358993530273, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 1945, Lebanon became a member of the United Nations, and all British and French troops were evacuated by the end of 1946. As a member of the Arab League, Lebanon declared war on Israel in 1948 but took little part in the conflict. In 1952, after the election of Camille Chamoun as president, Lebanon formed closer ties with the West. In the spring of 1958, opposition to Chamoun's pro-Western policies and his acceptance of U.S. aid under the Eisenhower Doctrine erupted in rioting in Tripoli, Beirut, and elsewhere. The rioting grew into full-scale rebellion, and Chamoun called in U.S. forces (July, 1958). Gen. Fouad Chehab, a nonpolitical personality who had kept the army out of the civil strife, was elected to succeed Chamoun, and the rebellion ebbed. By autumn U.S. forces had left the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03596019744873, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon subsequently steered a course closer to that of the other Arab nations. The secession of Syria (1961) from the United Arab Republic revived once again the rift between pro-Western and pan-Arab elements in Lebanon. In 1962 a military coup was attempted in Beirut but was crushed. Chehab was succeeded in 1964 by Charles Hélou ; Suleiman Franjieh was elected president in 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413552284240723, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon, Israel, and the Palestinians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198118209838867, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "During the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Lebanon gave verbal support to the Arab effort against Israel but did not become involved in any military action. After that, however, Lebanon's position became increasingly difficult because of the activities against Israel of Palestinian terrorists based in Lebanon. Israel repeatedly accused Lebanon of not doing enough to control the terrorists, and in 1968 Israeli forces began a series of reprisals against Palestinian strongholds in Lebanon. In 1969 fighting broke out between the Lebanese army and the Palestinian commandos after the government had threatened to limit the latter's activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1410493850708, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "After the bloody suppression in 1970–71 of the guerrillas in Jordan, large numbers of Palestinians fled into S Lebanon and Beirut. Again in 1972 heavy fighting took place between the Lebanese army and the Palestinians. Anti-Israeli terrorist attacks continued into the 1970s, and Israel continued its attacks on Palestinian guerrilla bases in S Lebanon. Lebanon did not enter the Oct., 1973, Arab-Israeli War , nor did the Lebanese army interfere with Palestinian guerrillas operating in S Lebanon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69602108001709, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon became embroiled in civil war among the Christians, Muslims, and Palestinians from early 1975 to late 1976. At the request of Lebanon's president, Syrian forces entered Lebanon (Apr., 1976), halting Muslim and Palestinian advances. An estimated 50,000 Lebanese were killed and twice that number wounded. The country became devastated, the economy crippled, and tourism plummeted to a standstill. A cease-fire in Oct., 1976, proved unstable, and hostilities resumed full scale in 1977. In response to guerrilla attacks by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel occupied S Lebanon in Mar., 1978, but withdrew in June. This came with the installation of a UN peacekeeping force of 6,000, which was unable to effectively maintain control of Lebanese militia activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.170100212097168, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 1981 fighting continued between Christian and Syrian forces, and Beirut was subjected to Israeli air raids in reprisal for PLO attacks. In June, 1982, Israeli forces invaded Lebanon, primarily to eliminate Palestinian guerrilla bases. Nearly 7,000 Palestinians were forced to leave Lebanon, which was accomplished under the supervision of a Multinational Force (MNF) comprised of U.S. and European-allied troops, who left immediately afterward. On Aug. 23, Bashir Gemayel (see under Gemayel , family) was elected president of Lebanon, but he was killed three weeks later by a bomb. In the wake of his death, Christian Phalangist forces entered the Palestinian refugee camps in Israeli-controlled areas and massacred some 1,000 civilians, provoking an international outcry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13440990447998, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Bashir Gemayel's brother, Amin, was elected president a few days later on Sept. 20. Another multinational force, of U.S. Marines and British, French, and Italian soldiers, returned to Lebanon to monitor the Lebanese militias. A U.S.-aided peace treaty, concluded with Amin Gemayel and Israel in May, 1983, called for the removal of foreign troops. Syria rejected the peace agreement, refusing to evacuate its holdings. As Israeli troops slowly left the Beirut and southern area, Lebanese militias fought among themselves in the wake of the Israeli withdrawal. In Apr., 1983, a terrorist bombing partially destroyed the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 50 people. On Oct. 23, 260 U.S. Marines and 60 French soldiers were killed by a truck bomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574075698852539, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Post–Civil War Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399564743041992, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In early 1991, Lebanese troops organized to regain control of the south from PLO guerrillas and Israelis who controlled a 6-mi (10-km) deep security zone. There were repeated and largely successful attempts to disband rival militias. A treaty (1991) of friendship and cooperation with Syria, which continued to have significant forces in Lebanon, essentially guaranteed Syrian domination of Lebanon's foreign relations. Meanwhile, beginning in the same year, Lebanon participated in peace talks with Israel, Syria, and a joint Palestinian–Jordanian delegation. International pressures on Lebanon eased with the release of the last U.S. and Western hostages in 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.815099239349365, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "By the mid-1990s, neither the Israeli nor the Syrian forces had quit the country, and clashes between Palestinian units and Israeli troops, as well as among the existing Lebanese militias, continued. Intense fighting erupted between Shiite Hezbollah (Party of God) guerrillas and Israel in S Lebanon in early 1996, as the guerrillas fired rockets into Israel and Israel retaliated with shelling and bombing. A tentative cease-fire was reached in late April; the episode generated a heavy flow of refugees from areas of S Lebanon. The many years of heavy fighting in Lebanon crippled the nation's infrastructure and economy, and devastated tourism, but a major rebuilding effort was undertaken in the 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.399587631225586, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 1995, President Hrawi's term in office was extended by three years by a constitutional amendment. Gen. Emile Lahoud was elected president in 1998. Fighting between Israel and Hezbollah guerrillas erupted again in June, 1999, following an announcement by Israel's new prime minister, Ehud Barak , that he would withdraw Israeli troops stationed in S Lebanon within a year. In May, 2000, Israeli troops engaged in a gradual withdrawal from S Lebanon, turning over its position to its Lebanese Christian ally, the South Lebanon Army (SLA), but the SLA collapsed, leading Israel to accelerate its withdrawal, which was completed by late May.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.587825775146484, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The 2000 parliamentary elections brought the opposition back into power, and Rafik Hariri became prime minister; he had previously held the office from 1992 to 1998. President Lahoud's term was extended for three years by constitutional amendment in 2004 at the behest of Syria, which still had some 18,000 troops in Lebanon. The blatant meddling in Lebanese affairs caused a governmental crisis in Lebanon, eventually resulting in the resignation of Hariri's government and the appointment of Omar Karami as prime minister; Karami had served as prime minister from 1990 to 1992. The UN Security Council denounced foreign interference in Lebanese politics and demanded that all foreign forces leave Lebanon. Some Syrian forces were withdrawn or redeployed in the following months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.65222454071045, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The disarming of the Shiite Hezbollah militia, as demanded by the United Nations, slowed the resolution of the boycott, and the prime minister ultimately acknowledged the group as a \"national resistance movement,\" but many in the government continued to support disarming Hezbollah. In July, 2006, Hezbollah forces captured two Israeli soldiers in fighting along the Israeli border, leading Israel to launch air attacks against targets in Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, and many other locales, place a blockade on Lebanon, and send troops into S Lebanon. Hezbollah respond largely by mounting rocket attacks against N Israel, including Haifa and Tiberias, but the its forces also offered resistance to Israeli troops, slowing their advance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.438359260559082, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "A UN-mediated cease-fire took effect in mid-August, and by the beginning of October Israel had essentially withdrawn from Lebanon and ended its blockade. As much as a fifth of the Lebanese population was displaced by the conflict, and Israeli attacks destroyed much of the country's infrastructure, a setback for the rebuilding that had occurred since the end of the civil war. Tourism and agriculture were among the sectors of the Lebanese economy most severely hurt by the fighting. Amnesty International accused both sides of war crimes in the fighting, mainly because of their attacks on civilians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902825355529785, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The Israeli pullout left Hezbollah in position to proclaim its resistance and survival a victory, and emboldened it to insist on a re-formation of the Lebanese government that would give it and its allies a much stronger political position. Hezbollah also continued to resist disarming, as called for by the UN Security Council, and neither were the captured Israeli soldiers released. At the same time, however, the Lebanese army was deployed, albeit not forcefully, throughout S Lebanon for the first time since the civil war; UN peacekeepers were also deployed there. Israel, for its part, continued its military overflights of Lebanon, also despite the UN Security Council.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04395866394043, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "A new government, with Siniora as prime minister, was finally established in July, 2008; Hezbollah and its allies received enough cabinet seats to give them veto power over government decisions. In September, an agreement was signed to end sectarian fighting in Tripoli, which had sporadically continued there between Sunnis and Alawites since May. The following month, Syria formally established diplomatic relations with Lebanon for the first time; Syria's previous failure to do so had been seen as a rejection of Lebanese independence. Parliamentarly elections held in June, 2009, resulted in a victory for the pro-Western Sunni, Druze, and Maronite coalition, led by Hariri's son, Saad. Attempts to form a coalition government proved difficult. In September Saad Hariri stepped down as prime minister designate, but he was renamed to the post, and a national unity government that included Hezbollah and its allies was formed in November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940058708190918, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon was increasingly affected by the civil war in Syria as 2012 progressed. The conflict sparked sporadic violence between Lebanese Sunnis on the one hand and Alawites and Shiites on the other. Tens of thousands of Syrian refugees also fled to Lebanon, with some 340,000 there by Mar., 2013. In Oct., 2012, a senior intelligence official who had led the investigation into Hariri's assassination was himself killed by a car bomb; his death provoked antigovernment protests and violence between Sunnis and Shiites. In Mar., 2013, Mikati resigned as prime minister as a result of disagreements within the coalition over a number issues. In April, Tammam Salam was asked by the president to form a new government; in May the June 2013 parliamentary elections were postponed until late 2014 due to deadlock over electoral law changes and to the effects of the Syrian civil war. By mid-2013 Hezbollah was playing an open military role in Syria in support of its government, and the spillover from the Syrian civil war had led to increasing sectarian violence in Lebanon. Lebanon also experienced the influx of hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063849449157715, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon: History - factmonster.com" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "For background on Lebanon’s political paralysis, see Jim Quilty, “ Winter of Lebanon’s Discontents ,” Middle East Report Online, January 26, 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147693634033203, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Back in the fall of 2006, student elections at the American University of Beirut produced an unexpected aesthetic: female campaigners for the predominantly Christian Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) of the ex-general Michel Aoun sporting button-sized portraits of bearded Hizballah leader Hasan Nasrallah on their stylish attire. “Hizballah stands for the unity and independence of Lebanon, just as we do,” went the party line, as reiterated by Laure, an activist business student clad in the movement’s trademark orange. “And imagine, the Shi‘a and us,” she mused, off-script and with a glance at her co-campaigners, covered head to toe in the black gowns of the staunchly Islamist party, but spiced up with bright orange ribbons for the occasion. “How many we will be.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.37630558013916, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Just how many became clear soon enough, when Aoun joined Hizballah’s attempt to bring down the government of Prime Minister Fuad Siniora through public pressure later that year. While actual numbers are notoriously hard to come by, [1] the two main rallies held on December 1 and 10 clearly rivaled the demonstration that brought about the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon 18 months before. Followers of Aoun, who stand out in their blazing orange gear, accounted for an apparent third of the masses. Once again, predictions that Aoun’s alliance with the “Party of God” would dispel his support in the Christian community were proven wrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.432007789611816, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Throughout his political career, Michel Aoun’s bold maneuvering, boisterous, often ranting discourse and utter disregard for the complex rules and false niceties of the Lebanese political scene have made him one of the most divisive figures therein. To his admirers, he is the strong leader who can rise above the fray of perennial internecine conflict, clear out a divided and despised political class bent on the pursuit of factional and personal interest, and achieve longed-for, but ever elusive national unity. Likewise, Aoun has earned himself the intense loathing (even by Lebanese standards) of the members of exactly this political class (and their followers). Rather than a champion of secularist nationalism, they consider Aoun to be an irresponsible rabble rouser who threatens to upset the delicate balance of sectarian power sharing, and his calls for reform and a shakeup of public institutions to be thinly veiled Bonapartism. Aoun’s loud populism is seen as not only gauche but also a challenge to the country’s Byzantine political game, whereby decisions and distributions of spoils are supposed to be worked out behind impenetrable smokescreens of lofty principles and diplomatic cant. For the Christian part of this political class, he is also an upstart trespassing on territory that is rightfully theirs. “To his supporters,” as one journalist sums it up, “he is a Lebanese Charles de Gaulle seeking to unite this fractious country and rebuild trust in its institutions. To his critics he is a divisive megalomaniac willing to stop at nothing to become president of Lebanon.” [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.036744117736816, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Riding on the wave of mass gatherings peaking with the demonstration of March 14, 2005—the date which would provide the name for Lebanon’s current governing coalition—the alliance forged between Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, the son of the slain former prime minister Rafiq al-Hariri, Saad, and an array of anti-Syrian Christian politicians was confident of winning a parliamentary majority, or even the two thirds of parliamentary seats necessary to impeach President Emile Lahoud, [4] the most stubborn pupil of Syrian tutelage in the country. The March 14 forces even struck a deal with the Shi‘i parties Hizballah and Amal, who had just expressed their gratitude to Syria with a huge demonstration of their own, hoping that Shi‘i votes would tip the balance in enough districts to achieve the coveted two-thirds majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089451789855957, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Reality intruded during the elections in Mount Lebanon on June 12, when Aoun’s slate of no-names trounced the united opposition list in the Christian heartlands, winning 21 seats and leaving the opposition with only a modest majority (72 out of 128) in the new parliament. To the surprise of everyone, it emerged that a significant majority of the Lebanon’s Christians, and a good percentage of those who had taken to the streets to fight for independence and a Syrian withdrawal only two months before, were actually supporters of Michel Aoun. [5] “Countrywide, Michel Aoun garnered around 42 percent of the Christian vote in 2005,” says Lebanese pollster Abdo Saad. “In some parts of the Christian mountains, that percentage would reach above 70.” Counting political allies in the north and the Bekaa Valley, some two thirds of Lebanon’s Christians were rallying under the orange banners of the renegade general.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7756195068359375, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "While this anti-political, or rather, anti-Establishment, posture found among many Lebanese who grew up during the last years of the civil war resonates with Aoun’s hostile relationship with many Lebanese politicians, some 40,000 Lebanese—nearly 70 percent of them below the age of 30—have decided otherwise, and become card-carrying FPM members through a registration process initiated in late 2006, after the movement officially converted itself into a political party. “All these young people who took to the streets back in 2005 learned one very important thing,” says Sami Ofeish, a political scientist at the University of Balamand in the north of Lebanon. “Politics to them is no longer something that happens on a different planet. They had the experience that if they take action, they can actually make things happen. So one would expect that this generation would develop an attitude very different from that of the preceding years.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439339637756348, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "So what stood in the way of including Aoun instead, a move that would have provided the new government with the support of 93 MPs with no pro-Syrian leanings, well in excess of the desired two-thirds majority? For one thing, it was clear that the FPM would only support an impeachment motion against Lahoud if the name of the one and only candidate to replace the sitting president would be Michel Aoun—meaning that, rather than filling the position with a compliant nominee of their own, the majority would have had to deal with an independent player with significant popular support. “For all of their anti-Syrian rhetoric, Hariri and Jumblatt preferred to leave Asad’s man in the presidency rather than bow to the wishes of nearly three quarters of the Christian electorate and accept Aoun’s ascension,” concludes Gary Gambill, a seasoned Lebanon analyst with obvious sympathy for the general. [7]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.077205657958984, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "One reason may be the continuous decline of the traditional Christian leadership in the second half of the 1980s, after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel removed the one figure capable of maintaining the precarious alliance between Lebanon’s powerful Christian bourgeoisie (of all denominations) and the increasingly militant Christian lower middle class (mainly Maronite) by means of personal charisma. With his brother Amin increasingly sidelined by the ruthless militia-based leadership of Samir Geagea, and the political project of a Christian-dominated Lebanon under US and Israeli auspices falling apart, more and more Christians despaired of their future in the country. Large-scale displacement of Christians in the mid-1980s (wrought to a great extent by Geagea’s ill-conceived military adventures in the southern parts of Mount Lebanon) also meant that parochial means of mobilizing support would reach fewer and fewer people. The displaced, on the other hand, would either be hell-bent on revenge and join or support the militia, or would turn their resentment against a leadership that had failed them, and become susceptible to the discourses of national redemption that Aoun successfully projected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.12442398071289, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The profile of a comparatively well-educated and upwardly mobile following, which hence shows a strong preference for meritocracy, sits well with the perennial spiel of the FPM: attacking corruption, and arguing for a strong and efficient state. In contrast to the authoritarian regimes in Egypt and Syria, the corruption and clientelism in Lebanon are actually results of a weak state. Power traditionally resides with an alliance of ruling families who divvy up the state and its prerogatives among one another according to the relative balance of power, and obtain loyalty by redistributing parts of the proceeds among their constituencies. Conventionally, this arrangement is of course described as a “national pact” between religious communities designed to enable coexistence and protect minorities from marginalization. But while Lebanese politicians are always concerned to be seen as vigilant guardians of communal interests, they typically have no problem joining ranks with representatives of other confessions to marginalize their co-religionists. Even long-time foes will suspend their differences as soon as any serious attempt is made to shore up the independence of the state, and join ranks to ward off any such challenge to the order of things. The system is also open to newcomers empowered by political and/or macro-economic change, for instance, Amal leader Nabih Berri, propelled into prominence by Syrian backing in the 1980s or Rafiq al-Hariri, elevated by petrodollars and Saudi patronage in the 1990s. Such newcomers may push out some of the traditional players, but are usually careful to preserve the rules of the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097179412841797, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "“When my son left high school, there was an opening for some 200 recruits in General Security,” recalls a Sunni from Beirut. “We found out that some 70 would go to Sunnis. And to get one of those, you needed to go to Rafiq al-Hariri. It was as simple as that: Sunni jobs are distributed by the strongest Sunni leader. So we used a contact to a person very close to Hariri, and things worked out. After that, we all became his followers. Because if he doesn’t care for us, then nobody else will.” In Lebanon, everybody knows at least ten stories of this category, and while contempt for the politicians involved is universal, so is the urge not to be left behind in the scramble for the spoils. Yet Alain Aoun is determined that the rules of the games must be changed: “Until now, the logic is: I take office, so now it is my turn to steal and patronize my people. We need to break this cycle. A few honest guys on the top level can make a hell of a difference, and send a message down through the ranks.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.907642364501953, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Still, and despite the secularist rhetoric wielded by Aoun and his lieutenants, one of the most important cards for the FPM among its predominantly Christian following appears to be the sense of being once again excluded in the post-civil war political order—only this time, and worse, not by the Syrians, who were, after all, outsiders and occupiers. This time the Aounists feel marginalized by other Lebanese and, still worse, by nobody less than their age-old nemesis, the Sunnis, manifest in the overbearing presence of the Hariri family and its political machinery, the Future Movement. Secularism as professed by the Aounists thus shows a tendency to turn into a sectarian discourse [8] directed mainly against a perceived Sunni takeover of state institutions, and prone to resurrect the eternal Christian fear of being “drowned” in a sea of more than 250 million Muslim Arabs surrounding Lebanon, the only country in the region to guarantee them full legal equality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.174013137817383, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The “mother of all injustices” against Christians quoted by supporters of the FPM is the election law, drawn up in the year 2000 by the chief of Syrian intelligence in Lebanon, the late Ghazi Kanaan, and applied again in 2005. Designed with the clear intention of minimizing the impact of the notoriously anti-Syrian Christian electorate, the Kanaan law “diluted” the Christian vote in many districts by combining Christian with significantly more populous Muslim areas. [9] As a result, only 18 out of 64 Christian MPs were elected in majority-Christian districts, while the remaining Christian MPs were practically elected by Muslims—Sunnis and hence Hariri in the north and Beirut, Shi‘a and hence Hizballah and Amal in the south, Druze and Shi‘a in the southern part of Mount Lebanon. There is irony in the fact that what was meant to further Syrian interest back in 2000—largely by favoring Hariri, who was then still a loyal supporter of the Pax Syriana—vastly skewed the results in favor of the anti-Syrian coalition in 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023469924926758, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Such irony, however, was completely lost on the majority of Christians represented by the FPM. From their perspective, the election of 2005 and its aftermath only continued their post-war decline, a process marked by Muslim-dominated governments with fig leaves of Christian participation. This impression was reinforced by the less than impressive performance of the Christian representatives in the Siniora government. Saudi money (the younger Hariri holds Saudi citizenship, and his business network is entwined with Saudi interests), it was induced, had replaced the tutelage of the Syrian secret services, with the blessing of the US, who would sign Lebanon over to a regional power it needed for greater designs, just as it did in 1990 when Syria was an indispensable part of the coalition to free Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. So pervasive became this impression that the Conference of Maronite Bishops felt compelled to issue a stern warning against an impending “Islamization” of Lebanon in late June, and Samir Geagea was quoted (and promptly denied) saying, “I don’t even talk to the Saudis. I talk to their masters, the Americans, and they talk to them on our behalf.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777661323547363, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "From the perspective of Christians close to Aoun, however, talking to the Americans was pointless, for the Sunni ascendancy was seen as not at all accidental, but rather part of a strategic realignment that puts Sunni Arab regimes, and in particular Saudi Arabia, at the center of a pro-US alliance against purported radicals. “In the fall of 2005, Washington was facing a stark choice of what to support in Lebanon,” wrote Jean Aziz, who has since become the director of Orange TV. “It could choose either a pluralist, consensual system that may have set an example for the dialogue rather than the clash of civilizations, or a Sunni Muslim system with American leanings and pliant to American interests, a model for American presence in the region.” [10]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67850112915039, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "But then why turn to Hizballah, another party with a clearly Muslim character, and with a political agenda liable to embroil Lebanon deeper and further in regional struggles, something Lebanese Christians have always been loath to do? For Aoun’s detractors, the answer is simple and straightforward: Both Shi‘a and Christians are tiny minorities in a region dominated by Sunnis. In a system where sectarian considerations trump everything else, their alliance against a powerful Sunni-dominated regime now backed by Lebanon’s Sunni neighbors appears almost natural. With only 30-40 percent of the population, and with non-Arab Iran as its main sponsor, Lebanon’s Shi‘a have no hope of ever dominating the system, unlike the Sunnis, who draw economic and demographic strength from neighboring countries such as Egypt, Syria, Jordan or Saudi Arabia, all liable to be controlled by Islamists in the not too distant future. Additionally, Hizballah, with its disciplined fighting units, appears less scary in comparison to Sunni extremists such as Fatah al-Islam, who have been battling the Lebanese army for three months in the refugee camp of Nahr al-Barid, after allegedly being under the protection of the Hariri family—developments dwelt upon by media sympathetic to the FPM.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.187799453735352, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The narrow victory scored by Aoun’s candidate in the Matn by-election on August 5, 2007 showed the Christian community to be deeply divided, with both sides claiming moral victory. Judging by the numbers, support for the FPM was dented (40,000 votes, about one third less than the 2005 result), while support for the pro-government Christian camp went up (also by one third). Yet the virtually unknown FPM candidate entered the race in a clearly uphill battle: For one thing, he confronted no less a personage than Amin Gemayel, a former president and the head of one of the most influential Christian families in Lebanon, and on his home turf, giving his opponent ample opportunity to mobilize along parochial and tribal lines. Second, he was running against the father of the MP whose assassination made the by-election necessary in the first place, lending his bid an air of callousness, as many voters felt that the seat rightfully belonged to the family of the murdered man. Finally, the assassination was widely ascribed to remnants of the Syrian secret service network in Lebanon, and Aoun’s attempt to, as it were, reap political gain from the killing provided ample ammunition for portraying his movement as unwittingly or opportunistically paving the way for renewed Syrian influence in Lebanon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419872283935547, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Yet the fact that, at the end of a long election day, Amin Gemayel was unable to capitalize upon these considerable advantages shows that the core support for the FPM remains resilient, and makes it appear unlikely that any force in the Christian camp will be able to challenge Michel Aoun’s position in the near future. For Lebanon, this appears to be a mixed blessing at best: On the one hand, a (most likely sizable) majority of the Christian community seems prepared to look for guarantees of their presence in a majority-Muslim country and an overwhelmingly Muslim region in the institutions of a secular state, rather than hanging on to the doubtful security offered by a ghetto of sectarian privilege. This is a momentous development, when one recalls the 1970s. Yet the party galvanizing such sentiment feels compelled to appeal, once again, to sentiments that all too obviously feed on longing for lost privilege and resentment of the arch-competitor for power in the state. Likewise, for the first time in their history, a (probably less sizable) majority of Christians is prepared to make common political cause with a mass movement following an explicitly Islamist political outlook. And yet it appears that prejudice and racism against Muslims, mixed with resentment deriving from class, have been transposed onto Sunnis and only muted toward Shi‘a, for the time being. Despite the remarkable politicization of young Lebanese that fueled the success of the FPM, the new party also remains a movement centered around a single leader, who is venerated to the verge of personality cult, with a notable tendency to establish a strong family presence in the top echelons, and again, despite a significant number of female activists, to exclude women nearly totally from the upper ranks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.491393089294434, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Finally, the inconclusive test of forces between Amin Gemayel and Michel Aoun bodes ill for the already intractable conflict over the upcoming election of a new president—a post traditionally reserved for Maronite Christians—where both men are candidates. Without a compromise, the presidency, which also wields the high command of the armed forces, may be the next victim of the chain reaction of stalemate, disputed legitimacy and mutual boycott that has already paralyzed most of the political institutions in Lebanon. A further disintegration of the state now looks like a real possibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.156134605407715, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[1] Ever since mass demonstrations in Lebanon began, in the wake of ex-Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri’s assassination in the spring of 2005, all sides have engaged in inflation of numbers to absurd proportions, without any serious regard to material facts, such as the actual surface area of the spots where people congregated. Interview with Lebanese pollster Abdo Saad, Beirut, June 2007. Saad is the director of the Beirut Center for Research and Information ( http://www.beirutcenter.info , mainly in Arabic), which conducts frequent opinion polls on political issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274541854858398, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[7] Gary Gambill, “Lemons from Lemonade: Washington and Lebanon After the Syrian Withdrawal,” Mideast Monitor (June-July 2007). http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_1.htm .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312226295471191, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[9] The law provides for a first-past-the-post majority system differentiated by sect. For instance, one seat in the district Beirut-I was reserved for a Greek Orthodox Christian, so the Orthodox candidate with the most votes would win one seat, and all votes cast for other Orthodox candidates would have no impact on the composition of Parliament. As in most majority systems, gerrymandering has the potential to distort the popular vote, and has been a temptation for sitting presidents and governments ever since the foundation of Lebanon. Accordingly, each and every parliamentary election in Lebanon is preceded by heated debate about how electoral districts will be demarcated, with the decision typically taken only shortly before election day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392620086669922, "source": "search", "title": "Rallying Around the Renegade | Middle East Research and ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Finally, for post-1990 graduates of the Military Academy, accepting the Syrian order was necessary. Between 1991 and 1994, 261 officers were sent to Syria for training, in comparison to 171 who went to the United States and 75 to France or other European or Arab countries.6 Although some Lebanese officers were skeptical about the training program in Syria, for many it was pointless to resist the new order. Officers acquiesced because undergoing foreign training led to a salary increase, while the cost of living in Syria was lower than in Lebanon and the proximity meant that they could return home frequently. Most importantly, the LAF command favored officers who had trained in Syria, which benefited their career advancement. The approach apparently worked for Christian officers as well, many of whom remained in the army and avoided directly challenging its new pro-Syrian orientation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.122105121612549, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanese Republic", "passage": "Sectarian identities have been a permanent, at times paramount element of group formation in the LAF. From the Lebanese Republic’s establishment in 1920 until the outbreak of civil war in 1975, Christians formed the majority of the officer corps. Christians dominated the military’s ranks even though recruitment was not based on overt sectarian criteria. This was due to several factors, including the tendency for Maronite Christians to identify more with Lebanese state institutions, which they also historically dominated.7 But the number of Maronite officers declined over time: from an average of 70 percent of the officer corps before 1945, to 65 percent between 1945 and 1958, to 55 percent between 1958 and 1975.8", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942493438720703, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Political loyalty also played a role. Lahoud chose officers he trusted and who shared his pro-Syrian outlook. In this new political environment, LAF officers were supposed to give total allegiance to the new command and the Syrian presence in Lebanon. Lahoud and his allies perceived Shia officers as natural partisans of the army’s new alignment. Their loyalty was never doubted, and they were seen as a crucial link to the Shia group Hezbollah. Over the years, the number of Shia officers in the LAF increased significantly, reaching 26.8 percent in 2004 (up from 15.3 percent in 1958). By comparison, the number of Sunni officers only increased from 15.3 to 16.1 percent during the same period.15", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404199600219727, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "This helps explain why in 2011 one Sunni officer described developments in the LAF under Syrian tutelage as a “Shia expansion” (madd shii).16 A case in point is Jamil al-Sayyed, a Shia officer who was appointed deputy director of intelligence (the position of director is always held by a Maronite). Sayyed, widely considered to be Syria’s man in Lebanon, was one of the architects of the post-1990 process of rebuilding the army. He regarded himself as nonsectarian (lâ-tâifiy) and backed Hezbollah on political, rather than sectarian grounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92238998413086, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The MOU was signed in February 2006 between General Aoun and Hezbollah’s Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah. Neither Syria’s role in Lebanon nor relations between Iran and Hezbollah were mentioned, eliding key differences.17 Aoun justified his new approach to his supporters by explaining that his feud with the Syrian regime ended once Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon. But many officers—including Aounists—were and remain critical of the alliance. Some accepted it for ideological or pragmatic reasons, but others rejected it because they perceived Hezbollah as a threat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.946280479431152, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In any case, the Aounist label was no longer an obstacle to officers’ advancement after 2005. For example, one Aounist was appointed to command the LAF brigade sent to southern Lebanon as per United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701, which put an end to the July 2006 war with Israel. In this instance, the officer did not agree with Aoun’s strategy and his alliance with Hezbollah, but he kept quiet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.837767601013184, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The deepening, if tacit, acceptance of the LAF’s relationship with Hezbollah has revived old questions about Sunni loyalty and, in turn, the army’s cohesion. Traditionally, Sunni officers in the LAF have not held a clear group identity or a sense of sectarian solidarity. Sunnis in Lebanon generally have not perceived themselves as a marginalized community or even a minority because they form a majority in the broader region. Historically established in affluent urban and coastal centers, including the populous cities of Beirut and Tripoli, they tended not to join the officer corps as an avenue for social or political upward mobility. That habit, coupled with the French strategy of recruiting minorities (as in neighboring Syria), kept Sunni enrollment in the army disproportionately low following the creation of the Republic of Lebanon.20 This legacy remains powerful decades later, as one retired officer explained, “I am from Beirut, it was not a very natural act for me to apply to the military academy. No one in my family was in the army.”21", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109991073608398, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Sunni officers therefore do not tend to organize on a sectarian basis. However, their loyalty has been repeatedly questioned since the defection of the Sunni junior officer Ahmad al-Khatib, who broke away from the army’s ranks in 1976 to create the Lebanese Arab Army in support of the Palestine Liberation Organization during the civil war. Sunnis were again suspected of disloyalty following the signing of the Defense and Friendship Pact in 1992, which gave the Syrian regime suzerainty over Lebanon’s defense and foreign affairs. The regime of then Syrian president Hafez al-Assad was perceived as representing Alawite minority rule in Syria, and it was wary of the potentially destabilizing effect of Sunni officers in the LAF.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.242260932922363, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Tensions between Lahoud and Hariri were political, not sectarian, and continued after Lahoud was elected president and General Michel Suleiman replaced him as LAF commander in 1998. But Sunni loyalty was in any case tested on several occasions following the 2005 Syrian troop withdrawal from Lebanon. The first was the 2007 war between the Sunni radical group Fatah al-Islam and the Lebanese army. It took the army three months and repeated campaigns to weed militants out of the Palestinian refugee camp Nahr al-Bared in northern Lebanon. Notably, there were no Sunni defections from the LAF during this period, even when the army’s actions led to the camp’s destruction. As an officer put it, “It is much more difficult for the army to face internal problems than to deal with groups like Fatah al-Islam.”26 The LAF passed the test in part by labeling such groups as terrorist organizations and defining them as enemies of the state. Doing so allowed the army to portray itself as being above sectarian or political struggles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.405369758605957, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In May 2008, Sunni loyalty was again tested after Hezbollah and its allies seized large areas of western Beirut. Hezbollah justified the move as a response to what it perceived as hostile measures by the government of then prime minister Fouad Siniora; these procedures included dismantling Hezbollah’s private communications network and dismissing a senior security officer at Lebanon’s international airport who was allied to the party. The army was deployed as a buffer force in the capital, but its stated neutrality was criticized by the Hariri-aligned March 14 leaders, who accused it of effectively siding with Hezbollah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941553115844727, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "But the same episode also revealed the showmanship often found in Lebanese politics. According to Hariri, in a discussion with the U.S. ambassador to Lebanon that was released by WikiLeaks, the resignations of these 100 or so Sunni officers were merely symbolic.27 For his part, Suleiman claimed that the officers had been encouraged to resign by politicians, but in fact none had followed through.28", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391499519348145, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The outbreak of the Syrian crisis in 2011 has only worsened mounting Sunni-Shia tensions. The LAF has intervened to preserve internal security and public order in Lebanon continuously since then, mainly against Sunni jihadist groups. But Hezbollah’s involvement in the Syrian conflict against a popular uprising alongside the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has triggered strong opposition from some Lebanese parties, especially the Sunni political leadership. Radical Sunni preachers have gone further, increasingly accusing the LAF of only acting against Sunni groups in Lebanon, to Hezbollah’s benefit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23524284362793, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Successive Lebanese governments have been cautious about what they request from the army, given the risk of political embarrassment if officers do not comply, and because it could lead to a breakdown in cohesion due to the multiple loyalties in the officer corps. However, officers have tended to conform in practice to a common standard of behavior irrespective of their personal allegiances since the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon in 2005. Officers with strong anti-Hezbollah views have turned a blind eye, when stationed in southern Lebanon, to the party’s covert weapons transportation. Similarly, Sunni criticism of the LAF command’s strategy toward the Syrian crisis since 2011 has not led to disobedience during military operations against Sunni militants in Lebanon. Operating amid domestic conflicts with strong sectarian overtones still poses a challenge, as it did in the May 2008 clashes in Beirut. But the LAF has demonstrated its cohesion on several occasions, even when previous redlines were crossed, including fighting the Nahr al-Bared war and securing the eastern border since 2012 to facilitate Hezbollah’s military intervention in Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772602081298828, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "22 Michael Young, The Ghosts of Martyrs Square: An Eyewitness Account of Lebanon’s Life Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 117.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.414233207702637, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "27 Diplomatic cable from Michele J. Sisson, American ambassador in Beirut, to the secretary of state, May 12, 2008, released by WikiLeaks. “Lebanon: Army Commander Says He Will Protect the Government,” Al-Akhbar, last accessed November 24, 2015, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/367 .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374557495117188, "source": "search", "title": "Loyalties and Group Formation in the Lebanese Officer ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "nä, officially Republic of Lebanon, republic (2005 est. pop. 3,826,000), 4,015 sq mi (10,400 sq km), SW Asia. The country is bordered on the west by the Mediterranean Sea, on the north and east by Syria and on the south by Israel. The capital is Beirut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33438777923584, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Much of the terrain is mountainous; the Lebanon Mts., which run parallel to the coast, reach their highest point at Qurnet as-Sawda (10,131 ft/3,088 m); on the eastern border is the Anti-Lebanon range. Between the two mountain ranges lies the fertile valley of Al Biqa (avg. elev. 3,280 ft/1,000 m). The Orontes in the north and the Litani in the south are the main rivers. In addition to Beirut there are three ports, Tripoli in the north and Sidon (Saida) and Tyre (Sur) in the south.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759840965270996, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "About 95% of Lebanese are Arabs; Armenians are the principal minority. Arabic is the official language; French, English, and Armenian are also spoken. About 70% of the population is Muslim and about 30% is Christian, and each is divided into a number of sects, including the Druze. Political life is profoundly affected by the country's religious diversity. Political groups that are mainly Christian, especially of the Maronite sect, generally favor an independent course for Lebanon, stressing its ties with Europe. The Muslims, however, favor closer ties with the surrounding Arab countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308499336242676, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Until the economy was almost completely destroyed by the civil strife that rent the country from 1975 to 1990, Lebanon was long the distribution center for the Middle East, and commerce was its major industry. Beirut, a free port, was the region's financial and commercial hub. Throughout the 1980s the commercial and industrial life of Lebanon was in severe disarray, but by the 1990s the economy had at least partially revived, although the Israel invasion and air attacks of 2006 were a severe setback. Banking, insurance, food processing, and the manufacture of textiles, cement, chemicals, and metal products are now important. Oil refining is also an important industry. Other significant sources of income have been a revived tourism industry and remittances from Lebanese working abroad and international aid. The illicit narcotics trade (opium, hashish, heroin) also has a considerable impact on the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.703912258148193, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Farm products contribute only a small portion of the GDP. The main crops are citrus fruits, vegetables, olives, tobacco, and grapes. Sheep and goats are raised. Lebanon has few minerals. Not many of the famed cedars remain, although oak and pine are exploited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505537986755371, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The annual cost of Lebanon's imports is much greater than its earnings from exports. The country exports paper and paper products, foodstuffs, textiles, jewelry, metals, electrical equipment, and chemicals, largely to other Arab countries. Imports include machinery and transport equipment, grain and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, machinery, and fuels, chiefly from Italy, the United States, Germany, and France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318989753723145, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon's ethnic and religions diversity has had an enormous impact on its governmental system. Traditionally the president of the country is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of parliament a Shiite Muslim. The sects are also represented in the legislature, cabinet, and civil service. The country is governed under a 1926 constitution with later amendments. The unicameral legislature (the National Assembly) has 128 members, half Christian and half Muslim, and is elected every four years by universal adult suffrage. Under the constitution, the president, who appoints the prime minister and wields real power, is elected by the legislature for a six-year term and cannot serve consecutive terms. There are independent secular courts based on the French system and religious courts for such issues as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The Ta'if accord of 1989, which aimed at national reconciliation, gave Muslims a share in governmental power equal to that of Christians, and calls for all main religious groups to be represented in the cabinet. Lebanon is divided into five administrative governorates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.536150932312012, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In ancient times the area of Lebanon and Syria was occupied by the Canaanites, who founded the great Phoenician cities and later established a commercial maritime empire (see Phoenicia). Lebanon's cities as well as its forests and iron and copper mines (since exhausted) attracted the successive dominant powers in the Middle East. The Phoenician cities occupied a favored position in the Persian Empire and were conquered by Alexander the Great. The region came under Roman dominion starting in 64 BC (there are notable Roman ruins at Baalbek) and was Christianized before the Arab conquest in the 7th cent. By then the Maronites had established themselves—a cardinal fact in the history of Lebanon, which long remained predominantly Christian while Syria became Muslim. Later (11th cent.) the Druze settled in S Lebanon and in adjacent regions of Syria, and trouble between them and the Christians was to become a constant theme in regional history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714017868041992, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The Crusaders (see Crusades) were active in Lebanon (late 11th cent.) and were aided by the Lebanese Christians. After the Crusaders, Lebanon was loosely ruled by the Mamluks (c.1300). Invasions by Mongols and others contributed to the decline of trade until the reunification of the Middle East under the Ottoman Turks (early 16th cent.). Under Ottoman control, Lebanon had considerable autonomy, and powerful families ruled the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98803424835205, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Many Western religious missions and businesses were established in the area in the 19th cent. Conflict among the religious communities, culminating in massacres of the Maronites by the Druze in 1860, led to intervention by France (1861), and the Ottoman sultan was forced to appoint a Christian governor for Lebanon. The French were given the mandate of Syria after World War I by the League of Nations; Lebanon was a part of that mandate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008549690246582, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The French, being Catholic, separated Lebanon (home of most of the Maronite Catholics) from Syria, thus creating a new state. There was much discontent and, among the Muslims, a desire for independence within a wider Arab state. In 1926 the mandate was given a republican constitution. A treaty with France in 1936 provided for independence after a three-year transition period, but it was not ratified by France. In World War II the French Vichy government controlled Lebanon until a British–Free French force conquered (June–July, 1941) the Lebanese coast. The Free French proclaimed Lebanon an independent republic. Elections were held in 1943, and, after considerable controversy, Lebanon became independent on Jan. 1, 1944.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968358993530273, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 1945, Lebanon became a member of the United Nations, and all British and French troops were evacuated by the end of 1946. As a member of the Arab League, Lebanon declared war on Israel in 1948 but took little part in the conflict. In 1952, after the election of Camille Chamoun as president, Lebanon formed closer ties with the West. In the spring of 1958, opposition to Chamoun's pro-Western policies and his acceptance of U.S. aid under the Eisenhower Doctrine erupted in rioting in Tripoli, Beirut, and elsewhere. The rioting grew into full-scale rebellion, and Chamoun called in U.S. forces (July, 1958). Gen. Fouad Chehab, a nonpolitical personality who had kept the army out of the civil strife, was elected to succeed Chamoun, and the rebellion ebbed. By autumn U.S. forces had left the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03596019744873, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon subsequently steered a course closer to that of the other Arab nations. The secession of Syria (1961) from the United Arab Republic revived once again the rift between pro-Western and pan-Arab elements in Lebanon. In 1962 a military coup was attempted in Beirut but was crushed. Chehab was succeeded in 1964 by Charles Hélou; Suleiman Franjieh was elected president in 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.413552284240723, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon, Israel, and the Palestinians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198118209838867, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "During the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Lebanon gave verbal support to the Arab effort against Israel but did not become involved in any military action. After that, however, Lebanon's position became increasingly difficult because of the activities against Israel of Palestinian terrorists based in Lebanon. Israel repeatedly accused Lebanon of not doing enough to control the terrorists, and in 1968 Israeli forces began a series of reprisals against Palestinian strongholds in Lebanon. In 1969 fighting broke out between the Lebanese army and the Palestinian commandos after the government had threatened to limit the latter's activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1410493850708, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "After the bloody suppression in 1970–71 of the guerrillas in Jordan, large numbers of Palestinians fled into S Lebanon and Beirut. Again in 1972 heavy fighting took place between the Lebanese army and the Palestinians. Anti-Israeli terrorist attacks continued into the 1970s, and Israel continued its attacks on Palestinian guerrilla bases in S Lebanon. Lebanon did not enter the Oct., 1973, Arab-Israeli War, nor did the Lebanese army interfere with Palestinian guerrillas operating in S Lebanon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69602108001709, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Lebanon became embroiled in civil war among the Christians, Muslims, and Palestinians from early 1975 to late 1976. At the request of Lebanon's president, Syrian forces entered Lebanon (Apr., 1976), halting Muslim and Palestinian advances. An estimated 50,000 Lebanese were killed and twice that number wounded. The country became devastated, the economy crippled, and tourism plummeted to a standstill. A cease-fire in Oct., 1976, proved unstable, and hostilities resumed full scale in 1977. In response to guerrilla attacks by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel occupied S Lebanon in Mar., 1978, but withdrew in June. This came with the installation of a UN peacekeeping force of 6,000, which was unable to effectively maintain control of Lebanese militia activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.170100212097168, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 1981 fighting continued between Christian and Syrian forces, and Beirut was subjected to Israeli air raids in reprisal for PLO attacks. In June, 1982, Israeli forces invaded Lebanon, primarily to eliminate Palestinian guerrilla bases. Nearly 7,000 Palestinians were forced to leave Lebanon, which was accomplished under the supervision of a Multinational Force (MNF) comprised of U.S. and European-allied troops, who left immediately afterward. On Aug. 23, Bashir Gemayel (see under Gemayel, family) was elected president of Lebanon, but he was killed three weeks later by a bomb. In the wake of his death, Christian Phalangist forces entered the Palestinian refugee camps in Israeli-controlled areas and massacred some 1,000 civilians, provoking an international outcry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13440990447998, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Bashir Gemayel's brother, Amin, was elected president a few days later on Sept. 20. Another multinational force, of U.S. Marines and British, French, and Italian soldiers, returned to Lebanon to monitor the Lebanese militias. A U.S.-aided peace treaty, concluded with Amin Gemayel and Israel in May, 1983, called for the removal of foreign troops. Syria rejected the peace agreement, refusing to evacuate its holdings. As Israeli troops slowly left the Beirut and southern area, Lebanese militias fought among themselves in the wake of the Israeli withdrawal. In Apr., 1983, a terrorist bombing partially destroyed the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 50 people. On Oct. 23, 260 U.S. Marines and 60 French soldiers were killed by a truck bomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574075698852539, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Post–Civil War Lebanon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399564743041992, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In early 1991, Lebanese troops organized to regain control of the south from PLO guerrillas and Israelis who controlled a 6-mi (10-km) deep security zone. There were repeated and largely successful attempts to disband rival militias. A treaty (1991) of friendship and cooperation with Syria, which continued to have significant forces in Lebanon, essentially guaranteed Syrian domination of Lebanon's foreign relations. Meanwhile, beginning in the same year, Lebanon participated in peace talks with Israel, Syria, and a joint Palestinian–Jordanian delegation. International pressures on Lebanon eased with the release of the last U.S. and Western hostages in 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.815099239349365, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "By the mid-1990s, neither the Israeli nor the Syrian forces had quit the country, and clashes between Palestinian units and Israeli troops, as well as among the existing Lebanese militias, continued. Intense fighting erupted between Shiite Hezbollah (Party of God) guerrillas and Israel in S Lebanon in early 1996, as the guerrillas fired rockets into Israel and Israel retaliated with shelling and bombing. A tentative cease-fire was reached in late April; the episode generated a heavy flow of refugees from areas of S Lebanon. The many years of heavy fighting in Lebanon crippled the nation's infrastructure and economy, and devastated tourism, but a major rebuilding effort was undertaken in the 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.399587631225586, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "In 1995, President Hrawi's term in office was extended by three years by a constitutional amendment. Gen. Emile Lahoud was elected president in 1998. Fighting between Israel and Hezbollah guerrillas erupted again in June, 1999, following an announcement by Israel's new prime minister, Ehud Barak, that he would withdraw Israeli troops stationed in S Lebanon within a year. In May, 2000, Israeli troops engaged in a gradual withdrawal from S Lebanon, turning over its position to its Lebanese Christian ally, the South Lebanon Army (SLA), but the SLA collapsed, leading Israel to accelerate its withdrawal, which was completed by late May.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.587825775146484, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The 2000 parliamentary elections brought the opposition back into power, and Rafik Hariri became prime minister; he had previously held the office from 1992 to 1998. President Lahoud's term was extended for three years by constitutional amendment in 2004 at the behest of Syria, which still had some 18,000 troops in Lebanon. The blatant meddling in Lebanese affairs caused a governmental crisis in Lebanon, eventually resulting in the resignation of Hariri's government and the appointment of Omar Karami as prime minister; Karami had served as prime minister from 1990 to 1992. The UN Security Council denounced foreign interference in Lebanese politics and demanded that all foreign forces leave Lebanon. Some Syrian forces were withdrawn or redeployed in the following months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.65222454071045, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The disarming of the Shiite Hezbollah militia, as demanded by the United Nations, slowed the resolution of the boycott, and the prime minister ultimately acknowledged the group as a national resistance movement, but many in the government continued to support disarming Hezbollah. In July, 2006, Hezbollah forces captured two Israeli soldiers in fighting along the Israeli border, leading Israel to launch air attacks against targets in Beirut, Sidon, Tyre, and many other locales, place a blockade on Lebanon, and send troops into S Lebanon. Hezbollah respond largely by mounting rocket attacks against N Israel, including Haifa and Tiberias, but the its forces also offered resistance to Israeli troops, slowing their advance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.992362976074219, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "A UN-mediated cease-fire took effect in mid-August, and by the beginning of October Israel had essentially withdrawn from Lebanon and ended its blockade. As much as a fifth of the Lebanese population was displaced by the conflict, and Israeli attacks destroyed much of the country's infrastructure, a setback for the rebuilding that had occurred since the end of the civil war. Tourism and agriculture were among the sectors of the Lebanese economy most severely hurt by the fighting. Amnesty International accused both sides of war crimes in the fighting, mainly because of their attacks on civilians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902825355529785, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The Israeli pullout left Hezbollah in position to proclaim its resistance and survival a victory, and emboldened it to insist on a re-formation of the Lebanese government that would give it and its allies a much stronger political position. Hezbollah also continued to resist disarming, as called for by the UN Security Council, and neither were the captured Israeli soldiers released. At the same time, however, the Lebanese army was deployed, albeit not forcefully, throughout S Lebanon for the first time since the civil war; UN peacekeepers were also deployed there. Israel, for its part, continued its military overflights of Lebanon, also despite the UN Security Council.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04395866394043, "source": "search", "title": "Lebanon Country Guide Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Back in the fall of 2006, student elections at the American University of Beirut produced an unexpected aesthetic: female campaigners for the predominantly Christian Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) of the ex-general Michel Aoun sporting button-sized portraits of bearded Hizballah leader Hasan Nasrallah on their stylish attire. “Hizballah stands for the unity and independence of Lebanon, just as we do,” went the party line, as reiterated by Laure, an activist business student clad in the movement’s trademark orange. “And imagine, the Shi‘a and us,” she mused, off-script and with a glance at her co-campaigners, covered head to toe in the black gowns of the staunchly Islamist party, but spiced up with bright orange ribbons for the occasion. “How many we will be.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.37630558013916, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Just how many became clear soon enough, when Aoun joined Hizballah’s attempt to bring down the government of Prime Minister Fuad Siniora through public pressure later that year. While actual numbers are notoriously hard to come by,[1] the two main rallies held on December 1 and 10 clearly rivaled the demonstration that brought about the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon 18 months before. Followers of Aoun, who stand out in their blazing orange gear, accounted for an apparent third of the masses. Once again, predictions that Aoun’s alliance with the “Party of God” would dispel his support in the Christian community were proven wrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.432007789611816, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Throughout his political career, Michel Aoun’s bold maneuvering, boisterous, often ranting discourse and utter disregard for the complex rules and false niceties of the Lebanese political scene have made him one of the most divisive figures therein. To his admirers, he is the strong leader who can rise above the fray of perennial internecine conflict, clear out a divided and despised political class bent on the pursuit of factional and personal interest, and achieve longed-for, but ever elusive national unity. Likewise, Aoun has earned himself the intense loathing (even by Lebanese standards) of the members of exactly this political class (and their followers). Rather than a champion of secularist nationalism, they consider Aoun to be an irresponsible rabble rouser who threatens to upset the delicate balance of sectarian power sharing, and his calls for reform and a shakeup of public institutions to be thinly veiled Bonapartism. Aoun’s loud populism is seen as not only gauche but also a challenge to the country’s Byzantine political game, whereby decisions and distributions of spoils are supposed to be worked out behind impenetrable smokescreens of lofty principles and diplomatic cant. For the Christian part of this political class, he is also an upstart trespassing on territory that is rightfully theirs. “To his supporters,” as one journalist sums it up, “he is a Lebanese Charles de Gaulle seeking to unite this fractious country and rebuild trust in its institutions. To his critics he is a divisive megalomaniac willing to stop at nothing to become president of Lebanon.”[2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.036744117736816, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Riding on the wave of mass gatherings peaking with the demonstration of March 14, 2005 — the date which would provide the name for Lebanon’s current governing coalition — the alliance forged between Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, the son of the slain former prime minister Rafiq al-Hariri, Saad, and an array of anti-Syrian Christian politicians was confident of winning a parliamentary majority, or even the two thirds of parliamentary seats necessary to impeach President Emile Lahoud,[4] the most stubborn pupil of Syrian tutelage in the country. The March 14 forces even struck a deal with the Shi‘i parties Hizballah and Amal, who had just expressed their gratitude to Syria with a huge demonstration of their own, hoping that Shi‘i votes would tip the balance in enough districts to achieve the coveted two-thirds majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089451789855957, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Reality intruded during the elections in Mount Lebanon on June 12, when Aoun’s slate of no-names trounced the united opposition list in the Christian heartlands, winning 21 seats and leaving the opposition with only a modest majority (72 out of 128) in the new parliament. To the surprise of everyone, it emerged that a significant majority of the Lebanon’s Christians, and a good percentage of those who had taken to the streets to fight for independence and a Syrian withdrawal only two months before, were actually supporters of Michel Aoun.[5] “Countrywide, Michel Aoun garnered around 42 percent of the Christian vote in 2005,” says Lebanese pollster Abdo Saad. “In some parts of the Christian mountains, that percentage would reach above 70.” Counting political allies in the north and the Bekaa Valley, some two thirds of Lebanon’s Christians were rallying under the orange banners of the renegade general.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7756195068359375, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "While this anti-political, or rather, anti-Establishment, posture found among many Lebanese who grew up during the last years of the civil war resonates with Aoun’s hostile relationship with many Lebanese politicians, some 40,000 Lebanese — nearly 70 percent of them below the age of 30 — have decided otherwise, and become card-carrying FPM members through a registration process initiated in late 2006, after the movement officially converted itself into a political party. “All these young people who took to the streets back in 2005 learned one very important thing,” says Sami Ofeish, a political scientist at the University of Balamand in the north of Lebanon. “Politics to them is no longer something that happens on a different planet. They had the experience that if they take action, they can actually make things happen. So one would expect that this generation would develop an attitude very different from that of the preceding years.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439339637756348, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "So what stood in the way of including Aoun instead, a move that would have provided the new government with the support of 93 MPs with no pro-Syrian leanings, well in excess of the desired two-thirds majority? For one thing, it was clear that the FPM would only support an impeachment motion against Lahoud if the name of the one and only candidate to replace the sitting president would be Michel Aoun — meaning that, rather than filling the position with a compliant nominee of their own, the majority would have had to deal with an independent player with significant popular support. “For all of their anti-Syrian rhetoric, Hariri and Jumblatt preferred to leave Asad’s man in the presidency rather than bow to the wishes of nearly three quarters of the Christian electorate and accept Aoun’s ascension,” concludes Gary Gambill, a seasoned Lebanon analyst with obvious sympathy for the general.[7]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.077205657958984, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "One reason may be the continuous decline of the traditional Christian leadership in the second half of the 1980s, after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel removed the one figure capable of maintaining the precarious alliance between Lebanon’s powerful Christian bourgeoisie (of all denominations) and the increasingly militant Christian lower middle class (mainly Maronite) by means of personal charisma. With his brother Amin increasingly sidelined by the ruthless militia-based leadership of Samir Geagea, and the political project of a Christian-dominated Lebanon under US and Israeli auspices falling apart, more and more Christians despaired of their future in the country. Large-scale displacement of Christians in the mid-1980s (wrought to a great extent by Geagea’s ill-conceived military adventures in the southern parts of Mount Lebanon) also meant that parochial means of mobilizing support would reach fewer and fewer people. The displaced, on the other hand, would either be hell-bent on revenge and join or support the militia, or would turn their resentment against a leadership that had failed them, and become susceptible to the discourses of national redemption that Aoun successfully projected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.12442398071289, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The profile of a comparatively well-educated and upwardly mobile following, which hence shows a strong preference for meritocracy, sits well with the perennial spiel of the FPM: attacking corruption, and arguing for a strong and efficient state. In contrast to the authoritarian regimes in Egypt and Syria, the corruption and clientelism in Lebanon are actually results of a weak state. Power traditionally resides with an alliance of ruling families who divvy up the state and its prerogatives among one another according to the relative balance of power, and obtain loyalty by redistributing parts of the proceeds among their constituencies. Conventionally, this arrangement is of course described as a “national pact” between religious communities designed to enable coexistence and protect minorities from marginalization. But while Lebanese politicians are always concerned to be seen as vigilant guardians of communal interests, they typically have no problem joining ranks with representatives of other confessions to marginalize their co-religionists. Even long-time foes will suspend their differences as soon as any serious attempt is made to shore up the independence of the state, and join ranks to ward off any such challenge to the order of things. The system is also open to newcomers empowered by political and/or macro-economic change, for instance, Amal leader Nabih Berri, propelled into prominence by Syrian backing in the 1980s or Rafiq al-Hariri, elevated by petrodollars and Saudi patronage in the 1990s. Such newcomers may push out some of the traditional players, but are usually careful to preserve the rules of the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097179412841797, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "“When my son left high school, there was an opening for some 200 recruits in General Security,” recalls a Sunni from Beirut. “We found out that some 70 would go to Sunnis. And to get one of those, you needed to go to Rafiq al-Hariri. It was as simple as that: Sunni jobs are distributed by the strongest Sunni leader. So we used a contact to a person very close to Hariri, and things worked out. After that, we all became his followers. Because if he doesn’t care for us, then nobody else will.” In Lebanon, everybody knows at least ten stories of this category, and while contempt for the politicians involved is universal, so is the urge not to be left behind in the scramble for the spoils. Yet Alain Aoun is determined that the rules of the games must be changed: “Until now, the logic is: I take office, so now it is my turn to steal and patronize my people. We need to break this cycle. A few honest guys on the top level can make a hell of a difference, and send a message down through the ranks.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.907642364501953, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Still, and despite the secularist rhetoric wielded by Aoun and his lieutenants, one of the most important cards for the FPM among its predominantly Christian following appears to be the sense of being once again excluded in the post-civil war political order — only this time, and worse, not by the Syrians, who were, after all, outsiders and occupiers. This time the Aounists feel marginalized by other Lebanese and, still worse, by nobody less than their age-old nemesis, the Sunnis, manifest in the overbearing presence of the Hariri family and its political machinery, the Future Movement. Secularism as professed by the Aounists thus shows a tendency to turn into a sectarian discourse[8] directed mainly against a perceived Sunni takeover of state institutions, and prone to resurrect the eternal Christian fear of being “drowned” in a sea of more than 250 million Muslim Arabs surrounding Lebanon, the only country in the region to guarantee them full legal equality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.174013137817383, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The “mother of all injustices” against Christians quoted by supporters of the FPM is the election law, drawn up in the year 2000 by the chief of Syrian intelligence in Lebanon, the late Ghazi Kanaan, and applied again in 2005. Designed with the clear intention of minimizing the impact of the notoriously anti-Syrian Christian electorate, the Kanaan law “diluted” the Christian vote in many districts by combining Christian with significantly more populous Muslim areas.[9] As a result, only 18 out of 64 Christian MPs were elected in majority-Christian districts, while the remaining Christian MPs were practically elected by Muslims — Sunnis and hence Hariri in the north and Beirut, Shi‘a and hence Hizballah and Amal in the south, Druze and Shi‘a in the southern part of Mount Lebanon. There is irony in the fact that what was meant to further Syrian interest back in 2000 — largely by favoring Hariri, who was then still a loyal supporter of the Pax Syriana — vastly skewed the results in favor of the anti-Syrian coalition in 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023469924926758, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Such irony, however, was completely lost on the majority of Christians represented by the FPM. From their perspective, the election of 2005 and its aftermath only continued their post-war decline, a process marked by Muslim-dominated governments with fig leaves of Christian participation. This impression was reinforced by the less than impressive performance of the Christian representatives in the Siniora government. Saudi money (the younger Hariri holds Saudi citizenship, and his business network is entwined with Saudi interests), it was induced, had replaced the tutelage of the Syrian secret services, with the blessing of the US, who would sign Lebanon over to a regional power it needed for greater designs, just as it did in 1990 when Syria was an indispensable part of the coalition to free Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. So pervasive became this impression that the Conference of Maronite Bishops felt compelled to issue a stern warning against an impending “Islamization” of Lebanon in late June, and Samir Geagea was quoted (and promptly denied) saying, “I don’t even talk to the Saudis. I talk to their masters, the Americans, and they talk to them on our behalf.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777661323547363, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "From the perspective of Christians close to Aoun, however, talking to the Americans was pointless, for the Sunni ascendancy was seen as not at all accidental, but rather part of a strategic realignment that puts Sunni Arab regimes, and in particular Saudi Arabia, at the center of a pro-US alliance against purported radicals. “In the fall of 2005, Washington was facing a stark choice of what to support in Lebanon,” wrote Jean Aziz, who has since become the director of Orange TV. “It could choose either a pluralist, consensual system that may have set an example for the dialogue rather than the clash of civilizations, or a Sunni Muslim system with American leanings and pliant to American interests, a model for American presence in the region.”[10]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67850112915039, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "But then why turn to Hizballah, another party with a clearly Muslim character, and with a political agenda liable to embroil Lebanon deeper and further in regional struggles, something Lebanese Christians have always been loath to do? For Aoun’s detractors, the answer is simple and straightforward: Both Shi‘a and Christians are tiny minorities in a region dominated by Sunnis. In a system where sectarian considerations trump everything else, their alliance against a powerful Sunni-dominated regime now backed by Lebanon’s Sunni neighbors appears almost natural. With only 30-40 percent of the population, and with non-Arab Iran as its main sponsor, Lebanon’s Shi‘a have no hope of ever dominating the system, unlike the Sunnis, who draw economic and demographic strength from neighboring countries such as Egypt, Syria, Jordan or Saudi Arabia, all liable to be controlled by Islamists in the not too distant future. Additionally, Hizballah, with its disciplined fighting units, appears less scary in comparison to Sunni extremists such as Fatah al-Islam, who have been battling the Lebanese army for three months in the refugee camp of Nahr al-Barid, after allegedly being under the protection of the Hariri family — developments dwelt upon by media sympathetic to the FPM.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.187799453735352, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "The narrow victory scored by Aoun’s candidate in the Matn by-election on August 5, 2007 showed the Christian community to be deeply divided, with both sides claiming moral victory. Judging by the numbers, support for the FPM was dented (40,000 votes, about one third less than the 2005 result), while support for the pro-government Christian camp went up (also by one third). Yet the virtually unknown FPM candidate entered the race in a clearly uphill battle: For one thing, he confronted no less a personage than Amin Gemayel, a former president and the head of one of the most influential Christian families in Lebanon, and on his home turf, giving his opponent ample opportunity to mobilize along parochial and tribal lines. Second, he was running against the father of the MP whose assassination made the by-election necessary in the first place, lending his bid an air of callousness, as many voters felt that the seat rightfully belonged to the family of the murdered man. Finally, the assassination was widely ascribed to remnants of the Syrian secret service network in Lebanon, and Aoun’s attempt to, as it were, reap political gain from the killing provided ample ammunition for portraying his movement as unwittingly or opportunistically paving the way for renewed Syrian influence in Lebanon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419872283935547, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Yet the fact that, at the end of a long election day, Amin Gemayel was unable to capitalize upon these considerable advantages shows that the core support for the FPM remains resilient, and makes it appear unlikely that any force in the Christian camp will be able to challenge Michel Aoun’s position in the near future. For Lebanon, this appears to be a mixed blessing at best: On the one hand, a (most likely sizable) majority of the Christian community seems prepared to look for guarantees of their presence in a majority-Muslim country and an overwhelmingly Muslim region in the institutions of a secular state, rather than hanging on to the doubtful security offered by a ghetto of sectarian privilege. This is a momentous development, when one recalls the 1970s. Yet the party galvanizing such sentiment feels compelled to appeal, once again, to sentiments that all too obviously feed on longing for lost privilege and resentment of the arch-competitor for power in the state. Likewise, for the first time in their history, a (probably less sizable) majority of Christians is prepared to make common political cause with a mass movement following an explicitly Islamist political outlook. And yet it appears that prejudice and racism against Muslims, mixed with resentment deriving from class, have been transposed onto Sunnis and only muted toward Shi‘a, for the time being. Despite the remarkable politicization of young Lebanese that fueled the success of the FPM, the new party also remains a movement centered around a single leader, who is venerated to the verge of personality cult, with a notable tendency to establish a strong family presence in the top echelons, and again, despite a significant number of female activists, to exclude women nearly totally from the upper ranks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.491393089294434, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "Finally, the inconclusive test of forces between Amin Gemayel and Michel Aoun bodes ill for the already intractable conflict over the upcoming election of a new president — a post traditionally reserved for Maronite Christians — where both men are candidates. Without a compromise, the presidency, which also wields the high command of the armed forces, may be the next victim of the chain reaction of stalemate, disputed legitimacy and mutual boycott that has already paralyzed most of the political institutions in Lebanon. A further disintegration of the state now looks like a real possibility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.156134605407715, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[1] Ever since mass demonstrations in Lebanon began, in the wake of ex-Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri’s assassination in the spring of 2005, all sides have engaged in inflation of numbers to absurd proportions, without any serious regard to material facts, such as the actual surface area of the spots where people congregated. Interview with Lebanese pollster Abdo Saad, Beirut, June 2007. Saad is the director of the Beirut Center for Research and Information ( http://www.beirutcenter.info , mainly in Arabic), which conducts frequent opinion polls on political issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274541854858398, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[7] Gary Gambill, “Lemons from Lemonade: Washington and Lebanon After the Syrian Withdrawal,” Mideast Monitor (June-July 2007). http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_1.htm .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312226295471191, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." }, { "answer": "Lebanon", "passage": "[9] The law provides for a first-past-the-post majority system differentiated by sect. For instance, one seat in the district Beirut-I was reserved for a Greek Orthodox Christian, so the Orthodox candidate with the most votes would win one seat, and all votes cast for other Orthodox candidates would have no impact on the composition of Parliament. As in most majority systems, gerrymandering has the potential to distort the popular vote, and has been a temptation for sitting presidents and governments ever since the foundation of Lebanon. Accordingly, each and every parliamentary election in Lebanon is preceded by heated debate about how electoral districts will be demarcated, with the decision typically taken only shortly before election day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392621040344238, "source": "search", "title": "Aoun and Hezbollah: Rallying Around the Renegade - Europe ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000. The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience. Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident. Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot from only the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley \"got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!\" Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, \"As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots.\" In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming. Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad \"Love Me Tender\", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders. More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions.", "precise_score": 6.219701766967773, "rough_score": 4.981921195983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Already owning a Number One hit with “Heartbreak Hotel,” Elvis had been on television before, but nothing compared to his debut on The Ed Sullivan Show when 60 million viewers tuned in. It was a high profile cultural moment and national event when 82% of the television viewing audience watched Elvis on The Ed Sullivan Show .", "precise_score": 8.115589141845703, "rough_score": 7.676793098449707, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Then on July 1st, 1956, Elvis appeared on NBC’s new Steve Allen Show, which aired opposite CBS’s The Ed Sullivan Show. Due to the backlash from Presley’s second and last performance on The Milton Berle Show, Allen decided to dress Elvis in a tuxedo and have him sing “Hound Dog” to a basset hound. While many of Elvis’s teenaged fans may not have appreciated the comedic intent of the song (Elvis personally hated it), The Steve Allen Show crushed Ed Sullivan in that week’s ratings. On Monday, Ed Sullivan sent Steve Allen a telegram reading: “Steven Presley Allen, NBC TV, New York City. Stinker. Love and kisses. Ed Sullivan.”", "precise_score": 2.074631690979004, "rough_score": 0.786123514175415, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "On this Date in History:  I would wager that if someone asked you which TV show was Elvis Presley’s first television appearance, you would answer the Ed Sullivan Show.  That would be wrong.  His first TV appearance was on January 28, 1956 on the little remembered, Stage Show , co-hosted by Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey .  He appeared on the next 3 episodes and a total of 6 appearances.  I’m not sure if the show lasted much longer than that but the press really didn’t pay much attention.  His first national TV appearance was on April 3, 1956 on the Milton Berle Show .   Berle remembered that there were many stars on that night including Hugh Jarrett, Esther Williams, Buddy Rich and Harry James.  Milton Berle also mentioned Buddy Hackett but the rundown of those who appeared does not list Hackett.  In any event, Elvis was an unknown young performer.  Elvis’s agent, Colonel Parker (see book about Parker and Presley)  had called Berle and asked him to give Elvis an audition.  Berle did and was impressed enough to book Elvis on the show.  Elvis performed “Shake Rattle and Roll,” “Heartbreak Hotel” and “Blue Suede Shoes.”  Of the three, Elvis wrote “Heartbreak Hotel.”", "precise_score": 2.373338460922241, "rough_score": 0.3353511393070221, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley’s 1st National TV Appearance Huge, Not On ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "The myth was created by the press who noted that tight shots were used whenever he started to dance.  Perhaps it was censorship but more likely it was a director taking different camera shots.  The audience saw plenty of Elvis in action and they certainly heard the women in the audience sqeal every time Elvis grunted, crossed his eyes, moved his tongue or even just stood perfectly still.  Laughton concluded the show by saying, ”Well, what did someone say? Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast?”  On that night, Ed Sullivan’s show was seen by  82.6% of the total television audience in America.  Steve Allen didn’t even try as NBC pre-empted his show with a movie. ", "precise_score": 4.128354072570801, "rough_score": 1.6500262022018433, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley’s 1st National TV Appearance Huge, Not On ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Parker was a master promoter who wasted no time in furthering Presley's image, licensing everything from guitars to cookware. Parker's first major coup was to market Presley on television. First, he had Presley booked in six of the Dorsey Shows (CBS). Presley appeared on the show on January 28, 1956, then on February 4, 11 & 18, 1956, with two more appearances on March 17 & 24, 1956. In March, he was able to obtain a lucrative deal with Milton Berle (NBC) for two appearances. The first appearance was on April 3, 1956. The second appearance was controversial due to Presley's performance of \" Hound Dog\" on June 5, 1956. It sparked a storm over his \"gyrations\" while singing. The controversy lasted through the rest of the 50's. However, that show drew such huge ratings that Steve Allen (ABC) booked him for one appearance, which took place early on July 1, 1956. That night, Allen had for the first time beaten The Ed Sullivan Show in the Sunday night ratings, prompting Sullivan (CBS) to book Presley for three appearances: September 9, and October 28, 1956 as well as January 6, 1957, for an unprecedented fee of $50,000. On September 9, 1956, at his first of three appearances on the Sullivan show, Presley drew an estimated 82.5% percent of the television audience, calculated at between 55-60 million viewers. On his third and final appearance ( January 6, 1957) on the The Ed Sullivan Show, Sullivan was so impressed by Presley that he pointed to him and told the audience \"This is a real decent, fine boy. We've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we've had with you ... You're thoroughly all right.\" Presley remains the only one on Sullivan's show to have received such a warm and personal accolade. However, it has also been said that Presley's manager orchestrated the compliment in exchange for permitting Presley to appear, after Sullivan had earlier publicly stated his refusal to allow Presley on his program.", "precise_score": 3.557610511779785, "rough_score": 4.033843994140625, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - cs.mcgill.ca" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis’ first performance on The Ed Sullivan Show was watched by over 82% of the television viewing audience at the time. Not only did Elvis make his way straight into their living rooms, but he also left an indelible imprint on their hearts.  With the help of this breakout performance, Elvis revolutionized the musical tastes of many Americans and changed the entertainment scene forever.", "precise_score": 7.099009037017822, "rough_score": 7.603183746337891, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Unfortunately, a month before Elvis appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , Ed suffered from an almost fatal automobile crash that left him hospitalized for weeks. Because he was unable to recover from his injuries quick enough, it was the British actor Charles Laughton, who hosted Presley’s debut performance on The Ed Sullivan Show.  That night, 60 million viewers tuned in excitedly as Elvis performed “Don’t Be Cruel” and “Love me Tender.”", "precise_score": 4.027157783508301, "rough_score": 1.154225468635559, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Though he had performed on the regional TV program Louisiana Hayride in March 1955, this spot on Stage Show was Elvis Presley’s first national television appearance. Hosted by sibling big-band leaders Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey, the show was broadcast live from CBS Studio 50 in New York — which also housed The Ed Sullivan Show.", "precise_score": 2.9851691722869873, "rough_score": 1.3866411447525024, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on TV: 10 Unforgettable Broadcasts - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "From the day television existed as an entertainment medium, giant companies have battled each other for viewers. In the history of television programming, no show was as consistently excellent in the ratings as The Ed Sullivan Show, a variety show that brought on all kinds of acts, from dancers to artists and singers. It was the longest-running show to maintain one time slot, and today it is widely remembered for introducing the nation to the likes of Elvis Presley and the Beatles. When Elvis was on the show in 1956, over 82% of the nation's entire television audience tuned in, a rating that would make even the Super Bowl blush. Indeed, being booked on The Ed Sullivan Show became so important for performers that Aretha Franklin once noted, \"And I was booked once to go on Ed Sullivan and I got bumped, and ran out the back door crying.\"", "precise_score": 4.985532760620117, "rough_score": 5.13669490814209, "source": "search", "title": "American Legends: The Life of Ed Sullivan Audiobook ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, \"Let 'em see you, son.\" During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of \"Hound Dog\" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements. Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy. Newspaper critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, \"Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway.\" Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music \"has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos\". Ed Sullivan, whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him \"unfit for family viewing\". To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as \"Elvis the Pelvis\", which he called \"one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.219393253326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6, 1957—on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist. Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity. In any event, as critic Greil Marcus describes, Presley \"did not tie himself down. Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows, he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha, if not a harem girl. From the make-up over his eyes, the hair falling in his face, the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth, he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik, with all stops out.\" To close, displaying his range and defying Sullivan's wishes, Presley sang a gentle black spiritual, \"Peace in the Valley\". At the end of the show, Sullivan declared Presley \"a real decent, fine boy\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5637505054473877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Presley's physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged. \"He was once beautiful, astonishingly beautiful\", in the words of critic Mark Feeney. Television director Steve Binder, no fan of Presley's music before he oversaw the '68 Comeback Special, reported, \"I'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you, you stop, whether you're male or female, to look at him. He was that good looking. And if you never knew he was a superstar, it wouldn't make any difference; if he'd walked in the room, you'd know somebody special was in your presence.\" His performance style, as much as his physical beauty, was responsible for Presley's eroticized image. Writing in 1970, critic George Melly described him as \"the master of the sexual simile, treating his guitar as both phallus and girl.\" In his Presley obituary, Lester Bangs credited him as \"the man who brought overt blatant vulgar sexual frenzy to the popular arts in America.\" Ed Sullivan's declaration that he perceived a soda bottle in Presley's trousers was echoed by rumors involving a similarly positioned toilet roll tube or lead bar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.63481330871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elvis Presley" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Products Page | Ed Sullivan Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258994102478027, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis Aaron Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi on January 8th, 1935, but it probably wasn’t until his September 9th, 1956 appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that America witnessed the birth of “The King of Rock ‘n’ Roll.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.648256778717041, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Soon after, Elvis’s national popularity was on the rise, and Hollywood wanted in. Elvis signed a movie contract with Hal Wallis and Paramount Pictures. The Colonel next booked two appearances for him on The Milton Berle Show. For the first show broadcast, April 3, 1956, Elvis was filmed on the flight deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego. Hundreds of sailors were in attendance. In the second show, June 5, 1956, Elvis’s playful performance of “Hound Dog” drove the teens wild, but the press and some adults were outraged. The controversy over his bumps and grinds and gyrating hips only served to fuel the fire. When Ed Sullivan was asked if he would book Elvis on his show, he said he would not. He didn’t want to be the recipient of scathing criticism from the nation’s media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5620720386505127, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "By Monday morning Ed Sullivan caved and decided to book Elvis on his Sunday night showcase. Sullivan and Colonel Parker agreed to have Elvis appear three times for the then mind boggling sum of $50,000, the highest amount ever paid to a performer to appear on TV. Ironically, before Elvis had appeared nationally on television, Sullivan had turned down the opportunity to book Elvis on his show for $5,000. He passed on the opportunity, because he wasn’t sure that Presley would be a good fit for his show’s family audience. But after getting trounced in the ratings by Steve Allen, Ed had to concede and he paid dearly. It would be a show business marriage made in ratings heaven.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.3021632134914398, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "By the time of his next appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, October 28th, 1956, Sullivan had recovered from his injuries and resumed his duties hosting the show. Following an innocent act by an Irish children’s choir called The Little Gaelic Singers, Elvis Presley took the stage and sang, “Don’t Be Cruel” and “Love Me Tender.” After Señor Wences’s ventriloquism act , Elvis returned to perform “Love Me.” During this song the camera moved in for a close-up of Elvis’ face, and then, as if on cue, he smiled and snarled his upper lip. The studio audience went wild. Elvis closed with another performance of his hit, “Hound Dog.” Again viewers were shown a head-to-toe Elvis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.219104290008545, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis’s third and final appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show took place on January 6th, 1957. He shared the stage with Sullivan impressionist Will Jordan, ventriloquist Arthur Worsley and a rising comedienne, Carol Burnett.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.252289295196533, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis performed a number of songs that night including “Hound Dog,” “Don’t Be Cruel,” “Too Much,” “When My Blue Moon Turns To Gold Again,” and a gospel favorite, “Peace in the Valley.” At the end of the show Ed Sullivan went out of his way to compliment Presley, “I wanted to say to Elvis Presley and the country that this is a real decent, fine boy, and wherever you go, Elvis, we want to say we’ve never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we’ve had with you. So now let’s have a tremendous hand for a very nice person!” With that endorsement, Elvis Presley bowed, was clearly appreciative and exited the Sullivan stage for the last time. He went on to become one of the most famous and beloved artists in the history of entertainment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.130892753601074, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "In 2006, The History Channel selected the September 9th, 1956 Elvis Presley appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show as one of the “10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America.” Elvis Presley on The Ed Sullivan Show was a key stepping stone on The King's path to worldwide fame. Today Presley remains a cultural icon and a global legend, the best selling solo artist in the history of popular music, and perhaps thanks in part to Elvis' three historic appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.106550931930542, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - The Ed Sullivan Show" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Now, Ed Sullivan had vowed to never book Elvis on his show due to all of his controversial wiggling.   But, there were more shows besides Sullivan.  Three days prior to his groundbreaking second appearance on Milton Berle, Elvis showed up on Your Hit Parade and went on the show again on June 9, 1956.  The first of July found Elvis on the Steve Allen Show where he wore a tuxedo as he performed “Hound Dog” singing to a sad looking basset hound.  Allen had considered pulling him from the show after the backlash of the Berle appearance.  Instead, he took a comic approach and put Elvis in the tuxedo with the dog in an effort to control him.  Elvis went along with it.   An appearance with Jack Benny followed that.  Sullivan had turned down an offer to pay $5000 to put Elvis on his show but after Allen with Elvis destroyed Sullivan without Elvis in the ratings, old Ed promptly changed his mind.  The show was called originally called “Toast of the Town” and the guest host on September 9, 1956 was Charles Laughton of Captain Bligh fame from Mutiny on the Bounty.  Also on the show was the same Hugh Jarrett who was booked on the Milton Berle show on which Elvis made his national debut.   Sullivan wasn’t in the New York theatre as he was recovering from injuries suffered in an automobile accident so Laughton filled in.  Elvis wasn’t in the theatre either.  He was in Hollywood shooting his first movie.  So, Laughton tossed to the guest by saying “away to Hollywood to meet Elvis Presley.”  Elvis performed from a studio there.  Sullivan was happy because his show that night got boffo ratings and he must have also been relieved.  His delay resulted in Sullivan signing Elvis for 3 appearances for $50,000 which was an unheard of some in those days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.906939506530762, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley’s 1st National TV Appearance Huge, Not On ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "By not having Elvis on sooner, Sullivan may have helped himself even though he cost himself money.  Other shows built his popularity so, by the time he made it to the biggest show on TV, the Sullivan Show, people watched in record numbers.  Myths get spread so much that often that the myth becomes the truth.  As previously mentioned, many people probably remember the Sullivan appearance as Elvis’s national TV debut.  They also probably recall that the censors on Sullivan’s show required that all shots of his performances would be from the waste up.    Well, on that first Sullivan appearance, his first song was “Don’t be Cruel” and the cameras did in fact stay from the waste up, showing The King in a very loud plaid jacket.  But the jacket was not the only thing that screamed out.  Women in the audience were screaming at something Elvis did beyond the camera range.  He then performed “Love Me Tender” which was his new song associated with his first movie of the same title.  But, the cameras gave the television audience the full Elvis for his second segment.  They showed his feet, his hips, his legs…everything wildly moving about as he performed the Little Richard song “Ready Teddy” and a couple of verses of “Hound Dog.”  So, Elvis was not really censored by Ed Sullivan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.039771556854248, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley’s 1st National TV Appearance Huge, Not On ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Now, the last time that Elvis appeared on Sullivan’s show (by that time it was called the Ed Sullivan Show) was on January 6, 1957 and the TV camera’s did indeed only show him from the waste up as he sang the Gospel song,  “Peace in the Valley.”  Given that these close ups were for a non-rock and roll tune, many historians believe it was Parker’s idea to limit the camera shots as a way of creating publicity and not an order from Sullivan.   Elvis never performed for Sullivan again but it wasn’t because Ed was upset; he was a tightwad.  Colonel Parker had raised the fee for his star to perform on TV to $300,000 with a stipulation that the network had to agree to put him on two additional guest spots as well as a one hour special.  Parker credited the Sullivan appearances as the key to the success of the single and the movie “Love Me Tender.”  And many music and tv historians say that it was the 3 Sullivan appearances by Elvis to gain support from the parents of the kids who already loved  the king as Sullivan somehow bridged a generation gap.  Obviously, Elvis’s movements were tame by today’s standards, or lack thereof, but it was his breakthrough in his performing style that continues to influence rock stars today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0168275833129883, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley’s 1st National TV Appearance Huge, Not On ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "In August, 1956 in Jacksonville, Florida a local Juvenile Court judge called Presley a \" savage\" and threatened to arrest him if he shook his body while performing at Jacksonville's Florida Theatre, justifying the restrictions by saying his music was undermining the youth of America. Throughout the performance, Presley stood still as ordered but poked fun at the judge by wiggling a finger. Similar attempts to stop his \"sinful gyrations\" continued for more than a year and included his often-noted January 6, 1957 appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (during which he performed the spiritual number \"Peace in the Valley\"), when he was filmed only from the waist up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.749287128448486, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley - cs.mcgill.ca" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1316003799438477, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show - Elvis History Blog" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis on The Ed Sullivan Show …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.112009048461914, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show - Elvis History Blog" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Even half a century later, “from the waist up” is a pop culture idiom associated with Elvis Presley’s appearance on the Sullivan show in the fifties. On the surface, it suggests that Ed Sullivan refused to allow cameras to film Presley below the belt. As noted with “Ready Teddy,” that was not completely true. In addition to that number, Elvis could be viewed from head to foot when he performed “Love Me” and “Hound Dog” on the October 28 show and while singing “Peace in the Valley” on January 6, 1957.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2882957458496094, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show - Elvis History Blog" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "• Elvis overshadowed Sullivan’s on-camera role", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.637548446655273, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show - Elvis History Blog" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Finally, Ed Sullivan himself played a significant role on camera during Presley’s three appearances. Of course, he was recovering from injuries suffered in an automobile accident and was not in the studio for Presley’s initial appearance on September 9. Still, Elvis twice paid homage to his absent host. Before launching into his first number, Elvis declared that his appearance on Sullivan’s show was “probably the greatest honor I have had ever had in his life.” At the end of show, Presley wished Sullivan a quick recovery and said he looked forward to seeing him on the October 28 show. On that second Presley show, Sullivan reminded the girls in the studio audience of the promise he had extracted from them to keep quiet while Elvis was singing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.278371572494507, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show - Elvis History Blog" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "However, Elvis clearly understood and appreciated Sullivan’s comments about him just before Elvis left the stage on January 6. “This is a fine, decent boy,” Sullivan told to nation. Elvis, so used to vicious criticism from the press, was clearly humbled to hear one of the country’s most respected men voice such praise of him. Elvis was paid $50,000 for his three appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, but surely he valued those six words spoken by his host more than his record TV payout that evening. —  Alan Hanson  | © November 2011", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.770444869995117, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on the Ed Sullivan Show - Elvis History Blog" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the King of Rock ‘N Roll | Ed Sullivan Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.199891090393066, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the King of Rock ‘N Roll", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.521141052246094, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the King of Rock ‘N Roll", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.521141052246094, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis Presley, who will always be known as the “King of Rock and Roll,” first caught the attention of millions of fans worldwide when he appeared on The Ed Sullivan show on September 9th, 1956.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9373860359191895, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "By the time of his first appearance on Ed Sullivan, Presley was riding high on the success of his song “The Heartbreak Hotel” and had already made several TV performances.  However, it was not until his debut on The Ed Sullivan Show that his fame and popularity really took off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.100600004196167, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "For his second performance on the Milton Berle show, Presley performed his hit “Hound Dog,” which drove the teens wild, but both adults and the press were thoroughly appalled. Many adults were outraged by his bumps and grinds as well as his gyrating hips. For this reason, Ed Sullivan initially refused to book him on his show as he wanted to distance himself from the harsh criticism that Presley was receiving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.978091716766357, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "However, Presley still managed to work things out to his advantage by appearing on NBC’s new Steven Allen Show. Once again Presley performed “Hound Dog,” but this time he was conservatively dressed. Thanks to Presley’s appearance, Allen’s show beat Sullivan’s weekly ratings. The rivalry between the two spurred Sullivan to book Elvis for three appearances for an outrageously high sum of money at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.076240301132202, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis lived up to his reputation by gyrating and moving his hips which once again attracted controversy. When Elvis appeared for the second time on The Ed Sullivan show on October 28th, 1956 it was Ed Sullivan himself who hosted him. On this occasion, viewers were treated to a head to toe sight of Elvis performing “Love Me Tender”, “Don’t Be Cruel” and “Hound Dog.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8645261526107788, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis went on to make his third and final appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on January 6th 1957, where Sullivan impressionist Will Jordan, ventriloquist Arthur Worsley and a rising comedienne, Carol Burnett were also guests that night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1120147854089737, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Following this performance, Ed Sullivan stated the incredible potential and talent he saw in Presley. He also wished him all the best for his future endeavors. Presley humbly accepted all the praise heaped upon him.  Ed Sullivan’s endorsement was paramount and further validated Elvis to a wide audience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.425620079040527, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis would ultimately become the most popular solo artist in the history of entertainment. Today, even 35 years after his death, Elvis continues to be a cultural sensation and a global phenomenon and his stepping stone to success was undoubtedly the three appearances that Elvis made on The Ed Sullivan show .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.555501461029053, "source": "search", "title": "Why The Ed Sullivan Show Helped Elvis Presley Become the ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Many have since accused Allen, an avowed jazz fanatic with little interest in rock, with intentionally trying to belittle Presley with the song and other hokey sketches. Allen insisted this wasn’t the case. Whatever the motivation, the episode’s ratings were high enough to beat CBS’ Sunday night juggernaut, The Ed Sullivan Show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.504222869873047, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on TV: 10 Unforgettable Broadcasts - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "September 9th, 1956: The Ed Sullivan Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.955254554748535, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on TV: 10 Unforgettable Broadcasts - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Ed Sullivan initially deemed “Elvis the Pelvis” too hot for family viewing and refused to book him. But when Presley’s July 1st spot on Steve Allen scored top ratings, Sullivan reconsidered his position. Offering Presley $50,000 for three appearances — 10 times what Allen had paid — TV’s Sunday night king got his man and made history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3978681564331055, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on TV: 10 Unforgettable Broadcasts - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Elvis (known forever after as “the ‘68 Comeback Special”) was a triumph, mixing big-budget production numbers, intimate live band performances, a few socially conscious pleas for world peace and rump-shaking rock & roll. Though he hadn’t performed live in more than seven years, Presley was in top form both vocally and physically. His leather getup harkened back to the young twentysomething who drove kids wild on Ed Sullivan a decade earlier. Now he ruled the stage with the supreme confidence of a grown man in total control. The King had returned for his crown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.322431564331055, "source": "search", "title": "Elvis Presley on TV: 10 Unforgettable Broadcasts - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "American Legends: The Life of Ed Sullivan Audiobook | Charles River Editors | Audible.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405351638793945, "source": "search", "title": "American Legends: The Life of Ed Sullivan Audiobook ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "Includes in-depth accounts of Elvis Presley and the Beatles' historic performances on The Ed Sullivan Show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.792900085449219, "source": "search", "title": "American Legends: The Life of Ed Sullivan Audiobook ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "\"Open big, have a good comedy act, put in something for children, and keep the show clean. I believe in getting the best acts I can, introducing them quickly, and getting off.\" (Ed Sullivan's explanation for the success of The Ed Sullivan Show)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929277420043945, "source": "search", "title": "American Legends: The Life of Ed Sullivan Audiobook ..." }, { "answer": "Ed Sullivan", "passage": "\"Ed Sullivan will be around as long as someone else has talent.\" (Fred Allen)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390466690063477, "source": "search", "title": "American Legends: The Life of Ed Sullivan Audiobook ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1992, Rabin was re-elected as prime minister on a platform embracing the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. He signed several historic agreements with the Palestinian leadership as part of the Oslo Accords. In 1994, Rabin won the Nobel Peace Prize together with long-time political rival Shimon Peres and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. Rabin also signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. In November 1995, he was assassinated by an extremist named Yigal Amir, who opposed the terms of the Oslo Accords.", "precise_score": 7.946767807006836, "rough_score": 5.775934219360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "For his role in the creation of the Oslo Accords, Rabin was awarded the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. The Accords greatly divided Israeli society, with some seeing Rabin as a hero for advancing the cause of peace and some seeing him as a traitor for giving away land they viewed as rightfully belonging to Israel. Many Israelis on the right wing often blame him for Jewish deaths in terror attacks, attributing them to the Oslo agreements.", "precise_score": 8.714225769042969, "rough_score": 6.066987991333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 was awarded jointly to Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin \"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\".", "precise_score": 9.344422340393066, "rough_score": 8.524490356445312, "source": "search", "title": "The Nobel Peace Prize 1994" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The award to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres of Israel and Chairman Yasir Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization for \"their efforts to create peace in the Middle East\" was one of the most controversial of all Nobel peace prizes. Immediately after it was announced on October 14, one of the five members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee resigned, denouncing such recognition for the \"terrorist\" Arafat. Such a step was unprecedented. Dissension in the Committee had become public in 1973 at the time of the unpopular prize for Henry A. Kissinger and North Vietnam's Le Duc Tho, but the two members who opposed this choice would not have resigned had not the committee chair of that time told the press that the decision was unanimous.", "precise_score": 6.107256889343262, "rough_score": 6.240070819854736, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize", "precise_score": 7.214953422546387, "rough_score": 6.4608235359191895, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "For his role in the creation of the Oslo Accords, Rabin was awarded the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. The Accords greatly divided Israeli society, with some seeing Rabin as a hero for advancing the cause of peace and some seeing him as a traitor for giving away land belonging to Israel. Many Israelis on the right wing often blame him for Jewish deaths in terror attacks, attributing them to the Oslo agreements.", "precise_score": 8.796117782592773, "rough_score": 6.037452220916748, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The prize was split among Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israel's Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin \"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East.\" Peres, with an unidentified aide, is pictured signing the agreement at the White House, Sept. 13, 1993. Looking on from left are Rabin, U.S. President Bill Clinton and Arafat.", "precise_score": 6.280451774597168, "rough_score": 6.375774383544922, "source": "search", "title": "Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres (1994) - Nobel Peace Prize ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Israeli statesman and soldier who, as prime minister of Israel (1974-77, 1992-95), led his country toward peace with its Palestinian and Arab neighbours. He was chief of staff of Israel's armed forces during the Six-Day War (June 1967). Along with Shimon Peres, his foreign minister, and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) chairman Yasir Arafat, Rabin received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1994.", "precise_score": 7.35434627532959, "rough_score": 5.90047550201416, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin - Nobel Winners" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1994, Arafat and Israel’s Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin all received the Nobel Prize for Peace, and the following year they signed a new agreement, Oslo II, which laid the foundation for a string of peace treaties between the PLO and Israeli, including the Hebron Protocol (1997), the Wye River Memorandum (1998), the Camp David Accords (2000) and the \"roadmap for peace\" (2002).", "precise_score": 9.534368515014648, "rough_score": 8.155841827392578, "source": "search", "title": "Yasser Arafat - - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Later in his career, Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the government of Israel to end the decades-long conflict between it and the PLO. These included the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit. His political rivals, including Islamists and several PLO leftists, often denounced him for being corrupt or too submissive in his concessions to the Israeli government. In 1994 Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize, together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for the negotiations at Oslo. During this time, Hamas and other militant organizations rose to power and shook the foundations of the authority that Fatah under Arafat had established in the Palestinian territories. In late 2004, after effectively being confined within his Ramallah compound for over two years by the Israeli army, Arafat became ill, fell into a coma and died on 11 November 2004 at the age of 75. While the cause of Arafat's death has remained the subject of speculation, investigations by Russian and French teams determined no foul play was involved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.874015808105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yasser Arafat" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Prior to signing the accords, Arafat—as Chairman of the PLO and its official representative—signed two letters renouncing violence and officially recognizing Israel. In return, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, on behalf of Israel, officially recognized the PLO. The following year, Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Shimon Peres. The Palestinian reaction was mixed. The Rejectionist Front of the PLO allied itself with Islamists in a common opposition against the agreements. It was rejected also by Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan as well as by many Palestinian intellectuals and the local leadership of the Palestinian territories. However, the inhabitants of the territories generally accepted the agreements and Arafat's promise for peace and economic well-being. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4589718580245972, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yasser Arafat" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Following Golda Meir's resignation in April 1974, Rabin was elected party leader, after he defeated Shimon Peres. The rivalry between these two Labour leaders remained fierce and they competed several times in the next two decades for the leadership role, and even for who deserved credit for government achievements. Rabin succeeded Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel on 3 June 1974. This was a coalition government, including Ratz, the Independent Liberals, Progress and Development and the Arab List for Bedouins and Villagers. This arrangement, with a bare parliamentary majority, held for a few months and was one of the few periods in Israel's history where the religious parties were not part of the coalition. The National Religious Party joined the coalition on 30 October 1974 and Ratz left on 6 November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.115845680236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Following his resignation and Labour Party defeat at the elections, Likud's Menachem Begin was elected in 1977. Until 1984 Rabin had been a member of Knesset and had sat on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. From 1984 to 1990, he served as Minister of Defense in several national unity governments led by prime ministers Yitzhak Shamir and Shimon Peres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.894999980926514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1992 Rabin was elected as chairman of the Labor Party, winning against Shimon Peres. In the elections that year his party, strongly focusing on the popularity of its leader, managed to win a clear victory over the Likud of incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. However, the left-wing bloc in the Knesset only won an overall narrow majority, facilitated by the disqualification of small nationalist parties that did not manage to pass the electoral threshold. Rabin formed the first Labor-led government in fifteen years, supported by a coalition with Meretz, a left wing party, and Shas, a Mizrahi ultra-orthodox religious party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0827579498291016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "On the evening of 4 November 1995 (12th of Heshvan on the Hebrew Calendar ), Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who opposed the signing of the Oslo Accords. Rabin had been attending a mass rally at the Kings of Israel Square (now Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv, held in support of the Oslo Accords. When the rally ended, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards the open door of his car, at which point Amir fired three shots at Rabin with a semi-automatic pistol. Two shots hit Rabin, and the third lightly injured Yoram Rubin, one of Rabin's bodyguards. Rabin was taken to the nearby Ichilov Hospital with considerable delay, where he died on the operating table less than 40 minutes later due to blood loss and a punctured lung. Amir was immediately seized by Rabin's bodyguards. He was later tried, found guilty, and sentenced to life imprisonment. After an emergency cabinet meeting, Israel's foreign minister, Shimon Peres, was appointed as acting Israeli prime minister. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.508530616760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev, Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat, Lê Đức Thọ, Henry Kissinger, Jimmy Carter, Al Gore, IPCC, Liu Xiaobo, Barack Obama, and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy. The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign. Thọ refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0873271226882935, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nobel Peace Prize" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1059799194335938, "source": "search", "title": "The Nobel Peace Prize 1994" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "YITZHAK RABIN, SHIMON PERES AND YASIR ARAFAT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.116060495376587, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1994 the ceremony was not moved from the spacious city hall, where more than a thousand spectators could be accommodated, but extraordinary measures were taken there and throughout the city to ensure that the laureates would come to no harm. Almost 800 police officers and other security forces patrolled all sensitive areas, and metal detectors were set up at strategic points. Special care was taken when on the Jewish Sabbath Rabin and Peres walked through the streets to their hotel both from the synagogue and from their audience with King Harald. One newspaper cartoon showed the security forces even giving the dove of peace careful scrutiny.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.842159748077393, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "What was not expected was that the Committee would share the prize between three recipients. This is permitted by the statutes and has often been done with the science prizes, but the Norwegian Committee had never divided the peace prize among more than two. We can imagine a discussion in which committee members tried to decide which Israeli should be paired with Arafat. Should it be Peres, better known and liked in Norway, who as foreign minister had taken a more active part in the negotiations? Or Prime Minister Rabin, who, after all, would be a more appropriate partner for the leader of the other side? Finally, they would have realized that only tradition stood in the way of resolving the dilemma and named them both.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5221354961395264, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The acceptance of their Nobel prizes was the second memorable ceremony in which the three laureates participated. More significant was the well staged ceremony on the White House lawn in September 1993 when Peres and the PLO official Abu Mazen had signed the Declaration of Principles. The crowning moment had been the historic handshake between an eager Arafat and a reluctant Rabin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2907028198242188, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "There was drama as well in the great auditorium of the Oslo city hall, when they stood side by side holding their medals and diplomas, the grizzled guerrilla chieftain turned statesman in his characteristic checkered kaffiyeh and his two traditional adversaries, Rabin, the former general, the practical man, and Peres, the politician with a vision. Rabin had made no secret of his dislike of Arafat, but, as he said, it is your enemy with whom you make peace, even your bitterest enemy. In a different arena Rabin and Peres themselves had long been rivals for leadership of the Labor Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.273537635803223, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The honored trio had come a long way to these public moments of recognition. Rabin was the only one born in what was then Palestine. His parents were immigrants from Russia, his father by way of the United States. Peres had come as a child with his parents from White Russia. Arafat was born of Palestinian parents in Cairo. He was only four when his mother died, and he spent the next four years with her family in Jerusalem, a period when the Palestinians were revolting against British rule. Arafat talks little about his early life, but one of his earliest memories is of the violent scene when British soldiers broke into his uncle's house after midnight, beat members of the family and smashed the furniture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.997804641723633, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Peres begins his acceptance speech recalling the small Jewish town in White Russia where he was born as only a way station, since his dream was always to live in the Jewish homeland. Nothing is left of the Jewish town now, he says. Were it not for his family's eventual voyage to the port of Jaffa, he would probably have perished in the flames with his relatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218315124511719, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "From the youth village Peres went to a kibbutz in Lower Galilee, where \"we had no houses, no electricity, no running water. But we had magnificent views and a lofty dream: to build a new, egalitarian society that would ennoble each of its members.\" The part that came true, he says, \"created a new landscape. The part that did not come true resides in our hearts.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.984041213989258, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Peres then tells of his two decades in the government ministry of defense, working closely with David BenGurion, \"the greatest Jew of our time.\" We won the wars, which were forced on us, Peres says, but we did not win the greatest victory of all: \"release from the need to win victories.\" Today, he insists, war is no longer a choice, \"dialogue is the only option for our world.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.101646423339844, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The dream of Peres for the Middle East is for \"a great sustained regional revival\" without wars and enemies, with competition, not domination, \"a Middle East which will serve as a spiritual and cultural point for the whole world.\" He dreams of a regional market economy, nations striving for economic equality and encouraging cultural pluralism, living standards raised, university education open to all young people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608434677124023, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Rabin, like Peres, begins his acceptance speech personally, more personally in fact than has been his custom. At the tender age of sixteen, he says, when his dream was to be a water engineer, \"I was handed a a rifle.\" He is referring to the summer of 1938 when he worked on a kibbutz where the youngsters were taught how to use guns and hand grenades. After graduating in 1940 from an agricultural school for working class children, Rabin followed the principal's advice that, instead of becoming a farmer like the other boys, he should apply to the University of California to study hydraulic engineering.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.044424057006836, "source": "search", "title": "1994 Nobel Peace Prize - An Essay by Irwin Abrams" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize | World History Project", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.525820732116699, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The following year, Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Shimon Peres. The Palestinian reaction was mixed. The Rejectionist Front of the PLO allied itself with Islamists in a common opposition against the agreements. It was rejected also by Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan as well as by many Palestinian intellectuals and the local leadership of the Palestinian territories. However, the inhabitants of the territories generally accepted the agreements and Arafat's promise for peace and economic well-being.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.095287799835205, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1992 Rabin was elected as chairman of the Labor Party, winning against Shimon Peres. In the elections that year his party, strongly focusing on the popularity of its leader, managed to win a clear victory over the Likud of incumbent Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. However the left-wing bloc in the Knesset only won an overall narrow majority, facilitated by the disqualification of small nationalist parties that did not manage to pass the electoral threshold. Rabin formed the first Labor-led government in fifteen years, supported by a coalition with Meretz, a left wing party, and Shas, a Mizrahi ultra-orthodox religious party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.240089178085327, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Yasser Arafat Are Awarded ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres (1994) - Nobel Peace Prize Winners - Pictures - CBS News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2451870441436768, "source": "search", "title": "Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres (1994) - Nobel Peace Prize ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres (1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4780290126800537, "source": "search", "title": "Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres (1994) - Nobel Peace Prize ..." }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1059799194335938, "source": "search", "title": "Nobel Prize: Nobel Peace Prize 1994, Yasser Arafat Facts" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1974, Yasser Arafat addressed the UN General Assembly. He said he was holding an olive branch for peace in one hand and a freedom fighter's pistol in the other. Twenty years later he and the Israeli leaders Peres and Rabin received the Peace Prize for having opted for the olive branch by signing the so-called Oslo Accords in Washington. The agreement was aimed at reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0744218826293945, "source": "search", "title": "Nobel Prize: Nobel Peace Prize 1994, Yasser Arafat Facts" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Rabin was forced to call a general election for May 1977, but in April, during the electoral campaign, he relinquished the prime ministership and stepped down as leader of the Labour Party after it was revealed that he and his wife had maintained bank accounts in the United States, in violation of Israeli law. He was replaced as party leader by Shimon Peres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46009635925293, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin - Nobel Winners" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Rabin served as defense minister in the Labour-Likud coalition governments from 1984 to 1990, responding forcefully to an uprising by Palestinians in the occupied territories. In February 1992, in a nationwide vote by Labour Party members, he regained leadership of the party from Peres. After the victory of his party in the general elections of June 1992, he again became prime minister.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.144896984100342, "source": "search", "title": "Yitzhak Rabin - Nobel Winners" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Born in Cairo in 1929, Yasser Arafat was named chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization 40 years later. From this post, he was at the forefront of years of violence, border disputes and the Palestinian liberation movement, all centering on neighboring Israel. Arafat signed a self-governing pact with Israel in 1991, at the Madrid Conference, and together with Israeli leaders made several attempts at lasting peace soon after, notably through the Oslo Accords (1993) and the Camp David Summit of 2000. Stemming from the Oslo Accords, Arafat and Israel's Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres shared the Nobel Peace Prize, but the terms were never implemented. Arafat ceded his PLO chairman post in 2003, and died in Paris in 2004. In November 2013, Swiss researchers released a report containing evidence suggesting that his death was the result of poisoning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.008739709854126, "source": "search", "title": "Yasser Arafat - - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and two Israelis, the Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, have been named the winners of this year's Nobel peace prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7194573879241943, "source": "search", "title": "1994: Israelis and Arafat share peace prize - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "The Nobel Committee statement said the award was to honour a political act \"one that called for great courage on both sides...By concluding the Oslo accords Arafat, Peres and Rabin have made substantial contributions to a historic process through which peace and cooperation can replace war and hate\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.675687789916992, "source": "search", "title": "1994: Israelis and Arafat share peace prize - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "Middle East experts were surprised at the inclusion of Mr Peres in the award. Although he and Rabin represent the same political party, they are bitter rivals. Both men have claimed the credit for last year's breakthrough.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.711668014526367, "source": "search", "title": "1994: Israelis and Arafat share peace prize - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Peres", "passage": "In 1974, Yasser Arafat addressed the UN General Assembly. He said he was holding an olive branch for peace in one hand and a freedom fighter's pistol in the other. Twenty years later he and the Israeli leaders Peres and Rabin received the Peace Prize for having opted for the olive branch by signing the so-called Oslo Accords in Washington. The agreement was aimed at reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0744218826293945, "source": "search", "title": "Yasser Arafat | Nobels fredspris - Nobel Peace Prize" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "On November 6, 1960, Gable was sent to Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, where doctors found that he had suffered a heart attack. Newspaper reports the following day listed his condition as satisfactory. By the morning of November 16 he seemed to be improving. But he died that evening, age 59, from an arterial blood clot. Medical staff did not perform CPR for fear that the procedure would rupture Gable's heart, and a defibrillator was not available. There was speculation that Gable's physically demanding role in The Misfits contributed to his sudden death soon after filming was completed. In an interview with Louella Parsons, published soon after Gable's death, Kay Gable said, \"It wasn't the physical exertion that killed him. It was the horrible tension, the eternal waiting, waiting, waiting. He waited around forever, for everybody. He'd get so angry that he'd just go ahead and do anything to keep occupied.\" Monroe said that Kay and she had become close during the filming and would refer to Clark as \"Our Man\", while Arthur Miller, observing Gable on location, noted, \"no hint of affront ever showed on his face\". Others have blamed Gable's crash diet before filming began. The 6 ft Gable weighed about 190 lb at the time of Gone with the Wind, but by his late 50s, he weighed 230 lb. To get in shape for The Misfits, he dropped to", "precise_score": 2.2859466075897217, "rough_score": 5.742204189300537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clark Gable" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "On November 16, 1959, Gable became a grandfather when Judy Lewis , his daughter with Loretta Young , gave birth to a daughter, Maria. In 1960, Gable's wife Kay discovered that she was expecting their first child. In early November 1960, he had just completed filming The Misfits (1961), when he suffered a heart attack, and died later that month, on November 16, 1960. Gable was buried shortly afterwards in the shrine that he had built for Carole Lombard and her mother when they died, at Forest Lawn Cemetery.", "precise_score": 4.754935264587402, "rough_score": 5.461120128631592, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Although it is often claimed that Gable died as a result of Marilyn Monroe 's behavior and performing his own stunts in The Misfits (1961), he was already in terrible health when filming began from years of excessive drinking and smoking more than three packs of cigarettes a day.", "precise_score": 7.083612442016602, "rough_score": 5.969095230102539, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Marilyn Monroe was his last on-screen partner. His role as a troubled cowboy in 'The Misfits' in 1961 proved to be his last. Shortly after they finished filming, he died of a heart attack. His wife Kay gave birth to their first child in March 1961, after his death, and named him John Clark Gable.", "precise_score": 5.586368083953857, "rough_score": 6.8706536293029785, "source": "search", "title": "BIOGRAPHY : Clark Gable Lifetime" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Gable also found success commercially and critically with films such as Red Dust (1932), Manhattan Melodrama (1934), San Francisco (1936), Saratoga (1937) Boom Town (1940), The Hucksters (1947) Homecoming (1948), and The Misfits (1961), which was his final screen appearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.860113143920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clark Gable" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Gable appeared opposite some of the most popular actresses of the time: Joan Crawford, who was his favorite actress with whom to work, was partnered with Gable in eight films, Myrna Loy worked with him seven times, and he was paired with Jean Harlow in six productions. He also starred with Lana Turner in four features, and with Norma Shearer and Ava Gardner in three each. Gable's final film, The Misfits (1961), united him with Marilyn Monroe (also in her last screen appearance). Gable is considered one of the most consistent box-office performers in history, appearing on Quigley Publishing's annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll 16 times. He was named the seventh-greatest male star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2723133563995361, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clark Gable" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Gable's last film was The Misfits (1961), with a script by Arthur Miller and directed by John Huston. Co-starring with Gable were Marilyn Monroe, her last completed film; Montgomery Clift; Eli Wallach; and Thelma Ritter. Many critics regard Gable's performance to be his finest, and Gable, after seeing the rough cuts, agreed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.21437731385231018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clark Gable" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "In his memoir Bring on the Empty Horses David Niven states that Gable, a close friend, was extremely supportive after the sudden, accidental death of Niven's first wife, Primula (Primmie) in 1946. Primmie had supported Gable emotionally after Carole Lombard's death four years earlier: Niven recounts Gable kneeling at Primmie's feet and sobbing while she held and consoled him. Niven also states that Arthur Miller, the author of The Misfits, had described Gable as \"the man who did not know how to hate\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.895166397094727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clark Gable" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Eli Wallach, in his autobiography, also states that Wallach's most dramatic scene in The Misfits was cut from the movie after it had been filmed over several takes. This scene depicts Wallach's character (who secretly loves the character played by Marilyn Monroe), being emotionally crushed when he visits her, hoping to propose to her, and instead sees her with Gable's character. Both Gable and Monroe are offscreen, and Wallach's heartbreak is indicated by his dropping the rose bouquet he had brought for her. Gable ordered the scene removed because he felt that his character would never steal a woman from another man. Wallach, however, refrains from criticizing Gable, noting that he was professional and considerate in his behavior.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.436733245849609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clark Gable" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Playing a cowboy in his last film, The Misfits (1961), which was also the final film for co-star Marilyn Monroe , the aging Gable diligently performed his own stunts, taking its toll on his already guarded health. He died from a heart attack before the film was released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5268213748931885, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Prior to making The Misfits (1961), he crash-dieted from a bloated 230 lbs. to 195 lbs. Twice in the previous decade he had suffered seizures that might have been heart attacks; once, ten years earlier, while driving along a freeway he had chest pains so severe that he had to pull off the road and lie down on the ground until he felt well enough to continue on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058192253112793, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Contrary to popular belief, Gable did not perform his own stunts in The Misfits (1961). He was only used for the close ups while a stunt double stood in for him in the long shots. His heart attack was caused by his lifestyle - thirty years of heavy smoking and drinking, plus his increasing weight in later years. It is also believed his crash diet before filming began may have been a contributing factor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.703248977661133, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Working with Marilyn Monroe on The Misfits (1961) nearly gave me a heart attack. I have never been happier when a film ended.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915894508361816, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "[about The Misfits (1961)] This is the best picture I have made, and it's the only time I've been able to act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349380493164062, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "[on The Misfits (1961)] The title sums up this mess. [ Arthur Miller , [ Marilyn Monroe ]and [ Montgomery Clift ]--they don't know what the hell they're doing. We don't belong in the same room together.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297776222229004, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "Actor. Born under the name William Clark Gable, his early life was ordinary, unhappy and confusing. Two towns claim him as a native son, Cadiz, Ohio and Meadville, Pennsylvania. His mother died when he was but a few months of age. He attended the Hopedale Schoolhouse in Hopedale, Ohio, which then was both a grammar and high school housed in the same building located on a hilltop directly behind the family residence. With his family, William attended Hopedale Methodist Church where his father was a Sunday School teacher. A poor student, he became a school dropout leaving home to take a job with Firestone Tire in Akron, Ohio. The biggest attractions in the city for William Gable were movies and especially the Akron Music Hall where a stock company was doing a live performance. He hung around the hall until landing an unsalaried position. He found out what he wanted to be and no amount of adversity, hardship or negative opinion would ever change his mind. A long indirect journey to Hollywood began with many odd jobs along the way leading him to Portland, Oregon. He landed a job with a stock company gaining valuable training from the woman who would become his wife and lead him to Hollywood and a career which spanned three decades with appearances in 92 movies including \"Gone With the Wind,\" one of the most popular film of all times. Gable won an Academy Award in 1934 for his role in \"It Happened One Night.\" His third marriage to actress Carole Lombard ended with her tragic death at 33 in a plane crash in 1942 while participating in a bond drive. Distraught, he withdrew from his career and though well over the draft age, he enlisted in the Army Air Corps becoming an aerial gunner during World War II flying in five bombing missions over Germany and received the Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal. Discharged with the rank of Major, he returned to Hollywood and resumed film making. Two weeks after completing his last movie, \"The Misfits,\" He suffered chest pains and was transported to Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles where he was diagnosed as having suffered a coronary thrombosis. On the ninth day of his confinement he was gone. Clark Gable was buried in a closed casket. An Episcopal service was led by an Air Force chaplain accompanied by an honor guard at the Church of the Recessional at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale. His fifth wife Kay had arranged for him to be interred next to his third wife, Carole Lombard. A few weeks later she delivered a boy at the same hospital where his father died. (bio by: Donald Greyfield)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.428918361663818, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable (1901 - 1960) - Find A Grave Memorial" }, { "answer": "The Misfits", "passage": "At the time of his unexpected death — which came shortly after he finished filming the final scenes for \"The Misfits\" with Marilyn Monroe — his wife Kay was pregnant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.528817176818848, "source": "search", "title": "Clark Gable - Hollywood Star Walk - Los Angeles Times" } ]

[ { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "On the other hand, because the National Assembly does have the power to force the resignation of the government, the choice of prime minister must reflect the will of the majority in the Assembly. For example, right after the legislative election of 1986, President François Mitterrand appointed Jacques Chirac prime minister. Chirac was a member of the RPR and a political opponent of Mitterrand. Despite the fact that Mitterrand's own Socialist Party was the largest party in the Assembly, it did not have an absolute majority. The RPR had an alliance with the UDF, which gave them a majority. Such a situation, where the President is forced to work with a prime minister who is an opponent, is called a cohabitation.", "precise_score": -9.210886001586914, "rough_score": -9.029438972473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Prime Minister of France" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (; 26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995. He was the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the first figure from the left elected President under the Fifth Republic.", "precise_score": -3.3854246139526367, "rough_score": -6.598424911499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand's wife, Danielle Mitterrand (née Gouze, 1924–2011), came from a socialist background and worked for various left-wing causes. They married on 24 October 1944 and had three sons: Pascal (10 June 1945 – 17 September 1945), Jean-Christophe, born in 1946, and Gilbert, born on 4 February 1949. He also had two children as results of extra-marital affairs: a daughter, Mazarine (born 1974) with his mistress Anne Pingeot, and a son, Hravn Forsne (born 1988), with Swedish journalist Christina Forsne. Hravn Forsne is currently running for a seat in the Swedish parliamentary election. ", "precise_score": -7.227974891662598, "rough_score": -4.31319522857666, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand's nephew Frédéric Mitterrand is a journalist, Minister of Culture and Communications under Nicolas Sarkozy (and a supporter of Jacques Chirac, former French President), and his wife's brother-in-law Roger Hanin was a well-known French actor.", "precise_score": -5.657474994659424, "rough_score": -5.952909469604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In June 1953 Mitterrand attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Seated next to the elderly Princess Marie Bonaparte, he reported having spent much of the ceremony being psychoanalyzed by her.", "precise_score": -8.04736328125, "rough_score": -6.569228172302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Disappointed with Rocard's apparent failure to enact the Socialists' programme, Mitterrand dismissed Rocard in 1991 and appointed Édith Cresson to replace him. She was the first woman to become Prime Minister in France, but proved a costly mistake due to her tendency for making acerbic and racist public remarks. After the Socialists experienced heavy losses in the 1992 regional elections, Cresson resigned from office. Her successor Pierre Bérégovoy promised to fight unemployment and corruption but he could not prevent the catastrophic defeat of the left in the 1993 legislative election. The Socialist Party suffered a crushing defeat with the right-wing parties winning 485 seats to the left's 92. He killed himself on 1 May 1993.", "precise_score": -4.945427894592285, "rough_score": -6.412724494934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand named the former RPR Finance Minister Edouard Balladur as Prime Minister. The second \"cohabitation\" was less contentious than the first, because the two men knew they were not rivals for the next presidential election. By this point, Mitterrand was nearly 80 years old and suffering from cancer in addition to the shock of his friend François de Grossouvre's suicide. His second and last term ended after the 1995 presidential election in May 1995 with the election of Jacques Chirac. Socialist candidate Lionel Jospin lost the presidential election.", "precise_score": -3.622511863708496, "rough_score": -6.2845916748046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand died in Paris on 8 January 1996 at the age of 79 from prostate cancer, a condition he and his doctors had concealed for most of his presidency (see section on Medical Secrecy below). A few days before his death, he was joined by family members and close friends for a \"last meal\" that attracted controversy because, in addition to other gourmet dishes, it included the serving of roast ortolan bunting, a small wild songbird that is a protected species whose sale is (and was at the time) illegal in France. ", "precise_score": -4.028243541717529, "rough_score": -6.6170244216918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand came under fire in 1992 when it was revealed that he had arranged for the laying of a wreath of flowers on the grave of Philippe Pétain each Armistice Day since 1987. Pétain had been the leader of French forces at the dramatic Battle of Verdun in World War I, for which he was revered by his contemporaries. Later, however, he became leader of Vichy France after the French defeat by Germany (June 1940) in World War II, collaborating with Nazi Germany and putting anti-semitic measures into place.", "precise_score": -9.456082344055176, "rough_score": -8.20765209197998, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The court's judgement revealed that Mitterrand was motivated by keeping elements of his private life secret from the general public, such as the existence of his illegitimate daughter Mazarine Pingeot (which the writer Jean-Edern Hallier, was threatening to reveal), his cancer which had been diagnosed in 1981, and the elements of his past in the Vichy Régime which were not already public knowledge. The court judged that certain people were tapped for \"obscure\" reasons, such as Carole Bouquet's companion, a lawyer with family in the Middle East, Edwy Plenel, a journalist for le Monde who covered the Rainbow Warrior story and the Vincennes Three affair, and the lawyer Antoine Comte. The court declared \"Les faits avaient été commis sur ordre soit du président de la République, soit des ministres de la Défense successifs qui ont mis à la disposition de (Christian Prouteau) tous les moyens de l'État afin de les exécuter\" (translation: these actions were committed following orders from the French President or his various Defence Ministers who gave Christian Prouteau full access to the state machinery so he could execute the orders) The court stated that Mitterrand was the principal instigator of the wire taps (l'inspirateur et le décideur de l'essentiel) and that he had ordered some of the taps and turned a blind eye to others and that none of the 3000 wiretaps carried out by the cell were legally obtained. ", "precise_score": -10.265095710754395, "rough_score": -9.043088912963867, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Paris assisted Rwanda's president Juvénal Habyarimana, who was assassinated on 6 April 1994 while travelling in a Dassault Falcon 50 given to him as a personal gift of Mitterrand. Through the offices of the 'Cellule Africaine', a Presidential office headed by Mitterrand's son, Jean-Christophe, he provided the Hutu regime with financial and military support in the early 1990s. With French assistance, the Rwandan army grew from a force of 9,000 men in October 1990 to 28,000 in 1991. France also provided training staff, experts and massive quantities of weaponry and facilitated arms contracts with Egypt and South Africa. It also financed, armed and trained Habyrimana's Presidential Guard. French troops were deployed under Opération Turquoise, a military operation carried out under a United Nations (UN) mandate. The operation is currently the object of political and historical debate.", "precise_score": -9.428474426269531, "rough_score": -8.518016815185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "Mitterand’s wife Danielle stands on the far left, his mistress Anne Pingeot(second from right) and illegitimate daughter Mazarine (third from right)", "precise_score": -4.194516658782959, "rough_score": -7.927640914916992, "source": "search", "title": "Mitterand’s Funeral | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "At President Francois Mitterand’s funeral in 1996, his wife and his long term mistress stood side-by-side at the grave, accompanied by their respective legitimate and illegitimate children . Although the press made no comment, the existence of his illegitimate daughter Mazarine was revealed by the popular magazine Paris-Match in 1994, just months before he left office. Mitterrand concealed the fact for years.", "precise_score": 7.278618812561035, "rough_score": 7.038978576660156, "source": "search", "title": "Mitterand’s Funeral | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "This is, after all, the country in which President François Mitterrand concealed for years the existence of a daughter born out of wedlock. It was disclosed by the popular magazine Paris-Match in 1994, just months before he left office, and both of his families attended his funeral two years later.", "precise_score": -3.3326001167297363, "rough_score": -1.364904761314392, "source": "search", "title": "A Tell-All’s Tale: French Politicians Stray Early and ..." }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "Among mourners at President François Mitterrand’s funeral in 1996 were his mistress, Anne Pingeot, left, with their daughter, Mazarine.", "precise_score": 7.8325347900390625, "rough_score": 7.069882392883301, "source": "search", "title": "A Tell-All’s Tale: French Politicians Stray Early and ..." }, { "answer": "President Mitterrand", "passage": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 8 | 1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies", "precise_score": -0.07356764376163483, "rough_score": -7.917303562164307, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "President Mitterrand", "passage": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies", "precise_score": 0.11019885540008545, "rough_score": -6.014389514923096, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "Every time the news exposes a public figure as an adulterer someone invariably brings up the French. The French, we say, are more civilized and realistic about affairs. Look at the famous photograph of Prime Minister Francois Mitterand's wife, mistress and illegitimate daughter grieving together in 1996 at his funeral, for instance.", "precise_score": 7.902275085449219, "rough_score": 6.295909404754639, "source": "search", "title": "In France, Adultery Has a Certain Air of Je Ne Sais Quoi ..." }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "France's last Socialist president, François Mitterrand, kept a whole second family on the go while married. He had a daughter, Mazarine, with his long-time mistress, Anne Pingeot. Both attended his funeral in 1996 alongside his wife, Danielle.", "precise_score": 7.064380645751953, "rough_score": 8.329095840454102, "source": "search", "title": "Why it really is OK to stray in France - The Local" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "For the French, extra-marital affairs are almost expected. I mean, this is a people who had kings openly give castles to their mistresses and scoffed at Americans for making a big deal out of the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the United States. I mean, in France, you see boobs all over the television, sexuality is a relatively open subject and former French President Francois Mitterand’s mistress and wife stood side by side at his funeral in 1996. But people weren’t so sure how they felt about this affair being conducted so publicly. And, was this model and singer really qualified to be the first lady of France? Especially when a nude photo of Bruni auctioned for $91,000 out of Chrsities auction house in New York, some were worried that the model didn’t embody the makings of a first lady. Add to the mix Sarkozy’s ex-wife (who he left for Bruni) seen looking demure and oh so Jackie Kennedy-esque and people were bound to talk. Who is this Carla Bruni anyways? Is she the “French Diana” or she simply a husband stealing woman in search of fame and power?", "precise_score": 4.280418395996094, "rough_score": 3.347763776779175, "source": "search", "title": "Carla Bruni: France's first lady | France Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Francois Mitterrand", "passage": "Call it an American tragedy. It is not that Europe doesn't have philandering politicians. It is that they are less likely to lie about it. I can remember the funeral of former French President Francois Mitterrand in 1996 when his wife of some 50 years and his mistress and illegitimate daughter stood side-by-side in accordance with his dying wish.", "precise_score": 7.112477779388428, "rough_score": 6.073998928070068, "source": "search", "title": "Cover-Ups Hurt Cheating American Politicians | Minnesota ..." }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "Mitterand’s wife Danielle stands on the far left, his mistress Anne Pingeot(second from right) and illegitimate daughter Mazarine (third from right)", "precise_score": -4.194516658782959, "rough_score": -7.927640914916992, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "At President Francois Mitterand’s funeral in 1996, his wife and his long term mistress stood side-by-side at the grave, accompanied by their respective legitimate and illegitimate children . Although the press made no comment, the existence of his illegitimate daughter Mazarine was revealed by the popular magazine Paris-Match in 1994, just months before he left office. Mitterrand concealed the fact for years.", "precise_score": 7.278618812561035, "rough_score": 7.038978576660156, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Socialist French President François Mitterrand and conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Together, they were the titans of European and world politics in the 80s. Together, they harkened back to the era when the fate of the world was decided by the statesmen of Europe in her chancelleries. … and they didn’t get along well.", "precise_score": -5.207544803619385, "rough_score": -8.169875144958496, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand served as president of France from 1981 to 1995. Associated with the Socialist Party, he's known for trying to unify the French Left.", "precise_score": -6.059248447418213, "rough_score": -7.929521083831787, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand was born on October 26, 1916, in Jarnac, France. Mitterrand served with the French forces during World War II. In 1971, he became secretary of the Socialist Party and tried to unify the French Left. He was elected president in 1981 and was re-elected in 1988, retiring at the end of that term. In 1991, Mitterrand appointed France's first female prime minister, Edith Cresson. He retired after completing his second term in office in 1995, and died in Paris in 1996.", "precise_score": -1.1401255130767822, "rough_score": -2.1651010513305664, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "French statesman and president François Mitterrand was born on October 26, 1916, in Jarnac, France. One of eight children, Mitterrand grew up in a middle-class, Catholic family. His father worked as a stationmaster for a railroad company. Mitterrand attended College Saint-Paul in Angouleme. In 1934, he moved to Paris to continue his education. There, he studied law and politics at the University of Paris.", "precise_score": -9.995436668395996, "rough_score": -8.793488502502441, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The Socialists lost the majority in the National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to work with the country's growing political right. More specifically, he had to find a way to cooperate with Prime Minister Jacques Chirac from 1986 to 1988. Mitterrand was re-elected president in 1988, becoming the first French politician to twice win election by popular vote in the country's history. With German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, he forged the Treaty of Maastricht on European union in 1991. That same year, he appointed France's first female prime minister, Edith Cresson (she only remained in the post for a short time).", "precise_score": -6.327743053436279, "rough_score": -4.7997260093688965, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In 1995, Mitterrand resigned after completing his second term. His longtime rival, Jacques Chirac, succeeded him as France's president. During Mitterrand's retirement, revelations emerged of his friendship with wartime Vichy collaborators, political corruption and extra-marital affairs.", "precise_score": -6.359473705291748, "rough_score": -6.269815921783447, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand died in Paris on January 8, 1996, at the age of 79. He was survived by his wife, Danielle (m. 1944-1996); two sons, Jean-Christophe and Gilbert; and daughter, Mazarine Pingeot (whom he'd had with his mistress, Anne Pingeot).", "precise_score": 4.03541374206543, "rough_score": 1.0795626640319824, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Reflecting family influences, Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the Vichy Regime in its earlier years. Subsequently, however, he joined the Resistance, moved to the left, and held ministerial office repeatedly under the Fourth Republic. He opposed de Gaulle's establishment of the Fifth Republic. Although at times a politically isolated figure, Mitterrand outmaneuvered rivals to become the left's standard bearer in every presidential election from 1965 to 1988, except 1969. Elected President in the May 1981 presidential election, he was re-elected in 1988 and held office until 1995.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.3342924118042, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand invited the Communist Party into his first government, a controversial move at the time. In the event, the Communists were boxed in as junior partners and, rather than taking advantage, saw their support erode. They left the cabinet in 1984. Early in his first term, Mitterrand followed a radical economic program, including nationalization of key firms, but after two years, with the economy in crisis, he reversed course. His foreign and defense policies built on those of his Gaullist predecessors. His partnership with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl advanced European integration via the Maastricht Treaty, but he accepted German reunification only reluctantly. During his time in office he was a strong promoter of culture and implemented a range of costly \"Grands Projets\". He was twice forced by the loss of a parliamentary majority into \"cohabitation governments\" with conservative cabinets led, respectively, by Jacques Chirac (1986–88), and Édouard Balladur (1993–95). Less than eight months after leaving office, Mitterrand died from the prostate cancer he had successfully concealed for most of his presidency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.396385192871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Beyond making the French left electable, Mitterrand presided over the rise of the Socialist Party to dominance of the left, and the decline of the once-mighty Communist Party (as a share of the popular vote in the first presidential round, the Communists shrank from a peak of 21.27% in 1969 to 8.66% in 1995, at the end of Mitterrand's second term, and to 1.93% in the 2007 election).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.689702033996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand was born in Jarnac, Charente, and baptized François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand, the son of Joseph Mitterrand and Yvonne Lorrain. His family was devoutly Roman Catholic and conservative. His father worked as an engineer for the Compagnie Paris Orléans railway. He had three brothers, Robert, Jacques and Philippe, and four sisters, Antoinette, Marie-Josèphe, Colette and Geneviève.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.323513984680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand studied from 1925 to 1934 in the Collège Saint-Paul in Angoulême, where he became a member of the Jeunesse Etudiante Chrétienne (JEC), the student organisation of Action catholique. Arriving in Paris in autumn 1934, he then went to the École Libre des Sciences Politiques until 1937, where he obtained his diploma in July of that year. Mitterrand took membership for about a year in the Volontaires nationaux (National Volunteers), an organisation related to François de la Rocque's far-right league, the Croix de Feu; the league had just participated in the 6 February 1934 riots which led to the fall of the second Cartel des Gauches (Left-Wing Coalition). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24285888671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Contrary to some reports, Mitterrand never became a formal member of the Parti Social Français (PSF) which was the successor to the Croix de Feu and may be considered the first French right-wing mass party. However, he did write news articles in the L'Echo de Paris newspaper, which was close to the PSF. He participated in the demonstrations against the \"métèque invasion\" in February 1935 and then in those against law teacher Gaston Jèze, who had been nominated as juridical counsellor of Ethiopia's Negus, in January 1936.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640778541564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "When Mitterrand's involvement in these conservative nationalist movements was revealed in the 1990s, he attributed his actions to the milieu of his youth. Mitterrand furthermore had some personal and family relations with members of the Cagoule, a far-right terrorist group in the 1930s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657809257507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand then served his conscription from 1937 to 1939 in the 23rd régiment d'infanterie coloniale. In 1938, he became the best friend of Georges Dayan, a Jewish socialist, whom he saved from anti-Semite aggressions by the national-royalist movement Action française. His friendship with Dayan caused Mitterrand to begin to question some of his nationalist ideas. Finishing his law studies, he was sent in September 1939 to the Maginot line near Montmédy, with the rank of Sergeant-chief (infantry sergeant). He became engaged to Marie-Louise Terrasse (future actress Catherine Langeais) in May 1940 (but she broke it off in January 1942). Following an observation of Nazi concentration camps at the end of World War II, Mitterrand broke from the Catholic ideology he was raised in and identified himself as an agnostic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.727316856384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand's actions during World War II were the cause of much controversy in France in the 1980s and 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.626500129699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand was at the end of his national service when the war broke out. He fought as an infantry sergeant and was injured and captured by the Germans on 14 June 1940. He was held prisoner at Stalag IXA near Ziegenhain (today part of Schwalmstadt, a town near Kassel in Hesse). Mitterrand became involved in the social organisation for the POWs in the camp. He claims this, and the influence of the people he met there, began to change his political ideas, moving them towards the left. He had two failed escape attempts in March and then November 1941 before he finally escaped on 16 December 1941, returning to France on foot. In December 1941 he arrived home in the unoccupied zone controlled by the French. With help from a friend of his mother he got a job as a mid-level functionary of the Vichy government, looking after the interests of POWs. This was very unusual for an escaped prisoner, and he later claimed to have served as a spy for the Free French Forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607378005981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand worked from January to April 1942 for the Légion française des combattants et des volontaires de la révolution nationale (Legion of French combatants and volunteers of the national revolution) as a civil servant on a temporary contract. He worked under Jean-Paul Favre De Thierrens who was a spy for the British secret service. He then moved to the Commissariat au reclassement des prisonniers de guerre (Service for the orientation of POWS). During this period, Mitterrand was aware of Thierrens's activities and may have helped in his disinformation campaign. At the same time, he published an article detailing his time as a POW in the magazine France, revue de l'État nouveau (the magazine was published as propaganda by the Vichy Regime). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49228286743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand has been called a \"Vichysto-résistant\" (an expression used by the historian Jean-Pierre Azéma to describe people who supported Marshal Philippe Pétain, the head of the Vichy Regime, before 1943, but subsequently rejected the Vichy Regime). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127867698669434, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "From spring 1942, he met other escaped POWs Jean Roussel, Max Varenne, and Dr. Guy Fric, under whose influence he became involved with the resistance. In April, Mitterrand and Fric caused a major disturbance in a public meeting held by the collaborator Georges Claude. From mid-1942, he sent false papers to POWs in Germany (ref unknown) and on 12 June and 15 August 1942, he joined meetings at the Château de Montmaur which formed the base of his future network for the resistance. From September, he made contact with France libre, but clashed with Michel Cailliau, General Charles de Gaulle's nephew (and de Gaulle's candidate to head-up all POW-related resistance organizations). On 15 October 1942, Mitterrand and Marcel Barrois (a member of the resistance deported in 1944) met Marshal Philippe Pétain along with other members of the Comité d'entraide aux prisonniers rapatriés de l'Allier (Help group for repatriated POWs in the department of Allier). By the end of 1942, Mitterrand met Pierre Guillain de Bénouville, an old friend from his days with La Cagoule. Bénouville was a member of the resistance groups Combat and Noyautage des administrations publiques (NAP).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480181694030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In late 1942, the non-occupied zone was invaded by the Germans. Mitterrand left the Commissariat in January 1943, when his boss Maurice Pinot, another vichysto-résistant, was replaced by the collaborator André Masson, but he remained in charge of the centres d'entraides. In the spring of 1943, along with Gabriel Jeantet, a member of Marshal Pétain's cabinet, and Simon Arbellot (both former members of La Cagoule), Mitterrand received the Ordre de la francisque (the honorific distinction of the Vichy Regime).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451770782470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Debate rages in France as to the significance of this. When Mitterrand's Vichy past was exposed in the 1950s, he at first denied having received the Francisque (some sources say he was designated for the award, but never received the medal because he went into hiding before the ceremony took place) Jean Pierre-Bloch says that Mitterrand was ordered to accept the medal as cover for his work in the resistance. Pierre Moscovici and Jacques Attali remain skeptical of Mitterrand's beliefs at this time, accusing him of having at best a \"foot in each camp\" until he was sure who the winner would be. They noted Mitterrand's friendship with René Bousquet and the wreaths he was said to have placed on Pétain's tomb in later years (see below) as examples of his ambivalent attitude. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416452407836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand built up a resistance network (ref unknown), composed mainly of former POWs. The POWs National Rally (Rassemblement national des prisonniers de guerre or RNPG) was affiliated with General Henri Giraud, a former POW who had escaped from a German prison and made his way across Germany back to the Allied forces. In 1943 Giraud was contesting with General Charles de Gaulle for the leadership of the French Resistance. From the beginning of 1943, Mitterrand became involved with setting up a powerful resistance group called the (ref unknown)Organisation de résistance de l'armée (ORA). He obtained funding for his own RNPG network, which he set up with Pinot in February. From this time on, Mitterrand was a member of the ORA. In March, Mitterrand met Henri Frenay, who encouraged the resistance in France to support Mitterrand over Michel Cailliau. 28 May 1943, when Mitterrand met with Gaullist Philippe Dechartre, is generally taken as the date Mitterrand split with Vichy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.720126152038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "During 1943, the RNPG gradually changed from providing false papers to information-gathering for France libre. Pierre de Bénouville said, \" Mitterrand created a true spy network in the POW camps which gave us information, often decisive, about what was going on behind the German borders.\" On 10 July Mitterrand and Piatzook (a militant communist) interrupted a public meeting in the Salle Wagram in Paris. The meeting was about allowing French POWs to go home if they were replaced by young French men forced to go and work in Germany (in French this was called \"la relève\"). When André Masson began to talk about \"la trahison des gaullistes\" (the Gaullist treason), Mitterrand stood up in the audience and shouted him down, saying Masson had no right to talk on behalf of POWs and calling \"la relève\" a \"con\" (i.e., something stupid). Mitterrand avoided arrest as Piatzook covered his escape. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729948043823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "\"Morland\" was Mitterrand's cover name. He also used Purgon, Monnier, Laroche, Captain François, Arnaud et Albre as cover names. The man they arrested was Pol Pilven, a member of the resistance who was to survive the war in a concentration camp. Mitterrand was in Paris at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.073301315307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Warned by his friends, he escaped to London aboard a Lysander plane on 15 November 1943 (piloted by then-Squadron Leader Lewis Hodges). From there he went to Algiers, where he met de Gaulle, by then the uncontested leader of the Free French. The two men clashed. Mitterrand refused to merge his group with other POW movements if de Gaulle's nephew Cailliau was to be the leader. Under the influence of Henri Frenay, de Gaulle finally agreed to merge his nephew's network and the RNPG with Mitterrand in charge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.154067993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand returned to France by boat via England. In Paris, the three Resistance groups made up of POWs (Communists, Gaullists, RNPG) finally merged as the POWs and Deportees National Movement (Mouvement national des prisonniers de guerre et déportés or MNPGD) and Mitterrand took the lead. In his memoirs, he says that he had started this organisation while he was still officially working for the Vichy Regime. From 27 November 1943 Mitterrand ran the Bureau central de renseignements et d'action. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796796798706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In December 1943 Mitterrand ordered the execution of Henri Marlin (who was about to order attacks on the \"Maquis\") by Jacques Paris and Jean Munier, who later hid out with Mitterrand's father. After a second visit to London in February 1944, Mitterrand took part in the liberation of Paris. When de Gaulle entered Paris following the Liberation, he was introduced to various men who were to be part of the provisional government. Among them was Mitterrand, as secretary general of POWs. When they came face to face, de Gaulle is said to have muttered: \"You again!\" He dismissed Mitterrand 2 weeks later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14189624786377, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In October 1944 Mitterrand and Jacques Foccart developed a plan to liberate the POW and concentration camps. This was called operation Viacarage. On the orders of de Gaulle, in April 1945 Mitterrand accompanied General Lewis as the French representative at the liberation of the camps at Kaufering and Dachau. By chance Mitterrand discovered his friend and member of his network, Robert Antelme, suffering from typhus. Antelme was restricted to the camp to prevent the spread of disease, but Mitterrand arranged for his \"escape\" and sent him back to France for treatment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622376441955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "After the war Mitterrand quickly moved back into politics. At the June 1946 legislative election, he led the list of the Rally of the Republican Lefts (Rassemblement des gauches républicaines or RGR) in the Western suburb of Paris, but he was not elected. The RGR was an electoral entity composed of the Radical Party, the centrist Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance or UDSR) and several conservative groupings. It opposed the policy of the \"Three-parties alliance\" (Communists, Socialists and Christian Democrats).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210775375366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In May 1948 Mitterrand participated in the Congress of The Hague, together with Konrad Adenauer, Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, Paul-Henri Spaak, Albert Coppé and Altiero Spinelli. It originated the European Movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81200885772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "As Interior Minister in Pierre Mendès-France's cabinet (1954–1955), Mitterrand had to direct the response to the Algerian War of Independence. He claimed: \"Algeria is France.\" He was suspected of being the informer of the Communist Party in the cabinet. This rumor was spread by the former Paris police prefect, who had been dismissed by him. The suspicions were dismissed by subsequent investigations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.332417488098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The UDSR joined the Republican Front, a center-left coalition, which won the 1956 legislative election. As Justice Minister (1956–1957), Mitterrand allowed the expansion of martial law in the Algerian conflict. Unlike other ministers (including Mendès-France), who criticized the repressive policy in Algeria, he remained in Guy Mollet's cabinet until its end. As Minister of Justice, he had a role in 45 executions of the Algerian natives, recommending President Rene Coty to reject clemency in 80% of the cases, an action he later came to regret. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.772059440612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In 1958, Mitterrand was one of the few to object to the nomination of Charles de Gaulle as head of government, and to de Gaulle's plan for a French Fifth Republic. He justified his opposition by the circumstances of de Gaulle's comeback: the 13 May 1958 quasi-putsch and military pressure. In September 1958, determinedly opposed to Charles de Gaulle, Mitterrand made an appeal to vote \"no\" in the referendum over the Constitution, which was nevertheless adopted on 4 October 1958. This defeated coalition of the \"No\" was composed of the PCF and some left-wing republican politicians (such as Mendès-France and Mitterrand).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.258444786071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "This attitude may have been a factor in Mitterrand's losing his seat in the 1958 elections, beginning a long \"crossing of the desert\" (this term is usually applied to de Gaulle's decline in influence for a similar period). Indeed, in the second round of the legislative election, Mitterrand was supported by the Communists but the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) refused to withdraw its candidate. This division caused the election of the Gaullist candidate. One year later, he was elected to represent Nièvre in the Senate, where he was part of the Group of the Democratic Left. At the same time, he was not admitted to the ranks of the Unified Socialist Party (Parti socialiste unifié, PSU) which was created by Mendès-France, former internal opponents of Mollet and reform-minded former members of the Communist Party. The PSU leaders justified their decision by referring to his non-resignation from Mollet's cabinet and by his past in Vichy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.899114608764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Observatory Affair", "passage": "Also in that same year, on the Avenue de l'Observatoire in Paris, Mitterrand claimed to have escaped an assassin's bullet by diving behind a hedge, in what became known as the Observatory Affair. The incident brought him a great deal of publicity, initially boosting his political ambitions. Some of his critics claimed, however, that he had staged the incident himself, resulting in a backlash against Mitterrand. He later said he had earlier been warned by right-wing deputy Pesquet that he was the target of an Algérie française death squad and accused Prime Minister Michel Debré of being its instigator. Before his death, Pesquet claimed that Mitterrand had set up a fake attempt on his life. Prosecution was initiated against Mitterrand but was later dropped. Nonetheless, the Observatory Affair cast a lasting shadow over Mitterrand's reputation. Years later in 1965, when Mitterrand emerged as the challenger to de Gaulle in the second round of the presidential elections, de Gaulle was urged by an aide to use the Observatory Affair to discredit his opponent. \"No, and don't insist\" was the General's response, \"It would be wrong to demean the office of the Presidency, since one day he [Mitterrand] may have the job.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931520462036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand visited China in 1961, during the worst of the Great Chinese Famine, but denied the existence of starvation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273725509643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In the 1962 election, Mitterrand regained his seat in the National Assembly with the support of the PCF and the SFIO. Practicing left unity in Nièvre, he advocated the rallying of left-wing forces at the national level, including the PCF, in order to challenge Gaullist domination. Two years later, he became the president (chairman) of the General Council of Nièvre. While the opposition to De Gaulle organized in clubs, he founded his own group, the Convention of Republican Institutions (Convention des institutions républicaines or CIR). He reinforced his position as a left-wing opponent to Charles de Gaulle in publishing Le Coup d'État permanent (The permanent coup, 1964), which criticized de Gaulle's personal power, the weaknesses of Parliament and of the government, the President's exclusive control of foreign affairs, and defence, etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.402104377746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In 1965, Mitterrand was the first left-wing politician who saw the presidential election by universal suffrage as a way to defeat the opposition leadership. Not a member of any specific political party, his candidacy for presidency was accepted by all left-wing parties (the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), French Communist Party (PCF), Radical-Socialist Party (PR) and Unified Socialist Party (PSU)). He ended the cordon sanitaire of the PCF which the party had been subject to since 1947. For the SFIO leader Guy Mollet, Mitterrand's candidacy prevented Gaston Defferre, his rival in the SFIO, from running for the presidency. Furthermore, Mitterrand was a lone figure, so he did not appear as a danger to the left-wing parties' staff members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33972454071045, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "De Gaulle was expected to win in the first round, but Mitterrand received 31.7% of the vote, denying De Gaulle a first-round victory. Mitterrand was supported in the second round by the left and other anti-Gaullists: centrist Jean Monnet, moderate conservative Paul Reynaud and Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, an extreme right-winger and the lawyer who had defended Raoul Salan, one of the four generals who had organized the 1961 Algiers putsch during the Algerian War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864355087280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand received 44.8% of votes in the second round and de Gaulle, with the majority, was thus elected for another term, but this defeat was regarded as honourable, for no one was really expected to defeat de Gaulle. Mitterrand took the lead of a centre-left alliance: the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste or FGDS). It was composed of the SFIO, the Radicals and several left-wing republican clubs (such the CIR of Mitterrand).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173774719238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "During the May 1968 governmental crisis, Mitterrand held a press conference to announce his candidacy if a new presidential election was held. But after the Gaullist demonstration on the Champs-Elysées, de Gaulle dissolved the Assembly and called for a legislative election instead. In this election, the right wing won its largest majority since the Bloc National in 1919.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065275192260742, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand was accused of being responsible for this huge legislative defeat and the FGDS split. In 1969, Mitterrand could not run for the Presidency: Guy Mollet refused to give him the support of the SFIO. The left wing was eliminated in the first round, with the Socialist candidate Gaston Defferre winning a humiliating 5.1 percent of the total vote. Georges Pompidou faced the centrist Alain Poher in the second round.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154498100280762, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "After the FGDS's implosion, Mitterrand turned to the Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or \"PS\"). In June 1971, at the time of the Epinay Congress, the CIR joined the \"PS\", which had replaced the SFIO in 1969. The executive of the \"PS\" was then dominated by Guy Mollet's supporters. They proposed an \"ideological dialogue\" with the Communists. For Mitterrand, an electoral alliance was necessary to rise to power. With this project, Mitterrand obtained the support of all the internal opponents to Mollet's faction and he was elected as the first secretary of the \"PS\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197360038757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In June 1972, Mitterrand signed the Common Programme of Government with the Communist Georges Marchais and the Left Radical Robert Fabre. With this programme, he led the 1973 legislative campaign of the \"Union of the Left\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880974769592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "At the 1974 presidential election, Mitterrand received 43.2% of the vote in the first round, as the common candidate of the left wing. He next faced Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in the second round. During the national TV debate, Giscard d'Estaing criticized him as being \"a man of the past\", due to his long political career. Mitterrand was defeated in a near tie by Giscard d'Estaing, Mitterrand receiving 49.19% and Giscard 50.81%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196756362915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In 1977, the Communist and Socialist parties failed to update the Common Programme, then lost the 1978 legislative election. While the Socialists took the leading position on the left, by obtaining more votes than the Communists for the first time since 1936, the leadership of Mitterrand was challenged by an internal opposition led by Michel Rocard who criticized the programme of the PS as being \"archaic\" and \"unrealistic\". The polls indicated Rocard was more popular than Mitterrand. Nevertheless, Mitterrand won the vote at the Party's Metz Congress (1979) and Rocard renounced his candidacy for the 1981 presidential election.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084965705871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "For his third candidacy for presidency, Mitterrand was not supported by the PCF but only by the PS. He projected a reassuring image with the slogan \"the quiet force\". He campaigned for \"another politics\", based on the 110 Propositions for France Socialist program, and denounced the performance of the incumbent president. Furthermore, he benefited from the conflict in the right-wing majority. He obtained 25.85% of votes in the first round (against 15% for the PCF candidate Georges Marchais), then defeated President Giscard d'Estaing in the second round, with 51.76%. He became the first left-wing politician elected President of France by universal suffrage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982141494750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In the presidential election of 10 May 1981, Mitterrand became the first socialist President of the Fifth Republic, and his government became the first left-wing government in 23 years. He named Pierre Mauroy as Prime Minister and organised a new legislative election. The Socialists obtained an absolute parliamentary majority, and four Communists joined the cabinet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.101043701171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In what concerns new French Technologies initiated by his predecessor Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Mitterrand continued to push them: the TGV high speed train and the Minitel, a pre-World Wide Web interactive network similar to the web. The Minitel and the TGV connection Paris-Lyon were inaugurated only a few weeks after the election. In addition, Government grants and loans for capital investment for modernisation were significantly increased. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71529483795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand passed the first decentralization laws, the Defferre Act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505818367004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "After two years in office, Mitterrand made a substantial u-turn in economic policies, with the March 1983 adoption of the so-called \"tournant de la rigueur\" (austerity turn). Priority was given to the struggle against inflation in order to remain competitive in the European Monetary System. Although there were two periods of mild economic reflation (first from 1984 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1990), monetary and fiscal restraint was the essential policy orientation of Mitterrand's presidency from 1983 onwards. Nevertheless, compared to the OECD average, fiscal policy in France remained relatively expansionary during the course of the two Mitterrand presidencies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763726234436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand abrogated the death penalty as soon as he took office (via the Badinter Act), as well as the \"anti-casseurs Act\" which instituted collective responsibility for acts of violence during demonstrations. He also dissolved the Cour de sûreté, a special high court, and enacted a massive regularization of illegal immigrants. Tighter regulations on the powers of police to stop, search and arrest were introduced, and the \"loi securite et liberte\" (a controversial public order act) was repealed. In addition, the legal aid system was improved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252401351928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "With respect to cultural policies, grants were allocated to non-profit associations and community cultural initiatives, Mitterrand liberalized the media, created the CSA media regulation agency, and authorized pirate radio and the first private TV (Canal+), giving rise to the private broadcasting sector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476964950561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In terms of foreign policy, Mitterrand did not significantly deviate from his predecessors and he continued nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific in spite of protests from various peace and environmentalist organizations. In 1985, French agents sunk the Greenpeace-owned ex-trawler Rainbow Warrior which the group had used in demonstrations against nuclear tests, whaling, and seal hunting. One Greenpeace member was killed, and when news broke of the event, a major scandal erupted that led to the resignation of Defense Minister Charles Hernu. France subsequently paid reparations of 1.8 million USD to Greenpeace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.264853477478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "France also retained her independent stance under Mitterrand by staying outside of NATO and continued an active involvement in African affairs, the French military and Foreign Legion frequently intervening on behalf of various African governments and training local forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889735221862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Before the 1986 legislative campaign, proportional representation was instituted in accordance with the 110 Propositions. It did not prevent, however, the victory of the Rally for the Republic/Union for French Democracy (RPR/UDF) coalition. Mitterrand thus named the RPR leader Jacques Chirac as Prime Minister. This period of government, with a President and a Prime Minister who came from two opposite coalitions, was the first time that such a combination had occurred under the Fifth Republic, and came to be known as \"Cohabitation\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.103679656982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Chirac mostly handled domestic policy while Mitterrand concentrated on his \"reserved domain\" of foreign affairs and defence. However, several conflicts erupted between the two. In one example, Mitterrand refused to sign executive decrees of liberalization, obliging Chirac to pass the measures through parliament instead. Mitterrand also reportedly gave covert support to some social movements, notably the student revolt against the university reform (Devaquet Bill). Benefiting from the difficulties of Chirac's cabinet, the President's popularity increased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231515884399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "With the polls running in his favor, Mitterrand announced his candidacy in the 1988 presidential election. He proposed a moderate programme (promising \"neither nationalisations nor liberalisation\") and advocated a \"united France,\" and laid out his policy priorities in his \"Letter to the French People.\" He obtained 34% of the votes in the first round, then faced Chirac in the second, and was re-elected with 54% of the votes. Mitterrand thus became the first President to be elected twice by universal suffrage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.445699691772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "After his re-election, he named Michel Rocard as Prime Minister, in spite of their poor relations. Rocard led the moderate wing of the PS and he was the most popular of the Socialist politicians. Mitterrand decided to organize a new legislative election. The PS obtained a relative parliamentary majority. Four centre-right politicians joined the cabinet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.465347290039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "The second term was marked by the creation of the Insertion Minimum Revenue (RMI), which ensured a minimum level of income to those deprived of any other form of income; the restoring of the solidarity tax on wealth, which had been abolished by Chirac's cabinet; the institution of the Generalized social tax; the extension of parental leave up to the child's third birthday; the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy; the 1990 Gayssot Act on hate speech and Holocaust denial; the Besson law of 1990; the Mermaz Law of 1989;, the introduction of a private childcare allowance; the Urban Orientation Law of 1991; the Arpaillange Act on the financing of political parties; the reform of the penal code; the Matignon Agreements concerning New Caledonia; the Evin Act on smoking in public places; the extension of the age limit for family allowances to 18 years in 1990; and the 1989 Education Act which, amongst other measures, obliged local authorities to educate all children with disabilities. Several large architectural works were pursued, in what would become known as the Grands Projets of François Mitterrand with the building of the Louvre Pyramid, the Channel Tunnel, the Grande Arche at La Défense, the Bastille Opera, the Finance Ministry in Bercy, and the National Library of France. On 16 February 1993, President Mitterrand inaugurated in Fréjus a memorial to the wars in Indochina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62523078918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "But the second term was also marked by rivalries within the PS and the split of the Mitterrandist group (at the Rennes Congress, where supporters of Laurent Fabius and Lionel Jospin clashed bitterly for control of the party), the scandals about the financing of the party, the contaminated blood scandal which implicated Laurent Fabius and former ministers Georgina Dufoix and Emond Hervé, and the Elysée wiretaps affairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993488311767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Overall, as President, Mitterrand maintained the \"basic characteristic of a strong welfare base underpinned by a strong state.\" A United Nations Human Development report concluded that, from 1979 to 1989, France was the only country in the OECD (apart from Portugal) in which income inequalities did not get worse. During his second term as president, however, the gap between rich and poor widened in France, with both unemployment and poverty rising in the awake of the economic recession of 1991–1993. According to other studies, though, the percentage of the French population living in poverty (based on various criteria) fell between the mid-Eighties and the mid-Nineties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770976066589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand supported closer European collaboration and the preservation of France's special relationship with its former colonies, which he feared were falling under \"Anglo-Saxon influence.\" His drive to preserve French power in Africa led to controversies concerning Paris' role during the Rwandan Genocide. Despite Mitterrand's left-wing affiliations, the 1980s saw France becoming more distant from the USSR, especially following events such as the expulsion of 47 Soviet diplomats and their families from the country in 1982 after they were accused of large-scale industrial and military espionage. Mitterrand also sharply criticized the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan as well as the country's nuclear weapons buildup. When Mitterrand visited the USSR in November 1988, the Soviet media claimed to be 'leaving aside the virtually wasted decade and the loss of the Soviet-French 'special relationship' of the Gaullist era'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.583438873291016, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Nevertheless, Mitterrand was worried by the rapidity of the Eastern bloc's collapse. He was opposed to German reunification but came to see it as unavoidable. He was opposed to the swift recognition of Croatia and Slovenia, which he thought would lead to the violent implosion of Yugoslavia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362791061401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "When Helmut Kohl, then German Chancellor, asked Mitterrand to agree to reunification (France was one of the four Allies who had to agree to the Two Plus Four-treaty), Mitterrand told Kohl he accepted it only in the event Germany would abandon the Deutsche Mark and adopt the Euro. Kohl accepted this package deal (even without talking to Karl Otto Pöhl, then President of the Bundesbank). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232552528381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "He also criticized interventionism in sovereign matters, which was according to him only another form of \"colonialism\". However, according to Mitterrand, this did not imply lessened concern on the part of Paris for its former colonies. Mitterrand thus continued with the African policy of de Gaulle inaugurated in 1960, which followed the relative failure of the 1958 creation of the French Community. All in all, Mitterrand's La Baule speech, which marked a relative turning point in France's policy concerning its former colonies, has been compared with the 1956 loi-cadre Defferre which was responding to anti-colonialist feelings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.663317680358887, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "African heads of state themselves reacted to Mitterrand's speech at most with indifference. Omar Bongo, President of Gabon, declared that he would rather have \"events counsel him;\" Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal, said that, according to him, the best solution was a \"strong government\" and a \"good faith opposition;\" the President of Chad, Hissène Habré (nicknamed the \"African Pinochet\") claimed that it was contradictory to demand that African states should simultaneously carry on a \"democratic policy\" and \"social and economic policies which limited their sovereignty\", in a clear allusion to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank's \"structural adjustment programs\". Hassan II, the king of Morocco, said for his part that \"Africa was too open to the world to remain indifferent to what was happening around it\", but that Western countries should \"help young democracies open out, without putting a knife under their throat, without a brutal transition to multipartyism.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059586524963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Controversy surrounding the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was intense after American researcher Robert Gallo and French scientist Luc Montagnier both claimed to have discovered it. The two scientists had given the new virus different names. The controversy was eventually settled by an agreement (helped along by the mediation of Dr Jonas Salk) between President Ronald Reagan and Mitterrand which gave equal credit to both men and their teams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165738105773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In October 1985, to commemorate the tricentenary of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Mitterrand gave a formal apology to the descendents of Huguenots around the world. At the same time, a special postage stamp was released in their honour. The stamp states that France is the home of the Huguenots (\"Accueil des Huguenots\"). Hence their rights were finally recognised.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517610549926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "On 2 February 1993, in his capacity as co-prince of Andorra, Mitterrand and Joan Martí Alanis, who was Bishop of Urgell and therefore Andorra's other co-prince, signed Andorra's new constitution, which was later approved by referendum in the principality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.345098495483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "As of , Mitterrand has had the most prime ministers during the regime of the 5th Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984280586242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Following his death, a controversy erupted when his former physician, Dr Claude Gubler, wrote a book called Le Grand Secret (\"The Great Secret\") explaining that Mitterrand had had false health reports published since November 1981, hiding his cancer. Mitterrand's family then prosecuted Gubler and his publisher for violating medical confidentiality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.417277336120605, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The placing of such a wreath was not without precedent. Presidents Charles de Gaulle and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing had wreaths placed on Pétain's grave to commemorate the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the end of World War I. Similarly, President Georges Pompidou had a wreath placed in 1973 when Pétain's remains were returned to the Ile d'Yeu after being stolen. Nonetheless, Mitterrand's regular annual tributes went beyond the marking by his predecessors of exceptional occasions, and offended sensibilities at a time when France was re-examining its role in the Holocaust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787952423095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The Urba consultancy was established in 1971 by the Socialist Party to advise Socialist-led communes on infrastructure projects and public works. The Urba affair became public in 1989 when two police officers investigating the Marseille regional office of Urba discovered detailed minutes of the organisation's contracts and division of proceeds between the party and elected officials. Although the minutes proved a direct link between Urba and graft activity, an edict from the office of Mitterrand, himself listed as a recipient, prevented further investigation. The Mitterrand election campaign of 1988 was directed by Henri Nallet, who then became Justice Minister and therefore in charge of the investigation at national level. In 1990 Mitterrand declared an amnesty for those under investigation, thus ending the affair. Socialist Party treasurer Henri Emmanuelli was tried in 1997 for corruption offences, for which he received a two-year suspended sentence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.05086612701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "From 1982 to 1986, Mitterrand established an \"anti-terror cell\" installed as a service of the President of the Republic. This was an unusual set-up, since such law enforcement missions against terrorism are normally left to the National Police and Gendarmerie, run under the cabinet and the Prime Minister, and under the supervision of the judiciary. The cell was largely staffed by members of these services, but it bypassed the normal line of command and safeguards. 3000 conversations concerning 150 people (7 for reasons judged to be contestable by the ensuing court process) were recorded between January 1983 and March 1986 by this anti terrorist cell at the Elysée Palace. In one of its first actions, the cell was involved in the \"Irish of Vincennes\" affair, in which it appeared that members of the cell had planted weapons and explosives in the Vincennes apartment of three Irish nationals who were arrested on terrorism charges. Most markedly, it appears that the cell, under illegal presidential orders, obtained wiretaps on journalists, politicians and other personalities who may have been an impediment for Mitterrand's personal life. The illegal wiretapping was revealed in 1993 by Libération; the case against members of the cell went to trial in November 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116986274719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The 'affaire' finally ended before the Tribunal correctionnel de Paris with the court's judgement on 9 November 2005. 7 members of the President's anti-terrorist unit were condemned and Mitterrand was designated as the \"inspirator and essentially the controller of the operation.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900226593017578, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "On the twentieth anniversary of the sinking it was revealed that Mitterrand had personally authorised the bombing which resulted in Pereira's death. Admiral Pierre Lacoste, the former head of the DGSE, made a statement saying Pereira's death weighed heavily on his conscience. Also on that anniversary, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) sought to access a video recording made at the preliminary hearing where two French agents pleaded guilty, a battle they won in 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.147336959838867, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "President Mitterrand", "passage": "*President Mitterrand had chosen a tree half oak half olive-tree as symbol for his presidential flag. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459257125854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "President Mitterrand", "passage": "*President Mitterrand received from King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden a coat of arms linked to the reception of the Order of the Seraphim, which reproduces this symbol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384832382202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Mitterrand" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "Mitterand’s Funeral | Iconic Photos", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686253547668457, "source": "search", "title": "Mitterand’s Funeral | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "Mitterand’s Funeral", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.071688652038574, "source": "search", "title": "Mitterand’s Funeral | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand served as the President of France from 1981 to 1995, the first left-wing head of state since 1957 and the only member of the Socialist Party to be elected as the President of France. He also holds the record of the longest-serving (almost 14 years) President of France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.372123718261719, "source": "search", "title": "Mitterand’s Funeral | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "De Gaulle was the only post-World War II French leader to maintain a strict military discipline over his personal life, the book asserts. More recently, it adds, Mr. Giscard d’Estaing, Mr. Mitterrand and Mr. Chirac juggled the demands of the state, their families and their extracurricular activities with aplomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837698936462402, "source": "search", "title": "A Tell-All’s Tale: French Politicians Stray Early and ..." }, { "answer": "Francois Mitterrand", "passage": "France is mourning the loss of its longest-serving president, Francois Mitterrand, who has died at the age of 79 from prostate cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19486141204834, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "He told journalists: \"For 14 years M Mitterrand wrote an important page in the history of our country. A great figure has left us.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268220901489258, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mr Mitterrand was a controversial figure with a murky past.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434492111206055, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mr Mitterrand earned himself nicknames from friend and foe alike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439122200012207, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "And like de Gaulle, Mr Mitterrand rejected the pomp of a state funeral. He will instead be buried after a private ceremony in the family tomb in the village of Jarnac, near Angouleme, where he was born.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.105463027954102, "source": "search", "title": "1996: France's former president Mitterrand dies - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand's successor, Jacques Chirac, wrote in his own memoires about his affairs. “There have been women I have loved a lot, as discreetly as possible,” he said coyly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554359436035156, "source": "search", "title": "Why it really is OK to stray in France - The Local" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257539749145508, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Francois Mitterrand", "passage": "On May 21, 1981, eleven days after his election, Francois Mitterrand officially took office as the French president. The day was marked by official ceremonies and public events. After the ritual wreath under the Arc de Triomphe, Mitterrand headed to Paris’ Left Bank for a new ceremony of his own: a pilgrimage to the Panthéon that was orchestrated to outdo Giscard’s farewell two days prior.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.282306671142578, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The Pantheon, completed in 1789 – the year of the French Revolution, was a symbolic mausoleum to “receive the bodies of great men who died in the period of French liberty”. Mitterrand entered the mausoleum holding a solitary rose — the symbol of the French socialists — as the Orchestre de Paris played Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” in the background. The crowd outside and the TV viewers didn’t know that but the Pantheon had been turned into a studio for the occasion. Cameras greeted Mitterrand and followed his descent in the crypt. Artist Serge Moati was engaged to direct the entire sequence. Rehearsals, body doubles and props (for the flowers) were used. Shrewd video editing enabled Mitterrand to enter the Pantheon with a single rose but place three roses on three graves; as Pierre Mauroy, Mitterrand’s first prime minister, said: “The rose for Jean Jaures represented our heritage; it was for the man who knew how to mobilize the left. The rose for Jean Moulin was the man who was able to unite Frenchmen from all walks of life to resist the foreign invador. The rose for Victor Schoelcher was the man who made of France the emancipator of peoples.” When Mitterrand emerged from the Panthéon to face a crowd of cheering young supporters brandishing red roses, he displayed the first smile of his inauguration day. A final flourish was provided by a rendition of the Marseillaise, exuberant post-Giscard tempo that has been personally prescribed by Mitterrand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.144893646240234, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "But if Mitterrand’s election elated his supporters, it produced apprehension in the West and in certain areas of France. As Mitterrand entered the Pantheon, many Parisians frantically packed their bags to flee the impending socialist “campaign to out-Keynes even Keynes”. Hidden behind these fears was a deeper realization that France’s unparalleled economic prosperity of the last thirty years had ended. Only two years before, the demographer Fourastié eulogized the era by his neologism, Les Trente Glorieuses. Mitterrand’s election, in this sense, was as much a vote against incumbency as a profound soul-searching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049481391906738, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Yet, Mitterrand’s moderate supporters believed that he would take a far more centrist approach once in office but he went on with his most radical promises: he created 250,000 new government jobs, raised pay for government employees, shortened the workweek from 40 to 39 hours, added a fifth week of paid vacation, reduced the retirement age to 60, increased social payments through Allocations Familiales, and nationalized 38 banks and 7 industrial giants. The results were an unmitigated disaster. The budget deficit tripled; inflation and unemployment stood in double digits. Mitterrand had to devalue the franc no less than three times to keep France’s exports competitive. Following the time-honored traditions of French presidents, Mitterrand sacked his first ministry and embarked on one of the most extraordinary reversals of economic policy in modern history: he froze the budget in 1983 and held raises for public employees below the rate of inflation. Entitlement programs were rolled back, and labour rules that restricted private sector hirings were weakened. By the mid-80s, the budget was back in balance, and inflation fell to around 4%, thanks to this reversal which Mitterrand called “La Rigueur,” or roughly “Austerity” in English.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121763229370117, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "(Video of Mitterrand’s Pantheon Visit below; begins at 3:30 mark)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457056045532227, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand served as the President of France from 1981 to 1995, the first left-wing head of state since 1957 and the only member of the Socialist Party to be elected as the President of France. He also holds the record of the longest-serving (almost 14 years) President of France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.372123718261719, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterand", "passage": "Thatcher was taught as a child by her grocer father that the French were both Roman Catholic and Communist and riddled with sexual disease; Mitterand said that Margaret Thatcher had ‘the eyes of Caligula and the mouth of Marilyn Monroe’. Thatcher’s finest European hour came in 1984 when she marched into Fontainebleau to demand the ‘British rebate’–66% rebate from the French and the Germans who wanted to give only 50%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400064468383789, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "However, these two statesmen accomplished one monumental project together: the Chunnel. Thatcher said she had no objection to a privately funded project to bridge the English channel, and in 1981, Thatcher and Mitterrand agreed to set up a working group to look into a privately funded project. Four submissions were shortlisted and in 1986, the Eurotunnel bid was selected. Foreign Affairs Ministers of both countries signed the Franco-British Treaty in Canterbury, which was ratified in 1987 by Thatcher and Mitterrand (above) inside the famed Chapter House, in Canterbury Cathedral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.789542198181152, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The tunnel was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.762406349182129, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand | Iconic Photos" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813446998596191, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "François Mitterrand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84539794921875, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "—François Mitterrand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84539794921875, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Around this same time, Mitterrand showed an interest in right-wing politics and was reportedly a member of a conservative paramilitary group called the League of National Volunteers. After the start of World War II, Mitterrand served in the French Army. Wounded in battle in June 1940, he was taken prisoner, but escaped from a German prisoner of war camp in Kassel, Germany, the following year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786028861999512, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Making his way back to France, Mitterrand found work as an official, helping former prisoners of war with the Marshall Philippe Petain-run Vichy government. He kept his involvement with this Nazi-backed regime hidden from the public for decades, in fear of being labeled a collaborator. Mitterrand took pride, however, in his history as a member of the French Resistance. He joined the underground movement in 1943, working to organize former prisoners of war to fight for France's freedom. Through his work with the Resistance, Mitterrand met General Charles de Gaulle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332146644592285, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "François Mitterrand", "passage": "After the war ended, François Mitterrand served in de Gaulle's interim government. He won election to the National Assembly in 1946. Positioned initially as a centrist, Mitterrand held a number of government posts over the years. He acted as the minister for war veterans, minister for interior and minister for justice during this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24598503112793, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mitterrand's political career came to a halt in the late 1950s, after he loudly opposed de Gaulle's creation of the Fifth Republic. As a result, he lost his Assembly seat in the 1958 election. For many years afterward, Mitterrand remained a stubborn opponent of de Gaulle. He even ran against de Gaulle for the presidency in 1965, but lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772927284240723, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "A few years later, Mitterrand fared better with a shift in his political ideolog: Working for unification of the French Left, he became secretary of the Socialist Party in 1971. With the backing of the country's Socialists and Communists, Mitterrand tried again for the presidency in 1974. He lost to Giscard d'Estaing by a narrow margin. Seven years later, however, he defeated d'Estaing to clinch France's top political post.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.542163848876953, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Following 1981 victory, Mitterrand embarked on a program of social and political reforms, seeking to nationalize banks and other businesses and improve workers' pay. He worked on job creation in an attempt to combat stagnation and unemployment, and successfully campaigned for abolition of the death penalty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961030960083008, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "France's increasingly troubled economy contributed to a decline in Mitterrand's last years as president. He also battled health problems during this time, undergoing two operations for prostate cancer while still in office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96371078491211, "source": "search", "title": "François Mitterrand - President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - The New York Times", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281366348266602, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Archives |World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21259593963623, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Francois Mitterrand", "passage": "In flowing African robes, Arab headdresses and sober mourning clothes, the high and mighty of France and the world bade farewell today to former President Francois Mitterrand at a Requiem Mass in Notre Dame Cathedral while his family quietly laid him to rest in the town where he was born.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.417911529541016, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "The small family funeral in Jarnac, 250 miles from Paris in the Cognac country of southwestern France, and the public ceremony in Notre Dame were both exactly as Mr. Mitterrand wanted them -- no political speeches or eulogies, just the usual homily by the celebrant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.498032569885254, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "In Paris that celebrant was Jean-Marie Cardinal Lustiger. The Primate spoke of the \"mystery of his existence,\" and of Mr. Mitterrand's many published meditations on death. Mr. Mitterrand died at the age of 79 on Monday after a long battle with prostate cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623058319091797, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Francois Mitterrand", "passage": "Alluding to Mr. Mitterrand's assertions that he was \"more agnostic than anything else,\" the Cardinal added, \"May Francois Mitterrand find in the company of saints the help, forgiveness and courage finally to open his eyes to the invisible.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036718368530273, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "More than 60 world leaders and 1,300 other dignitaries gathered in the floodlit nave of the Gothic cathedral bore witness to Mr. Mitterrand's ecumenical influence and to the respect he enjoyed around the world. There was Iran's Foreign Minister, Ali Akbar Velayati, sitting a few seats away from President Ezer Weizman and Prime Minister Shimon Peres of Israel, who shared many of Mr. Mitterrand's Socialist ideals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701456069946289, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Most of the leaders of Europe came, and when the choir broke into the plangent opening lines of Maurice Durufle's Requiem, a tear trickled down the cheek of the German Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, who was perhaps Mr. Mitterrand's closest ally among the Europeans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922345161437988, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mrs. Mitterrand had invited both women to the former President's official residence in Paris in the pre-dawn hours today when his coffin was taken to Villacoublay Air Base, west of Paris, to be flown to Jarnac for interment next to his parents' graves in the church graveyard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84080982208252, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "Mr. Mitterrand had spent Christmas in the southern Egyptian resort of Aswan with his daughter and her mother, and New Year's with Mrs. Mitterrand and their two sons in his country home in Latche, another southwestern French village.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.619366645812988, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "President Mitterrand", "passage": "\"I was at the great celebration of President Mitterrand's first victory at the Bastille in 1981, and I wanted to render a last homage to him today,\" said Jacques Horvath, a 40-year-old computer engineer, who got in line outside the cathedral at 6 A.M. today, five hours before the Mass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679094314575195, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "And tens of thousands paid silent tribute to Mr. Mitterrand at the Place de la Bastille Wednesday night, despite pouring rain. Barbara Hendricks, the American soprano and close friend of the Mitterrands, ended the three-hour vigil by singing \"The Time of the Cherries,\" a 19th-century revolutionary ditty. She also sang the \"Pious Jesus\" solo from Gabriel Faure's Requiem at Notre Dame today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997982025146484, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "President Jacques Chirac declared the day one of national mourning, but in accordance with Mr. Mitterrand's wishes, he let public schools and government offices stay open. Subway trains came to a halt for one minute at 11 A.M., the hour of the funeral services, as a sign of respect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.008515357971191, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "An American Embassy spokeswoman said that the President had asked Mr. Gore to come as a sign of the high esteem that he and the people of the United States had for Mr. Mitterrand. Mr. Gore last saw him on May 8 for a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082557678222656, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Mitterrand", "passage": "A version of this article appears in print on January 12, 1996, on Page A00024 of the National edition with the headline: World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85791301727295, "source": "search", "title": "World's Leaders Bid Farewell to Mitterrand - NYTimes.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Motor racing", "passage": "Motor racing chief Bernie Ecclestone shrugs off criticism over staging prestige event under a repressive regime", "precise_score": -1.904573917388916, "rough_score": -0.816714882850647, "source": "search", "title": "Bernie Ecclestone | Sport | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Motor-racing", "passage": "Ecclestone long has run the international motor-racing series and has an estimated net worth of $4.2 billion", "precise_score": -2.001394510269165, "rough_score": -3.5995802879333496, "source": "search", "title": "F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone settles bribery case for $100 ..." }, { "answer": "Motor sport", "passage": "Sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, such as motor sports, may not be considered for recognition as Olympic sports, though there were power-boating events in the early days of the Olympics before this rule was enacted by the IOC. Part of the story of the founding of aviation sports' international governing body, the FAI, originated from an IOC meeting in Brussels, Belgium on June 10, 1905. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242693901062012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "answer": "Motorsport", "passage": "* Motorsport (1900)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262411117553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "answer": "Motorsport", "passage": "Motorsports career ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.561505317687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bernie Ecclestone" }, { "answer": "Motor racing", "passage": "\"Motor racing was a world class industry which put Britain at the hi-tech edge. Deprived of tobacco money, Formula One would move abroad at the loss of 50,000 jobs, 150,000 part-time jobs and £900 million of exports.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281482696533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bernie Ecclestone" }, { "answer": "Motor racing", "passage": "Views on Women in motor racing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471822738647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bernie Ecclestone" }, { "answer": "Motor-racing", "passage": "Known in Formula One circles as \"Supremo,\" Ecclestone long has run the international motor-racing series and has an estimated net worth of $4.2 billion, according to Forbes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2744460105896, "source": "search", "title": "F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone settles bribery case for $100 ..." }, { "answer": "Motor racing", "passage": "Follow @PeltzLATimes for more motor racing news", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537946701049805, "source": "search", "title": "F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone settles bribery case for $100 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, mortally wounding the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA). Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers.", "precise_score": 1.9652016162872314, "rough_score": -0.029484450817108154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League — Oman, Somalia and Sudan — sent representatives at all. Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral. Begin even walked throughout the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath. Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.", "precise_score": 5.504328727722168, "rough_score": 1.5665547847747803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. He was appointed Vice President of Egypt by President Anwar Sadat in 1975 and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, eight days after Sadat's assassination. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country from 1805 to 1848, a reign of 43 years. Mubarak stepped down after 18 days of demonstrations during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. ", "precise_score": 3.824605703353882, "rough_score": 3.6288414001464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In April 1975, Sadat appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt. In this position, he took part in government consultations that dealt with the future disengagement of forces agreement with Israel. In September 1975, Mubarak went on a mission to Riyadh and Damascus to persuade the Saudi Arabian and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government (\"Sinai II\"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian President Hafez Al-Assad. During his meetings with the Saudi government, Mubarak developed a friendship with the nation's powerful Crown Prince Fahd, whom Sadat had refused to meet or contact and who was now seen as major player who could help mend the failing relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Mubarak also developed friendships with several other important Arab figureheads, including Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud, Oman's Sultan Qaboos, Morocco's King Hassan II, and Sudan's President Jaafar Nimeiry.", "precise_score": 4.29856014251709, "rough_score": 5.335319995880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Sadat also sent Mubarak to numerous meetings with foreign leaders outside the Arab world. Mubarak's political significance as Vice-President can be seen from a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador Hermann Eilts. Fahmy told Eilts that \"Mobarek is, for the time being at least, likely to be a regular participant in all sensitive meetings\" and he advised the Ambassador not to antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice. Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring the Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control, Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab figureheads and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Sadat even transferred his decisionmaking authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations. ", "precise_score": 1.0067490339279175, "rough_score": 1.0499951839447021, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In his early years in power, Mubarak expanded the Egyptian State Security Investigations Service (Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla) and the Central Security Forces (anti-riot and containment forces). According to Tarek Osman, the experience of seeing his predecessor assassinated \"right in front of him\" and his lengthy military careerwhich was longer than those of Nasser or Sadatmay have instilled in him more focus and absorption with security than seemed the case with the latter heads of state. Mubarak sought advice and confidence not in leading ministers, senior advisers or leading intellectuals, but from his security chiefs—\"interior ministers, army commanders, and the heads of the ultra-influential intelligence services.\" ", "precise_score": -0.015686331316828728, "rough_score": 2.8490443229675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "President Mubarak", "passage": "In 2009, US Ambassador Margaret Scobey said, \"despite incessant whispered discussions, no one in Egypt has any certainty about who will eventually succeed Mubarak nor under what circumstances.\" She said presidential son Gamal Mubarak was the most likely successor; some thought intelligence chief Omar Suleiman might seek the office, or Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa might stand. President Mubarak and his son denied this; they said \"a multi-candidate electoral system introduced in 2005 has made the political process more transparent\". Nigerian Tribune journalist Abiodun Awolaja described a possible succession by Gamal Mubarak as a \"hereditary pseudo-monarchy.\" ", "precise_score": 2.3129262924194336, "rough_score": 0.19638656079769135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who Succeeded Sadat", "precise_score": 5.288820266723633, "rough_score": 5.038003444671631, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who Succeeded Sadat", "precise_score": 5.288820266723633, "rough_score": 5.038003444671631, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "He was Anwar Sadat’s handpicked successor, but when Hosni Mubarak travels to Washington this week for scheduled talks with President Reagan, Americans will find that the new President of Egypt is a strikingly different figure from his mystical mentor. Rising to power in the military, Mubarak commanded the Egyptian Air Force in its dramatic opening attack on Israel in the 1973 war. Yet he has shown no reticence, and indeed considerable skill, in putting his mark swiftly on his nation’s domestic policy. He has freed political dissidents imprisoned by Sadat and purged his Cabinet of members close to a government official arrested for corruption. His stewardship of foreign policy has been equally surefooted, if not always to American taste. Though Mubarak remains committed to the Camp David Accords, he informed Secretary of State Alexander Haig last month that he would not meet the April deadline for signing an agreement on the Palestinian issue without further Israeli concessions. Just last week he invited the Soviet Union to send back to Cairo the 66 technical advisers whom Sadat expelled along with the Soviet Ambassador last September.", "precise_score": 5.597212791442871, "rough_score": 5.660826683044434, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "President Anwar el-Sadat (in office September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981 )--Sadat became president upon the death of his predecessor, Gamel Nasser. Sadat waged war against Israel in 1973, and made peace with Israel in 1979. In October, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by Muslim militants who were unhappy with his peace treaty with Israel. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Hosni Mubarak.", "precise_score": 7.933935165405273, "rough_score": 6.241196155548096, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of Egypt - HistoryGuy.com" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "President Hosni Mubarak (in office October 6, 1981 to February 11, 2011 )--Mubarak became president upon the assassination of his predecessor, Anwar Sadat. Mubarak imposed Emergency Rule upon the death of Sadat, and maintained his rule as an autocratic dictator until resignining the presidency in February, 2011 in the face of massive unrest .", "precise_score": 5.765855312347412, "rough_score": 1.8924626111984253, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of Egypt - HistoryGuy.com" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Anwar al-Sadat was Egypt’s president from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He came to political power as an associate of Gamal Abdel Nasser , leader of the revolution that overthrew the monarchy (and British colonial rule) in 1952. Sadat graduated from military school in 1938 and straight away went about working to dismantle colonialism, initially pinning his hopes on Hitler ‘s Germany as Britain’s enemy. He spent most of the 1940s in jail for his agitations against the British in Egypt, but after Nasser took power (1954) Sadat rose in the ranks of the new government, holding various high-level positions, including vice president (1964-66, 1969-70). Nasser died in September of 1970 and Sadat became president in October. In an effort to regain control of losses from the 1967 Six Day War, Sadat ordered an attack on Israeli forces in 1973 and showed enough strength to force peace negotiations. He made overt gestures of peace to Israel and wooed U.S. president Jimmy Carter into assisting with negotiations. The resulting peace agreement, the Camp David Accords, earned Sadat the 1978 Nobel Prize for Peace (he shared it with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin ). But his domestic economic plan was a failure, and his negotiations with Israel led to violent criticism at home; Sadat’s attempts to crack down on public dissension only made things worse. He was assassinated in 1981 by Islamic fundamentalists who opposed the peace treaty with Israel, and he was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak .", "precise_score": 7.310566425323486, "rough_score": 4.667695045471191, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar al-Sadat biography | birthday, trivia | Egyptian ..." }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal . [40] Islambouli emptied his assault rifle onto Sadat's body while on the stands, instantly killing the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA). [41] [42] Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak , Irish Defence Minister James Tully , and four US military liaison officers.", "precise_score": 1.361950159072876, "rough_score": 0.8367518186569214, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon . Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League – Oman, Somalia and Sudan – sent representatives at all. [44] Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo , across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.", "precise_score": 5.836557865142822, "rough_score": 2.333656072616577, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Hosni Mubarak, who held office from 14 October 1981 until 11 February 2011, was forced to resign following calls for his removal from office. On 10 February 2011 Mubarak transferred presidential powers to then-Vice President Omar Suleiman, briefly making Suleiman de facto president. Following Mubarak's resignation, the position of President of Egypt was officially vacated and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, assumed executive control of the state. On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as President of Egypt, having won the 2012 Egyptian presidential election on 24 June. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.702550888061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "The constitution does not directly stipulate any role for the Prime Minister in the process of presidential succession, when the former post of Vice President still existed it was a tradition for the People's Assembly to nominate the vice-president for the vacant office of the president. Both Sadat and Mubarak served as vice-presidents at the time the presidential office became vacant, however on Mubarak's succession in 1981 as president he did not appoint a vice-president until 29 January 2011 when during substantial protests demanding reforms he appointed Omar Suleiman to the role. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.200858116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "President Mubarak", "passage": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser submitted his resignation after the overwhelming Egyptian defeat in 1967 war with Israel, before returning to office after mass demonstrations by the Egyptian public. President Mubarak also resigned on 11 February 2011 after eighteen days of protest against his regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.115518569946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (,, '; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.085346221923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered Mubarak and both of his sons (Alaa and Gamal) to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution. These trials began on 3 August 2011. On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak is detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568503379821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Hosni Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate, Egypt. After leaving high school, he joined the Egyptian Military Academy where he received a Bachelor's degree in Military Sciences in 1949. On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy, gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950 and eventually receiving a Bachelor's degree in aviation sciences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.001421928405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak served as an Egyptian Air Force officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in a Spitfire fighter squadron. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak undertook further training in the Soviet Union, attending a Soviet pilot training school in Moscow and another at Kant Air Base near Bishkek in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.725202560424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak undertook training on the Ilyushin Il-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded the Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the Beni Suef Air Base. In November 1967, Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling the number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre-October War years. Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.687982559204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In 1972, Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On 6 October 1973, the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak a national hero. The next year he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel. Mubarak was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the war. The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out the crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity. However Mubarak's influence was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad el-Shazly. She said Mubarak exaggerated his role in the 1973 war. In an interview with the Egyptian independent newspaper Almasry Alyoum (26 February 2011), El-Shazli said Mubarak altered documents to take credit from her father for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with Mubarak. She stated she intends to take legal action. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.351780891418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt and the chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4932588338851929, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Egypt was a member of the allied coalition during the 1991 Gulf War; Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Egypt's participation in the war solidified its central role in the Arab World and brought financial benefits for the Egyptian government. Reports that sums of up to per soldier were paid or debt forgiven were published in the news media. According to The Economist: The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the [International Monetary Fund]. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak's side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After the war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $20 billion of debt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.325101852416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. He closely monitored his officials; he dismissed ministers at the first sign of wrongdoing and fined members of parliament for unnecessary absences. By the time he became President, Mubarak was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing relations with the Israeli government. Mubarak was quick to deny that his policies would result in difficulties for Egyptian-Israeli dealings in the future. Egypt's heavy dependence on US aid and its hopes for US pressure on Israel for a Palestinian settlement continued under Mubarak. He quietly improved relations with the former Soviet Union. In 1987, Mubarak won an election to a second six-year term.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036231994628906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Because of his positions against Islamic fundamentalism and his diplomacy towards Israel, Mubarak was the target of repeated assassination attempts. According to the BBC, Mubarak survived six attempts on his life. In June 1995, there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while Mubarak was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity. Upon his return, Mubarak is said to have authorized bombings on Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya settlements, which by 1999 had seen 20,000 persons placed in detention related to the revolutionary Islamic organizations. He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in Port Said in September 1999. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444095611572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "President Mubarak", "passage": "President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 Iraq War, arguing that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict should have been resolved first. He also said the war would cause \"100 Bin Ladens.\" However, as President he did not support an immediate US withdrawal from Iraq because he believed it would probably lead to chaos. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.411149978637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "President Mubarak", "passage": "President Mubarak was re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions: in 1987, 1993, and 1999. No other candidates could run against the president because a restriction in the Egyptian constitution in which the People's Assembly played the main role in electing the President of the Republic. After increased domestic and international pressure for democratic reform in Egypt, Mubarak asked Parliament on 26 February 2005 to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections by September 2005. Previously, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by Parliament then confirmed without opposition in a referendum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.916574478149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "The September 2005 ballot was a multiple-candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions and security apparatus remain under the control of the President. On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy. The election was scheduled for 7 September 2005; according to civil organizations that observed the election it was marred by mass rigging activities. In a move widely seen as political persecution, Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the El-Ghad Party (\"Tomorrow party\") was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years' hard labor on 24 December 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963041305541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "State corruption during Mubarak's presidency", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318681716918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of the Interior rose dramatically. Political figures and young activists were imprisoned without trial. Illegal, undocumented, hidden detention facilities were established, and universities, mosques, and newspaper staff were rejected because of political inclination. Military officers were allowed to violate citizens' privacy using unconditioned arrests under Egypt's emergency law.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905044555664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In 2005 Freedom House, a non-governmental organization that conducts research into democracy, reported that the Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that often feed corruption. Freedom House said, \"corruption remained a significant problem under Mubarak, who promised to do much, but in fact never did anything significant to tackle it effectively\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.21281623840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In February 2011, ABC News reported that experts believed the personal wealth of Mubarak and his family was between and from military contracts made during his time as an air force officer. The Guardian reported that Mubarak and his family might be worth up to garnered from corruption, bribes and legitimate business activities. The money was said to be spread out in various bank accounts, including some in Switzerland and the UK, and invested in foreign property. The newspaper said some of the information about the family's wealth might be ten years old. According to Newsweek, these allegations are poorly substantiated and lack credibility. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34752368927002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of Mubarak and his family. On 20 February 2011, the Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freezing of Mubarak's assets and those of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, and his daughters-in-law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian Foreign Minister to communicate this to other countries where Mubarak and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial statement. Egyptian regulations mandate government officials to submit a financial statement listing their assets and sources of income while performing government work. On 21 February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following 25 January 2011 Revolution, said it had no objection to a trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.333069801330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 23 February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that a \"knowledgeable source\" described the order of the Prosecutor General to freeze Mubarak's assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly. In February 2011, Voice of America reported that Egypt's top prosecutor had ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for Mubarak and his family as he considered further action. On 21 May 2014 a Cairo court convicted Mubarak and his sons of embezzling the equivalent of of state funds which were allocated for renovation and maintenance of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of , fined the trio , and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.389182090759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "The National Democratic Party of Egypt continued to state that Hosni Mubarak was to be the party's only candidate in the 2011 Presidential Election. Mubarak said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal Mubarak would not run for president. With the escalation of the demonstration and the fall of Mubarak, Hamdy El-Sayed, a former influential figure in the National Democratic Party, said Gamal Mubarak intended to usurp the presidency, assisted by then Interior Minister, Habib El-Adly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.041945457458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "During his presidency, Mubarak upheld the U.S. brokered Camp David Accords treaty signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978. Mubarak, on occasion also hosted meetings relating to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and made a number of attempts to serve as a broker between them. Mubarak was concerned that Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson didn't trust him on the issue and considered meeting him in New York. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454639434814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In October 2000, Mubarak hosted an emergency summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheikh to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In attendance were: U.S. President Bill Clinton, P.L.O. Chairman Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, King Abdullah of Jordan, NATO Sec. General Javier Solana, and U.N. Sec. General Kofi Annan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.007619857788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak was involved in the Arab League, supporting Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative, a Saudi-inspired plan to end the Arab–Israeli conflict.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923562049865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In June 2007, Mubarak held a summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheik with King Abdullah II of Jordan, President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect. According to The New York Times, neither side fully respected the terms of the ceasefire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.25792121887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In 2009, Mubarak's government banned the Cairo Anti-war Conference, which had criticised his lack of action against Israel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.571264266967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mass protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted in Cairo and other Egyptian cities on 25 January 2011. On 1 February, Mubarak announced he would not contest the presidential election due in September. He also promised constitutional reform. This did not satisfy most protesters, who expected Mubarak to depart immediately. The demonstrations continued and on 2 February, violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak protesters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.863840103149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 10 February, contrary to rumours, Mubarak said he would not resign until the September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar Suleiman. The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned. The announcement sparked cheers, flag-waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt. Discussions about the nation's future direction began. It had been suggested that Egypt be put in the hands of a caretaker government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.443041801452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 25 January 2011, protests against Mubarak and his government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for Mubarak's resignation. Mubarak stated in a speech that he would not leave, and would die on Egyptian soil. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei paid no attention to Mubarak's remarks and labeled it as a trick designed to help Mubarak to stay in power. In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform. This compromise was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace. On 11 February, then Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak had resigned and that power would be turned over to the Egyptian military.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.935934066772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Two and a half hours after Mubarak's resignation, an Egyptian military member came on air and thanked Mubarak for \"putting the interests of the country first.\" The statement, which said \"The Supreme Council is currently studying the situation,\" did not state what the council would do next. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.785252571105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak made no media appearances after his resignation. Except for his family and a close circle of aides, he reportedly refused to talk to anyoneeven his supporters. His health was speculated to be rapidly deteriorating; some reports said he was in a coma. Most sources said he was no longer interested in performing any duties and wanted to \"die in Sharm El-Sheikh\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.159307479858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting Mubarak and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that Mubarak was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him. As a result, Mubarak and his family were placed under house arrest at a presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora Prison; state television reported that Mubarak was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack. Former Israeli Cabinet minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer told Israeli Radio that he had offered Mubarak refuge in the southern Israeli city of Eilat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.847043991088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 24 May 2011, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters during the revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The decision to try Mubarak was made days before a scheduled protest in Tahrir Square. The full list of charges released by the public prosecutor was \"intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence, deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098206520080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 28 May, a Cairo administrative court found Mubarak guilty of damaging the national economy during the protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone services. He was fined LE200 millionabout which the court ordered he must pay from his personal assets. This was the first court ruling against Mubarak, who would next have to answer to the murder charges. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73751163482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "The trial of Hosni Mubarak, his sons Ala'a and Gamal, former interior minister Habib el-Adly and six former top police officials began on 3 August 2011 at a temporary criminal court at the Police Academy in north Cairo. They were charged with corruption and the premeditated killing of peaceful protesters during the mass movement to oust the Mubarak government, the latter of which carries the death penalty. The trial was broadcast on Egyptian television; Mubarak made an unexpected appearancehis first since his resignation. He was taken into the court on a hospital bed and held in a cage for the session. Upon hearing the charges against him, Mubarak pleaded not guilty. Judge Ahmed Refaat adjourned the court, ruling that Mubarak be transferred under continued arrest to the military hospital on the outskirts of Cairo. The second court session scheduled for 15 August. On 15 August, the resumed trial lasted three hours. At the end of the session, Rifaat announced that the third session would take place on 5 September and that the remainder of the proceedings would be off-limits to television cameras. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48325252532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "The trial resumed in December 2011 and lasted until January 2012. The defense strategy was that Mubarak never actually resigned, was still president, and thus had immunity. On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was found guilty of not halting the killing of protesters by the Egyptian security forces; he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court found Mubarak not guilty of ordering the crackdown on Egyptian protesters. All other charges against Mubarak, including profiteering and economic fraud, were dismissed. Mubarak's sons, Habib el-Adly, and six senior police officials were all acquitted for their roles in the killing of demonstrators because of a lack of evidence. According to The Guardian, the relatives of those killed by Mubarak's forces were angered by the verdict. Thousands of demonstrators protested the verdict in Tahrir Square, Arbein Square and Al-Qaed Ibrahim Square.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366133689880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In January 2013, an appeals court overturned Mubarak's life sentence and ordered a retrial. He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters. On 21 August 2013, a Cairo court ordered his release. Judicial sources confirmed that the court had upheld a petition from Mubarak's longtime lawyer that called for his release. A day later, interim prime minister Hazem el-Beblawi ordered that Mubarak be put under house arrest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92824935913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 21 May 2014, while awaiting retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on charges of embezzlement; Mubarak was sentenced to three years in prison, while his sons received four-year sentences. The three were fined the equivalent of , and were ordered to repay . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446846961975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In November 2014, conspiracy to kill charges were dismissed by the Cairo Criminal Court on a technicality. The court also cleared Mubarak of corruption charges. On 13 January 2015, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's and his sons' embezzlement charges, the last remaining conviction against him, and ordered a retrial. A retrial on the corruption charges led to a conviction and sentencing to three years in prison in May 2015 for Mubarak, with four-year terms for his sons, Gamal and Alaa. It was not immediately clear whether the sentence would take into account time already served – Mubarak and his sons have already spent more than three years in prison, so potentially will not have to serve any additional time. Supporters of Mubarak jeered the decision when it was announced in a Cairo courtroom on 9 May. The sentence also included a 125 million Egyptian pound (US$16.3 million) fine, and required the return of 21 million embezzled Egyptian pounds (US$2.7 million). These amounts were previously paid after the first trial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.541905403137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Though mostly out of the public eye, Mubarak granted a rare interview in February 2014 with Kuwaiti journalist Fajer al-Saeed, expressing support for then-Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as the next President of Egypt, recognizing that Sisi was working to restore the confidence of the Egyptian people. \"The people want Sisi, and the people's will shall prevail,\" Mubarak noted. Mubarak also expressed great admiration and gratitude towards the late Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan al-Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates and his children, for their continuous support of Egypt and its people. However, Mubarak expressed his dislike of opposition politician Hamdeen Sabbahi, a Nasserist following the policies of Gamal Abdel Nasser. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.278195381164551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In July 2010, the media said Egypt was about to undergo dramatic change because Mubarak was thought to have cancer and because of the scheduled 2011 presidential election. Intelligence sources said he had esophageal cancer, stomach or pancreatic cancer; this was denied by Egyptian authorities. Speculation about his ill health increased after his resignation from the presidency. According to Egyptian media, Mubarak's condition worsened after he went into exile in Sharm el-Sheikh. He was reportedly depressed, refused to take medications, and was slipping in and out of consciousness. According to the sourcean unnamed Egyptian security official\"Mubarak wants to be left alone and die in his homeland\". The source denied that Mubarak was writing his memoirs, stating that he was almost completely unconscious. After his resignation, Egypt's ambassador to the United States Sameh Shoukry reported that his personal sources said Mubarak \"is possibly in somewhat of bad health\", while several Egyptian and Saudi Arabian newspapers reported that Mubarak was in a coma and close to death. On 12 April 2011, it was reported that he had been hospitalized after suffering a heart attack during questioning over possible corruption charges. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.005430221557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In June 2011, Mubarak's lawyer Farid el-Deeb said his client \"has stomach cancer, and the cancer is growing\". Mubarak had undergone surgery for the condition in Germany in 2010 and also suffered from circulatory problems with an irregular heart beat. On 13 July 2011, unconfirmed reports stated that Mubarak had slipped into a coma at his residence after giving his final speech, and on 17 July, el-Deeb confirmed the reports. On 26 July 2011, Mubarak was reported to be depressed and refusing solid food while in hospital being treated for a heart condition and in custody awaiting trial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847822189331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was reported as have suffered a health crisis while being transported to prison after his conviction on the charges of complicity in the killing of protestors. Some sources reported he had had a heart attack. Further reports stated that Mubarak's health continued to decline; some said he had to be treated with a defibrillator. On 27 December 2012, Mubarak was taken from Tora Prison to the Cairo military hospital after falling and breaking a rib. He was released from prison in August 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205574035644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In a new development, on 19 June 2014, Mubarak slipped in the bathroom at the military hospital in Cairo where he is being held and broke his left leg, also fracturing his left thighbone, requiring surgery. Mubarak is serving a three-year sentence for corruption and is also awaiting retrial regarding the killing of protesters during his regime. At one time, his release was ordered. However, Mubarak has remained at the military hospital since January 2014 due to his ongoing health issues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003785133361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "Hosni Mubarak is married to Suzanne Mubarak and has two sons: Alaa, and Gamal. Both sons served four years in Egyptian jail for corruption and were released in 2015. Through his son Alaa, Mubarak has two grandsons, Muhammed and Omar; and through his son Gamal, he has a granddaughter Farida. Muhammad died in 2014 from a fatal head injury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.197908401489258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "In April 2016, Alaa Mubarak was named in the Panama Papers as someone with financial interests that intersect with that of Mossack Fonseca, the firm implicated in that scandal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405301094055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hosni Mubarak" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak thrived under the presidencies of Gamal Nasser and Anwar Sadat, but he kowtowed to neither man. He once refused Nasser’s brother admittance to the Air Force Academy for failing to pay the registration fee, and when Sadat’s brother—a pilot who was killed in the 1973 war—first came under his command, Mubarak was notably hard on him. “I didn’t want anybody to think that he had privileges,” Mubarak says. “I hate people who exploit the fact that anybody in their family is important.” In that and other ways, Mubarak is far less the autocrat than Sadat was. After Sadat’s funeral, newspaper editor Hassanein Heikal, who had been imprisoned by Sadat, asked what the new President had worn to the rites. “A plain dark suit,” he was told. “That makes me feel better,” said Heikal, who has since been released by Mubarak. “It means that he will not put emphasis on uniforms and decorations, like his predecessor.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.1754069328308105, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Mubarak differs in other ways. He avoids both the rhetoric that Nasser used to whip crowds into hysterics and the political manipulation practiced by Sadat. Though Sadat openly attacked Arab leaders for their intransigence on the peace process, Mubarak has ordered conciliation—even to the point of forbidding the Egyptian press to criticize his country’s archenemy, Libya’s Col. Muammar Qadaffi. He has made it clear that peace with the rest of the Arab world is as important to him as peace with Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.049407958984375, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "Most remarkably, Mubarak has shunned the cult of personality that Egyptian Presidents in the past have encouraged. A no-nonsense man who grew up as the son of a court employee in a small village near Sadat’s birthplace, Mubarak still answers his own phone and spends almost all his time within one square mile, shuttling between his office, his modest two-story home and the Air Force Officers’ Club. He is not given to the cumbersome motorcades in which Sadat traveled daily. “Suddenly there are no more traffic jams in the center of Cairo,” says one prominent industrialist. “Sadat used to cause them by driving through the city to his offices, houses and palaces.” Mubarak also keeps his family life intensely private. When a Cairo newspaper reported that his half-Egyptian, half-Welsh wife of 23 years, Susanna, was studying for a master’s degree at nearby American University, the President personally excoriated the editor-in-chief. “I don’t want to see anything personal about my family—not my wife, not my children, and not me,” barked the father of two college-age sons. “I don’t want you to call me an Air Force hero or my wife the First Lady. There is no First Lady—there is Mrs. Mubarak, and my children are not the President’s children. They are two boys—themselves.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.727409362792969, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "It is not surprising, then, that the new President of Egypt has shunned the press—especially the foreign press. However, as he prepared for a journey that would take him through Western Europe before his arrival in Washington, Mubarak—wearing a pin-striped suit and short Air Force boots—received Mira Avrech of PEOPLE for the only interview he gave an American magazine before the trip.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.949991226196289, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "No. I have many friends from different classes and I constantly talk to people. One day I was standing with a man who was paving the road and started a discussion. I answer the phone myself. Sometimes I even take wrong numbers. Once a telephone operator called and asked if I had placed a call to Alexandria. I told her, “No, thank you, I did not.” She asked me my name. I told her Hosni Mubarak. She told me, “Go to hell! You are not the President. If you really were the President, you wouldn’t answer your own phone.” I could not persuade her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36852741241455, "source": "search", "title": "Mubarak of Egypt: the U.S. Meets the Surprising Man Who ..." }, { "answer": "President Mubarak", "passage": "As of February 11, 2011, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman, became the ruling authority upon the resignation of President Mubarak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.01895523071289, "source": "search", "title": "Presidents of Egypt - HistoryGuy.com" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "NEARY: Fast forward 30 years to the Arab Spring and the fall of Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak, and both peace with Israel and the future direction of Egypt itself seem more uncertain than they have since that fateful day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.713683605194092, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death : NPR" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "STEVE COOK: Well, President Hosni Mubarak, who succeeded Sadat about a week or so after Sadat's assassination, meticulously kept to the peace treaty. And over the course of 30 years, the treaty has never faltered. Peace between the two countries has become institutionalized. Yet to Egyptians the peace treaty has always been a certain source of unease and for some even a source of shame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4827717542648315, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death : NPR" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "NEARY: Since the fall of Mubarak, relations between Israel and Egypt have become increasingly tense. Where do you see Egypt-Israeli relations heading in the future?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161703109741211, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death : NPR" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "NEARY: But so much of the strength behind the whole anti-Mubarak movement in what we've called the Arab Spring seemed to come not from Islamists but from young Egyptians embracing these values of democracy and freedom. What's become of those goals? Are they just drifting now?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976239204406738, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death : NPR" }, { "answer": "Mubarak", "passage": "COOK: Well, there is a certain amount of drift in Cairo these days, and revolutionary groups and the new political parties that have emerged since Mubarak's fall have struggled to gain traction and to organize. But at the same time, Egypt is experiencing a robust debate about Egypt's place in the world and what Egypt stands for. And I think that you have a tremendous amount of political dynamism and creativity in Egypt, even with the kind of drift, the sense that things are taking a long time, suspicions that the military is growing comfortable with the exercise of power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873682022094727, "source": "search", "title": "Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death : NPR" }, { "answer": "Hosni Mubarak", "passage": "At home, Sadat's new relationship with the west and his peace treaty generated considerable domestic opposition, especially among fundamentalist Muslim groups. In 1980 and in 1981, Sadat took desperate gambles to respond to these new internal problems. He negotiated a number of loans to support improvements in everyday life. And he simultaneously enacted laws outlawing protest and declared that the Shari'a would be the basis of all new Egyptian law. Sadat died at the hands of Muslim fundamentalist assassins on October 6, 1981, during a military review celebrating the Suez crossing in 1973. He was succeeded by his Vice President, Hosni Mubarak .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0989727973937988, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar al-Sadat | Jewish Virtual Library" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Astaire continued to act in the 1970s, appearing on television as the father of Robert Wagner's character, Alexander Mundy, in It Takes a Thief and in such films as The Towering Inferno (1974), in which he danced with Jennifer Jones and for which he received his only Academy Award nomination, in the category of Best Supporting Actor. He voiced the mailman narrator in the 1970s animated television specials Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town and The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town. Astaire also appeared in the first two That's Entertainment! documentaries, in the mid 1970s. In the second, aged seventy-six, he performed song-and-dance routines with Kelly, his last dance performances in a musical film. In the summer of 1975, he made three albums in London, Attitude Dancing, They Can't Take These Away From Me, and A Couple of Song and Dance Men, the last an album of duets with Bing Crosby. In 1976, Astaire played a supporting role, as a dog owner, in the cult movie The Amazing Dobermans, co-starring Barbara Eden and James Franciscus. Fred Astaire played Dr. Seamus Scully in the French film The Purple Taxi (1977).", "precise_score": -9.992059707641602, "rough_score": -8.482845306396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Phyllis Potter", "passage": "Astaire was married for the first time in 1933, to the 25-year-old Phyllis Potter (formerly Phyllis Livingston Baker; born 1908, died September 13, 1954), a Boston-born New York socialite and former wife of Eliphalet Nott Potter III (1906–1981), after pursuing her ardently for roughly two years, and despite the objections of his mother and sister. Phyllis's death from lung cancer, at the age of 46, ended 21 years of a blissful marriage and left Astaire devastated. Astaire attempted to drop out of the film Daddy Long Legs (1955), which he was in the process of filming, offering to pay the production costs to date, but was persuaded to stay. ", "precise_score": -6.988168239593506, "rough_score": -7.845098972320557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Phyllis Potter", "passage": "In addition to Phyllis Potter's son, Eliphalet IV (known as Peter), the Astaires had two children. Fred, Jr. (born January 21, 1936), appeared with his father in the movie Midas Run but became a charter pilot and rancher instead of an actor. Their daughter Ava Astaire (born March 19, 1942; married Richard McKenzie) remains actively involved in promoting her late father's heritage.", "precise_score": -8.632121086120605, "rough_score": -8.714920043945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Robyne Smith was born Melody Dawn Miller. Her biological father deserted her and her mother at her birth. Her mother was 17 when she was born. Melody's mother was declared mentally unstable and Melody was placed in a foster home. She was adopted and renamed Caroline Smith. Later, after a grueling court battle, she was returned to her birth mother. When her mother's mental illness reappeared, she was placed back in the care of her adoptive family. She may also have later spent time in a children's home. She became a jockey in 1969, winning the Paumonok Handicap at Aqueduct in 1973 riding North Sea. She became the first woman to win a major race in the USA. At 5' 7\", she was taller and heavier than most jockeys. She retired from racing in 1980. That same year, she married actor Fred Astaire . She was 45 years his junior. She remained married to Astaire until his death in 1987.", "precise_score": 4.6922101974487305, "rough_score": 2.8774077892303467, "source": "search", "title": "Robyn Smith - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "When Ginger Rogers received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1992, Robyn Smith , widow of Fred Astaire , withheld all rights to clips of Rogers' scenes with Astaire, demanding payment. The Kennedy Center refused and Rogers received her honor without the retrospective show.", "precise_score": -1.3487634658813477, "rough_score": -4.742892265319824, "source": "search", "title": "Robyn Smith - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Meanwhile, though, legal gears were grinding. Astaire had readily agreed that film clips of Fred with Ginger could be shown for the live ceremony—but not for the televised production. Turner Entertainment Co. owns the rights to Fred’s RKO and MGM movies. Bui as Robyn explains it, “Fred retained the rights to the clips of his films from his very first film in Hollywood.” And in an addendum to his will, Astaire put Robyn in sole control of the rights to use of his name and film image. Thus, Turner Entertainment may show Fred’s films in their entirely, but only Robyn can authorize use of clips of Fred Astaire.", "precise_score": -6.711586952209473, "rough_score": -8.035598754882812, "source": "search", "title": "Keeping the Flame : People.com" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "The operative word here is “reclusive.” That is largely what Robyn has been since Fred’s death 5½ years ago, and her very seclusion likely led her to misjudge the fallout around Hollywood from her decision. Except for her flying—itself a solitary avocation—she has devoted these last years solely to the task of preserving her husband’s property, his artifacts, his image as America’s top-hatted, toe-tapping gallant. To that end, Astaire has filed a series of lawsuits—including one with Ginger Rogers against Nabisco—charging misuse of the dancer’s image. Result: a judgment and a permanent injunction against Nabisco. Says her business manager, Thomas White: “Dead though he may be, Mrs. Astaire’s love for her husband is as alive now as it was, I’m certain, when he was living. Mrs. Astaire is the keeper of the flame for Fred Astaire.”", "precise_score": -5.867053985595703, "rough_score": -7.518205165863037, "source": "search", "title": "Keeping the Flame : People.com" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "It seems clear that in her mind no one owns Fred Astaire but Mrs. Astaire, and she has remained faithful to his memory (perhaps literally so, as she does not date) since the day of his death. She still lives in the mansion that he occupied for nearly 30 years. Photos of his friends and his family still adorn the tables in the living room and the walls of his bar and library. Robyn is particularly attached to two pictures. One is an oil painting of Triplicate, Astaire’s most successful racehorse, which defeated Louis B. Mayer’s horse in the 1946 $100,000 Gold Cup at Hollywood Park. The other is a photo of herself astride Exciting Divorcee, the long-shot filly she rode to victory at Santa Anita on New Year’s Day, 1973, the day she met her future husband.", "precise_score": -6.272187232971191, "rough_score": -7.979836463928223, "source": "search", "title": "Keeping the Flame : People.com" }, { "answer": "Fred Austerlitz", "passage": "Nationality: American. Born: Fred Austerlitz in Omaha, Nebraska, 10 May 1899. Education: Attended Alvienne School of the Dance, New York; Ned Wayburn Studio of Stage Dancing. Family: Married 1) Phyllis Baxter Potter, 1933 (died 1954), children: two sons, one daughter; 2) the jockey Robyn Smith, 1980. Career: 1906—began dancing professionally with sister Adele: worked vaudeville circuits, according to some sources appeared in Mary Pickford's film Fanchon the Cricket, 1915, the Broadway musical Over the Top, 1917, and The Passing Show of 1918, first major success; 1918–31—several successful stage musicals on Broadway and in London; c.1931—partnership with sister ended when she married Lord Charles Cavendish; 1933—film acting debut in Dancing Lady; appeared in Flying Down to Rio, first of ten films with Ginger Rogers as dancing partner; 1948—in Easter Parade, replacing ailing Gene Kelly; 1959—first dramatic film role in Stanley Kramer's On the Beach; 1961–63—host of dramatic anthology TV series Alcoa Premiere; 1967–70—appeared occasionally in TV series It Takes a Thief. Awards: Honorary Academy Award, for \"his unique artistry and his contributions to the technique of musical pictures,\" 1949; Best Supporting Actor, British Academy, for The Towering Inferno, 1974; Life Achievement Award, American Film Institute, 1981. Died: Of pneumonia, in Los Angeles, 22 June 1987.", "precise_score": 4.454746246337891, "rough_score": 1.313808798789978, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Mueller, John, \"Films: Fred Astaire's 'Dancing in the Dark,\"' in Dance Magazine (New York), May 1979.", "precise_score": -6.636168479919434, "rough_score": -9.316916465759277, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Harvey, Stephen, \"Fred Astaire,\" in The Movie Star, edited by Elisabeth Weis, New York, 1981.", "precise_score": -6.405177593231201, "rough_score": -7.5168681144714355, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire (əstâr´), 1899–1987, American dancer, actor, and singer, b. Omaha, Nebr., as Frederick Austerlitz. After 1911 he and his sister Adele (1896–1981), b. Adele Marie Austerlitz, formed a successful Broadway vaudeville team. After his sister retired (1931), Astaire became a film actor (1933). He became known as a debonair song-and-dance man, particularly in the films he made with Ginger Rogers, which elevated the tap dance to an elegant, disciplined art. He also danced in movies with Eleanor Powell, Rita Hayworth, and Cyd Charisse, and on television with Barrie Chase. Among his most notable films are The Gay Divorcée (1934), Top Hat (1935), Swing Time (1936), Easter Parade (1948), Funny Face (1956), and Silk Stockings (1957). A number of classical dancers, notably Nureyev and Baryshnikov , have acknowledged an artistic debt to him.", "precise_score": -9.638097763061523, "rough_score": -8.634788513183594, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Famed Jockey Robyn Smith recounts her horse racing days on the 1985 television special, \"Once A Star,\" which profiled former professional athletes. She also talks about her marriage to legendary Hollywood actor Fred Astaire. You can watch the full video here:", "precise_score": 6.489591121673584, "rough_score": 8.72159481048584, "source": "search", "title": "Robyn Smith Female Jockey 1985 - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire was an American dancer, singer, actor, choreographer and television presenter. On June 24, 1980, he was married again at the age of 81 to Robyn Smith (born August 14, 1944), a jockey 45.. Net · Time.com: The Great American Flyer Fred Astaire:1899-1987 · Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by", "precise_score": 6.0375823974609375, "rough_score": 7.32173490524292, "source": "search", "title": "Robyn Astaire Net Worth | Upcoming 2015 2016" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "When Ginger Rogers received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1992, Robyn Smith , widow of Fred Astaire , withheld all rights to clips of Rogers' scenes with Astaire, demanding payment. The Kennedy Center refused and Rogers received her honor without the retrospective show.", "precise_score": -1.3487634658813477, "rough_score": -4.742892265319824, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "KAY GALLANT: Fred Astaire and his first wife, Phyllis, raised three children. Phyllis died in nineteen fifty-four. Twenty-five years later, Fred married race horse rider Robyn Smith.", "precise_score": 3.054896831512451, "rough_score": -1.796812653541565, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Back in 1973 she became the first female jockey to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine, beating Krone to that high honor. She dabbled in acting, filmed television commercials and married actor-dancer Fred Astaire. They announced their engagement during a Barbara Walters special in 1980. She retreated from racing and the public spotlight during her marriage to the reclusive Astaire.", "precise_score": 3.1576452255249023, "rough_score": 3.6670892238616943, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Female Jockeys | eHow" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire (born Frederick Austerlitz; May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987) was an American dancer, singer, actor, choreographer and television presenter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.23171329498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "They followed up with several more shows, and of their work in \"The Passing Show of 1918,\" Heywood Broun wrote: \"In an evening in which there was an abundance of good dancing, Fred Astaire stood out ... He and his partner, Adele Astaire, made the show pause early in the evening with a beautiful loose-limbed dance.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263701438903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": " However, this did not affect RKO's plans for Astaire, first lending him for a few days to MGM in 1933 for his significant Hollywood debut, where he appeared as himself dancing with Joan Crawford in the successful musical film Dancing Lady. On his return to RKO, he got fifth billing after fourth billed Ginger Rogers in the 1933 Dolores del Río vehicle Flying Down to Rio. In a review, Variety magazine attributed its massive success to Astaire's presence:The main point of Flying Down to Rio is the screen promise of Fred Astaire ... He's assuredly a bet after this one, for he's distinctly likable on the screen, the mike is kind to his voice and as a dancer he remains in a class by himself. The latter observation will be no news to the profession, which has long admitted that Astaire starts dancing where the others stop hoofing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070096015930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Rogers was outstanding among Astaire's partners not because she was superior to others as a dancer, but because, as a skilled, intuitive actress, she was cagey enough to realize that acting did not stop when dancing began ... the reason so many women have fantasized about dancing with Fred Astaire is that Ginger Rogers conveyed the impression that dancing with him is the most thrilling experience imaginable.According to Astaire, \"Ginger had never danced with a partner before Flying Down to Rio. She faked it an awful lot. She couldn't tap and she couldn't do this and that ... but Ginger had style and talent and improved as she went along. She got so that after a while everyone else who danced with me looked wrong.\" In his book Ginger: Salute to a Star author Dick Richards quotes Astaire saying to Raymond Rohauer, curator of the New York Gallery of Modern Art, \"Ginger was brilliantly effective. She made everything work for her. Actually she made things very fine for both of us and she deserves most of the credit for our success.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006093978881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "After announcing his retirement in 1946, Astaire concentrated on his horse-racing interests and in 1947 founded the Fred Astaire Dance Studios, which he subsequently sold in 1966.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045341491699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Astaire did not retire from dancing completely. He made a series of four highly rated Emmy Award-winning musical specials for television in 1958, 1959, 1960, and 1968, each featuring Barrie Chase, with whom Astaire enjoyed an Indian summer of dance creativity. The first of these programs, 1958's An Evening with Fred Astaire, won nine Emmy Awards, including \"Best Single Performance by an Actor\" and \"Most Outstanding Single Program of the Year.\" It was also noteworthy for being the first major broadcast to be prerecorded on color videotape and has recently been love restored. The restoration won a technical Emmy in 1988 for Ed Reitan, Don Kent, and Dan Einstein, who restored the original videotape, transferring its contents to a modern format and filling in gaps where the tape had deteriorated with kinescope footage. Astaire won the Emmy for Best Single Performance by an Actor, but the choice had a controversial backlash because many believed that his dancing in the special was not the type of \"acting\" for which the award was designed. At one point Astaire offered to return the award, but the Television Academy refused to consider it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2642822265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "* 1958: Emmy Award for \"Best Single Performance by an Actor\" for An Evening with Fred Astaire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050518035888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "* 1960: Nominated for Emmy Award for \"Program Achievement\" for Another Evening with Fred Astaire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177268981933594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "* 1968: Nominated for an Emmy Award for Musical Variety Program for The Fred Astaire Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23884391784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "* 1982: The Anglo-American Contemporary Dance Foundation announces creation of the Astaire Awards \"to honor Fred Astaire and his sister Adele and to reward the achievement of an outstanding dancer or dancers\". The awards have since been renamed [http://www.theastaireawards.org The Fred and Adele Astaire Awards]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168937683105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "* The \"Adele and Fred Astaire Ballroom\" added on the top floor of Gottlieb Storz Mansion in Astaire's hometown of Omaha ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426972389221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Politically, Astaire was a conservative and a lifelong Republican Party supporter, though he never made his political views publicly known.Fred Astaire (Icons of America), Joseph Epstein, Yale University Press, 2008, pg. 75 Along with Bing Crosby, George Murphy, Ginger Rogers, and others, he was a charter (founding) member of the Hollywood Republican Committee. He was churchgoing, supportive of American military action, and dismissive of the increasing open sexuality in movies of the 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034720420837402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fred Astaire" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Stepmother of Fred Astaire Jr. and Ava Astaire-McKenzie .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767292022705078, "source": "search", "title": "Robyn Smith - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "IT WAS MEANT TO BE A NIGHT FOR PUTTIN’ ON your top hat, tyin’ up your white tie, brushin’ off your tails. Last Dec. 6, at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, Ginger Rogers was honored for her life’s achievement in film—the same tribute that her late dance partner, Fred Astaire, had received in 1978. Rogers, 81 and largely confined to a wheelchair, was thrilled by the event and eagerly anticipated the night, three weeks later, when it would be televised on CBS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.508940696716309, "source": "search", "title": "Keeping the Flame : People.com" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Fred Astaire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51314640045166, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Eustis, M., \"Actor-Dancer Attacks His Part: Fred Astaire,\" in Theater Arts (New York), May 1937.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151013374328613, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Pratley, Gerald, \"Fred Astaire's Film Career,\" in Films in Review (New York), January 1957.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.539692878723145, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Lydon, Susan, \"My Affaire with Fred Astaire,\" in Rolling Stone (New York), 6 December 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196109771728516, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Yorkin, Bud, \"Fred Astaire: A Touch of Class,\" in Close-Up: The Movie Star Book, edited by Danny Peary, New York, 1978.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.664589881896973, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Mueller, John, \"The Filmed Dances of Fred Astaire,\" in Quarterly Review of Film Studies (Pleasantville, New York), Spring 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657456398010254, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Green, A., \"The Magic of Fred Astaire,\" in American Film (New York), April 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.367467880249023, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Mueller, John, \"Fred Astaire and the Integrated Musical,\" in Cinema Journal (Champaign, Illinois), Fall 1984.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585342407226562, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Comuzio, Ermanno, \"Fred Astaire: al di la del mito, la tecnica,\" in Bianco e Nero (Rome), October/December 1987.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953618049621582, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire is in a class by himself. Of all the movie legends of the golden era in Hollywood, he is perhaps the most universally accepted as unquestionably great. His film career encompassed more than 50 years as a top star, and his theater, recording, and television work have also been recognized as outstanding. The name \"Fred Astaire\" not only means \"dance on film,\" it also represents quality, longevity, and that most elusive characteristic of an artist—a true personal style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773541450500488, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351805686950684, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire (1899-1987) was a preeminent dancer and choreographer who worked in vaudeville, revue, musical comedy, television, radio, and Hollywood musicals. He achieved admiring recognition not only from his peers in the entertainment world, but also from major figures in ballet and modern dance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.602681159973145, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz on May 10, 1899, in Omaha, Nebraska, began performing in vaudeville with his sister, Adele, in 1905. The Astaires eventually became featured performers, and in 1917 they moved to the musical stage where they appeared in ten productions, most of them hugely successful, particularly two musical comedies with songs by George and Ira Gershwin (Lady, Be Good in 1924 and Funny Face in 1927) and a revue with songs by Arthur Schwartz and Howard Dietz (The Band Wagon in 1931).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012543678283691, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Over the course of his long film career, Fred Astaire appeared in 212 musical numbers, of which 133 contain fully developed dance routines, a high percentage of which are of great artistic value, a contribution unrivaled in films and with few parallels in the history of dance. And, because he worked mainly in film, Astaire is that great rarity: a master choreographer the vast majority of whose works are precisely preserved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316068649291992, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire's autobiography which, shattering Hollywood tradition, he wrote himself (in longhand) is Steps in Time (1959). His work is discussed and analyzed in Arlene Croce, The Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers Book (1972) and John Mueller, Astaire Dancing: The Musical Films (1985). Useful interviews with Astaire are included in Morton Eustis, Players at Work (1937) and in Inter/View (June 1973). Astaire can also be found on the World Wide Web. A listing of his movies can be found at http://dolphin.upenn.edu/~amatth13/fred.html. Information on Astaire can also be found at http://www.mrshowbiz.com/scoop/news/archive/1_9_97_8bogart.html □", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0573148727417, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "See his autobiography, Steps in Time (1959); biographies by B. Thomas (1985), B. Adler (1987), and J. Epstein (2008); J. Mueller, Astaire Dancing: The Musical Films (1985); A. Croce, The Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Book (rev. ed. 1987); E. Gallafent, Astaire and Rogers (2002); T. R. Decker, Music Makes Me: Fred Astaire and Jazz (2011); K. Riley, The Astaires: Fred and Adele (2012).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.772252082824707, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire | Biography and Filmography | 1899", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205781936645508, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire | Biography and Filmography | 1899" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Starred in the NBC variety special \"The Fred Astaire Show\"; also produced", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191328048706055, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire | Biography and Filmography | 1899" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Starred in the NBC variety special \"Another Evening with Fred Astaire\"; received Emmy nomination", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991411209106445, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire | Biography and Filmography | 1899" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Appeared in \"An Evening with Fred Astaire\" (NBC), the first of four highly acclaimed, Emmy-winning TV specials over the span of a decade, partnering him with dancer Barrie Chase; won Emmy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855246543884277, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire | Biography and Filmography | 1899" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Opened chain of Fred Astaire Dance Studios (date approximate)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349967956542969, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire | Biography and Filmography | 1899" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire - Wikipedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432958602905273, "source": "search", "title": "Robyn Astaire Net Worth | Upcoming 2015 2016" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents, name, story, history, wife, school, information, born, sister", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171541213989258, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire Biography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44865608215332, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire was a famous dancer and choreographer (one who creates and arranges dance performances) who worked in vaudeville (traveling variety entertainment acts), musical comedy, television, radio, and Hollywood musicals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245677947998047, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire was born Frederick Austerlitz on May 10, 1899, in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents, Frederic E. and Ann Gelius Austerlitz, enrolled him in dancing school at age four to join his older sister Adele. The two Austerlitz children proved extraordinarily talented and the family moved to New York, where the children continued their training in singing, dancing, and acting. In 1905 Fred and Adele began performing in vaudeville. By 1917 they had changed their last name to Astaire and began performing in musicals. They appeared in successful productions on Broadway and in London, England, including the musical comedies Lady, Be Good in 1924, Funny Face in 1927, and a revue titled The Band Wagon in 1931.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135392189025879, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire appeared in 212 musical numbers, of which 133 contain fully developed dance routines, many of which are of great artistic value. And, because he worked mainly in film, the vast majority of Astaire's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38489055633545, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286120414733887, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire Biography - life, family, children, parents ..." }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Ginger Rogers was born Virginia Katherine McMath in Independence, Missouri on July 16, 1911. Her mother, known as Lelee, went to Independence to have Ginger away from her husband. She had a baby earlier in their marriage and he allowed the doctor to use forceps and the baby died. She was kidnapped by her father several times until her mother took him to court. Ginger's mother left her child in the care of her parents while she went in search of a job as a scriptwriter in Hollywood and later to New York City. Mrs. McMath found herself with an income good enough to where she could send for Ginger. Lelee became a Marine in 1918 and was in the publicity department and Ginger went back to her grandparents in Missiouri. During this time her mother met John Rogers. After leaving the Marines they married in May, 1920 in Liberty, Missouri. He was transferred to Dallas and Ginger (who treated him as a father) went too. Ginger won a Charleston contest in 1925 (age 14) and a 4 week contract on the Interstate circuit. She also appeared in vaudeville acts which she did until she was 17 with her mother by her side to guide her. Now she had discovered true acting. She married in March, 1929, and after several months realized she had made a mistake. She acquired an agent and she did several short films. She went to New York where she appeared in the Broadway production of \"Top Speed\" which debuted Christmas Day, 1929. Her first film was in 1929 in A Night in a Dormitory (1930). It was a bit part, but it was a start. Later that year, Ginger appeared, briefly in two more films, A Day of a Man of Affairs (1929) and Campus Sweethearts (1930). For awhile she did both movies and theatre. The following year she began to get better parts in films such as Office Blues (1930) and The Tip-Off (1931). But the movie that enamored her to the public was Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933). She did not have top billing but her beauty and voice was enough to have the public want more. One song she popularized in the film was the now famous, \"We're in the Money\". Also in 1933 she was in 42nd Street (1933). She suggested using a monocle and this also set her apart. In 1934, she starred with Dick Powell in Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934). It was a well received film about the popularity of radio. Ginger's real stardom occurred when she was teamed with Fred Astaire where they were one of the best cinematic couples ever to hit the silver screen. This is where she achieved real stardom. They were first paired in 1933's Flying Down to Rio (1933) and later in 1935's Roberta (1935) and Top Hat (1935). Ginger also appeared in some very good comedies such as Bachelor Mother (1939) and Fifth Avenue Girl (1939) both in 1939. Also that year she appeared with Astaire in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939). The film made money but was not anywhere successful as they had hoped. After that studio executives at RKO wanted Ginger to strike out on her own. She made several dramatic pictures but it was 1940's Kitty Foyle (1940) that allowed her to shine. Playing a young lady from the wrong side of the tracks, she played the lead role well, so well in fact, that she won an Academy Award for her portrayal. Ginger followed that project with the delightful comedy, Tom, Dick and Harry (1941) the following year. It's a story where she has to choose which of three men she wants to marry. Through the rest of the 1940s and early 1950s she continued to make movies but not near the caliber before World War II. After Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957) in 1957, Ginger didn't appear on the silver screen for seven years. By 1965, she had appeared for the last time in Harlow (1965). Afterward, she appeared on Broadway and other stage plays traveling in Europe, the U.S. and Canada. After 1984, she retired and wrote an autobiography in 1991 entitled, \"Ginger, My Story\" which is a very good book. On April 25, 1995, Ginger died of natural causes in Rancho Mirage, California. She was 83.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.640251159667969, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Interred at Oakwood Memorial Park, Chatsworth, California, USA, the same cemetery as long-time dancing/acting partner Fred Astaire is located.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364563941955566, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "The well-known quote often attributed to her--\"My first picture was [ Kitty Foyle (1940)]. It was my mother who made all those films with Fred Astaire \"--was actually fabricated for a 1966 article in \"Films In Review\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515098571777344, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Her first teaming with Fred Astaire , Flying Down to Rio (1933), was her 20th film appearance but only Astaire's second.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724411010742188, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "In a 1991 TV interview when asked why the Fred Astaire / Rogers union wasn't known as \"Ginger & Fred\" rather than \"Fred & Ginger\" (as Ginger had been in films longer), she replied, \"It's a man's world\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05673885345459, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Her tied-to-the-hip relationship with her mother, Lela E. Rogers , proved eternal. They're buried side by side at Oakwood Memorial Park. The grave of Ginger's screen partner, Fred Astaire , is just yards away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20180606842041, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "For the \"Cheek to Cheek\" number in Top Hat (1935), she wanted to wear an elaborate blue dress heavily decked out with ostrich feathers. When director Mark Sandrich and Fred Astaire saw the dress, they knew it would be impractical for the dance. Sandrich suggested that Rogers wear the white gown she had worn performing \"Night and Day\" in The Gay Divorcee (1934). Rogers walked off the set, finally returning when Sandrich agreed to let her wear the offending blue dress. As there was no time for rehearsals, she wore the blue feathered dress for the first time during filming of the \"Cheek to Cheek\" number, and as Astaire and Sandrich had feared, feathers started coming off the dress. Astaire later claimed it was like \"a chicken being attacked by a coyote\". In the final film, some stray feathers can be seen drifting off it. To patch up the rift between them, Astaire presented Rogers with a charm of a gold feather to add to her charm bracelet. This was the origin of Rogers' nickname \"Feathers\". The shedding feathers episode was recreated to hilarious results in a scene from Easter Parade (1948) in which Astaire danced with a clumsy, comical dancer played by Judy Garland .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79298210144043, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire confided in Raymond Rohauer, curator of New York Gallery of Modern Art, \"Ginger was brilliantly effective. She made everything work fine for her. Actually she made things very fine for both of us and she deserves most of the credit for our success.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26356315612793, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "In 1976, when Fred Astaire was asked by British TV interviewer Michael Parkinson on \"Parkinson\" who his favorite dancing partner was, Astaire answered \"Excuse me, I must say Ginger was certainly the one. You know the most effective partner I ever had. Everyone knows. That was a whole other thing what we did...I just want to pay a tribute to Ginger because we did so many pictures together and believe me it was a value to have that girl...she had it. She was just great!\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929521560668945, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "In 1986 Fred Astaire recalled \"All the girls I ever danced with thought they couldn't do it. So they always cried. All except Ginger. No, no, Ginger never cried.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061981201171875, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "[on her partnership with Fred Astaire ] After all, it's not as if we were Bud Abbott and Lou Costello . We did have careers apart from each other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09764289855957, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "[on her screen partnership with Fred Astaire ] We had fun and it shows. True, we were never bosom buddies off the screen; we were different people with different interests. We were only a couple on film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022907257080078, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "[on Fred Astaire , 1976] I adore the man. I always have adored him. It was the most fortunate thing that ever happened to me, being teamed with Fred: he was everything a little starry-eyed girl from a small town ever dreamed of.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074938774108887, "source": "search", "title": "Ginger Rogers - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293733596801758, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.293733596801758, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire in a publicity photo for the movie musical \"The Barkleys of Broadway\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956124305725098, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: PEOPLE IN AMERICA -- a VOA Special English program about famous Americans of the past. Today, Harry Monroe and Kay Gallant tell the story of dancer and movie star, Fred Astaire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576730728149414, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Even with this poor report, the young man still gets a job in the movies. And -- in time -- his acting, singing and dancing changed the American motion picture musical. His name was Fred Astaire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260217666625977, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "KAY GALLANT: Fred Astaire was born in the Middle Western city of Omaha, Nebraska, in eighteen ninety-nine. He was the second child of an Austrian beer maker, Frederick Austerlitz, and his wife, Ann Gelius Austerlitz. Fred and his sister, Adele, learned to dance when they were very young. Their mother took them to New York to study dance. They performed in their first professional show when Fred was ten years old and Adele was twelve. Later, as teenagers, the two danced in many shows throughout the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021472930908203, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "HARRY MONROE: Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers made nine movies together. Their dancing was considered -- and still is considered -- the best ballroom dancing in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165077209472656, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "KAY GALLANT: Fred Astaire made forty other films. In addition to Ginger Rogers, he danced with many other talented women. Rita Hayworth. Eleanor Powell. Judy Garland. Cyd Charisse. Leslie Caron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.723672866821289, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "HARRY MONROE: Fred Astaire made all this look easy. But it was not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29642391204834, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "KAY GALLANT: Before each movie was filmed, Fred Astaire and his partner worked for as many as six weeks to plan each step and movement. He also planned how the cameras would photograph them, so that as much dancing as possible could be filmed at one time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177666664123535, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "In nineteen forty-nine, Fred Astaire won a special award for his film work from America's Motion Picture Academy. He also won awards from the television industry for a number of his television programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183172225952148, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Fred Astaire", "passage": "Fred Astaire died on June twenty-second, nineteen eighty-seven. He was eighty-eight years old. He was called the greatest dancer in the world. His dancing was called perfect. And moviegoers everywhere will remember him as a great performer whose work will live forever in his films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17934799194336, "source": "search", "title": "Fred Astaire, 1899-1987: Dancer, Actor, Singer - VOA" } ]

[ { "answer": "25", "passage": "On February 18, 1999, the United States Postal Service honored Citizen Kane by including it in its Celebrate the Century series. The film was honored again February 25, 2003, in a series of U.S. postage stamps marking the 75th anniversary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Art director Perry Ferguson represents the behind-the-scenes craftsmen of filmmaking in the series; he is depicted completing a sketch for Citizen Kane. ", "precise_score": -1.6409509181976318, "rough_score": -2.4419376850128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "Welles may have been best-known as a pitchman for Paul Masson jug wine near the end, but his tremendous influence on filmmakers is acknowledged through the movie's sly citation. Just 25, he made Citizen Kane, considered by some to be the best film ever. While not a film noir, its chiaroscuro lighting, low-angle photography and nonlinear structure influenced the genre. Welles later ventured into noir territory with Lady From Shanghai, an ambitious film with a sophisticated use of voice over, and Touch of Evil, which has a stunning, one-of-a-kind opening shot.", "precise_score": 5.604384422302246, "rough_score": 2.1026554107666016, "source": "search", "title": "Film Noir Directors: Orson Welles - Eskimo North" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "Orson Welles was only 25 years old when he made his cinematic debut in the 1941 film, which is widely considered the best film ever made.", "precise_score": 6.346452713012695, "rough_score": 4.1954522132873535, "source": "search", "title": "How old was Orson Welles in Citizen Kane? - Do You Know at ..." }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "gargantuan consumption of high-caloric food and booze. By summer 1949, when he was 34, his weight had crept up to a stout 230 pounds. In 1953 he ballooned from 250 to 275 pounds. After 1960 he remained permanently obese.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18210506439209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "* 1999: The American Film Institute acknowledged Welles as one of the top 25 male motion picture stars of Classic Hollywood cinema in its survey, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.955552577972412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "Years later, after gaining full control over his trust fund at the age of 25, Kane enters the newspaper business and embarks on a career of yellow journalism. He takes control of the New York Inquirer and starts publishing scandalous articles that attack Thatcher's business interests. After the stock market crash in 1929, Kane is forced to sell controlling interest of his newspaper empire to Thatcher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.89398193359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "Welles signed his contract with RKO on August 21. This legendary contract stipulated that Welles would act in, direct, produce and write two films. Mercury would get $100,000 for the first film by January 1, 1940, plus 20% of profits after RKO recouped $500,000, and $125,000 for a second film by January 1, 1941, plus 20% of profits after RKO recouped $500,000. The most controversial aspect of the contract was granting Welles complete artistic control of the two films so long as RKO approved both project's stories and so long as the budget did not exceed $500,000. RKO executives would not be allowed to see any footage until Welles chose to show it to them, and no cuts could be made to either film without Welles’s approval. Welles was allowed to develop the story without interference, select his own cast and crew, and have the right of final cut. Granting final cut privilege was unprecedented for a studio since it placed artistic considerations over financial investment. The contract was deeply resented in the film industry, and the Hollywood press took every opportunity to mock RKO and Welles. Schaefer remained a great supporter and saw the unprecedented contract as good publicity. Film scholar Robert L. Carringer wrote: \"The simple fact seems to be that Schaefer believed Welles was going to pull off something really big almost as much as Welles did himself.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.821485996246338, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "When The March of Time narrator Westbrook Van Voorhis asked for $25,000 to narrate the News on the March sequence, Alland demonstrated his ability to imitate Van Voorhis and Welles cast him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823892593383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "\"To put this event in context, remember that I was a very low man,\" Seiderman recalled. \"I wasn't even called a make-up man. I had started their laboratory and developed their plastic appliances for make-up. But my salary was $25 a week. And I had no union card.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476480484008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "twenty-five", "passage": "In the UK C. A. Lejeune of The Observer called it \"The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty-five years\" and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times said the film's style was made \"with the ease and boldness and resource of one who controls and is not controlled by his medium.\" Edward Tangye Lean of Horizon praised the film’s technical style, calling it \"perhaps a decade ahead of its contemporaries.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042808532714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "In 1989, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. Citizen Kane was one of the first 25 films inducted into the registry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.012121677398682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "Citizen Kane was ranked number one in the American Film Institute's polls of film industry artists and leaders in 1998 and 2007. \"Rosebud\" was chosen as the 17th most memorable movie quotation in a 2005 AFI poll. The film's score was one of 250 nominees for the top 25 film scores in American cinema in another 2005 AFI poll. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.014081954956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Citizen Kane" }, { "answer": "25", "passage": "Became a father for the second time at age 25 when his married lover Geraldine Fitzgerald gave birth to their son Michael Lindsay-Hogg on June 5, 1940.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559803009033203, "source": "search", "title": "Orson Welles - Biography - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "M thatcher", "passage": "Every party has now declared that there must be a referendum on the single cur- rency, but the Spice Girls have gone fur- ther. Apart from Thatcher and in common with her, the Spice Girls cite Sir Winston Churchill as one of the main influences on their ideology — and music. I wonder if this refers to Sir John Colville's memories of Churchill singing Harrow School songs in his bath during the war?", "precise_score": -2.9152660369873047, "rough_score": -8.643381118774414, "source": "search", "title": "SPICE GIRLS BACK SCEPTICS ON EUROPE » 14 Dec 1996 » The ..." }, { "answer": "Lady Thatcher", "passage": "The Spice philosophy combines Thatcherite economics, Buddhist tolerance and feudalistic neo-Plantagenet paternal- ism. 'Labour does things for everyone, which might create laziness,' said Gerri, sounding extremely like her heroine Lady Thatcher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.393247604370117, "source": "search", "title": "SPICE GIRLS BACK SCEPTICS ON EUROPE » 14 Dec 1996 » The ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Frederik willem de klerk", "passage": "Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance, violence, and a long arms and trade embargo against South Africa. Starting in the 1950s, a series of popular uprisings and protests resulted in a retaliatory ban of all opposition, and the imprisonment of anti-apartheid leaders. As unrest spread and became more effective and militarised, state organisations responded with repression and violence. Along with the sanctions placed on South Africa by the international community, this made it increasingly difficult for the government to maintain the regime. Apartheid reforms in the 1980s failed to quell the mounting opposition, and in 1990 President Frederik Willem de Klerk began negotiations to end apartheid, culminating in multi-racial democratic elections in 1994, won by the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela. The vestiges of apartheid still shape South African politics and society. De Klerk began the process of dismantling apartheid with the release of Mandela's mentor and several other political prisoners in October 1989. Although the official abolition of apartheid occurred in 1991 with repeal of the last of the remaining apartheid laws, nonwhites were not allowed to vote until 1993 and the end of apartheid is widely regarded as arising from the 1994 democratic general elections.", "precise_score": 3.7921981811523438, "rough_score": 3.845412254333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apartheid" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "Early in 1989, Botha suffered a stroke; he was prevailed upon to resign in February 1989. He was succeeded as president later that year by F.W. de Klerk. Despite his initial reputation as a conservative, de Klerk moved decisively towards negotiations to end the political stalemate in the country. In his opening address to parliament on 2 February 1990, de Klerk announced that he would repeal discriminatory laws and lift the 30-year ban on leading anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress, the Pan Africanist Congress, the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the United Democratic Front. The Land Act was brought to an end. De Klerk also made his first public commitment to release Nelson Mandela, to return to press freedom and to suspend the death penalty. Media restrictions were lifted and political prisoners not guilty of common law crimes were released.", "precise_score": 3.3546676635742188, "rough_score": 3.57793927192688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apartheid" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "As a result of these pressures, many lesser apartheid laws—such as those banning interracial marriage and segregating facilities—were repealed or fell into disuse by 1990. In 1991 President de Klerk de Klerk, F. W.", "precise_score": 7.681605339050293, "rough_score": 6.633774757385254, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheid | Article about apartheid by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "After the National Party gained power in South Africa in 1948, its all-white government immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid. Under apartheid, nonwhite South Africans (a majority of the population) would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited. Despite strong and consistent opposition to apartheid within and outside of South Africa, its laws remained in effect for the better part of 50 years. In 1991, the government of President F.W. de Klerk began to repeal most of the legislation that provided the basis for apartheid.", "precise_score": 6.369319915771484, "rough_score": 6.216622352600098, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheid - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "Those leaders were South Africa's last President under apartheid, F.W. de Klerk, and Mandela. Seeing that apartheid was not only isolating his nation, but robbing it of the talents of its black workers, de Klerk released Mandela from jail in 1990, ended restrictions on black political groups, and began negotiations toward democracy and majority rule.", "precise_score": 2.2395637035369873, "rough_score": 1.38472580909729, "source": "search", "title": "1991: the end of apartheid: South Africa's race laws were ..." }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "As a result of these pressures, many lesser apartheid laws—such as those banning interracial marriage and segregating facilities—were repealed or fell into disuse by 1990. In 1991 President de Klerk de Klerk, F. W.", "precise_score": 7.681605339050293, "rough_score": 6.633774757385254, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheids | Article about apartheids by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "The state of emergency continued until 1990, when it was lifted by State President F.W. de Klerk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.012248039245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apartheid" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "Presidency of F.W. de Klerk ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.610794067382812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apartheid" }, { "answer": "F. W. De Klerk", "passage": "* F. W. de Klerk: \"I apologise in my capacity as leader of the NP to the millions who suffered wrenching disruption of forced removals; who suffered the shame of being arrested for pass law offences; who over the decades suffered the indignities and humiliation of racial discrimination.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085623741149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Apartheid" }, { "answer": "Frederik willem de klerk", "passage": "(Frederik Willem de Klerk) , 1936–, South African statesman, president of South Africa (1989–94). Holding ministerial posts from 1978, he became (1989) acting president when P. W. Botha resigned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.761195659637451, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheid | Article about apartheid by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "ANC leader Nelson Mandela, released from prison in February 1990, worked closely with President F.W. de Klerk's government to draw up a new constitution for South Africa. After both sides made concessions, they reached agreement in 1993, and would share the Nobel Peace Prize that year for their efforts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.303703308105469, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheid - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "Under pressure from the international community, the National Party government of Pieter Botha sought to institute some reforms, including abolition of the pass laws and the ban on interracial sex and marriage. The reforms fell short of any substantive change, however, and by 1989 Botha was pressured to step aside in favor of F.W. de Klerk. De Klerk’s government subsequently repealed the Population Registration Act, as well as most of the other legislation that formed the legal basis for apartheid. A new constitution, which enfranchised blacks and other racial groups, took effect in 1994, and elections that year led to a coalition government with a nonwhite majority, marking the official end of the apartheid system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2109824419021606, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheid - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Frederik willem de klerk", "passage": "(Frederik Willem de Klerk) , 1936–, South African statesman, president of South Africa (1989–94). Holding ministerial posts from 1978, he became (1989) acting president when P. W. Botha resigned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.761195659637451, "source": "search", "title": "Apartheids | Article about apartheids by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "The ANC announced that it had given President de Klerk a list of police officers believed to have participated in township violence, and whose removal it demanded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065340042114258, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "President F.W. de Klerk announces during the opening of Parliament, that the Land Act, the Group Areas Act and the Registration of Population Act is to be scrapped. He also unveils a manifesto for a New South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.096723556518555, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "In a speech given at the opening of the parliamentary session in Cape Town, South African President Frederik Willem de Klerk announced that legislation would be tabled shortly for the repeal of the Land Acts of 1913 and 1936, the Group Are s Act of 1966 and the Development of Black Communities Act of 1984, as well as the Population Registration Act of 1950. The repeal of the latter would be accompanied by the adoption of temporary transitional measures. President de Klerk also declared his opposition to the idea of a constituent assembly and to that of an interim government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5735063552856445, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "Following a 12-hour meeting in Cape Town between President de Klerk and ANC Deputy-President Nelson Mandela, they announced that they had resolved differences on the interpretation of the Pretoria Minute. Under the new agreement, the authorities undertook to expedite the return of exiles and the release of political prisoners while the ANC assented to end the recruitment and training of cadres for its armed branch - Umkhonto we Sizwe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.403697967529297, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "The ANC published a statement condemning the lifting of the moratorium on death sentences by the South African authorities. The suspension of all executions had been part of the measures announced by President de Klerk on 2 February 1990 and had also been mentioned in the Pretoria Minute.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8843607902526855, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "President de Klerk rejects ANC's ultimatum that it will abandon constitutional talks unless it dismisses the Minster of Defence, General Magnus Malan and the Minister of Police, Adriaan Vlok, and -that those and other demands be met by 9th May.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841398239135742, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela visit the United Kingdom in quick succession.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857379913330078, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "In response to the ANC ultimatum to suspend negotiations if its demands are not met by 9th May, President de Klerk during his budget vote in 30 Parliament, offers to include black South African opposition groups in his cabinet and amend tough security laws.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7690348625183105, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Frederik willem de klerk", "passage": "President Frederik Willem de Klerk announced plans to revise some provisions of the Internal Security Act of 1982. He also offered to include Black opposition leaders in his Cabinet and announced a 10-point plan to combat violence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.564342498779297, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "President de Klerk announced an immediate ban on \"cultural weapons\" \"excluding at this stage spears\" in townships declared as \"unrest areas\". He also said Pretoria would upgrade the workers' hostels and convert some of them into family accommodations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724699020385742, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "President de Klerk said that 21 coloured representatives had joined the ruling National Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86495590209961, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "President F.W. de Klerk pays a two day visit to Kenya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96363639831543, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "President de Klerk visits Kenya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954838752746582, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "Frederik willem de klerk", "passage": "African National Congress (ANC) spokesman Saki Macozoma described as \"pure propaganda\", the announcement by President Frederik Willem de Klerk that all political prisoners had been released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.331814765930176, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "President de Klerk announced that Mr. Magnus Malan would lose his Defence portfolio to Mr. Roelf Meyer and become Minister for Water Affairs and Forestry (and Minister for Housing and Works in the House of Assembly), and that Mr. Adriaan Vlok, replaced by Mr. Hernus Kriel as Law and Order Minister, would become Minister for Correctional Services and of the Budget for the House of Assembly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030868530273438, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "President De Klerk", "passage": "Addressing a nationally televised press conference, President de Klerk announced that all special projects which could be considered to constitute support for political parties had been cancelled, that legislation pertaining to secret funds would be reviewed and that he would appoint a small advisory committee from the private sector to advise him on existing secret special projects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240301132202148, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" }, { "answer": "F.W. de Klerk", "passage": "Heated verbal exchanges take place between President F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela at the CODESA talks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71614933013916, "source": "search", "title": "1991 - The O'Malley Archives - Nelson Mandela" } ]

[ { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "\"I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair\" is a song from the musical South Pacific, sung by Nellie Forbush, the female lead, originally played by Mary Martin in the 1949 Broadway production. Her character, fed up with a man (Emile De Becque) and singing energetically in the shower, claims that she will forget about him. The song was written by Rodgers and Hammerstein in response to Martin's request. She had starred on Broadway for years and Martin suggested that she actually wash her hair on stage during the performance. ", "precise_score": 8.407089233398438, "rough_score": 8.387655258178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair" }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out Of My Hair - Complete Audio - South Pacific", "precise_score": 6.175975322723389, "rough_score": 8.156182289123535, "source": "search", "title": "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out Of My Hair - Complete ..." }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out Of My Hair - Complete Audio - South Pacific - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.091800689697266, "source": "search", "title": "I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out Of My Hair - Complete ..." }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "\"I'm Going to Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair\" from SOUTH PACIFIC - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.619967460632324, "source": "search", "title": "\"I'm Going to Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair\" from ..." }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "\"I'm Going to Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair\" from SOUTH PACIFIC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.632476806640625, "source": "search", "title": "\"I'm Going to Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair\" from ..." }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "From the 1958 film version of SOUTH PACIFIC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266989707946777, "source": "search", "title": "\"I'm Going to Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair\" from ..." }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "IM GONNA WASH THAT MAN RIGHT OUTTA MY HAIR Lyrics - SOUTH PACIFIC | eLyrics.net", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.550398826599121, "source": "search", "title": "IM GONNA WASH THAT MAN RIGHT OUTTA MY HAIR Lyrics - SOUTH ..." }, { "answer": "South Pacific", "passage": "South Pacific - Im Gonna Wash That Man Right Outta My Hair", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.072414398193359, "source": "search", "title": "IM GONNA WASH THAT MAN RIGHT OUTTA MY HAIR Lyrics - SOUTH ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The story concerns Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower girl who takes speech lessons from professor Henry Higgins, a phoneticist, so that she may pass as a lady. The original Broadway, London and film versions all starred Rex Harrison.", "precise_score": 6.260643005371094, "rough_score": 6.048978328704834, "source": "wiki", "title": "My Fair Lady" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "In 1959, Alan Jay Lerner and Moss Hart decided to adapt T. H. White's The Once and Future King as their next project. As discussed in Lerner's 1978 book, The Street Where I Live, Frederick Loewe, who initially had no interest in the project, agreed to write music, with the understanding that if things went badly, it would be his last score. After the tremendous success of My Fair Lady, expectations were high for a new Lerner and Loewe musical. However, the show's production met several obstacles. Lerner's wife left him during the writing process, causing him to seek medical attention and delaying the production. When Camelot began rehearsals, it still needed considerable work. However, the producers were able to secure a strong cast, including Julie Andrews, Richard Burton, and Roddy McDowall, as well as Robert Goulet in his first Broadway role. John Cullum also made his Broadway debut as Sir Dinadan; Bruce Yarnell was Sir Lionel. Cullum later replaced McDowall, and William Squire replaced Burton. Other replacements included Patricia Bredin, Kathryn Grayson and Janet Pavek for Andrews.", "precise_score": 4.733132839202881, "rough_score": 3.399596929550171, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camelot (musical)" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Frederick (Fritz) Loewe, the composer who with his longtime lyricist partner Alan Jay Lerner created the scores for ''My Fair Lady,'' ''Camelot,'' ''Paint Your Wagon,'' ''Brigadoon,'' and ''Gigi,'' died yesterday in Palm Springs, Calif.. He was 86 years old.", "precise_score": 8.190288543701172, "rough_score": 7.700839042663574, "source": "search", "title": "Frederick Loewe Dies at 86 - Wrote 'My Fair Lady' Score ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Alan Jay Lerner (born 1918) was one of the top songwriters in both Broadway musical theatre and Hollywood for a quarter century during the Golden Age of the American musical. His collaboration with Frederick Loewe yielded many fine musicals including Brigadoon, My Fair Lady, and Camelot. Lerner also wrote the lyrics for musicals with Leonard Bernstein and Andre Previn, among others, but was never able to achieve the success he had with Loewe.", "precise_score": 8.340659141540527, "rough_score": 6.2833051681518555, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "They were right ? and wrong. Right, because hit plays rarely make hit musicals, and those few that do usually require some novelty tweak ? Romeo and Juliet transposed to New York's West Side, The Taming of the Shrew as the play-within-the-play for a backstage yarn. Even after My Fair Lady was the toast of New York, some Broadway professionals retained an ambivalence about it, nicely caught in a Sondheim lyric from Merrily We Roll Along: I saw My Fair Lady I sort of enjoyed it. Many composers, lyricists and librettists sort of enjoyed My Fair Lady, but couldn't quite see the need for it. Pygmalion was perfect; why touch it? But that's where they and Bernstein, Comden and Green were wrong. There's no such thing as a great idea or a lousy idea for a musical: it all depends in whose head the light bulb lights up. The Phantom of the Opera is a lousy idea for a Rodgers and Hart musical, but just dandy for an Andrew Lloyd Webber one. And that's the way it went with Pygmalion. If a writer's lucky, just once in his lifetime he collides with the perfect subject. For Lloyd Webber, it was Phantom. For Lerner and Loewe, it was My Fair Lady. They had hits before (Brigadoon, Paint Your Wagon) and after (Gigi, Camelot), but this is the show that defines the team at their best ? Loewe worldly and a little detached, the kind of composer who's sceptical of a big musical-comedy-Wow!-I'm-In-Love! number but is prepared to allow that I've Grown Accustomed To Her Face; Lerner urbane, literate and such an anglophile that, having stumbled on a lyrical style for Henry Higgins, he found that, ever after, his first draft of every song sounded as if it were written for Rex Harrison. Frederick Loewe was born in Vienna exactly a century ago and at the age of 15 wrote a Mittel European million-seller called 'Katrina'. It was his last hit song for over 30 years. His parents brought him to America, where he became a cowboy, a gold prospector and then a prizefighter. With hindsight, it would be easy to read this eclectic resum? as a determined attempt at cultural assimilation, lacking as it does only a spell as comic-book illustrator and G-man. But such an interpretation would be mistaken. Richard Rodgers once described Jerome Kern as a composer with one foot in the Old World, one in the New. But that still puts him one foot ahead of Loewe. Panning for gold, branding his longhorns, tying his four-legged friend to the hitching post outside the Dead Man's Gulch saloon, Loewe's feet nevertheless remained, musically speaking, firmly in Old Vienna. Jazz, swing, musical comedy passed him by, and it wasn't until the mid-1940s that the Rodgers and Hammerstein school of musical play ? Oklahoma!, Carousel ? created a more hospitable climate for Loewe's talents. In 1942, looking for the men's room at the Lambs Club in New York, he bumped into Alan Jay Lerner, a moneyed young man struggling to break into showbusiness despite the crippling burdens of having been educated at Bedales in England and then, back in America, at Choate, where his classmates included John F Kennedy. Lerner and Loewe had very little in common except that (as I can testify from experience) both had a tendency to address one as Dear boy. Whether Lerner acquired the affectation from Loewe or vice-versa, it somehow encapsulates what set them apart from other, more indigenous Broadway teams. Otherwise, they were opposites: Loewe wrote fast, musical ideas dashed off almost insouciantly. When Lerner suggested a musical elocution lesson built around the phrase The rain in Spain, Loewe said, Good. I'll write a tango ? and played the main theme there and then. Lerner, on the other hand, sweated over every phrase. He wore white gloves when he wrote, otherwise he'd gnaw his fingers to the bone. He had a special desk so that he could write standing up: if he sat down, he focused so hard on the lyric that he'd go into a trance. To the end of his life, he was a great disdainer of that songwriter's standby, the anthropomorphized heart, citing the famous song from The Sound of Music in which Sister Maria's heart wants to leap, sigh, laugh, sing, etc. \"One chorus and I need an oxygen tent,\" he said. Yet, agonizing over the lyric to 'I Could Have Danced All Night', he found himself forced to fall back on \"When all at once my heart took flight.\" He never liked it, swore he'd come up with something better, yet never could. Lerner and Loewe were opposites off-stage, too. Having been a struggling youngster till late middle-age, Loewe suddenly discovered he was rich enough to enjoy the good life, and in 1960, after Camelot, quit Broadway for Palm Springs and the Riviera. He spent the next three decades at the gaming tables, and died a wealthy man. Lerner, by contrast, worked till his death in 1986 and died a wholly owned subsidiary of the Internal Revenue Service and his platoon of ex-wives. Loewe was an inveterate womaniser, Lerner a serial monogamist, married eight times. To discuss Alan without reference to his relationship with the opposite sex would be absurd, for it runs right through his work, up to one of his very last and most autobiographical lyrics: I've tossed and turned and couldn't sleep From counting minks instead of sheep I've Been Married. I've practiced writing epitaphs And read the Book of Job for laughs I've Been Married. If it has the slightly dated whiff of Vegas alimony gags, well, no one was more entitled to do them than Alan. After one rehearsal for Fair Lady, he and Rex Harrison were strolling down Fifth Avenue reflecting on their mutual much-marriedness when Harrison suddenly stopped and said in a loud voice which turned more than a few heads: \"Alan! Wouldn't it be marvellous if we were both homosexual?\" Alan didn't think so, but he walked home and en route reworded the question: \"Why can't a woman be more like a man?\" Professor Higgins' charming misogyny struck a chord in both Lerner and Loewe, and indeed Lerner appreciated the premise of Pygmalion ? young unformed woman moulded by older sophisticated man ? so much that he couldn't stop writing it. Two years after Fair Lady, he wrote Gigi: young unformed woman, older sophisticated man. In 1971, with Bond composer John Barry, he musicalised Lolita: older sophisticated man, young unformed ...ah, but that proved one reprise too many of 'Thank Heaven For Little Girls'. No musical is truly autobiographical ? there are too many hands involved ? but with Pygmalion Lerner and Loewe, the characters, the pretext and the Edwardian milieu were made for each other. What Rodgers and Hammerstein and others who turned down the property saw as its main defect ? the lack of romance ? turned out to be a virtue: Loewe was sceptical of passion, and for Lerner what Higgins does to Eliza is romantic. That aside, both men understood that the principals didn't need big, bold love duets: the romance would be supplied by the audience, silently urging them on regardless of what anybody said or sang. That's a good example of how successful musicals manage to have their cake and eat it. The trick, said Lerner, was to be specific ? to the plot and character ? yet also universal. The score of My Fair Lady rides those twin horses brilliantly. 'I've Grown Accustomed To Her Face' comes direct from Shaw ? \"I have grown accustomed to your voice and appearance.\" Put like that, it sounds rather clinical. But nudged just a little and set to Loewe's beguilingly conversational melody it both stays true to the play yet also expresses something more general about the kind of love that steals up on you. There's a wonderfully bleary recording by Dean Martin whose mood couldn't be more different from the original context: it sounds like a guy waking up in his pad and discovering that last night's one-night stand has decided to stay for breakfast. Lerner and Loewe didn't write the song for Dino, but they knew enough not to rule him out. As to what Shaw would have made of it, we can only guess. Asked whom he wanted to compose the music for Pygmalion, he replied Mozart. You can't blame him. The last Shavian musical, The Chocolate Soldier (1908) was such a crass reduction of Arms and the Man that Shaw insisted all programmes and posters carry a public disclaimer by him. In that sense at least, My Fair Lady redeems musical theatre for the sins of its fathers. From the opening number, 'Why Can't The English Teach Their Children How To Speak?', Fair Lady declares that this is, paradoxically or not, a musical about words. Lerner was punctilious on the subject of language, at one point rebuking Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley for writing 'Who Can I Turn To?'. He felt it should have been 'Whom Can I Turn To?' (Surely you mean 'To Whom Can I Turn?', I suggested.) Bricusse replied with a note pointing out a rare Lerner solecism from My Fair Lady: By rights you should be taken out and hanged For the cold blooded murder of the English tanged. But, as Lerner always said of lyric-writing, the clever word-play is the easy stuff. One of my favourite songs in the score is 'Show Me', the moment when Eliza, mightily sick of words, demands something more: it's a lovely jest, in a work so articulate, to produce a song recognizing the limits of that articulacy, and it's one reason why My Fair Lady ? from source material to adaptation ? sums up better than any other the ambitions of the post-war musical play. It was the perfect musical play, Andr? Previn, a sometime Lerner composing partner, told me. \"But it was so perfect that afterwards, what else could you do?\" My Fair Lady was the last word as far as that kind of musical was concerned. So Broadway turned to dance musicals, and rock musicals, and concept musicals, and through-composed musicals, and none of them ever really stuck around long enough to become a viable living tradition. Fritz Loewe understood he could never top Fair Lady, and flew off to Palm Springs. Alan Lerner kept trying, an unenviable task. Today we can enjoy the work for what it is ? a superb example of how, in the right hands, no material is beyond the range of musical theatre. ? Mark Steyn, February 2001 Mark Steyn is a columnist for Britain's Daily Telegraph, Canada's National Post, The Chicago Sun-Times, and appears in many other papers around the world. He is film critic for The Spectator in London and writes on theatre for The New Criterion in New York. His book, Broadway Babies Say Goodnight, is published by Faber and Faber.", "precise_score": 3.110761880874634, "rough_score": 3.7557992935180664, "source": "search", "title": "My Fair Lady" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "In the mid-1930s, film producer Gabriel Pascal acquired the rights to produce film versions of several of George Bernard Shaw's plays, Pygmalion among them. However, Shaw, having had a bad experience with The Chocolate Soldier, a Viennese operetta based on his play Arms and the Man, refused permission for Pygmalion to be adapted into a musical. After Shaw died in 1950, Pascal asked lyricist Alan Jay Lerner to write the musical adaptation. Lerner agreed, and he and his partner Frederick Loewe began work. They quickly realized, however, that the play violated several key rules for constructing a musical: the main story was not a love story, there was no subplot or secondary love story, and there was no place for an ensemble. Many people, including Oscar Hammerstein II, who, with Richard Rodgers, had also tried his hand at adapting Pygmalion into a musical and had given up, told Lerner that converting the play to a musical was impossible, so he and Loewe abandoned the project for two years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.282160758972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "My Fair Lady" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "A London revival opened at the Adelphi Theatre in October 1979, with Tony Britton as Higgins, Liz Robertson as Eliza, Dame Anna Neagle as Higgins' mother, Peter Bayliss, Richard Caldicot and Peter Land. The revival was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and directed by the author, Alan Jay Lerner. A national tour was directed by Robin Midgley. Gillian Lynne choreographed. Britton and Robertson were both nominated for Olivier Awards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.307184219360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "My Fair Lady" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Camelot is a musical by Alan Jay Lerner (book and lyrics) and Frederick Loewe (music). It is based on the King Arthur legend as adapted from the T. H. White novel The Once and Future King.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7968151569366455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camelot (musical)" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "An 18-month U.S. tour, starring Michael York as Arthur, Rachel York (no relation) as Guenevere, and James Barbour as Lancelot, began on January 9, 2007 and ended in April 2008. Alan Jay Lerner's son, Michael Lerner, contributed changes to the libretto, and Glenn Casale directed. From June 27–30, 2007, the tour played at Toronto's Hummingbird Centre, where the musical had premiered in 1960. While the 2007 Michael York tour was performing across the U.S., Candlewood International ran a separate, largely non-equity national tour that played to cities not visited by the union tour. The Morgan Le Fey character was removed as it had been in all previous productions since 1964.. Jeff Buchsbaum directed and Paula Sloan choreographed a cast headed by Robert Brown as Arthur, Matthew Posner as Lancelot, Mollie Vogt-Welch as Guenevere, Gregory Van Acker as Sir Sagramore, Geoff Lutz as Mordred, and Heather Faith Stricker as Lady Catherine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33244800567627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camelot (musical)" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "+ In subsequent productions Alan Jay Lerner removed the \"Morgan Le Fey\" role to make the second act less comical, replacing the scene between her and Mordred with a Mordred/Arthur scene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294429779052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camelot (musical)" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Frederick Loewe, whose chance meeting with Alan Jay Lerner nearly 50 years ago led to one of the more productive associations in American musical history, died Sunday afternoon in a Palm Springs hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250852584838867, "source": "search", "title": "Loewe, 'Fair Lady,' 'Camelot' Composer, Dies - latimes" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "My Fair Lady has often been touted as the “most perfect musical.” The already successful team of Alan Jay Lerner, lyricist and librettist, and composer Frederick Loewe produced the adaptation of the infamous George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion starring Julie Andrews as Eliza Doolittle and Rex Harrison as Higgins. It was almost impossible for this 1956 Broadway show to fail. The winning combination of Shaw commentary, Lerner and Loewe musical genius, and Andrews and Harrison stage presence set box office records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4363596439361572, "source": "search", "title": "About the Playwrights: My Fair Lady — Utah Shakespeare ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Alan Jay Lerner was born on August 31, 1918 in New York to a wealthy owner of a chain of dress shops (the Lerner Shops). Lerner’s musical education began with piano lessons as a child. He later studied at the Julliard School of Music, the Bedales Public School in England, and Harvard University. Although he had an impressive educational background, Lerner had to work his way to the stars. He spent time as a journalist and radio scriptwriter before he met Loewe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.955121040344238, "source": "search", "title": "About the Playwrights: My Fair Lady — Utah Shakespeare ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Lerner had a knack for writing romantic lyrics; he also had a knack for romance: He married eight times (one colleague commented that “I never met a Mrs. Alan Jay Lerner I didn’t like”). Unfortunately, Lerner also had an addiction to amphetamines which he battled for over twenty years. In June of 1986 he lost his battle with lung cancer, yet he left behind a collection of legendary plays and songs that shaped musical theatre in his era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.595782279968262, "source": "search", "title": "About the Playwrights: My Fair Lady — Utah Shakespeare ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "In 1924 Loewe came to America where he failed to find work in the classical musical scene. Instead he found himself playing piano in restaurants and bars, and doing other odd menial jobs throughout the country, including boxing, prospecting and cow punching. By 1936 he managed to find his way back to New York City where he started writing music for Broadway revues. But he received little acclaim. After hearing some of Alan Jay Lerner’s lyrics he boldly asked him to help him revamp the lyrics to “A Salute to Spring.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57386589050293, "source": "search", "title": "About the Playwrights: My Fair Lady — Utah Shakespeare ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Loewe retired to Palm Springs, California where he died in 1988. Loewe led an extraordinary life, sharing his gift of music with millions. With his death he continued to share his largesse. He left one-half of his musical royalties to the Desert Medical Center in Palm Springs. As partner Alan Jay Lerner once said, “There will never be another Fred Loewe.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224811553955078, "source": "search", "title": "About the Playwrights: My Fair Lady — Utah Shakespeare ..." }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Lyricist-librettist Alan Jay Lerner and composer Frederick Loewe followed their 1947 hit Brigadoon with Paint Your Wagon (1951 - 289 performances), a rustic love story set during the California Gold Rush. Featuring \"I Talk To The Trees\" and \"They Call The Wind Mariah,\" it enjoyed modest success. Some were surprised when this team announced that their next project would be a musical version of George Bernard Shaw's comedy Pygmalion. No less an authority than Oscar Hammerstein II warned Lerner this project could not possibly work. It seems that even the greatest genius can be wrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.078023910522461, "source": "search", "title": "1950s Part II: Composers (Cont'd) - Musicals" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Two decades passed before Bernstein composed the ill-fated 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (1976 - 7). This complex but brilliant work, with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , has yet to receive long overdue reconsideration. Bernstein supervised numerous recordings and revivals of his hits in his later years, but wrote no more Broadway scores. Classical and contemporary, gay but a married father, an oversized soul in an undersized time, Bernstein was one of the most remarkable personalities of the 20th Century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.141167640686035, "source": "search", "title": "1950s Part II: Composers (Cont'd) - Musicals" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435653686523438, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435653686523438, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Alan Jay Lerner, was born in New York City on August 31, 1918 to Edith Adelson Lerner and Samuel Lerner. His grandfather had come to the U.S. from the Ukraine as a poor immigrant. Samuel Lerner worked in the fashion retail business and eventually owned a chain of successful stores known as the Lerner Shops. His marriage was less successful, and Lerner's parents eventually divorced. Although he and his two brothers were Jewish by birth, religion did not play a significant role in lives. Lerner attended plays regularly with his father from a young age and developed a strong attraction for the theater. He began taking piano lessons at the age of five and wrote his first songs as a teen. While his father wanted him to have a career in diplomatic service, the theater was what he wanted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340174674987793, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Lerner died of lung cancer at the Sloan-Kettering Memorial Cancer Center in New York on June 14, 1986. At the time, he was working on a stage/musical version of the 1936 movie My Man Godfrey. William A. Raidy, in The Seattle Times, observed, \"If someone asked me to write his epitaph it would come from one of his own observations: 'I write not because it is what I do, but because it is what I am. Not because it is how I make my living, but how I make my life.\"' A 1985 Kennedy Center celebration in Washington honored the Lerner-Loewe duo for their contributions to American culture. That same year, Lerner earned a Johnny Mercer Award, given by the National Academy of Popular Music, for his lyric writing. And in 1989, Paul Blake put together a musical revue based on Alan Jay Lerner's life and lyrics, Almost Like Being In Love, with music by Frederick Loewe, Burton Lane, Andre Previn, Charles Strouse and Kurt Weill. The show ran for ten days at the Herbst Theater in San Francisco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228912353515625, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Alan Jay Lerner", "passage": "Further Reading on Alan Jay Lerner", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334402084350586, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Jay Lerner Facts - YourDictionary" } ]

[ { "answer": "Miss Saigon", "passage": "* 1989: The Broadway and West End musical Miss Saigon was, in part, based on Madama Butterfly. The story was moved to Vietnam and Thailand and set against the backdrop of the Vietnam War and the Fall of Saigon, but the central themes are largely unchanged.", "precise_score": 2.118143320083618, "rough_score": 1.5843311548233032, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madama Butterfly" }, { "answer": "Miss Saigon", "passage": "The 1980s saw the influence of European \"mega-musicals\", or \"pop operas\", on Broadway, in the West End and elsewhere. These typically featured a pop-influenced score, had large casts and sets and were identified by their notable effects – a falling chandelier (in The Phantom of the Opera), a helicopter landing on stage (in Miss Saigon) – and big budgets. Many were based on novels or other works of literature. The most important writers of mega-musicals include the French team of Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, responsible for Les Misérables, which became the longest-running international musical hit in history. The team, in collaboration with Richard Maltby, Jr., continued to produce hits, including Miss Saigon, inspired by the Puccini opera Madame Butterfly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.718751907348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" } ]