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[ { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Bogart began acting in 1921 after a hitch in the U.S. Navy in World War I and little success in various jobs in finance and the production side of the theater. Gradually he became a regular in Broadway shows in the 1920s and 1930s. When the stock market crash of 1929 reduced the demand for plays, Bogart turned to film. His first great success was as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), and this led to a period of typecasting as a gangster with films such as Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) and B-movies like The Return of Doctor X (1939).", "precise_score": 6.607249736785889, "rough_score": 6.98711633682251, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "The film version of The Petrified Forest was released in 1936. Bogart's performance was called \"brilliant\", \"compelling\", and \"superb.\" Despite his success in an \"A movie,\" Bogart received a tepid twenty-six week contract at $550 per week and was typecast as a gangster in a series of \"B movie\" crime dramas. Bogart was proud of his success, but the fact that it came from playing a gangster weighed on him. He once said: \"I can't get in a mild discussion without turning it into an argument. There must be something in my tone of voice, or this arrogant face—something that antagonizes everybody. Nobody likes me on sight. I suppose that's why I'm cast as the heavy.\"", "precise_score": 5.519131183624268, "rough_score": 6.556864261627197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Bogart became a first-time father at age 49 when Bacall gave birth to Stephen Humphrey Bogart on January 6, 1949, during the filming of Tokyo Joe. The name was drawn from Bogart's character's nickname in To Have and Have Not, \"Steve\". Stephen would go on to become an author and biographer, later hosting a television special about his father on Turner Classic Movies. Three years later the couple's daughter, Leslie Howard Bogart, would draw her name from Bogart's friend and The Petrified Forest co-star, British actor Leslie Howard.", "precise_score": 2.0482091903686523, "rough_score": 5.542929172515869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "In 1934 Bogart starred in the play Invitation to a Murder. The producer Arthur Hopkins saw the play and sent for Bogart when he chose to produce Robert Sherwood's new play, The Petrified Forest. Bogart arrived in Hopkins' office while Sherwood was there; Hopkins told him: \"I've got a good role for you. A gangster role.\" Robert Sherwood was sure Hopkins was wrong; Bogart should play the football player. Bogart said later: \"They argued back and forth, and I thought Sherwood was right. I couldn't picture myself playing a gangster. So what happened? I made a hit as the gangster.\"", "precise_score": 5.668613433837891, "rough_score": 6.196438789367676, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Filmbug Movie Stars" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "The Petrified Forest", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477181434631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Bogart starred in the Broadway play Invitation to a Murder at the Theatre Masque, now the John Golden Theatre, in 1934. The producer Arthur Hopkins heard the play from off-stage and sent for Bogart to play escaped murderer Duke Mantee in Robert E. Sherwood's new play, The Petrified Forest. Hopkins recalled:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.323730230331421, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Warner Bros. bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest. The play seemed perfect for the studio, which was famous for its socially realistic, urban, low-budget action pictures, especially for a public entranced by real-life criminals like John Dillinger (whom Bogart resembled) and Dutch Schultz. Bette Davis and Leslie Howard were cast. Howard, who held production rights, made it clear he wanted Bogart to star with him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9509738683700562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "In the film's trailer, Bogart is repeatedly mentioned first, but Robinson's name is listed above Bogart's in a cast list at the trailer's end. Robinson's role is evocative of Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936), a Bogart leading man breakthrough the studio had originally earmarked for Robinson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.259703636169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Bogart and Bacall also worked together on an early color telecast in 1955, an NBC adaptation of The Petrified Forest for Producers' Showcase, with Bogart receiving top billing and Henry Fonda playing Leslie Howard's role; a black and white kinescope of the live telecast has also survived.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.499646186828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Humphrey Bogart" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Humphrey DeForest Bogart was born in New York City, New York, to Maud Humphrey, a famed magazine illustrator and suffragette, and Belmont DeForest Bogart, a moderately wealthy surgeon (who was secretly addicted to opium). Bogart was educated at Trinity School, NYC, and was sent to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in preparation for medical studies at Yale. He was expelled from Phillips and joined the U.S. Naval Reserve. From 1920 to 1922, he managed a stage company owned by family friend William A. Brady (the father of actress Alice Brady ), performing a variety of tasks at Brady's film studio in New York. He then began regular stage performances. Alexander Woollcott described his acting in a 1922 play as inadequate. In 1930, he gained a contract with Fox, his feature film debut in a ten-minute short, Broadway's Like That (1930), co-starring Ruth Etting and Joan Blondell . Fox released him after two years. After five years of stage and minor film roles, he had his breakthrough role in The Petrified Forest (1936) from Warner Bros. He won the part over Edward G. Robinson only after the star, Leslie Howard , threatened Warner Bros. that he would quit unless Bogart was given the key role of Duke Mantee, which he had played in the Broadway production with Howard. The film was a major success and led to a long-term contract with Warner Bros. From 1936 to 1940, Bogart appeared in 28 films, usually as a gangster, twice in Westerns and even a horror film. His landmark year was 1941 (often capitalizing on parts George Raft had stupidly rejected) with roles in classics such as High Sierra (1941) and as Sam Spade in one of his most fondly remembered films, The Maltese Falcon (1941). These were followed by Casablanca (1942), The Big Sleep (1946), and Key Largo (1948). Bogart, despite his erratic education, was incredibly well-read and he favored writers and intellectuals within his small circle of friends. In 1947, he joined wife Lauren Bacall and other actors protesting the House Un-American Activities Committee witch hunts. He also formed his own production company, and the next year made The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948). Bogie won the best actor Academy Award for The African Queen (1951) and was nominated for Casablanca (1942) and as Captain Queeg in The Caine Mutiny (1954), a film made when he was already seriously ill. He died in his sleep at his Hollywood home following surgeries and a battle with throat cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.048548936843872, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Named his daughter, Leslie Bogart , \"Leslie\" to show his gratitude to Leslie Howard , who got him his big break in The Petrified Forest (1936).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.453240156173706, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "The Petrified Forest had 197 performances in New York; Bogart played escaped killer Duke Mantee. Leslie Howard , who played the lead, knew how crucial Bogart was to the success of the play. He and Bogart became friends, and he promised to help Bogart reprise his role if Hollywood made the play into a film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.1705656200647354, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Filmbug Movie Stars" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Warner Brothers bought the screen rights to The Petrified Forest, signed up Leslie Howard, then tested several Hollywood veterans for the Duke Mantee role, and chose Edward G. Robinson . Bogart cabled news of this to Howard, who was in Scotland. Leslie Howard insisted that Bogart play Duke Mantee. When Warner Brothers saw that Leslie Howard wouldn't budge, they hired Bogart to play Mantee. Bogart never forgot this, and named his only daughter Leslie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.139862537384033, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Filmbug Movie Stars" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Robert Sherwood remained a close friend of Bogart's. In 1936 the movie version of The Petrified Forest came out. Bogart got excellent reviews. Still, he was stuck in a series of crime dramas for Warner Brothers and cast as a heavy, with little acting range. All told, in his career as a tough guy, Bogart went to the electric chair 12 times, and got over 800 years of hard labor. Jack Warner saw nothing wrong with that; as long as the movies made money, and the actors got paid, he saw no reason for anyone to complain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.1670355796813965, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Filmbug Movie Stars" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "Bogart, the son of a distinguished surgeon, actually studied medicine himself for a time before enlisting in the Navy during World War 1. Caught in a blast aboard ship, he sustained facial wounds that scarred and partially paralyzed his upper lip, accounting for one of his distinctive screen trademarks. A talented (and, according to silent-screen star Louise Brooks, sensitive) stage actor during the 1920s, Bogart made his screen debut in a 1930 short subject,Broadway's Like That and alternated stints in theater and film for the next few years. His career ratcheted upward when he played vicious killer Duke Mantee in \"The Petrified Forest\" on Broadway; costar Leslie Howard insisted he recreate the role in the 1936 film adaptation, which won him a Warners contract.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1668946743011475, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Movietreasures" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "After thirteen years of conditioning to this kind of 'stage' acting, when Bogart got a job in The Petrified Forest, which opened in January 1935, nothing but searching ambition could have enabled him to see in Leslie Howard's quiet, natural acting technique a style he could adapt to his own personality. Nothing but inflexible will-power could have enabled him to tear down his ingrained acting habits in order to begin all over again the self-conscious agony of learning to act. Working with Leslie gave him command of the Duke Mantee part in the play and in the film; but the films of the following five years reveal the terrible struggle for supremacy engaged in by the new Bogey technique with the old theatrical habits of Humphrey. With a poor director, Frank McDonald, in The Isle of Fury he was Humphrey again, reciting his memorised lines, striking attitudes while he waited for the other actors to get done with theirs. In Dark Victory, working with a great director, Edmund Goulding, who was also a great clown, acting with the emotional Bette Davis who could fire up on the word 'camera', he was stricken with grotesque, amateur embarrassment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5467548966407776, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Movietreasures" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "It was the recognition of this same threatening exhaustion in Humphrey, I think, that touched Leslie's heart, leading him to force Jack Warner to give Humphrey the Duke Mantee part when The Petrified Forest was filmed. Furthermore, whereas from the beginning of his career Leslie had confessed his lack of energy and let it work for him in the creation of the quiet, natural actor, he saw that Humphrey fought his weakness, trying ineffectually to emulate the dynamic style of most successful actors. All this he conveyed to Humphrey in the direction of the play. And once he grasped the idea that he too might achieve success with some version of natural acting, Humphrey went about its contrivance with the cunning of a lover. For all actors know that truly natural acting is rejected by the audience. Although people are better equipped to judge acting than any other art, the hypocrisy of 'sincerity' prevents them from admitting that they too are always acting some part of their own invention. To be a successful actor, then, it is necessary to add some eccentricities and mystery to naturalness so that the audience can admire and puzzle over something different from itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689105033874512, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Movietreasures" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "In October 1935, I left the Persian Room in New York, where I had been dancing with Dario, to make a test for the Republic Studio in Hollywood for a film, Dancing Feet. On the day after the test was completed and seen, the studio gave the part I had tested for to a blonde girl who couldn't dance. Having little money and no more faith in myself, I stayed on in Hollywood for lack of a better plan. I was living at the Ronda apartments, and one day I strolled down the street to the Garden of Allah, into the sitting-room of Robert Benchley's cottage, and there was Humphrey sitting on the floor, leaning against a sofa, with a glass of Scotch and soda in his hand. He had little to say about his part in The Petrified Forest, which was in production at Warner Brothers. Two unsuccessful experiences in Hollywood did not allow him to feel optimistic. Not feeling optimistic either was a boy from the M-G-M studio who had been sent to pick up a script that Bob had not yet begun to write.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400330543518066, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Movietreasures" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "The Petrified Forest had been released and Humphrey had made a solid hit in it when I next saw him. It was early in the year of 1936 at the Beverly Hills home of Eric Hatch, who had written My Man Godfrey. When I went into the dining-room, Eric and his wife, Mischa Auer and his wife, and Humphrey were sitting at the table. Mrs. Hatch got up to pour me a cup of after-dinner coffee. As I drank it I watched Humphrey, whom I had never seen in such an emotional state. Everyone else was watching him too. Then the doorbell rang and, as if on cue, we all got up and went downstairs into the vaulted living-room to meet Mayo Methot who was entering from the hall. No moth was she! She burned in a sheath of peacock blue silk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.747672080993652, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Movietreasures" }, { "answer": "The Petrified Forest", "passage": "My most vivid remembrance of the living Humphrey Bogart is of a night in New York at Tony's restaurant on Fifty Second Street. I went in about one and sat at a table near Humphrey, who was sitting in a booth with Thomas Mitchell. It was a few weeks before The Petrified Forest would close in June, 1935, and Humphrey had nothing to look forward to except summer stock in Skowhegan, Maine. Presently Mitchell paid his bill and went out, leaving Humphrey alone drinking steadily with weary determination. His head drooped lower and lower. When I left he had fallen into his exhausted sleep with his head sunk in his arms on the table. \"Poor Humphrey,\" I said to Tony, \"he's finally licked.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.942782402038574, "source": "search", "title": "Humphrey Bogart - Movietreasures" } ]

[ { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Pather Panchali (, ) is a 1955 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Satyajit Ray and produced by the Government of West Bengal. It is based on Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's 1929 Bengali novel of the same name and is Ray's directorial debut. It features Subir Banerjee, Kanu Banerjee, Karuna Banerjee, Uma Dasgupta and Chunibala Devi. The first film in the Apu trilogy, Pather Panchali depicts the childhood of the protagonist Apu (Subir Banerjee) and his elder sister Durga (Uma Dasgupta) and the harsh village life of their poor family.", "precise_score": 8.112767219543457, "rough_score": 7.821224689483643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pather Panchali" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "In the 1990s, Merchant Ivory Productions, with assistance from the Academy Film Archive and Sony Pictures Classics, undertook a project to restore the prints. The restored prints, along with several other Ray films, were released in select US theatres. As of May 2016, the film has a 97% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on an aggregate of 39 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"A film that requires and rewards patience in equal measure, Pather Panchali finds director Satyajit Ray delivering a classic with his debut.\" Pather Panchali is available in DVD in Region 2 (DVD region code) PAL and Region 1 NTSC formats. Artificial Eye Entertainment is the distributor of Region 2 while Columbia Tri-Star is the distributor of Region 1 format. ", "precise_score": 5.417961120605469, "rough_score": 7.011204719543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pather Panchali" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Pather Panchali was the first film made in independent India to receive major critical attention internationally, placing India on the world cinema map. It was one of the first examples of Parallel Cinema, a new tradition of Indian film-making in which authenticity and social realism were key themes, breaking the rule of the Indian film establishment. Although Pather Panchali was described as a turning point in Indian cinema, some commentators preferred the view that it refined a \"realist textual principle\" that was already there. In 1963 Time noted that thanks to Pather Panchali, Satyajit Ray was one of the \"hardy little band of inspired pioneers\" of a new cinematic movement that was enjoying a good number of imitators worldwide. The film has since been considered as a \"global landmark\" and \"among the essential moviegoing experiences\". On 2 May 2013, commemorating Ray's birthday, the Indian version of the search engine Google displayed a doodle featuring the train sequence. ", "precise_score": 8.027195930480957, "rough_score": 8.015198707580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pather Panchali" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "[font=Century Gothic]\"Pather Panchali\" is the first part of Satyajit Ray's Apu trilogy. This film focuses on a poor family with a prestigious past living in rural India. The father has dreams of becoming a writer/poet/playwright, even as he accepts a job to do a landowner's accounts to support his family.(It should be noted that we rarely see him or any of the other men of the village.) However, he does have a kind heart, one that clashes with the reality of the situation.[/font] [font=Century Gothic][/font] [font=Century Gothic]\"Pather Panchali\" is really a simple, uiniversal story, about a struggling family. There is not a lot of plot to speak of; it is much more character driven. I thought the camerawork was very graceful. The film quietly builds up to its powerful climax. [/font]", "precise_score": 5.943126678466797, "rough_score": 6.714951038360596, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - Rotten Tomatoes - Movie Trailers" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "The Film Sufi: “Pather Panchali” - Satyajit Ray (1955)", "precise_score": 6.679581642150879, "rough_score": 7.218547344207764, "source": "search", "title": "The Film Sufi: “Pather Panchali” - Satyajit Ray (1955)" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "One of the greatest of all filmmakers, Satyajit Ray , debuted with a first feature, Pather Panchali (1955), that was so good it ranks as one of the finest films ever made.", "precise_score": 8.521235466003418, "rough_score": 7.361023426055908, "source": "search", "title": "The Film Sufi: “Pather Panchali” - Satyajit Ray (1955)" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Pather Panchali, released in 1955, is the first film of director Satyajit Ray's Apu trilogy. The film is a serene and beautiful depiction of a little boy's childhood in the Indian countryside in the 1950s.The film was made on a shoestring budget by a hitherto unknown director. Apart from a seventy-year-old woman who made her name in the 1930s on the stage, none of the cast had ever acted before and many had been plucked from the Indian rurality. In contrast Satyajit Ray completed the trilogy on the behest of the Indian Prime Minister, pointing to the film's cultural impact.", "precise_score": 8.899924278259277, "rough_score": 8.747475624084473, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Satyajit Ray, working as a graphic designer for Signet Press, created the illustrations for a new abridged edition of the book in 1944. At that time, Ray read the unabridged novel; Signet's owner D. K. Gupta told Ray that the abridged version would make a great film. The idea appealed to Ray, and around 1946–47, when he considered making a film, he turned to Pather Panchali because of certain qualities that \"made it a great book: its humanism, its lyricism, and its ring of truth\". The author's widow permitted Ray to make a film based on the novel; the agreement was in principle only, and no financial arrangement was made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0227675437927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pather Panchali" }, { "answer": "Anil Chowdhury", "passage": "Ray thus had to borrow money to shoot enough footage to persuade prospective producers to finance the whole film. To raise funds, he continued to work as a graphic designer, pawned his life insurance policy and sold his collection of gramophone records. Production manager Anil Chowdhury convinced Ray's wife, Bijoya, to pawn her jewels. Ray still ran out of money partway through filming, which had to be suspended for nearly a year. Thereafter shooting was done only in intermittent bursts. Ray later admitted that the delays had made him tense and that three miracles saved the film: \"One, Apu's voice did not break. Two, Durga did not grow up. Three, Indir Thakrun did not die.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.574090003967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pather Panchali" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "This final installment in Satyajit Ray's Apu Trilogy follows Apu's life as an orphaned adult aspiring to be a writer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09465503692627, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Director: Satyajit Ray", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105015754699707, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "it's hard to believe satyajit ray and his cinematographer had never worked on a film before this. they had observed renoir filming the river and with his encouragement and the inspiration of italian neorealism made this poetic masterpiece about life in a small bengal village circa 1920, a really timeless film. i love films about india and i'm looking forward to the rest of this series. there's huge natural talent at work here", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.055986404418945, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) - Rotten Tomatoes - Movie Trailers" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Throughout film history, Bollywood has been recognized for incorporating song and dance even during serious subject matter. In Satyajit Ray’s Pather Panchali, the first of Ray’s three part Apu Trilogy, neither are included. Satyaijit Ray impacted not only Indian cinema but is considered one of the greatest auteurist to have ever lived. One of the greatest factors that make Satyaijit’s films so highly regarded is his use of long takes and realistic scenes. Ray is known to have been influenced by the italian neo-realist movement which comes through in his films. It is clear that The Apu Trilogy is an homage to this movement. This statement can specifically be proven through Pather Panchali. One of the most highly regarded scenes in Pather Panchali is the scene where Durga and Apu, siblings, escape their impoverished life to frolic about the Kaash grass, simply exploring their natural surroundings. This scene directly shows a italian neo-realist influence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.669224739074707, "source": "search", "title": "Film Analysis: Pather Panchali - City University of New York" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Satyajit Ray’s Panther Panchali shows that it has been clearly influenced by the italian neo-realist movement. Ray successfully put his spin on realistic film while using long shots to portray every day life for a poor Bengali family. The train scene is deemed one of the greatest spectacles in film history while still acting as an homage to the neo-realist movement. Satyajit Ray deserves his rank as one of the greatest auteurists[sic] of all time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1396896839141846, "source": "search", "title": "Film Analysis: Pather Panchali - City University of New York" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "“Pather Panchali” - Satyajit Ray (1955)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.183532238006592, "source": "search", "title": "The Film Sufi: “Pather Panchali” - Satyajit Ray (1955)" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "So for the first hour of the film, the pacing is leisurely and somewhat rambling, with small ups and downs punctuated by the occasional village events dictated by the calendar. Satyajit Ray wanted the film to convey that level of random village-life occurrences [1]:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.668420791625977, "source": "search", "title": "The Film Sufi: “Pather Panchali” - Satyajit Ray (1955)" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Some critics found(and still find, I might add) the film to be too slow. Satyajit Ray wrote about the slow pace - \"The cinematic material dictated a style to me, a very slow rhythm determined by nature, the landscape, the country. The script had to retain some of the rambling quality of the novel because that in itself contained a clue to the authenticity: life in a poor Bengali village does ramble.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495016098022461, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "I've been asked what my favorite film of all time is. It's a silly question, and the answer might have changed over the years. But I am certain now. It is \"Pather Panchali,\" completed by Satyajit Ray in 1955. Strange that I would settle on an Indian film, since I have specialized all my life in Italian movies and think I know a good deal about them. But no, \"Pather Panchali,\" spoken in Bengali and made on a budget that couldn't buy a coffee break on a major production anywhere today, is my favorite film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.081681251525879, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "There is this one scene in Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali when the eruption of a conflict between Apu's family and a quarrelsome neighbour brought the film to a complete standstill (for me anyway). Those few characters' state of mind and their relationship dynamics at that point in time, was conveyed with such explosive intensity, I got gut punched drunk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.31088924407959, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "The first part of Satyajit Ray’s acclaimed Apu Trilogy is a lyrical, closely observed story of a peasant family in 1920s rural India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999670028686523, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) | BFI" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Bengali film director Satyajit Ray was inspired by the example of Italian neo-realist films such as Bicycle Thieves (1948) to make his own low-budget, open-air drama painting a naturalistic portrait of ordinary lives. Encouraged by Jean Renoir, whom he assisted during the filming of The River (1951), Ray set to work on an adaptation of a 1929 novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay about a young boy growing up in an impoverished rural community.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.293219566345215, "source": "search", "title": "Pather Panchali (1955) | BFI" }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Amazon.com: Pather Panchali: Subir Bannerjee, Kanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Satyajit Ray, Government Of West Bengal: Movies & TV", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.047449588775635, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Pather Panchali: Subir Bannerjee, Kanu ..." }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "I ordered this DVD off Amazon.com because I had seen its' name pop up over the years as one of the best movies of all time. I am not going to promote nor challenge that reputation. I found it to be an outstanding movie worthy of its' praise but be mindful that this is no \"Citizen Kane\", \"The Godfather\", nor \"Lawrence of the Arabia\". This is because, for most of the film, it does not appear to have a plot. What we get are seemingly the scenes of life in a rural Bengali household at some point in time in the first half of the 20th Century. For awhile, we keep waiting for things to \"happen\" while gradually taking note of the different lifestyles and the various personalities that we see on the screen. Eventually, and unfortunately, things later DO happen and, by the time they do, we have become intimately attached to the family we have been watching. I will not go into detail as to the events but I do want to say that I was deeply moved and I know that there are scenes in this movie that will always pull on my heart strings. The reason for the impact, I realized, was in the brilliance of the cinematic presentation. Although only his first movie, the director, Satyajit Ray, shows a masterful ability to create visual images that convey deep meanings. There are scenes of love and grief that are among the most powerful I've ever seen. There are subtle incidents and images that tell us vollumes about the characters and events.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.783828735351562, "source": "search", "title": "Amazon.com: Pather Panchali: Subir Bannerjee, Kanu ..." }, { "answer": "Satyajit Ray", "passage": "Directed by SATYAJIT RAY", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.552836418151855, "source": "search", "title": "Film Forum · PATHER PANCHALI" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jane Seymour", "passage": "Roger Moore was forever surrounded by “Bond girls” when making franchise films including “For Your Eyes Only” (left, with Cassandra Harris), “The Man With the Golden Gun” (center, with Britt Ekland) and “Live and Let Die” (right, with Jane Seymour.Everett Collection", "precise_score": 4.366644859313965, "rough_score": -1.7249356508255005, "source": "search", "title": "Booze, broads & Bond: Roger Moore’s memoir | New York Post" }, { "answer": "Jane Seymour", "passage": "Jane Seymour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174296379089355, "source": "search", "title": "Bond Girls: Where Are They Now? - ABC News" } ]

[ { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Expo 67, held in Montreal, Canada, was the most attended world's fair of the 20th century. The United States pavilion, a 250-foot-diameter geodesic dome designed by visionary Buckminster Fuller and architect Shoji Sadao, was an interactive environmental exhibit. It remains the most iconic and fondly remembered of Fuller's built designs. This pavilion survives today as an attraction called the Biosphere.", "precise_score": 8.886658668518066, "rough_score": 9.197152137756348, "source": "search", "title": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Expo 67, held in Montreal, Canada, was the most attended world's fair of the 20th century. The United States pavilion, a 250-foot-diameter geodesic dome designed by visionary Buckminster Fuller and architect Shoji Sadao, was an interactive environmental exhibit. It remains the most iconic and fondly remembered of Fuller's built designs. This pavilion survives today as an attraction called the Biosphere.", "precise_score": 8.886658668518066, "rough_score": 9.197152137756348, "source": "search", "title": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Expo 67, held in Montreal, Canada, was the most attended world's fair of the 20th century. The United States pavilion, a 250-foot-diameter geodesic dome designed by visionary Buckminster Fuller and architect Shoji Sadao, was an interactive environmental exhibit. It remains the most iconic and fondly remembered of Fuller's built designs. This pavilion survives today as an attraction called the Biosphere.", "precise_score": 8.886658668518066, "rough_score": 9.197152137756348, "source": "search", "title": "Expo 67 United States Pavilion Souvenir Tray, 1967 - The ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Expo 67, held in Montreal, Canada, was the most attended world's fair of the 20th century. The United States pavilion, a 250-foot-diameter geodesic dome designed by visionary Buckminster Fuller and architect Shoji Sadao, was an interactive environmental exhibit. It remains the most iconic and fondly remembered of Fuller's built designs. This pavilion survives today as an attraction called the Biosphere.", "precise_score": 8.886658668518066, "rough_score": 9.197152137756348, "source": "search", "title": "Expo 67 United States Pavilion Souvenir Tray, 1967 - The ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "American Pavilion on fire at Montreal World's Fair 1967, designed by Buckminster Fuller", "precise_score": 6.8711090087890625, "rough_score": 8.685052871704102, "source": "search", "title": "Expo 1967 on Pinterest | Expo 67, Montreal and Pavilion" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The first dome that could be called \"geodesic\" in every respect was designed after World War I by Walther Bauersfeld, chief engineer of the Carl Zeiss optical company, for a planetarium to house his planetarium projector. A first, small dome was patented, constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Zeiss plant in Jena, Germany. A larger dome, called \"The Wonder of Jena\" opened to the public in July 1926. Some 20 years later, R. Buckminster Fuller named the dome \"geodesic\" lattice of interlocking icosahedrons that could be skinned with a protective cover. Although Fuller was not the original inventor, he is credited with the U.S. popularization of the idea for which he received U.S. patent 2,682,235 29 June 1954. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.341832160949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "On October 1, 1982, one of the most famous geodesic domes, Spaceship Earth at the EPCOT Center in Walt Disney World (Bay Lake, Florida), opened. The building and the ride inside of it are named with one of Buckminster Fuller's famous terms, Spaceship Earth, a world view expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on Earth and encouraging everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good. The building is Epcot's icon, and is also included in the park's logo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.084690809249878, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Fuller thought of residential domes as air-deliverable products manufactured by an aerospace-like industry. Fuller's own dome home still exists, the R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home, and a group called RBF Dome NFP is attempting to restore the dome and have it registered as a National Historic Landmark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.33434009552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The most effective waterproofing method with a wooden dome is to shingle the dome. Peaked caps at the top of the dome, or to modify the dome shapes are used where slope is insufficient for ice barrier. One-piece reinforced concrete or plastic domes are also in use, and some domes have been constructed from plastic or waxed cardboard triangles that are overlapped in such a way as to shed water. Buckminster Fuller's former student J. Baldwin insists that there is no reason for a properly designed, well-constructed dome to leak, and that some designs cannot leak.(Bucky Works: Buckminster Fuller's Ideas for Today)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64659309387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Many geodesic domes built are still in use. According to the Buckminster Fuller Institute, the world's ten largest domes are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6260502338409424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The architect of the geodesic dome was Buckminster Fuller. The building originally formed an enclosed structure of steel and acrylic cells, 76 metres (250 ft) in diameter and 62 metres (200 ft) high. The dome is a Class 1, Frequency 16 Icosahedron. A complex system of shades was used to control its internal temperature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.46000000834465027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montreal Biosphère" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "* 1967: Among the structures still standing from Expo 67 in Montreal are Moshe Safdie's Habitat 67, Buckminster Fuller's American pavilion, and the French pavilion (now the Montreal Casino).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9569644927978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "World's fair" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for the United States Pavilion at Expo 67, 1966-1967 - The Henry Ford", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.59328031539917, "source": "search", "title": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for the United States Pavilion at Expo 67, 1966-1967", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.221566677093506, "source": "search", "title": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for the United States Pavilion at Expo 67, 1966-1967 / back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.143982410430908, "source": "search", "title": "Buckminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome Being Constructed for ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "With a theme of Creative America, the U.S. Pavilion at Expo ‘67 required a structure that would showcase the country’s innovation and design accomplishments.  Conceived by R. Buckminster Fuller, the 250 ft dia. transparent bubble commanded spectators’ attention under the daytime reflection of the sun and with a glow from the interior at night.  SGH was the structural designer for the dome and the interior structures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4072750508785248, "source": "search", "title": "U.S. Pavilion, Expo '67 World's Fair and Exposition ..." }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "United States Pavilion/Montreal Biosphere: My favourite pavilion of Expo 67 is that mammoth geodesic dome created for the United States by Richard Buckminster Fuller. The sphere is made out of steel and acrylic cells and reaches 250 feet in diameter. The interior building is four platforms with seven levels. During the ’67 Word Fair, attendance at the pavilion reached 9 million. Today the Montreal Biosphere is a museum dedicated to the environment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.638625621795654, "source": "search", "title": "EXPO 67: THEN AND NOW - Tourisme Montréal Blog" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "BBC - Culture - The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.440077304840088, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.500687599182129, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The radical design conceived by inventor Richard Buckminster Fuller was futuristic and influential. Jonathan Glancey salutes a revolutionary structure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.781088829040527, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The idea of a home that could be manufactured in a factory and flown by helicopter to any suitable plot of land had long been a dream of the US inventor Richard Buckminster Fuller. Born in 1895, Fuller was a more or less a practical dreamer. Expelled twice from Harvard, he took on such unlikely jobs as a labourer in a stockyard and commander of a crash rescue boat in World War I before finding funds – through persuasion and charm – to develop a number of prototypes for factory made homes. He called these radical devices Dymaxion houses. Fuller believed they would sell like Model-T Fords, but they never quite caught on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421509742736816, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "View image of The three-wheeled 1934 Dymaxion 4 Door Transport by Buckminster Fuller (Getty) (Credit: Getty)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134146690368652, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "Where Buckminster Fuller did meet with some success was in the version of the geodesic dome he created with help from the artist Kenneth Snelson in the late 1940s. Fuller's lightweight lattice of intersecting icosahedrons was granted a US patent in 1954.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9093590974807739, "source": "search", "title": "The story of Buckminster Fuller’s radical geodesic dome" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "1000+ images about Expo 1967 on Pinterest | Ontario, Buckminster fuller and Postcards", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.630910873413086, "source": "search", "title": "Expo 1967 on Pinterest | Expo 67, Montreal and Pavilion" }, { "answer": "Buckminster Fuller", "passage": "The United States pavilion is one of the most distinctive installations built on the grounds of Expo 67. Its shape, in the form of a geodesic dome, is directly related to the signature style of its creator, noted inventor and futurist Richard Buckminster Fuller .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.482714653015137, "source": "search", "title": "The Quirky Buildings of Montreal: Remnants of Expo 67 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Shirley Temple", "passage": "One of famous child star Shirley Temple's most well-known 20th Century Fox pictures, although some criticized the film's sequence in which Shirley masqueraded in black face disguise as a \"pickinniny,\" and the film's over-idealized view of slavery. Set in the South during the Civil War, young Virginia \"Virgie\" Houston Cary (Shirley Temple) was the six-year-old daughter of Confederate rebel officer Capt. Herbert Cary (John Boles), who was jailed trying to sneak back through Union lines with her after visiting his sick wife Helen (Karen Morley) in a rundown slave cabin. She saved her father from being executed as a Confederate spy by charming President Abe Lincoln (Frank McGlynn Sr.), sharing an apple with him. Notable for its tap-dancing duet highlight \"Polly Wolly Doodle\" by Shirley Temple and Uncle Billy (Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson).", "precise_score": -10.119081497192383, "rough_score": -10.01066780090332, "source": "search", "title": "Greatest Films of 1935 - The Best Movies in Cinematic History" }, { "answer": "Shirley Temple", "passage": "In Shirley Temple's first costume picture, The Little Colonel (1935), it featured her first tap-dance pairing between herself and Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson, in a famous staircase dance sequence. It was the first inter-racial dance pairing in Hollywood film history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.23244571685791, "source": "search", "title": "Film History Milestones - 1935 - The Best Movies in ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952) is an American actor, writer, film producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for his character Pee-wee Herman. Reubens joined the Los Angeles troupe The Groundlings in the 1970s and started his career as an improvisational comedian and stage actor. In 1982, Reubens put up a show about a character he had been developing for years. The show was called The Pee-wee Herman Show and it ran for five sold-out months with HBO producing a successful special about it. Pee-wee became an instant cult figure and for the next decade Reubens would be completely committed to his character, doing all of his public appearances and interviews as Pee-wee. In 1985 Pee-wee's Big Adventure, directed by the then-unknown Tim Burton, was a financial and critical success, and soon developed into a cult film. Big Top Pee-wee, 1988's sequel, was less successful than its predecessor. Between 1986 and 1990, Reubens starred as Pee-wee in the CBS Saturday-morning children's program Pee-wee's Playhouse.", "precise_score": 6.441412448883057, "rough_score": 7.074682235717773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In 1986, Reubens (billed as Paul Mall) was the voice of the ship's computer in Flight of the Navigator. In 1987, Reubens provided the voice of REX, the main robot in the George Lucas produced Disneyland attraction, Star Tours, and reprised the role of Pee-wee Herman in cameo appearances in the film Back to the Beach and TV show Sesame Street, the latter of which made a cameo in Playhouse.", "precise_score": 4.970136642456055, "rough_score": 6.70628023147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In June 2010, various film news sites reported that Paul Reubens was working with Judd Apatow on a new Pee-wee Herman feature film. ", "precise_score": 2.665600299835205, "rough_score": 4.069305419921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Paul Reubens is a Jewish-American comedian, actor and writer. Reubens is more widely known by his persona Pee-wee Herman, a character he created while performing with the improvisational group, The Groundings. Later Reubens created the Pee-wee Herman Show which ran for five months at the Roxy Theater. He… more", "precise_score": 5.84962797164917, "rough_score": 6.714749336242676, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - TV.com" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Paul Reubens wants to bring Pee-wee's Playhouse to the big screen. In an interview with The AP, Reubens revealed that the upcoming return of his live show The Pee-wee Herman Show is just the first step in his plan for his iconic character. \"Well, you know, I really want to make a movie version of The Playhouse, my Saturday morning kid show. [The live show] seemed like a great way to do it: Reintroduce it, get back out there, introduce Pee-wee to the new generation that didn't know about it,\" he said. The popular Saturday morning children's show was cancelled in 1991 when Reubens was arrested for indecent (more) »", "precise_score": 0.6249193549156189, "rough_score": 2.9364683628082275, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Paul Reubens is currently rehearsing to play his iconic character, Pee-wee Herman, in a new Los Angeles stage production. The show is in part a revival of his original stage show from the early 1980s and his multiple Emmy award-winning children's TV show, Pee-wee's Playhouse . The stage production was initially slated to open in November but was delayed until January so that it could move to a bigger venue.", "precise_score": 2.238415241241455, "rough_score": 6.616352081298828, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Actor Paul Reubens has been making a push to get his alter-ego Pee-Wee back into the limelight. In November, Reubens performed a limited engagement of The Pee-Wee Herman Show , the original adult-themed stage show which made the eccentric character famous. While he was hyping that return, Reubens also let it be known that he has plans in the works for not one but Two Pee-Wee movies: one for kids and one for grownups.", "precise_score": 4.713449001312256, "rough_score": 5.96250057220459, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Even though he's been out of the public spotlight for quite a while, everyone still knows the name Pee-Wee Herman.  The character created by, and portrayed by, actor Paul Reubens became a cultural icon in the 1980's as we went on an adventure with him to find his bike, or just hung out with him in his Playhouse.", "precise_score": 2.971862316131592, "rough_score": 4.314877986907959, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "We've known for a while that Pee-Wee Herman wants to star in new films. (When Paul Reubens is in this particular character, it's difficult not to refer to him as Pee-Wee, and I'm not going to fight it.) He's talked about a couple of different scripts in vague terms -- one for adults, one for kids -- and his plans to bring Pee-Wee's Playhouse to the stage were implication enough that keeping the Playhouse alive was still part of his movie plan. (It's the one for kids.) Now Reubens/Herman has talked about his new script for Pee-Wee's Playhouse: The Movie , which he says is written and ready to go. Wait, didn't he say that years ago? Regardless, below you can see a video of Pee-Wee talking to MTV about Playhouse. \"It’s already done, the script is already fully written; It’s ready to shoot,\" says Pee-Wee . \"It’s ready to shoot tomorrow. »", "precise_score": 2.0837771892547607, "rough_score": 5.7414422035217285, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Now that Paul Reubens seems to have been forgiven for his past transgressions, he.s been talking for awhile now about his desire to get a new Pee-wee Herman done. Actually it seems like it.s more than just talk. Pee-wee himself tells MTV .It.s already done, the script is already fully written; It.s ready to shoot.. As for what it.ll be about, unlike the first two movies this one will be based entirely on his popular television series Pee-wee.s Playhouse. It.s a kid.s movie which Pee-wee says will take place in the world outside the Playouse. Says Herman, .It.s not really the real world, it.s Puppetland. On .Pee Wee.s Playhouse,. on the television series we never left the playhouse, we were always inside the playhouse.. So even though it.s Pee-wee.s Playhouse: The Movie, .The movie is all out »", "precise_score": 1.2762072086334229, "rough_score": 4.19105339050293, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Born Paul Rubenfeld on August 27, 1952 in Peekskill, NY, Paul Reubens is an American actor, writer, film producer and comedian best known for his role as hyper Man Child Pee-wee Herman.", "precise_score": 6.22544527053833, "rough_score": 6.887491703033447, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens (Creator) - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Pee Wee Herman", "passage": "In the mid-1970s, Paul Reubens' acting career grew steadily yet slowly with small roles in theater productions, gigs at local comedy clubs and four guest appearances on The Gong Show . During his time of pursuing an acting major at California Institute of the Arts as well as working in a string of pay-the-rent jobs, Reubens joined improvisation comedy troupe called The Groundlings. Among Reubens' contributions to the comedic community were a philandering husband named Moses Feldman, an Indian chief named Jay Longtoe and cult character Pee-wee Herman, who debuted in 1978. Only appearing in ten minutes of The Groundlings as character Pee-Wee Herman, Reubens nonetheless built up a considerable following, turning out to be a star of the '80s, marking his comedic fictional character's first significant appearance on stage show The Pee Wee Herman Show Reubens developed.", "precise_score": 2.3243706226348877, "rough_score": 4.320430755615234, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens (Creator) - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television & Film | Sarasota Magazine", "precise_score": 0.6748735904693604, "rough_score": 4.469940185546875, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Since 2006, Reubens has been making cameos and guest appearances in numerous projects, such as Reno 911!, 30 Rock, Dirt, Pushing Daisies, and The Blacklist. Since the 1990s, he has worked on two possible Pee-wee films: one dark and adult, dubbed The Pee-wee Herman Story, and one a family-friendly epic adventure called Pee-wee's Playhouse: The Movie. In 2010, he starred on Broadway in The Pee-wee Herman Show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.13391077518463135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In 2016, Reubens helped write and star in the Netflix original movie, Pee-wee's Big Holiday reprising his role as Pee-wee Herman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0105557441711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Pee-wee Herman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2893648147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The character of \"Pee-wee Herman\" originated during a 1978 improvisation exercise with The Groundlings, where Reubens came up with the idea of a man who wanted to be a comic, but was so inept at telling jokes that it was obvious to the audience that he would never make it. Fellow Groundling Phil Hartman would afterwards help Reubens develop the character while another Groundling, John Paragon, would help write the show. Despite having been compared to other famous characters, such as Hergé's Tintin and Collodi's Pinocchio, Reubens says that there is no specific source for \"Pee-wee\" but rather a collection of ideas. Pee-wee's voice originated in 1970 when Reubens appeared in a production of Life with Father, where he was cast as one of the most obnoxious characters in the play, for which Reubens adopted a cartoon-like way of speaking that would become Pee-wee's. Pee-wee's name resulted from a one-inch Pee Wee brand harmonica Reubens had as a child, and Herman was the surname of an energetic boy Reubens knew from his youth. The first small gray suit Pee-wee ever wore had been handmade for director and founder of the Groundlings Gary Austin, who passed it on to Reubens, while \"someone\" handed him the \"little kid bow tie\" before a show. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.604154109954834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The Pee-wee Herman Show: 1981–1984", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141791343688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Reubens auditioned for Saturday Night Live for the 1980–1981 season, but Gilbert Gottfried, who was a close friend of the show's producer and had the same acting style as Reubens, got the place (ironically, Gottfried would later get in trouble for joking about Reubens' indecent exposure arrest as an award presenter at the Emmys). Reubens was so angry and bitter that he decided he would borrow money and start his own show in Los Angeles using the character he had been developing during the last few years, \"Pee-wee Herman\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8291282653808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "With the help of other Groundlings like John Paragon, Phil Hartman and Lynne Marie Stewart, Pee-wee acquired a small group of followers and Reubens took his show to The Roxy Theatre where \"The Pee-wee Herman Show\" ran for five sellout months, doing midnight shows for adults and weekly matinees for children, moving into the mainstream when HBO aired The Pee-wee Herman Show in 1981 as part of their series On Location. Reubens also appeared as Pee-wee in the 1980 film Cheech & Chong's Next Movie. Although it was Reubens in the role of Pee-Wee, the end credits of the movie billed him as Hamburger Dude. Reubens' act had mainly positive reactions and quickly acquired a group of fans, despite being described as \"bizarre\", and Reubens being described as \"the weirdest comedian around\". Pee-wee was both \"corny\" and \"hip\", \"retrograde\" and \"avant-garde\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7205322980880737, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "When Pee-wee's fame started growing, Reubens started to move away from the spotlight, keeping his name under wraps and making all his public appearance and interviews in character while billing Pee-wee as playing himself; Reubens was trying to \"get the public to think that that was a real person\". Later on he would even prefer his parents be known only as Honey Herman and Herman Herman. In the early and mid-1980s, Reubens made several guest appearances on Late Night with David Letterman as Pee-wee Herman which gave Pee-wee an even bigger following. During the mid-1980s, Reubens traveled the United States with a whole new The Pee-wee Herman Show, playing notably at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Caroline's in New York City and, in 1984, in front of a full Carnegie Hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7896721363067627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The success of The Pee-wee Herman Show prompted Warner Bros. to hire Reubens to write a script for a full-length Pee-wee Herman film. Reubens' original idea was to do a remake of Pollyanna, which Reubens claims is his favorite film. Halfway through writing the script, Reubens noticed everyone at Warner Bros. had a bike with them, which inspired Reubens to start on a new script with Phil Hartman.Paul Reubens, Tim Burton, audio commentary, 2000, Warner Bros. When Reubens and the producers of Pee-wee's Big Adventure saw Tim Burton's work on Vincent and Frankenweenie, they chose Burton to be the film's director. The film tells the story of Pee-wee Herman embarking on nationwide adventure in search of his stolen bicycle. The movie went on to gross $40,940,662 domestically, recouping almost six times its $7 million budget. At the time of release in 1985, the film received mixed reviews, but Pee-wee's Big Adventure developed into a cult film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.059640612453222275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "With his positive attitude and quirkiness, Pee-wee became an instant cult figure, earning a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame by 1989, and successfully building a Pee-wee franchise, with toys, clothes and other items generating more than $25 million at its peak in 1988. Reubens also published a book as Pee-wee in 1989 called Travels with Pee-Wee. CBS aired reruns of Playhouse until July 1991, when Reubens was arrested, pulling from their schedule the last two remaining reruns. Fox Family Channel briefly aired reruns of the Playhouse in 1998. In early July 2006, Cartoon Network began running a teaser promo during its Adult Swim lineup. A later press release and many other promos confirmed that the show's 45 original episodes would nightly air from Monday to Thursday starting on that date. Playhouse attracted 1.5 million viewers nightly. In 2007, TV Guide named Playhouse one of the top 10 TV cult classics of all time. Several children's television personas cite Pee-wee Herman as an inspiration, including Blue's Clues's Steve Burns and SpongeBob SquarePants's Stephen Hillenburg.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7664597034454346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Pee-wee's small glen plaid suits seemed ridiculous during the 1980s, but since the late 1990s have made him a \"style icon\", with fashion houses and designers like Christopher Bailey, Ennio Capasa, Miuccia Prada, Viktor & Rolf, and Thom Browne creating cut tight suits with high armholes and short trousers that have been compared to Pee-wee's. In early 2007 Nike released a collection of Nike SB sneakers called \"Fallen Heroes\". The collection was loosely inspired by Milli Vanilli, MC Hammer, Vanilla Ice, and Pee-wee Herman. Pee-wee's sneakers use a gray and white color scheme with red detail, with an illustration on the insole of a man in a suit sitting alone in a theatre with his hand on his lap suggesting Reubens' 1991 theatre arrest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.591733932495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In July 1991, while visiting with relatives, Reubens was arrested in Sarasota, Florida for masturbating during a film at an adult theater. After arresting a number of other men, a detective who had been observing Reubens detained him on his way out. When detectives examined his driver's license, Reubens told them, \"I'm Pee-wee Herman\", and offered to do a children's benefit for the sheriff's office, \"to take care of this\". The next day, after a local reporter recognized Reubens' name, Reubens' attorney made the same offer to the Sarasota Herald-Tribune in exchange for withholding the story. In 1971, Reubens had been arrested in the same county for loitering and prowling near an adult theater, though charges were dropped. His second arrest was in 1983 when Reubens was placed on two years' probation for possession of marijuana, although adjudication was withheld. On the night of the arrest Reubens went to Nashville, where his sister and lawyer lived, and then to New Jersey, where he would stay for the following months at his friend Doris Duke's estate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.382845401763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "2009–present: the new Pee-wee Herman Show and future films", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654257774353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In January 2009, Reubens hinted that negotiations were under way for his stage show to come back, and in August the return of The Pee-wee Herman Show was announced. Reubens said he felt Pee-wee calling, \"I just got up one day and felt like I'm gonna come back, that was it.\" The show is also a way to \"introduce Pee-wee to the new generation that didn't know about it\", preparing the way for Reubens' main project, the Playhouse movie. Before this comeback, Reubens' present age and shape had been pointed out as a possible issue, since Pee-wee's slim figure and clean skin have been one of his trademarks. But after appearing for the first time since 1992 as Pee-wee at Spike TV's 2007 Guys' Choice Awards, Reubens had remained optimistic and had jokingly said he's no longer nervous about being young Pee-wee again thanks to digital retouching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3254270553588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Ever since Reubens started giving interviews again after his 2002 arrest, he has talked about the two scripts he has written for future Pee-wee Herman films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4650800228118896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Reubens once called his first script The Pee-wee Herman Story, describing it as a black comedy. He has also referred to the script as \"dark Pee-wee\" or \"adult Pee-wee\", with the plot involving Pee-wee becoming famous as a singer after making a hit single and moving to Hollywood, where \"he does everything wrong and becomes a big jerk\". Reubens further explained the film has many \"Valley of the Dolls moments\". Reubens thought this script would be the first one to start production, but in 2006 Reubens announced he was to start filming his second script in 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.41533511877059937, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Reubens" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "S 2: Ep 15 Pee-Wee Herman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392965316772461, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - TV.com" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In the mid 1970s, his acting career grew slowly and steadily with small roles in theater productions, gigs at local comedy clubs and four guest appearances on The Gong Show (1976). During this time of education/employment, he joined an improvisational comedy troupe called The Groundlings. The popular gang of yuksters, whose roster has included Conan O'Brien , Lisa Kudrow , the late Phil Hartman , Jon Lovitz , and Julia Sweeney , wrung laughs from audiences with skits starring scads of imaginative, self-created characters. Among Reubens's contributions to this comedic community were a philandering husband named Moses Feldman, an Indian chief named Jay Longtoe, and the now fallen Pee-Wee Herman, who debuted in 1978.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5351462364196777, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee Wee Herman", "passage": "Pee-Wee was a funny man-child of indeterminate age and sexuality who created a sarcastic enthusiasm for the popular culture of the '50s and '60s. The geeky character's wardrobe consisted of a gray suit, a white short-sleeved shirt accessorized with a red clip-on bow tie, and white patent-leather loafers. He wore his jet-black hair military short with a defiant tuft in front, and he accentuated his lily-white complexion with pink cheeks and red lipstick. Reubens drew inspiration for Pee-Wee's geeky behavior from a youth he had attended summer camp with, and derived his creation's boyish voice from a character he played as a child actor. Pee-Wee appeared for only 10 minutes of The Groundlings show, but he nonetheless built up a considerable following and turned out to be a star of the '80s and early '90s. The Pee Wee Herman Show (1981), ran for five sellout months at the Los Angeles's Roxy nightclub, and HBO taped the performance and aired it as a special.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.550298690795898, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The image of Pee-Wee was broken on July 26, 1991. On his summer vacation, Reubens was visiting his parents in Sarasota and sought escape from boredom by catching a showing of the X-rated film, Nurse Nancy. He fell victim to a police sting operation and was arrested for sex charges when detectives allegedly saw him playing with his private parts. He was released on $219 bail and nobody realized what had happened until somebody recognized him beneath his long hair and goatee. The media went berserk: 'Kids show star arrested for indecent exposure'. Because of his behavior, CBS dropped the Playhouse and related merchandise was released from its shelves. He agreed to pay a $50 fine plus $85 in court costs to Sarasota County, and he produced a 30 second public service message for the Partnership For Drug-Free America commercial. As part of the deal, the county sealed all legal papers relating to the actor's arrest and didn't leave Reubens with a criminal record. The scandal marked the virtual death of Pee-Wee Herman. Reubens appeared as his favorite character for the last time at that Autumn's MTV Music Video Awards. The enthusiastic reception was not surprising, as he had received 15 thousand supportive letters during his arrest. Regardless, he had recently made a promise not to play Pee-Wee anymore and used his arrest as an chance to portray other roles. A new feature length film by Netflix available beginning March 18, 2016 will allow Reubens to show Pee-Wee fans his character again in Pee-wee's Big Holiday (2016).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3488569259643555, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "His most famous role is Pee-Wee Herman, a hyper child-man with slick short hair, who always wore a glen plaid suit that was a size too small with a red bow tie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.673163414001465, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Confirmed on his appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993) that he is now bringing back the character of Pee-Wee Herman. [April 2001]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.835135459899902, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Credits pioneer TV children's show host Pinky Lee as a partial inspiration for his character Pee-Wee Herman. Like Reubens, Lee also wore a tight checked suit and hat as part of his characterization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.023178577423096, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee Wee Herman", "passage": "Paul has brought about a Pee Wee \"Revival.\" Earlier this year (2010) Paul brought The Pee Wee Herman Show to the Nokia theater in L.A. As of October 26th, 2010 he has brought the Pee Wee Herman show to Broadway, and he is doing shows up until January 2nd 2011. [October 2010]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.428312301635742, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In a recent interview with the AP, Paul Reubens , better known as Pee-wee Herman, talked about his plans to reintroduce his iconic character back into society. His first step? His live stage show The Pee-Wee Herman Show . His second step? A feature-length film:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8101515769958496, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The Pee-wee Herman Show will run at the Club Nokia theater in Los Angeles from January 12th to February 7th. It will feature 20 puppets, along with many original cast members, »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048074722290039, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "I told you guys a few months back that Pee-Wee Herman was coming out to play again – and now he’s ready for the games to begin!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371018409729004, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "If you haven't heard yet, Pee-wee Herman, aka Paul Reubens , is mounting a quite a spectacular comeback. He just opened a live production called The Pee-Wee Herman Show in Los Angeles and apparently has other big plans. Although we saw Pee-Wee make his way to the big screen in 1985 in Tim Burton 's Pee-wee's Big Adventure (and again in 1988 in Big Top Pee-wee ), he's got another movie in the works. In fact, the script is done and it's ready to shoot. Pee-Wee explained to MTV that they decided to make a family-friendly movie based on his classic Saturday morning show, potentially to be called Pee-Wee's Playhouse: The Movie . \"It's already done, the script is already fully written; It's ready to shoot,\" Pee-wee said. \"It's ready to shoot tomorrow. Oh wait, not tomorrow! I'm not available tomorrow. I had a conflict, forgot.\" Yep, Pee-wee's back whether you like it or not. »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3688831329345703, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "In an interview today with MTV Movies Blog, Pee-Wee Herman (aka Paul Reubens ) confirmed that he’s finished a script for Pee-Wee’s Playhouse: The Movie and is hoping to get it made.  I’m sure that the millions of fans of Tim Burton ’s Pee-Wee’s Big Adventure as well as the TV series of Pee-Wee’s Playhouse are hoping for the same thing.  To help get it made, Pee-Wee is about to debut a live multimedia stage production and if it goes well he’s hoping that moviegoers will want to go back to the Playhouse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0293588638305664, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The beloved man-child with a red bowtie and funny laugh, Pee-Wee Herman is coming back to the big screen. .Boy, I sure hope [it gets made]. Yeah, we.re going to [dot it]. .I.m going to make a movie based on my kids show. Based on .Pee Wee.s Playhouse... ,said Paul Reubens energetically in character as Pee-Wee. If you were a little one in the 80's like myself, your Saturday morning was not complete without Pee-wee's Playhouse . While I'm still bitching to my Mom that I never got my own »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.844268560409546, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "“Boy, I sure hope [it gets made]. Yeah, we’re going to [dot it],” explained an energetic (is there any other kind?) Pee-Wee Herman when I interviewed him in character on Monday. “I’m going to make a movie based on my kids show. Based on ‘Pee Wee’s Playhouse.’”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964325904846191, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens - News - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Sadly, Reubens' image of Pee-wee Herman was destroyed on July 28, 1991 when he fell victim to a police sting operation while visiting his parents in Sarasota on his summer vacation. Seeking to escape from boredom, Reubens went to catch a showing of X-rated film Nurse Nancy, where he was arrested for sex charges when detectives allegedly saw him playing with his private parts . Released on $219 bail, nobody realized what happened until somebody recognized him beneath his long hair and goatee. As a result, CBS dropped Pee-Wee's Playhouse and related merchandise was released from its shelves. Reubens agreed to pay a $50 fine plus $85 in court costs as well as producing a memorably Narmy PSA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.633715629577637, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens (Creator) - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Despite promising to never reprise his role of Pee-wee Herman after the scandal marked the virtual death of his iconic character, Paul Reubens revived his cult persona Pee-wee Herman character, bringing him full circle to the more adult theme of the original acts in a 2011 theater revival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2440860271453857, "source": "search", "title": "Paul Reubens (Creator) - TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Pee Wee Herman", "passage": "One of the movies, OK, you win, here it comes. One of the movies has a lot of Valley Of The Dolls moments in it, you know, like \"That's me on the jukebox. I'm Pee Wee Herman!\" The other one is the Playhouse movie; the middle section is an epic adventure/Wizard Of Oz make-believe, pretty much a full-out family film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492339134216309, "source": "search", "title": "Interview with Paul Reubens | Film | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7148967385292053, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Editor's note: This article originally appeared in our October 1991 issue. Pee-wee Herman's new movie, Pee-wee's Big Holiday, premieres on Netflix this month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674757957458496, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Only two days before I had bumped into Paul Reubens’ mother. Judy Rubenfeld, in Morton’s Market. I had known her for years. At first our relationship was business: I was Mr. Chatterbox, the town’s gossip columnist; she was the mother of our most famous celebrity. She gave me news, I gave her son (or rather, Pee-wee Herman) publicity. But over the years a real friendship had developed, and nowdays we were more likely to discuss her other kids, whom I found at least as interesting as Paul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7869163751602173, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "There was Abby, an attorney specializing in gay-rights issues. She had been legal director of the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, but now she was moving from New York to Nashville and Judy was worried that it might not be a good town for a lesbian activist. And Luke, the youngest, was having trouble finding himself. He has recently opened a lawn statuary store on the South Trail, and I had dutifully done a story at Judy’s request. During the interview he told me that he and his famous brother were planning a Pee-wee Herman lawn statue; it would have a special weird feature, something like water dribbling out of Pee-wee’s nose into a large seashell he would be holding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953473091125488, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "But today things were a little awkward. I was in a hurry and Pee-wee Herman wasn’t such big news anymore. We chatted for a while, mostly about how busy we had been lately; and after we said our good-byes and I moved away, I realized that was the first conversation we had ever had where Paul’s name hadn’t come up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554076194763184, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The success of Pee-wee Herman had astonished everyone, even Paul. It started with the appearances with an underground comedy troupe in L.A. in the late ‘70s, then went on to the night-club act that HBO picked up as “The Pee-wee Herman Show” in 1982. Then came two movies, Pee-wee’s Big Adventure and Big Top Pee-wee, “Pee-wee Herman’s Playhouse” with its 16 Emmys, the cover of Life and Rolling Stone, even the keynote speech at the Republican National Convention, in which Michael Dukakis was compared to him. Football players did the Pee-wee dance after scoring a touchdown. By the end of the ‘80s, an incredible 96 percent of all Americans recognized Pee-wee’s name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.474170684814453, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "And the children – millions of them idolized and imitated him. It always struck me as one of the more bizarre progressions of modern culture that a strange midnight comedy act full of sexual ambiguity and subversiveness – in the original act Pee-wee had mirrors on his shoes so he could look up girls’ skirts – would have evolved into the most important children’s TV show since “Sesame Street.” Paul was known to be at ease with children, but he never pretended that they were his mission in life. Being a kiddie role model was not a position that he aspired to; he was an actor, an entertainer, an artist. His mother told me how he dreaded those encounters with terminally ill children whose last wish was to meet Pee-wee Herman. He couldn’t say no, but seeing them remained a sad and painful ordeal for him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.929575443267822, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Paul and his manager Michael McLean had made a very conscious “creative decision” early on: There was no Paul Reubens, there was only Pee-wee Herman. No interviews with Paul were ever allowed, no photos of him were available, no allusions to him were permitted. The “home-town-boy-makes-good” story I kept wanting to do was always squashed, and with what I considered a very heavy hand. We were even told that if we persisted we would not be allowed to publish any pictures, including ones of Pee-wee. But if McLean’s tactics suggested you were dealing with a paranoid control freak, you also had to admit they were very successful.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6432671546936035, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "And the creative decision turned out to have an unexpected bonus. Out of his Pee-wee garb, with the beard and long hair that he would grow whenever on hiatus, Paul was virtually unrecognizable. He could go anywhere and not be noticed, except as a tall, thin man with a blank passive face. He was probably the only major TV star who enjoyed such anonymity. The entire world knew who Pee-wee Herman was, but virtually no one knew who Paul Reubens was.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2416408509016037, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "No one except Sarasota, that is. It’s impossible to hide from your hometown, and Paul didn’t try very hard. Though I have never met him, I have run into him twice, once in the post office and once at the Short Stop convenience store downtown. Each time there was that double take. “Gee, that man looks familiar – oh, my God, it’s Pee-wee Herman.” In 1990 he had attended his high school reunion at the Hyatt – as Paul – and had made a moving little speech about the importance of old friendships that was the high point of the evening. Occasionally you would hear about an indiscretion on his part. He had been sighted in the town’s gay bars on several occasions, though I should point out that in a town like Sarasota, the gay bars are the only nightspots that can even remotely be described as “hip.” All sorts of people turn up there – Ringling art students, Lucie Arnaz, when she was in town for a performance, even former society columnist Helen Griffith, at the time well into her 80s. Still, for someone in Paul’s position, it seemed like a slightly dangerous thing to do.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.618911743164062, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "The film brought back powerful memories. As with most things that have turned into institutions, there is a great deal of nostalgia for the Old Asolo, when the place was less professional, perhaps, but more a part of the community. Afterwards, a group of old-timers hung around for a while to reminisce. Then Paul drove over to Vic’s house; Vic and his wife Stephanie Moss are good friends from the old Asolo days. When he called them a week or so ago to check in and say hello, he had spoken with their son Hart, aged six. The boy had been thrilled to be talking to Pee-wee Herman, his parents’ famous friend but someone he had never met. Paul, who is conscientious about such things, promised he would come over to say hello.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.784695625305176, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "“This is embarrassing,” Paul told the policemen, according to the report. “Can I show you some I.D.?” Though the dialogue sounds awkward, it is not hard to imagine the growing panic he must have been feeling. He explained his wallet was in the trunk of his car, and the two cops escorted him to the Mazda. There was some confusion; he had concealed it under the carpeting and Sgt. Tuggle lifted it up for him. Paul retrieved his wallet, but before the policeman got a good look at the name on the license, he blurted out “I’m Pee-wee Herman.” According to the deputies, he then made a suggestion: Maybe he could do a charity benefit for the Sheriff’s office. The officers didn’t say no, but told him he would have to be arrested anyway. The report says that Paul told them he knew people got in trouble fooling around with each other in the theater, but he thought it was OK if you were “by yourself.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.37720775604248, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "At first their sting operations involving victimless crimes were rather funny. The big T-back scandal, in which several beachgoers were arrested for wearing those backless bathing suits, had even ended up on “Donahue.” But when the police began trolling the porno theater and the men’s room out at the beach, the strangest thing happened – instead of uncovering the dregs of society, they were uncovering its pillars. Ministers, bank vice presidents, social leaders – lives and families were being ruined, and people didn’t feel right about it. It’s taken the disaster of Pee-wee Herman to make many realize they don’t want that kind of police force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135595321655273, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." }, { "answer": "Pee-Wee Herman", "passage": "Perhaps the only good thing about a disaster is that it allows the survivors to start over with a clean slate. Pee-wee Herman may be dead, but Paul Reubens isn’t. His friends say it would take more than this to destroy his drive and creative force. “He will turn this around,” they insist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0173187255859375, "source": "search", "title": "Pee-wee Herman, Paul Reubens and Sarasota | Television ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Camera Work was a quarterly photographic journal published by Alfred Stieglitz from 1903 to 1917. It is known for its many high-quality photogravures by some of the most important photographers in the world and its editorial purpose to establish photography as a fine art. It has been called \"consummately intellectual\", \"by far the most beautiful of all photographic magazines\", and \"a portrait of an age [in which] the artistic sensibility of the nineteenth century was transformed into the artistic awareness of the present day.\" ", "precise_score": 8.031405448913574, "rough_score": 8.048084259033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "His close friends and fellow photographers, led by Joseph Keiley, encouraged him to carry out his dream and publish a new magazine, one that would be independent of any conservative influences. It did not take him long to come up with a new plan. In August, 1902, he printed a two-page prospectus \"in response to the importunities of many serious workers in photographic fields that I should undertake the publication of an independent magazine devoted to the furtherance of modern photography.\" He said he would soon launch a new journal that would be \"the best and most sumptuous of photographic publications\" and that it would published entirely by himself, \"owing allegiance only to the interests of photography.\" He called the new journal Camera Work, a reference to the phrase in his prospectus statement in which he meant to distinguish artistic photographers like himself from the old-school technicians with whom he had fought for many years. To emphasize the fact that this was an independent journal every cover would proclaim \"Camera Work: A Photographic Quarterly, Edited and Published by Alfred Stieglitz, New York\".", "precise_score": 4.1861090660095215, "rough_score": 3.0332260131835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "2. Alfred Stieglitz, \"An Apology,\" Camera Work 1 (1903): 15.", "precise_score": 5.849173545837402, "rough_score": 3.841853380203247, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "The Berkshire Museum is featuring an exhibition of more than 50 of the Museum's collection of photogravure prints drawn from Alfred Stieglitz's famous and lavishly illustrated periodical Camera Work. Containing some of the finest examples of photography and modernist art, Camera Work was published from 1903 - 1917. The exhibition opens July 8 and will remain on view until September 5, 1999.", "precise_score": 2.468235969543457, "rough_score": -0.7811757326126099, "source": "search", "title": "Selections from Camera Work, 1903 - 1911" }, { "answer": "Alfred Steiglitz", "passage": "Featuring images by some of the finest and best-known American and European artists and photographers - Edward Steichen, Alvin Langdon Coburn, Gertrude Käsebier, Clarence White, and Stieglitz himself - \"Selections from Camera Work, 1903 -1911\" represents a time when photography was fighting for its place in artistic expression. (left: Alfred Steiglitz, Gossip-Katwyk, 1894, (detail))", "precise_score": 2.4203224182128906, "rough_score": 5.670058727264404, "source": "search", "title": "Selections from Camera Work, 1903 - 1911" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Photographer, writer, publisher, and curator Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) was a visionary far ahead of his time. Around the turn of the 20th century, he founded the Photo-Secession, a progressive movement concerned with advancing the creative possibilities of photography, and by 1903 began publishing Camera Work, an avant-garde magazine devoted to voicing the ideas, both in images and words, of the Photo-Secession. Camera Work was the first photo journal whose focus was visual, rather than technical, and its illustrations were of the highest quality hand-pulled photogravure printed on Japanese tissue. This book brings together all photographs from the journal’s 50 issues.", "precise_score": 8.108129501342773, "rough_score": 8.229680061340332, "source": "search", "title": "Stieglitz. Camera Work (Bibliotheca Universalis) - TASCHEN ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "\"Camera Work\" is the preeminent art journal of the 20th century. It was edited and published by Alfred Stieglitz, who was a champion of fine-art photography when photography was ridiculed in the art world and art press. And he was not adverse to featuring his own works. If we open this first issue, and it is at an unusual angle because we don't want to exert too much pressure on the spine, we see this very beautiful image, warm-toned photogravure. Now, Stieglitz had actually been trained in the photogravure process, because when he told his father in the 1890s that he wanted to be a fine-art photographer, his father was so horrified, that he said, \"You have to develop a skill. You need a trade.\" And so Stieglitz, being interested in photography, learned the art of making photogravures, which is the most sophisticated of the printing techniques. So Stieglitz oversaw the creation of the many, many images that are in these different issues of the magazine. \"Camera Work\" was available by subscription, and the cost was six dollars a year. And each year, three or four different issues would be published, and those issues would reflect works by many different photographers. Another one of the photographers that was championed by Stieglitz was Clarence White. And we can see that Clarence White's photograph was reproduced on a very thin paper known as \"Japan tissue.\" One of the reasons that \"Camera Work\" is so prized is the delicacy of these very beautiful reproductions. Now, the last issue I want to show, this features a reproduction of an Edward Steichen photograph called \"The Pond.\" The original photograph recently sold at auction for over $3 million.", "precise_score": 4.836846351623535, "rough_score": -0.7040832042694092, "source": "search", "title": "Early 20th Century \"Camera Work\" Magazines | Antiques ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Steiglitz", "passage": "Edited by the indefatigable Alfred Steiglitz, the publication was the voice of the important Photo-Secession, but operated independently of it. Through Camera Work, early aficionados of great photography were able to discover the works of the first geniuses in this field. Later the publication also introduced Americans to the works of Marin, Matisse, Picasso, and Cezanne.", "precise_score": 3.0255300998687744, "rough_score": 0.17324019968509674, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz: Camera Work: Pam Roberts, Alfred ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Camera Work XXXVI, Oct. 1911 (16 works) by Alfred Stieglitz on artnet Auctions", "precise_score": 4.769554615020752, "rough_score": 3.8962557315826416, "source": "search", "title": "Camera Work XXXVI, Oct. 1911 (16 works) by Alfred ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz photogravures from Camera Work XXXVI, Oct. 1911. Available as part of the complete issue of Camera Work number 36.", "precise_score": 2.8373918533325195, "rough_score": 1.1176718473434448, "source": "search", "title": "Camera Work XXXVI, Oct. 1911 (16 works) by Alfred ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "At the start of the 20th century Alfred Stieglitz was the single most important figure in American photography. He had been working for many years to raise the status of photography as a fine art by writing numerous articles, creating exhibitions, exhibiting his own work and, especially by trying to influence the artistic direction of the highly important Camera Club of New York. He was not successful in the latter, and as a result by the spring of 1902 he was both frustrated and exhausted. He had spent the past five years as editor of the Camera Club's journal Camera Notes, where his efforts to promote photography as a fine art form were regularly challenged by the older, more conservative members of the Club who thought photography was nothing more than a technical process. Rather than continue to battle against these challenges, he resigned as editor of Camera Notes and spent the summer at his home in Lake George, New York, thinking about what he could do next.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.212242841720581, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "\"For Camera Work as a whole we have no words of praise too high, it stands alone; and of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz American photographers may well be proud. It is difficult to estimate how much he has done for the good of photography, working for years against opposition and without sympathy, and it is to his extraordinary capacity for work, his masterful independence which compels conviction, and his self-sacrificing devotion that we owe the beautiful work before us.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.653562068939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Image:Stieglitz-Steerage291.jpg|\"The Steerage\", by Alfred Stieglitz. Camera Work No 36, 1911", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7632250785827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Image:Stieglitz-Snapshot1.jpg|\"A Snapshot: Paris\", by Alfred Stieglitz. Camera Work No 41, 1913", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.430390357971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: six by Gertrude Käsebier; one by Alfred Stieglitz, Hand of Man; one by A. Radclyffe Dugmore.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.077932357788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: by Alfred Stieglitz, Charles Caffin, Dallett Fuguet, John Barrett Kerfoot, Sidney Allan (Sadakichi Hartmann), Edward Steichen, Joseph Keiley, and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636846542358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: five by Clarence White; three by Ward Muir; one by J. C. Strauss; one by Joseph Keiley, one by Alfred Stieglitz, The Street: Design for a Poster; one by Alvin Langdon Coburn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690997123718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: six by Frederick H. Evans; one by Alfred Stieglitz, The Flatiron Building; one by Arthur F. Becher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.424294471740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: Joseph Keiley on J. Craig Annan; John Barrett Kerfoot on silhouettes and satire; Alfred Stieglitz on foreign exhibits; miscellaneous others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.782184600830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: J. Craig Annan on David Octavius Hill; Dallett Fuguet on art and originality; John Barrett Kerfoot (satire); various technical pieces; Alfred Stieglitz announces Camera Work’s plans for 1906.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.464442729949951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: ten by Alfred Stieglitz: Horses (1904), Winter, Fifth Avenue (misdated 1892, taken February 1893), Going to the Post (1904), Spring (1901), Nearing Land (1904), Katherine (1905), Miss S. R. (1904), Ploughing (1904), Gossip, Katwyck (1894), September (1899); three by E. Benedict Herzog.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.209345817565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: nine by Edward Steichen; four by Alfred Stieglitz of exhibitions at 291, Edward Steichen in March, Clarence White and Gertrude Kasebier in February, and opening exhibition November—January (two images). One Edward Steichen cover design (woman with globe).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.589773178100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: articles by Charles Caffin and Roland Rood; George Bernard Shaw on Alvin Langdon Coburn; John Barrett Kerfoot, \"The ABC of Photography, A–G\"; miscellaneous others, including report on First Pennsylvania Academy photo shows arranged by Joseph Keiley, Edward Steichen, and Alfred Stieglitz; sales of around $2,800 for prints averaging $45+ from gallery shows during 1905–6.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502678871154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: Six by George Henry Seeley ; three Alfred Stieglitz \"snapshots\", From My Widow, New York (post 1898), From My Window, Berlin (1888–90), In the New Work Central Yards (1903); one by W. Renwick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.943533897399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: Alfred Stieglitz, \"The New Color Photography\" (first report on Lumière autochromes; his first experiments with the process were in June 1907); Joseph Keiley on Gertrude Käsebier; C. A. Brasseur on color photography; miscellaneous others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.037504196166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: Edward Steichen, \"Color Photography \"; Charles Caffin and J. C. Strauss on the expulsion of Alfred Stieglitz from the New York Camera Club; list of over forty members of the Camera Workers, a new group of photographers who had resigned from the Camera Club, with headquarters at 122 East z5th Street; miscellaneous others, including reviews of Auguste Rodin drawings at 291 in January.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.279833793640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: Charles Caffin on a Clarence White and George Henry Seeley exhibition; reprints of critics on Henri Matisse exhibition; Alfred Stieglitz, \"Frilling and Autochromes\"; miscellaneous others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129066467285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: five by Annie W. Brigman; one by Emma Spencer; one by C. Yarnall Abbott; two by Frank Eugene, including a portrait of Alfred Stieglitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.511360168457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: five by Herbert C;. French; four by Clarence White and Alfred Stieglitz (collaboration).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.970261573791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Caricatures: one by Marius de Zayas, of Alfred Stieglitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930062294006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: sixteen by Alfred Stieglitz: The City of Ambition (1910), The City Across the River (1910), The Ferry Boat (1910), The Mauretania (1910), Lower Manhattan (1910), Old and New New York (1910), The Aeroplane (1910), A Dirigible (1910), The Steerage (1907), Excavating, New York (1911), The Swimming Lesson (1906), The Pool – Deal (1910), The Hand of Man", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.180051803588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Caricatures: one by Marius de Zayas, of Alfred Stieglitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930062294006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: five by Julia Margaret Cameron; four by Alfred Stieglitz, two entitled A Snapshot, Paris (1911), The Asphalt Paver, New York (1892), Portrait S. R. (1904).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.45378589630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: one by Edward Steichen; one by Alfred Stieglitz, Two Towers, New York; one by Annie W. Brigman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948930740356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: John Weichsel, \"Artists and Others\"; poems by Katharine Rhoades and Mina Loy; Marius de Zayas on caricature; Paul Burty Haviland on Marius de Zayas; poem by \"S.S.S.\" (Alfred Stieglitz’s sister Selma); shows planned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915400505065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Texts: Alfred Stieglitz, \"What is 291 ?\" Replies: Mabel Dodge, Hutchins Hapgood, Charles E. S. Rasay, Adolf Wolff, Hodge Kirnan, Annie W. Brigman, Clara Steichen, Ward Muir, Abby Hedge Coryell, Frank Pease, Stephen Hawes, Rex Stovel, Alfred Kreymborg, Francis Bruguiére, Ethel Montgomery Andrews, Frances Simpson Stevens, Djuna Barnes, Paul Burty Haviland, Charles Demuth, Konrad Cramer, Charles Daniel, Anna C. Pellew, Helen R. Gibbs, H. Mortimer Lamb, Marsden Hartley, Arthur B. Davies, Arthur C. Dove, John W. Breyfogle, William Zorach, Velida, Max Merz, Eugene Meyer,. Jr., Arthur B. Caries, Emil Zoler, J. Nilsen Laurvik, S.S.S., Christian Brinton, N. E. Montross, Hugh H. Breckenridge, Helen W. Henderson, Ernest Haskell, Frank Fleming, Lee Simonson, Arthur Hoeber, William F. Gable, A. Walkowitz, F. W. Hunter, Oscar Bluemner, C. Duncan, Katharine Rhoades, Agnes Ernst Meyer, Marion H. Beckett, Clifford Williams, Samuel Halpert, Man Ray, Marie J. Rapp, Charles Caffin, Dallett Fuguet, Belle Greene, Edward Steichen, Hippolyte Havel, Henry McBridge, Torres Palomar, John Weichsel, John Barrett Kerfoot, Francis Picabia, Marius de Zayas, John Marin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822185516357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "*Photographs: one by Frank Eugene; six by Paul Strand; one by Arthur Allen Lewis; one by Francis Bruguiére; six by Alfred Stieglitz, exhibitions at 291: Negro Art (November 1914), German and Viennese Photographers (March 1906), Detail, Picasso, Braque (January 1915), Nadelmanau, room 1 (December 1915), Nadelman, room 2 (December 1915).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.335307121276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Camera Work" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.469629287719727, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Winter, Fifth Avenue (1892) by Alfred Stieglitz, Camera Work October 1905, 12:7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6837315559387207, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "The Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession by Alfred Stieglitz, Camera Work, April 1906, 14:42.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.557713031768799, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7215126752853394, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz, photographer, editor, writer, and gallery owner, was an integral figure in the development of 20th century photography and modern art in America at the turn-of-the-century. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1864, Stieglitz became fascinated with photography at an early age. His father Edward, a prosperous wool merchant, was able to educate his children abroad. In 1882, Alfred enrolled in the Technische Hochschule in Berlin where he studied photochemistry. He was influenced by the work of the noted British photographer Peter Henry Emerson (1856-1936) who pioneered the use of the platinum paper and the photogravure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.269929885864258, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz and Camera Work | Cleveland Museum of Art" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913576126098633, "source": "search", "title": "Selections from Camera Work, 1903 - 1911" }, { "answer": "Alfred Steiglitz", "passage": "Photographer and founder of the Photo-Secession group, Alfred Steiglitz was born in Hoboken, NJ in 1864. The son of a successful German immigrant business man, he was educated in New York City and in 1881 was sent to the Berlin Polytechnic to study mechanical engineering. It was there Stieglitz became interested on photography. Working with H.W. Vogel, a famous photochemist, he developed a brilliant technique and become interested in the strong linear design and atmospheric mood characterizing new photography in Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.077782154083252, "source": "search", "title": "Selections from Camera Work, 1903 - 1911" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "In 1902, Alfred Stieglitz organized an exhibition consisting solely of pictorial works. His aim was to elevate the status of pictorial prints, which he considered distinct from the variety of photography seen in salons or camera clubs popular at the time, for the purpose of promoting photography as a fine art. Stieglitz spontaneously called the exhibition \"American Photography arranged by the Photo-Secession.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.346834421157837, "source": "search", "title": "Selections from Camera Work, 1903 - 1911" }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz: Camera Work: Pam Roberts, Alfred Stieglitz: 9783822880722: Amazon.com: Books", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.921571731567383, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz: Camera Work: Pam Roberts, Alfred ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913576126098633, "source": "search", "title": "Alfred Stieglitz: Camera Work: Pam Roberts, Alfred ..." }, { "answer": "Alfred Stieglitz", "passage": "Alfred Stieglitz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913576126098633, "source": "search", "title": "Camera Work XXXVI, Oct. 1911 (16 works) by Alfred ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "500 miles", "passage": "Having decided to dispense with multi-race programs and concentrate on one major race for 1911, Speedway leader Carl Fisher and his partners envisioned an event that would appeal to the public by lasting approximately seven hours between mid-morning and late afternoon. A distance of 500 miles was settled upon, and Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 in six hours, 42 minutes and eight seconds.", "precise_score": 2.10867977142334, "rough_score": 2.9109771251678467, "source": "search", "title": "Indianapolis Motor Speedway" }, { "answer": "500 miles", "passage": "In 1931, Dave Evans performed a remarkable feat when his Cummins Diesel Special completed the entire 500 miles without a pit stop. It was also the first diesel entrant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39978313446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Indianapolis Motor Speedway" }, { "answer": "500 miles", "passage": "Why was the distance of 500 miles selected?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483499526977539, "source": "search", "title": "Indianapolis Motor Speedway" } ]

[ { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "Donna Summer rocketed to international super-stardom in the mid-1970s when her groundbreaking merger of R&B, soul, pop, funk, rock, disco and avant-garde electronica catapulted underground dance music out of the clubs of Europe to the pinnacles of sales and radio charts around the world. Maintaining an unbroken string of hits throughout the 70s and 80s, most of which she wrote, Donna holds the record for most consecutive double albums to hit #1 on the Billboard charts (3) and first female to have four #1 singles in a 12 month period; 3 as a solo artist and one as a duo with Barbra Streisand. A five-time Grammy winner, Donna Summer was the first artist to win the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female (1979, \"Hot Stuff\") as well as the first-ever recipient of the Grammy for Best Dance Recording (1997, \"Carry On\"). In 2004, she became one of the first inductees, as both an Artist Inductee and a Record Inductee (for 1977's \"I Feel Love\") into the Dance Music Hall of Fame in New York City. Born Donna Gaines on New Year's Eve to a large family in Boston, she developed an early interest in music. From the age of eight, Summer sang in church choirs and city-wide choruses, and by her early twenties, was performing in musical theatre in Germany, winning parts in such highly-acclaimed shows as \"Hair,\" \"Showboat,\" \"Godspell,\" and \"Porgy and Bess\" as well as performing with the Viennese Folk Opera. She released her first single, a cover of the Jaynett's girl group classic, \"Sally Go Round The Roses,\" in 1971. While singing backup, she met producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte who produced her first single, \"Hostage,\" which became a hit in the Netherlands, France and Belgium. In 1975, Moroder and Bellotte produced the international hit, \"Love to Love You Baby,\" which rose to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and triggered Summer's triumphant return to the United States as a key figure of the then-emerging disco genre. \"Love To Love You Baby\" paved the way for such international hits as \"MacArthur Park,\" \"Bad Girls,\" \"Hot Stuff,\" \"Dim All The Lights,\" \"On The Radio,\" and \"Enough Is Enough,\" as well as the Grammy and Academy award winning theme song \"Last Dance,\" from the film \"Thank God It's Friday,\" which remains a milestone in Donna's career. In 1980, Summer became the first artist to sign with David Geffen's new label, Geffen Records, leaving her disco days behind and moving into the next phase of her career .\" In the years that followed, Summer collaborated with writers and producers such as Quincy Jones, Michael Omartian and England's dance-pop production compound Stock Aitken Waterman and produced a steady stream of hits from \"State of Independence,\" featuring Michael Jackson on backing vocals, to the abiding feminist anthem \"She Works Hard For The Money,\" one of the most-played songs of all-time, and the infectious \"This Time I Know It's For Real.\" In 1994, she released \"Endless Summer,\" a greatest hits retrospective containing a new song, \"Melody of Love,\" which became Billboard's #1 Dance Record of the Year. She also released the critically acclaimed gem \"Christmas Spirit,\" a collection of Summer's original songs and holiday standards recorded with the Nashville Symphony Orchestra. Summer spent the '90s continuing to tour, performing to sold-out audiences worldwide. In 1997, when the new \"Best Dance Recording\" Category was created at the Grammy Awards, Donna Summer was the first winner with her fifth career Grammy award for \"Carry On.\" In 1999, Sony/Epic Records released \"VH1 Presents Donna Summer: Live & More - Encore!,\" an album and DVD of Summer's critically acclaimed VH1 broadcast taped at New York's Hammerstein Ballroom. The show premiered on VH1 as one of the network's highest rated shows to date and featured live performances of Summer's top hits. In addition to her five Grammy Awards, Summer has won six American Music Awards, three consecutive #1 platinum double albums (she's the only solo artist, male or female, ever to accomplish this), 11 gold albums, four #1 singles on Billboard's Hot 100 Chart, 3 platinum singles, and 12 gold singles. Summer is also the first female artist to have a #1 single and #1 album on the Billboard charts simultaneously (\"Live & More;\" \"MacArthur Park\" 1978) a feat she also repeated six months later (\"Bad Girls\" & \"Hot Stuff\" in 1979). She has charted 33 Top Ten hits on the combined Billboard Disco/Dance/Dance Club/Play charts over a period of 37 years with 18 reaching the #1 spot solidifying her as the undisputed Queen of Dance. In addition to her recording and performing career, Summer is an accomplished visual artist whose work has been shown at exhibitions worldwide including Steven Spielberg's \"Starbright Foundation Tour of Japan\" and The Whitney Museum as well as a prestigious engagement at Sotheby's in New York. Since 1989, she has sold over 1.7 million dollars in original art - with her highest piece going for $150,000. In 2003, Random House published her autobiography \"Ordinary Girl,\" co-authored with Marc Eliot. Also that year, Universal released \"The Journey,\" containing all of her original hits, as well as two new songs. In 2008, celebrating four decades of milestones, Summer adds another accomplishment to her list with the success of her new album \"Crayons.\" The album debuted at #17 on the Billboard Top 200 Chart making it Summer's highest debuting album ever. It also debuted at #5 on the Billboard R&B chart - another personal best. \"Crayons\" is Summer's first album of all new studio material in 17 years and is her highest charting album since \"She Works Hard For The Money\" in 1983. To date, the album has spawned three #1 Dance hits \"I'm A Fire,\" \"Stamp Your Feet\" and \"Fame (The Game).\" It is estimated that Summer has sold more than 130 million records worldwide. Ranked #24 on Billboard Magazines 50th Anniversary issue's \"Hot 100 Artists of All Time,\" Donna Summer was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame on April 18, 2013 in Los Angeles. By: Brian Edwards (II)", "precise_score": -1.5812323093414307, "rough_score": -5.852064609527588, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "A five-time Grammy winner, Donna Summer was the first artist to win the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female (1979, \"Hot Stuff\") as well as the first-ever recipient of the Grammy for Best Dance Recording (1997, \"Carry On\"). In 2004, she became one of the first inductees, as both an Artist Inductee and a Record Inductee (for 1977's \"I Feel Love\") into the Dance Music Hall of Fame in New York City.", "precise_score": -3.1615841388702393, "rough_score": -5.277644634246826, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402437210083008, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "Donna Summer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318495750427246, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "Donna Summer rocketed to international super-stardom in the mid-1970s when her groundbreaking merger of R&B, soul, pop, funk, rock, disco and avant-garde electronica catapulted underground dance music out of the clubs of Europe to the pinnacles of sales and radio charts around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846047401428223, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "In 1997, when the new \"Best Dance Recording\" Category was created at the Grammy Awards, Donna Summer was the first winner with her fifth career Grammy award for \"Carry On.\" In 1999, Sony/Epic Records released \"VH1 Presents Donna Summer: Live & More - Encore!,\" an album and DVD of Summer's critically acclaimed VH1 broadcast taped at New York's Hammerstein Ballroom. The show premiered on VH1 as one of the network's highest rated shows to date and featured live performances of Summer's top hits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.399438858032227, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Donna Summer", "passage": "Ranked #24 on Billboard Magazines 50th Anniversary issue's \"Hot 100 Artists of All Time,\" Donna Summer was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame on April 18, 2013 in Los Angeles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135490417480469, "source": "search", "title": "Donna Summer - Biography - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Living on a yacht in a Miami marina helped Crockett to keep his lives as an undercover detective and drug dealing middleman Sonny Burnett separate. The lack of a fixed address also helped him to stay \"off the radar\" and made him harder to find, even when the St. Vitus was docked at its usual berth, and Crockett's watch-gator Elvis helped ensure anyone who did find his home was given a hostile welcome. The yacht provided Crockett with an unorthodox residence for entertaining his (usually female) guests, as seen frequently in the series; both Gina and Theresa Lyons regularly stayed on the yacht, and associates from his undercover work, such as Jake Pierson , would often visit him there to discuss business.", "precise_score": 4.4544267654418945, "rough_score": 5.523530960083008, "source": "search", "title": "St. Vitus Dance - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Occasionally, Crockett's yacht played a more active role in his assignments, such as when he used it to \"vanish\" witnesses Al Lombard in \" Lombard \" or Keith Mollis in \" Line of Fire \", taking them out to sea on the St. Vitus where it would be more difficult for potential hitmen to find and get close to them. In the latter operation, the sailboat was badly shot up by gunmen from the Cantero organisation when they discovered its location due to a departmental leak, firing on the yacht from a helicopter. The vessel was apparently repaired soon after, as Crockett continued to use it as his residence for the remainder of the series, finally saying goodbye when he quit the Metro-Dade police force at the end of \" Freefall \".", "precise_score": 2.0987489223480225, "rough_score": 4.312496185302734, "source": "search", "title": "St. Vitus Dance - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The St. Vitus was portrayed by three different yachts during the course of the show's five seasons. In the pilot episode , Crockett lived on a Cabo Rico 38 sailboat, which changed to an Endeavour 40 once the show was picked up as a series. At the start of season 2 , the boat changed to a larger Endeavour 42, although some footage of the Endeavour 40 was still used in some episodes (likely stock footage filmed during season 1 ). By season 3 , the Endeavour 42 was the only boat seen, and would remain so for the rest of the series. It was never stated on the show if these boats were supposed to be the same yacht, or whether they were supposed to be three different vessels each christened the St. Vitus Dance -- however, the use of both the 40 and the 42 during season 2 implies the former.", "precise_score": 4.882040977478027, "rough_score": 6.385024547576904, "source": "search", "title": "St. Vitus Dance - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Best known for his starring role as Det. Sonny Crockett on the hugely successful TV series Miami Vice (1984), Don Johnson is one of the stars who really defined the 1980s. As James \"Sonny\" Crockett he went toe-to-toe with drug dealers, pimps, prostitutes, assassins, illegal arms-dealers and crooked cops on a weekly basis from 1984 to 1989, appearing in a grand total of 110 episodes. The show, which was executive-produced by four time Oscar-nominated director, producer and writer Michael Mann , paired Johnson with the equally cool Philip Michael Thomas as Det. Ricardo Tubbs and the calm and stoic presence of Edward James Olmos as Lt. Martin Castillo. It revolutionized television with its modern fashion, pop music, unique style and use of real locations. Johnson typically wore $1000 Armani, Versace and Hugo Boss suits over pastel cotton T-shirts, drove a Ferrari 365 GTS/4 Daytona (later a Ferrari Testarossa) and lived on an Endeavour 42-foot sailboat named \"St. Vitus' Dance\" with his pet alligator Elvis. He also had full use of an offshore powerboat. Still, \"Miami Vice\" had not only style but substance, and his portrayal of the Vietnam veteran turned vice detective turned Sonny Crockett into the world's favorite cop. For his work on \"Miami Vice\" Johnson won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series in 1986, and was nominated in the same category a year later. He also picked up an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1985.", "precise_score": -9.411636352539062, "rough_score": -2.6743316650390625, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Johnson got his big break when he was cast as James \"Sonny\" Crockett, the leadrole in Miami Vice. Johnson's character was an undercover Vice detective. To maintain his cover as a high dollar drug middleman, he wore Versace and Hugo Boss suits over pastel cotton shirts and shoes with no socks, while maintaining what was known as \"designer stubble\". He drove luxurious, exotic sports cars, including a Ferrari 365 GTS/4 Daytona and a Ferrari Testarossa , and he lived on a sailing yacht in a Miami harbour called the St. Vitus Dance with his pet alligator Elvis .", "precise_score": 4.7841901779174805, "rough_score": 5.021609783172607, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Sonny Crockett was a rough Miami vice detective who lived on a sailboat called St. Vitus' Dance which was guarded by his pet alligator, Elvis. Ricardo Tubbs was an ex-New York street cop who had come to Florida to find the drug dealer who murdered his brother. They were an unlikely - but very effective - team, working undercover on the upscale Gold Coast and the seedy alleyways that made Miami a city of contrasts.", "precise_score": 9.266397476196289, "rough_score": 9.725025177001953, "source": "search", "title": "Miami Vice - networkcableguide.com" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) lived on a 42′ Endeavor sailboat called the St. Vitus Dance. Except that the people in the neighboring slips thought he was Sonny Burnett, his undercover personna!", "precise_score": 8.584753036499023, "rough_score": 9.49559497833252, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Miami Vice has been described as \"the first cop show for the MTV generation.\" Brilliantly capturing the mood, the style, the rhythm, the pulsations, the bright electric colors, and the garish glitz of the early '80s, the weekly, 60-minute series was just a much an elongated music video (with a Jan Hammer score) as it was a crime drama -- and it set the standard for the scores of copycat series that followed in its wake. Set in (where else?) Miami, the series starred Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as hard-nosed Miami-Dade PD vice detectives Sonny Crockett and Ricardo Tubbs. Crockett was a Ferrari-driving fashion trendsetter (how many millions of the series' young male fans emulated Sonny's no-socks, no-shave \"look\"?), who lived on a sailboat called St. Vitus' Dance with his pet gator, Elvis. Tubbs hailed from New York, and had come to Florida to track down the drug dealer responsible for his brother's murder. Like most such salt-and-pepper TV detective teams, Crockett and Tubbs did not always see eye to eye on details and procedure, but when they worked together as undercover cops in the sleazy underbelly of the Florida resort community, they almost invariably got results. And the criminal element -- which on this series consisting primarily of drug lords, white slavers, and illicit arms traders -- was well advised to stay out of their way. Though Sonny and Ricardo were pretty much the whole show, a few supporting characters were also worth noting, especially Edward James Olmos as the boys' mercurial superior officer Lt. Martin Castillo, Olivia Brown and Saundra Santiago as feisty female cops Trudy Joplin and Gina Navarro, and John Diehl as Larry Zito, Crockett and Tubbs' obligatory \"orthodox\" co-worker Calabrese. Making occasional appearances were Belinda Montgomery as Sonny's ex-wife, Caroline, and Sheena Easton as wife number two (albeit briefly), Caitlin Davies. Except for a short 1988 story arc in which an amnesiac Sonny assumed his \"undercover\" identity as drug dealer Sonny Burnett, things moved at a steady and reliable clip throughout the series' four-season run. Maybe it is true that series producer Michael Mann favored style over substance -- but what style! Miami Vice was seen on NBC from September 16, 1984, to July 26, 1989.", "precise_score": -1.919506311416626, "rough_score": -4.416040897369385, "source": "search", "title": "Miami Vice [TV Series] (1984) - | Synopsis ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Miami Vice has been described as “the first cop show for the MTV generation.” Brilliantly capturing the mood, the style, the rhythm, the pulsations, the bright electric colors, and the garish glitz of the early ’80s, the weekly, 60-minute series was just a much an elongated music video as it was a crime drama — and it set the standard for the scores of copycat series that followed in its wake. Set in (where else?) Miami, the series starred Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as hard-nosed Miami-Dade PD vice detectives Sonny Crockett and Ricardo Tubbs. Crockett was a Ferrari-driving fashion trendsetter (how many millions of the series’ young male fans emulated Sonny’s no-socks, no-shave “look”?), who lived on a sailboat called St. Vitus’ Dance with his pet gator, Elvis. Tubbs hailed from New York, and had come to Florida to track down the drug dealer responsible for his brother’s murder. Like most such salt-and-pepper TV detective teams, Crockett and Tubbs did not always see eye to eye on details and procedure, but when they worked together as undercover cops in the sleazy underbelly of the Florida resort community, they almost invariably got results. And the criminal element — which on this series consisting primarily of drug lords, white slavers, and illicit arms traders — was well advised to stay out of their way. Though Sonny and Ricardo were pretty much the whole show, a few supporting characters were also worth noting, especially Edward James Olmos as the boys’ mercurial superior officer Lt. Martin Castillo, Olivia Brown and Saundra Santiago as feisty female cops Trudy Joplin and Gina Navarro, and John Diehl as Larry Zito, Crockett and Tubbs’ obligatory “orthodox” co-worker Calabrese. Making occasional appearances were Belinda Montgomery as Sonny’s ex-wife, Caroline, and Sheena Easton as wife number two (albeit briefly), Caitlin Davies. Except for a short 1988 story arc in which an amnesiac Sonny assumed his “undercover” identity as drug dealer Sonny Burnett, things moved at a steady and reliable clip throughout the series’ four-season run. Maybe it is true that series producer Michael Mann favored style over substance — but what style! Miami Vice was seen on NBC from September 16, 1984, to July 26, 1989.", "precise_score": -0.31677162647247314, "rough_score": -6.845513343811035, "source": "search", "title": "About | Miami Vice" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Heart of Darkness Sep 16 1984 Sonny Crockett is an undercover Miami vice detective. As part of his cover as Sonny Burnett, he lives on a sailboat called St. Vitus' Dance, guarded by his pet alligator, Elvis and drives a black", "precise_score": 8.633209228515625, "rough_score": 8.503525733947754, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Pilot (Brother's Keeper Part 2) Sep 16 1984 Sonny Crockett is an undercover Miami vice detective. As part of his cover as Sonny Burnett, he lives on a sailboat called St. Vitus' Dance, guarded by his pet alligator, Elvis and drives a black", "precise_score": 8.555254936218262, "rough_score": 8.26168441772461, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Brother's Keeper Sep 16 1984 Sonny Crockett is an undercover Miami vice detective. As part of his cover as Sonny Burnett, he lives on a sailboat called St. Vitus' Dance, guarded by his pet alligator, Elvis and drives a black", "precise_score": 8.556923866271973, "rough_score": 8.423972129821777, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Auditioned for the role of Sonny Crockett on Miami Vice (1984) while he was in Miami working on a low-budget film about Vietnam called Cease Fire (1985).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01643180847168, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "During pre-production of Miami Vice (1984), he wanted Sonny Crockett to be \"more of a cowboy\", and suggested \"a lot of denim, V-neck sweaters and cowboy boots\". He was really unsure about how the heavy use of pastel and bright colors would fit the macho, no-nonsense persona of his character, but producer Michael Mann and costume designer Jodie Lynn Tillen managed to convince him. They saw Crockett more in the lines of a beach bum. Johnson relented and as a result became one of the biggest fashion symbols of the 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202439308166504, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Legendary fashion designer Gianni Versace cited Don Johnson and his alter-ego Sonny Crockett as inspirations. Versace once said: \"The first person I dressed in Miami was Don Johnson.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352237701416016, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Beat out Nick Nolte , Jeff Bridges , Richard Dean Anderson , Mark Harmon , Larry Wilcox and Gary Cole for the role of Sonny Crockett on Miami Vice (1984).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019793510437012, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Best known by the public for his starring roles as Detective Sonny Crockett on Miami Vice (1984), and the title character on Nash Bridges (1996).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.543670654296875, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Donnie Wayne \"Don\" Johnson (born December 15, 1949), is an American actor with a long career in films and television. He made his acting debut in 1970, but it wasn't until 1984 he landed his defining role as Detective James \"Sonny\" Crockett in Miami Vice , for which he received a Golden Globe award and an Emmy nomination. He would later return to the police genre in 1996 for the lead role in Nash Bridges (for which he was also executive producer along with Carlton Cuse, creator of Lost). He has also had a recording, songwriting, and directing career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15555477142334, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Johnson as Sonny Crockett", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379473686218262, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "While working on Vice, Johnson had a career in powerboat racing and won the APBA World Cup in the superboat class in 1988. Johnson also took an active role in the production of Miami Vice—he directed four episodes of the show (one in each season from the second through to the fifth), and his friendship with Tim Truman was allegedly instrumental in the composer's recruitment to the show as Jan Hammer 's replacement for season five. In that final season, Johnson's role as Crockett was reduced to just minor appearances in several of the episodes as he worked on his music career and sought other opportunities due to the series' impending cancellation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59306812286377, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Sonny Crockett in Nike's 2010 commercial", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426451683044434, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Johnson's more recent roles have been notably tongue-in-cheek. In 2010, he appeared in a Nike commercial with basketball star LeBron James, sporting James \"Sonny\" Crockett 's trademark white blazer, pastel pink T-shirt and \"designer stubble\"; although he went unnamed in the advert, the prominent use of \" Crockett's Theme \" for background music left no doubt as to who the character was supposed to be. Later in the year, Johnson returned to cinema with a role as a US border vigilante in Robert Rodriguez's Machete—despite still enjoying lasting fame for his role as Crockett more than 25 years before, the film's opening credits humorously stated that it was \"introducing Don Johnson\", as if for the first time. Johnson's most recent movie roles were in 2012's Django Unchained and 2014's The Other Woman and Alex of Venice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.737367630004883, "source": "search", "title": "Don Johnson - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Detective James \"Sonny\" Crockett..... Don Johnson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082029342651367, "source": "search", "title": "Miami Vice - networkcableguide.com" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Caroline Crockett..... Belinda Montgomery", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078694343566895, "source": "search", "title": "Miami Vice - networkcableguide.com" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "They were often seen speeding around town in Sonny's black Ferrari Spider which was later upgraded to a state-of-the-art Ferrari Testarossa. Lt. Castillo was their uptight superior. Gina and Trudy were a pair of female undercover officers. Stan and Larry was Crockett and Tubbs' more traditional backups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903690338134766, "source": "search", "title": "Miami Vice - networkcableguide.com" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Don Johnson as Det. James “Sonny” Crockett", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37549114227295, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Belinda Montgomery as Caroline Crockett", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379812240600586, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Much of what we take for granted in televison today is a consequence of the ground breaking Miami Vice. Originally, Brandon Tartikoff of NBC had an idea for “MTV cops” which he presented to Anthony Yerkovich who had been a writer and producer on Hill Street Blues. Yerkovich turned out the pilot and a few scripts and it was he who conceived of Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) and Ricardo Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81727123260498, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "In the first two seasons, Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) drove a Ferrari Daytona Spyder 365 GTS/4. Midnight black. Sleek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224143028259277, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Don Johnson as Sonny Crockett reacts to his beloved Ferrari Spyder being blown all to hell by gun runners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110908508300781, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "In the pilot episode, Don Johnson carried a Browning BDA in .45 Auto. But once the series was picked up, they needed a stylish and new weapon for Sonny Crockett. In seasons 1 & 2, he carried a Bren Ten in 10MM Auto. However the manufacturer, Dornaus & Dixon went bust. So the ever up-to-date Sonny switches to a Smith & Wesson 645 chambered in .45 Auto for seasons 3 and 4. But wait, by the fifth season Smith and Wesson has a new gun and the ever fashionable Crockett upgrades to the new Smith & Wesson 4506, also in .45 Auto. The piece he carried in an ankle holster was a .45 Detonics Combatmaster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576848030090332, "source": "search", "title": "Classic TV Shows - Miami Vice| Fiftiesweb" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The cops. The cars. The clothes. From executive producer Michael Mann (Heat, Collateral) comes the first season of the explosive, groundbreaking detective show that redefined the word “cool.” Set against the seamy and steamy Miami underworld, Miami Vice allows you to ride shotgun with suave Vice cops Sonny Crockett (Golden Globe winner Don Johnson) and Rico Tubbs (Phillip Michael Thomas) as they battle a never-ending gallery of criminals, drug dealers, and lowlifes. Jan Hammer’s electrifying score features a soundtrack of rock legends, including Glenn Frey, Phil Collins, U2, and Peter Gabriel, and every episode crackles with excitement and stylish flair. Also stars Emmy® and Golden Globe® winner Edward James Olmos (Battlestar Galactica) and a powerhouse roster of guest stars, including Ving Rhames, Jimmy Smits, and Bruce Willis. Time magazine called Miami Vice “TV’s hottest and hippest cop show.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.632319450378418, "source": "search", "title": "About | Miami Vice" }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Cool Runnin' Sep 28 1984 Crockett and Tubbs are skeptical of rumors that an undercover FBI agent has betrayed an operation. Switek and Zito setup a burglary sting operation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67294979095459, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Give a Little, Take a Little Nov 30 1984 Crockett and Tubbs wade through the Everglades after a witness who bolted from custody and must testify in 48 hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.985136032104492, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Smuggler's Blues Jan 18 1985 Castillo asks Crockett & Tubbs to help him find an old adversary, a drug smuggler who has kidnapped his former wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311785697937012, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The Great McCarthy Nov 16 1984 Federal agents join Crockett and Tubbs to stop an arms dealer from selling stolen Stingers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227526664733887, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Rites of Passage Feb 01 1985 Crockett & Tubbs are recruited by DEA to pose as drug smugglers in an effort to expose someone in law enforcement who is murdering drug dealers and their families.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236148834228516, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The Maze Feb 08 1985 Tubbs is reunited with an old flame, an NYPD detective, looking for her missing sister. While he and Crockett are searching for a call girl's killer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58387565612793, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Nobody Lives Forever Mar 15 1985 Crockett resents Castillo's attack on his mentor during an investigation of a string of brutal burglaries in wealthy neighborhoods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950207710266113, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Lombard May 10 1985 After crime boss Al Lombard is subpeonaed to testify against the Family, Crockett & Tubbs are assigned to provide his protective custody.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104732513427734, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "One-Eyed Jack Nov 02 1984 Tubbs works to save Crockett and his family from falling victim to an Argentinean assassin hired by Calderon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19451904296875, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Little Prince Dec 07 1984 In court, Crockett refuses to identify an informant and spends more time in jail than the drug dealer he is trying to bust. Gina and Trudy infiltrate a prostitution ring. Gina is placed in a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910003662109375, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Glades Nov 16 1984 Crockett's renovated cigarette boat is used in an operation to stop a man who smuggles drugs using his speedboat racing hobby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.117721557617188, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Golden Triangle: Part II Jan 11 1985 Castillo asks Crockett & Tubbs to help him find an old adversary, a drug smuggler who has kidnapped his former wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301190376281738, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The Hit List (1) Oct 19 1984 Tubbs works to save Crockett and his family from falling victim to an Argentinean assassin hired by Calderon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08138370513916, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "No Exit Nov 09 1984 Federal agents join Crockett and Tubbs to stop an arms dealer from selling stolen Stingers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365289688110352, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Yankee Dollar Jan 17 1986 Crockett falls for the wife of a murderous drug dealer and the Feds want the vice cops to give up a protected witness to help bust a major distributor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276433944702148, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Whatever Works Oct 04 1985 Crockett & Tubbs go to Manhattan to find a group of Colombian drug dealers who are killing federal agents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37961483001709, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Out Where the Buses Don't Run Oct 18 1985 Crockett, Tubbs & Castillo contact a Santerian priestess to help find the link between ritualistic killings of officers and a group of drug traffickers. Crockett and Izzy try to get the Ferrari", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346559524536133, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The Dutch Oven Oct 25 1985 Crockett and Tubbs question the sanity of a retired vice cop who wants them to chase after a coke dealer thought to be dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394000053405762, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Junk Love Nov 08 1985 Crockett is forced to realize that an old Army buddy may be involved with a contract on a young mother's life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376089096069336, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Tale of the Goat Nov 15 1985 Crockett and Tubbs' connection to a major smuggler is a young woman who acts like his girl though she claims to hate him, and whose drug habit may blow the bust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23923110961914, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Phil the shill Dec 13 1985 A journalist that Crockett knew in Vietnam is ready to break a story about \"\"The Sergeant\"\"--a shadowy legend thought to have shipped heroin stateside in body bags.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221086502075195, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "One Way Ticket Jan 24 1986 Crockett and Tubbs engage a drug dealer in a game of wits and double-crosses to snare bigger game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400297164916992, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Little Miss Dangerous Jan 31 1986 Efforts to convict a drug dealer who murdered a deputy DA are hampered by a lack of evidence and by a defense attorney disliked by Crockett.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225482940673828, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "The Fix Mar 07 1986 An interpol agent arouses Crockett's interest --- and Tubbs' suspicion as they search for an international drug dealing assassin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.094256401062012, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Payback Mar 14 1986 A judge with heavy gambling debts tries to persuade his college all-star son to throw a game. Crockett suspects the judge let a drug dealer go free because of his money troubles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379633903503418, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Free Verse Apr 04 1986 A reclusive drug supplier thinks Crockett has the $3 million stolen by the dealer's former employee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454408645629883, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." }, { "answer": "Crockett", "passage": "Trust Fund Pirates May 02 1986 Crockett and Tubbs have trouble keeping a rein on their charge, a recently freed Central American political prisoner who likes to party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312521934509277, "source": "search", "title": "All Miami Vice Episodes | List of Miami Vice Episodes (137 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States. ", "precise_score": 8.748908996582031, "rough_score": 8.355814933776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Grand Coulee is an ancient river bed on the Columbia Plateau created during the Pliocene Epoch (Calabrian) by retreating glaciers and floods. Originally, geologists believed the Grand Coulee was formed by a glacier diverting the Columbia River but it was revealed in the mid-late 20th century that massive floods from Lake Missoula carved most of the gorge. The earliest known proposal to irrigate the Grand Coulee with the Columbia River dates to 1892, when the Coulee City News and The Spokesman Review reported on a scheme by a man named Laughlin McLean to construct a 1000 ft dam across the Columbia River, high enough that water would back up into the Grand Coulee. A dam that size would have its reservoir encroach into Canada, which would violate treaties. Shortly after the Bureau of Reclamation was founded, it investigated a scheme for pumping water from the Columbia River to irrigate parts of central Washington. An attempt to raise funds for irrigation failed in 1914, as a bond measure was rejected by Washington voters. ", "precise_score": 8.178253173828125, "rough_score": 8.441160202026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "With the onset of World War II, power generation was given priority over irrigation. In 1943, Congress authorized the Columbia Basin Project and the Bureau of Reclamation began construction of irrigation facilities in 1948. Directly to the west and above the Grand Coulee Dam, the North Dam was constructed. This dam, along with the Dry Falls Dam to the south, enclosed and created Banks Lake, which covered the northern 27 mi of the Grand Coulee. Additional dams, such as the Pinto and O'Sullivan Dams, were constructed alongside siphons and canals, creating a vast irrigation supply network called the Columbia Basin Project. Irrigation began between 1951 and 1953 as six of the 12 pumps were installed and Banks Lake was filled. ", "precise_score": 3.4467215538024902, "rough_score": 5.655454158782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Hydropower accounts for 79.7 percent of Grand Coulee’s authorized purposes, the others being irrigation and flood control . While hydropower is the primary purpose of the dam today, the public desire for irrigation was the driving force behind its construction. One of the first, if not the first, published reports of a proposal to irrigate the Columbia Plateau with water from the Columbia River was in 1892, when the Coulee City News and The Spokesman-Review reported on a scheme by a man named Laughlin McLean to build a 1,000-foot-tall dam to divert the entire flow of the Columbia back into the Grand Coulee; he also earlier proposed a 95-mile canal across the Columbia Plateau from a diversion point somewhere farther upriver. These appear to be the first publicly discussed proposals for the dam that would be Grand Coulee, but they were just the ideas of a dreamer at the time.", "precise_score": 5.682520866394043, "rough_score": 5.6755475997924805, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Washington governor Clarence Martin and Jim James, chief of the San Poil Indians from the nearby Colville Reservation, join a gathering of 3,000 citizens along the Columbia River to drive in the ceremonial first stake, marking the beginning of the construction of Grand Coulee Dam.", "precise_score": 7.10463285446167, "rough_score": 6.162362098693848, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The west side cofferdam at the Grand Coulee Dam construction site is completed. Soon after, the water level in Columbia River rises 32 feet.", "precise_score": 6.13147497177124, "rough_score": 7.62712287902832, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Approximately four years after construction started on the Grand Coulee Dam, concrete trestles span the Columbia River.", "precise_score": 7.1717143058776855, "rough_score": 8.19412899017334, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The \"Grand Coulee Dam Project\" is officially renamed the \"Columbia Basin Project\" and signed and authorized by President Roosevelt. With the dam fully constructed and functioning, the project shifts focus from dam-building to irrigation.", "precise_score": 3.7314536571502686, "rough_score": 5.826534271240234, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River was the crown jewel of President Roosevelt’s public works projects in the Pacific Northwest. Though it was built more than seventy years ago, it is still a massive and productive asset that will have an impact on many generations to come. It took forty years for the proposal of the dam to get the funding required to begin construction, as the hope of irrigation to more than five hundred thousand acres and massive hydroelectric power production were not enough for the dam to gain the full support of the federal government. Ultimately, the Great Depression and President Roosevelt’s subsequent New Deal program gave concrete backing to the Grand Coulee Dam, as dam construction promised long-term employment for thousands and a continuing economic asset to the region. This paper will give a background on the dam, the politics involved with its proposal and construction, its impact on employment and the economy, and a comparison between public works projects during the Great Depression and public works projects proposed today.", "precise_score": 8.199991226196289, "rough_score": 7.403542518615723, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam, hailed as the \"Eighth Wonder of the World\" when it was completed in 1941, is as confounding to the human eye as an elephant might be to an ant. It girdles the Columbia River with 12 million cubic yards of concrete, stacked one mile wide and as tall as a 46-story building, backing up a 150-mile long reservoir, spinning out more kilowatts than any other dam in the United States. As gargantuan as it is, Grand Coulee is only part of the massive Columbia Basin Project, which includes four other dams, three storage lakes, and 2,300 miles of irrigation canals, snaking through half a million acres of desert. No other public works project has had a greater impact on the development of the Pacific Northwest. However, the social and environmental costs have been so severe, according to a study released in 2000, that Grand Coulee probably could not be built today.", "precise_score": 7.091498374938965, "rough_score": 7.107251167297363, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee was not the first dam on the river but it left the biggest footprint. Designed as an irrigation project in the 1920s and financed as a jobs program in the 1930s, it became the nation’s primary powerhouse in response to demands for electricity during World War II. Electricity from Grand Coulee flowed to aluminum plants, aircraft factories, shipyards, and other defense-related industries in the Northwest. A big chunk went to an isolated area in southeastern Washington where, it would later be revealed, the government was producing plutonium for the atomic bomb. After the war, Grand Coulee and other dams on the lower Columbia provided the power for the Northwest’s continued industrial and urban growth.", "precise_score": 6.046746253967285, "rough_score": 7.609474182128906, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The possibility of a dam at Grand Coulee surfaced as early as 1892. The coulee was a deep, narrow canyon that served as a channel for the Columbia River during the last Ice Age, when glaciers diverted the river from its original bed. The canyon’s granite walls offered a nearly watertight container for a deep reservoir. \"Few locations are as perfectly suited to host a hydroelectric project and irrigation source as the Columbia River at the Grand Coulee,\" one historian noted. \"To build it required only three things: promoters with vision, the right technology, and a great deal of money\" (Pitzer, 6).", "precise_score": 6.959713459014893, "rough_score": 7.274150848388672, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River west of Spokane, Washington, is one of the largest structures ever built by mankind--a mass of concrete standing 550 feet high and 5,223 feet long--or just shy of a mile.", "precise_score": 8.258216857910156, "rough_score": 8.35356330871582, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River west of Spokane, Washington, is one of the largest structures ever built by mankind--a mass of concrete standing 550 feet high and 5,223 feet long, or just shy of a mile. Grand Coulee contains 12 million cubic yards of concrete, or enough to build a highway from Seattle to Miami. More massive than the Great Pyramid of Giza, Grand Coulee is listed by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven civil engineering wonders of the United States. Grand Coulee's reservoir, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, stretches 150 miles north, almost to the Canadian border.", "precise_score": 8.20612907409668, "rough_score": 8.089366912841797, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Appropriate as the word grand is for the dam, the name Grand Coulee actually refers to a unique geological feature created thousands of years ago when Ice Age glaciers blocked the ancient riverbed of the Columbia River. When water eventually traveled under the ice dam, great floods scoured out hundreds of miles of deep gulches, or coulees, in the Columbia River Basin. One of these, the Grand Coulee, is four miles wide and bordered on three sides by steep cliffs.", "precise_score": 6.611134052276611, "rough_score": 7.217504978179932, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "A local proposal to dam the Columbia at the head of the Grand Coulee dated to 1918, but the idea faced strong competition from another proposal that called for an irrigation canal to be built from the Pend Oreille River in northern Idaho. Proponents of this latter “gravity plan” argued that the hydroelectricity generated from the dam was not needed. Many studies followed, including one by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which took Grand Coulee’s side, recommending a high dam at the site and the pumping of irrigation water up to the surrounding countryside.", "precise_score": 7.295021057128906, "rough_score": 7.442612648010254, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam is on the main stem of the Columbia River about 90 miles west of Spokane, WA. From Spokane, follow U.S. 2 west to Wilbur. Turn north onto WA 21 and then west on WA 174, which proceeds to the town of Grand Coulee. Turn right onto Midway Ave./WA 155 and proceed 1.6 miles to the dam.", "precise_score": 5.8457770347595215, "rough_score": 6.043388366699219, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam (kōˈlē) [ key ], 550 ft (168 m) high and 4,173 ft (1,272 m) long, on the Columbia River, N central Wash., NW of Spokane; built 1933–42 as a key unit in the Columbia basin project of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Grand Coulee Dam, one of the world's largest concrete dams, is used for flood control, river navigation, irrigation, and power production that services the varied manufacturing in the area. The dam has the largest power-producing capacity (6,465 MW) in the United States. The dam impounds Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, 130 sq mi (337 sq km), which extends to the Canadian border; it is one of the largest reservoirs in the United States. Power generated at the dam is used to pump water into Grand Coulee, a vertical-walled gorge, c.30 mi (48 km) long, carved by the Columbia River through the Columbia Plateau. The coulee, dammed at each end, is used as a reservoir (Banks Lake); it supplies water to more than 500,000 acres (202,343 hectares) on the plateau and acts as a backup against pump and power failures. Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake is part of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. Located on the Pacific flyway, a chief north-south migratory route, the area has a great variety of waterfowl and land birds. Grand Coulee (1990 pop. 984) and Coulee Dam (1990 pop. 1,087) were founded by the U.S. government in 1935–36 as construction, operational, and housing bases for the dam.", "precise_score": 7.096756935119629, "rough_score": 7.018199443817139, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States.", "precise_score": 8.817696571350098, "rough_score": 8.222831726074219, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam History - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Weekly serving the area of Grand Coulee Dam in the Columbia River basin of eastern Washington state.", "precise_score": 5.128171920776367, "rough_score": 6.166319370269775, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - 必应 - bing.com" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Rufus Woods titled the eighty-page book that his Wenatchee Daily World printed in 1944 The Twenty-Three Years' Battle for Grand Coulee Dam. He dated the struggle from 1918, when William Clapp first suggested damming the Columbia River at the Grand Coulee, through 1941, the conclusion of construction on the dam itself. Woods underestimated the length of the battle he documented. Promoters and visionaries proposed Big Bend reclamation in the 1890s. In its entirety, the effort to build the great dam and the irrigation spanned not twenty-three, but over 100 years, and it is still incomplete.", "precise_score": 5.792043209075928, "rough_score": 6.758393287658691, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "And as with so many things in this world, timing was every-thing. Kirby Billingsley, cousin of Sam B. Hill, wrote in 1962, Had Grand Coulee construction not been started when it was, the dam never would have been built for two reasons: one, be-cause the fish people were just coming to life with the realization that hundreds of miles of fish spawning streams would be cut off from the great annual Columbia River salmon migrations and, two, because the private power companies had started construction of a low dam at Kettle Falls and would have proceeded with this. Either one would have stopped Grand Coulee. 6", "precise_score": 5.869579792022705, "rough_score": 6.426342010498047, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In 1909 the federal government enacted legislation allowing the states to protect the watersheds of navigable streams. This and creation of the Federal Power Commission in 1920 enabled construction of federal dams on the Colorado and Columbia rivers, 7 leading directly to public/private competition for production and sale of power. The effort to build Grand Coulee Dam played out against the background of that bitter fight of the 1920s and 1930s. 8 Congressional opposition that annually confronted funding of Grand Coulee was only one skirmish in a much larger conflict. 9", "precise_score": 6.638145923614502, "rough_score": 6.835074424743652, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The construction of Rock Island, Bonneville, and Grand Coulee dams began what historian Stewart H. Holbrook called the \"Dam-Building-Era\" in the Northwest. 15 That era is over. It left the Columbia River a series of lakes, and a series of problems that may require dramatic solutions. Those dams, and the irrigation, power, and navigation they provide, have over-burdened the river, devastated fish, polluted waterways, and brought jurisdictional disputes over the finite supply of water. They represent a formidable, technological achievement, yet they have brought formidable unanticipated problems.", "precise_score": 4.5025811195373535, "rough_score": 5.9071245193481445, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Grand Coulee Dam, located on the Columbia River in central Washington, is the largest single producer of electricity in the United States. Made from 12 million cubic yards of concrete, the Grand Coulee Dam is also one of the largest concrete structures in the world. But engineers were confronted with a unique problem when building such a massive concrete dam.", "precise_score": 7.651289939880371, "rough_score": 7.354480743408203, "source": "search", "title": "BUILDING BIG: Databank: Grand Coulee Dam - PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The proposal to build the dam was the focus of a bitter debate during the 1920s between two groups. One group wanted to irrigate the ancient Grand Coulee with a gravity canal, and the other supported a high dam and pumping scheme. Dam supporters won in 1933, but for fiscal reasons the initial design was for a \"low dam\" high which would generate electricity, but not support irrigation. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and a consortium of three companies called MWAK (Mason-Walsh-Atkinson Kier Company) began construction that year. After visiting the construction site in August 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt began endorsing the \"high dam\" design which, at high, would provide enough electricity to pump water to irrigate the Columbia Basin. The high dam was approved by Congress in 1935 and completed in 1942; the first water over-topped its spillway on of that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.22617031633853912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Power from the dam fueled the growing industries of the Northwest United States during World War II. Between 1967 and 1974, the third powerplant was constructed. The decision to construct the additional facility was influenced by growing energy demand, regulated river flows stipulated in the Columbia River Treaty with Canada, and competition with the Soviet Union. Through a series of upgrades and the installation of pump-generators, the dam now supplies four power stations with an installed capacity of 6,809 MW. As the center-piece of the Columbia Basin Project, the dam's reservoir supplies water for the irrigation of .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.224385738372803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "A lawyer from Ephrata, Washington, named William M. Clapp proposed in 1917 that the Columbia be dammed immediately below the Grand Coulee. He suggested a concrete dam could flood the plateau, just as nature blocked it with ice centuries ago. Clapp was joined by James O'Sullivan, another lawyer, and by Rufus Woods, publisher of the Wenatchee World newspaper. Together, they became known as the \"Dam College\". Woods began promoting the Grand Coulee Dam in his newspaper, often with articles written by O'Sullivan. The dam idea gained popularity with the public in 1918. Backers of reclamation in Central Washington split into two camps. One side, known as the \"pumpers\", favored a dam with pumps to elevate water from the river into the Grand Coulee from which canals and pipes could be used to irrigate farmland. The other side, known as the \"ditchers\", favored diverting water from northeast Washington's Pend Oreille River via a gravity canal to irrigate farmland in Central and Eastern Washington. Many locals such as Woods, O'Sullivan and Clapp were pumpers, while many influential businessmen in Spokane associated with the Washington Water and Power Company (WWPC) were staunch ditchers. The pumpers argued that hydroelectricity from the dam could be used to cover costs and claimed the ditchers sought to maintain a monopoly on electric power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7106274962425232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In 1925, Congress authorized a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers study of the Columbia River. This study was included in the Rivers and Harbors Act of , which provided for studies on the navigation, power, flood control and irrigation potential of rivers. In , the Army Corps responded with the first of the \"308 Reports\" named after the 1925 House Document No. 308 (69th Congress, 1st Session). With the help of Washington's Senators, Wesley Jones and Clarence Dill, Congress ordered $600,000 in further studies to be carried out by the Army Corps and Federal Power Commission on the Columbia River Basin and Snake Rivers. U.S. Army Major John Butler was responsible for the upper Columbia River and Snake River and in 1932, his 1,000-page report was submitted to Congress. It recommended the Grand Coulee Dam and nine others on the river, including some in Canada. The report stated that electricity sales from the Grand Coulee Dam could pay for construction costs. Reclamation—whose interest in the dam was revitalized by the report—endorsed it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4257385730743408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Although there was some support for the Grand Coulee Dam, others argued there was little need for more electricity in the Northwest and crops were in surplus. The Army Corps did not believe construction should be a federal project and saw low demand for electricity. Reclamation argued that energy demand would rise by the time the dam was complete. The head of Reclamation, Elwood Mead, stated he wanted the dam built no matter the cost. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who took office in March, 1933, supported the dam because of its irrigation potential and the power it would provide, but he was uneasy with its price tag. For this reason, he supported a 290 ft \"low dam\" instead of the 550 ft \"high dam\". He provided in federal funding, while Washington State provided $377,000. In 1933, Washington governor Clarence Martin set up the Columbia Basin Commission to oversee the dam project, and Reclamation was selected to oversee construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.12875264883041382, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Two large cofferdams were constructed for the dam, but they were parallel to the river rather than straddling its width, so drilling into the canyon walls was not required. By the end of 1935 about 1,200 workers completed the west and east cofferdams. The west cofferdam was long, thick and was constructed above the bedrock. The cofferdams allowed workers to dry portions of the riverbed and begin constructing the dam, while water continued to flow down the center of the riverbed. In , once the west foundation was complete, portions of the west cofferdam were dismantled, allowing water to flow through part of the dam's new foundation. In , MWAK had begun constructing cofferdams above and below the channel between the east and west cofferdams. By December, the entire Columbia River was diverted over the foundations constructed within the east and west cofferdams. On , 1936, the Wenatchee Daily World announced that the river was diverted and by early the next year, people were arriving in large numbers to see the riverbed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9958581924438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Until the project began, the stretch of the Columbia River where the dam was to rise was as yet unbridged, making it difficult to move men and materials. In , the Grand Coulee Bridge (a permanent highway bridge) was opened after major delays caused by high water; three additional and temporary bridges downstream had moved vehicles and workers along with sand and gravel for cement mixing. In , MWAK completed the lower dam and Consolidated Builders Inc. began constructing the high dam. The west power house was completed in and about 5,500 workers were on site that year. Between 1940 and 1941, the dam's eleven floodgates were installed on the spillway and the dam's first generator went into operation in . The reservoir was full and the first water flowed over the dam's spillway on , 1942, while work was officially complete on , 1943. The last of the original 18 generators was not operational until 1950.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.147802352905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In late 1938, the Works Progress Administration began clearing the reservoir zone of trees and other plants. A total of 54000 acre were cleared. The cut timber was floated downstream and sold to the highest bidder, Lincoln Lumber Company, which paid $2.25 per thousand board feet. The pace of clearing was accelerated in when it was declared a national defense project, and the last tree was felled on , 1941. The felling was done by Reclamation Supervising Engineer Frank A. Banks and State WPA Administrator Carl W. Smith during a ceremony. A total of 2,626 people living in five main camps along the Columbia worked on the project. When it was finished, had been spent in labor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672176361083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "After World War II, the growing demand for electricity sparked interest in constructing another power plant supported by the Grand Coulee Dam. One obstacle to an additional power plant was the great seasonality of the Columbia River's streamflow. Today the flow is closely managed—there is almost no seasonality. Historically, about 75% of the river's annual flow occurred between April and September. During low flow periods, the river's discharge was between and while maximum spring runoff flows were around . Only nine out of the dam's eighteen generators could run year-round. The remaining nine operated for less than six months a year. In 1952, Congress authorized $125,000 for Reclamation to conduct a feasibility study on the Third Powerplant which was completed in 1953 and recommended two locations. Nine identical 108 MW generators were recommended, but as matters stood, they would be able to operate only in periods of high water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.5679867267608643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Further regulation of the Columbia's flows was necessary to make the new power plant feasible. Water storage and regulation projects in Canada would be needed, as well as a treaty resolving the many economic and political issues involved. The Bureau of Reclamation and Army Corps of Engineers explored alternatives that would not depend on a treaty with Canada, such as raising the level of Flathead Lake or Pend Oreille Lake, but both proposals faced strong local opposition. The Columbia River Treaty, which had been discussed between the U.S. and Canada since 1944, was seen as the answer. Efforts to build the Third Powerplant were also influenced by competition with the Soviet Union, which had constructed power plants on the Volga River that were larger than Grand Coulee. On , 1964, the Columbia River Treaty was ratified and included an agreement by Canada to construct the Duncan, Keenleyside, Mica Dams upstream and the U.S. would build the Libby Dam in Montana. Shortly afterward, Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson, who was influential in constructing the new power plant, announced that Reclamation would present the project to Congress for appropriation and funding. To keep up with Soviet competition and increase the generating capacity it was determined that the generators could be upgraded to much larger designs. With the possibility of international companies bidding on the project, the Soviets who had just installed a 500 MW hydroelectric generator on the Yenisei River indicated their interest. To avoid the potential embarrassment of an international rival building a domestic power plant, the Department of the Interior declined international bidding. The Third Powerplant was approved and its appropriation bill was signed by President Lyndon Johnson on , 1966. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.533602714538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Water is pumped via the Pump-Generating Plant's 12 ft diameter pipes 280 ft from Lake Roosevelt to a feeder canal. From the feeder canal, the water is transferred to Banks Lake which has an active storage of 715000 acre.ft. The plant's twelve 65,000–70,000 horsepower pumps can transfer up to 1605 ft3/s to the lake. Currently, the Columbia Basin Project irrigates 670000 acre with a potential for . Over 60 different crops are grown within the project and distributed throughout the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664968490600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam's spillway is 1650 ft long and is an overflow, drum-gate controlled type with a maximum capacity. A record flood in May and flooded lowland below the dam and highlighted its limited flood control capability at the time, as its spillway and turbines hit a record flow of 637800 ft3/s. The flood damaged downstream riverbanks and deteriorated the face of the dam and its flip bucket at the base (toe) of the spillway. The flood spurred the Columbia River Treaty and its provisions for dams constructed upstream in Canada, which would regulate the Columbia's flow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.607990741729736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The dam had severe negative consequences for the local Native American tribes whose traditional way of life revolved around salmon and the original shrub steppe habitat of the area. Because it lacks a fish ladder, Grand Coulee Dam permanently blocks fish migration, removing over of natural spawning habitat. By largely eliminating anadromous fish above the Okanogan River, the Grand Coulee Dam also set the stage for the subsequent decision not to provide for fish passage at Chief Joseph Dam (built in 1953). Chinook, Steelhead, Sockeye and Coho salmon (as well as other important species including Lamprey) are now unable to spawn in the reaches of the Upper Columbia Basin. The extinction of the spawning grounds upstream from the dam has prevented the Spokane and other tribes from holding the first salmon ceremony. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.367835521697998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee Dam flooded over 21,000 acres (85 km2) of prime bottom land where Native Americans had been living and hunting for thousands of years, forcing the relocation of settlements and graveyards. Kettle Falls, once a primary Native American fishing grounds, was inundated. The average catch of over 600,000 salmon per year was eliminated. In one study, the Army Corps of Engineers estimated the annual loss was over fish. In , Native Americans throughout the Northwest met at the Falls for the \"Ceremony of Tears\", marking the end of fishing there. One month later, the falls were inundated. The town of Kettle Falls, Washington, was relocated. The Columbia Basin Project has affected habitat ranges for species such as mule deer, pygmy rabbits and burrowing owls, resulting in decreased populations. However, it has created new habitats such as wetlands, and riparian corridors. The environmental impact of the dam effectively ended the traditional way of life of the native inhabitants. The government eventually compensated the Colville Indians in the 1990s with a lump settlement of approximately , plus annual payments of approximately . As of 2011, the Spokane tribe still seeks compensation, currently through congressional bill H.R. 3097. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.089142084121704, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "To compensate for the lack of ladder, three fisheries have been created above the dam, releasing into the upper Columbia River. One half of the fish are reserved for the displaced tribes, and one quarter of the reservoir is reserved for tribal hunting and boating. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.359946250915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee ( map ) is the largest dam in the Columbia River Basin and one of the largest in the world. Everything about the dam is large: it is 550 feet (167.6 meters) tall, measured from its foundation in solid granite, or approximately 350 feet (106.7 meters) from the downstream river surface to the top of the dam. It is 5,223 feet (1,592 meters) long, or 57 feet short of a mile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.70017671585083, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The dam has four power plants. The two original power plants, the first of which began producing power in 1941, are called the Left Power Plant and the Right Power Plant. The two power plants, each of which houses nine large generators, are split by the spillway, which is 1,300 feet wide and covers an area of 13.26 acres. According to the federal Bureau of Reclamation, which operates the dam, the Left Powerhouse has three generators with a total capacity of 3 megawatts to provide power at the dam site, plus nine generators rated at 125 megawatts each. The Right Powerhouse has nine generators rated at 125 megawatts apiece. The original 18 generators began operating between 1941 and 1950. The Third Power Plant contains three generators rated at 600 megawatts apiece and three rated at 805 megawatts. These first of these six generators began operating in 1975, and the sixth in 1980. The Pump-Generator Plant, which is located on the west bank of the river, contains 12 pumps that lift water up the hillside to a canal that flows into Banks Lake, the 27-mile-long reservoir for the Columbia Basin Project . Six of the pumps can be reserved to generate about 50 megawatts each.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.092436790466309, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The idea of a big dam at the Grand Coulee didn’t resonate with the public until 1918. That year Rufus Woods, the visionary publisher of the Wenatchee World newspaper, began advocating for a dam that would provide irrigation water to the Columbia Plateau. It was a crusade for Woods, a natural-born promoter, and from the beginning he had influential allies, including attorneys Billy Clapp and James O’Sullivan, both of nearby Ephrata. While no one person can be considered the “father” of the dam, these three men were among its earliest, most active and enthusiastic promoters. Clapp is credited with suggesting, in 1917, that if nature once blocked the Columbia with an ice dam that forced water into the now-dry Grand Coulee, man could do the same with concrete. O’Sullivan liked the idea and soon began writing articles about such a dam, and Woods published them in his newspaper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9006168842315674, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "There were two schools of thought at the time about how the Columbia Plateau might be irrigated: pumping water up from the river or diverting it from farther upstream and bringing it to the area in canals. Neither idea prevailed, but each had staunch advocates. The federal Reclamation Service and the state of Washington had spent thousands of dollars looking for ways to provide irrigation; a 1914 bond measure that would have paid for irrigating a portion of the area had failed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622954368591309, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The pumpers distrusted the ditchers, whose backers were the big business and power interests in Spokane, including Washington Water Power, Spokane’s biggest employer at the time. The ditchers wanted to irrigate the Columbia Basin with water from the Pend Oreille River. The canal would begin at Albeni Falls and run downhill, through tunnels where necessary, to the Ritzville area. The pumpers saw this as another attempt by arrogant Spokanites to control all of eastern Washington", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.244866371154785, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "A variety of studies were conducted in the 1920s; some supported the canal plan and others the dam. Lobbying was fierce, as supporters of the two proposals sought to win members of Congress to their sides. There were public events — pro-canal or pro-dam rallies — and quieter behind-the-scenes lobbying. The Bureau of Reclamation, envisioning success with Hoover Dam, was partial to big irrigation projects. O’Sullivan personally lobbied Arthur Powell Davis, the Commissioner of Reclamation, to support the dam. Senators Wesley Jones and Clarence Dill of Washington persuaded President Hoover in 1929 to support a $600,000 study of Columbia River by the Corps of Engineers. The study by Major John S. Butler of the Seattle district of the Corps, completed in 1932, recommended a series of 10 dams on the river, including one at Grand Coulee and others in British Columbia. Called the “308 Report” for the number assigned to it by the House of Representatives, it supported a dam over a canal to provide irrigation water. The pumpers were pleased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.752763748168945, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Roosevelt was elected president the same year the 308 Report was issued, and with the nation reeling from the Depression dams on the Columbia offered promise of employment as well as hydropower and irrigation. Roosevelt initially balked at the $450 million cost estimate for Grand Coulee (it was more than the Panama Canal, he argued, and would produce more power and potentially irrigate more than was needed at the time). But he had promised Dill before the election that he would build it if he won. Western support was critical to his victory, and now Dill — one of those supporters — pressed the president to follow through. Roosevelt responded that he would support a low dam — 150 feet tall from bedrock instead of 550 feet as proposed — that could be raised later, if necessary. Dill, shocked, countered with a proposal for $100 million; Roosevelt compromised at $63 million, and that was the deal. So construction began in 1933 on a low dam with a foundation large enough to eventually support a high dam. By 1935, the plans were upgraded and the high dam was under construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6294045448303223, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Washington Governor Clarence Martin supported the high dam, and he reluctantly agreed that it should be a federal project, even though supporters like Woods and his Republican colleagues choked on the idea of a Democratic administration taking over “their” dam as a federal project. The Washington State Columbia Basin Commission, created for the purpose of directing state construction of the dam, whether a low dam or high dam, acquiesced to the federal takeover after finding itself hamstrung with state law requirements for such an undertaking and its own infighting. Woods objected to the federal takeover, too, but he had to accept the inevitable. After negotiating with the Department of the Interior the commission agreed to federal construction while salvaging consultation rights and permission to keep commission representatives at the construction site.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624755859375, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In 1948, for example, Vice Presidential candidate Earl Warren remarked: “Probably Hitler would have beaten us in atom bomb development if it had not been for the hydroelectric development of the Columbia, making possible the big Hanford project which brought forth the bomb.” Pitzer comments in his book, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.274303436279297, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam: History and Purpose" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Rufus Woods, owner and publisher of the Wenatchee Daily World, publishes a story titled, \"Formulate Brand New Idea For Irrigation Grant, Adams, Franklin Counties, Covering Million Acres Or More.\" The story introduces readers to the idea of a dam at Grand Coulee and an irrigation system in the Columbia Basin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7853682041168213, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Columbia Basin Survey Commission, formed by the Washington State Legislature, releases a feasibility report declaring that Rufus Woods' plan for putting a dam and irrigation system at Grand Coulee is \"infeasible\" due to the commission's cost projections (totaling approximately $243 million), and the proposed location of the Grand Coulee Dam. \"Every probability points to the site being not suitable for a dam of sufficient height to develop the power required,\" according to the Commission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6883199214935303, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "March 23, 1935: Beginning to Keep the Columbia at Bay", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39493179321289, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "For its documentary film promoting the benefits of the public power created by Grand Coulee Dam, the Bonneville Power Authority commissions popular folk singer Woody Guthrie to compose 26 songs, including \"Roll On, Columbia, Roll On.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.133793592453003, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Congress authorizes an average of $30 million a year for 20 years for the construction of the Columbia Basin irrigation system. The project's plans include an extensive system that will eventually provide irrigation development for approximately one million acres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11407470703125, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Bureau of Reclamation promotes the Columbia Basin Project with the \"Farm-In-A-Day\" publicity stunt, in which 50,000 people watch as dozens of volunteers construct a fully functioning ranch in 24-hours for the Dunn family. Canals constructed by the Columbia Basin Project will irrigate the new farm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.444435119628906, "source": "search", "title": "WGBH American Experience . Grand Coulee Dam | PBS" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Long before the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam, farmers in the Western half of the United States wanted irrigation to make the dry parts of their land flourish and become more fertile. [1] In the central part of Washington State, farmers were faced with a harsh climate that brought insufficient rainfall to produce healthy crops. They understood that proper irrigation would lead to productive fields, which would lead to a prosperous crop, healthy economy, and ultimately a self-sufficient way of life. [2] Local citizens and businessmen understood that a massive dam structure on the Columbia River could be the much-needed solution that would provide the water required to achieve this self-sufficiency. If built to its full extent, a large dam could even help pay for its own cost, as electricity could be sold to the surrounding areas. Rufus Woods, editor of the Wenatchee Daily World and one of Grand Coulee Dam’s greatest proponents argued, “As stated by Mr. Sullivan, the project would be worthy of consideration as a purely irrigation enterprise. But with the great depletion of the fuel and oil supplies of the country, the development of electrical energy to the amount of 1,000,000 horsepower up to a tremendous total of 3,800,000 horsepower becomes added interest.” [3]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.580808162689209, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Despite the overwhelming positives of constructing the dam, there were several obstacles that delayed construction. The idea of building a dam to help with irrigation challenges was first proposed in a copy of the Coulee City News in 1892. [4] The dam, however, was not the only proposal of how to irrigate the Columbia Basin; other ideas that had the support of influential politicians and local citizens. One plan aimed to use artesian wells to irrigate the Columbia Basin, while a more popular idea was to build a long gravity canal from lakes in Idaho for irrigation. The debate between building a dam versus constructing a gravity canal lasted for nearly fifteen years until the October 1931, when the proposal to build a dam won the support of the Army Corp of Engineers. [5] As the Seattle Post-Intelligencer put it, “Army engineers agree with the reclamation bureau engineers that the cheapest most feasible plan for developing the Columbia Basin is by erection of a great dam at Grand Coulee.” [6]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7831788659095764, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Even after the long-awaited army report settled the debate over the most effective method of irrigating the Columbia Basin, the biggest challenge still remained. Securing the necessary funding to build a structure of the size and complexity of the Grand Coulee Dam proved to be a major challenge. Most people living outside of Central Washington simply did not understand the benefits of building it, especially when it meant spending millions of dollars in a lowly populated area during a poor economy. William Miner put it best when he said, “To a great part of the nation, which knew nothing of irrigation and cared less, the whole project was a giant “pork barrel” scheme of the Pacific Northwest.” [7] At the time, most did not realize that it would take the Great Depression and the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to get the federally appropriated funds required to build the dam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7424073219299316, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Ceremony for the first water delivery from the Grand Coulee Dam for the irrigation of the Columbia Basin, May 7, 1951. (Image courtesy of the University of Washington Library Digital Collection.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8390159606933594, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Built more than seventy years ago, the Grand Coulee Dam remains an effective producer of hydroelectric power and irrigation for the Columbia Basin. Without President Roosevelt’s vision for increased employment and economic stimulus, it is probable that the dam would never have been built. Today it stands as a lasting symbol of the New Deal and the public works projects that contributed to the recovery from the Great Depression. Without question, it will continue its desired purpose and have a lasting impact on many decades and generations to come.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.696352243423462, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "\"Roll along, Columbia\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527255058288574, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In May 1941, the Bonneville Power Administration hired folksinger Woody Guthrie (1912-1967) to promote the federal dams on the Columbia. Like most members of his generation, Guthrie regarded an undammed river as a resource going to waste. The issue was who should build the dams: private power companies or the federal government. The power companies had a stable of influential lobbyists. The government had Guthrie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.310690879821777, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Guthrie spent a month traveling around the Columbia Basin. He wrote 26 songs in 30 days (and was paid a total of $266.66). The most famous of these is \"Roll On Columbia, Roll On,\" sung to the tune of \"Goodnight Irene\" and later adopted as the state folksong of Washington. But it was in \"Ballad of the Great Grand Coulee (Grand Coulee Dam)\" that Guthrie most eloquently celebrated the government’s role in harnessing a \"wild and wasted stream\" in order to make life better for \"the farmer and the worker, and all of you and me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.281651973724365, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Guthrie hailed Grand Coulee as a triumph of man over nature. What nature had \"wasted,\" in a river running unfettered to the sea, man would put to work, creating a technological utopia where kilowatts were almost as free as air and canalled water made the desert bloom. \"Roll along, Columbia, you can ramble to the sea,\" Guthrie wrote, \"but river, while you’re rambling, you can do some work for me.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.346855640411377, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "By the late twentieth century, the Columbia was working harder than ever, but it wasn’t doing much rolling on. There were less than 50 miles of free-flowing water left on its entire 1,240-mile length, from the headwaters in British Columbia to the mouth at the Pacific Ocean. More than 250 dams barricaded the river and its tributaries, with 11 behemoths on the main stem in Washington state alone. The Columbia had become less a river than a series of flabby reservoirs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.226327896118164, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Built without a passage for migrating fish, Grand Coulee eradicated wild salmon runs on the upper Columbia. With the fish went a way of life that had sustained the Columbia Basin’s Native Americans for thousands of years. The dam inundated ancient villages, fishing spots, and burial grounds. It displaced about 2,000 members of the Colville Confederated Tribes and about 250 members of the Spokane tribe. For these groups, in particular, \"progress\" brought devastating cultural and economic loss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.47991943359375, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In the 1930s, few people would have questioned the assumption that dams were \"good and useful legacies bequeathed to future generations\" (Schwantes, 89-90). Half a century later, there was less agreement that a river without a dam was a resource \"going to waste.\" Plans to dam the last 50-mile stretch of free-flowing Columbia, on the Hanford Reach near Pasco, were defeated, as were efforts to expand the Columbia Basin Project area (from 550,000 to 1.1 million acres). Federal agencies began looking for ways to keep water in the river -- rather than take it out -- in an effort to protect endangered salmon and steelhead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.716590881347656, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "\"Great Columbia Desert\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.539054870605469, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Early explorers in Central Washington found a land so hot, dry, and desolate that they called it \"the Great Columbia Desert.\" There was little white settlement until the 1880s, when transcontinental railroads reached the area. Even then, aside from an occasional flurry of gold mining, the Columbia Basin was left largely to a few isolated ranchers. A cycle of unusually heavy rainfall (18 to 20 inches a year instead of the usual five to 12 inches) brought more farmers to the region in the early 1900s. When the dry years returned, the plight of these early settlers added to the pressure to find a reliable way to irrigate the fertile but arid land.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91100025177002, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Under the Reclamation Act of 1902, the United States Reclamation Service (later the Bureau of Reclamation) had the ability to initiate large-scale irrigation projects in the West. The government investigated several irrigation schemes for the Columbia Basin but showed little enthusiasm for any of them. One plan, promoted by the Quincy Valley Water Users Association, involved a series of pumping stations that would siphon water from the Columbia at the Grand Coulee and spread it to 435,000 acres, at a cost of $44 million. The Reclamation Service said it was too expensive. Washington State’s voters agreed, rejecting a $40 million bond issue to finance the plan in 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.314625263214111, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Among those who lamented the defeat of the bond issue was William \"Billy\" Clapp (1877-1965), a lawyer in the small town of Ephrata. Clapp became convinced that whatever nature had done with ice in prehistoric times modern man could do with concrete. In the summer of 1917, he and a few other local men asked the Grant County commissioners to authorize a study to see how high a new dam would have to be to push the Columbia back into the Grand Coulee. All the men involved agreed to keep the investigation secret, for fear of being laughed out of town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.880926609039307, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The plan bubbled into public consciousness on July 18, 1918, when Rufus Woods (1878-1950), owner and editor of the Wenatchee Daily World, published a story headlined \"Formulate Brand New Idea for Irrigation Grant, Adams, Franklin Counties Covering Million Acres or More.\" Woods initially regarded the idea as far-fetched, even hare-brained. He buried the story on page seven. Still, in typically flamboyant style, he reported that \"The latest, newest; the most ambitious idea in the way of reclamation and development of water power ever formulated is now in process of development.\" Woods eventually became president of the Columbia River Development League and chief cheerleader for the project. But speaking later about his original story, he described it as \"a joke to a certain extent,\" admitting some surprise that \"it began to ‘take’ all over this territory\" (Pitzer, 16-17).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448437690734863, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "By 1919, backers of a Columbia Basin irrigation project had divided into two camps. The so-called \"gravity plan,\" advocated by a group of businessmen in Spokane, involved damming the Pend Oreille River in Idaho and diverting the water to eastern Washington through some 130 miles of gravity-fed canals, tunnels, aqueducts, and reservoirs. In contrast, the \"pumping plan\" -- proposed by Clapp and championed by Woods -- called for the construction of a 550-foot-tall dam on the Columbia. Power generated by the dam would be used to operate gigantic pumps to lift water from the reservoir and move it uphill to a storage lake formed by damming both ends of the Grand Coulee. From there, the water would be siphoned into a labyrinth of tunnels and canals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.206732273101807, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Later that year, the Washington Legislature stepped into what was becoming an increasingly contentious debate and established a Columbia Basin Survey Commission to study the two plans. In a report released in July 1920, the Commission declared that a dam at Grand Coulee was not feasible and recommended the gravity plan instead. Supporters of the pumping plan fought back by organizing the Columbia River Dam, Irrigation, and Power Association. The two sides continued to argue for years. Meanwhile, neither scheme moved closer to reality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.7406463623046875, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "As historian Paul C. Pitzer has pointed out, few of the key players in this drama actually lived on or farmed land in the Columbia River Basin. They were lawyers, businessmen, promoters, and politicians who believed agricultural expansion would lead to industrial and urban growth. Most were conservatives who deeply resented \"big government.\" They initially hoped that a large-scale irrigation system in the Columbia Basin could be built by the state government. Over time, they accepted the fact that only the federal government could undertake a project of such scale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.857071876525879, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The first meaningful steps toward federal involvement came in 1926, when Congress appropriated $600,000 for a comprehensive study of irrigation, flood control, power, and navigation on the Columbia above its confluence with the Snake River. The study, directed by John S. Butler, district engineer in the Army Corps of Engineers’ office in Seattle, was still underway in 1929 when a drought lowered stream flows in the Puget Sound region, crippling the production of electricity at existing dams. At the same time, topsoil in the Northwest began to blow away. In April 1931 pillars of dust reaching 5,000 feet into the sky swept down the Columbia Basin and out to the Pacific Ocean. One huge cloud enveloped a Hawaii-bound ocean liner 600 miles from Seattle. These developments added to the political pressure for a reclamation project in the Columbia Basin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.570345878601074, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "By 1933, the continuing Depression provided a new justification for federal dams on the Columbia: putting people to work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274680137634277, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "At its most grandiose, the Columbia Basin Project was supposed to irrigate 2.5 million acres of desert. By the early 1940s, the target area was 1.1 million acres. President Roosevelt’s New Deal planners envisioned opening up land for 10,000 farms. They expected these farms to support 80,000 people, nearly all of them relocated from the \"Dust Bowl\" in the Midwest. Today, there are fewer than 2,300 farms and only about 6,000 people living in the project area. On the other hand, the farmers are growing crops that have returned twice the dollar value that was predicted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.892384052276611, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Despite the subsidy, Northwest power users still enjoy the lowest rates for electricity in the nation because of Grand Coulee and other federal dams on the Columbia. And the air is a little cleaner than it probably would have been otherwise. The abundance of hydropower has meant less reliance on more problematic forms of electricity -- such as coal-fired generators, which contribute to air pollution; or nuclear power, which discharges heated water into the river in addition to creating highly toxic waste.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2670170068740845, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Even so, if the designers of Grand Coulee had had to comply with current environmental laws, the Columbia might still be flowing freely in Central Washington. \"Virtually no studies were done on the impact on fisheries,\" lead author Ortolano commented in an interview with the Portland Oregonian. \"Communities of people were excluded from the decision process.\" The impact on the fish, and on the Native Americans who had built a way of life around them, was \"nothing short of catastrophic.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.151294469833374, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The dam blocked the access of wild ocean-going salmon and steelhead to hundreds of miles of spawning grounds on the upper Columbia River. It devastated the culture and economy of tribes dependent on the fish. \"One day we were fishermen, the next day there were no fish,\" commented Michael Marchand, a member of the council of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (Oregonian, 2000). The Colville Tribes received some compensation from the federal government in 1995, in the form of a lump sum payment of $53 million and an agreement for annual payments of at least $15 million. None of the Colvilles interviewed by the researchers thought the payments equalized the loss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724885940551758, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Grand Coulee has its defenders, among them the Bureau of Reclamation. \"We're still quite proud of the dam,\" said Diana Cross, a spokeswoman for the bureau. \"We feel strongly that the dam and the whole Columbia Basin project brought so much to the Pacific Northwest and was an overall benefit. That's not to say there weren't some trade-offs\" (The Seattle Times, 2000).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8874773979187012, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Groundbreaking ceremonies took place on July 16, 1933, just days before funds were approved for another dam on the Columbia River--the huge Bonneville Dam, to be built downstream by the Corps of Engineers. Many other dams would follow on the Columbia, which traces its headwaters to the Canadian Rockies. The river crosses into the United States in eastern Washington and flows 400 miles through the state before taking a big turn west, forming the border with Oregon as it heads toward the Pacific Ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.150751113891602, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "From the town of Odair, rails extended to the construction site, where MWAK used an innovative conveyor belt, rather than trucks, to carry the tons of rock and earth excavated each day. Meanwhile, at Reclamation’s experimental laboratory in Colorado, engineers tested different plans for diverting the Columbia so construction could begin. The selected design, William Joe Simonds writes, was a 3,000-foot-long, U-shaped, steel pile coffer dam, one for the river’s west side and one for the east, containing interlocking cells that were filled with rock and earth from the excavations. The dam, as well, was to be built in two sections--west and east.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.666721343994141, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "With the end of World War II, the economy in the Northwest continued to boom. Water pumped from Grand Coulee began reaching Columbia Basin lands in 1948 and today irrigates about 670,000 acres, although the project was designed to deliver a full water supply to 1.1 million acres. In a region once used only for dry land farming and livestock grazing, crops grown today range from forage and cereal grains to fruit, vegetables, and specialty crops such as mint and wine grapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.5578155517578125, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam---Bureau of Reclamation Historic Dams and ..." }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.554977416992188, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam - Infoplease" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In the 1950s the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the seven civil engineering wonders of the United States. Selection committee members dismissed size and looked at uniqueness and pioneering design as their main criteria. They selected Chicago's Sewage Disposal System, the Colorado River Aqueduct, the Empire State Building, the Panama Canal, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, and Hoover Dam. They also included Grand Coulee Dam and the Columbia Basin Project. Seeing significance in what the popular press had dubbed \"The Greatest Structure in the World,\" \"The World's Greatest Engineering Wonder,\" \"The Eighth Wonder of the World,\" and \"The Biggest Thing on Earth\" hardly surprised anyone. Through the 1930s and 1940s the dam generated sensational nationwide publicity. It collared so much attention that freelance journalist Richard L. Neuberger wrote in 1942, \"Everyone in America has heard of Grand Coulee 1 .\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.137413263320923, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "But few Americans, then or now, know much about the Columbia Basin Project - the irrigation network that Grand Coulee Dam makes possible, even though it is the largest single reclamation project ever undertaken in the United States. 2 In all, the project area of over 2,500,000 acres is roughly twice the size of the state of Delaware. 3 Grand Coulee Dam, once the largest concrete structure on the planet, is its key feature but only one of its many parts, In all, the total includes 333 miles of main canals, 1,993 miles of laterals (smaller distribution canals) 3,498 miles of drains and wasteways, and four large dams besides Grand Coulee. In addition there is an enormous pump-generating plant beside Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake - the reservoir formed by Grand Coulee Dam. 4 These irrigation features represent a construction effort larger than Grand Coulee Dam itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.69712495803833, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "As of September 1986, the total Columbia Basin Project, since 1933, including Grand Coulee Dam, cost $1,687,000,000. 5 Of that amount, well over $500,000,000 was for the pump plants, reservoirs, canals, laterals, and other irrigation works. Over $500,000,000 covered the third Grand Coulee powerhouse. 5 In return, the complex can produce more than 6.18 million kilowatts of electrical energy and now irrigates more than 556,000 acres - roughly one-half of the ultimate 1,029,000 acres possible for the entire project. Government officials today estimate that it will take at least another two billion dollars to finish the job. 6", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4899425506591797, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The power and the irrigation provided by the Columbia Basin Project make it an important element in the West's economy. Grand Coulee Dam is famous because of the electricity it has generated since 1942 and it is a popular attraction visited by thousands annually. But seldom do the tourists realize that the fields of potatoes, corn, and other crops that they see on their way to Grand Coulee rely on the dam and the sale of its power. The critical link between power and reclamation remains obscure to most Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0295393466949463, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The businessmen and professionals of Wenatchee, Ephrata, Spokane, and Pasco understood the link. They imagined that damming the river could provide cheap electricity and abundant water transforming the region into an agricultural/industrial empire. On May 14, 1919, Rufus Woods wrote a headline for his Wenatchee Daily World stating that a dam on the Columbia River \"Would furnish [the] Power to Run all Industries in [a] Washington Empire.\" Selling the electricity, he theorized, would eventually pay the costs covered at the outset by the government. That dream of almost-free irrigation, supported by power ratepayers, is one that has plagued the project since the first water arrived on the land. More than other farmers in the West, Columbia Basin Project boosters saw no reason why they should not have the same conditions as the wetter regions to their east. They demanded irrigation to compensate for that lack and they wanted someone else to pay the bills.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.139710426330566, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The arid West did not easily accede to the goals of its settlers. To accommodate the differences, they made subtle and dramatic changes in their lifestyles. In the process they became the democrats that Frederick Jackson Turner saw when he wrote his famous thesis in 1893. As settlement expanded, leavened by racial, cultural, and economic diversity, the American character changed. It showed continuity with the past, but through a multifaceted dialectic between different peoples with different ideals meeting each other in a variety of new places and conditions over time, it also produced something unique and changing. What happened at Grand Coulee and on the Columbia Basin Project is one tiny piece of a much larger mosaic which, taken together, exhibits this process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.085906505584717, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "All of this drove the construction of Grand Coulee Dam and the Columbia Basin Project. Settlers who came to the arid Columbia Basin in the 1870s and 1880s dreamed of irrigation. 7 The Columbia Basin Project is the result of many overlapping and diverse visions, all aiming toward that end, which emerged from the late-nineteenth century through the present. The goal was always reclamation to compensate for \"nature's failure.\" Once irrigated, the promoters felt certain that the land would support thousands of farmers who in turn would provide the human base for an industrial empire. The dam's power would turn machines, illuminate cities, and bring prosperity to an area avoided as a no-man's-land by those with lesser vision. The dam itself would be the biggest thing on earth, man's greatest engineering undertaking, and a demonstration of modern civilization. It would symbolize the West's bigness. It would make a part of the West like the East - the same, only better, and different.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.894281804561615, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "When Franklin Roosevelt's New Dealers began the Columbia Basin Project in 1933, they added the concept of planning. They hoped to create a \"Planned Promised Land. 8 On small farms of around eighty acres each, displaced Dust Bowl refugees would find homes. Through a controlled economy the government would guarantee the success of those settlers. In the late 1930s, the New Deal planners and others in the region debated how best to achieve their goals. 9 Then, before any of the land had received water, World War II and the rapid changes that it brought altered the vision. The project, as it emerged in the 1950s, differed from the blueprint drawn two decades earlier. The changes continued into the 1980s and 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928345680236816, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "This history of Grand Coulee Dam and the Columbia Basin Project is not unlike a biography. As with any person, the dam, too, has its many facets, all complicated and inextricably interconnected. Thousands of people played larger and smaller roles in the political maneuvering that led to construction and more helped to build the dam and irrigation works. Some readers may find the landscape cluttered with personalities while others might regret omission of this or that character. Grand Coulee is a big story and there is insufficient space to include everyone and every detail. Some peripheral issues, such as the struggle between the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers or a complete survey of the uses for the dam's power receive mention but are not treated in depth, as they are in themselves expansive topics. The focus here is on the dam and its attendant irrigation works.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8221352100372314, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The two most prominent aspects of Grand Coulee Dam and the Columbia Basin Project are their political history and their physical construction and operation. In separating the two there is of necessity the need to cover one topic, then drop back to look at the other. Grand Coulee Dam did not come into being easily. The struggle to have the government undertake and then finance the dam and the project stretched across the first five decades of the twentieth century and its roots went back even further. Often those who promoted the vision squabbled among themselves. The dam, the power, and the irrigation exist today as much in spite of as because of the people who worked to accomplish them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.7783710956573486, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "...in this region major projects were started which all believed could achieve the planned promised land.... The dams along the Columbia were designed to achieve the promised land for the people of the Pacific Northwest. Richard Lowitt 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76683235168457, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The debate over Grand Coulee encompassed a number of issues. Besides public versus private power, it included reclamation and the wisdom of opening more agricultural land in a time of food surpluses. Grand Coulee construction gave New Deal opponents a chance to denounce big government spending, and it allowed Westerners a forum where they voiced resentment over the intrusion of Eastern politicians in their affairs. 10 This surfaced in the Columbia Valley Authority controversy. Rufus Woods and his minions eagerly sought government money to build their agricultural/industrial empire, but resented any controls suggested by that same government. 11", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.110283374786377, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Men like Rufus Woods and James O'Sullivan argued that the national taxpayer should cover the costs. They believed that eventually the project would pay for itself. And it has, due to the power ratepayers throughout the region. That subsidy has hidden the astronomical price for the irrigation water. Without it there would be no Columbia Basin Project and probably no Grand Coulee Dam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.44029426574707, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "More than its technical accomplishment, Grand Coulee Dam represents one of the great political achievements of the century. In a troubled time when other nations chose military conquest to solve their financial and social dilemmas, the United States government turned to large public works projects. Legislators embraced a plan to irrigate one million acres of fertile land and transplant there, from devastated areas elsewhere, thousands of would-be farmers and their families. They planned new cities with industries powered by cheap electricity provided from publicly owned plants. That overdrawn and unrealistic vision did not emerge as hoped, but this should not entirely negate the fact that the government, in a difficult period, moved to fulfill positive goals. Grand Coulee, the jobs it created, and the promise it held, convinced citizens that their political system still worked. Considering the problems of the 1930s, the fact that Grand Coulee Dam stands in the Columbia River today is the most remarkable aspect of its being.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.407998561859131, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "From that time, when the push to build the dam overwhelmed the opposition, the nation has moved to a place where environmentalists today no longer debate benefits versus losses. They oppose any further dam building and even consider removing some already constructed. 17 Those sentiments, increased demands on the Columbia, and regional population growth are now rapidly ending the days of low-cost hydroelectric power in the Pacific Northwest. The abundance of energy that led to the development initiated during World War II precipitated today's potential shortages. The multi-use nature of Grand Coulee and other Columbia River dams, seen as progressive then and pursued so vigorously and successfully, means that today there is not enough water in the river to generate all the power, irrigate all the land, float all the ships and barges, support all the fish, carry all the sewage, cool the nuclear reactors, and provide all the recreation. 18 What will happen to Grand Coulee Dam in the future because of this remains problematical. The government will not tear it down, but there may never be further additions to its powerhouses. The third powerhouse at Grand Coulee ended the dam building era. Today the benefits no longer clearly outweigh the costs. The present reality dims the past triumph.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2151591777801514, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Still, Grand Coulee is an unquestioned economic success. The electricity generated there has returned over $4 billion. 19 Since 1942 there has never been any doubt about the ability of the dam to pay for itself and more. The success of the Columbia River dams supported confidence, cockiness, and ultimately over-expansion. It led to the disaster of the Washington Public Power Supply System which projected construction far beyond need. The proponents of power finally did what conservatives feared in the 1920s and 1930 - they overwhelmed, or nearly overwhelmed, the market with unneeded power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.616313457489014, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The reclamation aspect of the dam is another matter. If the explorer, Colonel Thomas William Symons, had revisited the Columbia Basin in 1982, 100 years after his report to Congress, the changes might have surprised him. Traveling east on Interstate Highway 90, he would have dropped down to the bridge at Vantage. The view from the road is spectacular, with dramatic high, brown cliffs on the east side of the wide and scenic river. Once across, Symons would continue on the Interstate, rising up a winding road until at last he emerged on the plateau several hundred feet above. There he would see a large brown sign welcoming him to the Columbia Basin Project. More impressive, he would find rolling green fields irrigated by giant central pivot sprinklers gently making circles on a landscape that before was dry and sage-brush-covered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03919506072998, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Symons could hardly have foreseen the roads, the canals, the fields, the cities, and the lakes. Rufus Woods, who did foresee them, and much more, might look with mixed emotions. Only half of his agricultural/industrial empire exists. World War II industrialized the West. The resulting dramatic hunger for electricity proved the need for the Columbia River dams. But it also drew that power away from North Central Washington and delivered it to established urban areas. While it solidified the public perception that Grand Coulee Dam came just in time, it killed the industrial aspect of the agricultural/industrial empire locally, although it succeeded on a wider regional level. 20 The transmission system carried the electricity away and left the dam sitting in the middle of nowhere. Although the government built half of the irrigation project, the industry that followed ended up a long way away. Farmers came, but not nearly enough to provide the market that project promoters expected. 21 In 1973 only 2,290 farms operated on the Columbia Basin Project. They supported far fewer than the 80,000 families or 10,000 farms predicted by early visionaries. 22", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6734944581985474, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Today Columbia Basin Project farmers see themselves as deserving the water promised long ago, and they demand that others pay the bill. They demonstrated that belief during the contract renegotiations of the 1950s and 1960s and more recently when the government built the Second Bacon Siphon and Tunnel. In 1976, Columbia Basin Development League President Roger Thieme pointed out that it was natural for the farmers to resist paying for the facilities that brought them water. \"It is human nature not to spend any more than you have to,\" he explained. 25 In a sense, the farmers exhibit the combined Physiocrat and century-old Socialist-Populist notions that the government should support their enterprise if they cannot support it themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.194121360778809, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Behind the farmers, and behind the project from its inception, is a cadre of professionals, business people, and promoters. Exemplary are the Columbia Basin Irrigation League that the Spokane Chamber of Commerce sponsored in the 1920s, and the Columbia Basin Development League that now lobbies for the project. They still see development of the land as the way to lure industry and stimulate economic growth. 26 In 1933, Major John S. Butler (later Colonel) expressed their hopes, desires, and underlying motives in a section of his report to the House of Representatives: The farmer as a primary producer is not necessarily the main beneficiary of irrigation development. Local retailers of every kind, banks, public utilities (both power and railroads), labor, wholesalers, jobbers, manufacturers, and the general public are to a surprising degree dependent upon agricultural production, not only because of the food produced for direct consumption and the raw materials supplied to manufacturers, but because of the general business activity which is created. 27", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678942680358887, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "No reclamation project in American history received as much advance study and planning as the Columbia Basin Project. The Joint Investigations alone represented a Herculean undertaking. In 1973, Assistant Reclamation Commissioner William Warne, who worked with them, wrote: The farms on the 516,320 acres of land that have been irrigated on the project have made generally excellent progress. As a result of pre-planning, the project has made greater strides than has any other irrigated area in a similar period in the history of the West. The new farms are wired for electricity and telephone. Schools are conveniently available to all farm families. By and large, settlers in the Columbia Basin Project lands have escaped the austerity and drudgery of pioneers on many other reclamation projects. 29", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.797233581542969, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Among the goals for the Columbia Basin Project, envisioned in the 1930s, were that it would promote the family farm and prevent the concentration of benefits in the hands of a few individuals. The maximum number of people possible would settle project lands and share the irrigation water subsidized by the power ratepayers. This was the heart of the \"Planned Promised Land\" concept. And it failed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004881858825684, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "Perhaps increased planning efforts in the post-war years might have anticipated the problems of a changing national economy. This would have allowed the government and the Bureau of Reclamation to reform the Columbia Basin Project Act of 1943. But the New Deal's commitment to planning itself was a scattered and piecemeal effort conducted on the federal and local levels. And the government moved steadily away from such efforts after 1935. 32 By the end of World War II there was little government enthusiasm for planning. The shift left the Columbia Basin Project with antiquated and impractical goals even before the first water flowed in its canals. Consequently, all the participants - the Bureau of Reclamation (covertly and intermittently), the farmers, and the business people and professionals in the area - worked from the start to alter the guidelines and limits laid down so carefully by the planners. The changes that have affected, and liberalized, project restrictions came through the efforts of farmers who challenged the laws. They cajoled Congress into expanding those limits. The adjustments since 1952 resulted from farmers responding to outside forces, not continued planning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849803924560547, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The lesson of the Columbia Basin Project has wider implications. Not only rapid economic transitions, but also new administrations with new priorities and different visions, affected the direction of the project. From the start, the Bureau of Reclamation and others involved recognized that irrigation of the million-plus acres would take a number of decades. Yet, in the planning they did not allow for the alterations that political, social, and economic change might require. In retrospect, long-term planning, under this country's political system, with its frequent shifts in direction and the alterations in emphasis that come with each new administration, is impossible or, at least, impractical. It is also true that any study of Western development must include Eastern politics. The two are inextricable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184349060058594, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Columbia Basin does differ markedly from large irrigation projects in California. The anti-speculation legislation laid a foundation for limited ownership that, despite subsequent changes, has remained. There are no huge agribusiness enterprises. In this, the project has so far succeeded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177116394042969, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "As viewed in the 1930s, the Columbia River seemingly held an abundance of water rather than the shortage that plagues the Southwest. The only difficulty for North Central Washington was getting that water up onto the land. The river provided the answers. From the start, backers of the Columbia Basin Project linked it directly to Grand Coulee Dam. The dam generated the power to lift the water. It also supplied the electricity that, when sold, paid for the irrigation. In the Columbia they found an abundance that solved their problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9026386737823486, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "But this linkage, based on the myth of plenty - that the river would always have a surplus of water - led to a misunderstanding. Repeatedly, promoters claimed that the Columbia Basin Project would amortize itself and not cost the federal taxpayer anything. For thirty years, from the early 1920s through the 1950s, the Bureau of Reclamation, and project backers, like Rufus Woods and James O'Sullivan, insisted that the water would be virtually free. This gave farmers a sense of independence and caused resentment when costs rose. They feel that the power subsidy, built into the project from its inception, allows them the freedom to challenge the Bureau of Reclamation and demand that all costs be covered by the government no matter how high they might climb. They have come, with some justification, to expect something for nothing. The increasing realization that there is no excess water in the Columbia now exposes the myth of its abundance, and the financial reality, brought by shortage, haunts the project's future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.79236888885498, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "If everyone realized what the anal price of reclamation projects might be, it is possible that the public would object and the government would not fund them. Anthony Netboy pointed out that, consequently, Congress builds large things, like the Columbia Basin Project, piecemeal. 35 Once started, despite accelerating estimates, Congress seldom, if ever, stops a project. Itis significant then, that this is exactly the approach that the Bureau is suggesting today for building the project's second half. It is recommending adding facilities in slow steps over a period of years rather than all at once. 36 This would provide incremental costs that might appear more palatable to legislators than the $2 billion projected for full development. Neither this nor the full completion approach considers the possibility of high cost overruns which have consistently appeared in the recent past.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261648178100586, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "The Bureau of Reclamation - renamed the Federal Water Power Resources Service during the Carter administration and in 1981 changed back to the Bureau of Reclamation - has learned and it has evolved. It is sensitive to criticism that the private sector might do its job more efficiently. 37 On the Columbia Basin Project, it realized that allowing farmers to pay construction costs directly makes them more amenable to higher charges, especially when they compare government charges with the cost of privately obtained water on adjacent lands. When the farmers build more of the delivery facilities themselves, and control operation and maintenance, they understand better the problems involved, and expect less from the government. Since the 1970s the Bureau has moved increasingly in this direction on the Columbia Basin Project. Nationally in the 1990s the agency has begun redefining its role. Under Reclamation Commissioner Dan Beard and the William Clinton administration, it hopes to become a smaller, efficient \"water management bureau with a more environmental mission. 38", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583516120910645, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "In considering project completion, state and federal government officials must today ask difficult questions. How much are power ratepayers willing to subsidize irrigation? Is there sufficient water in the Columbia River to accommodate irrigation, power needs, fish, navigation, and recreation? What further environmental damage might extended irrigation bring? What are Native American needs and rights? Does the nation require additional farm land? What are the real long-term costs of increased irrigation, and who will pay? How much should government subsidize a few farmers producing what will perhaps become surplus crops? The key is to ask the right questions, including the tough environmental ones that are possibly unpopular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190707206726074, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "As the Columbia Basin Project stands now, it is the result of visionaries and promoters, like Rufus Woods in Wenatchee and Spokane Chamber of Commerce members who worked for decades to irrigate the Big Bend. That it exists at all is a tribute to their persistence. It is the story of attempted planning, at least partial planning, for land use by the largest number of people. It is the tale of a successful dam that brought cheap power and industry to the greater region if not the immediate vicinity. The unexpected, combined with social, economic, and political changes, has channeled its development, sometimes in directions unintended at the outset. Despite complaints and problems, the government is not likely to tear it down. The pyramids, much smaller than the dam and so often compared with it, have lasted for millennia and Grand Coulee will undoubtedly be around for a long time too. The reality today is a project that continues to hold unrealized potential and at the same time poses difficult and unanswered questions. In answering those questions, planners must \"play the ball from where it lies.\" At Grand Coulee and on the Columbia Basin Project, there is much yet to be done. This is a story not yet completed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.844590187072754, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "2. \"The Columbia Basin Project is the largest single irrigation development in the history of reclamation in the United States, and probably also in the world.\" The irrigation network in California's Central Valley is larger, but it is not a single project. Murray A. Straus and Bernard D. Parrish, The Columbia Basin Settler: A Study of Social and Economic Resources in New Land Settlement, Bulletin 566 (Pullman: Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations Institute of Agricultural Sciences, State of Washington, May 1956), p. 1.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.028260231018066, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "3. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, The Story of the Columbia Basin Project (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), p. 5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886500358581543, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "4. For a more detailed description of the Columbia Basin Project's physical features see the Appendix.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436684608459473, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "6. Charles Howard & Associates, Ltd., Arthur Peterson and William Beyers, Preliminary Socioeconomic Analysis: Second Half of the Columbia Basin Project (Olympia: Washington State Department of Ecology and State Printing Plant, March 1985), pp. I-9, I-14, I-16, I-18, I-19, I-21, I-23, I-28.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210165977478027, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" }, { "answer": "Columbia", "passage": "7. Speaking of the same phenomenon in Texas, Donald Worster wrote, \"There was nothing uniquely western in [Walter Prescott] Webb's dream of the future. Essentially it amounted to a vision of replication of the East, where Texas would earnestly make the fullest use of their limited water in the pursuit of money and industrial giantism.\" See Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), p. 265. Worster might well have said the same about eastern Washington and the Columbia Basin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84119987487793, "source": "search", "title": "Grand Coulee Dam Collection - University of Washington" } ]

[ { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson and Diana Ross, the superstardom of Prince and the emergence of Madonna, Whitney Houston, and Janet Jackson—who were all the most successful musicians during this time. Their videos became a permanent fixture on MTV and gained a worldwide mass audience. Michael Jackson was the first African American artist to have his music video aired on MTV. Michael Jackson's Thriller album from 1982 is the best-selling album of all time; it is cited as selling as many as 110 million copies worldwide. Being the biggest selling artist of that decade, he was the biggest star of the 1980s. Madonna was the most successful female artist of the decade. Her third studio album, True Blue, became the best-selling female album of the 1980s. Other Madonna albums from the decade include Like a Virgin which became one of the best selling albums of all-time and Like a Prayer which was called \"as close to art as pop music gets\" by Rolling Stone. Madonna made music videos a marketing tool and was among the first to make them an art form. Many of her songs topped the Charts around the world, such as: \"Like a Virgin\", \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"La Isla Bonita\" and \"Like a Prayer\". After her Like a Prayer album release in 1989, Madonna was named artist of the decade by a number of magazines and awards. Whitney Houston became one of the best selling artist of the 1980s. Her emergence became the footprints of different singers because of her vocal gymnastics. Whitney became the second best-selling female artist of the 1980s, second only to Madonna. Her eponymous debut studio album Whitney Houston became the best-selling debut album of all time and her sophomore album became the first female debut at no. 1 in the history of Billboard 200 and she was the first and the only artist to chart seven consecutive number-one songs on the Billboard 100.", "precise_score": -5.931926727294922, "rough_score": -6.71048641204834, "source": "wiki", "title": "1980s in music" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Like a Prayer\" is a song by American singer Madonna, from her studio album of the same name. It was released by Sire Records as the lead single from the album on March 3, 1989. Written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard, \"Like a Prayer\" denoted a more artistic and personal approach to songwriting for Madonna, who felt she needed to cater more to her adult audience.", "precise_score": 0.11912835389375687, "rough_score": -6.439890384674072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Like a Prayer\" is a pop rock song with elements of gospel music. A choir provides background vocals that heighten the song's spiritual nature, and a rock guitar keeps the music dark and mysterious. Madonna introduced liturgical words in the lyrics—inspired by her Catholic upbringing—but changed the context in which they were used. They have dual meanings of sexual innuendo and religion. \"Like a Prayer\" was acclaimed by critics, and was a commercial success. It was Madonna's seventh number-one single on the United States' Billboard Hot 100, and topped the singles charts in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and other countries.", "precise_score": -0.3347187042236328, "rough_score": -5.9769697189331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "As Madonna considered her alternatives, producers Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray experimented with instrumental tracks and musical ideas for her consideration. Both of them wanted to bring their unique style to the project, and they developed completely different music for the title track. Eventually, Madonna felt that the music presented to her by Leonard was more interesting, and she started to work with him. Together they wrote and produced the title track, naming it \"Like a Prayer\"; it was the first song developed for the Like a Prayer album. Once Madonna had conceptualized the way she would interpose her ideas with the music, she wrote the song in about three hours. She described \"Like a Prayer\" as the song of a passionate young girl \"so in love with God that it is almost as though He were the male figure in her life.\" ", "precise_score": -1.3812049627304077, "rough_score": -7.36295223236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Like a Prayer\" is a pop rock song that incorporates elements of gospel and funk music. According to the sheet music from Alfred Publishing, it was composed using common time in the key of D minor, with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute. Madonna's vocals range from the lower octave of A3 to the two-lined higher note of F5. \"Like a Prayer\" starts with a Dm–C/D–Gm/D–Dm chord progression in the opening chorus, and a Dm–C/E–C7–B–F/A sequence in the verses. The song begins with the sound of heavy rock guitar that is suddenly cut off after a few seconds, and replaced with the choir and the sound of an organ. Madonna sings the opening lines alongside the light sound of percussion, as drums start during the first verse. The percussion and the choir sound are added interchangeably between the verses and the bridges, until the second chorus. At this point the guitars start flickering from left to right, accompanied by a bubbling sequenced bassline.", "precise_score": -1.1504321098327637, "rough_score": -6.148682594299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, commented that \"Like a Prayer\" was the most complex track that Madonna had ever attempted. According to him, the complexity builds up more after the second chorus, in which the choir fully supports Madonna's vocals and she re-utters the opening lines, but this time accompanied by a synthesizer and drum beats. As Madonna sings the lines \"Just like a prayer, your voice can take me there, Just like, a muse to me, You're a mystery\", an R&B-influenced voice backs her up along with the choir. The song ends with a final repetition of the chorus and the singing of the choir gradually fading out.", "precise_score": -0.5119670629501343, "rough_score": -6.608545780181885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Following the release of \"Like a Prayer\" on March 3, 1989, it received widespread acclaim from critics and biographers. Taraborrelli commented that the track \"deserved every bit of the curiosity it generated. While being devilishly danceable, the song also shows Madonna's uncanny ability to inspire strong, conflicting emotions during the course of a single song, leaving the listener scratching his head for answers—and craving for more.\" Stephen Holden from The New York Times, while writing about Madonna's re-invention of her image, observed how Madonna's sound had changed from the \"simple blaring dance-pop to the rich, fully rounded pop of 'Like a Prayer\". O'Brien felt that the most remarkable aspect of \"Like a Prayer\" was Madonna's usage of liturgical words. \"There is the surface meaning, forging sexuality with pop lyrics that sound so sweet. But underlying that is a rigorous mediation on prayer. In shorter words, 'Like a Prayer really takes you there,\" she concluded. This view was shared by biographer Mary Cross, who wrote in her biography of Madonna that \"the song is a mix of the sacred and the profane. There-in lies Madonna's triumph with 'Like a Prayer'. It still sounds catchy and danceable.\" ", "precise_score": -1.2284449338912964, "rough_score": -6.601259708404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "In the United States, \"Like a Prayer\" debuted at number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached the top of the chart on the issue dated April 22, 1989. It was number one for three weeks, before being replaced by the Bon Jovi song \"I'll Be There for You\". \"Like a Prayer\" also topped the Dance Club Songs chart, while reaching number three on the Adult Contemporary chart and number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart. \"Like a Prayer\" was ranked at number 25 on the Hot 100 year-end chart of 1989, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in May 1989, for shipment of a million copies of the single. According to Nielsen SoundScan, it has also sold 443,000 digital downloads as of April 2010, becoming Madonna's best-selling digital track since SoundScan started calculating downloads in 2005. In Canada, the song reached the top of the RPM Singles Chart in its ninth week. It was present on the chart for 16 weeks and was the top-selling Canadian single for 1989. ", "precise_score": 0.15781474113464355, "rough_score": -6.180383682250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "In Australia, \"Like a Prayer\" debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number three on March 19, 1989. The next week it reached the top of the chart, and stayed there for another four weeks. It was present for a total of 22 weeks on the chart, and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 70,000 copies of the single. \"Like a Prayer\" was also the top-selling Australian single of 1989. In New Zealand, the song had a similar run as in Australia, by debuting at number three on the RIANZ Singles Chart, and reaching number one the next week. It was present for a total of 13 weeks on the chart. \"Like a Prayer\" became Madonna's seventh number one single in Japan, and occupied the top position of the Oricon Singles chart for three weeks.", "precise_score": -0.5156131982803345, "rough_score": -6.469848155975342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, \"Like a Prayer\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number two, before moving to the top the next week, remaining there for three weeks. Madonna became the artist with the most number-one singles of the 1980s in the UK, with a total of six chart-toppers. \"Like a Prayer\" became the tenth best-selling song of 1989 in the UK, with the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certifying it gold, for shipment of 400,000 copies of the single. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 580,000 copies there. \"Like a Prayer\" also reached number one in Belgium, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It was Madonna's fifth number one song on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart, reaching the top on March 25, 1989, and staying at number one for 12 weeks. After the Glee episode \"The Power of Madonna\" was broadcast, \"Like a Prayer\" again entered the chart at position 47, on May 15, 2010. The song went on to sell over five million copies worldwide. ", "precise_score": 1.179695725440979, "rough_score": -5.495899200439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "In January 1989, while the music video was still being filmed, Pepsi-Cola announced that they had signed Madonna to a US$5 million deal to use her and \"Like a Prayer\" in a television commercial for them. The agreement also called for Pepsi to financially sponsor Madonna's next world tour. Madonna would use the commercial to launch the \"Like a Prayer\" single globally before its actual release—the first time something like this was being done in the music industry—thereby creating promotion for the single and the album to come. Pepsi, on the other hand, would have their product associated with Madonna, thereby creating promotion for the soft drink. According to the company's advertising head, Alan Pottasch, \"the global media buy and unprecedented debut of this long awaited single will put Pepsi first and foremost in consumer's minds\". Problems started when Madonna refused to dance, \"I ain't dancing and I ain't singing.\" Joe Pytka introduced her to choreographer Vince Paterson (from Michael Jackson days) and she agreed to dance. She and Paterson continued their professional relationship for a number of years. Pepsi ran the expensive television commercial during the global telecast of the 31st Grammy Awards in February 1989. A week later, the ad was premiered during NBC's sitcom, The Cosby Show. ", "precise_score": -2.190977096557617, "rough_score": -6.935319423675537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "At the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards, \"Like a Prayer\" was nominated in the Viewer's Choice and Video of the Year categories, winning the former. Ironically the award show was sponsored by Pepsi in 1989, and when Madonna came onstage to receive the award she added, \"I would really like to thank Pepsi for causing so much controversy.\" \"Like a Prayer\" also topped video countdowns and critic lists. It was number one on MTV's countdown of \"100 Videos That Broke The Rules\" in 2005, and for the 25th anniversary of MTV, viewers voted it as the \"Most Groundbreaking Music Video of All Time\". In addition, the video was ranked at number 20 on Rolling Stones \"The 100 Top Music Videos\" and at number two on VH1's 100 Greatest Videos. Fuse TV also named \"Like a Prayer\" one of its 10 \"Videos That Rocked The World\". In a 2011 poll by Billboard, \"Like a Prayer\" was voted the second best music video of the 1980s, behind only Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\". ", "precise_score": 0.3917531967163086, "rough_score": -6.694533824920654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The first live performance of \"Like a Prayer\" was on the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour. Madonna started the performance by uttering the word \"God?\" suddenly, as everything became silent. Then she started singing \"Like a Prayer\", donning a dress that looked like a cross between a Mediterranean widow's attire and evocative clergyman's robes. A red velvet bed, which was present during the previous performance, was replaced by hundreds of burning candles. At the beginning of the song, Madonna knelt down in front of the stage, as the backup singers cried the words \"Oh my God\" several times. Madonna eventually removed a scarf from her head to display a huge crucifix hanging from her neck, and then rose and sang the full song, while her dancers gyrated around her. Two different performances were taped and released on video: the Blond Ambition: Japan Tour 90, taped in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990, and Blond Ambition World Tour Live, taped in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990. On his review of Blond Ambition World Tour Live, Entertainment Weeklys Ty Burr praised the \"gymnastic dance productions in songs such as 'Where's the Party' and 'Like a Prayer'\", calling them \"astonishing\". ", "precise_score": -0.7805461883544922, "rough_score": -7.30832576751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "For The MDNA Tour in 2012, a modernized gospel version of \"Like a Prayer\" was performed as the second-to-last song of the show. This version featured Madonna and 36 of her back-up singers, who played the role of a choir and wore church robes, energetically performing the song as images of a gothic church and Hebrew letters appeared on the backdrops. Critical response towards the performance was generally positive, with many reviewers deeming it a highlight of the show. Jim Harrington from The Oakland Tribune gave the overall concert a negative review but stated that \"It wasn't until the last two songs—\"Like a Prayer\" and \"Celebration\"—that the whole deal finally clicked\". Timothy Finn from The Kansas City Star was particularly impressed with the backing choir, calling it \"the best use of one since Foreigner’s \"I Want to Know What Love Is\". The performance of the song at the November 19–20, 2012 shows in Miami, at the American Airlines Arena, were recorded and released in Madonna's fourth live album, MDNA World Tour. ", "precise_score": -0.7516400218009949, "rough_score": -7.443806171417236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Like a Prayer\" is considered to be one of the best songs of Madonna's career. It was ranked sixth on Blender magazine's list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\", while Rolling Stone included it in their list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\", at number 300. In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their \"Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time\", by Q magazine. \"Like a Prayer\" was allocated the number one spot on the list. Another similar poll conducted by MSN Entertainment in 2008 had the same result. In 2014, LA Weekly placed the song at rank two on their list of \"The 20 Best Pop Songs in History By Female Artists\". Art Tavana from the publication opined that \"'Like a Prayer' was the moment when Madonna went from being the voice of America's teenagers to the worldwide high priestess of pop.\" At their ranking of the best songs from the 1980s, Pitchfork Media listed \"Like a Prayer\" at number 50. ", "precise_score": 0.08299818634986877, "rough_score": -6.322793960571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Campbell noted that the popularity and the media mayhem surrounding the song and the music video helped introduce a very important factor in the celebrity world: the reception of free publicity. \"Like a Prayer\"s impact was more evident on its parent studio album, which shot to the top of the charts once it was released in April 1989. The music video also served as evidence of the emergence of the video commodity as a different entity from the song that spawned it. As author Judith Marcus argued in her book Surviving the Twentieth Century, Madonna used the church to make her point on victimization. For Marcus, the main impact of the video lies in the fact that Madonna emerged from the role of a victim by \"empowering\" herself. The author asserted that the video metaphorically \"attacked\" the Church's demand for female compliance, indicted the Church's precept of a dichotomy between body and spirit, and at the same time assailed the Church's denial of female spirituality. Campbell noted that the video does not follow any definite narrative, although there is a plethora of images in it. He found sequences where Madonna does not sing the song, but her voice is heard, as most interesting since it pointed out the rapid evolution of the music video medium and Madonna's own work, which had moved beyond a simple capture of a live performance, as was the case for the music video of her first single, \"Everybody\" (1982); by 1989, such videos were already a distant memory.", "precise_score": -3.4565341472625732, "rough_score": -7.285582542419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Taraborrelli commented that \"in the end, the events surrounding 'Like a Prayer' only served to enhance Madonna's reputation as a shrewd businesswoman, someone who knows how to sell a concept.\" Before Madonna's deal with Pepsi, pop stars in general were not given much artistic freedom by sponsors. However, Madonna had said from the very first day that she would be doing the commercial in her very own way, which Pepsi had to accept. While she said that it was never her intention that Pepsi be the fall guy in the fiasco surrounding the video, Taraborrelli argues that Madonna stayed true to herself. Although the commercial intended to promote Pepsi the soft drink, she did not bother to hold even a can of the product, leading Taraborrelli to comment that \"Madonna the pop star was going to do it her way, no matter what Madonna the businesswoman had agreed to do.\" She maintained all along that the Pepsi ad and the music video were two different commodities and she was right to stand her ground. Taraborrelli noted that after \"Like a Prayer\", the recruitment of pop stars and athletes to sell soft drinks became commonplace. However, none of them generated the level of excitement on par with Pepsi's failed deal with Madonna.", "precise_score": -5.0681681632995605, "rough_score": -7.046288013458252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Accompanied by a stunning black and white music video, the haunting ballad \"Oh Father\" was the fourth single from the Like a Prayer album. At the time, \"Oh Father\" had the unfortunate honor of ending Madonna's string of 17 consecutive top 10 hits. \"Oh Father\" stalled out at No. 20 while all 17 Madonna singles from \"Borderline\" (1984) through \"Cherish\" (1989) had reached the top 10.", "precise_score": -0.7597041726112366, "rough_score": -5.719768047332764, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The light, lovey-dovey pop song was a throwback to '60s girl groups and doo-wop music, with couplets like \"Romeo and Juliet they never felt this way, I bet\" and \"You are my destiny, I can't let go, baby, can't you see.\" The song's companion video clip was the first directed by photographer Herb Ritts. He had previously shot Madonna's album covers for True Blue and Like a Prayer.", "precise_score": -5.089869976043701, "rough_score": -6.601765155792236, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Would anyone have thought that \"Like a Prayer\" - which caused so much controversy in 1989 upon its release - would ultimately end up being performed at the Super Bowl halftime show in 2012? Yeah, we didn't think so. The song premiered in a two-minute Pepsi commercial that aired during The Cosby Show on March 2, 1989. (Pepsi was set to sponsor Madonna's then-upcoming Blond Ambition Tour.) The next day, the \"Like a Prayer\" music video debuted ... you know, the one with the burning crosses, stigmata and so on? Yes, well, Pepsi high-tailed it away from Madonna and she - again - outraged the masses.", "precise_score": -1.6260769367218018, "rough_score": -7.248038291931152, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "By 1980, the prominent disco genre, largely dependent on orchestras, had become heavily unfavoured, replaced by a lighter synthpop production, which subsequently fuelled dance music. In the latter half of the 1980s, teen pop experiences its first wave; bands and artists include Exposé, New Kids on the Block, Debbie Gibson, Tiffany, Erotic Exotic, New Edition, Stacey Q, The Bangles, Madonna, George Michael, Olivia Newton-John, Boy George and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.25609016418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "1980s in music" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "American artists such as Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Tina Turner, Bon Jovi, Cher, Hall & Oates, Prince and Janet Jackson ruled the charts throughout the decade and achieved tremendous success worldwide. Their fame and commercial success lasts up to date although Whitney Houston,Michael Jackson and Prince are deceased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181012153625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "1980s in music" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The music video, directed by Mary Lambert, portrays Madonna as a witness to a murder of a white girl by white supremacists. While a black man is arrested for the murder, Madonna hides in a church for safety seeking strength to go forth as a witness. The clip depicts Catholic symbols such as stigmata, Ku Klux Klan-style cross burning, and a dream about kissing a black saint. After its release, the Vatican condemned the video, while family and religious groups protested its broadcast. They boycotted products by soft drink manufacturer Pepsi, which used the song for a commercial. Madonna's contract with Pepsi was then canceled, although she was allowed to retain her initial fee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156354904174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The song has been featured on four of Madonna's concert tours, most recently the Rebel Heart Tour in 2015. \"Like a Prayer\" has been covered by many artists. The song is noted for the mayhem surrounding the music video, and the different interpretations of its content, leading to discussions among music and film scholars. Alongside its respective album, \"Like a Prayer\" has been considered a turning point in Madonna's career, as she began to be viewed as an efficient businesswoman—someone who knew how to sell a concept.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.446366310119629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "1988 was a quiet year on the recording front for Madonna. Following the critical and commercial failure of her 1987 film Who's That Girl, she acted in the Broadway production Speed-the-Plow. However, unfavorable reviews once again caused her discomfort. Her marriage to actor Sean Penn ended and the couple filed for divorce in January 1989. Madonna turned 30, the age at which her mother had died, and thus the singer experienced more emotional turmoil. She commented for the May 1989 issue of Interview that her Catholic upbringing struck a feeling of guilt in her all the time:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739940643310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "But she understood that as she was growing up, so was her core audience. Feeling the need to attempt something different, Madonna wanted the sound of her new album to indicate what could be popular in the music world. She had certain personal matters on her mind that she thought could be the musical direction of the album. For lyrical ideas of the title track, she chose topics that until then had been personal meditations never to be shared with the general public. Thoughtfully, she sifted through her personal journals and diaries, and began considering her options. She recalled, \"What was it I wanted to say? I wanted the album and the song to speak to things on my mind. It was a complex time in my life.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827571868896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna's further inspiration for writing the title song came from the Catholic belief of transubstantiation. She believed that the wine and wafer, which Catholics believe become the Body of Christ during Mass, have transformative power and every word in the prayer has its precise meaning. For Madonna, \"Like a Prayer\" similarly appeared to carry its own transformative power. While writing the lyrics, Madonna introduced liturgical words but changed the context in which they were added for a dual meaning. She wanted the song to have superficial pop lyrics about sexuality and religion, but a different meaning underneath which she believed could provoke a reaction from her listeners. In author J. Randy Taraborrelli's book Madonna: An Intimate Biography, Leonard explained that he was not comfortable with the lyrics and the sexual innuendos present in it. He gave the example of the first verse for \"Like a Prayer\" which goes \"When you call my name, It's like a little prayer, I'm down on my knees, I wanna take you there.\" Leonard understood that the dual meaning of the lines referred to someone performing fellatio. He was aghast and requested that Madonna change the line, but she was adamant about keeping it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.522536277770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Once Madonna and Leonard finished writing the lyrics of \"Like a Prayer\", they decided to record it alongside a choir at the end of 1988. He wanted to have a quick recording session for the song, as he believed that not much work would be needed for it. Madonna and Leonard met with musician Andraé Crouch and a member of his management team/vocalist Roberto Noriega and signed his choir as one of the background vocalists. Since Crouch was the leader of the Los Angeles Church of God choir, he researched the lyrics of the song, as he wanted to \"find out what the intention of the song might be. We're very particular in choosing what we work with, and we liked what we heard.\" At Jonny Yuma recording studio, Crouch got his choir together and explained to them what they needed to do during the recording session. He had listened to the demo of \"Like a Prayer\" in his car, and directed his choir according to his own interpretations of the music. The choir was recorded separately, and Leonard wanted it to be added during post-production of the song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.308135986328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Recording took more time than usual since Madonna and Leonard fought \"tooth and nail\" according to O'Brien, the reason being Madonna wanting to prove everybody that her second time as a record producer was not a fluke. Leonard worked on the chord changes for the verses and the chorus. He hired guitarist Bruce Gaitsch and bass guitar player Guy Pratt as musicians for \"Like a Prayer\". Pratt had in turn hired some additional drummers who were supposed to reach Jonny Yuma in the morning. However, the person cancelled at the last minute, which irritated Madonna greatly, and she started shouting and swearing profusely at Leonard. Pratt did not end up being fired, but as recording started for \"Like a Prayer\", he realized that Madonna would not forgive him easily; she called him at late nights for his opinion, and urgently asking him to come to the recording studio, only to dismiss him. In the meantime, Leonard hired British drum and guitar players such as Chester Kamens, David Williams and Dann Huff. He commented that the choice was deliberate since he was a fan of British rock, and wanted that kind of attitude and quirkiness of the musicians in \"Like a Prayer\", as well as the other songs of the album. Madonna had her own opinion of how the different musical instruments should be played to achieve the sound that she envisioned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.617206573486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Pratt recalled that after the middle chorus of the song was recorded, Madonna notified the musicians of some changes in the production. She wanted drummer Jonathan Moffet to \"do less of the high-hat in the middle eight, and more of a fill towards the end. Guy, I want duck eggs [semibreves] on the end, and Chester, bring in your guitar on the second verse.\" The team ran through her instructions once more, and did a final take with vocals and one with the string arrangements. Gaitsch heard Madonna telling Leonard that \"Like a Prayer\" could not be improved further, and that the recording was finished. Leonard then gave the song to Bill Bottrell for the mixing process. As the mixing was nearing completion, Leonard felt that the bongos and the Latin Percussion would sound really mismatched, if Crouch's choir was to be added afterwards; hence, he removed them. Junior Vasquez remixed the 12\" version of the track, turning the church capella inside out and overlaying it with Fast Eddie's single \"Let's Go\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.828512191772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Taraborrelli noted in Madonna: An Intimate Biography that the lyrics of the song consist of \"a series of button-pushing anomalies\". With Madonna's inclusion of double entendres in the lyrics, \"Like a Prayer\" refers to both the spiritual and the carnal. Taraborrelli felt that the song sounds religious, but with an undertone of sexual tension. This was achieved by the gospel choir, whose voice heightens the song's spiritual nature, while the rock guitar sounds keep it dark and mysterious. Author Lucy O'Brien explained how the song's lyrics describe Madonna receiving a vocation from God: \"Madonna is unashamedly her mother's daughter—kneeling alone in private devotion, contemplating God's mystery. She sings of being chosen, of having a calling.\" The album version features bass guitar played by Guy Pratt doubled by an analogue Minimoog bass synthesizer, while the 7\" version has a different bass part played by Randy Jackson. \"Like a Prayer\" was also remixed by Shep Pettibone for the 12\" single of the song; a re-edited version of Pettibone's mix is featured on Madonna's 1990 compilation album The Immaculate Collection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.839948654174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Michael Campbell, author of Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes On, felt that the soothing melody, which \"flows in gently undulating phases\", resembles English singer Steve Winwood's 1986 single \"Higher Love\". Australian rock music journalist Toby Creswell wrote in his book 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them that \"'Like a Prayer' is a beautifully crafted devotional song in the guise of perfect pop. God is the drum machine here.\" Scholar Georges Claude Guilbert, author of Madonna as Postmodern Myth: How One Star's Self-Construction Rewrites Sex, Gender, Hollywood and the American Dream, noted that there was a polysemy in \"Like a Prayer\" as it was clear that the woman who sings is addressing either God, or her lover, and in doing so “Madonna achieves the gold-card of attaining her own divinity. Whenever someone calls her name, it alludes to the song.\" Theologian Andrew Greeley compared \"Like a Prayer\" with the music and the hymns present in the Hebrew religious textbook Song of Songs. Greeley, although focusing more on the video, acknowledged the fact that sexual passion may be revelatory, and complimented Madonna for glorifying ideologies of female subjectivity and womanhood in the song. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.1024169921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic called the song haunting and felt that it displayed a commanding sense of Madonna's songcraft. According to Rolling Stones Gavin Edwards, it sounded glorious and \"is the most transgressive—and the most irresistible\" song of Madonna's career. Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly commented that the \"gospel-infused title track demonstrates that her writing and performing had been raised to heavenly new heights.\" In a review for The Immaculate Collection compilation album, David Browne of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the \"frothier\" texture of the song added poignancy to its spiritual lyrics. Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine was impressed with the track, saying \"'Like a Prayer' climbs to heights like no other pop song before it—or after. Like most of the songs on the album, the track's glossy production gives way to a power beyond studio sonics, and if [its] 'church-like' reverence feels like a religious experience, it's no mere coincidence.\" Writing for the Official UK Charts Company, Justin Myers called \"Like a Prayer\" a simple love song and complemented the numerous hooks and the lyrics. He believed that the song had the potential to be successful even without its controversial music video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.380827903747559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The music video for \"Like a Prayer\" was directed by American film director Mary Lambert and was shot at Raleigh Studios in Hollywood, California and at San Pedro Hills in San Pedro, California. Madonna wanted the video to be more provocative than anything she had done before. She wanted to address racism by having the video depict a mixed-race couple being shot by the Ku Klux Klan. However, upon further thought, she decided on another provocative theme to keep with the song's religious connotations. When Madonna had recorded the song, she would play it over and over again; she interpreted the visual as:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8272199630737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Lambert had a different visual aspect of the song on her mind. She felt that it was more about ecstasy, especially a sexual one, and how it related to religious ecstasy. She listened to the song with Madonna a number of times and came to the conclusion that the religious ecstasy part should be included. A sub-plot about Madonna as a homicide witness was included and became the trigger factor in the ecstasy part of the plot. Actor Leon Robinson was hired to play the role of a saint, which was inspired by Martin de Porres, the patron saint of mixed-race people and all those seeking interracial harmony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84030818939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The viewers first see Madonna who runs on the street. She witnesses the murder of a young woman, but is too frozen in fear to protest. A black man walking down the alley notices the incident and decides to help the woman, but the police arrive and arrest him, mistakenly suspecting him to be the killer. The murderers give a threatening look towards Madonna and leave. She escapes to a church and sees a caged saint who resembles the black man on the street. As the song starts, Madonna utters a prayer in front of the saint, who appears to be crying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633474349975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna lies down on a pew and has a dream in which she is falling through space. Suddenly, a woman, representing power and strength, catches her. She advises Madonna to do what is right and tosses her back up. Still dreaming, Madonna returns to the saint, who becomes the black man she had seen earlier. He kisses her forehead and leaves the church as she picks up a knife and cuts her hands, bleeding. As the chorus starts, the scene shifts to Madonna as she sings and dances wildly in front of burning crosses. In the meantime a church choir sings around Madonna, who continues to dance with them. Madonna wakes up, goes to the jail and tells the police that the black man is innocent; the police release him. The video ends as Madonna dances in front of the burning crosses, and then everybody involved in the storyline takes a bow as curtains come down on the set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796496391296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Titled \"Make a Wish\", the two-minute commercial portrayed Madonna back in time to revisit her childhood memories. It starts as Madonna watches a video of her childhood birthday party. As she reminisces, she interchanges places with her childhood self. The young Madonna roams aimlessly around the grown-up Madonna's room, while the latter dances with her childhood friends on the street and inside a bar. The commercial continues as Madonna dances inside a church, surrounded by a choir and her child self discovering her old play doll. As both of their lives are interchanged again, the grown-up Madonna looks towards the TV and says, \"Go ahead, make a wish\". Both depictions of Madonna raise their cans of Pepsi towards each other, and the young Madonna blows out the candles on her birthday cake. An estimated 250 million people around the world saw the commercial, which was directed by Joe Pytka. Pepsi-Cola Company spokesman Todd MacKenzie said that the ad was planned to be aired simultaneously in Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. Bob Garfield from the Advertising Age observed that from \"Turkey to El Salvador to anytown USA, around 500 million eyes [were] glued to the screen. Leslie Savan from The Village Voice noted that the ad qualified as a \"hymn to the global capabilities of the age of electronic reproductions; it celebrates the pan-cultural ambitions of both soda pop and pop star.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838780403137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Taraborrelli pointed out about the actual music video that \"Madonna danced with such abundance in [it], as if she knew that she was about to cause a commotion, and couldn't wait to see how it would unfold.\" The day after the Pepsi commercial was premiered, Madonna released the actual music video for \"Like a Prayer\" on MTV, who deemed it controversial. Among music critics, Phil Kloer from Record-Journal felt that whether one condemns the video as racist or not, \"It's condemnable on the face of it because it exploits a symbol of evil [the burning crosses of the Ku Klux Klan] in order to sell records.\" Jamie Portman from The Daily Schenectady Gazette noted that \"the video is vulnerable to charges of being blatantly provocative in its calculated blending of sex and religion.\" David Rosenthal from The Spokesman-Review found the video \"visually stunning\"; however, Edna Gundersen from USA Today did not understand the media mayhem behind the video. She pointed out that \"Madonna is a good girl in the video. She saves someone. What is the big deal behind it?\" Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Chris Willman complimented the video for its portrayal of a love song, rather than blasphemy. He was more interested in the stigmata presented in the video. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.418401718139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Religious groups worldwide protested against the video, which they deemed contained blasphemous use of Christian imagery. They called for the national boycott of Pepsi and PepsiCo's subsidiaries, including their fast food chains Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut. Pepsi had decided initially to continue airing their commercial; however, they were taken aback by the protests. They explained the differences between their advertising methods and Madonna's artistic opinions in the video. Ultimately, Pepsi caved in to the protests, and cancelled the advertising campaign. According to Taraborrelli, Pepsi was so eager to extricate themselves from the venture that they even allowed Madonna to keep the five million dollars she had been advanced. In the meantime, Pope John Paul II involved himself in the matter and encouraged fans to boycott her Italian performances. Protests from a small Catholic organization in the country prompted Italian state television network RAI and Madonna's Italian record company WEA to not air the video there. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04354476928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Scholars and academics have offered different interpretations of the music video. Allen Metz, one of the authors of The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, noted that when Madonna enters the church at the beginning of the video, the line \"I hear you call my name, And it feels like.... Home\" is played. He explained that the scene highlighted Madonna's continued fascination with Spanish culture right from her early videos. The women of Italian East Harlem in New York call their Church as la casa di momma (Momma's House). In that respect, Madonna alluded herself to be one from Harlem, but also refers to her own name as the divine returning to the Church. Nicholas B. Dirks, author of Culture/power/history, argued that Madonna falling into a dream is the most important point of the narrative as it signified that \"Madonna is really not putting herself in place of the redeemer, but imagining herself as one.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839070320129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Santiago Fouz-Hernández wrote in his book Madonna's Drowned Worlds that the Black woman who catches Madonna when she is falling through heaven in her dream, is a symbol for the divinity, as she helps Madonna throughout the video to come to the correct decision. Fouz-Hernández also noted how the physical similarity between Madonna and woman indicated that it was actually Madonna's inner divinity which was rescuing her. After the Black saint comes to life and departs from the church, Madonna picks up his dropped dagger and accidentally cut her hands. Scholar Robert McQueen Grant explained the action as a stigmata, that marked Madonna as having an important role to play in the narrative. During the second chorus, as the crime scene is shown in detail, an identification is established between Madonna and the victim. Freya Jarman-Ivens, coauthor with Fouz-Hernández, noted that the woman cries out for help when Madonna sings the line \"When you call my name, It's like a little prayer\". However, Madonna does nothing about it, thus portraying failure of divinity to save. According to Jarman-Ivens, the look between the gang member and Madonna also sets up a complicity of \"White men rape/kill women, white men blame it on Black men; Women are raped/killed for being on the streets at night, Black men are nevertheless thrown in jail.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527968406677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "As Madonna sings the intermediate verse amidst a field of burning crosses, she evokes the murder scene of three civil workers, portrayed in the 1988 American crime drama film Mississippi Burning. Metz noted that when Madonna dances with the choir in the altar of the church, a young Black boy joins her. This referred to the only person who had protested against the Ku Klux Klan murders in Mississippi Burning, a Black man. Metz believed it was symbolic of how his protest was now transferred in Madonna. Benson described the erotic scene between the saint and Madonna as \"leading the viewer to a single conclusion through its numerous cut-scenes of burning crosses, shocked face of Madonna, bleeding eye of the icon etc that Black men have been martyred for kissing white women or even wanting them.\" Grant believed this was where the racial equality message of the video came across as most poignant. On the contrary, when the curtain falls and the scene shifts to a smiling Madonna among the burning crosses, professor Maury Dean felt that another explanation was inevitable. Madonna portrays a successful heroine and thus the whole video becomes about female empowerment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603311538696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "In 2003, Madonna released her ninth studio album, American Life. While doing a set of short promotional performances for the album, Madonna sang \"Like a Prayer\", with the choir portion of the song being replaced by guitar sounds. The song was also included in the set list of the Re-Invention World Tour of 2004. Members of the audience asked to sing along with her, filling in the part of the choir. Backup vocalist Siedah Garrett sang the vocals during the intermediate verses, while the backdrops displayed a series of Hebrew letters, indicating the 72 names of God. Jim Farber from New York magazine complimented Madonna's vocals during the song. The performance was included on the 2006 live album of the tour, titled I'm Going to Tell You a Secret. Madonna sang a similar version of the song during the Live 8 benefit concert at Hyde Park, London in July 2005. She performed it alongside Birhan Woldu, an Ethiopian woman who, as a malnourished toddler, had appeared in some of the footage of the 1984–85 famine in Ethiopia. Roger Friedman from Fox News Channel praised her performance, describing her voice as \"rich, supple and perfect\". Conversely, Chicago Tribunes Jill Lawless found Madonna's delivery to be uninspiring and \"cathartic\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.967305183410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "A dance version of the song, mixed with fragments of the dance track \"Feels Like Home\" by Meck, was performed in the 2008–09 Sticky & Sweet Tour as part of the rave segment. Madonna's line \"feels like home\" was replaced by the same line from Meck’s song. In the rave segment, Madonna appeared wearing a breastplate and a short wig. She danced energetically around the whole stage as backup singer Nicki Richards provided vocals during the intermediate solo. Screens displayed a message of equality of religions, as symbols and texts from different scriptures flashed by, including messages from the Bible, Qur'an, Torah and Talmud. The performance ended with the line \"We all come from the Light and to it shall we return\", as a circular screen covered Madonna to give way to the next song, \"Ray of Light\". Helen Brown from The Daily Telegraph declared the performance as one of the highlights of the tour, while Joey Guerra from Houston Chronicle compared the sequences of Madonna rising on a platform with that of a superhero. The performance was included both in the CD and DVD of the live release of the tour, titled Sticky & Sweet Tour, filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina from December 4–7, 2008. In January 2010, Madonna performed an acoustic version of the song live during the Hope For Haiti telethon. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented: \"For 20 years, that song has been the symbol of one of the most tumultuous and controversial periods in Madonna's life. But for five minutes tonight, it was pure, put in service of something bigger than the singer.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.498480796813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "On October 27, 2015, during the Inglewood stop of her Rebel Heart Tour, Madonna performed \"Like a Prayer\". The performance began with the singer playing the acoustic guitar before asking the crowd to sing along with her. She also performed the song during her concert in Stockholm, Sweden, on November 14, 2015, dedicating it to the victims of the terrorist attacks that took place in Paris, France, two days before. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.757208824157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "One of the first cover versions of the song was done by folk singer-songwriter John Wesley Harding, for his 1989 extended play, God Made Me Do It: The Christmas EP. The 1999 and 2000 compilation albums, Virgin Voices: A Tribute To Madonna, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, included a cover of \"Like a Prayer\" by singers Loleatta Holloway and electro-industrial band Bigod 20. An uptempo eurodance remix was made by DJ group Sound Assassins for the remix album Dancemania Speed 2, released in Japan in March 1999. The song was redone as a hi-NRG/eurodance song in 2002 by a group called Mad'House, and was included in their album, Absolutely Mad. It was released as a single and was a commercial success, reaching the top of the charts in Austria, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands, the top ten in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia regions), France, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and the top twenty in Denmark and Sweden. On the European Hot 100 Singles chart of Billboard, it reached a peak of two.Peak chart positions for \"Like a Prayer\" by Mad'House:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.091830253601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": " A folk music cover of the song by Lavender Diamond was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness, with an accompanying music video made by Peter Glantz. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32533073425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Like a Prayer\" was featured in an episode of American television series, Glee, called \"The Power of Madonna\". It was sung at the end of the episode by the fictional show choir New Directions, performed by the Glee cast members. The song was released as a digital downloadable single to the iTunes Store, and was also included on the soundtrack EP, Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna. The cover version reached number 28 in Australia, number 27 in Canada, number two in Ireland, and number 16 in the United Kingdom. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.68470573425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "*Madonna – songwriter, producer, background vocals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442033767700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Like a Prayer (song)" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna - Like A Prayer - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.978029251098633, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Like A Prayer - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna - Like A Prayer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.679162979125977, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Like A Prayer - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna's Biggest Hits: Top 40 Billboard Songs | Billboard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483551979064941, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna performs at Feijenoord Stadium on July 24 1990 in Rotterdam, Netherlands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520475387573242, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "She's the Queen of Pop and royalty on the Billboard charts. To celebrate Madonna 's career, we've compiled an exclusive ranking of the diva's 40 biggest Billboard Hot 100 hit singles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211469650268555, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "'Madonna': A Look Back at the Queen of Pop's Debut", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32635498046875, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Since arriving on the Hot 100 the week of Oct. 29, 1983, with \"Holiday,\" she has earned a total of 57 chart hits, including a record 38 top 10s. Yes, you read that right: Madonna has more top 10 hits than any other artist in the history of the chart (and incidentally, Madonna was born the exact same month as the Hot 100 ). The Beatles are in second place, with 34 top 10s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236383438110352, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Rain,\" the fourth single from 1992's Erotica album, comes in at No. 40 on Madonna's all-time biggest hits list. The commercial release of the maxi-single (and 12\" vinyl) was bolstered by the previously unreleased track \"Up Down Suite\" as well as a jazzy/hip-hip remix of the Erotica album cut \"Waiting\" (featuring Everlast).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006319046020508, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Don't Cry For Me Argentina\" took an unconventional route to the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. Recorded as the sweeping centerpiece to the movie Evita, the song wasn't necessarily a made-for-radio hit single. However, uptempo dance mixes of the song were produced (which included new vocals from Madonna) and promoted to radio stations. The so-called \"Miami Mix\" (by producers Pablo Flores and Javier Garza) soon became a smash on the radio and led to a commercial release as a maxi-single and 12\" vinyl. Pent-up demand for the remixes engineered a No. 17 debut on the Hot 100 for the single on Feb. 22, 1997. The following week it sailed to its No. 8 peak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148706436157227, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna's first Billboard Hot 100 hit (though not her first single), debuted at No. 88 on Oct. 29, 1983 - and the chart hasn't been the same ever since. The cut would eventually rise to No. 16 on Jan. 18, 1984 and was the first of three top 20 singles from Madonna's self-titled debut album. \"Holiday\" is also the third and final non-top-10 hit (with Nos. 37, 39 and 40) on this round-up of Madonna's biggest singles. Every other tune on this tally reached the top 10.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.702022552490234, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "In 1990, Madonna could have released pretty much anything and it would have been a hit single. Take for example this goofy (but catchy!) ditty about having a \"good spanky.\" It reached No. 10 on July 28 of that year, as Madonna's massive Blond Ambition Tour was winding its way around the globe. \"Hanky Panky\" was the second, and final, single from the I'm Breathless album (a sort of companion set to the Dick Tracy film, in which she co-starred). The first Breathless release was \"Vogue\" - but more on that single in a little bit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70605754852295, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Rescue Me\" was one of two new songs recorded for Madonna's first greatest hits album, 1990's The Immaculate Collection. When it debuted at No. 15 on the March 2, 1991 Hot 100 chart, it marked the highest-ever bow for a single by a woman. Further, it was - at the time - one of only four titles to debut in the top 20. The song had been an airplay hit for a full three months before it finally arrived on the Hot 100, as the single had been held back from commercial release. As \"Rescue Me's\" release was delayed until it had reached its peak of popularity on the radio, it had an artificially short run - eight weeks - on the Hot 100.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594862937927246, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The lead single from 2005's Confessions on a Dance Floor boogied its way to No. 7 on the Hot 100 in 2005 and was the first of two chart hits from her discofied album. (A second hit, \"Sorry,\" reached No. 58.) \"Hung Up\" featured a galloping sample from ABBA's \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" while its video had Madonna channeling Saturday Night Fever whilst clubbing in London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.103371620178223, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The title track from the James Bond film, released in 2002, became the first Bond tune to reach the top 10 on the Hot 100 since Duran Duran's A View to a Kill hit No. 1 in 1985. Further, \"Die Another Day\" was the first official Bond theme song to even chart on the tally since \"A View to a Kill.\" The electro-hued single would go on to appear on Madonna's 2003 album, American Life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.859854698181152, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Ray Of Light\" continues to hold the record for Madonna's highest-debuting single ever, as it started at No. 5 on the Hot 100 chart dated July 11, 1998. The single was the title track (and second single) from Madonna's 1998 album, and went on to win a Grammy Award for best dance recording. Its corresponding music video, directed by Jonas Akerlund, also won a Grammy for best short form music video, and earned five MTV Video Music Awards (including Video of the Year).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127694129943848, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Keep It Together\" was the fifth commercial single from Madonna's 1989 Like a Prayer album and was initially planned to carry with it a previously unreleased b-side. The b-side in question? \"Vogue.\" Luckily, that anthem would go on to have its own single release. Instead, \"Keep It Together\" set sail on its own - without a sexy b-side to spice up sales. However, \"Keep It Together\" was remixed to become slightly more radio-friendly. Its redux was reminiscent of the then-popular track \"Back to Life\" by Soul II Soul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.073351860046387, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Composed and produced with David Foster, \"You'll See\" was one of a handful of new tunes Madonna recorded for her 1995 ballads collection Something to Remember. The ballad, which showcased Madonna's newly-trained vocal abilities, would prepare audiences for her lead role in the following year's Evita. The \"You'll See\" music video became Madonna's first sequel clip - as it followed the story set in motion in the dramatic \"Take a Bow\" short.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200119972229004, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna's first top 10 single was the first of a staggering 17 consecutive top 10s for the singer from 1984 through 1989. The \"Borderline\" music video was the first collaboration between Madonna and director Mary Lambert, who would go on to helm her clips \"Like a Virgin,\" \"Material Girl,\" \"La Isla Bonita\" and \"Like a Prayer.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.059857368469238, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Don't Tell Me\" was the second single from the Music album and was co-written by Madonna's brother-in-law, recording artist Joe Henry. He would later release his own version of the track, re-titled \"Stop,\" on his 2001 album Scar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315074920654297, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The lead single from the Ray Of Light album marked a sonic change in Madonna's career, thanks to its co-producer, William Orbit. The track was heavily influenced by electronic dance music and peaked at No. 2 on the Hot 100. It would have perhaps reached the top of the chart, had it not been for K-Ci & JoJo. The week that \"Frozen\" zoomed from No. 5 to No. 2, the R&B duo's \"All My Life\" raced up the chart from No. 15 to No. 1 - blocking Madonna from the penthouse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.124597549438477, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Lucky Star\" is the lone Hot 100 hit in Madonna's catalog that was composed entirely by the diva herself. The uptempo number riffs a bit on the old nursery rhyme \"Star Light, Star Bright\" and has endured as one of Madonna's most beloved dance tracks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27657699584961, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Dress You Up\" is the first of four singles on this tally from Madonna's Like a Virgin album. The plucky dance track was produced by Chic's Nile Rodgers (as was the rest of the Virgin album) and was the final single released from the set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241684913635254, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Written for the film A League of the Their Own, co-starring Madonna, this delicate ballad became her 10th No. 1 single in the summer of 1992. It spent a week at No. 1 - sandwiched between two monster hits. It followed a five-week No. 1 run by Sir Mix-a-Lot's \"Baby Got Back\" and immediately preceded a 13-week reign by Boyz II Men's \"End of the Road.\" Curiously, Madonna has yet to perform \"This Used to Be My Playground\" live - either on tour or during a promotional appearance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816974639892578, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "One of Madonna's many singles which she co-wrote with Stephen Bray, \"Angel\" reached No. 5 on the Hot 100 in 1985. Rather famously, the \"Angel\" 12\" vinyl single contains one of the most famous b-sides in U.S. history: \"Into the Groove.\" While \"Into the Groove\" received a proper release in other countries, in America, it was relegated to b-side status despite its enormous popularity both on the radio and on MTV.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584907531738281, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"4 Minutes\" is notable in that it was only the second single release in the U.S. from Madonna on which she shares credit with another artist. Justin Timberlake and Timbaland joined forces with her on the track - a little under five years after Madonna had first paired with Timberlake's former flame, Britney Spears, for \"Me Against the Music.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118865966796875, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Co-produced and co-written with Dallas Austin, \"Secret\" was the first single from Madonna's R&B-hued Bedtime Stories album in 1994. The strummy, hip-hop-lite song reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 - stuck behind Boyz II Men's \"I'll Make Love to You\" (No. 1) and Sheryl Crow's \"All I Wanna Do.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623828887939453, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "The Spanish-flavored track seems to be a favorite of Madonna's, as it has been included on the setlists of many of her concert tours. She also performed it at the 2007 Live Earth benefit show in London. \"La Isla Bonita\" was the fifth and final single from her True Blue album, and the cut reached No. 4 on the Hot 100.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166152954101562, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"True Blue,\" the title track from Madonna's 1986 album, spent three weeks stuck at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. All about \"true love, oh baby,\" the single is an unabashed peppy love song. Perhaps an indication of Madonna's (lack of) fondness of the track - it has only been performed on one of her concert tours: 1987's Who's That Girl trek.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51433277130127, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Come on girls, do you believe in love?\" Well, Madonna had something to say about it in 1989, when \"Express Yourself\" was released as the second single from the Like a Prayer album. The single's video was directed by a pre-super-stardom David Fincher and was the first of four video collaborations between the two artists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.730832099914551, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Causing a Commotion\" was the second single from Madonna's Who's That Girl soundtrack, peaking at No. 2 for three straight weeks. (It was prevented from reaching the top by Michael Jackson's \"Bad,\" which jumped to No. 1 the same week \"Commotion\" hit No. 2 for the first time.) \"Commotion\" also ranks as Madonna's biggest Hot 100 hit (on this top 40 recap) without an official music video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.669958114624023, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"I'll Remember,\" from the film With Honors, is one of six Madonna singles that have peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Madonna holds the record for the most No. 2 hits in Hot 100 history. This particular track was lodged in the runner-up position for four weeks, behind All-4-One's \"I Swear.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696430206298828, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Material Girl\" is one of those singles that some people might assume was a No. 1 hit for Madonna. However, it topped out at No. 2 on the Hot 100 tally in 1985. As the second hit from the Like a Virgin album, the song would also become a nickname for the diva herself (whether she liked it or not).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.34151554107666, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "We're entering rarified air now, as every one of Madonna's top 11 hits of all time on the Hot 100 chart are all No. 1s. \"Who's That Girl\" was the title track of the Madonna film and doubled as the lead single from its companion soundtrack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810464859008789, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna's third single from True Blue shot to No. 1 on the Hot 100 on Feb. 7, 1987, marking the singer's fifth chart-topper. Its video caused a stir as Madonna starred as an exotic dancer who becomes friends with a boy (played by dancer Felix Howard).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.801948547363281, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna's most recent Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 is \"Music,\" which spent four weeks atop the tally in late 2000. The cut was the lead single of the Music album, which again teamed her with William Orbit (Ray of Light). The single itself, like a fair portion of the album, was co-written and co-produced by Madonna and Mirwais.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.194574356079102, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "After the madness of the boy toy era of Madonna's career (1983-85), she surprised many with \"Live to Tell,\" the lead track from her 1986 album True Blue. The haunting ballad was written partially for the film At Close Range (which starred her her then-husband Sean Penn) and found the No. 1 target on the Hot 100. The song was accompanied by a music video that introduced a decidedly toned-down Madonna to the public - one of the diva's first major so-called reinventions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332998275756836, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Papa Don't Preach\" was one of the few songs that even Madonna's most conservative critics could find reason to champion. The song tells the story of a young woman who confesses to her father that she's become pregnant, however, she's opting to keep her baby (as opposed to giving it up).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151167869567871, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Justify My Love,\" like so many of Madonna's singles, spawned a music video that garnered more attention than perhaps the song itself. Its clip was so racy, MTV declined to air it entirely. Luckily for the buying public, Madonna opted to sell the video as the first-ever commercially-available video single.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281240463256836, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "It may surprise some, but \"Take a Bow\" spent more weeks at No. 1 than any other Madonna single. (However, on this list, it ultimately ranks at No. 4.) With a seven-week run atop the Hot 100, 1995's \"Take a Bow\" returned her to the top of the chart for the first time since 1992 (\"This Used to Be My Playground\"). Co-written and co-produced with Babyface, \"Take a Bow\" is one of two No. 1 singles that she's yet to sing on tour - the other is \"This Used to Be My Playground.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.836260795593262, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Initially planned as the b-side of \"Keep It Together,\" Madonna's tribute to the fierceness that is vogueing was thankfully released as a single on its own. The thumping dance number is as iconic as its glamorous black-and-white music video, which was directed by David Fincher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197550773620605, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "It's somehow appropriate that Madonna's first No. 1, \"Like a Virgin,\" tops our list of her 40 biggest Hot 100 hit singles. The title track and lead single from her 1984 album spent six weeks atop the chart and became one of the diva's signature songs. It was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly and produced by Nile Rodgers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.828932762145996, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "MORE MADONNA:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309791564941406, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna's 40 Biggest Billboard Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "MADONNA LYRICS - Like A Prayer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.809952735900879, "source": "search", "title": "MADONNA LYRICS - Like A Prayer" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "MADONNA LYRICS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541831970214844, "source": "search", "title": "MADONNA LYRICS - Like A Prayer" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Writer(s): Madonna and Patrick Leonard, CICCONE MADONNA L, Madonna, Patrick Leonard, LEONARD PATRICK RAYMOND, Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38127326965332, "source": "search", "title": "MADONNA LYRICS - Like A Prayer" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "\"Like a Virgin\" by Madonna (1984)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.558037757873535, "source": "search", "title": "VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '80s | Spinditty" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna - 01. Like A Prayer - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.639493942260742, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - 01. Like A Prayer - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Madonna - 01. Like A Prayer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.499151229858398, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - 01. Like A Prayer - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Madonna", "passage": "Written/Produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379378318786621, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - 01. Like A Prayer - YouTube" } ]

[ { "answer": "1970s", "passage": "Also in 1999, McGregor acted in Todd Haynes' Velvet Goldmine, as a 1970s-era glam rocker in the mode of Iggy Pop.", "precise_score": 0.8272949457168579, "rough_score": -3.203932523727417, "source": "search", "title": "Ewan McGregor - Biography.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The biggest wide-body aircraft are known as jumbo jets due to their very large size; examples include the Boeing 747 (\"jumbo jet\"), Airbus A380 (\"superjumbo jet\"), and upcoming Boeing 777X (\"mini jumbo jet\"). The phrase, \"jumbo jet\", derives from Jumbo, a famous circus elephant in the 19th century. ", "precise_score": 0.3421485424041748, "rough_score": -4.42721700668335, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The widebody age began in 1970 with the entry into service of the first widebody airliner, the four-engined, partial double-deck Boeing 747. New trijet widebody aircraft soon followed, including the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. The first widebody twinjet, the Airbus A300, entered service in 1974. This period came to be known as the \"widebody wars\". ", "precise_score": -3.1156623363494873, "rough_score": -3.857285737991333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "After the success of the early widebody aircraft, several successors came to market over the next two decades, including the Boeing 767 and 777, the Airbus A330 and A340, and the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. In the \"jumbo\" category, the capacity of the Boeing 747 was not surpassed until October 2007, when the Airbus A380 entered commercial service with the nickname Superjumbo. ", "precise_score": -0.6905805468559265, "rough_score": -5.481679916381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "On January 29, 1975, the newest addition to Air Canada’s fleet, a Boeing 747-200 Combination passenger/cargo aircraft (affectionately known as “Combi”), lands in Montreal after setting a world record for long-distance flying. The aircraft established the record for jumbo jets on January 11, when it flew 8,360 miles from the Boeing plant in Seattle to Amman, Jordan. The non-stop flight took 14 hours, 24 minutes, beating a previous record set by a Douglas DC-10 in 1973. The interior of the special jumbo jet can be arranged in a whole variety of configurations and boasts an unprecedented amount of cargo capacity.", "precise_score": 4.584969520568848, "rough_score": 0.6873944997787476, "source": "search", "title": "1975: In comes the Combi | Air Canada's 75th Anniversary" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in Everett on September 30, 1968. - HistoryLink.org", "precise_score": 4.007587432861328, "rough_score": 6.5246405601501465, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in Everett on September 30, 1968.", "precise_score": 4.517634868621826, "rough_score": 6.963837623596191, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "On September 30, 1968, Boeing rolls out the first 747 \"Jumbo Jet\" in Everett, Washington. The aircraft, originally designed to haul both cargo and passengers for Pan Am Airways, was more than twice the size of the Boeing 707. In order to assemble the flying behemoth, Boeing built the world's largest structure by volume, enclosing 291 million cubic feet, at Paine Field in Everett.", "precise_score": 5.498281478881836, "rough_score": 5.292013168334961, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Plans for the Boeing 747 were developed in the early 1960s, after Juan Trippe (1899-1981), president of Pan American World Airways, expressed interest in a plane that was larger than either the Boeing 707 or the Douglas DC-8, the two aircraft that had ushered in the Jet Age. ", "precise_score": -4.627602577209473, "rough_score": -7.9370927810668945, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "While work continued on the 747, Boeing gathered up orders from other airlines. Most airline executive visited the production plant while making their decision, and came away in awe. When Pat Patterson (1899-1980), president of United Airlines, entered the mockup building, the first words out of his mouth were, \"Jesus Christ!\" (Serling, Legend and Legacy).", "precise_score": -4.975696086883545, "rough_score": -7.185044288635254, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "\"747 Makes Colorful Entrance,\" The Seattle Times, September 30, 1968, p. 1; Joe Sutter, Creating the World's First Jumbo Jet and Other Adventures from a Life in Aviation (New York; HarperCollins Publishers, 2006); Robert Redding and Bill Yenne, Boeing Planemaker to the World (San Diego: Thunder Bay Press, 1983), 190-205; Robert J. Serling, Legend and Legacy, the Story of Boeing and its People (New York: St. Marten's  Press, 1992), 283-384; Walt Crowley, Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 44-45, 261.", "precise_score": 6.609282493591309, "rough_score": 6.474621772766113, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The technical challenges facing the British engineers at Filton, Gloucestershire and their French peers in Toulouse were immense, as were the political and economic problems that dogged the project from the start. When the collaboration began in 1962 Concorde was expected to cost between £150 and £170 million. The first prototype was scheduled to fly in late 1966 and the Certificate of Airworthiness to be issued at the end of 1969. France was to complete 60% of the work on the airframe and 40% of the engine, and Britain 40% of the airframe and 60% of the engine. In reality the project was so complex that it took much longer and cost far more. The radical implications of Concorde’s extraordinary speed for its weight, shape, noise and components meant that every element of its design was dramatically different from that of a conventional jet, as were the safety requirements. An early design decision was that its wings should be a slender, swept-back triangular shape, rather than rectangular like a Boeing 747’s, to allow Concorde to move easily through the air at exceptionally high speed. These triangular or ‘delta’ wings not only optimised speed by reducing drag, but provided sufficient lift for take-off and landing at subsonic speed, and enough stability during flight to eradicate the need to install horizontal stabilisers on the tail.", "precise_score": -5.707650184631348, "rough_score": -7.492907524108887, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Design Museum" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "A total of 20 Concordes were constructed: six for development and 14 for commercial service. More than 2.5 million passengers flew supersonically on the British Airways Concorde alone between 1976 and 2003. A typical flight from London to New York was three hours and 20 minutes, compared with seven hours for a Boeing 747 jumbo jet. As Concorde flew twice as high as conventional long haul jets, turbulence was rare and passengers could see the curvature of the earth through the windows. Nicknamed ‘Big Bird’, Concorde was cherished as a national design treasure in both Britain and France, and was soon used for celebratory flypasts on special occasions.", "precise_score": -2.786715507507324, "rough_score": -5.870902061462402, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Design Museum" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In pictures: Restoration of Boeing's first 747 'jumbo jet': Digital Photography Review", "precise_score": 2.7777295112609863, "rough_score": -1.8798192739486694, "source": "search", "title": "In pictures: Restoration of Boeing's first 747 'jumbo jet ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing 747 - or the 'jumbo jet' as it is commonly known, changed the world. The 747 first flew in 1969, and transformed modern air travel with its ability to carry more people - and more cargo - across the globe than any previous airliner, shrinking it in the process. Seattle's Museum of Flight  houses RA001 - the very first 747, which flew as a test airframe from its inaugural liftoff in 1969 through until the early 1990s. The museum is currently restoring RA001 both inside and out.", "precise_score": 1.770677924156189, "rough_score": 4.7218241691589355, "source": "search", "title": "In pictures: Restoration of Boeing's first 747 'jumbo jet ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Inside RA001: World's first Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet': Digital Photography Review", "precise_score": 1.9931950569152832, "rough_score": -0.5929679274559021, "source": "search", "title": "Inside RA001: World's first Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Inside RA001: World's first Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet'", "precise_score": 2.6340582370758057, "rough_score": 0.3830077350139618, "source": "search", "title": "Inside RA001: World's first Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet' changed the world, bringing air travel to the masses, and allowing non-stop flights between distant cities across the globe. The prototype 747 - registration RA001 - first flew in February 1969, and is currently undergoing restoration at Seattle's Boeing Field. DPReview editor Barnaby Britton has been documenting the process, inside and out. Click through this slideshow for images.", "precise_score": 1.6787383556365967, "rough_score": 3.89809250831604, "source": "search", "title": "Inside RA001: World's first Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "On February 9, 1969, Boeing flies its 747 model for the first time. The jumbo jet, christened the City of Everett, is the first new Boeing transport not painted in Boeing's traditional prototype colors of brownish-copper and yellow.", "precise_score": 3.6962637901306152, "rough_score": 5.005210876464844, "source": "search", "title": "HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing 747 is a widebody commercial airliner, often referred to by the nickname \"Jumbo Jet\". It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft,and was the first widebody ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the US, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years.", "precise_score": 5.363917827606201, "rough_score": 6.726175785064697, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Following the success of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 in the late 1950s and early 1960s, airlines began seeking larger aircraft to meet the rising global demand for air travel. Engineers were faced with many challenges as airlines demanded more passenger seats per aircraft, longer ranges and lower operating costs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988221168518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The engineers also opted for creating \"stretched\" versions of the DC-8 (61, 62 and 63 models), as well as longer versions of Boeing's 707 (-320B and 320C models) and 727 (-200 model); and Douglas' DC-9 (-30, -40, and -50 models), all of which were capable of accommodating more seats than their shorter predecessor versions. The full length double-deck solution was not realized until the twenty-first century, in the form of the Airbus A380.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162437438964844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In the mid-2000s, rising oil costs in a post-9/11 climate caused airlines to look towards newer, more fuel efficient aircraft. Two such examples are the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 XWB. The proposed Comac C929 and C939 may also share this new widebody market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318316459655762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "* Lower ratio of surface area to volume, and thus lower drag on a per-passenger/cargo basis. The only exception to this would be with very long narrow-body aircraft, such as the Boeing 757", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541537284851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "As jet engine power and reliability have increased over the last decades, most of the widebody aircraft built today have only two engines. A twinjet design is more fuel-efficient than a trijet or four-engined aircraft of similar size. The increased reliability of modern jet engines also allows aircraft to meet the ETOPS certification standard, which calculates reasonable safety margins for flights across oceans. The trijet design has been effectively dismissed due to higher maintenance and fuel costs compared to a twinjet. The vast majority of aircraft designs today have two engines, with only the heaviest widebody aircraft built with four engines (the Airbus A340, Airbus A380 and Boeing 747). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929367065429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing 777 twinjet features the largest and most powerful jet engine in the world, the General Electric GE90, which is 134 in in diameter. This is almost as wide as the entire fuselage of a Boeing 737 at 148 in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.352143287658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The massive maximum takeoff weight of the Airbus A380 (560 t) would not have been possible without the engine technology developed for the Boeing 777 (such as contra-rotating spools). The Trent 900 engine pictured, used on the Airbus A380, has a fan blade diameter of 116 in, only slightly smaller than the GE90 engines on the Boeing 777. An interesting design constraint of the Trent 900 engines is that they are designed to fit into a Boeing 747-400F freighter for relatively easy transport by air cargo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323441505432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Bar and lounge areas which were once installed on wide-body aircraft have mostly disappeared, but a few have returned in first class or business class on the Airbus A340-600, Boeing 777-300ER, and on the Airbus A380. Emirates Airline has installed showers for first-class passengers on the A380; twenty-five minutes are allotted for use of the room, and the shower operates for a maximum of five minutes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239298820495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In some of the largest single-deck widebody aircraft, such as the Boeing 777, the extra space above the cabin is utilized for crew rest areas and galley storage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469192504882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Widebody aircraft are used in science, research, and the military. Two specially modified Boeing 747 aircraft, the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, were used to transport the U.S. Space Shuttle. Some widebody aircraft are used as flying command posts by the military, such as the Boeing E-4, while the Boeing E-767 is used for Airborne Early Warning and Control. New military weapons are tested aboard widebodies, as in the laser weapons testing on the Boeing YAL-1. Other widebody aircraft are used as flying research stations, such as the joint German-U.S. Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Airbus A340, Airbus A380, and Boeing 747 four-engine widebody aircraft are used to test new generations of aircraft engines in-flight. A few aircraft have also been converted for aerial firefighting, such as the DC-10-based Tanker 910 and the 747-based Evergreen Supertanker. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249015808105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Some widebody aircraft are used as VIP transport. Canada uses the Airbus A310, while Russia uses the Ilyushin Il-96 to transport their highest leaders. Germany replaced their Airbus A310 by an Airbus A340 in spring 2011. Specially-modified Boeing 747-200s (Boeing VC-25s) are used to ferry the President of the United States. When one of these aircraft is in use by the President, its call sign is Air Force One. More information can be found under: Air transports of heads of state and government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268865585327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "An early development for the Airbus A380, dubbed P500, incorporated two A340-sized fuselages arranged side-by-side in a \"double bubble\" configuration, joined together by an outside housing. This would have been the widest airliner ever built; however, the design was scrapped in favor of a lighter, double-deck design. In the 1990s, Boeing and Sukhoi also proposed very wide aircraft that could be configured for 12 abreast seating with three passenger aisles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334659576416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Airbus and Boeing are racing to market with two new widebody designs, currently in development. Both manufacturers have been under significant pressure to see which obtains the most orders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299363136291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 2005, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner had received more orders than Airbus, and was scheduled to be the first to enter into airline service. The 787 is also the first large commercial aircraft to utilize a monolithic composite fuselage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.832314491271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The initial Airbus A350 design was only a minor upgrade to that of the A330/A340 series, but Airbus was forced to make significant design changes in response to feedback from the airlines. In addition to being a few inches wider than the Boeing, Airbus claims that the A350 final specifications will be better than that of the 787. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27266788482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Many of the newer widebody airliners developed since the late 1990s have smaller fuselage cross sections than earlier designs. While aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 had fuselages wide enough to be configured for 10 abreast seating, having a wider fuselage will substantially increase drag, while also leaving more unused space overhead. Newer aircraft, such as the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350, are designed to accommodate 8-9 seats abreast in an effort to improve efficiency. Some aircraft with very wide fuselages, such as the Boeing 747, can be configured to have crew rest areas and galley storage above the cabin in order to reduce the amount of unused space.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285150527954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The article on competition between Airbus and Boeing further discusses the rivalry, while order counts between the two aircraft can be compared under Airbus A350 orders versus Boeing 787 orders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429420471191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "There are also military grade wide-bodies like the Antonov An-124 Ruslan, the Antonov An-225 Mriya, and the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. These carry dozens of passengers in specially built upper decks above the cargo bay, behind the wing. Palletized seats can be installed in the cargo bay allowing these aircraft to carry hundreds of passengers. These aircrafts' primary purpose however is to carry freight and/or other large odd sized payloads that cannot be carried in any other aircraft. There are other aircraft that have been built in the commercial market to do this to like the Airbus Beluga and the Boeing Dreamlifter but these were built on the frame of a wide-body that was not originally built for this purpose. The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy and the Antonov An-124 Ruslan and the Antonov An-225 Mriya were specifically built from the ground up for this purpose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.974271774291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wide-body aircraft" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Computers improve ticketing and reservation systems and make for more efficient flying. The company’s ambitions are embodied in the Boeing 747, the biggest bird to ever take to the skies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417411804199219, "source": "search", "title": "1975: In comes the Combi | Air Canada's 75th Anniversary" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "1980s - Boeing 747", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303163528442383, "source": "search", "title": "1975: In comes the Combi | Air Canada's 75th Anniversary" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "2000s – Boeing 777-300", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34315299987793, "source": "search", "title": "1975: In comes the Combi | Air Canada's 75th Anniversary" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Voted Best International Airline in North America in the Skytrax World Airline Awards three years running. With the groundbreaking Boeing 787 set to join the fleet, the future of flight is about to get new wings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334848403930664, "source": "search", "title": "1975: In comes the Combi | Air Canada's 75th Anniversary" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "2010s – Boeing 777-300", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260602951049805, "source": "search", "title": "1975: In comes the Combi | Air Canada's 75th Anniversary" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Jack Steiner (1917-2003), Boeing's vice-president of product development oversaw the 747 in its planning stages, and Boeing CEO Bill Allen (1900-1985) chose Mal Stamper (1925-2005) as general manger when the project went into full design. Joe Sutter (1921-2016) was named chief engineer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.660496711730957, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 1966, Pan Am signed a $550 million contract for 25 planes, deliverable by the end of 1969. By Boeing standards, this was a very short time frame to complete the project, especially since design was not yet complete, and the production plant had yet to be built. In effect, Boeing bet the company that the project would succeed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068010330200195, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing initially considered building the 747 outside of Washington state, but eventually settled on 780 acres of land near Everett. Located next to Paine Field, the property was hilly and heavily wooded. More than four million cubic yards of dirt had to be removed to make way for the world's largest building under a single roof.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543036460876465, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "That morning, a replica of the B& W -- Boeing's first airplane -- flew over Paine Field, followed by a 707, a 727, and a 737. The crowd of attendees gathered in front of the massive hangar doors of the production plant.  The doors opened slowly, and a tractor towed the 747 out into the bright sunlight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847233772277832, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Unlike previous Boeing airliners, which were painted canary yellow and brown, the 747 was painted white and red, with blue lettering. As the plane came into view, the audience gasped at its size and broke into thunderous applause. At 231 feet in length, with a 196-foot wingspan, the 747 was far larger than any plane most of them had seen before.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41482925415039, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Bill Allen noted that the 747 program was one of the largest nongovernmental projects in United States history. Boeing President T. A. Wilson (1921-1999) spoke next and introduced Governor Dan Evans (b. 1925), and Senators Warren Magnuson (1905-1989) and Henry M. Jackson (1912-1983). Finally, Mal Stamper thanked all of the Boeing employees who worked on the project, but noted that the plane still had to go through flight test and government certification.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.299711227416992, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Comparison of the Boeing 747 and 707 models, 1969", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.709793090820312, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Courtesy the Boeing Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336577415466309, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing rolls out first 747 Jumbo Jet in ... - HistoryLink" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The newly-constructed Boeing 747, Pan Am Flight Two, touched down at Heathrow at 1414GMT today - seven hours late due to technical problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505074501037598, "source": "search", "title": "1970: Heathrow welcomes first 'jumbo jet' - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing 747 takes maiden flight on February 9, 1969. - HistoryLink.org", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110679626464844, "source": "search", "title": "HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing 747 takes maiden flight on February 9, 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976990699768066, "source": "search", "title": "HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The 747 was tested throughout the rest of the year in the most rigorous flight testing program in aviation history. Along with lab tests, more than 1,400 hours of flight was logged on five 747s, in 1,013 trips aloft. On December 30, 1969, the FAA certified the Boeing 747, and ushered in the era of Jumbo Jets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.019503593444824, "source": "search", "title": "HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In order to build the 747, Boeing built a new facility in Everett. At 472 million cubic feet of space, it is the largest building in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50417423248291, "source": "search", "title": "HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Courtesy the Boeing Company", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336577415466309, "source": "search", "title": "HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The United States cancelled its supersonic transport (SST) programme in 1971. Two designs had been submitted; the Lockheed L-2000 , looking like a scaled-up Concorde, lost out to the Boeing 2707 , which was intended to be faster, to carry 300 passengers and feature a swing-wing design. Other countries, such as India and Malaysia, ruled out Concorde supersonic overflights due to noise concerns. [9]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.239218711853027, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Although Concorde was a technological marvel when introduced into service in the 1970s, 30 years later its cockpit, cluttered with analogue dials and switches, looked dated. With no competition, there was no commercial pressure to upgrade Concorde with enhanced avionics or passenger comfort, as occurred in other airliners of the same vintage, for example the Boeing 747. Template:Fact", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894280433654785, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "To be economically viable, Concorde needed to be able to fly reasonably long distances, and this required high efficiency. For optimum supersonic flight, turbofan engines were considered, but rejected, as due to their large master cross-section they would cause excessive drag. Turbojets were found to be the best choice of engines. [13] The quieter high bypass turbofan engines such as used on Boeing 747s could not be used. The engine chosen was the twin spool Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 , a version of the Olympus originally developed for the Vulcan bomber , developed into an afterburning supersonic engine for the BAC TSR-2 strike bomber and then adapted for Concorde.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269637107849121, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Scheduled flights began on 21 January 1976 on the London-Bahrain and Paris-Rio (via Dakar) routes. The U.S. Congress had just banned Concorde landings in the US, mainly due to citizen protest over sonic booms, preventing launch on the coveted transatlantic routes. However, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation, William Coleman, gave special permission for Concorde service to Washington Dulles International Airport, and Air France and British Airways simultaneously began service to Dulles on 24 May 1976. [22] When the U.S. ban on JFK Concorde operations was lifted in February 1977, New York banned Concorde locally. The ban came to an end on 17 October 1977 when the Supreme Court of the United States declined to overturn a lower court's ruling rejecting the Port Authority's efforts to continue the ban (The noise report noted that Air Force One, at the time a Boeing VC-137, was louder than Concorde at subsonic speeds and during takeoff and landing.). [23] Scheduled service from Paris and London to New York's John F. Kennedy Airport began on 22 November 1977. Template:Fact Flights operated by BA were generally numbered \"BA001\" (London to New York), \"BA002\" (New York to London), \"BA003\" (London to New York) and \"BA004\" (New York to London). Air France flight numbers were generally \"AF001\" (New York to Paris) and \"AF002\" (Paris to New York).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72040843963623, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In the 1990s, features which were common in the first class and business class cabins of a long-haul Boeing 747 flight, such as video entertainment, rotating or reclining seats and walking areas were absent from Concorde. However, the flight time from London to New York of approximately 3.5 hrs compensated for the lack of those features. There was usually a plasma display at the front of the cabin showing the altitude, the air temperature and the current speed in both miles per hour and Mach number. (Air France had a single display showing the Mach number-only.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356760025024414, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Concorde travelled, per passenger, Template:Convert for each imperial gallon of fuel [54] — Template:Mpg (Imperial) . This efficiency is comparable to a Gulfstream G550 business jet ( Template:Mpg per passenger), [55] but much less efficient than a Boeing 747-400 ( Template:Mpg per passenger). [56]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319685935974121, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The only other supersonic airliner in direct competition with Concorde was the Soviet Tu-144 . It entered service earlier, and was retired in 1978. Lockheed, North American Aviation and Boeing prepared supersonic airliner studies, but only the Boeing 2707 proceeded even to the mock-up stage, the sole American entry into the supersonic transport sweepstakes. [67]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.74942684173584, "source": "search", "title": "Concorde - Aircraft Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513516426086426, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing 747 Family", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4555082321167, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The four-engine 747 uses a double deck configuration for part of its length. It is available in passenger, freighter and other versions. Boeing designed the 747's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first class lounge or (as is the general rule today) extra seating, and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door. Boeing did so because the company expected supersonic airliners, whose development was announced in the early 1960s, to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete, but that the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would be robust into the future. The 747 in particular was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold but it exceeded its critics' expectations with production passing the 1,000 mark in 1993. As of October 2008, 1,409 aircraft had been built, with 115 more in various configurations on order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.316255569458008, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The 747-400, the latest version in service, is among the fastest airliners in service with a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85 (567 mph or 913 km/h). It has an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles (8,350 mi or 13,450 km). The 747-400 passenger version can accommodate 416 passengers in a typical three-class layout or 524 passengers in a typical two-class layout. The next version of the aircraft, the 747-8, is in development, and scheduled to enter service in 2010. The 747 is to be replaced by the Boeing Y3 (part of the Boeing Yellowstone Project) in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484441757202148, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The first 747-100s were built with six upper-deck windows (three per side) to accommodate upstairs lounge areas. Later, as airlines began to use the upper-deck for premium passenger seating instead of lounge space, Boeing offered a 10-window upper deck as an option. Some -100s were retrofitted with the new configuration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2813138961792, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Responding to requests from Japanese airlines, Boeing developed the 747-100SR as a \"short range\" variant of the 747-100. The SR has a lower fuel capacity but can carry more passengers, up to 498 in early versions and more than 550 in later models, because of increased economy class seating. The 747SR has a modified body structure to accommodate the added stress accumulated from a greater number of takeoffs and landings. The -100SR entered service with Japan Airlines (then Japan Air Lines) on 7 October 1973. Specifically, the SR has extra structural support at the wings, fuselage, and the landing gear along with a 20% reduction in fuel capacity. Later, short range versions of the -100B and the -300 were also developed. The SRs are used primarily on domestic flights in Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315943717956543, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "A total of forty-five 747SPs were built. The 44th 747SP was delivered on 30 August 1982. Boeing re-opened the 747SP production line to build one last 747SP five years later in 1987 for an order by the United Arab Emirates government.[113] As of August 2007, 17 Boeing 747SP aircraft were in service with Iran Air (3), Saudi Arabian Airlines, Syrian Arab Airlines (2) and as executive versions. NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center has one modified for the SOFIA experiment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.976497650146484, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The 747-300 entered commercial service in 1983, and was the first to integrate the most significant changes of the 747 Classics. These changes included an extended upper deck and improved engines with a reduced fuel burn of 25 percent per passenger. In addition, passenger capacity increased 10 percent by extending the upper deck and relocating the new straight stairway to the rear of the upper deck (prior models had a spiral-shaped staircase in the center of the upper deck). Boeing delivered 81 747-300s in passenger, combi and short-range configurations, the last in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273138999938965, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The most visible difference between the -300 and previous models was a stretched upper deck with two new emergency exit doors and an optional flight-crew rest area immediately aft of the flight deck as standard. (The stretched upper deck had previously been offered as a retrofit and first appeared on two Japanese 747-100 SR models.) Compared to the -200, the upper deck is 23 feet 4 inches (7.11 m) longer than the -200. A new straight stairway to the upper deck instead of a spiral staircase is another difference between the -300 and earlier variants.[69] The staircase creates room below and above for more seats. With minor aerodynamic changes, Boeing increased the cruise speed of the -300 to Mach 0.85 from Mach 0.84 on the -100/-200. The -300 features the same takeoff weight. Two of the three engine choices from the -200 were unchanged in the -300, but the General Electric CF6-80C2B1 was offered instead of the CF6-50E2 offered on the -200.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329290390014648, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In addition to the passenger version, other versions were available. The 747-300M has cargo capacity in the rear portion of the main deck similar to the -200M, but with the stretched upper deck it can carry more passengers. The 747-300SR is a short range version to meet the need for a high-capacity domestic model. Japan Airlines operated such aircraft with more than 600 seats on the Okinawa–Tokyo route and elsewhere. Boeing never launched a newly built freighter version of the 747-300, but it modified used passenger -300 models into freighters starting in 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451533317565918, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The 747-300SR is a short range version of the 300 to meet the need for a high-capacity domestic model. Japan Airlines operated such aircraft with more than 600 seats on the Okinawa–Tokyo route and elsewhere. Boeing never launched a newly built freighter version of the 747-300, but it modified used passenger -300 models into freighters starting in 2000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346776962280273, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The 747-400 was announced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in October 1985. Compared to the 747-300 the 747-400 has 6 feet (1.8 m) wing tip extensions and 6 feet (1.8 m) winglets, and a glass cockpit which dispensed with the need for a flight engineer. The 747-400 also improved on the -300 with tail fuel tanks, revised engines, an all-new interior, revised fuselage/wing fairings and newer in-flight entertainment. Like the 747-300, the passenger version of the 747-400 included the stretched upper deck (SUD) as a standard feature. The SUD was almost twice as long as the standard upper deck. It had previously been offered as a retrofit and first appeared on two Japanese 747-100 SR models. While the wingspan was increased, the overall weight of the wings was decreased due to the use of composites and aluminum alloys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.754161834716797, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing Signature Interior was later made available on the 747-400, either as interior refitting on existing 747-400s or as a \"fresh-from-installation\" option on newer 747-400s and 747-400ERs. One example, China Airlines's four newest Boeing 747-400s (tail number B-1821x), also the last four passenger 747-400s built, were newly built with Boeing Signature Interior. One of these (B-18210) has a hybrid livery, with China Airlines' tail and Boeing's fuselage liveries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345927238464355, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Since its introduction in 1975, the Boeing 747 Combi has helped airlines around the world meet their long-range passenger and cargo requirements. The combi has a large side-cargo door behind the left wing, plus equipment that removes passenger seats and installs cargo tracks, giving airlines the option of carrying cargo in containers on the main deck behind passengers. This flexibility allows airlines to adapt the interior configuration to meet variations in seasonal markets and charter demands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.602288246154785, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing has seven 747-400ERF aircraft yet to be delivered in June 2008. The new 747-8 Freighter will have more payload capacity but less range than the 747-400ERF.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374414443969727, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The 747-400BCF (Boeing Converted Freighter), formerly known as the 747-400SF (Special Freighter), is a conversion program for standard passenger 747-400s. The project was launched in 2004. The first Boeing 747-400BCF was redelivered to Cathay Pacific Cargo and entered service on 19 December 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802961349487305, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Following the termination of the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements which could be made to the aircraft. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long Range) would have featured longer range than the 747-400ER, at 7980 nm (14,800 km), along with improvements to improve efficiency and reduce noise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47464370727539, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing 747-8 is a widebody commercial airliner being developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Officially announced in 2005, the 747-8 is the latest evolutionary variant of the Boeing 747, with lengthened fuselage, redesigned wings and improved efficiency. With a maximum take-off weight of 970,000 lb (440,000 kg), the 747-8 will be the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military, to be manufactured in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90831184387207, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing 747-8i ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427306175231934, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "At 250 feet 2 inches (76.25 metres) іn length, thе Boeing 747-8 family іѕ 18 feet 4 inches (5.6 metres) longer thаn аnу οthеr version οf thе 747 еνеr built. Boeing achieved thе extra fuselage length bу installing a 13ft 4in (4.06m) fuselage plug ahead οf thе wing аnd a 5ft (1.52m) fuselage plug aft οf іt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474751472473145, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Yellowstone is a Boeing Commercial Airplanes project to replace its entire civil aircraft portfolio with advanced technology aircraft. New technologies to be introduced include composite aerostructures, more electrical systems (reduction of hydraulic systems), and more fuel-efficient turbofan engines (such as the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G Geared Turbofan, General Electric GEnx, the CFM International LEAP56, and the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000). The term \"Yellowstone\" refers to the technologies, while \"Y1\" through \"Y3\" refer to the actual aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789199829101562, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing Y1, to replace the Boeing 737 product line. Y1 covers the 100- to 200-passenger market, and is expected to be the second Yellowstone Project aircraft to be developed. If launched, it will compete with the Bombardier CSeries and the planned Airbus NSR family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271400451660156, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing Y2, to replace the Boeing 767 product line. It may also replace the 777-200. Y2 initially referred to the highly efficient, more conventional, baseline aircraft for the Sonic Cruiser, which was project \"Glacier\".[3] It has now been built as the 787 and covers the 220- to 320-passenger market. It will compete with the Airbus A330, A340 and later A350 families.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297224044799805, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing Y3, to replace the 777-300 and 747 product lines. Y3 covers the 300-400+ passenger market, and is expected to be the third Yellowstone Project aircraft to be developed. It will compete with the Airbus A380 family as well as the largest model of the A350 family, the A350-1000, which will be introduced in 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307113647460938, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing 747-500X, -600X and -700X (never produced)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590654373168945, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing announced the 747-500X and -600X at the 1996 Farnborough Airshow.  The proposed models would have combined the 747's fuselage with a new 251 ft (77 m) span wing derived from the 777. Other changes included adding more powerful engines and increasing the number of tires from two to four on the nose landing gear and from 16 to 20 on the main landing gear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1221923828125, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The cost of the changes from previous 747 models, in particular the new wing for the 747-500X and -600X, was estimated to be more than $5 billion. Boeing was not able to attract enough interest to launch the aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500852584838867, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Boeing studied the development of a shorter 747 with three-engines to compete with the smaller L-1011 TriStar and DC-10. The 747 trijet would have had more payload, range and passenger capacity. The center engine would have been fitted in the tail with an S-duct intake similar to the L-1011's. However, engineering studies showed that a total redesign of the 747 wing would be necessary. Maintaining the same 747 handling characteristics would be important to minimize pilot retraining. Boeing decided instead to pursue a shortened four-engine 747 that resulted in the 747SP.  In the 1990s, the Boeing 777, a long range twinjet airliner smaller than the 747-400 entered service in the market where the 747-300 had been targeted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085248947143555, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing 747 Family | Boeing 747" } ]

[ { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams' 1984 hit \"Let's Hear It For The Boy\" from the movie Footloose with lyrics below.", "precise_score": 3.9351727962493896, "rough_score": 0.6261827945709229, "source": "search", "title": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy (HQ with ..." }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "167. Let's Hear It For the Boy - Deniece Williams", "precise_score": 3.3598692417144775, "rough_score": 2.8387668132781982, "source": "search", "title": "200 GREATEST SONGS OF THE 80'S - Sounds Entertainment Co" }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "\"Let's Hear It for the Boy\" was the second number-one song for Deniece Williams and appeared on the soundtrack to the feature film Footloose. It climbed to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on May 26, 1984, as well as number one on the dance and R&B charts, and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song, and was certified platinum in the US, gold in Canada and silver in the UK by the RIAA, Music Canada and the British Phonographic Industry respectively. The music video for the song was released in mid-April 1984. The tune features background vocals from George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam, who would go on to form the duo Boy Meets Girl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.096256971359253, "source": "wiki", "title": "Let's Hear It for the Boy (song)" }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams (born June Deniece Chandler; June 3, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer who achieved success in the mid-1970s and 1980s. Williams is known for hits such as \"Free\" (1976), \"Too Much, Too Little, Too Late\" (1978), \"Silly\" (1981), \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" (1982), \"Let's Hear It for the Boy\" (1984), and for her duets with Johnny Mathis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.08116346597671509, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deniece Williams" }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams has a four octave range and distinctive soprano voice. Her vocal range was also pointed out by The New York Times, \"Miss Williams mounted a spectacular vocal display in which her penetrating, feline soprano soared effortlessly to E flat above high C, and she worked various vowel sounds into prolonged feats of vocal gymnastics.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942469596862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deniece Williams" }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "In pointing to Williams's similar vocal ability as her former musical icon and colleague (Minnie Riperton), Mark Anthony Neal, in referencing Jill Scott's agility in displaying vocal acrobatics, states, \"Scott draws on her upper register recalling the artistry of the late Minnie Riperton and \"songbird\" Deniece Williams.\" According to Monica Haynes of Post-Gazette.com, Williams \"has the kind of range that would make Mariah Carey quiver\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81413459777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deniece Williams" }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy (HQ with lyrics) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4233375787734985, "source": "search", "title": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy (HQ with ..." }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy (HQ with lyrics)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11864010244607925, "source": "search", "title": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy (HQ with ..." }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy lyrics | LyricsMode.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.778919219970703, "source": "search", "title": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy lyrics ..." }, { "answer": "Deniece Williams", "passage": "Deniece Williams – Let's Hear It For The Boy lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3855723738670349, "source": "search", "title": "Deniece Williams - Let's Hear It For The Boy lyrics ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The Rockefeller University is an American private university located in New York City in the United States, offering postgraduate and postdoctoral education. It conducts research mainly in biological sciences and medical science, and has produced or attracted many Nobel laureates. The Rockefeller University is located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, between 63rd and 68th Streets along York Avenue. ", "precise_score": 10.360323905944824, "rough_score": 9.481754302978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rockefeller University" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The Rockefeller University was founded in June 1901 as The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research—often called simply The Rockefeller Institute—by John D. Rockefeller, who had founded the University of Chicago in 1889, upon advice by his adviser Frederick T. GatesChernow R. Titan: The Life of John D Rockefeller Sr (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), pp 471–2. and action taken in March 1901 by his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr.Swingle AM. [http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/F02/annals.html \"The Rockefeller chronicle\"]. Hopkins Medical News. Fall 2002. Greatly elevating the prestige of American science and medicine, it was America's first biomedical institute, like France's Pasteur Institute (1888) and Germany's Robert Koch Institute (1891). The Rockefeller Foundation, a philanthropic organization, founded in 1913, is a separate entity, but had close connections mediated by prominent figures holding dual positions. ", "precise_score": 4.924018859863281, "rough_score": 5.288768291473389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rockefeller University" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Founded in 1901, The Rockefeller University is a non-profit private higher education institution located in the the urban setting of the metropolis of New York City (population range of over 5,000,000 inhabitants), New York. Officially accredited/recognized by the New York State Board of Regents and the Commissioner of Education, The Rockefeller University is a very small (enrollment range: under-250 students) coeducational higher education institution. The Rockefeller University offers courses and programs leading to officialy recognized higher education degrees such as master degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study. International students are welcome to apply for enrollment. The Rockefeller University also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, housing, financial aids and/or scholarships, as well as administrative services.", "precise_score": 8.183174133300781, "rough_score": 6.679981708526611, "source": "search", "title": "The Rockefeller University | Ranking & Review" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10021-6399, United States of America", "precise_score": 9.518767356872559, "rough_score": 8.786497116088867, "source": "search", "title": "Rockefeller University | Academic Ranking of World ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Urged by Rockefeller Jr, his only son, who was enthusiastic about the Institute, Rockefeller Sr visited but once. Rockefeller Jr's youngest son David would visit with his father.Arenson KW, [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/09/nyregion/09rockefeller.html?pagewanted", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.602999687194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rockefeller University" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "all \"Turning 90, a Rockefeller gives the presents\"], New York Times, June 9, 2005. David Rockefeller joined the board of trustees in 1940, was its chairman from 1950 to 1975, chaired the board's executive committee from 1975 to 1995, became honorary chairman and life trustee, and remained active as a philanthropist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7757861614227295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rockefeller University" }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "*Martin Yarmush, Paul and Mary Monroe Chair and Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Rutgers University and Founding Director of the Center for Engineering in Medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01778507232666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rockefeller University" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "But Rockefeller's restlessness and ambition would soon push him beyond the confines of New York City. Seeking a role in national politics, he joined President Roosevelt's administration in 1940 as the head of a new agency for Latin-American affairs. He stayed in Washington for the next five years, and again between 1953 and 1955, working on foreign affairs, government reorganization, and public policy under Presidents Truman and Eisenhower .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7303943634033203, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson A. Rockefeller . The Rockefellers . WGBH American ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Rockefeller was determined to use the experience he had accumulated in the federal government to gain elective political office. In 1958, he decided to run for governor of New York State. His campaign revealed a confident and affable politician, at his best when pressing the flesh and striking up conversations with the people who came out to see him. \"Hi Ya, Fella\" became his signature greeting. \"Rocky,\" his nickname. After a massive campaign, bankrolled with his legendary fortune, Rockefeller won the election handily. The New York Times did not fail to notice the historical significance of the result: \"The election of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller has given the final stamp of public approval to a name that once was among the most hated and feared in America.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.259784698486328, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson A. Rockefeller . The Rockefellers . WGBH American ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Rockefeller wasted no time making the most of his new political prominence. As governor, he took it upon himself to change the physical face of New York State through an array of sweeping public works projects. He built low-income housing, schools, hospitals, roads, and monuments -- among them, the grandiose Albany Mall, a marble complex which is now the seat of the State government. He also established a strong and ambitious state university system (SUNY) and a modern highway network, spending liberally with the help of complicated financing schemes. But as he dove into his own brand of gubernatorial activism, Rockefeller never lost sight of his ultimate goal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.547555923461914, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson A. Rockefeller . The Rockefellers . WGBH American ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Rockefeller himself had not been immune to the impact of his party's transformation. Re-elected to the governorship three times -- in 1962, 1966, and 1970 -- he too gradually moved to the right. His ill-fated decision to suppress the  Attica prison riot  in 1971 made him the target of bitter criticism from the left and the media. He became a champion of \"law and order,\" staging a crackdown on \"welfare chiselers\" and introducing extremely harsh drug laws that called for lengthy prison sentences for petty crimes. Some of these measures, along with the widespread patronage and budgetary excesses that dominated New York politics during Rockefeller's tenure, overshadowed the accomplishments of his 15 years in office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.196446418762207, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson A. Rockefeller . The Rockefellers . WGBH American ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "It would be four years before Rockefeller made headlines again. On Sunday, January 27, 1979, New Yorkers awoke to the news that Nelson Rockefeller had died of a heart attack at the age of 71 while working at his office in mid-town Manhattan. In the days ahead, as dignitaries and associates sang his praises, the actual circumstances of Rockefeller's death began to emerge: he had died in his townhouse while in the company of a young female staff assistant 45 years his junior. Her delay in calling the paramedics stirred endless speculation, leaving many questions unanswered. But one thing was certain: in death, as in life, Nelson Rockefeller had once again pushed the boundaries of the Rockefellers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.895094871520996, "source": "search", "title": "Nelson A. Rockefeller . The Rockefellers . WGBH American ..." }, { "answer": "N Y", "passage": "To put this University ranking on your site or blog simply copy the code", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569350242614746, "source": "search", "title": "The Rockefeller University | Ranking & Review" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines. Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors, in order to gain a monopoly in the industry. In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of anti-trust laws and ordered it to dissolve. During his life Rockefeller donated more than $500 million to various philanthropic causes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9362263679504395, "source": "search", "title": "John D. Rockefeller - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "John Davison Rockefeller, the son of a traveling salesman, was born on July 8, 1839, in Richford, New York . Industrious even as a boy, the future oil magnate earned money by raising turkeys, selling candy and doing jobs for neighbors. In 1853, the Rockefeller family moved to the Cleveland, Ohio , area, where John attended high school then briefly studied bookkeeping at a commercial college.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.622213840484619, "source": "search", "title": "John D. Rockefeller - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "In 1865, Rockefeller borrowed money to buy out some of his partners and take control of the refinery, which had become the largest in Cleveland. Over the next few years, he acquired new partners and expanded his business interests in the growing oil industry. At the time, kerosene, derived from petroleum and used in lamps, was becoming an economic staple. In 1870, Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, along with his younger brother William (1841-1922), Henry Flagler (1830-1913) and a group of other men. John Rockefeller was its president and largest shareholder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.517808437347412, "source": "search", "title": "John D. Rockefeller - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Rockefeller’s enormous wealth and success made him a target of muckraking journalists, reform politicians and others who viewed him as a symbol of corporate greed and criticized the methods with which he’d built his empire. As The New York Times reported in 1937: “He was accused of crushing out competition, getting rich on rebates from railroads, bribing men to spy on competing companies, of making secret agreements, of coercing rivals to join the Standard Oil Company under threat of being forced out of business, building up enormous fortunes on the ruins of other men, and so on.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.496463775634766, "source": "search", "title": "John D. Rockefeller - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "In 1890, the U.S. Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, the first federal legislation prohibiting trusts and combinations that restrained trade. Two years later, the Ohio Supreme Court dissolved the Standard Oil Trust; however, the businesses within the trust soon became part of Standard Oil of New Jersey , which functioned as a holding company. In 1911, after years of litigation, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Standard Oil of New Jersey was in violation of anti-trust laws and forced it to dismantle (it was broken up into more than 30 individual companies).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497467994689941, "source": "search", "title": "John D. Rockefeller - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "In his personal life, Rockefeller was devoutly religious, a temperance advocate and an avid golfer. His goal was to reach the age of 100; however, he died at 97 on May 23, 1937, at The Casements, his winter home in Ormond Beach, Florida . (Rockefeller owned multiple residences, including a home in New York City , an estate in Lakewood, New Jersey, and an estate called Kykuit, old Dutch for “lookout,” set on 3,000 acres near Tarrytown, New York.) He was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.470876693725586, "source": "search", "title": "John D. Rockefeller - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "NewYork", "passage": "The graduate program admitted its first students in 1955, and since then more than 1,000 scientists have received degrees from Rockefeller. As a Rockefeller graduate student, you will be part of a diverse community of over 2,000, including students, postdocs, faculty and administrative staff. Though Rockefeller is a small school, our location adjacent to Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center puts us at an epicenter of scientific activity. Our students truly have the best of both worlds: a personal, highly flexible training program and access to a broad range of collaborators and resources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.060866355895996, "source": "search", "title": "The Rockefeller University | Top Universities" } ]

[ { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes", "precise_score": -3.2870495319366455, "rough_score": -8.701412200927734, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What happened after Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner announced his retirement from football?", "precise_score": -6.466120719909668, "rough_score": -9.142464637756348, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "A: He broke into the Arizona Cardinals' trophy room.", "precise_score": -4.378487586975098, "rough_score": -8.283160209655762, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "A: The Arizona Cardinals.", "precise_score": 0.243485227227211, "rough_score": -7.484538555145264, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What should you do if you find three Arizona Cardinals football fans buried up to their neck in cement?", "precise_score": -4.79835844039917, "rough_score": -6.579341888427734, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "A: Have him watch a couple Arizona Cardinals football games.", "precise_score": -2.430323600769043, "rough_score": -5.843928813934326, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Purchasing tickets for the Arizona Cardinals when they are on the road is simple. Check the schedule for the night that they will be in town and go to Cardinals . Rukkus has every home and away game listed from tonight on through the end of the season. Regardless of whether you bought a ticket last minute or months ahead of time, rest assured that we always guarantee every ticket sold.", "precise_score": -2.893974781036377, "rough_score": -8.095283508300781, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Nothing can match the excitement of an Arizona Cardinals game at University of Phoenix Stadium. The atmosphere is electric as the players in red and white uniforms take the field to compete in sunny Glendale, Arizona. Grab your tickets today and be a part of the thrilling environment that an NFL game brings.", "precise_score": -2.2999134063720703, "rough_score": -7.455848693847656, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Overview", "precise_score": -0.8939889669418335, "rough_score": -8.815581321716309, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "The Cardinals franchise hasn’t always been based in Arizona, but it has always been around; always as in the Cardinals are the oldest professional football franchise in American history. The team was founded way back in 1898 and called Chicago its home. There isn’t much history to glean from those early years in that there wasn’t really much of a sport of football in existence quite yet. 22 years later though, in 1920, the Cardinals would become one of the charter members of the NFL.", "precise_score": 5.807018756866455, "rough_score": 6.155942916870117, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "The first 10 years in Arizona were much the same. The then Phoenix Cardinals (who became just the Arizona Cardinals in 1994) didn’t even make it into the postseason until 1998. That season, they beat the Dallas Cowboys in the first round, the franchise’s first playoff win since its NFL championship in 1947.", "precise_score": -2.4864306449890137, "rough_score": -7.908254623413086, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "One of the few bright spots on these Cardinals teams was cornerback Aeneas Williams. Williams joined the club in 1991, when they were still called the Phoenix Cardinals. He played 10 years for them, making six of his eight Pro Bowls. Williams was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2014, the lone Cardinal Hall of Famer so far who played mostly under the “Arizona” distinction.", "precise_score": -2.529489040374756, "rough_score": -8.982048988342285, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "More about Arizona Cardinals on the web", "precise_score": -2.5657236576080322, "rough_score": -9.239018440246582, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Team Page at NFL.com", "precise_score": -1.8845584392547607, "rough_score": -6.372828483581543, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Team Page at NFL.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.303261756896973, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What happened after the Arizona Cardinals lost in the playoffs?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.553848266601562, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What do the Arizona Cardinals and a Chick-Fil-A manager have in common?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.704045295715332, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How many Arizona Cardinals does it take to win a Super Bowl?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656472206115723, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What's the difference between the Arizona Cardinals and a dollar bill?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757068634033203, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What do the Arizona Cardinals and possums have in common?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.749074935913086, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How do you know the Arizona State Police are seriously enforcing the Speed Limits into Glendale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458945274353027, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "A: For the first offense, they give you two Arizona Cardinals tickets. If you get stopped a second time, they make you use them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361209869384766, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How many Arizona Cardinals does it take to change a tire?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780021667480469, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What do the Arizona Cardinals and Billy Graham have in common?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880355834960938, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How do you keep an Arizona Cardinal out of your yard?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297699928283691, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What do you call an Arizona Cardinal with a Super Bowl ring?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75729751586914, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: Why are so many Arizona Cardinals players claiming they have the Swine Flu?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.542802810668945, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What is a Arizona Cardinals fan's favorite whine?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65941333770752, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How do you stop an Arizona Cardinals fan from beating his wife?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612449645996094, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What is th difference between a bucket of shit and an Arizona Cardinals fan?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.067380905151367, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How do you casterate an Arizona Cardinals fan?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55657958984375, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What's the difference between an Arizona Cardinals fan and a carp?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714298248291016, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q. How did the Arizona Cardinals fan die from drinking milk?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768548011779785, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What does an Arizona Cardinals fan do when his team has won the Super Bowl?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.090522766113281, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What do you call an Arizona Cardinal in the Super Bowl?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935386657714844, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: Did you hear that Arizona's football team doesn't have a website?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296198844909668, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: How many Arizona Cardinals fans does it take to change a lightbulb?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.715126991271973, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What does a Arizona Cardinals fan and a bottle of beer have in common?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83182144165039, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What did the Arizona Cardinals fan say after his team won the Super Bowl?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.602962493896484, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: Why do Arizona Cardinals fans keep their season tickets on their dashboards?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.30310344696045, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What's the difference between the Arizona Cardinals and a pinball machine?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622191429138184, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: Why do the Arizona Cardinals want to change their name to the Arizona Tampons?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.850370407104492, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What's the difference between the Arizona Cardinals & the Taliban?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789895057678223, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: Why are Arizona Cardinals jokes getting dumber and dumber?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.370534896850586, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Q: What's the difference between Arizona Cardinals fans and mosquitoes?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.498711585998535, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "The other 9 percent are Arizona Cardinals fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.281210899353027, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Can an Arizona Cardinals player drive a stick?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.357234001159668, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "My wife was about to put my son in an Arizona Cardinals jersey, but I reminded her it was a choking hazard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47938346862793, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Why did the Arizona Cardinals fan cross the road.....I was thinking when I accelerated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.242382049560547, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "After two recesses to check legal references and confer with the Child Welfare officials, the judge granted temporary custody to the Arizona Cardinals, whom the boy firmly believes are not capable of beating anyone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770727157592773, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Jokes - NFL Jokes - Jokes4us.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011125564575195, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Event Information", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.647355079650879, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "How Do I Buy The Best Arizona Cardinals tickets?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.225828170776367, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "The best way to purchase Arizona Cardinals tickets is to go directly to their specific ticket page. There you will find the entire schedule for the Cardinals listed in order starting with the games that are closest in geographical location. Proceeding that will be all of their games in chronological order with games from similar teams near the bottom. After finding a seat, you can flip through the pictures taken from each seat to provide the best possible experience when buying Cardinals tickets. Every step of the Rukkus process will ensure that you are able to find the best NFL tickets in no time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33895206451416, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "How much do Arizona Cardinals tickets cost?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86463737487793, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "University of Phoenix Stadium has many parking spaces that are designated by the parking permit in which you purchase. All of the parking for the Arizona Cardinals games are adjacent to the University of Phoenix Stadium and all within walking distance of the entrances to the stadium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.373127937316895, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "When do Arizona Cardinals tickets go on sale?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361709594726562, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Am I able to buy cheap tickets for the Arizona Cardinals?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664291381835938, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Interestingly enough, the University of Phoenix name that the stadium holds is not representative of the stadium being the home stadium for the university, but simply applied as a corporate sponsor. The University of Phoenix Stadium is loosely modeled after a barrel cactus, a widespread plant in the Arizona desert. As well, the retractable roof is the first ever built on an incline and can open in twelve minutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986556053161621, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Details", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375752449035645, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona Cardinals Ticket Information", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.880374908447266, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "The experience at University of Phoenix Stadium is like no other. This gorgeous stadium has hosted many important collegiate and professional football games, including Super Bowl s XLII and XLIX. The facility is easily accessible from the city of Phoenix and its suburbs, making the overall experience even more enjoyable. Get your tickets and enjoy the festivities that are part of an NFL game in Glendale, Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.131378173828125, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Wins were scarce for Arizona through the first few decades in their new home. Star players were also scarce. The ’98 team was led by the immortal Jake Plummer, who played six years for the team, finishing with 90 touchdowns, 114 interceptions and a 55.9 completion percentage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245266914367676, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Behind quarterback Kurt Warner, the Cardinals would ride an incredibly hot year end all the way to the Super Bowl . There, they met up with the Pittsburgh Steelers and played perhaps the most exciting game in Super Bowl history. Arizona lost in the final seconds in a game that included a 100-yard interception return, a run of 16 unanswered points, a go-ahead touchdown with just over two minutes remaining, and that final score with roughly 30 seconds left to push Arizona’s championship-less streak another year longer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9736328125, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Fitzgerald has a case for being the greatest Cardinal in team history, at least since it moved to Arizona. Even with continually shaky quarterbacks leading his offense, Fitzgerald is an eight-time Pro Bowler with over 12,000 receiving yards and more than 900 catches. Both marks put him in the top 25 all-time, and he isn’t done.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0568265914917, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Tickets 2016 - From $20 | Rukkus" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "The NFC West champion Seahawks lost their grip on the conference's No. 2 seed with Sunday's dramatic loss to the Cardinals. Here's what we learned from Arizona's 34-31 victory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.493168830871582, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Team Page at NFL.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Arizona has a one percent chance of making the playoffs, but there's something else to root for. David Johnson needs one more game with 100 or more yards from scrimmage to break a record set by Edgerrin James.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47994327545166, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Team Page at NFL.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "With the playoffs a pipe dream, Arizona Cardinals general manager Steve Keim turns his focus to evaluating for 2017. Keim said players that don't compete with passion won't be in Arizona in 2017.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.406928062438965, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Team Page at NFL.com" }, { "answer": "Arizona", "passage": "Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer is shouldering the blame for Arizona's lackluster 2016 season, but Kurt Warner doesn't think he's getting much help from his wide receivers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.913702011108398, "source": "search", "title": "Arizona Cardinals Team Page at NFL.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Stanley \"Stan\" Getz (February 2, 1927 – June 6, 1991) was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as \"The Sound\" because of his warm, lyrical tone, his prime influence being the wispy, mellow timbre of his idol, Lester Young. Coming to prominence in the late 1940s with Woody Herman's big band, Getz is described by critic Scott Yanow as \"one of the all-time great tenor saxophonists\". Getz went on to perform in bebop and cool jazz, but is perhaps best known for popularizing bossa nova, as in the worldwide hit single \"The Girl from Ipanema\" (1964) performed with Astrud Gilberto and for his work done under the influence of João Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim.", "precise_score": 7.977106094360352, "rough_score": 6.908432483673096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Getz" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Stan Getz (Stanley Gayetzky, February 2, 1927 Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 Malibu, California) was an American jazz tenor saxophone player. Known as \"The Sound\" because of his warm, lyrical tone, Getz's prime influence was the wispy, mellow tone of his idol, Lester Young .", "precise_score": 8.435993194580078, "rough_score": 6.53148078918457, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and ..." }, { "answer": "Tenor Sax", "passage": "Tenor saxophonist Stan Getz is in excellent form playing with one of his finest groups, a quintet with guitarist Jimmy Raney and pianist Duke Jordan . Although the music does not quite reach the excitement level of the Getz - Raney Storyville session, this music (particularly the ballads) really shows off the tenor's appealing tone. This set is rounded out by four titles that Getz cut with a quartet in 1954 that co-starred pianist Jimmy Rowles .", "precise_score": 7.3652448654174805, "rough_score": 7.265469074249268, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Plays - Stan Getz | Songs, Reviews, Credits ..." }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Stan Getz (Stanley Gayetzky, February 2, 1927 Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 Malibu, California) was an American jazz tenor saxophone player. Known as \"The Sound\" because of his warm, lyrical tone, Getz's prime influence was the wispy, mellow tone of his idol, Lester Young .", "precise_score": 8.435993194580078, "rough_score": 6.53148078918457, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz’s Biography — Free listening, videos, concerts ..." }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "His tenor saxophone of choice was the Selmer Mark VI.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.979806900024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stan Getz" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "\"The story goes that one day God announced he wished to play a musical instrument and so he choose the tenor saxophone because to him, it sounded closest to the sound of an angelic voice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.586956262588501, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz - The sound - Official Homepage" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "all of the saxophones, as well as the clarinet, but he really loved the sound of the tenor saxophone. \"In my neighborhood my choice was: be a bum or escape. So I became a music kid, practicing eight hours a day. I was a withdrawn, hypersensitive kid. I would practice the saxophone in the bathroom, and the tenements were so close together that someone from across the alleyway would yell, 'Shut that kid up', and my mother would shout back, 'Play louder, Stanley, play louder'.\" He mooched quarters off of his Mom so that he could take saxophone lessons every week from an excellent local teacher named Bill Sheiner. He even took up playing bassoon in the school band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.426104545593262, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz - Biography" }, { "answer": "Tenor Sax", "passage": "In September of 1941 Stan was accepted into the All City High School Orchestra of New York City. Entrance into this select group gave him access to a private, free tutor from the New York Philharmonic, Simon Kovar - a bassoonist. He also began to play local gigs at this time: fraternity parties, bar mitzvahs, Saturday night dances. They paid about three bucks a night. At 14 he had saved enough to buy a tenor sax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8857219219207764, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz - Biography" }, { "answer": "Tenor Sax", "passage": "Beverly and Stan suddenly had enough money to buy a modest house in Levittown, New York, and by Dec.15, 1950 Stan Getz is recognized enough to be asked to open \"Birdland\" with Charlie Parker and Lester Young. He is 22. On Christmas day, 1950 he joins an all-star concert at Carnegie Hall featuring Miles Davis, Serge Chaloff, Sonny Stitt, Max Roach, Bud Powell, Parker, Sarah Vaughan and Lenny Tristano. He tops the Metronome Magazine Poll as Tenor saxophonist, and shares the Metronome Musician of the Year Award with Lee Konitz. He comes in second in the Downbeat Poll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.006017956882715225, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz - Biography" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "on Tenor Saxophone THE SOUND", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315916061401367, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz - Biography" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "The name Stan Getz is synonymous with many things: jazz, improvisation, tenor saxophone, and of course the Selmer Mark VI—just to name a few. There isn’t a serious tenor sax player alive, who likely doesn’t know that Getz’s use of the Mark VI is in large part, what still drives the horn’s popularity, and price, today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.726344585418701, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Says….. | The Bassic Sax Blog" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Posted in Famous And Not-So Famous Sax Players Tagged Famous And Not-So Famous Sax Players , Jazz , Mark VI Mystique , Musings , Photos , Quotes , Selmer Mark VI , Styles Of Saxophone Playing , Tenor Saxophone , Video , YouTube permalink", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.720139503479004, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Says….. | The Bassic Sax Blog" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.676120758056641, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "You are here: Home / Mouthpiece Reviews / Tenor Mouthpiece Reviews / Tenor Low Baffle Reviews / Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.36334288120269775, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.676120758056641, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "This is a review of the Stan Getz Legend Series tenor saxophone mouthpiece.  This mouthpiece I’m trying today is an exact copy of the actual mouthpiece that Stan Getz used at the end of his career.  The copy is so exact that it even has slight teeth marks in it where Stan used to put his teeth on the mouthpiece…………now that is exact!  ( If you look at the picture below you can see the slight indentation)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.052342414855957, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece" }, { "answer": "Tenor saxophone", "passage": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.676120758056641, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz Legend Series Tenor Saxophone Mouthpiece" }, { "answer": "Tenor Sax", "passage": "Improvisational tenor saxophonist with a full, luxuriant tone who helped further the bossa nova explosion in the 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.651827812194824, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz | Album Discography | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Tenor Sax", "passage": "One of the all-time great tenor saxophonists, Stan Getz was known as \"The Sound\" because he had one of the most beautiful tones ever heard. Getz, whose main early influence was Lester Young , grew to be a major influence himself, and to his credit he never stopped evolving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.8780956268310547, "source": "search", "title": "Stan Getz - Listen to Free Music by Stan Getz on Pandora ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "West Side Story (1957) transported Romeo and Juliet to modern day New York City and converted the feuding Montague and Capulet families into opposing ethnic gangs, the Jets and the Sharks. The book was adapted by Arthur Laurents, with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by newcomer Stephen Sondheim. It was embraced by the critics, but failed to be a popular choice for the \"blue-haired matinee ladies\", who preferred the small town River City, Iowa of Meredith Willson's The Music Man to the alleys of Manhattan's Upper West Side. Apparently Tony Award voters were of a similar mind, since they favored the former over the latter. West Side Story had a respectable run of 732 performances (1,040 in the West End), while The Music Man ran nearly twice as long, with 1,375 performances. However, the film of West Side Story was extremely successful. Laurents and Sondheim teamed up again for Gypsy (1959, 702 performances), with Jule Styne providing the music for a backstage story about the most driven stage mother of all-time, stripper Gypsy Rose Lee's mother Rose. The original production ran for 702 performances, and was given four subsequent revivals, with Angela Lansbury, Tyne Daly, Bernadette Peters and Patti LuPone later tackling the role made famous by Ethel Merman.", "precise_score": -7.252555847167969, "rough_score": -6.387555122375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "It was introduced in the Broadway musical West Side Story. The movie version, featuring vocals by Marni Nixon (dubbing Natalie Wood) and Jimmy Bryant (dubbing Richard Beymer), finished at #59 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.", "precise_score": -2.1830532550811768, "rough_score": -1.5403180122375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonight (1956 song)" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "West Side Story (1957), The Fantasticks (1960), Hair (1967), A Chorus Line (1975), Les Misérables (1985), The Phantom of the Opera (1986), Rent (1996), The Producers (2001), Wicked (2003) and Hamilton (2015).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.408397674560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "The material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adopted or born from novels (Wicked and Man of La Mancha), plays (Hello, Dolly!), classic legends (Camelot), historical events (Evita) or films (The Producers and Billy Elliot). On the other hand, many successful musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver! and Chicago.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.836513042449951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "Although directors and choreographers have had a major influence on musical theatre style since at least the 19th century, George Abbott and his collaborators and successors took a central role in integrating movement and dance fully into musical theatre productions in the Golden Age.Kenrick, John. [http://www.musicals101.com/dancestage3.htm \"Dance in Stage Musicals – Part III\"], Musicals101.com, 2003, accessed August 14, 2012 Abbott introduced ballet as a story-telling device in On Your Toes in 1936, which was followed by Agnes DeMille's ballet and choreography in Oklahoma!. After Abbott collaborated with Jerome Robbins in On the Town and other shows, Robbins combined the roles of director and choreographer, emphasizing the story-telling power of dance in West Side Story, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962) and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). Bob Fosse choreographed for Abbott in The Pajama Game (1956) and Damn Yankees (1957), injecting playful sexuality into those hits. He was later the director-choreographer for Sweet Charity (1968), Pippin (1972) and Chicago (1975). Other notable director-choreographers have included Gower Champion, Tommy Tune, Michael Bennett, Gillian Lynne and Susan Stroman. Prominent directors have included Hal Prince, who also got his start with Abbott, and Trevor Nunn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.003721237182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "After Show Boat and Porgy and Bess, and as the struggle in America and elsewhere for minorities' civil rights progressed, Hammerstein, Harold Arlen, Yip Harburg and others were emboldened to write more musicals and operas that aimed to normalize societal toleration of minorities and urged racial harmony. Early Golden Age works that focused on racial tolerance included Finian's Rainbow and South Pacific. Towards the end of the Golden Age, several shows tackled Jewish subjects and issues, such as Fiddler on the Roof, Milk and Honey, Blitz! and later Rags. The original concept that became West Side Story was set in the Lower East Side during Easter-Passover celebrations; the rival gangs were to be Jewish and Italian Catholic. The creative team later decided that the Polish (white) vs. Puerto Rican conflict was fresher. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.080350875854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "Tolerance as an important theme in musicals has continued in recent decades. The final expression of West Side Story left a message of racial tolerance. By the end of the 1960s, musicals became racially integrated, with black and white cast members even covering each other's roles, as they did in Hair. Homosexuality has also been explored in musicals, starting with Hair, and even more overtly in La Cage aux Folles, Falsettos, Rent, Hedwig and the Angry Inch and other shows in recent decades. Parade is a sensitive exploration of both anti-Semitism and historical American racism, and Ragtime similarly explores the experience of immigrants and minorities in America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.512779235839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "In the new century, familiarity has been embraced by producers and investors anxious to guarantee that they recoup their considerable investments, if not show a healthy profit. Some took (usually modest-budget) chances on the new and unusual, such as Urinetown (2001), Avenue Q (2003), Caroline or Change (2004), The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee (2005), The Light in the Piazza (2005), Spring Awakening (2006), In the Heights (2007), Next to Normal (2009) and American Idiot (2010). But most took a safe route with revivals of familiar fare, such as Fiddler on the Roof, A Chorus Line, South Pacific, Gypsy, Hair, West Side Story and Grease, or with other proven material, such as films (The Producers, Spamalot, Hairspray, Legally Blonde, The Color Purple, Xanadu, Billy Elliot and Shrek) or well-known literature (The Scarlet Pimpernel and Wicked) hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. Some critics consider the reuse of film plots, especially those from Disney (such as Mary Poppins, and The Little Mermaid) a redefinition of the Broadway and West End musical as a tourist attraction, rather than a creative outlet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.357405662536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Musical theatre" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "Many of the pieces in \"West Side Story\" experiment with different melodic tricks. This song is notable for its prominent perfect fourth intervals, and a theme that starts on a pentatonic scale but develops into a western key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9904398918151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonight (1956 song)" }, { "answer": "West Side Story", "passage": "Gloria Estefan recorded the song with Dave Grusin from the album \"Dave Grusin Presents West Side Story\" (1997).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.059725761413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonight (1956 song)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Chekhov's posthumous reputation greatly exceeded his expectations. The ovations for the play The Cherry Orchard in the year of his death served to demonstrate the Russian public's acclaim for the writer, which placed him second in literary celebrity only to Tolstoy, who outlived him by six years. Tolstoy was an early admirer of Chekhov's short stories and had a series that he deemed \"first quality\" and \"second quality\" bound into a book. In the first category were: Children, The Chorus Girl, A Play, Home, Misery, The Runaway, In Court, Vanka, Ladies, A Malefactor, The Boys, Darkness, Sleepy, The Helpmate, and The Darling\"; in the second: A Transgression, Sorrow, The Witch, Verochka, In a Strange Land, The Cook's Wedding, A Tedious Business, An Upheaval, Oh! The Public!, The Mask, A Woman's Luck, Nerves, The Wedding, A Defenseless Creature, and Peasant Wives. ", "precise_score": 4.207720756530762, "rough_score": 6.573042392730713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anton Chekhov" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "To this day, Chekhov's literary reputation primarily rests with his short stories, and Chekhov's early plays, written primarily in his early 20s, are not well-remembered. It was only in 1896 that he began to turn his attention back to drama; in the eight remaining years before his death, he managed to complete four plays: The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The Three Sisters, and The Cherry Orchard.", "precise_score": 4.573147773742676, "rough_score": 6.918682098388672, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Chekhov wrote his last two plays after he had been diagnosed, in 1898, with tuberculosis. The Cherry Orchard itself was written over a period of more than two years, from early 1901 to late 1903, during which Chekhov was often in doctor-imposed exile from his wife and friends in Moscow, on the Mediterranean island of Yalta, in order to spare his ailing lungs.", "precise_score": 6.864163398742676, "rough_score": 8.312247276306152, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Chekhov's critical reception outside of Russia was mixed, partly due to translation problems and the play's unique \"Russian-ness\", which Chekhov himself foresaw as being impossible for any foreign audience to overcome. Many foreign readers and viewers faulted the play for being unheroic, negative, and devoid of plot. But no less a figure than George Bernard Shaw said that \"hearing Chekhov's plays make me want to tear up my own\", and Chekhov's drama has gained increasing acceptance and praise over the course of the last century. Chekhov managed to attend The Cherry Orchard's opening night gala at the Moscow Arts Theatre on January 17th, 1904, his forty-fourth birthday. The night was also intended to celebrate his 25th year in literature; but the sight of the ill, dying Chekhov, now in the last stages of his disease, was not a cause for celebration. He remained in Moscow for the last few months of his life, finally succumbing to tuberculosis on July 1st of that same year, a few days after the The Cherry Orchard's first publication.", "precise_score": 3.716158151626587, "rough_score": 6.1859211921691895, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "\"The Cherry Orchard\" appeared in 1904 and was Chekhov's last play. At its production, just before his death, the author was fêted as one of Russia's greatest dramatists. Here it is not only country life that Chekhov shows us, but Russian life and character in general, in which the old order is giving place to the new, and we see the practical, modern spirit invading the vague, aimless existence so dear to the owners of the cherry orchard. A new epoch is beginning, and at its dawn the singer of old, dim Russia was silenced.", "precise_score": 6.030982971191406, "rough_score": 6.890285015106201, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov Biography - TheatreHistory.com" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Chekhov renounced the theatre after the disastrous reception of The Seagull in 1896, but the play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, which subsequently also produced Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and premiered his last two plays, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. These four works present a challenge to the acting ensemble as well as to audiences, because in place of conventional action Chekhov offers a \"theatre of mood\" and a \"submerged life in the text\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.910861015319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anton Chekhov" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Chekhov remained in Taganrog for three more years, boarding with a man called Selivanov who, like Lopakhin in The Cherry Orchard, had bailed out the family for the price of their house.Malcolm, 25. Chekhov had to pay for his own education, which he managed by private tutoring, catching and selling goldfinches, and selling short sketches to the newspapers, among other jobs. He sent every ruble he could spare to his family in Moscow, along with humorous letters to cheer them up. During this time, he read widely and analytically, including the works of Cervantes, Turgenev, Goncharov, and Schopenhauer,Letter to brother Mihail, 1 July 1876. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6408 Letters of Anton Chekhov.]Simmons, 26. and wrote a full-length comic drama, Fatherless, which his brother Alexander dismissed as \"an inexcusable though innocent fabrication.\" Chekhov also enjoyed a series of love affairs, one with the wife of a teacher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.863898754119873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anton Chekhov" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "In autumn 1887, a theatre manager named Korsh commissioned Chekhov to write a play, the result being Ivanov, written in a fortnight and produced that November.From the biographical sketch, adapted from a memoir by Chekhov's brother Mikhail, which prefaces Constance Garnett's translation of Chekhov's letters, 1920. Though Chekhov found the experience \"sickening\" and painted a comic portrait of the chaotic production in a letter to his brother Alexander, the play was a hit and was praised, to Chekhov's bemusement, as a work of originality.Letter to brother Alexander, 20 November 1887. [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6408 Letters of Anton Chekhov.] Although Chekhov did not fully realize it at the time, Chekhov's plays, such as The Seagull (written in 1895), Uncle Vanya (written in 1897), The Three Sisters (written in 1900), and The Cherry Orchard (written in 1903) served as a revolutionary backbone to what is common sense to the medium of acting to this day: an effort to recreate and express the \"realism\" of how people truly act and speak with each other and translating it to the stage in order to manifest the human condition as accurately as possible in hopes to make the audience reflect upon their own definition of what it means to be human, warts and all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.770869255065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anton Chekhov" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "After his father's death in 1898, Chekhov bought a plot of land on the outskirts of Yalta and built a villa, into which he moved with his mother and sister the following year. Though he planted trees and flowers, kept dogs and tame cranes, and received guests such as Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky, Chekhov was always relieved to leave his \"hot Siberia\" for Moscow or travels abroad. He vowed to move to Taganrog as soon as a water supply was installed there. Bartlett, 2. In Yalta he completed two more plays for the Art Theatre, composing with greater difficulty than in the days when he \"wrote serenely, the way I eat pancakes now\". He took a year each over Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3069941997528076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anton Chekhov" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.853847980499268, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "The Cherry Orchard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6878215074539185, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Russia had been changing ever since the early 18th century, when Tsar Peter the Great carried out a series of reforms with the intent of modernizing Russia in Western Europe's image. European styles in fashion and art were imported, the Western canon was widely read among the nobility, and French was adopted as the language of cultured discourse. A large government bureaucracy was created; the achievement of rank became an obsession of Russian life. During Chekhov's childhood, in the time of Tsar Alexander II, a second wave of reforms was underway, reforms that further liberalized the country and its economy. The most important of these was the Emancipation Declaration of 1861, which freed the serfs from bondage. These reforms caused great controversy, as they introduced what was, in effect, the beginning of a free-market economy, undermining the power of the nobility, and sometimes even impoverishing them. The situation displayed in The Cherry Orchard, of a wealthy landowning family forced to sell their estate in order to pay their debts, was thus a familiar one in the Russian society of Chekhov's day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.455835342407227, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "The germination of The Cherry Orchard probably came from numerous and diverse sources, over a longer period of time than that for any of Chekhov's other works. Chekhov had known cherry trees from his childhood days in Taganrog, before they were all cleared as a result of Alexander's liberal economic policies which encouraged development of the Russian hinterland. Also, Chekhov had himself planted a cherry orchard on an estate in Melikhovo that he purchased in 1892; he lost the estate a short while later, and the new owner cut down the cherry trees. Much of the intellectual discussion in The Cherry Orchard is distinctly influenced by Chekhov's wide reading in literature, philosophy, and the natural sciences, especially Darwin's Origin of the Species (first published only some forty years earlier) and Marxist and socialist philosophy (though Chekhov himself was not himself a member of any revolutionary movements).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.281634330749512, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "The initial reception of the play ranged from the indifference of Maxim Gorky, who thought the play's story to be completely insignificant, to the loathing of Ivan Bunin, who attacked the play for being unrealistic in its depiction of both the central aristocratic family and the outrageously oversized cherry orchard. But it was also praised as one of Chekhov's best works, and possibly his best play. The Russian Symbolist poets saw the play as a narrative poem mourning the loss of beauty in the world, and thus saw Chekhov as a kindred spirit. The Bolsheviks would interpret the play as a harbinger of the 1917 revolution, because of Trofimov's speeches (many of which were censored by the Tsarist regime for the 1904 perfomance). Many noticed and applauded its new formal innovations in terms of the use of the empty stage, lost dialogue and its mixing of comic and tragic elements. But many saw the play as undeniably tragic, focusing on Ranevsky's downfall as the important element of the story.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.832171440124512, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Cherry Orchard: Context" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "In the year that saw the production of \"The Cherry Orchard,\" Chekhov, the favourite of the Russian people, whom Tolstoi declared to be comparable as a writer of stories only to Maupassant, died suddenly in a little village of the Black Forest, whither he had gone a few weeks before in the hope of recovering his lost health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.4514899253845215, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov Biography - TheatreHistory.com" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "The Cherry Orchard - An analysis of the play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5104498863220215, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov Biography - TheatreHistory.com" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "The Cherry Orchard (1904)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5318305492401123, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Biography and Profile - Plays and Drama ..." }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Olga not only starred in Chekhov's plays, she also deeply understood them. More than anyone in Chekhov's circle, she interpreted the subtle meanings within the plays. For example, Stanislavski thought The Cherry Orchard was a \"tragedy of Russian life.\" Olga instead knew that Chekhov intended it to be a \"gay comedy,\" one that almost touched upon farce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.773344039916992, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Biography and Profile - Plays and Drama ..." }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "When The Cherry Orchard opened in 1904, tuberculosis had ravaged his lungs. His body was visibly weakened. Most of his friends and family knew the end was near. Opening night of The Cherry Orchard became a tribute filled with speeches and heartfelt thanks. It was their was of saying goodbye to Russia's greatest playwright.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.369697570800781, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Biography and Profile - Plays and Drama ..." }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Chekhov developed special relationship with Stanislavsky and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. He emerged as a mature playwright who influenced the modern theater. In the plays \"Uncle Vanya,\" \"Three Sisters,\" \"Seagull,\" and \"Cherry Orchard,\" he mastered the use of understatement, anticlimax, and implied emotion. The leading actress of the Moscow Art Theater, Olga Knipper-Chekhova , became his wife. In 1898, Chekhov moved to his Mediterranean-style home at the Black Sea resort of Yalta in the Crimea. There he was visited by writers Leo Tolstoy , Maxim Gorky , Ivan Bunin , and artists Konstantin Korovin and Isaac Levitan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.330557823181152, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "In the plays of Anton Chekhov (1860-1904), tragedy and comedy are inextricably intertwined. Although his major plays are suffused with an air of anxiety and pessimism akin to those of Henrik Ibsen , he insisted on calling The Seagull (1895) and The Cherry Orchard (1903) comedies. He gave Uncle Vanya (1896) the non-committal subtitle “Scenes from Country Life,” and called Three Sisters (1900) a “drama.” Yet none of these plays is either conventionally comic or tragic. In particular, the central aspect of Aristotelian tragedy, the climactic action entailing reversal or recognition, seems absent from Chekhov’s plays. In general, his Russian gentry are in decline, but the decline is gradual and irreversible. They undergo various minor illuminations in the course of the plays but never a blinding recognition that could lead to a change of fortune.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.757959365844727, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Modernism Lab Essays - Yale University" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "One of the characters in The Seagull complains about a play within the play that \"nothing happens”— a complaint that has been repeated by critics of Chekhov’s later plays. In them, he turns away from conventions like the love plot, the climactic final gunshot, even the main character; instead Chekhov explores “the drama of the undramatic.” [1] Like life itself, Chekhov’s plots generally lack resolution. The loaded pistol of his famous aphorism provides an example. In Ibsen's Hedda Gabler, the pistols go off, and if the first one wounds Lovborg in an unexpected way, the second provides a suitably dramatic climax. By contrast, in The Seagull, Konstantin attempts suicide between the first and second acts, and then finally succeeds in killing himself in the last scene. In Uncle Vanya, written a year later, Vanya wants to kill his brother-in-law Professor Serebriakov, a charlatan who has consumed all the money the family estate can produce. As Vanya complains, “For twenty-five years he’s been regurgitating other people’s ideas about realism, naturalism, all that bullshit.” At the end of the third act, Vanya, infuriated with the Professor, shoots at him twice, but misses. The shots do not result in any climactic action. Nothing changes. As Vanya observes in the fourth act, “Funny, isn’t it? I try to kill someone, nobody calls the police, nobody arrests me. Which means you all think I’m crazy.” Vanya thinks of killing himself with a vial of Dr. Astrov’s morphine, but Sonya convinces him to give the morphine back. The Professor and his second wife return to Moscow, and everything on the estate returns to normal, except that the characters are more disillusioned than ever. In his last work, The Cherry Orchard, a minor character boasts in the second act, “I always carry a loaded pistol.” He brandishes the weapon too. Yet, as Chekhov announced proudly, “There’s not a single pistol-shot in the whole play.” [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7953944206237793, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Modernism Lab Essays - Yale University" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Like the realists and naturalists (and unlike his character Konstantin), Chekhov claims to represent the world as it is, without moral judgments. Most of the climactic action in his works takes place offstage, often before the beginning of the play. What takes center stage is conversation. Not exactly, as Irina puts it in The Seagull, “one long speech,” however; in Chekhov’s plays there are many short speeches and many long silences, only occasionally punctuated by a longer monologue. Characters who do make lengthy speeches, about the environment, or the problem of work, or the future of Russia, usually retract or ironize them. Chekhov’s characters often talk past each other, as if they are not hearing one another. Some, like the old butler Firs, in The Cherry Orchard, are in fact deaf. Chekhov defended the dialogue in his plays on realistic grounds: “Things on stage should be as complicated and yet as simple as in life. People dine, just dine, while their happiness is made and their lives are smashed.” [3] Here, Chekhov claimed to be exposing the drama of everyday life, and he does so, but at the same time the effect of non-sequitur in his speeches prefigures the later absurdist plays of Samuel Beckett or Eugène Ionesco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.052899956703186, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Modernism Lab Essays - Yale University" }, { "answer": "Cherry", "passage": "Throughout Chekhov’s plays, any sort of resolution, comic or tragic, is deferred; he often presents courtships that go nowhere, instead of a conventional love plot. In The Cherry Orchard, the characters expect the successful businessman Lopakhin, the son and grandson of serfs, to propose to Varya, the adopted daughter of impoverished aristocrats. Yet, every time he is left alone with her he seems uneasy. By the end of the play, the family estate is sold to Lopakhin, and Chekhov seems to leave two possibilities open: a comic resolution in which Lopakhin marries Varya and the estate stays in the family, or a tragic one, in which the estate is destroyed for the sake of real estate development (a theme from Ibsen’s Master Builder). Yet, Chekhov resists every opportunity to dramatize this ending. Lopakhin meets with Varya, but instead of proposing he comments on the weather. Uncle Gayev plans to make a speech about the significance of the occasion, but the others dissuade him from speaking. In the final scene, while axes are heard chopping down the orchard offstage, the comic figure Firs reappears; elderly and ill, he has been left behind by the family, who thought he had been taken to an old age home. He has been locked in the house, which is soon to be demolished. So, he lies down on the stage and waits—for someone to come back, or simply for death to come get him. The scene can be played tragically, but it works better as farce. This is one reason why Chekhov insisted on calling the play a comedy. The Cherry Orchard does not resolve itself in marriage, like a conventional comedy, but it deploys farce to come to terms with the modern failure of resolution. For this reason, Chekhov complained about the lugubrious naturalistic staging of his plays at Konstantin Stanislavsky’s Moscow Art Theater, even though these performances made Chekhov famous. Although Chekhov’s representation of passing time, boredom, and silence can be justified in realist or naturalist terms, his plays continually gesture beyond the naturalistic theater, portending the disruption of naturalism in the twentieth century. [4]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.209259033203125, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Chekhov - Modernism Lab Essays - Yale University" } ]

[ { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock Songs", "precise_score": 5.614964008331299, "rough_score": 2.621340036392212, "source": "search", "title": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock ..." }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock Songs", "precise_score": 5.614964008331299, "rough_score": 2.621340036392212, "source": "search", "title": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock ..." }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "John Mellencamp - Jack & Diane - YouTube", "precise_score": -1.6544065475463867, "rough_score": -2.850008010864258, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Jack & Diane - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "John Mellencamp - Jack & Diane", "precise_score": 0.5117319226264954, "rough_score": -0.19741687178611755, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Jack & Diane - YouTube" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "After releasing a few albums, he broke out in 1979 with his first hit, \"I Need A Lover\" In 1982 his fifth album American Fool was the year's best-selling album on the strength of two huge hits, \"Hurts So Good,\" and the number 1 single \"Jack & Diane,\" The albums that followed in the 80's, Uh-Huh, Scarecrow, Lonesome Jubilee, and Big Daddy, were released under the name John Cougar Mellencamp. Hit singles during this period included \"Crumblin Down,\" \"The Authority Song,\" \"Small Town,\" \"Rain On The Scarecrow,\" \"Lonely Ol Night,\" \"\"R.O.C.K. In The U.S.A.,\" \"Paper In Fire,\" \"Check It Out,\" \"Cherry Bomb,\" \"Pop Singer,\" and \"Jackie Brown.\"", "precise_score": 4.152222156524658, "rough_score": 1.1091128587722778, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts", "precise_score": -1.2961491346359253, "rough_score": -3.80171799659729, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "A song about a high school couple falling in love, Mellencamp wrote \"Jack & Diane\" as a tribute to life in the rural working class. The inspiration was his hometown of Seymour, Indiana, which had a population of about 13,000 when it was released. The song has a very nostalgic feel, but paints a picture of a couple whose best years will soon be behind them. In a 1982 interview with The LA Herald Examiner, Mellencamp explained: \"Most people don't ever reach their goals, but that's cool, too. Failure's a part of what you're all about anyway. Coming to terms with failed expectations is what counts. I try to write about the most insignificant things, really. I mean, someone who picks up a copy of Newsweek, then sits down and writes a song about the troubles in South America – who cares? What's that song telling us that we don't already know? Write about something that matters to people, man.\"", "precise_score": -2.1758012771606445, "rough_score": -4.406055450439453, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Jack and Diane were a mixed-race couple in the first version of this song, inspired by the blended couples Mellencamp saw during his live performances. He took the race part out of it and made Jack a football star after an executive from his record company heard what he was working on and asked him to do so in an effort to make the song more relatable and therefore boost its hit potential. With race removed from the equation, a broader swath of Mellencamp's audience identified with the song, especially in the Midwest. He says that lots of folks have told him that the characters are just like them.", "precise_score": 0.13421794772148132, "rough_score": -0.2936285734176636, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "In 2012, a film was released called Jack & Diane, but Mellencamp had nothing to do with it, and the song is not used in the movie. In the film, Jack (played by Riley Keough) is a girl, and she and Diane have a lesbian relationship. Mellencamp said in a statement: \"You don't hear my song in the film, and I played no part in suggesting or offering this title. It's most apparent that the lead characters were named with the hope that the familiar title might resonate in some people's minds. I guess that's OK to do, strictly from a legal perspective, but riding on someone else's coattails and having a moral compass is left up to each individual.\"", "precise_score": 0.4173210561275482, "rough_score": 2.1507325172424316, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Was it really any surprise that this song would end up in the No. 1 position? 'Jack and Diane' is one of the biggest hits of Mellencamp's storied career. A love song for the young in which he encourages people to “hold onto 16 as long as you can,” chances are good that many teens were taken by this song in 1982, feeling as though Mellencamp just might have a good idea of what he's talking about.", "precise_score": 3.627215623855591, "rough_score": 4.794939041137695, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "\"Jack & Diane\" by John Mellencamp (1982)", "precise_score": -0.8136261105537415, "rough_score": -0.8014950752258301, "source": "search", "title": "VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '80s | Spinditty" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "Released when John Mellencamp was still recording under the name John Cougar, it remains his biggest hit single, one which spent four weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. In fact, the song was a major reason why 1982’s ‘American Fool’ finally made Cougar a household name. It’s also earned him a spot on our Top 100 Classic Rock Songs list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.349992752075195, "source": "search", "title": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock ..." }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "The song’s instrumentation and arrangement perpetuate this nostalgic vibe. Mellencamp’s long-time backing band—guitarists Mike Wanchic and Larry Crane, drummer Kenny Aronoff, bassist Robert Frank and keyboardist Eric Rosser—exhibit deft restraint. Handclaps, splattering percussion, sparse acoustic strumming and faded piano dominate, save for a bridge with soul-infused gang vocals. (According to Mellencamp, guitarist/backing vocalist Mick Ronson gets credit for helping this interlude gel.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.764909744262695, "source": "search", "title": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock ..." }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "‘American Fool’ also helped cement another fruitful collaboration: It was the second album Cougar worked on with producer Don Gehman, and its success lead to a musical relationship which spanned from 1983’s ‘Uh-Huh’ and 1985’s ‘Scarecrow’ to 1987’s ‘The Lonesome Jubilee.’ Because of his work with Mellencamp, Gehman earned a reputation for having a masterful touch with folk-tinged pop music, which led to work with such stars as R.E.M.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623763084411621, "source": "search", "title": "No. 89: John Cougar, ‘Jack & Diane’ – Top 100 Classic Rock ..." }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Music video by John Mellencamp performing Jack & Diane. (C) 1982 John Mellencamp under exclusive license to the Island Def Jam Music Group", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.861551284790039, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Jack & Diane - YouTube" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "JOHN COUGAR MELLENCAMP LYRICS - Jack And Diane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.404942989349365, "source": "search", "title": "JOHN COUGAR MELLENCAMP LYRICS - Jack And Diane" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "JOHN COUGAR MELLENCAMP LYRICS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503857612609863, "source": "search", "title": "JOHN COUGAR MELLENCAMP LYRICS - Jack And Diane" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37343978881836, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Born October 7, 1951 in Seymour, Indiana, John Mellencamp fell in love with music at an early age and was gigging in local bars and fronting a soul band by the time he was 14. His professional music career began in earnest in 1976 when MCA Records released his first album, The Chestnut Street Incident. His manager dubbed him Johnny Cougar out of his belief that nobody would buy a record by anybody named Mellencamp. John protested but was overruled and eventually, of course, reclaimed his birth name as his public name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645811080932617, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Mellencamp took the music on the road with a band that many considered the best in the business, playing approximately 1,000 shows around the globe during the decade. In 1985, John's concern for the plight of the American farmer, which had been voiced in the Scarecrow album, brought him together with Willie Nelson and Neil Young in launching Farm Aid. It became an annual event and has helped make people aware of the issues farmers face and how they affect on the entire nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.429878234863281, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "By the early 1990's \"Cougar\" was finally gone from John's name and a string of successful albums as John Mellencamp--Whenever We Wanted, Human Wheels and Dance Naked (including the number 2 single \"Wild Night\")--were released. In 1991 John made his film debut, starring in and directing Falling From Grace, a modest box office success that was well received by critics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.824010848999023, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "John suffered a mild heart attack while touring in 1994 in support of Dance Naked. This forced him to take a break from his music career, but he returned strong in 1996 and released Mr. Happy Go Lucky, which featured the hit \"Key West Intermezzo\" (I Saw You First). Healthier and happier, he returned to touring in 1997 and continued to write and record frequently. Releases included 1998's John Mellencamp, 1999's Rough Harvest, 2001's Cuttin Heads, and 2003's Trouble No More . Hit singles during that time ranged from \"Your Life Is Now\" to \"I'm Not Running Anymore\" to \"Peaceful World.\" John continued to tour throughout 1999, 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.659135818481445, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "He received the 2001 Billboard Century award in recognition of all that he had accomplished over the course of his career and was honored with the Woody Guthrie Award in 2004. Previously, he was awarded a Grammy and had been nominated a total of 11 times. In 2007 the ASCAP Foundation honored John Mellencamp with its Champion Award in recognition of his outstanding use of music in service to humanity. Other recipients of this prestigious award have included Tony Bennett, Billy Joel and Arlo Guthrie. He was honored by The Americana Music Association with it's Lifetime Achievement Award for Songwriting three years later with the award presented in Nashville by Rosanne Cash. He was recognized with the John Steinbeck Award by San Jose State University's Steinbeck Center. The award, subtitled \"In The Souls of the People,\" is given to individuals who have contributed to society in the spirit of the author John Steinbeck. Other recipients have included Arthur Miller, Sean Penn, Michael Moore, Bruce Springsteen, Ken Burns, Joan Baez, and Studs Terkel. John was presented with the award at a program of song and conversation at San Jose's historic California Theatre in July of 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310790061950684, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Words & Music: John Mellencamp's Greatest Hits was released in 2005. It was his first career-spanning collection and featured 35 of his biggest hits plus two new songs, one of which, \"Walk Tall,\" was backed with an award-winning video that condemned discrimination. It was followed in January of 2007 by a new studio album, Freedom's Road. It featured the hit song \"Our Country.\" Bowing at number 5, it was the highest debuting album of his career and led to a Grammy nomination for \"Our Country\" in the best Solo Rock Performance category. By that summer, he had already begun working on his next album. His first collaboration with producer T Bone Burnett, Life, Death, Love, and Freedom was released in July 2008, with John and the Mellencamp band commencing on a corresponding summer tour that included a stop in Australia in the fall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.666765213012695, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "During days off during that tour John recorded, No Better Than This, again produced by T Bone Burnett. He recorded at sequentially at historic facilities in the American South: The First African Baptist Church in Savannah, Sun Studio in Memphis, and in Room 414 of the Gunter Hotel in San Antonio where Robert Johnson, the enigmatic blues shaman has recorded more than 70 years earlier with Mellencamp's songs recorded on a 55 year old mono tape recorder using just one microphone. The album was released in August of 2010, and its production and the tour that spawned it are documented in It's About You, a documentary film by Kurt and Ian Markus that premiered at the SXSW Film Festival in March of 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334721565246582, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "The release of No Better Than This was preceded by a few weeks by the four-CD box set, On The Rural Route 7609 made up mainly of versions of some of his classic songs other then the well known ones in general release. These included two particularly innovative tracks from two iconic individuals not generally associated with music recordings: race relations expert Dr. Cornel West, who dramatically recited the lyrics to \"Jim Crow,\" and Academy Award-winning actress Joanne Woodward-John's favorite actress-who likewise provided an emotionally charged reading of the lyrics to \"The Real Life.\" Universal issued John Mellencamp 1978 � 2012, a 17 CD set that encompasses all of the key albums of his career. On July 8, 2014 Mercury/UME released John Mellencamp Performs Trouble No More Live At Town Hall documents John performing material from his 2003 studio album Trouble No More, a collection of classic folk and blues songs that had been an inspiration to and influence on Mellencamp. The live album comes from a July 31, 2003 New York City show at Town Hall, one of only two shows performed upon the release of Trouble No More. On May 29, 2014 Republic Records announced an unprecedented \"lifetime\" recording contract with John. Mellencamp continues to evolve artistically with Plain Spoken�the first new music from the artist since 2010's critically acclaimed No Better Than This. Plain Spoken John's 22nd full length album and first release on Republic Records was released on September 23, 2014.  John recently completed an 80 city North American Tour starting in January  2015 in South Bend, Indiana and concluded on August 4 in Indianapolis. On the strength of critical praise and high fan demand, John resumed the Plain Spoken Tour  in April 2016. After a short hiatus, he will resume the final leg of The Plain Spoken tour,  kicking off October 11th, in Worcester, CT ending November 4th in North Dakota. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.901246070861816, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Meanwhile, John continues to focus on another facet of his artistic expression: painting. He first came to New York in the 1970's with the intention of studying painting if his music career aspirations didn't pan out but started painting in earnest in the 1980's as a way to be creative in a more self-contained manner. His style has evolved over the years as evidenced by several gallery shows and published portfolios, and in recent years he has increased his output by completing over 100 new works. His pieces were shown in 2012 at the Tennessee State Museum in Nashville under the title �Nothing Like I Planned: The Art Of John Mellencamp� and, more recently at the Butler Institute of American Art, the Museum of Art-DeLand, Florida, the Morris Museum of Art in Augusta, GA during 2014-5. The latest exhibit of Mellencamp's artwork, titled \"John Mellencamp: The Isolation of Mister,\" opened on October 22, 2015 and ran until December 19th at the ACA Galleries in New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978769302368164, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "John has said many times in interviews that you will never meet anyone luckier than John Mellencamp. He is grateful for the support of those who have enjoyed his work and career over the years. If he has any advice to offer, it is to be tenacious: John's found that far too many people quit too soon in the face of early disappointment. While his own early efforts may have been faltering, he stayed with it--and that tenacity has been rewarded with the successes that continue to the present.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088766098022461, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "John Mellencamp continues to live and work in Bloomington, Indiana. He is the father of two sons, Hud and Speck and three daughters, Michelle, Teddi Jo and Justice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200360298156738, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "WEBSITE & CONTENTS © JOHN MELLENCAMP. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.             PRIVACY POLICY | TERMS OF USE | CONTACT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517024993896484, "source": "search", "title": "John Mellencamp - Official Website :: About" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "In Campbell Devine's authorized biography of Ian Hunter and Mott The Hoople it is revealed that this song was heavily influenced by Mick Ronson. The multi-talented Ronson (1946-1993), who was best known as a guitarist, recorded as a solo artist as well as playing lead guitar for both David Bowie and Ian Hunter (as Hunter-Ronson). In the book, Mellencamp says he'd thrown the song on the junk heap, adding: \"I owe Mick Ronson the song... Mick was very instrumental in helping me arrange that.\" >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815862655639648, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Some of Mellencamp's high school photos and home movies were used to make the video, which was pretty much an afterthought. His record company hired Jon Roseman Productions to make videos for the songs \" Hurts So Good \" and \"Hand To Hold On To.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165640830993652, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Paul Flattery, who worked for that production company, explained in the book I Want My MTV that Mellencamp made a special request after those videos were completed: \"He said, 'Look, there's a song on the album the label doesn't believe in. But I do. Can you do me a favor and save one roll of film, shoot me singing the song, I'll give you some old photos and stuff and then you cobble it together for me?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18879222869873, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "Mellencamp was known as \"John Cougar\" when he recorded this song. His manager, Tony De Fries, convinced him that \"Mellencamp\" wouldn't work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157599449157715, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Mellencamp mentioned the title characters again in his 1998 song \"Eden Is Burning.\" The first line is, \"Diane and Jack went to the movies.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.078500270843506, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Weird Al Yankovic planned to parody this song on his 1983 debut album as \"Chuck And Diane,\" making fun of the royal couple Prince Charles and Lady Diana. Yankovic couldn't get Mellencamp's permission to do the parody (which he asks as a courtesy, as anyone can parody a song as long as proper royalties are paid), so he used the lyrical content for an original song called \"Buckingham Blues\" instead. Yankovic did parody the song on the 2003 Simpsons episode \"Three Gays Of The Condo,\" where he sang it in animated form as \"Homer And Marge.\" >>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.314583778381348, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "This is the only #1 Hot 100 hit in Mellencamp's career, and based on streams and downloads, his most popular song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.381049156188965, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "The Sun October 10, 2008 asked Mellencamp if it bothered him being best known for this little ditty. He replied: \"That song is 30 or so years old and it gets played more today in the United States than it did when it came out. As much as I am a little weary of those two, I don't know any other two people in rock and roll who are more popular than Jack and Diane. Some people probably think there's a place in hell for me because of those two people! But it gave me the keys to do what I want. I'm 57 today. I've lived the way I wanted to live, sometimes recklessly and stupidly, but still been able to do that. I've been able to live on my whims, that's what Jack and Diane gave me, so I can't hate them too much.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.140228271484375, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "On the ABC TV series Black-ish, the youngest siblings are twins named Jack and Diane. On the 2016 episode \"Twindependence,\" this song comes up when the mother (Tracee Ellis Ross) tries to reconcile their dispute by explaining this song. \"John Cougar Mellencamp wrote a song about you,\" she says. \"It's called 'Jack & Diane.' It's probably one of the most famous guitar riffs of all time.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.49468469619751, "source": "search", "title": "Jack & Diane by John Mellencamp Songfacts" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488053321838379, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488053321838379, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "John Cougar", "passage": "When it comes to R-O-C-K in the U.S.A., few do it better than John Mellencamp does, and because of that, we're counting down the Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs. From his early days as Johnny Cougar through John Cougar Mellencamp to simply John Mellencamp, this Heartland rock legend has embraced the American spirit perhaps as much as any other rocker. With dozens of hits to his credit, the singer has taken on the plight of the family farmer, issues with authority figures and, of course, his own musings on relationships. So let us put our arms around you and count down Mellencamp's best with Ultimate Classic Rock's list of the Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.725737571716309, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Growing up in Indiana in the '60s, John Mellencamp is the first to admit that the diverse music heard on FM radio had a profound effect on his musical outlook. Name-dropping the likes of James Brown, Jackie Wilson and Martha Reeves is no mere accident. On this track, Mellencamp is sharing his childhood musical inspirations with the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3938984870910645, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "The oldest song to be featured on our list of the Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs, 'I Need a Lover' was the first hint of greatness that showed Mellencamp would amount to something substantial. Though hardly the perfect pop song (he doesn't start singing until almost two-and-a-half minutes into the song), the listener has the opportunity to hear Mellencamp and his band indulge themselves in a completely unpretentious and unrestrained way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281387329101562, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "There is a feeling of loneliness and isolation running through the next pick on our Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs list. The singer goes so far as to try to inject some optimism into the track when he sings “she calls me baby” before resigning himself to the fact that “she calls everybody baby.”You can't help but feel Mellencamp's request to put his arms around you is a subdued cry for companionship when he needs it the most.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131485939025879, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "It is probably safe to say that when this song became a hit, much of the population of working class America must have felt that Mellencamp was singing this song especially for them. The song is a testament to the singer's ability to identify with the class of people that were his fans. This intimate connection with his fans continues to still serve him well today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09210205078125, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Nostalgia is a theme that runs through much of Mellencamp's material. On this 1987 hit, Mellencamp recalls simpler times of dancing and laughing with his friends, realizing that while they might not have appreciated it so much at the time, the memories are something that will continue to live with him until his last day on earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820050239562988, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "From the rebellious nature of the guitar riff that opens this 1983 hit, Mellencamp shows he has never been one to back down from a fight — regardless of whether or not he comes out on the winning end of said fight. The fact that he admits to “…come out grinning” at the end of said battles shows that even he knows it is not the end result that always provides the most satisfaction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603564262390137, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "Listening to Mellencamp's intimate knowledge that settling for second best is going to be the best you can do until you break the rules, you can't help but assume he knows this from personal experience. Hearing Mellencamp acknowledge that “no good deed goes unpunished” while also singing about being a whipping boy makes you think that while maybe he was not the most popular kid in high school, his convictions were as strong back then as they were when he penned this classic song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998595237731934, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "The fact that this song was sandwiched between 'Crumblin' Down' and 'Authority Song' on record could not have been any mere accident. It was a sign of things to come, in a way, as the mood and spirit of the song hinted at the path that Mellencamp would travel on his next full-length effort. Mellencamp's opinion that America is whatever you make it to be never rang more true than in this song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277212142944336, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "'Hurts So Good' is a coming of age song in which Mellencamp tries to persuade the listener that growing up isn't as bad as some might crack it up to be. Much like its position on the Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs, 'Hurts So Good' would ascend to the No. 2 spot on the Billboard singles charts in 1982. The track would ultimately spend a total of 16 weeks in the Billboard Top 10 Singles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832385063171387, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "What Is Your Favorite John Mellencamp Song?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52011775970459, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" }, { "answer": "Mellencamp", "passage": "For an artist with such a wide breadth of material, narrowing down John Mellencamp's catalogue to 10 songs is no easy task. What songs did we miss? What is your favorite Mellencamp tune? Let us know what you think in the comments section below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098668098449707, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 John Mellencamp Songs - Ultimate Classic Rock" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Truman Garcia Capote (; born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 – June 27, 1984) was an American novelist, screenwriter, playwright, and actor, many of whose short stories, novels, plays, and nonfiction are recognized literary classics, including the novella Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958) and the true crime novel In Cold Blood (1966), which he labeled a \"nonfiction novel\". At least 20 films and television dramas have been produced of Capote novels, stories, and plays.", "precise_score": 6.003719329833984, "rough_score": 8.092023849487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Mansion where Truman Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's sells for record $12million | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": 7.57574462890625, "rough_score": 7.872124671936035, "source": "search", "title": "Mansion where Truman Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Mansion where Truman Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's sells for record $12million", "precise_score": 7.708122253417969, "rough_score": 8.142962455749512, "source": "search", "title": "Mansion where Truman Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "The Brooklyn Heights house where Truman Capote wrote \"Breakfast At Tiffany's\" has sold for $12M, the Daily New reports .", "precise_score": 8.200397491455078, "rough_score": 7.891775131225586, "source": "search", "title": "Truman Capote House - The Huffington Post" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Truman Capote was born on September 30, 1924 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA as Truman Streckfus Persons. He was a writer and actor, known for Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), In Cold Blood (1967) and The Innocents (1961). He died on August 25, 1984 in Los Angeles, California, USA. See full bio »", "precise_score": 6.707242488861084, "rough_score": 7.296237468719482, "source": "search", "title": "Truman Capote - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's is Truman Capote 's best-loved work of fiction and arguably one of the finest American novellas. Set in Manhattan's Upper East Side, during the final years of World War II, it documents the story of a young writer's fascination with, and affection for, his charming and troubled neighbor, the unorthodox Holly Golightly. The simple, linear narrative of Breakfast at Tiffany's provided Capote with the perfect vehicle to refine his characteristically minimal, naturalistic prose style, marking the novella as a transition phase between the author's more elaborate earlier writings and the documentary-style realism of his next major work, the non-fiction masterpiece In Cold Blood .", "precise_score": 7.932997703552246, "rough_score": 7.588680267333984, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "This item:Breakfast at Tiffany's by Truman Capote Paperback £6.49", "precise_score": 4.944309234619141, "rough_score": 7.30330753326416, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Amazon.co.uk: Truman Capote ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.117080688476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: A Short Novel and Three Stories (1958) brought together the title novella and three shorter tales: \"House of Flowers\", \"A Diamond Guitar\" and \"A Christmas Memory\". The heroine of Breakfast at Tiffany's, Holly Golightly, became one of Capote's best known creations, and the book's prose style prompted Norman Mailer to call Capote \"the most perfect writer of my generation\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.416731595993042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "The novella itself was originally supposed to be published in Harper's Bazaar's July, 1958 issue, several months before its publication in book form by Random House. But the publisher of Harper's, the Hearst Corporation, began demanding changes to Capote's tart language, which he reluctantly made because he had liked the photos by David Attie and the design work by Harper's art director Alexey Brodovitch that were to accompany the text. But despite his compliance, Hearst ordered Harper's not to run the novella anyway. Its language and subject matter were still deemed \"not suitable\", and there was concern that Tiffany's, a major advertiser, would react negatively. An outraged Capote resold the novella to Esquire for its November, 1958 issue; by his own account, he told Esquire he would only be interested in doing so if Attie's original series of photos was included, but to his disappointment, the magazine ran just a single full-page image of Attie's (another was later used as the cover of at least one paperback edition of the novella). The novella was published by Random House shortly afterwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.756974220275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "For Capote, Breakfast at Tiffany's was a turning point, as he explained to Roy Newquist (Counterpoint, 1964):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9283181428909302, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Capote permitted Esquire to publish four chapters of the unfinished novel in 1975 and 1976. The first to appear, \"Mojave\", ran as a self-contained short story and was favorably received, but the second, \"La Côte Basque 1965\", based in part on the dysfunctional personal lives of Capote's friends William S. Paley and Babe Paley, generated controversy. Although the issue featuring \"La Côte Basque\" sold out immediately upon publication, its much-discussed betrayal of confidences alienated Capote from his established base of middle-aged, wealthy female friends, who feared the intimate and often sordid details of their ostensibly glamorous lives would be exposed to the public. Another two chapters, \"Unspoiled Monsters\" and \"Kate McCloud\", appeared subsequently; intended to form the long opening section of the novel, they displayed a marked shift in narrative voice, introduced a more elaborate plot structure, and together formed a novella-length mosaic of fictionalized memoir and gossip. \"Unspoiled Monsters\", which by itself was almost as long as Breakfast at Tiffany's, contained a thinly veiled satire of Tennessee Williams, whose friendship with Capote had already become strained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9174368381500244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Carson said she kept the ashes in an urn in the room where he died. Those ashes were reported stolen during a Halloween party in 1988 along with $200,000 in jewels but were then returned six days later, having been found in a coiled-up garden hose on the back steps of Carson's Bel Air home. The ashes were reportedly stolen again when brought to a production of Tru but the thief was caught before leaving the theatre. Carson bought a crypt at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. In 2013 the producers offered to fly Carson and the ashes to New York for a Broadway production of Breakfast at Tiffany's. Carson declined the offer. Dunphy died in 1992, and in 1994, both his and Capote's ashes were reportedly scattered at Crooked Pond, between Bridgehampton, New York, and Sag Harbor, New York on Long Island, close to Sagaponack, New York, where the two had maintained a property with individual houses for many years. Crooked Pond was chosen because money from the estate of Dunphy and Capote was donated to the Nature Conservancy, which in turn used it to buy 20 acres around Crooked Pond in an area called \"Long Pond Greenbelt.\" A stone marker indicates the spot where their ashes were thrown into the pond.[http://www.southamptontrails.org/Capote-Dunphy_Monument.html Capote – Dunphy Monument at Crooked Pond]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.166707038879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "*In 1961, Capote's novel Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958), about a flamboyant New York party girl named Holly Golightly, was filmed by director Blake Edwards and starred Audrey Hepburn in what many consider her defining role, though Capote never approved of the many changes to the story, made to appeal to mass audiences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1847498416900635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Truman Capote" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "The appeal of the 11-bedroom mansion is strengthened by its status as the place where Capote hammered out his novella Breakfast at Tiffany's in 1958.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4744176864624023, "source": "search", "title": "Mansion where Truman Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Inspiration: While living in the house Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's, later adapted into a film featuring Audrey Hepburn's iconic performance as the mysterious Holly Golightly", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1292363405227661, "source": "search", "title": "Mansion where Truman Capote wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's : Truman Capote : 9780241951453", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.601933002471924, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's : Truman Capote : 9780241951453" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.117080688476562, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's : Truman Capote : 9780241951453" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Truman Capote's dazzling New York novel Breakfast at Tiffany's that inspired the classic 1961 film starring Audrey Hepburn is beautifully repackaged as part of the Penguin Essentials range. 'What I've found does the most good is just to get into a taxi and go to Tiffany's. It calms me down right away, the quietness and the proud look of it; nothing very bad could happen to you there, not with those kind men in their nice suits...' Meet Holly Golightly - a free spirited, lop-sided romantic girl about town. With her tousled blond hair and upturned nose, dark glasses and chic black dresses, Holly is a style sensation wherever she goes. Her apartment rocks to Martini-soaked parties and she plays hostess to millionaires and gangsters alike. Yet Holly never loses sight of her ultimate dream - to find a real life place like Tiffany's that makes her feel at home. Full of sharp wit and exuberant, larger-than-life characters which vividly capture the restless, madcap era of 1940s New York, Breakfast at Tiffany's will make you fall in love, perhaps for the first time, with a book. 'A master writer ...makes the heart sing and the narrative fly' The New York Times 'The most romantic story ever written' Alex James, Guardian 'One of the century's greatest storytellers' Independent on Sunday Truman Capote was born in New Orleans in 1925. By the age of fourteen he had already started writing short stories, some of which were published. After leaving school at fifteen he worked for the New Yorker, his first - and last - regular job. Following this Capote spent two years on a Louisiana farm where he wrote Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948). He lived, at one time or another, in Greece, Italy, Africa and the West Indies, and travelled in Russia and the Orient. Capote is the author of many highly acclaimed books, including A Tree of Night and Other Stories (1949), The Grass Harp (1951), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958), In Cold Blood (1965), which immediately became the centre of a storm of controversy on its publication, Music for Chameleons (1980) and Answered Prayers (1986). Truman Capote died in 1984. show more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.300392150878906, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's : Truman Capote : 9780241951453" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Truman Capote was born in New Orleans in 1925. By the age of fourteen he had already started writing short stories, some of which were published. After leaving school at fifteen he worked for the New Yorker, his first - and last - regular job. Following this Capote spent two years on a Louisiana farm where he wrote Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948). He lived, at one time or another, in Greece, Italy, Africa and the West Indies, and travelled in Russia and the Orient. Capote is the author of many highly acclaimed books, including A Tree of Night and Other Stories (1949), The Grass Harp (1951), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958), In Cold Blood (1965), which immediately became the centre of a storm of controversy on its publication, Music for Chameleons (1980) and Answered Prayers (1986). Truman Capote died in 1984. show more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.129129409790039, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's : Truman Capote : 9780241951453" }, { "answer": "Tiffany’s", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578027725219727, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Capote composed Breakfast at Tiffany's in the spring of 1958, shortly after the publication of the critically well-received Other Voices, Other Rooms, his first full-length novel and a commercial success. Capote culled inspiration for his new work from gossip, personal experience, and the lives of his eccentric New York friends. The title Breakfast at Tiffany's is drawn from an anecdote popular among Capote's social circle about an ignorant out-of-towner who, upon being asked which glamorous New York restaurant he would like to visit, answered, \"Well, let's have breakfast at Tiffany's\". The author's idea for Holly Golightly, who, in the first drafts of the manuscript, was named \"Connie Gustafson\", likely came from several sources. In his personal correspondence, Capote acknowledged that he intended his charismatic and unscrupulous heroine as a composite portrait of a number of Manhattan socialites with whom he enjoyed intimate friendships, including Babe Paley, Gloria Vanderbilt, Carol Marcus, and Oona O'Neill. Holly's story arc, in which she escapes an impoverished childhood in the rural South to reinvent herself as a New York sophisticate, resembles Capote's mother's life. In particular, Holly's real name - Lulamae - seems to directly reference Nina Capote's own discarded birth name, Lillie Mae. However, as his biographers and critics have suggested, Holly was perhaps also a projection of the author himself, a vehicle through which Capote explored his own struggles with social convention, depression, and his need for permanence and stability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2916624546051025, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Capote, already famous on the American literary and social scenes, found the market receptive to his new work. Shortly after completing the manuscript of Breakfast at Tiffany's, he sold it for $2000 to Harper's Bazaar, which intended to serialize it. However, executives at Hearst publications objected to the obscene language and explicit sexual references in the novella, and after demanding numerous revisions, decided against publication. While Hearst claimed that the colorful content of Breakfast at Tiffany's made it unsuitable for the pages of Harper's Bazaar, many of Capote's peers in the publishing world suggested that Hearst had feared the novella would offend or alienate Tiffany's, an important sponsor of the magazine. Alienated by Harper's Bazaar, Capote re-sold the manuscript to the rival magazine Esquire for $3000. Esquire's serialization of the novella in 1958 appeared on newsstands at the same time as newspaper reviews of the complete novella, published by Random House. The publicity surrounding Capote was overwhelming. Esquire's sales skyrocketed, and the novella soon attracted the attention of film producers at 20th Century Fox.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.596371054649353, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Capote's novella was adapted for the screen by scriptwriter George Axelrod, who sanitized the work for a mainstream audience by altering plot and character details. Most notably, the screenplay reshaped Capote's complex narrative about sexual ambiguity into a conventional heterosexual love story. Released in 1961, the film version of Breakfast at Tiffany's was a star vehicle for Audrey Hepburn, who at the age of 31, was anxious about her flagging career. Wildly successful with both the public and film critics, Breakfast at Tiffany's revived Hepburn's star power and, thanks to the innovative costuming by legendary designers Edith Head and Givenchy, made Holly Golightly an instant fashion icon. As Capote's biographer's notes, the film inspired a legion of New York women to claim that they were the true inspiration for Holly Golightly. One woman, named Bonnie Golightly, even brought an unsuccessful libel lawsuit against Capote. However, despite Hepburn's vast popularity as Holly, Capote maintained that she was poorly cast in the role, which he felt should have gone to Marilyn Monroe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.21293623745441437, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Since the 1960s, both the novella and the film version of Breakfast at Tiffany's have remained popular with American audiences. While Capote's contemporaries gave the work mixed reviews, late 20th-century academic interest in the text has influenced its current public reputation as a piece remarkable for its technical innovation and progressive social politics. Influenced by the emerging critical field of gay, or \"queer\", literary studies, contemporary critics have been impressed by Capote's complex, sensitive treatment of human sexuality and gender roles. While earlier scholarship focused - often negatively - on the character of Holly as a personification of Capote's unorthodox views on sex and gender, modern critics have excavated the novella's subtle references to the alternative sexual identities and practices of the text's male characters, suggesting that Capote intended Breakfast at Tiffany's as an exploration of the powerful and loving relationships that often exist between straight women and gay men. As interest in the underground gay communities of the early 20th century continues to rise, it is likely that Breakfast at Tiffany's, and Capote himself, will continue to enjoy critical attention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.230369210243225, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany’s Study Guide | GradeSaver" }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Amazon.co.uk: Truman Capote: 0884996782436: Books", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.7775654792785645, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Amazon.co.uk: Truman Capote ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.117080688476562, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Amazon.co.uk: Truman Capote ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany’s", "passage": "Although it is the title tale this book is most frequently remembered for, the accompanying short stories should not be overlooked: With a dash of humour and a sprinkling of warmth, this magnificent compilation of four stories was truly a pleasure to read. Breakfast at Tiffany’s, following the mysterious aspiring young actress Holly Golightly, had me hooked from the first few pages not only due to the secrecy regarding her past, but also the way in which there is little or no information offered about the narrator. The reader, experiencing Miss Golightly’s company through the eyes of the storyteller, is unaware of even the simplest facts about the narrator’s own life (to such an extent that we never even learn his name). Such is his obsession with his new friend, that it is as if his own existence becomes unimportant. I believe it is this unusual method of storytelling that is largely responsible for the book’s success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.118060111999512, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Amazon.co.uk: Truman Capote ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Truman Capote: 9780679745655: Literature: Amazon Canada", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.259828090667725, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Truman Capote: 9780679745655 ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "We've all seen the movie, but very few of us have read the book. I finally read it, and, boy, am I glad I did. It is so good. People always say that the book is better than the movie--no matter what the book or movie is. I generally say that they are two different mediums and cannot be compared: apples and oranges. In the case of BREAKFAST AT TIFFANY'S, the two (the book and the movie) are actually very close, but the book will give you insight that the movie won't. Read it. Enjoy it. It's true, Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard are fabulous in the film. But the novel is a masterpiece. Capote writes an exquisite tale about the most endearing characters that I have ever met. Indeed, the novel reveals such a deep complexity in Holly's character, that I stop seeing Hepburn in the title role while reading the book. Instead, a new Holly emerged that is much more than the beautiful party girl that we know and love from the film. Her outward appearance of independence and vivaciousness conceals a deeply confused person with a troubled past that she is determined to defeat. Must also recommend the book KATZENJAMMER by Jackson McCrae (who is greatly influenced by Capote)-this is a hoot!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.45512580871582, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Truman Capote: 9780679745655 ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "It was an interesting choice by the author that she was depicted in an era when most ladies' place was at home. Independent, not caring a bit about being \"judged\". Looking for love? Looking for \"something\"? Is that why she is forever running around? Well, as long as she can relax with breakfast at Tiffany's, all is ok.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941917419433594, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Truman Capote: 9780679745655 ..." }, { "answer": "Tiffany's", "passage": "- \"What I found does the most good is just to get into a taxi and go to Tiffany's. It calms me down right away, the quietness and the proud look of it; nothing very bad could happen to you there, not with those kind men in their nice suits, and that lovely smell of silver and alligator wallets. If I could find a real-life place that made me feel like Tiffany's, then I'd buy some furniture and give the cat a name.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39954662322998, "source": "search", "title": "Breakfast at Tiffany's: Truman Capote: 9780679745655 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "P", "passage": "In computing, a computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as a mechanical lever or electronic switch. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.", "precise_score": -5.004863739013672, "rough_score": -7.999756336212158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.", "precise_score": -5.146033763885498, "rough_score": -7.92771577835083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In normal usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface to type text and numbers into a word processor, text editor or other programs. In a modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all key presses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine.", "precise_score": -5.882635116577148, "rough_score": -8.000726699829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "A command-line interface is a type of user interface operated entirely through a keyboard, or another device doing the job of one.", "precise_score": -8.71624755859375, "rough_score": -9.279987335205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "While typewriters are the definitive ancestor of all key-based text entry devices, the computer keyboard as a device for electromechanical data entry and communication derives largely from the utility of two devices: teleprinters (or teletypes) and keypunches. It was through such devices that modern computer keyboards inherited their layouts.", "precise_score": -6.971932888031006, "rough_score": -9.787240982055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "As early as the 1870s, teleprinter-like devices were used to simultaneously type and transmit stock market text data from the keyboard across telegraph lines to stock ticker machines to be immediately copied and displayed onto ticker tape. The teleprinter, in its more contemporary form, was developed from 1907 to 1910 by American mechanical engineer Charles Krum and his son Howard, with early contributions by electrical engineer Frank Pearne. Earlier models were developed separately by individuals such as Royal Earl House and Frederick G. Creed.", "precise_score": -10.400382995605469, "rough_score": -10.12490177154541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The keyboard on the teleprinter played a strong role in point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication for most of the 20th century, while the keyboard on the keypunch device played a strong role in data entry and storage for just as long. The development of the earliest computers incorporated electric typewriter keyboards: the development of the ENIAC computer incorporated a keypunch device as both the input and paper-based output device, while the BINAC computer also made use of an electromechanically controlled typewriter for both data entry onto magnetic tape (instead of paper) and data output.", "precise_score": -8.376886367797852, "rough_score": -8.782557487487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The keyboard remained the primary, most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device in 1984. By this time, text-only user interfaces with sparse graphics gave way to comparatively graphics-rich icons on screen. However, keyboards remain central to human-computer interaction to the present, even as mobile personal computing devices such as smartphones and tablets adapt the keyboard as an optional virtual, touchscreen-based means of data entry.", "precise_score": -8.281548500061035, "rough_score": -8.754368782043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboard types ", "precise_score": -7.119535446166992, "rough_score": -10.182001113891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "One factor determining the size of a keyboard is the presence of duplicate keys, such as a separate numeric keyboard, for convenience.", "precise_score": -8.370514869689941, "rough_score": -9.846580505371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Further the keyboard size depends on the extent to which a system is used where a single action is produced by a combination of subsequent or simultaneous keystrokes (with modifier keys, see below), or multiple pressing of a single key. A keyboard with few keys is called a keypad. See also text entry interface.", "precise_score": -7.7024993896484375, "rough_score": -8.448265075683594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the size and spacing of the keys. Reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be easily pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys.", "precise_score": -10.239017486572266, "rough_score": -10.259729385375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the enter key is usually shaped differently. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys, such as the command or Windows keys. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacture imitate the keyboard of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboard: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. The three differ some what in the placement of function keys, the control keys, the return key, and the shift key.", "precise_score": 0.0951399952173233, "rough_score": -2.35160231590271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke, shorter over travel distance, and a reduced set of keys. They may not have a numerical keypad, and the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard, full-sized keyboard. The switch mechanism for a laptop keyboard is more likely to be a scissor switch than a rubber dome; this is opposite the trend for full-size keyboards.", "precise_score": -7.725935935974121, "rough_score": -7.891503810882568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Flexible keyboards are a junction between normal type and laptop type keyboards, normal from the full arrangement of keys, and laptop from the sort key distance, additionally the flexibility it allows the user to fold/roll the keyboard for better storage / transfer, however for typing, the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface. The vast majority of flexible keyboards in market are made from silicone, this material makes it water and dust proof, a very pleasant feature especially in hospitals where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing. For connection with the computer, the keyboards having USB cable and the support of operating systems reach far back as the Windows 2000.", "precise_score": -9.030745506286621, "rough_score": -7.835770606994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have, yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once; one acting as a function key similar to a 'Shift' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard. Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device.", "precise_score": -5.495016098022461, "rough_score": -5.396251201629639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "A chorded keyboard allows users to press several keys simultaneously. For example, the GKOS keyboard has been designed for small wireless devices. Other two-handed alternatives more akin to a game controller, such as the AlphaGrip, are also used to input data and text.", "precise_score": -9.661056518554688, "rough_score": -9.497458457946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "A thumb keyboard (thumb board) is used in some personal digital assistants such as the Palm Treo and BlackBerry and some Ultra-Mobile PCs such as the OQO.", "precise_score": -7.761079788208008, "rough_score": -6.659804344177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Numeric keyboards contain only numbers, mathematical symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, a decimal point, and several function keys. They are often used to facilitate data entry with smaller keyboards that do not have a numeric keypad, commonly those of laptop computers. These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad, numeric keys, or a numeric keypad, and it can consist of the following types of keys: Arithmetic operators, numbers, arrow keys, Navigation keys, Num Lock and Enter key.", "precise_score": -6.043736934661865, "rough_score": -8.195097923278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Multifunctional keyboards provide additional function beyond the standard keyboard. Many are programmable, configurable computer keyboards and some control multiple PCs, workstations (incl. SUN) and other information sources (incl. Thomson Reuters FXT/Eikon, Bloomberg, EBS, etc.) usually in multi-screen work environments. Users have additional key functions as well as the standard functions and can typically use a single keyboard and mouse to access multiple sources. ", "precise_score": -8.932233810424805, "rough_score": -9.32102108001709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Multifunctional keyboards may feature customised keypads, fully programmable function or soft keys for macros/pre-sets, biometric or smart card readers, trackballs, etc. New generation multifunctional keyboards feature a touchscreen display to stream video, control audio visual media and alarms, execute application inputs, configure individual desktop environments, etc. Multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to PCs and other information sources. Multiple interfaces (serial, USB, audio, Ethernet, etc.) are used to integrate external devices. Some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls.", "precise_score": -9.685139656066895, "rough_score": -9.897958755493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "While other keyboards generally associate one action with each key, chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses. Since there are many combinations available, chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys. Court reporters' stenotype machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time. The fastest typists (as of 2007) use a stenograph, a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed-caption reporters. Some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable, such as on devices that can be used with only one hand, and on small mobile devices that don't have room for larger keyboards. Chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient.", "precise_score": -8.563698768615723, "rough_score": -7.6461639404296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Software keyboards or on-screen keyboards often take the form of computer programs that display an image of a keyboard on the screen. Another input device such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be used to operate each virtual key to enter text. Software keyboards have become very popular in touchscreen enabled cell phones, due to the additional cost and space requirements of other types of hardware keyboards. Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and some varieties of Linux include on-screen keyboards that can be controlled with the mouse. In software keyboards, the mouse has to be maneuvered onto the on-screen letters given by the software. On the click of a letter, the software writes the respective letter on the respective spot.", "precise_score": -4.9926018714904785, "rough_score": -6.350702285766602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Projection keyboards project an image of keys, usually with a laser, onto a flat surface. The device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to \"watch\" where the user's fingers move, and will count a key as being pressed when it \"sees\" the user's finger touch the projected image. Projection keyboards can simulate a full size keyboard from a very small projector. Because the \"keys\" are simply projected images, they cannot be felt when pressed. Users of projected keyboards often experience increased discomfort in their fingertips because of the lack of \"give\" when typing. A flat, non-reflective surface is also required for the keys to be projected. Most projection keyboards are made for use with PDAs and smartphones due to their small form factor.", "precise_score": -10.425195693969727, "rough_score": -10.202001571655273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Optical keyboard technology ", "precise_score": -8.542231559753418, "rough_score": -10.341939926147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "An optical keyboard technology utilizes light emitting devices and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter, mounted on a small PCB. The light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys. Most optical keyboards require at least 2 beams (most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam) to determine the actuated key. Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern, allowing only one beam per row of keys (most commonly horizontal beam).", "precise_score": -9.202425003051758, "rough_score": -9.121045112609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation symbols on keys. These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols, either because they are inputting text in different languages, or because they need a specialized layout for mathematics, accounting, computer programming, or other purposes. The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems: Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. The common QWERTY-based layout was designed early in the era of mechanical typewriters, so its ergonomics were compromised to allow for the mechanical limitations of the typewriter.", "precise_score": -5.668034553527832, "rough_score": -9.607351303100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "As the letter-keys were attached to levers that needed to move freely, inventor Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY layout to reduce the likelihood of jamming. With the advent of computers, lever jams are no longer an issue, but nevertheless, QWERTY layouts were adopted for electronic keyboards because they were widely used. Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in widespread use.", "precise_score": -6.249476909637451, "rough_score": -8.773484230041504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Another situation takes place with \"national\" layouts. Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to release the space for Ñ ñ; similarly, those for Portuguese, French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç. The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some neighbouring countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in that the A and Q are swapped, the Z and W are swapped, and the M is moved from the right of N to the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters.", "precise_score": -3.740755081176758, "rough_score": -3.1512961387634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboards in many parts of Asia may have special keys to switch between the Latin character set and a completely different typing system. Japanese layout keyboards can be switched between various Japanese input methods and the Latin alphabet by signaling the operating system's input interpreter of the change, and some operating systems (namely the Windows family) interpret the character \"\\\" as \"¥\" for display purposes without changing the bytecode which has led some keyboard makers to mark \"\\\" as \"¥\" or both. In the Arab world, keyboards can often be switched between Arabic and Latin characters.", "precise_score": -5.67678689956665, "rough_score": -8.361496925354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the keys, because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages (see the example in the figure above).", "precise_score": -5.677297115325928, "rough_score": -8.852441787719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys are used in the same fashion as a typewriter keyboard to enter their respective symbol into a word processing program, text editor, data spreadsheet, or other program. Many of these keys will produce different symbols when modifier keys or shift keys are pressed. The alphabetic characters become uppercase when the shift key or Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys.", "precise_score": -6.218465805053711, "rough_score": -8.602004051208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The Space bar is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, which is significantly wider than other keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter. Its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing. It is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily. Depending on the operating system, when the space bar is used with a modifier key such as the control key, it may have functions such as resizing or closing the current window, half-spacing, or backspacing. In computer games and other applications the key has myriad uses in addition to its normal purpose in typing, such as jumping and adding marks to check boxes. In certain programs for playback of digital video, the space bar is used for pausing and resuming the playback.", "precise_score": -9.872940063476562, "rough_score": -9.583320617675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Modifier keys are special keys that modify the normal action of another key, when the two are pressed in combination. For example, + in Microsoft Windows will close the program in an active window. In contrast, pressing just will probably do nothing, unless assigned a specific function in a particular program. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing.", "precise_score": -10.290184020996094, "rough_score": -9.749985694885254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The most widely used modifier keys include the Control key, Shift key and the Alt key. The AltGr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them. On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards, the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key, respectively. On MIT computer keyboards, the Meta key is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards, there is a Windows key. Compact keyboard layouts often use a Fn key. \"Dead keys\" allow placement of a diacritic mark, such as an accent, on the following letter (e.g., the Compose key).", "precise_score": -5.069005012512207, "rough_score": -6.1989946365356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen. Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction; page scroll keys, such as the Page Up and Page Down keys, scroll the page up and down. The Home key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line. The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop.", "precise_score": -8.79483413696289, "rough_score": -7.274653434753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The Insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode, in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location, and insert mode, where the cursor inserts a character at its current position, forcing all characters past it one position further. The Delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor's position, moving all following characters one position \"back\" towards the freed place. On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete (sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key. The Backspace key deletes the preceding character.", "precise_score": -7.090319633483887, "rough_score": -7.470412731170654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Lock keys lock part of a keyboard, depending on the settings selected. The lock keys are scattered around the keyboard. Most styles of keyboards have three LEDs indicating which locks are enabled, in the upper right corner above the numeric pad. The lock keys include Scroll lock, Num lock (which allows the use of the numeric keypad), and Caps lock.", "precise_score": -5.300906658172607, "rough_score": -6.543216228485107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The SysRq and Print screen commands often share the same key. SysRq was used in earlier computers as a \"panic\" button to recover from crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel; see Magic SysRq key). The Print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard. The Break key/Pause key no longer has a well-defined purpose. Its origins go back to teleprinter users, who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line. The Break key can be used by software in several different ways, such as to switch between multiple login sessions, to terminate a program, or to interrupt a modem connection.", "precise_score": -10.307798385620117, "rough_score": -8.797489166259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In programming, especially old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Break is used (in conjunction with Ctrl) to stop program execution. In addition to this, Linux and variants, as well as many DOS programs, treat this combination the same as Ctrl+C. On modern keyboards, the break key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In most Windows environments, the key combination Windows key+Pause brings up the system properties.", "precise_score": -8.047782897949219, "rough_score": -9.8792724609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The Escape key (often abbreviated Esc) is used to initiate an escape sequence. As most computer users no longer are concerned with the details of controlling their computer's peripherals, the task for which the escape sequences were originally designed, the escape key was appropriated by application programmers, most often to \"escape\" or back out of a mistaken command. This use continues today in Microsoft Windows's use of escape as a shortcut in dialog boxes for No, Quit, Exit, Cancel, or Abort.", "precise_score": -10.694536209106445, "rough_score": -10.082963943481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "A common application today of the Esc key is as a shortcut key for the Stop button in many web browsers. On machines running Microsoft Windows, prior to the implementation of the Windows key on keyboards, the typical practice for invoking the \"start\" button was to hold down the control key and press escape. This process still works in Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.", "precise_score": -9.771984100341797, "rough_score": -9.68178939819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The Enter key is located: One in the alphanumeric keys and the other one is in the numeric keys. When one worked something on their computer and wanted to do something with their work, pressing the enter key would do the command they ordered. Another function is to create a space for next paragraph. When one typed and finished typing a paragraph and they wanted to have a second paragraph, they could press enter and it would do spacing.", "precise_score": -8.955446243286133, "rough_score": -7.745626926422119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Shift key: when one presses shift and a letter, it will capitalize the letter pressed with the shift key. Another use is to type more symbols than appear to be available, for instance the apostrophe key is accompanied with a quotation mark on the top. If one wants to type the quotation mark but pressed that key alone, the symbol that would appear would be the apostrophe. The quotation mark will only appear if both the required key and the Shift key are pressed.", "precise_score": -7.762522220611572, "rough_score": -9.546982765197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The Menu key or Application key is a key found on Windows-oriented computer keyboards. It is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button. The key's symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present, showing the menu only. This key was created at the same time as the Windows key. This key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows public terminals do not have a Menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right-clicking (however, in many Windows applications, a similar functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 keyboard shortcut).", "precise_score": -2.9830968379974365, "rough_score": -0.787038266658783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Many, but not all,computer keyboards have a numeric keypad to the right of the alphabetic keyboard which contains numbers, basic mathematical symbols (e.g., addition, subtraction, etc.), and a few function keys. On Japanese/Korean keyboards, there may be Language input keys for changing the language to use. Some keyboards have power management keys (e.g., power key, sleep key and wake key); Internet keys to access a web browser or E-mail; and/or multimedia keys, such as volume controls or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified software or command like launching a game or minimize all windows.", "precise_score": -1.145709753036499, "rough_score": -3.7866649627685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "It is possible to install multiple keyboard layouts within an operating system and switch between them, either through features implemented within the OS, or through an external application. Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac provide support to add keyboard layouts and choose from them.", "precise_score": -10.209421157836914, "rough_score": -10.437614440917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The character code produced by any key press is determined by the keyboard driver software. A key press generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric character or control function. Depending on operating systems, various application programs are available to create, add and switch among keyboard layouts. Many programs are available, some of which are language specific.", "precise_score": -9.073287010192871, "rough_score": -10.407831192016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use. Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments. Some gaming keyboards have lighted keys, to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room. Some keyboards may have small LED lights in a few important function keys, to remind users that the function is activated (see photo).", "precise_score": -10.695768356323242, "rough_score": -9.693829536437988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In 1978, Key Tronic Corporation introduced keyboards with capacitive-based switches, one of the first keyboard technologies to not use self-contained switches. There was simply a sponge pad with a conductive-coated Mylar plastic sheet on the switch plunger, and two half-moon trace patterns on the printed circuit board below. As the key was depressed, the capacitance between the plunger pad and the patterns on the PCB below changed, which was detected by integrated circuits (IC). These keyboards were claimed to have the same reliability as the other \"solid-state switch\" keyboards such as inductive and Hall-Effect, but competitive with direct-contact keyboards. Prices of $60 for keyboards were achieved and Key Tronic rapidly became the largest independent keyboard manufacturer.", "precise_score": -10.481999397277832, "rough_score": -8.247406959533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Meanwhile, IBM made their own keyboards, using their own patented technology: Keys on older IBM keyboards were made with a \"buckling spring\" mechanism, in which a coil spring under the key buckles under pressure from the user's finger, triggering a hammer that presses two plastic sheets (membranes) with conductive traces together, completing a circuit. This produces a clicking sound, and gives physical feedback for the typist indicating that the key has been depressed. ", "precise_score": -9.024628639221191, "rough_score": -9.306656837463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keytops are an important element of keyboards. In the beginning, keyboard keytops had a \"dish shape\" on top, like typewriters before them. Keyboard key legends must be extremely durable over tens of millions of depressions, since they are subjected to extreme mechanical wear from fingers and fingernails, and subject to hand oils and creams, so engraving and filling key legends with paint, as was done previously for individual switches, was never acceptable. So, for the first electronic keyboards, the key legends were produced by two-shot (or double-shot, or two-color) molding, where either the key shell or the inside of the key with the key legend was molded first, and then the other color molded second. But, to save cost, other methods were explored, such as sublimation printing and laser engraving, both methods which could be used to print a whole keyboard at the same time.", "precise_score": -10.224130630493164, "rough_score": -8.894760131835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Initially, sublimation printing, where a special ink is printed onto the keycap surface and the application of heat causes the ink molecules to penetrate and commingle with the plastic modules, had a problem because finger oils caused the molecules to disperse, but then a necessarily very hard clear coating was applied to prevent this. Coincident with sublimation printing, which was first used in high volume by IBM on their keyboards, was the introduction by IBM of single-curved-dish keycaps to facilitate quality printing of key legends by having a consistently curved surface instead of a dish. But one problem with sublimation or laser printing was that the processes took too long and only dark legends could be printed on light-colored keys. On another note, IBM was unique in using separate shells, or \"keycaps\", on keytop bases. This might have made their manufacturing of different keyboard layouts more flexible, but the reason for doing this was that the plastic material that needed to be used for sublimation printing was different from standard ABS keytop plastic material.", "precise_score": -11.027775764465332, "rough_score": -10.477280616760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Computer keyboards include control circuitry to convert key presses into key codes (usually scancodes) that the computer's electronics can understand. The key switches are connected via the printed circuit board in an electrical X-Y matrix where a voltage is provided sequentially to the Y lines and, when a key is depressed, detected sequentially by scanning the X lines.", "precise_score": -5.921772003173828, "rough_score": -5.951794624328613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The first computer keyboards were for mainframe computer data terminals and used discrete electronic parts. The first keyboard microprocessor was introduced in 1972 by General Instruments, but keyboards have been using the single-chip 8048 microcontroller variant since it became available in 1978. The keyboard switch matrix is wired to its inputs, it converts the keystrokes to key codes, and, for a detached keyboard, sends the codes down a serial cable (the keyboard cord) to the main processor on the computer motherboard. This serial keyboard cable communication is only bi-directional to the extent that the computer's electronics controls the illumination of the caps lock, num lock and scroll lock lights.", "precise_score": -7.742491722106934, "rough_score": -7.615239143371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "One test for whether the computer has crashed is pressing the caps lock key. The keyboard sends the key code to the keyboard driver running in the main computer; if the main computer is operating, it commands the light to turn on. All the other indicator lights work in a similar way. The keyboard driver also tracks the Shift, alt and control state of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -8.45032024383545, "rough_score": -7.671175003051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some lower-quality keyboards have multiple or false key entries due to inadequate electrical designs. These are caused by inadequate keyswitch \"debouncing\" or inadequate keyswitch matrix layout that don't allow multiple keys to be depressed at the same time, both circumstances which are explained below:", "precise_score": -7.506546497344971, "rough_score": -9.525910377502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "When pressing a keyboard key, the key contacts may \"bounce\" against each other for several milliseconds before they settle into firm contact. When released, they bounce some more until they revert to the uncontacted state. If the computer were watching for each pulse, it would see many keystrokes for what the user thought was just one. To resolve this problem, the processor in a keyboard (or computer) \"debounces\" the keystrokes, by aggregating them across time to produce one \"confirmed\" keystroke.", "precise_score": -8.202739715576172, "rough_score": -8.772783279418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some low-quality keyboards also suffer problems with rollover (that is, when multiple keys pressed at the same time, or when keys are pressed so fast that multiple keys are down within the same milliseconds). Early \"solid-state\" keyswitch keyboards did not have this problem because the keyswitches are electrically isolated from each other, and early \"direct-contact\" keyswitch keyboards avoided this problem by having isolation diodes for every keyswitch. These early keyboards had \"n-key\" rollover, which means any number of keys can be depressed and the keyboard will still recognize the next key depressed. But when three keys are pressed (electrically closed) at the same time in a \"direct contact\" keyswitch matrix that doesn't have isolation diodes, the keyboard electronics can see a fourth \"phantom\" key which is the intersection of the X and Y lines of the three keys. Some types of keyboard circuitry will register a maximum number of keys at one time. \"Three-key\" rollover, also called \"phantom key blocking\" or \"phantom key lockout\", will only register three keys and ignore all others until one of the three keys is lifted. This is undesirable, especially for fast typing (hitting new keys before the fingers can release previous keys), and games (designed for multiple key presses).", "precise_score": -7.103265762329102, "rough_score": -7.601739883422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "As direct-contact membrane keyboards became popular, the available rollover of keys was optimized by analyzing the most common key sequences and placing these keys so that they do not potentially produce phantom keys in the electrical key matrix (for example, simply placing three or four keys that might be depressed simultaneously on the same X or same Y line, so that a phantom key intersection/short cannot happen), so that blocking a third key usually isn't a problem. But lower-quality keyboard designs and unknowledgeable engineers may not know these tricks, and it can still be a problem in games due to wildly different or configurable layouts in different games.", "precise_score": -5.942121982574463, "rough_score": -6.52454948425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "There are several ways of connecting a keyboard to a system unit (more precisely, to its keyboard controller) using cables, including the standard AT connector commonly found on motherboards, which was eventually replaced by the PS/2 and the USB connection. Prior to the iMac line of systems, Apple used the proprietary Apple Desktop Bus for its keyboard connector.", "precise_score": -9.745361328125, "rough_score": -8.205131530761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Wireless keyboards have become popular for their increased user freedom. A wireless keyboard often includes a required combination transmitter and receiver unit that attaches to the computer's keyboard port. The wireless aspect is achieved either by radio frequency (RF) or by infrared (IR) signals sent and received from both the keyboard and the unit attached to the computer. A wireless keyboard may use an industry standard RF, called Bluetooth. With Bluetooth, the transceiver may be built into the computer. However, a wireless keyboard needs batteries to work and may pose a security problem due to the risk of data \"eavesdropping\" by hackers. Wireless solar keyboards charge their batteries from small solar panels using sunlight or standard artificial lighting. An early example of a consumer wireless keyboard is that of the Olivetti Envision.", "precise_score": -9.393839836120605, "rough_score": -8.930360794067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Optical character recognition (OCR) is preferable to rekeying for converting existing text that is already written down but not in machine-readable format (for example, a Linotype-composed book from the 1940s). In other words, to convert the text from an image to editable text (that is, a string of character codes), a person could re-type it, or a computer could look at the image and deduce what each character is. OCR technology has already reached an impressive state (for example, Google Book Search) and promises more for the future.", "precise_score": -10.348505020141602, "rough_score": -8.68996524810791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Speech recognition converts speech into machine-readable text (that is, a string of character codes). This technology has also reached an advanced state and is implemented in various software products. For certain uses (e.g., transcription of medical or legal dictation; journalism; writing essays or novels) speech recognition is starting to replace the keyboard. However, the lack of privacy when issuing voice commands and dictation makes this kind of input unsuitable for many environments.", "precise_score": -10.666269302368164, "rough_score": -10.404263496398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Unencrypted wireless bluetooth keyboards are known to be vulnerable to signal theft by placing a covert listening devices in the same room as the keyboard to sniff and record bluetooth packets for the purpose of logging keys typed by the user. Microsoft wireless keyboards 2011 and earlier are documented to have this", "precise_score": -9.685980796813965, "rough_score": -8.61582088470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keystroke logging (often called keylogging) is a method of capturing and recording user keystrokes. While it is used legally to measure employee productivity on certain clerical tasks, or by law enforcement agencies to find out about illegal activities, it is also used by hackers for various illegal or malicious acts. Hackers use keyloggers as a means to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures.", "precise_score": -11.32425594329834, "rough_score": -10.50287914276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means. Hardware key loggers are attached to the keyboard cable or installed inside standard keyboards. Software keyloggers work on the target computer's operating system and gain unauthorized access to the hardware, hook into the keyboard with functions provided by the OS, or use remote access software to transmit recorded data out of the target computer to a remote location. Some hackers also use wireless keylogger sniffers to collect packets of data being transferred from a wireless keyboard and its receiver, and then they crack the encryption key being used to secure wireless communications between the two devices.", "precise_score": -10.49013900756836, "rough_score": -9.45857048034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboards are also known to emit electromagnetic signatures that can be detected using special spying equipment to reconstruct the keys pressed on the keyboard. Neal O'Farrell, executive director of the Identity Theft Council, revealed to InformationWeek that \"More than 25 years ago, a couple of former spooks showed me how they could capture a user's ATM PIN, from a van parked across the street, simply by capturing and decoding the electromagnetic signals generated by every keystroke,\" O'Farrell said. \"They could even capture keystrokes from computers in nearby offices, but the technology wasn't sophisticated enough to focus in on any specific computer.\" ", "precise_score": -9.268585205078125, "rough_score": -3.7540202140808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The use of any keyboard may cause serious injury (that is, carpal tunnel syndrome or other repetitive strain injury) to hands, wrists, arms, neck or back. The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent short breaks to get up and walk around a couple of times every hour. As well, users should vary tasks throughout the day, to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists. When inputting at the keyboard, a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side, with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that reaching is not necessary. The chair height and keyboard tray should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight, and the wrists should not be rested on sharp table edges. Wrist or palm rests should not be used while typing.", "precise_score": -10.589612007141113, "rough_score": -10.201066970825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The most common kind of keyboard is referred to as a ‘QWERTY’ keyboard after the keys on the top row of letters. It was invented by C L Scholes in the 1860s when he was working out the best place to put the keys on a manual typewriter.", "precise_score": -4.340511798858643, "rough_score": -8.602614402770996, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 1: Have a good look at your keyboard. The most important keys are labelled on the diagram below:", "precise_score": -8.978732109069824, "rough_score": -9.7870454788208, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some keyboards, especially those on laptops, will have a slightly different layout. For example, yours might not have a number pad or the delete key may be in a different place. But virtually all keyboards will have these important keys somewhere.", "precise_score": -7.0129618644714355, "rough_score": -8.289942741394043, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 2: The main keys are the letter keys. When you type just using these, you get lower-case print. However, if you hold down a ‘shift key’ (there are two to choose from) at the same time as you type, you’ll get UPPER-CASE letters.", "precise_score": -2.902620792388916, "rough_score": -2.5270423889160156, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Try typing your name, including capitals (UPPER-CASE) and spaces. The ‘space bar’ (which you press briefly to make a space) is the wide key at the bottom of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -7.271773815155029, "rough_score": -10.052745819091797, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "To delete a letter, place your cursor (mouse pointer) just after the letter and click. Then press Backspace briefly. (Always press briefly – otherwise, you’ll get repeated deletions, spaces, letters or whatever.) Or place your cursor just before the letter, click and press Delete.", "precise_score": -8.310754776000977, "rough_score": -9.040047645568848, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "To use this to type numbers, you have to press the Num Lock key. There may be an indicator light at the top of the keyboard or on the ‘Num Lock’ key itself to show that it’s on.", "precise_score": -7.891152381896973, "rough_score": -10.494046211242676, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 7: You can also type using the numbers on the main keyboard. You’ll find them on the row of keys above the top line of letters.", "precise_score": -4.026063919067383, "rough_score": -7.23197078704834, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 9: The ‘Windows’ key comes in a number of different designs, such as the example to the right. ", "precise_score": -9.238493919372559, "rough_score": -9.347392082214355, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "It does exactly the same thing as the Windows button on the taskbar on your computer screen. You can choose to open the ‘Start’ menu by pressing this key or by clicking the button on the taskbar with your mouse.", "precise_score": -9.957616806030273, "rough_score": -8.371931076049805, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "For example, if you press Ctrl, Alt and Delete all at the same time, a menu will open. To make it disappear, press the ‘Escape’ (Esc) key in the top left-hand corner of the keyboard.", "precise_score": -4.835724830627441, "rough_score": -6.542625427246094, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Place your right index finger on the \"J\" key and let the other three fingers fall naturally onto the \"K\", \"L\" and \";\" keys respectively. Place your left index finger on the \"F\" key and let the other three finger fall naturally onto the \"D\", \"S\", and \"A\" keys respectively. Both thumbs should rest on the space bar, but only the right thumb should key it.", "precise_score": -4.487159729003906, "rough_score": -7.04239559173584, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "You should feel a raised bump on both the \"F\" and \"J\" keys. These will allow your fingers to find the home position without having to look at the keyboard.", "precise_score": -7.841540813446045, "rough_score": -10.211053848266602, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Type each key from left to right. Type each letter covered by the fingers in the home position, going from left to right: a s d f j k l ;. You shouldn't have to move your fingers from their home positions. Just press the keys they are resting on.", "precise_score": -1.8372920751571655, "rough_score": -2.1107702255249023, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In other words, when the letter you would like capitalized is typed with your left hand, you press the right shift key with your right pinkie.", "precise_score": -3.4147579669952393, "rough_score": -5.548243522644043, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "When the letter you would like capitalized is typed with your right hand, you press the left shift key with your left pinkie.", "precise_score": -2.737887144088745, "rough_score": -6.8559465408325195, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Become familiar with the rest of the alphabet. Learn where each letter is positioned on the keyboard, and use the nearest finger to contact each key. (The thumbs are never the nearest finger; they are used only on the space bar.)", "precise_score": -3.0149617195129395, "rough_score": -8.376375198364258, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"i\" \"k\" and the keys with \",\" and \"<\" are typed with the right middle finger.", "precise_score": -3.0392932891845703, "rough_score": -8.993952751159668, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"o\" \"l\" and the keys with \">\" and \".\" are typed with the right ring finger.", "precise_score": 0.45973697304725647, "rough_score": -3.5745551586151123, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Your right pinkie finger is used for typing: \"p\", \";\", \":\", \"'\", \"\"\" (a quotation mark), \"/\", \"?\", \"[\", \"{\", \"]\", \"}\", \"\\\", \"|\", and is used for pressing the shift, enter, and backspace keys.", "precise_score": -4.7405548095703125, "rough_score": -9.783843040466309, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Type the sentence over and over, watching your fingers to make sure they go to the right keys and immediately return to home position.", "precise_score": -5.866244316101074, "rough_score": -6.661664962768555, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "It will be slow at first, and you may need to sneak a peek at the keyboard from time to time, but soon your fingers will be able to find the right keys without much difficulty.", "precise_score": -6.433857440948486, "rough_score": -10.370332717895508, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the entire keyboard correctly. Although you may get the hang of typing letters pretty quickly, you may still feel uncomfortable with some of the less frequently used keys, such as the symbols and numbers.", "precise_score": -6.568975448608398, "rough_score": -9.278189659118652, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Type with quick and well defined motions. Don't smash the keyboard; that is, don't just hit keys without aiming first. This will often result in pressing two keys at once.", "precise_score": -10.274989128112793, "rough_score": -10.09733772277832, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Practice typing random sentences. Here are some traditional typing lines that help you to master the art of typing. Repeat each line numerous times without looking at the keyboard. Then move on to the next one. This will help you to \"memorize\" the keys themselves, rather than the pattern of specific words.", "precise_score": -9.615411758422852, "rough_score": -8.39810562133789, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the small \"bumps\" on the \"F\" and \"J\" keys to keep your fingers located in the right spot as you're typing. You can feel them with your fingertips as you're typing or when you're pausing.", "precise_score": -4.840855598449707, "rough_score": -9.497320175170898, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If you're trying to receive a typing certificate, see if you can practice on a regular keyboard rather than a laptop. The letters on some laptop keyboards are closer together than the ones you'll be using to take the typing test.", "precise_score": -5.94320011138916, "rough_score": -8.25541877746582, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Getting rid of your bad typing habits is probably the hardest thing to do. You’ve probably been using the same typing method since you started using a keyboard, right down to where you place your palms. If you’re an FPS (First Person Shooter) gamer you’re probably used to placing your left hand on the WASD keys, and may have stronger fingers on your left hand than your right (speaking from experience here).", "precise_score": -7.4576520919799805, "rough_score": -6.925257205963135, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Others may type only with two fingers, hovering over ten (or more) keys each, always having to keep their eyes on the keyboard to get the right keys. Although you might be typing fast with only half of the needed fingers, you have to put down your foot (or your hands) and break that habit immediately.", "precise_score": -5.355169296264648, "rough_score": -2.848118782043457, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The next step is to relearn the correct finger placement on the keyboard. If you take a closer look at your keyboard, you’ll notice raised bumps on each of the F key and J key. This is to help you find the correct finger placement without having to look at the keyboard.", "precise_score": -8.951745986938477, "rough_score": -10.068672180175781, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In the picture below, you’ll notice color-coded areas showing the keys covered by each finger. You’ll notice that the middle fingers and ring fingers are used for only a few keys on the keyboard, while your index fingers cover the middle section of the keyboard. Navigational, punctuation and function keys are controlled mostly by the little finger.", "precise_score": -7.997500896453857, "rough_score": -10.020041465759277, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Next up: Touch typing. It’s when you type without having to look at the keyboard. In fact, for seasoned typists, looking at the keyboard actually slows them down.", "precise_score": -10.064759254455566, "rough_score": -10.18375015258789, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Now, try typing sentences without looking at the keyboard, and try to remember the position of each letter. If you have to sneak a peek at the keyboard, you can, but give the same word or sentence another run, this time without looking at the keyboard. It takes a while but if you are determined, it gets easier every day.", "precise_score": -4.375443458557129, "rough_score": -6.060378074645996, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "It’s no surprise why Windows and Mac OS have many keyboard shortcuts. Since both your hands are already on the keyboard, why spend time using a mouse to navigate? You don’t have to remember every shortcut, just the more common ones.", "precise_score": -9.906498908996582, "rough_score": -10.22545051574707, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keybr generates readable random words where some words are spelt incorrectly to help you remember common letter combinations better rather than typing random letters. It’ll give you statistics to tell you which area of the keyboard you are weaker in. It also offers words in different languages as well as different keyboard layouts.", "precise_score": -8.175938606262207, "rough_score": -8.617471694946289, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "keys on the computer keyboard - synonyms and related words | Macmillan Dictionary", "precise_score": -5.549287796020508, "rough_score": -9.511710166931152, "source": "search", "title": "Keys on the computer keyboard - Macmillan Dictionary" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboard shortcuts are keys or combinations of keys that provide an alternate way to do something that you’d typically do with a mouse.", "precise_score": -9.297883987426758, "rough_score": -10.442407608032227, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Copy, paste, and other general keyboard shortcuts", "precise_score": -9.12533950805664, "rough_score": -10.289374351501465, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu", "precise_score": -7.8217597007751465, "rough_score": -10.386067390441895, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Maximize the app or desktop window to the right side of the screen", "precise_score": -9.863862991333008, "rough_score": -8.44231128692627, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If the command line is empty, move the viewport to the command line.Otherwise, delete all the characters to the right of the cursor in the command line.", "precise_score": -7.214839935302734, "rough_score": -8.711837768554688, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Virtual desktops keyboard shortcuts", "precise_score": -8.374558448791504, "rough_score": -10.250185012817383, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch between virtual desktops you’ve created on the right", "precise_score": -9.591480255126953, "rough_score": -9.350085258483887, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Shift + right-click a grouped taskbar button", "precise_score": -8.419272422790527, "rough_score": -10.08130168914795, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Top keyboard shortcuts", "precise_score": -7.962161064147949, "rough_score": -9.64376163482666, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu", "precise_score": -7.8217597007751465, "rough_score": -10.386067390441895, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Maximize the app or desktop window to the right side of the screen", "precise_score": -9.863862991333008, "rough_score": -8.44231128692627, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some of the keys from laptop keyboard are not working, such as e, i, o, p, q, r, u, w keys are not working in my laptop keyboard. Help me to correct this issue. Or you have a problem with the keyboard on the laptop: the following keys do not work:3,e,d,c, etc and these keys are diagonally in a row.", "precise_score": -5.484585285186768, "rough_score": -5.303150653839111, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Arrow Left [text]: Moves the text cursor to the start of the previous word or the end of the previous line, whichever is closer.", "precise_score": -6.242902755737305, "rough_score": -9.367055892944336, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Arrow Up or Down: Scrolls the text one line up or down, or jump to the next paragraph ( your preference ). When scrolling, the cursor moves along unless it's at the top or bottom ( configurable ).", "precise_score": -9.277961730957031, "rough_score": -10.089685440063477, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Delete: Deletes the current selection if there is one. In text mode, if there is no selection, the part of the current word to the right of the text cursor is deleted. If the cursor is not on a word, all characters to the right of the cursor up to the start of the next word are deleted.", "precise_score": -7.5062456130981445, "rough_score": -10.010946273803711, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some of the search options on the search toolbar have Alt+letter keyboard shortcuts that are also used by main menu items. When the search toolbar or search panel has keyboard focus, the search options take precedence when you use an Alt+letter shortcut. Otherwise, the main menu takes precedence.", "precise_score": -5.88612174987793, "rough_score": -9.984188079833984, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "While you can use the Character Map to insert any character that you can't type on your keyboard, you can type many characters with diacritics in EditPad even if they don't appear on your keyboard. First, hold down the Ctrl key and press a punctuation key. If your keyboard uses the Shift key to type a particular punctuation character, hold down the Shift key too. Release all keys. Then type in a letter from A to Z, holding down Shift if you want a capital letter.", "precise_score": -7.037073612213135, "rough_score": -8.262552261352539, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If you know the *Unicode (hexadecimal) value of any character, you can use the “ALT X” keyboard shortcut to enter the character directly in your document in some programs such as Microsoft Word. This is particularly useful for all special characters that are not included in the list above (such as the R-hacek  Ř (0158 ALT X )). (You must press and HOLD DOWN the “ALT” key while pressing the X)", "precise_score": -8.401100158691406, "rough_score": -10.437723159790039, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "2. Press “ALT X” – this is the ALT key and the X key at the same time.", "precise_score": -5.838409423828125, "rough_score": -10.403158187866211, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse, touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into computers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516305923461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Earlier, Herman Hollerith developed the first keypunch devices, which soon evolved to include keys for text and number entry akin to normal typewriters by the 1930s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133200645446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "From the 1940s until the late 1960s, typewriters were the main means of data entry and output for computing, becoming integrated into what were known as computer terminals. Because of the limitations of terminals based upon printed text in comparison to the growth in data storage, processing and transmission, a general move toward video-based computer terminals was effected by the 1970s, starting with the Datapoint 3300 in 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044656753540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Laptop-size ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277894973754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built-in keyboard, such as PDAs, and smartphones. Small keyboards are also useful where there is a limited workspace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774492263793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Common environments for multifunctional keyboards are complex, high-performance workplaces for financial traders and control room operators (emergency services, security, air traffic management; industry, utilities management, etc.).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304084777832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Non-standard layout and special-use types ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522747993469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Projection (as by laser) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30147933959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Also known as photo-optical keyboard, light responsive keyboard, photo-electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7609281539917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alphabetic ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399438858032227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The QWERTZ layout is widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped, and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264904022216797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Key types ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213180541992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alphanumeric ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34894847869873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The Enter/Return key typically causes a command line, window form or dialog box to operate its default function, which is typically to finish an \"entry\" and begin the desired process. In word processing applications, pressing the enter key ends a paragraph and starts a new one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588823318481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "When we calculate, we use these numeric keys to type numbers. Symbols concerned with calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division symbols are located in this group of keys. The enter key in this keys indicate the equal sign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646052360534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Multiple layouts ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440031051635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The arrangement of symbols of specific language can be customized. An existing keyboard layout can be edited, and a new layout can be created using this type of software.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.016023635864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "For example, for Mac, The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator and open-source Avro Keyboard for Windows provide the ability to customize the keyboard layout as desired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.915349960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In the first electronic keyboards in the early 1970s, the key switches were individual switches inserted into holes in metal frames. These keyboards cost from USD $80 to $120 and were used in mainframe data terminals. The most popular switch types were reed switches (contacts enclosed in a vacuum in a glass capsule, affected by a magnet mounted on the switch plunger).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54171371459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In the mid-1970s, lower-cost direct-contact key switches were introduced, but their life in switch cycles was much shorter (rated ten million cycles) because they were open to the environment. This became more acceptable, however, for use in computer terminals at the time, which began to see increasingly shorter model lifespans as they advanced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150482177734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The first electronic keyboards had a typewriter key travel distance of 0.187 inches (4.75 mm), keytops were a half-inch (12.7 mm) high, and keyboards were about two inches (5 cm) thick. Over time, less key travel was accepted in the market, finally landing on 0.110 inches (2.79 mm). Coincident with this, Key Tronic was the first company to introduce a keyboard which was only about one inch thick. And now keyboards measure only about a half-inch thick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.625011444091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "# \"Monoblock\" keyboard designs were developed where individual switch housings were eliminated and a one-piece \"monoblock\" housing used instead. This was possible because of molding techniques that could provide very tight tolerances for the switch-plunger holes and guides across the width of the keyboard so that the key plunger-to-housing clearances were not too tight or too loose, either of which could cause the keys to bind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951783180236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "# The use of contact-switch membrane sheets under the monoblock. This technology came from flat-panel switch membranes, where the switch contacts are printed inside of a top and bottom layer, with a spacer layer in between, so that when pressure is applied to the area above, a direct electrical contact is made. The membrane layers can be printed by very-high volume, low-cost \"reel-to-reel\" printing machines, with each keyboard membrane cut and punched out afterwards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00682544708252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Plastic materials played a very important part in the development and progress of electronic keyboards. Until \"monoblocks\" came along, GE's \"self-lubricating\" Delrin was the only plastic material for keyboard switch plungers that could withstand the beating over tens of millions of cycles of lifetime use. Greasing or oiling switch plungers was undesirable because it would attract dirt over time which would eventually affect the feel and even bind the key switches (although keyboard manufacturers would sometimes sneak this into their keyboards, especially if they could not control the tolerances of the key plungers and housings well enough to have a smooth key depression feel or prevent binding). But Delrin was only available in black and white, and was not suitable for keytops (too soft), so keytops use ABS plastic. However, as plastic molding advanced in maintaining tight tolerances, and as key travel length reduced from 0.187-inch to 0.110-inch (4.75 mm to 2.79 mm), single-part keytop/plungers could be made of ABS, with the keyboard monolocks also made of ABS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.596550941467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Control processor ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25851058959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Connection types ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472677230834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Pointing devices can be used to enter text or characters in contexts where using a physical keyboard would be inappropriate or impossible. These accessories typically present characters on a display, in a layout that provides fast access to the more frequently used characters or character combinations. Popular examples of this kind of input are Graffiti, Dasher and on-screen virtual keyboards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767377853393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Anti-spyware applications are able to detect many keyloggers and cleanse them. Responsible vendors of monitoring software support detection by anti-spyware programs, thus preventing abuse of the software. Enabling a firewall does not stop keyloggers per se, but can possibly prevent transmission of the logged material over the net if properly configured. Network monitors (also known as reverse-firewalls) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection. This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from \"phoning home\" with his or her typed information. Automatic form-filling programs can prevent keylogging entirely by not using the keyboard at all. Most keyloggers can be fooled by alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951601028442383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Physical injury ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41940689086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some adaptive technology ranging from special keyboards, mouse replacements and pen tablet interfaces to speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury. Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently. Switching to a much more ergonomic mouse, such as a vertical mouse or joystick mouse may provide relief. Switching from using a mouse to using a stylus pen with graphic tablet or a trackpad can lessen the repetitive strain on the arms and hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878372192382812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Pathogen transmission ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52548885345459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some keyboards were found to contain five times more potentially harmful germs than a toilet seat. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327042579650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "This can be a concern when using shared keyboards; the keyboards can serve as vectors for pathogens that cause the cold, flu, and other communicable diseases easily spread by indirect contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193021774291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Computer keyboard" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Account Suspended", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475266456604004, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Account Suspended", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475266456604004, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "This Account has been suspended.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458365440368652, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Contact your hosting provider for more information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5841703414917, "source": "search", "title": "Picture of Windows Keyboard - Explanation of Keys" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884896278381348, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How to use a computer keyboard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.720377922058105, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Whenever you use a computer, you'll probably use a keyboard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554072380065918, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Follow these step-by-step instructions to help you get to know what your keyboard can do", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202848434448242, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "So that you can carry out the simple exercises below, you’ll need a document open to type into. Read our guides What is WordPad? and How to open WordPad . Then create a WordPad document and go through the following steps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492509841918945, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Click here for an enlarged version of the above diagram , which you can print out for easy reference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445527076721191, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 3: If you make a mistake in your typing, there’s always a remedy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461804389953613, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 4: Now try typing a sentence:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329560279846191, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "This is a good sentence to practise because it contains most of the letters of the alphabet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33283519744873, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 5: You can move the cursor along this sentence without deleting anything by using the arrow keys:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117966651916504, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 6: Now try using the number pad, if you have one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419909477233887, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Above these numbers are various symbols, which include ‘£’, ‘&’, ‘!’. To use these, hold down the Shift key while you type. So if you press ’7′ on its own, you get ’7′, but if you press ’7′ while you hold down the ‘Shift’ key, you get ‘&’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294816017150879, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "They operate in exactly the same way as the ones above the numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761150360107422, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 8: If you want everything to appear in upper case, press the Caps Lock key and then type:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36462116241455, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Again, an indicator light may come on to show that your capitals are ‘locked’. Don’t forget to press this key again when you’re finished to turn ‘Caps Lock’ off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339883804321289, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 10: There are a number of ways that you can move round a web page. Try using the keys below to see where they take you:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42827033996582, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 10: You’ll be told to use the ‘Control’ (Ctrl) and ‘Alternate’ (Alt) keys for some operations. When you do so, keep holding down one or the other key or both keys while you press any other keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627436637878418, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Step 11: Some of the things that you use the mouse for can be done with keyboard shortcuts. These require you to hold down one key while pressing another, and often involve using the ‘Ctrl’ and/or ‘Alt’ keys. Some people prefer using them to using the mouse. There are many shortcuts – check out the list provided by Microsoft Support .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576157569885254, "source": "search", "title": "How To Use A Computer Keyboard | Step-By-Step Guide" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466439247131348, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Learning to Type", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421123504638672, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Forget any previously formed bad habits. This can be tough, especially if you've been using the two-finger typing method since you first came in contact with a computer or if you're a gamer who uses only your left hand for clicking the WASD keys. However, if you want to type quickly and accurately, you'll need to drop those habits and start with a clean slate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004173278808594, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Place your fingers in the \"home\" position. That's the position in which your fingers will rest between keystrokes. No matter what part of the keyboard you're using, your fingers will always come back to rest in this position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864616394042969, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Repeat, but this time capitalize. Repeat the step above, but this time in capital letters: A S D F J K L :. Use the shift key to capitalize rather than the caps lock. Push the shift key by moving only your nearest pinkie finger and pressing and holding it while pushing the desired letter with your other hand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64221477508545, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"q\" \"a\" and \"z\" are typed with the left pinkie, and so are the tab, caps lock, and shift keys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833775520324707, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"w\" \"s\" and \"x\" are typed with the left ring finger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316230773925781, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"e\" \"d\" and \"c\" are typed with the left middle finger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303818702697754, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"r\" \"f\" \"v\" \"b\" \"g\" and \"t\" are typed with the left index finger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392158508300781, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Your thumbs should never leave the space bar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556746482849121, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "\"u\" \"j\" \"n\" \"m\" \"h\" and \"y\" are typed with your right index finger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090832710266113, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Type your first sentence. Starting from the home position, type: \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\". This sentence contains every letter in the alphabet, so it's a perfect sentence for practicing the correct finger positioning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269609451293945, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Once you begin to feel comfortable with the way your fingers are moving, try to look at the screen while you type rather than looking at the keyboard. This is known as touch typing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738277435302734, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Part 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301777839660645, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Improving Your Typing Skills", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455443382263184, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Practice touch typing. Learning how to touch type is the single most important factor in increasing your speed. In fact, as you become a better typist, looking down at the keyboard will actually slow you down. At first this may seem difficult, but train yourself to look only at the screen as you type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004831314086914, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "A good tip during this early stage is to say the name of the letter as you type it. This will help your brain associate that letter with the appropriate finger movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245396614074707, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Focus on accuracy rather than speed. Speed is pointless if you have to go back and correct mistakes after every sentence. This is why it's essential that you focus more on accuracy than on speed in the beginning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449629783630371, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If you find you are making a lot of mistakes, slow down. Your first priority should be 100% accuracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.563722610473633, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If you don't learn how to use these additional keys properly, you will find that they will slow you down for the rest of your life. To avoid this, make sure to incorporate all of the less commonly used keys into your typing practice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335963249206543, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Avoid thumping your fingers down each time. Your fingers and hands will soon grow weary and it'll feel like a chore instead of a tool. In other words, don't hit the keys. Tap them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292403221130371, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Learn some keyboard shortcuts. Things like copying, pasting, saving and highlighting can all slow you down as you type. Luckily, there are some handy shortcuts you can use to perform these actions without lifting your fingers from the keyboard. Some of the most common ones are as follows:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861796379089355, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Save: Ctrl + s (which means to hold down the \"ctrl\" key and simultaneously tap the \"s\" key)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931230545043945, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Copy: Ctrl + c", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33885669708252, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Practice every day. The best way to learn is by practicing, so spend at least ten minutes every day at the keyboard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392385482788086, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "It won't take long to improve your typing, and once you've got the hang of it you'll never return to your old habits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526810646057129, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Don't forget to practice numbers and symbols. Type phone numbers and addresses, and incorporate the use of the various symbols just to practice them. The more keystrokes you work on, the more advanced your typing becomes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180444717407227, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Part 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281024932861328, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Typing Exercises", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378823280334473, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Pack my box with five dozen liquid diet cans or jugs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.578794479370117, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Crazy Fredericka bought many very exquisite opal jewels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560419082641602, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Sixty zippers were quickly picked from the woven jute bag.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494189262390137, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51754379272461, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Heavy boxers perform quick waltzes and jigs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495869636535645, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5491304397583, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The five boxing wizards jump quickly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.528518676757812, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How quickly daft jumping zebras vex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564981460571289, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Quick zephyrs blow, vexing daft Jim.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450311660766602, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511077880859375, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36284351348877, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Blowzy night-frumps vex'd Jack Q.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523750305175781, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Glum Schwartzkopf was vex'd by NJ IQ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387702941894531, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use an online typing program. There are many programs available to teach you typing. Some involve word games, some will have you reproducing paragraphs, while others will present audio clips for dictation. Some are free, some are not. Do an online search for ones that suit you.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406399726867676, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Part 4", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338448524475098, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Set up an ergonomically correct workstation . Ergonomics is all about the efficiency and comfort of your work environment. It focuses both on your position and posture. Ergonomics addresses the fact that how you sit can affect your typing efficiency. An incorrect position can result in more errors and slower typing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230710983276367, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Make sure that your keyboard is at a comfortable height for your fingers. Your hands should be about level with your sides while you type, maybe a little above your middle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7855224609375, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keep your wrists elevated. A wrist support can help if you can't remember to do it self-supported. There is an array of supports available, such as cushions or foam bars, or you can improvise by placing a book so that it raises your wrist to a height almost level with the keyboard. You'll move faster and have fewer errors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254097938537598, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Sit up straight and put your feet flat on the ground.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.430900573730469, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Consider switching to a Dvorak keyboard. At first you'll probably use a traditional QWERTY keyboard, but there's also the option of switching to a Dvorak keyboard .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88596248626709, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The standard QWERTY layout was designed to prevent typewriter jams (which is no longer necessary with computers), whereas the Dvorak layout was designed specifically to be easy on the hands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232641220092773, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "However, if you share your computer with others or if you frequently switch computers, you may find the changed layout confusing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144606590270996, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "More information on typing on a Dvorak keyboard can be found here .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.673822402954102, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Typing Help", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320755958557129, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260926246643066, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Tips", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350525856018066, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Do not look down as you type. Instead, make a cheat-sheet on a piece of paper and put it at monitor level so you can glance over at it if you get stuck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386955261230469, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Learning to type takes a lot of effort, time, and patience. Keep at it!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488751411437988, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Relax your shoulders and sit up straight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464924812316895, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If you have a hard time not glancing at the keyboard, buy a typing cover or simply cover the keyboard with a clean, flexible, transparent sheet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638824462890625, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use special typing-accelerator software to reduce your keystrokes and typos. You can find some as free or demo programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.317584991455078, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If you want to make typing easier, improve your hand-eye coordination. It helps if you play guitar or another hand instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422657012939453, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Using acronyms can allow you to type faster, but it may diminish the quality of your typing and turn into a bad habit that's hard to break! Avoid practicing with Internet and mobile slang such as \"LOL\", \"BFF\", etc. Practice without using pseudo-words (\"text-speak\"), as they may hinder your typing speed in more formal applications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372528076171875, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Never slouch. Not practicing proper posture might cause slower typing, carpal tunnel syndrome, repetitive strain injury, or outright fatigue. Take regular breaks, and walk around a bit to stretch and straighten out. An occasional, deep breath works wonders, too.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426502227783203, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type (with Sample Typing Exercises) - wikiHow" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard - Hongkiat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361553192138672, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303892135620117, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Published by Brian Voo , in Gadgets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18224048614502, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Living on the digital edge where typing is almost an everyday necessity, learning the ways of proper keyboard usage are crucial. Not only are you able to be more productive and get things done quicker with a keyboard, typing faster can enable you to keep up with your brain; that little voice in your head that has great ideas might only last for a few seconds before it’s forgotten.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724227905273438, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In this article, we’ll give you 5 tips to get you started typing faster and proper. Some of the tips are quite obvious ones, but we’ll provide you with a few apps to help you practice and learn faster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472015380859375, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ideally, your index fingers should rest on the F and J keys and the other fingers will fall into place naturally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119516372680664, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If this confuses you, head over to websites like the TypingClub or Typing Web where they take you through each step to familiarize yourself with the keyboard. Some of their exercises only involve 2 fingers and as you go through their program, you’ll slowly master the way of faster and proper keyboard typing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78138542175293, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "3. Learn To Touch Type", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429220199584961, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "To get there takes practice, and we’re not talking about hours here. It could be weeks before you condition your fingers to take control of the keys ‘they’ are responsible for. Even if it slows you down, do not revert to how you used to type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43065357208252, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Eventually, you will know where each key is and from then on, it’s just a matter of picking up in terms of speed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120095252990723, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Common shortcuts below are mostly used in word processing programs:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546204566955566, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch to previous opened window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486875534057617, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "5. Practice With Apps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479921340942383, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Practicing typing on a keyboard need not be stressful (although it may feel like it at times). You can practice with a lot of typing games. Here are a few websites where you can learn how to conquer the keyboard and have fun at the same time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657447814941406, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "TypeRacer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46740436553955, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "TypeRacer is a simple and fun game where each player is represented by a car. You’ll be given a passage of text from a book or lyrics to a song, you then type it out to move your car in a ‘race’ with other players. Whoever finishes typing the passage first wins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383200645446777, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Typing Maniac", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253533363342285, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Typing Maniac is a Facebook game that will get you addicted as you can compete with friends to see who can earn the most points. As words appear on your screen, type them out to make them go away before too many land on the ground and cause you to lose the game! Earn points and get a better score if you achieve each level without missing or misspelling a word.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43257999420166, "source": "search", "title": "How to Type Faster: Tips and Tricks to Master the Keyboard ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "computing a key or command (=instruction) on a computer that you use to move from one operation or program to another and back again", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58507251739502, "source": "search", "title": "Keys on the computer keyboard - Macmillan Dictionary" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "touchpad", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338998794555664, "source": "search", "title": "Keys on the computer keyboard - Macmillan Dictionary" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "computing a small flat surface on a laptop computer that you touch with your finger in order to move the cursor on the screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67860221862793, "source": "search", "title": "Keys on the computer keyboard - Macmillan Dictionary" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "the practice of looking at a product online before going to a conventional store to buy it", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495574951171875, "source": "search", "title": "Keys on the computer keyboard - Macmillan Dictionary" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Keyboard shortcuts in Windows - Windows Help", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739431381225586, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select Product Version", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427298545837402, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press this key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010457038879395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Copy the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417245864868164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Paste the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458894729614258, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active item, or exit the active app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477360725402832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display and hide the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214997291564941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Search for a file or folder in File Explorer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543999671936035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the address bar list in File Explorer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.574105262756348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288439750671387, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Activate the Menu bar in the active app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516397476196289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Show your password on the sign-in screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499309539794922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507782936096191, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Perform the command for that letter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136880874633789, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display properties for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508146286010742, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alt + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355528831481934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the shortcut menu for the active window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532855033874512, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active document (in apps that are full-screen and let you have multiple documents open at the same time)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254908561706543, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400788307189941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208889961242676, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330022811889648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269689559936523, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to switch between all open apps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127630233764648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "When a group or tile is in focus on the Start menu, move it in the direction specified", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326323509216309, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + arrow key (to move to an item) + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14219856262207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192519187927246, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are available", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92496109008789, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428656578063965, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Turn the Chinese input method editor (IME) on or off", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263187408447266, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the shortcut menu for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5396728515625, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145564079284668, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370078086853027, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Stop or leave the current task", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45619010925293, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press this key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010457038879395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open Cortana in listening mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464162826538086, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display and hide the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214997291564941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display and hide the date and time on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046500205993652, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open Game bar when a game is open", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.606250762939453, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Set focus to a Windows tip when one is available.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410738945007324, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "When a Windows tip appears, bring focus to the Tip.  Pressing the keyboard shortcuts again to bring focus to the element on the screen to which the Windows tip is anchored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.511478424072266, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Connect quick action", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46510124206543, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Lock your PC or switch accounts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300382614135742, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Choose a presentation display mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40675163269043, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Run dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50529956817627, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through apps on the taskbar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475309371948242, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open Ease of Access Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.567831039428711, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Quick Link menu", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50275993347168, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Show the commands available in an app in full-screen mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425972938537598, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Temporarily peek at the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838774681091309, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Pause", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194330215454102, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the System Properties dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487923622131348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Search for PCs (if you're on a network)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242497444152832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Restore minimized windows on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297355651855469, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and start the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the app is already running, switch to that app.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00307846069336, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and start a new instance of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117247581481934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and switch to the last active window of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968167304992676, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and open the Jump List for the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29817008972168, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and open a new instance of the app located at the given position on the taskbar as an administrator", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318774223327637, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250530242919922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Remove current app from screen or minimize the desktop window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474503517150879, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Maximize the app or desktop window to the left side of the screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214910507202148, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Minimize all except the active desktop window (restores all windows on second stroke)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24144458770752, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Shift + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325210571289062, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Stretch the desktop window to the top and bottom of the screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009950637817383, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Restore/minimize active desktop windows vertically, maintaining width", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466118812561035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move an app or window in the desktop from one monitor to another", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09508228302002, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344306945800781, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch input language and keyboard layout", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025933265686035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Ctrl + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366435050964355, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Change to a previously selected input", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348434448242188, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + plus (+) or minus (-)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12167739868164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Copy the selected text", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323772430419922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Paste the selected text", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387041091918945, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor in the direction specified", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312887191772461, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Page up", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380451202392578, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor by one page up", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383859634399414, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Page down", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357812881469727, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor by one page down", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362624168395996, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330022811889648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move up one line in the output history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28635311126709, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move down one line in the output history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271500587463379, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "If the command line is empty, move the viewport to the top of the buffer. Otherwise, delete all the characters to the left of the cursor in the command line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816747665405273, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the items in the active list", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488677024841309, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Perform the command (or select the option) that is used with that letter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172203063964844, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40615463256836, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472024917602539, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Backspace", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366216659545898, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534964561462402, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388673782348633, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "File Explorer keyboard shortcuts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08326244354248, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53846263885498, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display all folders above the selected folder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530508995056152, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display all subfolders under the selected folder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468884468078613, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Num Lock + plus (+)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234098434448242, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the contents of the selected folder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494693756103516, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530715942382812, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the current selection (if it's collapsed), or select the first subfolder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.293035507202148, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Collapse the current selection (if it's expanded), or select the folder that the folder was in", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40159797668457, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the bottom of the active window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338708877563477, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the top of the active window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319062232971191, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Add a virtual desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345863342285156, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch between virtual desktops you’ve created on the left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219566345214844, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the virtual desktop you're using", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3583402633667, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open an app or quickly open another instance of an app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44301986694336, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open an app as an administrator", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559045791625977, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Show the window menu for the app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52237319946289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Show the window menu for the group", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513823509216309, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + click a grouped taskbar button", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302434921264648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through the windows of the group", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44640827178955, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Go back to the settings home page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503116607666016, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Type on any page with search box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480243682861328, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press this key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010457038879395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Copy the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417245864868164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Paste the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458894729614258, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active item, or exit the active app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477360725402832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Lock your PC or switch accounts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300382614135742, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display and hide the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214997291564941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press this key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010457038879395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + start typing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11955738067627, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Search your PC", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259255409240723, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + plus (+) or Ctrl + minus (-)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142366409301758, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Zoom in or out of a large number of items, like apps pinned to the Start screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289742469787598, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Zoom in or out of a large number of items, like apps pinned to the Start screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289742469787598, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In an app, open the commands for the app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428605079650879, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm to search files", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.538981437683105, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Lock the screen orientation (portrait or landscape)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478482246398926, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm to search everywhere or within an open app (if the app supports app search)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531614303588867, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm to search Windows and the web", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525277137756348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm to search settings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532207489013672, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Show the commands available in the app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465078353881836, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "You can also see some settings and options by going to the Settings charm when the app is open.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464274406433105, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key‌  + spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344306945800781, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch input language and keyboard layout", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025933265686035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key‌  + Ctrl + spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366435050964355, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Change to a previously selected input", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348434448242188, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through recently used apps (except desktop apps)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547088623046875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through recently used apps (except desktop apps)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547088623046875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through recently used apps (except desktop apps) in reverse order", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503734588623047, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key‌  + Shift + period (.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251754760742188, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Snaps an app to the left", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417848587036133, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key‌  + period (.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19408893585205, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Stop or exit the current task", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477502822875977, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press this key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010457038879395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the address bar list in File Explorer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.574105262756348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288439750671387, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Activate the Menu bar in the active app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516397476196289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active item, or exit the active app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477360725402832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507782936096191, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Perform the command for that letter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136880874633789, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display properties for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508146286010742, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alt + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355528831481934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the shortcut menu for the active window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532855033874512, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch between open apps (except desktop apps)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36133098602295, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active document (in apps that are full-screen and allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387557983398438, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Copy the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417245864868164, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Paste the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458894729614258, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + plus (+) or Ctrl + minus (-)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142366409301758, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Zoom in or out of a large number of items, like apps pinned to the Start screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289742469787598, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Change the size of desktop icons or zoom in or out of a large number of items, like apps pinned to the Start screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224236488342285, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400788307189941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208889961242676, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330022811889648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269689559936523, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to switch between all open apps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127630233764648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + arrow key (to move to an item) + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14219856262207, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192519187927246, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are available", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92496109008789, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428656578063965, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Turn the Chinese input method editor (IME) on or off", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263187408447266, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the shortcut menu for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5396728515625, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099717140197754, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370078086853027, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Stop or leave the current task", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45619010925293, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press this key", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010457038879395, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open Windows Help and Support", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531532287597656, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display or hide the Start screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444890975952148, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display and hide the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214997291564941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm and search for files", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527015686035156, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Lock your PC or switch people", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276984214782715, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Choose a presentation display mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40675163269043, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm to search everywhere or within the open app (if the app supports app search)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529047966003418, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Run dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50529956817627, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Search charm to search Windows and the web", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525277137756348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through apps on the taskbar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475309371948242, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open Ease of Access Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.567831039428711, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Quick Link menu", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50275993347168, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Show the commands available in an app", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486945152282715, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "You can also see some settings and options by going to the Settings charm when the app is open.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464274406433105, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Temporarily peek at the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838774681091309, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Pause", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194330215454102, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the System Properties dialog box", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487923622131348, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Search for PCs (if you're on a network)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242497444152832, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Restore minimized windows on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297355651855469, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and start the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the app is already running, switch to that app.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00307846069336, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and start a new instance of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117247581481934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and switch to the last active window of the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968167304992676, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and open the Jump List for the app pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29817008972168, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the desktop and open a new instance of the app located at the given position on the taskbar as an administrator", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318774223327637, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through recently used apps (except desktop apps)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547088623046875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through recently used apps (except desktop apps)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547088623046875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through recently used apps (except desktop apps) in reverse order", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503734588623047, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch to the app that displayed a message in the notification area", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393438339233398, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250530242919922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Remove current app from screen or minimize the desktop window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474503517150879, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Maximize the app or desktop window to the left side of the screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214910507202148, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Minimize all but the active desktop window (restores all windows on second stroke)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24521541595459, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Shift + Up arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325210571289062, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Stretch the desktop window to the top and bottom of the screen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009950637817383, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Restore/minimize active desktop windows vertically, maintaining width", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466118812561035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move an app or window in the desktop from one monitor to another", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09508228302002, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344306945800781, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch input language and keyboard layout", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025933265686035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Ctrl + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.366435050964355, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Change to a previously selected input", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348434448242188, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Windows logo key  + Shift + period (.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251754760742188, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through open apps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.564010620117188, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400788307189941, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208889961242676, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl + Up Arrow", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330022811889648, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269689559936523, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099717140197754, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl with any arrow key + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258895874023438, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.192519187927246, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display properties for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508146286010742, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active item, or exit the active program", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462298393249512, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alt + Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355528831481934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the shortcut menu for the active window", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532855033874512, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41541862487793, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to switch between open items", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01648235321045, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Change the size of icons on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252610206604004, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4178466796875, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128619194030762, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507782936096191, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288439750671387, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the address bar list in Windows Explorer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54676342010498, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Display the shortcut menu for the selected item", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5396728515625, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Search for computers (if you're on a network).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131707191467285, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Lock your computer or switch users.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292708396911621, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Run dialog box.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461456298828125, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through programs on the taskbar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407686233520508, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Start the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the program is already running, switch to that program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253278732299805, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Start a new instance of the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241089820861816, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch to the last active window of the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115954399108887, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Open the Jump List for the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378705978393555, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38697624206543, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081099510192871, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Switch to the program that displayed a message in the notification area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353987693786621, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Navigate up in the calculation history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490043640136719, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the Inv button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221735000610352, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the Mod button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162593841552734, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the sinh button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218974113464355, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the cosh button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224742889404297, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the tanh button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27214527130127, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the ( button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076519012451172, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the ) button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055578231811523, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the ln button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176079750061035, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Int button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146408081054688, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the sin button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174217224121094, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the cos button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167017936706543, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the tan button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233863830566406, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the dms button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.015775680541992, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " P", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254472732543945, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the pi button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180059432983398, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the F-E button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198990821838379, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Exp button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228376388549805, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the x^2 button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244729042053223, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the x^y button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306924819946289, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the x^3 button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260817527770996, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the log button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178875923156738, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the n! button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241955757141113, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the y√x button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156820297241211, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the 3√x button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095407485961914, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the 10x button in Scientific mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191122055053711, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Hex in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229449272155762, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Dec in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22154426574707, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Oct in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22698974609375, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Bin in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232704162597656, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Qword in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282217025756836, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Select Dword in Programmer mode ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253837585449219, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Word in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288005828857422, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Select Byte in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999576568603516, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the RoR button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.797688484191895, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the RoL button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800322532653809, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Lsh button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875984191894531, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Rsh button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995227813720703, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Mod button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81757926940918, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the ( button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.567668914794922, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the ) button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.600281715393066, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Or button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722860336303711, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Xor button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839055061340332, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Not button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733076095581055, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the And button in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582304954528809, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Press the A–F buttons in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.794157981872559, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Spacebar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40615463256836, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Toggles the bit value in Programmer mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306873321533203, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Average button in Statistics mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347312927246094, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Average Sq button in Statistics mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423380851745605, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "  Press the Sum button in Statistics mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23080062866211, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": " Press the Sum Sq button in Statistics mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316132545471191, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "  Press the S.D. button in Statistics mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150672912597656, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "  Press the Inv S.D. button in Statistics mode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197528839111328, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard shortcuts - support.microsoft.com" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The following instructions apply to Windows 7 or Vista . See also detailed XP instructions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506030082702637, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Go to the Start (Windows icon) menu on the lower left and select Control Panel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318201065063477, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Click Clock, Language and Region, then Regional and Language Options.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403793334960938, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "While in the Regional and Language Options control panel, click on the Languages tab, then the Details button.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277482986450195, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Click the Add button and select English from the Input Language pull down menu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.247511863708496, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Place a check in the Keyboard layout/IME box and select one of the following from the dropdown menu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03150749206543, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "See Detailed Windows 7/Vista Instructions for complete instructions with screen capture images.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535420417785645, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In the top dropdown menu, you have the option of selecting the international keyboard as the default keyboard for all Windows applications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89078140258789, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Click the OK buttons until you have exited the control panels - this will save the changes in your Profile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360122680664062, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "To use the International keyboard, open any Windows application then make sure the Language Bar menu on te top is set to EN and that the secondary keyboard menu is set to United States International.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805213928222656, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Note: If you do not see a secondary menu, click the option for Language Bar. The switcher will be relocated to the top of the page.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453384399414062, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Top of Page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362844467163086, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "This table is organized by Accent type. The sample shows a letter with that accent, and the Notes present any special comments about using that accent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332136154174805, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "For the Template, the symbol \"V\" means any vowel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45046329498291, "source": "search", "title": "Windows - International Keyboard Codes" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working (हिन्दी) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930449485778809, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working (हिन्दी)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78845500946045, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Sign in to add this video to a playlist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521084785461426, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Need to report the video?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524978637695312, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Sign in to report inappropriate content.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472053527832031, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714874267578125, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Published on Feb 10, 2014", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41733455657959, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Click here for english video : https://youtu.be/mVsLr98X8x0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534342765808105, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "web: www.arieslaptop.in", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364761352539062, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Click here for english video : https://youtu.be/mVsLr98X8x0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534342765808105, "source": "search", "title": "How to Fix Laptop Keyboard Keys Not-Working ... - YouTube" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "The shortcuts in this list are the shortcuts that are recognized by every full text editor control in EditPad, such as the main editor, the search box , the replace box , the clip editor , etc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376192092895508, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Some of these shortcuts are also used by menu items. If you select the command from the menu, it will always work on the main editor. If you select the command by pressing the shortcut key combination, it will work on the editor that has input focus. This is the editor that shows the text cursor, the blinking vertical bar. This is true for all menu items listed below, but not for any other menu items.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135069847106934, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "All shortcuts that are used by menu items can be configured in Options|Preferences|Keyboard . All other shortcuts cannot be changed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230981826782227, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Alt+Arrow Up or Down: Moves the text cursor to the previous or next occurrence of the word under the text cursor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25745964050293, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Page Up or Down: Moves the text cursor up or down an entire screen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357346534729004, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Page Up or Down: Scrolls the text one screen up or down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340581893920898, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Home: Moves the text cursor to the beginning of the line. Can be configured to move to the first non-whitespace character of the line, and to the very start of the line after a second press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018738746643066, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "End: Moves the text cursor to the end of the line. Can be configured to move to the last non-whitespace character of the line, and to the very end of the line after a second press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94528865814209, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Shift+Movement key: Moves the text cursor and expand or shrink the selection towards the new text cursor position. If there was no selection, one is started. Pressing Ctrl as well, will move the text cursor correspondingly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79348087310791, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alt+Shift+Movement [text]: The same as when Alt is not pressed, except that the selection will be rectangular instead of flowing along with the text.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825922012329102, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Any of the above key combinations that do not select part of the text will remove the current selection (the selection, not the selected text) unless selections are persistent . Any key combination that moves the text cursor will also cause the text to scroll to keep the text cursor in view, if the move makes the text cursor invisible. Any key combination that scrolls the text will let the text cursor keep its position relative to the text, unless you chose to keep the text cursor in view while scrolling .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117977142333984, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Enter: In the main editor: inserts a line break. In the search or replace box: search for the next occurrence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307547569274902, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Enter: Edit|Insert Page Break", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537890434265137, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Delete: Deletes the current selection if there is one and selections are not persistent . Otherwise, the character to the right of the text cursor is deleted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82275390625, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Backspace: Deletes the current selection if there is one and selections are not persistent . Otherwise, the character to the left of the text cursor is deleted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371792793273926, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Backspace: Deletes the current selection if there is one and selections are not persistent. In text mode, if there is no selection, the part of the current word to the left of the text cursor is deleted. If the cursor is not on a word, all characters to the left of the cursor up to the start of the next word are deleted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208669662475586, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Shift+Ctrl+Backspace: Deletes the current selection if there is one and selections are not persistent. In text mode, if there is no selection, all the text on the current line to the left of the text cursor is deleted [text].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838703155517578, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alt+Backspace: Alternative shortcut for Edit|Undo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438573837280273, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Alt+Shift+Backspace: Alternative shortcut for Edit|Redo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474579811096191, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Tab: In text mode, if there is a selection, the entire selection is indented. If there is no selection, a tab is inserted. In hexadecimal mode, pressing Tab makes the text cursor switch between the hexadecimal side and text side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774775505065918, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Shift+Tab: In text mode, if there is a selection, the entire selection is unindented (outdented). If there is no selection and there is a tab, or a series of spaces the size of a tab, to the left of the text cursor, that tab or spaces are deleted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082178115844727, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Ctrl+Insert: Alternative shortcut for Edit|Copy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494514465332031, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Shift+Insert: Alternative shortcut for Edit|Paste", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518616676330566, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "In EditPad Pro, Ctrl+/ is a shortcut for Block|Toggle Comment by default. If you want to use Ctrl+/ to type characters with strokes, remove the shortcut from Block|Toggle Comment in the keyboard preferences .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079551696777344, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Punctuation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372443199157715, "source": "search", "title": "Keyboard Navigation and Editing Shortcuts - EditPad Pro" }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign Languages and Cultures | Washington State University", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482211112976074, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "1. Type the 4-digit Unicode (hexadecimal) value of the character, including the leading zero if applicable. (Optionally, the value string can also begin with U+)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303376197814941, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Microsoft Word, Wordpad and some other applications will replace the string to the left of the insertion point with the character you specified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217883110046387, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "*(Unicode: A character encoding standard developed by the Unicode Consortium. By using more than one byte to represent each character, Unicode enables almost all of the written languages in the world to be represented by using a single character set.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33132266998291, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "Microsoft Character Map", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496493339538574, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." }, { "answer": "P", "passage": "This is useful for the infrequent accent or symbol. It is located within Windows at Start – Programs – Accessories – Character Map (OR click Start, Run, and type Charmap). After choosing a font, double click the desired character(s), click on Copy, return to your document and paste.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299545288085938, "source": "search", "title": "Help Pages – MS Keyboards – Standard English | Foreign ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Ethiopian Empire (), also known as Abyssinia (a Europeanized form of the Arabic al-Habash), was a kingdom that spanned a geographical area covered by the northern half of Ethiopia. It existed from approximately 1137 (beginning of Zagwe dynasty) until 1974, when the Solomonic dynasty was overthrown in a '.", "precise_score": 6.32566499710083, "rough_score": 4.752527236938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1270, the Zagwe dynasty was overthrown by a king claiming lineage from the Aksumite kings and, hence, Solomon. The thus-named Solomonic dynasty was founded and ruled by the Habesha, from whom Abyssinia gets its name. The Habesha reigned with only a few interruptions from 1270 until the late 20th century. It was under this dynasty that most of Ethiopia's modern history occurred. During this time, the empire conquered and incorporated virtually all the peoples within modern Ethiopia. They successfully fought off Italian, Arab and Turkish armies and made fruitful contacts with some European powers.", "precise_score": 1.1882081031799316, "rough_score": -4.376112937927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1529 Adal forces, led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, invaded the Ethiopian Empire in what is known as the Abyssinian–Adal war. Adal occupation lasted 14 years. During the conflict, Adal employed cannons provided by the Ottoman Empire. In the aftermath of the war, Adal annexed Ethiopia, uniting it with territories in what is now Somalia. In 1543, with the help of the Portuguese Empire, the Solomonic dynasty was restored.", "precise_score": -1.1221517324447632, "rough_score": -4.205594062805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1868, following the imprisonment of several missionaries and representatives of the British government, the British engaged in the punitive Expedition to Abyssinia. This campaign was a success for Britain and the Ethiopian emperor committed suicide.", "precise_score": -1.6559748649597168, "rough_score": -4.781388282775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia)", "precise_score": 2.07108211517334, "rough_score": -0.8317261338233948, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The name Abyssinia, or more properly Habessinia, is derived from the Arabic word Habesch, which signifies mixture or confusion, and was applied to this country by the Arabs on account of the mixed character of the people. This was subsequently Latinised by the Portuguese into Abassia and Abassinos, and hence the present name. The Abyssinians call themselves Itiopyavan, and their country Itiopia, or Manghesta Itiopia, the kingdom of Ethiopia.", "precise_score": 4.324178218841553, "rough_score": 1.8649611473083496, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Abyssinia, or at least the northern portion of it, was included in the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia. The connection between Egypt and Ethiopia was in early times very intimate, and occasionally the two countries were under the same ruler, so that the arts and civilization of the one naturally found their way into the other. In early, times, too, the Hebrews had commercial intercourse with the Ethiopeans; and according to the Abyssinians, the Queen of Sheba, who visited Solomon, was a monarch of their country, and from her son Menilek the kings of Abyssinia are descended. During the captivity many of the Jews settled here, and brought with them a knowledge of the Jewish religion. Under the Ptolemies, the arts as well as the enterprise of the Greeks entered Ethiopia, and led to the establishment of Greek colonies. A Greek inscription at Adulis, no longer extant, but copied by Cosmos, and preserved in his Topographia Christiana, records that Ptolemy Euergetes, the third of the Greek dynasty in Egypt, invaded the countries on both sides of the Red Sea, and, having reduced most of the provinces of Tigre to subjection, returned to the port of Adulis and there offered sacrifices to Jupiter, Mars, and Neptune. Another inscription, not so ancient, found at Axum, and copied by Salt and others, states that Aeizanas, king of the Axomites, the Homerites, &c., conquered the nation of the Bogos, and returned thanks to his father, the god Mars, for his victory. The ancient kingdom of Auxume flourished in the first or second century of our era, and was at one time nearly coextensive with the modern Abyssinia. The capital Auxume and the seaport Adulis were then the chief centres of the trade with the interior of Africa in gold dust, ivory, leather, aromatics, &c. At Axum, the site of the ancient capital, many vestiges of its former greatness still exist; and the ruins of Adulis, which was once seaport on the Bay of Annesley, are now about 4 miles from the shore. Christianity was introduced into the country by frumentius, who was consecrated first bishop of Abyssinia by St Athanasius of Alexandria about A.D. 330. Subsequnetly the monastic system was introduced, and between 470 and 480 a great company of monks appear to have entered and established themselves in the country. Since that time of Monachism has been a power among the people, and not without its influence on the course of events. In 522 the king of the Homerites, on the opposite coast of the Red Sea, having persecuted the Christians, the Emperor Justinian requested the king of Abyssinia, Caleb or Elesbaan, to avenge their cause. He accordingly collected an army, crossed over into Arabia, and conquered Yemen, which remained subject to Abyssinia for 67 years. This was the most flourishing period in the annals of the country. The Ethiopians possessed the richest part of Arabia, carried on a large trade, which extended as far as India and Ceylon, and were in constant communication with the Greek empire. Their expulsion from Arabia, followed by the conquest of Egypt by the Mohammedans in the middle of the 7th century, changed this state of affairs, and the continued advances of the followers of the Prophet at length cut them off from almost every means of communication with the civilized world' so that, as Gibbon says, \"encompassed by the enemies of their religion, the Ethiopians slept for near a thousand years, forgetful of the world by whom they were forgotten.\" About A.D. 960, a Jewish princes, Judith, conceived the bloody design of murdering all the members of the royal family, and of establishing herself in their stead. During the execution of this project, the infant king was carried off by some faithful adherents, and conveyed to Shoa, where his authority was acknowledged, while Judith reigned for 40 years over the rest of the kingdom, and transmitted the crown to her descendants. In 1268 the kingdom was restored to the royal house in the person of Icon Imlac.", "precise_score": 1.3157494068145752, "rough_score": -1.3651700019836426, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Lij Kassa, who came subsequently to be known as the Emperor Theodore, was born in Kuara, a western province of Abyssinia, about the year 1818. his father was of noble family, and his uncle was governor of the provinces of Dembea, Kuara, and Chelga. He was educated in a convent, but, preferring a wandering life, he became leader of a band malcontents. On the death of his uncle he was made governor of Kuara, nut, not satisfied with this, he seized upon Dembea, and having defeated several generals sent against him, peace was restored on his receiving Tavavitch, daughter of Ras Ali, in marriage. This lady is said to have been his good genius and counselor, and during her life his conduct was most exemplary. He next turned his arms against the Turks, but was defeated; and the mother of Ras Ali having insulted him in his fallen condition, he proclaimed his independence. The troops sent against him were successively defeated, and eventually the whole of the possession of Ras Ali fell into his hands. He next defeated the chief of Godjam, and then turned his arms against the governor of Tigre, whom he totally defeated in February 1855. In March of the same year he took the title of Theodore III., and caused himself to be crowned king of Ethiopia by the Abuna. Theodore was now in the zenith of his career. He is described as being generous to excess, free from cupidity, merciful to his vanquished enemies, and strictly continent, but subject to violent bursts of anger, and possessed of unyielding pride and fanatical religious zeal. He was also a man education and intelligence, superior to those among whom he lived, with natural talents for governing, and gaining the esteem of others. He had further a noble bearing and majestic walk, a frame capable of enduring any amount of fatigue, and is said to have been \"the best shot, the best spearman, the best runner, and the best horseman in Abyssinia.\" Had he contented himself with what he now possessed, the sovereignty of Amhara and Tigre, he might have maintained his position; but he was led to exhaust his strength against the galas, which was probably one of the chief causes of his ruin. He obtained several victories over that people, ravaged their country, took possession of Magdala, which he afterwards made his principal stronghold, and enlisted many of the chiefs and their followers in his own ranks. He shortly afterwards reduced the kingdom of Shoa, and took Ankobar, the capital; but in the meantime his own people were groaning under his heavy exactions, rebellions were breaking out in various parts of his provinces, and his good queen was now dead. He lavished vast sums of money upon his army, which at one time amounted to 100,000 or 150,000 fighting men; and in order to meet this expenditure, he was forced to exact exorbitant tributes from his people. The British consul, Plowden, who was strongly attached to Theodore, having been ordered by his Government in 1860 to return to Massowah, was attacked on his way by a rebel named Garred, mortally wounded, and taken prisoner. Theodore attacked the rebels, and in the action the murderer of Mr Plowden was slain by his friend and companion Mr Bell, but the latter lost his life in preserving that of Theodore. The deaths of the two Englishmen were terribly avenged by the slaughter or mutilation of nearly 2000 rebels. Theodore soon after married his second wife Terunish, the proud daughter of the late governor of Tigre, who felt neither affection nor respect for the upstart who had dethroned her father, and the union was by no means a happy one. In 1862 he made a second expedition against the Gallas, which was stained with atrocious cruelties. Theodore had now given himself up to intoxication and lust. When the news of Mr Plowden's death reached England, Captain Cameron was appointed to succeed him as consul, and arrived at Massowah in February 1862. He proceeded to the camp of the king, to whom he presented a rifle, a pair of pistols, and a letter in the Queen's name. In October Captain Cameron was dismissed by Theodore, with a letter to the Queen of England, which reached the Foreign Office on the 12th of February 1863. For some reason or other this letter was put aside and no answer returned, and to this in no small degree is to be attributed the difficulties that subsequently arose with that country. After forwarding the letter, captain Cameron, hearing that the Christians of Bogos had been attacked by the Shangallas and other tribes under Egyptian rule, proceeded to that district, and afterwards went to Kassala, the seat of the Egyptian administration in that quarter. Thence he went to Metemeh, where he was taken ill, and in order to recruit his health he returned to Abyssinia, and reached Jenda in August 1863. In November dispatches were received from England, but no answer to the emperor's letter, and this, together with the consult's visit to Kassala, greatly offended him, and in January 1864 captain Cameron and his suite, with Messrs Stern and Rosenthal, were cast into prison. When the news of this reached England, the Government resolved, when too late, to send an answer to the emperor's letter, and selected Mr Hormuzd Rassam to be its bearer. He arrived at Massowah in July 1864, and immediately dispatched a messenger requesting permission to present himself before the emperor. Neither to this nor a subsequent application was any answer returned till August 1865, when a curt note was received, stating that Consul Cameron had been released, and if Mr Rassam still desired to visit the king, he was to proceed by the route of Metemeh. They reached Metemeh on 21st November, and five weeks more were lost before they heard from the emperor, whose reply was now courteous, informing them that the governors of all the districts through which they had to march had received orders to furnish them with every necessary. They left Metemeh on the 28th December, and on 25th January following arrived at Theodore's camp in Damot. They were received with all honour, and were afterwards sent to Kuareta, on Lake Dembea, there to await the arrival of the captives. The latter reached this on 12th March, and everything appeared to proceed very favourably. A month later they started for the coast, but had not proceeded far when they were all brought back and put into cinfinement. Theodore then wrote a letter to the Queen, requesting European workmen and machinery to be sent to him, and dispatched it by Mr Flad. The Europeans, although detained as prisoners, were not at first unkindly treated; but in the end of June they were sent to Magdala, where they were soon afterwards put in chains. They suffered hunger, cold, and misery, and were in constant fear of death, till the spring of 1868, when they were relieved by the British troops. In the meantime the power of Theodore in the country was rapidly waning. In order to support his vast standing army, the country was drained of its resources: the peasantry abandoned the fertile plains, and took refuge in the fastnesses, and large fertile tracts, remained uncultivated. Rebellions broke out in various parts of the country, and desertions took place among his troops, till his army became little more than a shadow of what it once was. Shoa hadalready shaken off his yoke; Godjam was virtually independent; Walkeit and Samen were under a rebel chief; and Lasta Waag and the country about Lake Ashangi had submitted to Wagsham Gobaze, who had also overrun Tigre, and appointed Dejach Kassai his governor. The latter, however, in 1867 rebelled against his master, and assumed the supreme power of that province, this was the state of matters when the English troops made their appearance in the country. With a view if possible to effect the release of the prisoners by conciliatory measures, Mr Flad was sent back, with some artisans and machinery, and a letter from the Queen, stating that these would be handed over to his Majesty on the release of the prisoners and their return to Massowah. This, however, failed to influence the emperor, and the English Government, at length saw that they must have recourse to arms. In July 1867, therefore, it was resolved to send an army into Abyssinia to enforce the release of the captives, and Sir Robert Napier was appointed commander-in-chief. A reconnoitering party was dispatched beforehand, under Colonel Merewether, to select the landing-place and anchorage, and explore the passes leading into the inerior. They also entered into friendly relations with the different chiefs in order ot secure their co-operation. The landing-place selected was Mulkutto, on Annesley Bay, the point of the coast nearest to the site of the ancient Adulis, and we are told that \"the pioneers of the English expedition followed to some extent in the footsteps of the adventurous soldiers of Ptolemy, and met with a few faint traces of this old world enterprise,\" -- C.R.. Markham. The force amounted to upwards of 16,000 men, besides 12,640 belonging to the transport service, and followers, making in all upwards of 32,000 men. The task to be accomplished was to march over 400 miles of a mountainous and little-known country, inhabited by savage tribes, to the camp or fortress of Theodore, and compel him to deliver up his captives. The commander-in-chief landed on 7th January 1868, and soon after the troops began to move forward through the pass of Senate, and southward through the districts of Agame, Tera, Endarta, Wojerat, Lasta, and Wadela. In the meantime Theodore had been reduced to great straits. His army wasrapidly deserting him, and he could hardly obtain food for his flowers. He resolved to quit his capital Debra Tabor, which he burned, and set out with the remains if his army for Magdala. During this march he displayed an amount of engineering skill in the construction of roads, of military talent, and fertility of resource, that excited the admiration and astonishment of his enemies. On the afternoon of the 10th of April a force of about 3000 men suddenly poured down upon the English in the plain of Arogie, a few miles from Magdala. They advanced again and again to the charge, but were each time driven back, and finally retired in good order. Early next morning Theodore sent Lieut. Prideaux, one of the captives, and Mr Flad, accompanied by a native chief, to the English camp to sue for peace. Answer was returned, that if he would deliver up all the Europeans in his hands, and submit to the Queen of England, he would receive honorable treatment. The captives were liberated and sent away, and along with a letter to the English general was a present of 1000 cows and 500 sheep, the acceptance of which would, according to Eastern custom, imply that peace was granted. Through some misunderstanding, word was sent to Theodore that the present would be accepted, and he felt that he was now safe; but in the evening he learned that it had not been received, and despair again seized him. Early next morning he attempted to escape with a few of his followers, but subsequently returned. The same day (13th April) Magdala was stormed and taken, and within they found the dead body of the emperor, who had fallen by his own hand. The inhabitants and troops were subsequently sent away, the fortifications destroyed, and the town burned. The queen Terunish having expressed her wish to go back to her own country, accompanied the British army, but died during the march, and her son Alam-ayahu, the only legitimate son of the emperor, was brought to England, as this was the desire of his father. The success of the expedition was in no small degree owing to the aid afforded by the several native chiefs through whose country it passed, and no one did more in this way than Prince Kassai of Tigre. In acknowledgement of this several pieces of ordinance, small arms, and ammunition, with much of the surplus stores, were handed over to him, and the English troops left the country in May 1868. Soon after this Prince Kassai declared his independence; and in a war which broke out between him and Wagsham Gobaze, the latter was defeated, and his territory taken possession of by the conqueror. In 1872 Kassai was crowned king of Abyssinia with great ceremony at Axam, under the title of King Johannes. In that year the governor of Massowah, Munzinger Bey, a Swiss, by command of the Viceroy of Egypt, marched an armed force against the Bogos country. The king solicited the aid of England, Germany, and Russia against the Egyptians, whose troops, however, were after a time withdrawn. Sir Bartle Frere, in the blue-book published respecting his mission to Zanzibar, is of the opinion that England, having regard to the passage to India by the red Sea, should not have wholly abandoned Abyssinia. (D.K.)", "precise_score": 0.14110326766967773, "rough_score": -2.7710747718811035, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In October 1935 Mussolini’s Fascist Italian forces invaded Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) at a crucial moment in the run-up to the Second World War. Daniel Whittall looks at the complex issues the invasion raised in Britain and the responses to it, especially from black Britons.", "precise_score": -1.3204636573791504, "rough_score": -5.266249179840088, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial Fascism: Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Few eastern or African nations exhibit such various aspects as the aborigines. Descendants of Cush are locally known as Agas, or \"Freemen\", and still form the basis of the Abyssinian nation. On the west, they have intermarried with the ancient Berbers, and with the blacks of the Soudan, who must not be confused with the Niger, Congo , and Zambesi tribes. On the east, Semitic peoples, Arabs and Himyarites, having crossed the Red Sea in the fourth century B.C., conquered the whole eastern coast of Africa , and settled chiefly in the province called, after them, Amhara. The invasion of the Galla tribes, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, spread through all this region, and especially towards the south. These invasions and mingling of races in all ages have resulted in such diversity of type that the neighboring Arab tribes never speak of the country but as Habech (from which the name Abyssinia is derived), which means \"a crowd\" or \"heap of sweepings\". Abyssinia answers to the Upper, or Eastern, Ethiopia of the ancients, and comprises four provinces: Tigré, Amhara, Goggiam, and Shoa, four small kingdoms entrusted to as many Ras, or Negus, whence the title, negus-se-néghest, i.e., \"King of Kings\", assumed by the emperor of Abyssinia . The whole empire contains some 4,000,000 inhabitants. According to the vague traditional legend of the \"Glorious memories of the Empire\", or Kébrè-néghest, the dynasty of the Ethiopian kings goes back to King Solomon and Makkeda, Queen of Sheba; and by it the worship of the true God and the Mosaic law were brought to Ethiopia . Whatever truth may be in the legend, it is certain that ancient Ethiopia was evangelized in Apostolic times by the eunuch of Queen Candace , baptized by Philip the deacon, but was not wholly converted to the faith until the year 341, when St. Frumentius (Keddous Faramanatos), who was tutor to the emperor's two young sons, won his pupils to Christianity . It was they who made both the capital and the empire Christian . Nor could St. Athanasius , patriarch of Alexandria, find one whom he thought better fitted to rule this infant Church , than its first apostle, Frumentius.", "precise_score": -0.2297995388507843, "rough_score": -1.606481671333313, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The whole great Ethiopian empire did not, however, become Christian at that period; since, at the very gates of Gondar, the aboriginal tribes of the Komant are pagans today, as they have been for fourteen centuries. Moreover, even the converted provinces retain, despite their Christian faith and Christian morality, many traces of pagan and Judaic atavism . Even in the nineteenth century, idolatrous superstitions , fetishism , serpent-worship, and the cult of various jinns, Jewish practices, rest on the Sabbath , and the custom of vowing children to the keeping of certain religious observances till the age of puberty are still active almost everywhere. In the sixteenth century, King Ghelaodieos found them so deeply rooted in the national habits that he tried to justify these in the eyes of the Church as purely civil customs in no way contrary to the laws of Christianity . So long as Christian Abyssinia could remain in touch with the Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria , it was preserved from the taint of Arianism , victorious almost everywhere else, as well as the errors of Macedonius and Nestorius. In the seventh century, however, the Caliph Omar, after his conquest of Egypt , came to an understanding with the Jacobite Patriarch Benjamin, whereby the Copts and the Abyssinians were forbidden all intercourse with the Roman Pontiff , but were promised toleration on that condition. Still, the Ethiopian Church, even after the ruin of the Alexandrian Church and of the Byzantine Empire in Egypt , resisted more or less successfully for nearly three centuries the heresies which infected all other churches of the East. Moreover, during the times of schism , and of Byzantine or Muslim persecution , it became the refuge of the proscribed Catholics . Many monuments of the tenth and eleventh centuries, due to the Egyptian refugees, bear witness to this fact by their Latin character, and it is also borne out by the manuscripts of Lalibéla.", "precise_score": -2.935551166534424, "rough_score": -3.6228854656219482, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Communication between Rome and Abyssinia became more difficult, and from the end of the eleventh to the beginning of the thirteenth century one could see no bond existing between Abyssinia and the centre of Catholicism . The Sovereign Pontiffs , nevertheless, have bestowed a constant solicitude on the Christians of Ethiopia . The first missionaries sent to their aid were the Dominicans , whose success, however, roused the fanaticism of the Monophysites against them, and caused their martyrdom . For more than a hundred years silence enfolded the ruins of this Church. At a later period, the fame of the Crusades having spread, pilgrim monks , on their return from Jerusalem , wakened once more, by what they told in the Ethiopian court, the wish to be reunited to the Church . The Acts of the Council of Florence tell of the embassy sent by the Emperor Zéra-Jacob with the object of obtaining this result (1452). The union was brought about; but on their home journey, the messengers, while passing through Egypt , were given up to the schismatic Copts , and to the Caliph, and put to death before they could bring the good news to their native land. More than a hundred years later, in 1557, the Jesuit Father Oviedo penetrated into Ethiopia . One of his successors, Father Paëz, succeeded in converting the Emperor Socinios himself. On 11 December, 1624, the Church of Abyssinia , abjuring the heresy of Eutyches and the schism of Dioscorus , was reunited to the true Church, a union which, unfortunately, proved to be only temporary. In 1632, the Negus Basilides mounted the throne. Addicted as he was to polygamy and to every vice, he showed himself the relentless enemy of Catholicism , and of its moral law. The Jesuits were handed over to the axe of the executioner, and Abyssinia remained closed to the missionaries until 1702. In that year, three Franciscans got as far as Gondar, the capital, where they converted several princes. The Negus wrote with his own hand to Clement XI , professing his submission to His Holiness . Once more the hope proved futile. A palace revolution overthrew the Negus, and heresy again assumed the reigns of power. From then until the middle of the nineteenth century, a silence as of death lay on the Church of Abyssinia . In 1846, the Holy See divided Ethiopia into two Apostolic vicariates: that of Abyssinia , trusted to the Lazarists , and that of Galla, given to the Capuchins . In the former, the labors and successes of M. de Jacobus awakened the jealousy of the schismatic clergy . An ex-Emir of Cairo, who had become Abouna of Ethiopia , and a man of low birth named Kassa, who had been anointed Negus under the name of Theodoros, joined forces to persecute the Catholics , drive out the missionaries, and put them to death . The Negus Johannes IV, who succeeded Theodoros, followed in his predecessor's footsteps. His reign of twenty years was a time of trouble and suffering for the Catholics of Abyssinia . At last, however, Menelik, the king of Shoa, who became Negus and was crowned in March, 1889, restored tranquility to the missions. Under his rule Catholic priests rest assured of justice and protection throughout the whole Empire of Abyssinia .", "precise_score": -0.023312004283070564, "rough_score": -1.859947919845581, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Abyssinia is a province of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, the Church of Abyssinia is a daughter of the Egyptian Church, and there is nothing to show that the daughter ever really tried to withdraw herself from the maternal jurisdiction . Today the Abyssinians are governed as they were in the time of St. Athanasius , by a special delegate, who is practically the vicar of the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria , and is locally known as Abouna, or Abou-Salama, \"Father of Peace.\" He has the sole right , throughout Ethiopia and in perpetuity, of anointing the Negus \"King of Kings\"; of consecrating bishops , or ordaining priests and deacons , of blessing altar-stones, of superintending theological instruction, and of settling, as a last court of appeal, disputed or difficult questions of dogma , morals , and discipline . The law of Ethiopia demands that the Abouna shall always be a foreigner, an Egyptian , whom the Negus obtains, or rather buys, from the Khedive and the Coptic Patriarch of Cairo, the alleged successor to St. Mark in the See of Alexandria . Immediately after obtaining his episcopal consecration , and his primatial jurisdiction , the Abouna sets out for Ethiopia , with no hope of return; but lands and large revenues ensure him a comfortable existence there. The Itchagué, or Ethiopian Archbishop , is the second religious personage in Ethiopia . The Ethiopian primate is forbidden by the Patriarch of Alexandria to consecrate more than seven bishops , but there are a considerable number of secular and religious clergy , recruited with little discretion, and deplorably ignorant . The Ethiopian Church has, in addition to the priests and monks , an intermediate class, the Deftaras, or literati, who duty it is to preserve, interpret, and apply the written law, a vast collection of ordinances of the Lower Empire, modified and altered by the Copts in order to ensure the supremacy of the See of Alexandria over the whole of Ethiopia . The liturgical language is the Gheez, a mixture of Greek and Arabic.", "precise_score": 3.0396125316619873, "rough_score": 0.9232196807861328, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1846, Gregory XVI appointed as vicar apostolic to the Galla missions Father William Massaia, an Italian Capuchin , formerly tutor to King Humbert. The new prelate belonged to the Order of St. Francis, which was the only one that succeeded (1636-1752) in introducing Catholic priests into Abyssinia . The few apostles who braved the schismatics, however, were all martyred . The first Franciscan missionaries were beheaded at Suakin, and Blessed Agathange of Vendome and Cassianus of Nantes were ignominiously hanged (1638). More than a century later (1752), three other were stoned to death in a public square of Gondar. From this time, Abyssinia, as if barred from the rest of the world by a wall of iron, was an impenetrable region for the Church , and it was almost a century later that Mgr. Massaia landed at Massowah to undertake to reanimate the old faith of the Ethiopians. In the disguise of a merchant, under the constant espionage of the mercenaries of the Abouna-Salama and Theodoros, now welcomed by certain chiefs, again attacked by a frenzied crowd, often bound and condemned to death , he always contrived to escape. He left Abyssinia to go to France and England , where he conferred with Napoleon III and Queen Victoria. Having received from them important help in his work, he returned to his mission, in September, 1853. On his arrival, he compiled a Galla dictionary, translated the Bible , converted a prince of Lagamara, vaccinated a hundred people daily during smallpox epidemic, and once more fell into the hands of Theodoros, who put him in chains. Mocked and flouted by the populace, he was thrown into a hut open to the four winds of heaven . His patience, however, won the esteem of Theodoros, who released him. Having been summoned by Menelik, the young King of Shoa, he gained his affection and aroused in him an admiration of the Catholic religion. \"You have saints ,\" said the king to the bishop , \"and that is a wonder which neither my priests nor my deptera [ doctors ] can accomplish.\" After a fruitful apostolic mission of thirty-five years among the Galla tribes, Mgr. Massaia was created a Cardinal by Leo XIII , and died in 1889, leaving 10,000 Christians in the country.", "precise_score": -1.7493356466293335, "rough_score": -5.150162220001221, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The chief distinction between the Abyssinian Church and the Catholic Church is the erroneous doctrine that there is but one nature in Christ , the divine nature and the human nature being in some manner unified by a species of fusion. It was in Mary's womb according to some, or at the baptism of Christ according to others, that the Holy Ghost effected this union. Then assuming that the two natures in Christ , human and divine, form but one, Mary is the mother of the divine as well as the human nature of her Son, and becomes by that very fact, almost equal to God the Father . To these, so to speak, original errors of the Monophysites , the Ethiopian Church added some of its own: e.g., the belief that the faith of the parents suffices to save their children that die unbaptized; the wholesale repudiation of all Ecumenical Councils held since the council of Ephesus, and the belief in traducianism as an explanation of the soul's origin. Moreover, they still retain in full force various practices of the primitive Church which have long since fallen into desuetude elsewhere: e.g., abstinence from the flesh and blood of animals that have been strangled; Baptism by immersion; the custom of administering Communion to little children under the species of wine; resting from work on the Sabbath , and the celebration of the Agape. It may be added that no church has kept to this very day a more visible imprint of the Jewish religion . Children of both sexes are circumcised by women two weeks after birth. They are then baptized , girls on the eightieth and boys on the fortieth day. As in Judaism , they distinguish by the term \"Nazarenes\" children dedicated by their parents to the observance of certain practices or prohibitions, such as drinking hydromel and shaving the head. The canon of Scripture admitted by the Ethiopians comprises, besides the books accepted by Catholics , certain apocryphal works, such as the \"Book of Enoch\", the \"Ascension of Isaiah\", etc. The oldest translation of the Bible into Ethiopian dates from the fourth century, having been made in Gheez. Pell, Platt, and Dillman have edited some of the manuscripts in London and Leipzig, but the majority remain untouched, in convents of Abyssinian monks . The present clergy are buried in a state of deplorable ignorance . Little is required of secular priests beyond the ability to read and to recite the Nicene creed, and a knowledge of the most necessary liturgical rites. The monks in their numerous convents receive an education somewhat more complete, and occasionally there are found among them men versed in sacred hermeneutics , who can recite by heart the entire Bible .", "precise_score": -4.411040782928467, "rough_score": -4.799815654754639, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal", "precise_score": -0.47005805373191833, "rough_score": -2.124605178833008, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ahmed Bin Ali Al-Maqrizi, who in 1435-36 wrote Kitab Al-Ilmam bi Akhbar man bi-Al- Habasha min Muluk Al-Islam (The Book of True Knowledge of the History of the Muslim Kings of Abyssinia), focused on the mediaeval Muslim sultanates in the Horn of Africa, including those within the country today known as Ethiopia.", "precise_score": 0.8913804888725281, "rough_score": -5.09631872177124, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "“Furthermore, Ethiopia could very plausibly be linked to Ancient Egypt. It should, however, be made clear that the name Abyssinia was used precisely to avoid Ethiopia, with its indelible associations with blackness,” Bernal notes. Indeed, many scholars believe that some of the pre- Christian religious practices in Ethiopia were influenced by those of Ancient Egypt.", "precise_score": 0.613078236579895, "rough_score": -4.513883590698242, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Islam has deep roots in the land now known as Ethiopia, and which in the past was better known as Abyssinia. Baraka Umm Ayman, Prophet Mohamed’s nurse who raised him after the death of his mother, was Ethiopian. She remained his lifelong friend and loyal confidante.", "precise_score": 4.367866516113281, "rough_score": 4.719130516052246, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Pre-Islamic cultural and commercial links between Abyssinia and Arabia go back a long way as attested in the Holy Qur’an. The Qur’an’s Sura of the Elephant recalls the pre- Islamic Ethiopian General Abraha’s attempt to capture Mecca and demolish the Ka’aba that was diverted by mysterious birds that filled the sky and pelted the Ethiopian army with stones. Those among the mighty elephant-mounted Ethiopian force not crushed to death quickly dispersed. Mecca and the Ka’aba were miraculously saved.", "precise_score": -3.1720733642578125, "rough_score": -5.204073905944824, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Among the oppressed was an Ethiopian slave, Bilal Al-Habashi, or Bilal the Abyssinian, who believed in the Prophet’s message. He was tortured by his master Omaya Ibn Khalaf for his beliefs. The Ethiopian had a beautiful and resonate voice and he became the first muezzin, or caller to prayer, in the history of Islam.", "precise_score": -4.883474349975586, "rough_score": -4.664031982421875, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia was also a black African kingdom. Europeans conceived it as such. For the Arabs, however, Ethiopia was a multi-racial land and hence they named it Al-Habasha, the Land of the Mixed Race People. Abyssinia, a term derived from the Arabic Al-Habasha, was a curious geographic construct. It was neither full- fledgedly black African nor was it thoroughly Arabised. It stood apart and always at the crossroads. It was an ancient Christian kingdom that had ruled huge swathes of the Arabian Peninsula. As such it had strong cultural and economic links with the people of Arabia, and especially those of Al-Hejaz (the region which includes Islam’s holiest cities Mecca and Medina) and Yemen.", "precise_score": 2.425541877746582, "rough_score": -4.650339603424072, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The ancient Christian kingdom of Abyssinia kept itself aloof from the Muslim world that engulfed it. The early eighth century, however, saw the mushrooming of Muslim communities which sprang up in different parts of present-day Ethiopia. These communities were not necessarily linked through politics or trade with Christian Abyssinia. Islam spread especially quickly among the nomadic peoples who inhabited the arid and far-flung corners of the country.", "precise_score": -0.5823788642883301, "rough_score": -2.3914730548858643, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum include a number of Ethiopian objects and images. Many of these are associated with a British military expedition undertaken to Ethiopia (then known as Abyssinia) in 1867-68, which ended with the ransacking of the Ethiopian Emperor’s fortress at Magdala. Not all of the objects, however, are straightforward products of plunder. Indeed, the stories behind the acquisition of the photographs, textiles, jewellery, religious and other artefacts held by the V&A reveal a complex web of people, places and politics brought together by conflict. This article presents the stories which lie behind some of these objects and contrasts the personal experiences of those caught up in the conflict with the way in which the ‘Abyssinian Expedition’ was presented to the British public. This article highlights just some of the objects and images associated with the Expedition which can be found in the V&A’s collections.", "precise_score": 2.8175599575042725, "rough_score": -3.693643569946289, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Military personnel involved in the Expedition were encouraged to make drawings and reports. On the orders of the Secretary of State for War, Major Trevenen James Holland wrote the only official account of the expedition with a military colleague, Sir Henry Montague Hozier. Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia was published in two volumes in 1870. Holland may be the vendor of several Ethiopian items to the South Kensington Museum in April 1869 including a pair of silver anklets, a ‘Galla’ (Oromo) necklace, a pair of earrings and two processional crosses.", "precise_score": -2.9963109493255615, "rough_score": -6.731889724731445, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Following the defeat of Abyssinian troops, British forces entered the Magdala fortress with the aim of collecting anything of value to be later auctioned off to raise money for the troops. They were accompanied by Richard Holmes, an assistant in the department of manuscripts at the British Museum, who removed a number of objects – manuscripts, regalia, religious antiquities and other material – from the imperial treasury and from the Church of the Saviour of the World. Holmes also made a sketch of the face of the dead Ethiopian emperor, which was reproduced in the British press and in popular print formats such as carte de visite. A golden crown and chalice initially acquired by Holmes from a soldier were deposited with the South Kensington Museum by H.M. Treasury in 1872. Recent scholarship has suggested that they were commissioned by Empress Mentewwab for a church she founded in Gondar in 1740. Today these items can be seen on display at the Museum, in a gallery which highlights the role of precious vessels of gold and silver in religious rites and ceremonies.", "precise_score": -7.248575687408447, "rough_score": -5.983758449554443, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "It is not easy to determine to what part of the world the name Ethiopia properly applies in the course of history. The territory it covered, and even the use of the word to denote a territory, have varied in ages and at the hands of different writers. In the early pages of the Bible Ethiopia is used to designate the lands inhabited by the sons of Cush , and is therefore applied to all the scattered regions inhabited by that family . Such a use of the word is purely ethnographical. Elsewhere, however, in the Bible it is applied to a definite region of the globe without consideration of race, and is thus used geographically. It is in this sense that we find it mentioned in all Egyptian documents (Brugsch, Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmüler). It denoted the region of Africa south of Egypt , and its boundaries were by no means constant. Generally speaking, it comprised the countries known in our day as Nubia , Kordofan, Senaar, and Northern Abyssinia . It had one unvarying landmark, however; its northern boundary always began at Syene . We know from the writings of Pliny, Strabo, and Pomponious Mela that in the eyes of Greek geographers Ethiopia included not only all the territory south of Syene on the African continent, but embraced all that part of Asia below the same parallel of latitude. Hence it came to pass that there were two regions with but one name: Eastern Ethiopia, including all the races dwelling to the east of the Red Sea as far as India ; Western Ethiopia stretching southward from Egypt and westward as far as the southern boundary of Mauritania. Of all the vast tracks of country to which the name Ethiopia was given at one or other period of history, there are two to which the name has more particularly attached itself: the one is modern Nubia and the Egyptian Sudan (the ancient Ethiopia of the Pharaohs ); the other modern Abyssinia (the Ethiopia of our own day), the last of all these regions to preserve the ancient name.", "precise_score": -3.1759204864501953, "rough_score": -5.863120079040527, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "After the advent of the Eighteenth dynasty, and the overthrow of the shepherd kings, Egypt undertook a series of wars against her isolated neighbours. The tribes along the Upper Nile, though harassed by her troops, resisted stubbornly. In spite of the campaigns of Amenhotep I, son of Amosis, who advanced as far a Napata and Senaar — in spite of the violence of Thotmes I, his successor, who covered the country with devastation and ruin, it was not until the days of Thotmes II that Ethiopia seems to have become resigned to the loss of her liberty. The country was thereupon divided into nomes on the Egyptian system, and was placed under a viceroy whose power extended from the first Cataract to the Mountains of Abyssinia . The office, entrusted at first to high functionaries, soon became one of the most important in the State, and the custom arose at court of nominating to it the heir presumptive to the throne, with the title Prince of Cush . The glorious reigns of Ramses II, of the Nineteenth Dynasty, and of Ramses III, of the Twentieth Dynasty, served to consolidate this conquest for a time, but for a time only. Egypt , worn out, was weary of war , and even of victory, and the era of her campaigns ended with the Ramseid dynasty. Ethiopia, always alert to note the doings of her enemies, profited by this respite to recover her strength. She collected her forces, and soon, having won back her independence, an unexpected event left her mistress of her former conqueror.", "precise_score": -5.3708624839782715, "rough_score": -6.775569438934326, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The descendants of the royal priesthood of Amun-Ra, exiled from Thebes to Ethiopia by the Pharaohs of the Twenty-second dynasty, had infused a new life into the land of their exile. They had reorganized its political institutions and centralized them at Napata, which city, in the hands of its new lords, became a sort of Ethiopian Thebes modelled on the Thebes of Egypt . With the co-operation of the native peoples Napata was soon reckoned among the great political powers. While Ethiopia was developing and flourishing, Egypt , so disintegrated as to be a mere collection of feudal states, was being more and more weakened by incessant revolutions. Certain Egyptian princes having at this period appealed to the King of Napata for help, he crossed over into the Thebaid , and established order there; then, to the surprise of those who had appealed to him, he continued his way northward and went as far as Memphis , nor did he halt until he had subjugated the country and proclaimed the suzerainty of Ethiopia over the whole Nile Valley. Piankhy, to whom belongs the honour of this achievement, caused an account of it to be engraved at Jebel-Barkal, near Napata. After his reign, the throne passed to a native family , and during the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Dynasties Ethiopia had the glory of giving birth to the Pharaohs who ruled all the land from Abyssinia to the shores of the Mediterranean.", "precise_score": -4.48818302154541, "rough_score": -5.059426784515381, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Abyssinian ethiopia", "precise_score": -1.5156620740890503, "rough_score": -6.005590438842773, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "This region corresponds to a group of territories nowadays known as Abyssinia , extending from the Italian colony of Eritrea to the shores of the Greta Lakes. Yet the ancient empire of this name did not by any means occupy the whole of this area, the boundaries of which rather indicate its greatest extent at any period of its history. Among the countries that have been known under the name Ethiopia, this alone took the name for itself, and calls itself by that name to this day. It rejects the name Abyssinia which is constantly given it by Arab writers. Western writers have often employed both terms, Abyssinia and Ethiopia, indifferently, but in our own day a distinction seems to be growing up in their use. Its seems that with the name of Ethiopia we should connect that portion of the country's history the documents of which are supplied by the Gheez literature alone; with that of Abyssinia, what belongs to the modern period since the definitive appearance of Amharic among the written languages.", "precise_score": 4.458543300628662, "rough_score": 2.162637710571289, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The first thing we know with certainty of the history of Ethiopia is its conversion to Christianity . This work was accomplished in the early half of the fourth century by St. Frumentius, known in that country as Abba Salama. Rufinus of Aquileia has preserved the story for us in his history. According to him, a Christian of Tyre , named Merope, had gone on a journey to India with two children, Edesius and Frumentius, his nephews. On their return journey the ship that carried them was captured by pirates off the Ethiopian coast, and everyone on board was put to death except the two children. They were sent as captives to the king and were afterwards appointed tutors to his son, whom they converted to Christianity . Later they returned to their own country. But Frumentius had but one ambition : to be consecrated bishop by the Patriarch of Alexandria . This wish having been fulfilled, he returned to Axum , organized Christian worship , and, under the title of Abba Salama, became the first metropolitan of the Ethiopian church. Missionary monks coming later from neighbouring countries (in the sixth century) completed the work of his apostolate by establishing the monastic life. National traditions speak of these missionaries as the nine saints ; they are the abbas Alé, Shema, Aragawi, Garima, Pantalewon, Liqanos, Afsi, Gougo, and Yemata. Henceforth Ethiopia takes its place among the Christian States of the East. One of its kings, Caleb, contemporary with the nine saints , and canonized as St. Elesban, is famous in oriental literature for an expedition he led against the Jewish kingdom of Yemen. The authority of the Ethiopian kings then extended over Tigré, Shoa, and Amhara, and the seat of government was the Kingdom of Axum .", "precise_score": -6.022103309631348, "rough_score": -6.929570198059082, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Under Minas (1159-63), Sarsa Dengel (1563-97), and Ya'eqob Za Dengel (1597-1607), civil war was incessant. There was a brief respite under Susneos (1607-32), but war broke out afresh under Fasiladas (1632-67), and the clergy , moreover, increased the trouble by their theological disputes as to the two natures of Christ. These disputes, often, indeed, but a cloak for ambitious intrigues, were always occasions of revolution. Under the successors of Fasiladas the general disorder passed beyond all bounds. Of the seven kings that followed him but two died a natural death. There was a short period of peace under Bakafa (1721-30), and Yasu II (1730-55), Yoas (1755) and Yohannes were again victims of an ever-spreading revolution. The end of the eighteenth century left Ethiopia a feudal kingdom. The land and its government belonged to its Ras, or feudal chieftains. The unity of the nation had disappeared, and its kings reigned, but did not govern. The Ras became veritable Mayors of the Palace, and the monarchs were content to be rois fainéants. Side by side with these kings who have left in history only their names, the real masters of events, as the popular whim happened to favour them, were Ras Mikael, Ras Abeto of the Godjam, Ras Gabriel of the Samen, Ras Ali of Begameder, Ras Gabra of Masqal of Tigré, Ras Walda-Sellase of the Shoa, Ras Ali of Amhara, Ras Oubié of Tigré, and the like. But war among these chiefs was incessant; ever dissatisfied, jealous of each other's power, each one sought to be supreme, and it was only after a century of strife that peace was at length established. A son of the governor of Kowara, named Kasa, succeeded in bringing it about, to his own profit; and he made it permanent by causing himself to be named king under the name of Theodore (1855). With him the ancient Ethiopia took its place as one of the nations to be reckoned with in the international affairs of the West, and Abyssinia may be said to date its origin from his reign.", "precise_score": -3.348418712615967, "rough_score": -5.8426103591918945, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "ABYSSINIA (officially Ethiopia), an inland country and empire of N.E. Africa lying, chiefly, between 5° and 15° N. and 35° and 42° E. It is bounded N. by Eritrea (Italian), W. by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , S. by British East Africa , S.E. and E. by the British , Italian and French possessions in Somaliland and on the Red Sea . The coast lands held by European powers, which cut off Abyssinia from access to the sea, vary in width from", "precise_score": 3.21659779548645, "rough_score": -2.351808547973633, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "As regards language, several of the indigenous groups, such as the Khamtas of Lasta, the Agau or Agaos of Agaumeder (“Agao land”) and the Falashas (q.v.), the so-called “ Jews ” of Abyssinia, still speak rude dialects of the old Hamitic tongue . But the official language and that of all the upper classes is of Semitic origin, derived from the ancient Himyaritic, which is the most archaic member of the Semitic linguistic family . Geez, as it is called, was introduced with the first immigrants from Yemen , and although no longer spoken is still studied as the liturgical language of the Abyssinian Christians . Its literature consists of numerous translations of Jewish , Greek and Arabic works, besides a valuable version of the Bible . (See Ethiopia .) The best modern representative of Geez is the Tigrina of Tigré and Lasta, which is much purer but less cultivated than the Amharic dialect , which is used in state documents, is current in the central and southern provinces and is much affected by Hamitic elements . All are written in a peculiar syllabic script which, unlike all other Semitic forms, runs from left to right, and is derived from that of the Sabaeans and Minaeans, still extant in the very old rock-inscriptions of south Arabia .", "precise_score": -1.3041467666625977, "rough_score": -3.8700449466705322, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": ") Abyssinia, or at least the northern portion of it, was included in the tract of country known to the ancients as Ethiopia , the northern limits of which reached at one time to about Syene. The connexion between Egypt and Ethiopia was in early times very intimate, and occasionally the two countries were under the same ruler, so that the arts and civilization of the one naturally found their way into the other. In early times, too, the Hebrews had commercial intercourse with the Ethiopians ; and according to Abyssinian tradition the queen of Sheba who visited Solomon was a monarch of their country, and from their son Menelek the kings of Abyssinia claim descent. During the Captivity many of the Jews settled here and brought with them a knowledge of the Jewish religion . Under the Ptolemies , the arts as well as the enterprise of the Greeks entered Ethiopia , and led to the establishment of Greek colonies. A Greek inscription at Adulis, no longer extant, but copied by Cosmas of Alexandria , and preserved in his Topographia Christiana, records that Ptolemy Euergetes , the third of the Greek dynasty in Egypt , invaded the countries on both sides of the Red Sea , and having reduced most of the provinces of Tigré to subjection, returned to the port of Adulis, and there offered sacrifices to Jupiter , Mars and Neptune . Another inscription, not so ancient, found at Axum , states that Aizanas, king of the Axumites , the Homerites, &c., conquered the nation of the Bogos , and returned thanks to his father, the god Mars , for his victory. Out of these Greek colonies appears to have arisen the kingdom of Auxume which flourished from the", "precise_score": 2.4776389598846436, "rough_score": 0.2465416043996811, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": ", which began with the Egyptian 25th Dynasty (751-656 BC), from Piankhy to Tanuatamun, and which, although driven out of Egypt by the Assyrians, flourished at Napata (where pyramids were actually built) and Meroë for many centuries. Indeed, the highland Ethiopia, or Abyssinia, itself may have brought the kingdom of Meroë to an end, around 355 AD.", "precise_score": 0.7144875526428223, "rough_score": -3.445308208465576, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "left enduring monuments in the obelisk-like stone stelae, with Stela 3 (at left, and in background photograph) still standing at 67 feet tall, which reproduce the \"skyscraper\" architecture of ancient Yemen . A few kings of Aksum are barely known from their coins, as is also the case with ancient Yemen. As Kush came to an end, Abyssinia had recently converted to Christianity, in communion with the Coptic Egyptian Church . It is not hard to see the reign of the Emperor Ezanas II, under whom this all happened, as the real beginning of classic Ethiopian civilization. The torch of Meroë had been passed, but since the Meroë writing has not been deciphered, Ethiopia becomes the first sub-Saharan African civilization fully open, despite all its uncertainties, to the light of history. Indeed, the ancient language of Axum, Ethiopic or Ge'ez, is still actively used in the Ethiopian Church.", "precise_score": 1.042962908744812, "rough_score": -0.3089980185031891, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Another feature of Ethiopian religion is the claim that the Church possesses the actual Ark of the Covenant , which is kept in a small sanctuary in Axum. The traditional story is that the Queen of Sheba took the true Ark from Jerusalem, leaving behind a replica. Menelik I then transferred the Ark to Abyssinia. Because of the problems of chronology and believability that go with this story, some modern writers have helpfully supplied alternative explanations. Reports of Greek historians of a Jewish community at Elephantine Island (Aswan) in Egypt have led to the suggestion that the Priesthood of Jerusalem sent the Ark to them for safekeeping. But Jewish mercenaries then subsequently left for Kush , taking the Ark with them. I am not clear what is then supposed to have happened, since the account seems to jump directly to keeping the Ark on an island in Lake Tanis. But the possession of the Ark by the Kings of Kush is one thing, its sudden appearance in the heart of pre-Christian Abyssinia is something else. I sometimes wonder if there is an awareness of the deep historical, cultural, and political differences between Kushite Ethiopia and Abyssinian Ethiopia. Of course, anyone is free to speculate that the Emperor Ezanas fetched the Ark when he invaded and perhaps overthrew Kush around 355 AD, but this adds no more than another speculative element to an entirely speculative fantasy. Since the Ark in Axum has been been inspected by no outsiders, and in fact is closed to all except its particular guardian, there is no way of knowing if it matches Biblical descriptions of the Ark or if it is composed of materials that can be dated to the appropriate era. It is remarkable that such an object is given as much credit as it has by enthusiastic, or credulous, Europeans.", "precise_score": -3.0331063270568848, "rough_score": -3.1750781536102295, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Following the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two African nations to remain independent during the Scramble for Africa by the European imperial powers in the late 19th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250226974487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1974, Ethiopia was one of only three countries in the world to have the title of Emperor for its head of state (the others being Japan, which still has the Emperor as its nominal ruler and Iran under the Pahlavi dynasty). It was the second-to-last country in Africa to use the title of Emperor (the last being the Central African Empire, which was implemented between 1976 and 1979 by Emperor Bokassa I).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.327202796936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopian Dark Ages", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363757133483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "After the conquest of Aksum by Queen Gudit or Yodit, a period began which some scholars refer to as the Ethiopian Dark Ages.Adekumobi, p. 10 According to Ethiopian tradition, she ruled over the remains of the Aksumite Empire for 40 years before transmitting the crown to her descendants. Very little is known about the queen or the state, if indeed there even was one she set up. What is evident, however, is that her reign marked the end of Aksumite control in Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.751913070678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The 1880s were marked by the Scramble for Africa. Italy, seeking a colonial presence in Africa, invaded Ethiopia and following a successful conquest of some coastal regions, forced the Treaty of Wuchale upon Shewa (an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire), creating the colony of Eritrea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041374206542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Due to significant differences between the Italian and Amharic translations of the Treaty of Wuchale, Italy believed they had subsumed Ethiopia as a client state. Ethiopia repudiated the treaty in 1893. Insulted, Italy declared war on Ethiopia in 1895. The First Italo-Ethiopian War resulted in the 1896 Battle of Adwa, in which Italy was decisively defeated. As a result, the Treaty of Addis Ababa was signed in October, which strictly delineated the borders of Eritrea and forced Italy to recognize the independence of Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.908723831176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Delegations from the United Kingdom and France — European powers whose colonial possessions lay next to Ethiopia — soon arrived in the Ethiopian capital to negotiate their own treaties with this newly-proven power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370842933654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1935 Italian soldiers, commanded by Marshal Emilio De Bono, invaded Ethiopia in what is known as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The war lasted seven months before an Italian victory was declared. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations, though not much was done to end the hostility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49085807800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "During the conflict, Italy used sulfur mustard in chemical warfare, ignoring the Geneva Protocol that it had signed seven years earlier. The Italian military dropped mustard gas in bombs, sprayed it from airplanes, and spread it in powdered form on the ground. 150,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas. In the aftermath of the war Italy annexed Ethiopia, uniting it with Italy's other colonies in eastern Africa to form the new colony of Italian East Africa, and Victor Emmanuel III of Italy adopted the title \"Emperor of Abyssinia\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.165031909942627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France, as France was in the process of being conquered by Germany at the time and Benito Mussolini wished to expand Italy's colonial holdings. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland in August 1940 was successful, but the war turned against Italy afterward. Haile Selassie returned to Ethiopia from England to help rally the resistance. The British began their own invasion in January 1941 with the help of Ethiopian freedom fighters, and the last organized Italian resistance in Italian East Africa surrendered in November 1941.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.919170379638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ethiopian Empire" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "(now known as: Ethiopia)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.48703384399414, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Street in Debark, northern Ethiopia, near the Siemien mountain", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530517578125, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Landscape with wooden huts in Ethiopia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497719764709473, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "St. George Church in Bet Giorgis, Lalibela, Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377345085144043, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia (Ethiopia) - 1902 Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Interwar period Italy , Ethiopia Military", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517760276794434, "source": "search", "title": "Colonial Fascism: Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The British Counsel, Walter Plowden, a hardy adventurer, frequently gave the Negus Theodoros such timely assistance as led to his success in several wars . Plowden was assassinated, however, and his successor, Captain Charles Duncan Cameron, failed to establish a good understanding with the African emperor. Suspected of having had an understanding with the Musselmans of Egypt , who had just defeated Theodoros at Gédaril in the Sudan, he was imprisoned (July, 1863) with some German missionaries accused of having spoken ill of the Negus. After various promises to release the prisoners , Theodoros wound up by brutally consigning the British Consul and the members of his suite, together with some other Europeans , tied together in pairs, to the fortress of Magdala , which he had chosen as his capital. On hearing of this outrageous infringement of international law , the patience of the British gave way, and they declared war (July, 1867). Sir Robert Napier, who had already made a name by his victories in India , was placed in command of the troops assigned to this expedition. Colonel Merewether, whose activities in this campaign did much to win for him the rank of general, having previously reconnoitered the ground, suggested that the landing be made at Adulis in Annesley Bay. The British army comprised 16,000 combatants, an equal number of servants, forty-five elephants, and a great many pack mules. Napier, on landing in Abyssinia, (3 January, 1868), issued a proclamation to the Ethiopians to the effect that the sole object of the invasion was to deliver the captives, and that he had nothing but friendly feelings except for those who should seek to interfere with his progress. With this, the army boldly began its march through the steep defiles of the \"great African citadel\". After marching about fifty-three miles, the vanguard reached the plateau of Senafé, where they found a delightful climate, a temperature of 30° to 40°F, and a most fertile country. Word reached them that several Ras and governors of the provinces, discontented with the suspicious Theodoros, stood ready to replenish their commissary and to supply them with horses. Napier made this plateau his base of operations. He was obliged to cover his line of march by three entrenched camps, the first at Senafé, the second at Addizerat, the third at Antolo. At last, on 10 April, the troops reached the slopes of Silassia without having encountered a single hostile soldier, when suddenly a cannon was fired on the heights, and 6,000 Abyssinians hurled themselves down upon the 16,000 British. The Snider rifles, however, which the British used for the first time in this engagement, quickly brought the assailants to a halt, and disabled the greater number. By 13 April, the British were beneath the walls of Magdala , which surrendered after a two hours' siege. As soon as Theodoros saw the British soldiers entering the city, feeling himself abandoned by all, and conquered, he put a pistol to his mouth, and killed himself. The victorious army then released the prisoners , whom they had hardly hoped to find alive. On 17 April, Napier, henceforth Lord Napier of Magdala , ordered the inhabitants to evacuate the city, after which the walls were demolished and the public buildings given to the flames. It was necessary to hasten the return of the troops to the sea, as the rains had already made the passage difficult. The troops embarked as they arrived at the Red Sea , on descending from the heights of Senafé.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.078051567077637, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "This prompt and lucky campaign of the English was to inspire the Italians twenty-eight years later to make a like bold attempt. Their ambition designs, however, roused the whole country against them, and the bloody battle of Adua (March, 1896), in which almost 20,000 were killed, put an end to their rash undertaking. In 1897, Mr. Rodd, first secretary of the British Ligation at Cairo, was entrusted with a mission to the Negus. A treaty was signed 14 May, and Menelik proclaimed the Mahdists enemies of his empire. He also asked for the adjustment of the frontiers between Harrar and Somaliland. Lastly, a Franco - Anglo - Italian agreement was concluded which guaranteed the independence of Ethiopia and assured to the three Powers bordering on the kingdom their respective rights and interests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987373352050781, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abyssinia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "An Ethiopian Journal", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478992462158203, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Source:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/72794/divine-ethiopia-religion-churches-and-incredible-travel-sights.html  (May 29th 2015 by Stanley Stewart)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489876747131348, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia “resembles no other country in Africa”, wrote the great explorer Wilfred Thesiger, “or anywhere else.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38582706451416, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Exploring Ethiopia by helicopter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467085838317871, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "There are moments when Ethiopia seems to belong to an atlas of the imagination – part legend, part fairy-tale, part Old Testament book, part pulling your leg. In this land of wonders there are medieval castles of a black Camelot, monasteries among Middle Earth peaks accessible only by rope and chains, the ruined palace of the Queen of Sheba and the original Ten Commandments in a sealed box guarded by mute monks with killer instincts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057695388793945, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In the northern highlands priests with white robes and shepherds’ crooks appear to have stepped out of a Biblical painting. In the southern river valleys bare-breasted tribeswomen, who scar their torsos for erotic effect and insert plates the size of table mats in their lower lips, seemed to have emerged from a National Geographic magazine circa 1930. Ethiopia “resembles no other country in Africa”, wrote the great explorer Wilfred Thesiger, “or anywhere else.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.862105369567871, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Its isolation is legendary. Not only was Ethiopia never colonised, but it also inflicted the greatest defeat on a European army in the history of the continent – at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. It was only the Italians, of course, but it still counts. Ethiopians were “forgetful of the world”, Edward Gibbon wrote, “by whom they were forgotten”. For long medieval centuries Europeans believed that Ethiopia was home to Prester John, legendary Christian ruler, descendant of one of the three Magi, keeper of the Fountain of Youth, protector of the Holy Grail, and all-round good guy who would one day rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.366450309753418, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "For a country with so much to offer, it is surprising to find tourism in Ethiopia still in its infancy. The war and famine of the 1970s and 80s, though now almost ancient history, may be partly responsible. But a deeper issue may be a feature of the national character – a lack of entrepreneurial urgency. Ethiopia may not be big on stylish boutiques hotels, littered with objets d’art and architectural magazines, but it is a delightfully old-fashioned place, with ravishing landscapes, sleepy villages and friendly, unhurried people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987757682800293, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "It is difficult to pick a single destination from Ethiopia’s treasure chest, but first-time visitors shouldn’t miss Lalibela and its remarkable churches, all below ground level, and all carved from the rock as entire buildings with surrounding courtyards, exterior walls and roofs. Historians are uncertain about much of their history but Ethiopians have a handle on it. A celestial team of angels came in at night to help out after the terrestrial workforce had clocked off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052850723266602, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "There are always two histories in Ethiopia: the history of historians, sometimes a trifle vague, often tentative; and the history of Ethiopians, a people’s history, confident, detailed, splendid, often fantastical. The two rarely coincide. Historians are still wringing their hands about the mysteries of Aksum  in Tigray  in the north, with its colossal stelae, its underground tombs, its ruined palaces and its possible connections to the Queen of Sheba. For a thousand years, until about AD 700, it was a dominant power in the region, “the last of the great civilisations of antiquity”, according to Neville Chittick , the archaeologist, “to be revealed to modern knowledge”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748740196228027, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Fortunately, the Ethiopians are on hand to fill in most of the historical blanks. The city was founded, they say, by the great-grandson of Noah. For 400 years it was ruled by a serpent who enjoyed a diet of milk and virgins. Historians may be divided about the Queen of Sheba but Ethiopians know she set off from here to Jerusalem with 797 camels and lot of rather racy lingerie to seduce King Solomon. Historians carelessly lost track of the Ten Commandments not long after Moses came down from Mount Sinai. Ethiopians have the originals under lock and key in a chapel in Aksum, guarded by those mute monks, assigned to kill all intruders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.886486053466797, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "At Erar and Shimbrety , the stone-built guesthouses, with their little courtyards and roof terraces, were comfortable but basic. Village women prepared delicious Ethiopian dinners that made little concession to Western tastes. The loos, Western-style, were in spartan huts. Washing facilities were wooden buckets of warm water. There was no electricity, just lanterns and candles. Yet these felt like the most luxurious places I had ever stayed. It was the luxury of unique experience, of meeting local villagers on their own ground, of engaging with an ancient way of life, of being far from tourism’s well-trodden trails. And it was the luxury of spectacular location. I have never been anywhere with more stunning views.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286111831665039, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Tigray, too, has its remarkable buildings. Scattered across these mountains are more than 120 ancient churches, most excavated in remote rock-faces like caves. Until the 1960s they were virtually unknown to the outside world. Older than the churches at Lalibela, they are little understood by historians. Which means we are left with the fabulous oral history of the Ethiopians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808979988098145, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "At the top of the cliff, not daring to look down, I gazed ahead, just in time to see a side-chamber full of bones – the priest insisted they were deceased clerics, not fallen visitors. Then I shuffled along a narrow ledge and came to a cave-like opening. The priest wrestled with a key the size of a cricket bat. A door opened and I stepped into the gloom of the tiny church, hardly larger than a modest drawing room. As my eyes adjusted, I became aware of faces round the walls. Then the priest lit a torch and held it aloft. Suddenly the dark walls were alive with figures: apostles and saints, prophets and the archangels, Mary and the infant Christ. The famous Nine Saints from the Levant , who had brought Christianity to Ethiopia in the fifth century, were here, as was Saint Yared,  who wrote so many of the early Ethiopian chants. The builder of this cliff church was here, Abu Yemata, mounted on a horse and accompanied by his nephew Benjamin, who had painted the murals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6626615524292, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Early Muslims looked beseechingly to Ethiopia and sought refuge in its territory from their persecutors, the polytheist Arabians. But the Christian kingdom, besieged for 15 centuries by Islamic states that formed a formidable ring around it, refused to succumb to the new religion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079148292541504, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Gamal Nkrumah explores the often contentious connection between Ethiopia and Islam", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499021530151367, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Since time immemorial Ethiopia has retained her supercilious air. Throughout the centuries, the rugged Nile Basin country, bound to Islam from the religion’s inception, has attracted scant attention compared to Egypt. Ethiopia’s seclusion, however, did nothing to dispel its mystique. Ethiopia’s ambiguous identity fascinated those outsiders who cared to take a closer look. Black, but not black enough. Christian, but only partially so. At once both primitive and civilized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813464164733887, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Numerous Arab and Muslim chroniclers have lavished praise on the only land beyond Arabia’s borders that Prophet Mohamed turned to in his hour of need — the only country that responded positively to his call for assistance. Perhaps the most important Arab treatise celebrating the special role Ethiopia played in early Islam was Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti’s seminal work Raf’ Sha’n Al- Hubshan (The Raising of the Status of the Ethiopians), written in the late 15th century. It was an earnest plea to reaffirm the equality of the races in Islam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01404857635498, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Jamal Al-Din Abu Farraj Ibn Al-Jawzi’s The Lightening of the Darkness: On the Merits of the Blacks and the Ethiopians, written in the late 12th century AD, was another mediaeval treatise emphasizing the non-racist principles of Islam. Others were far less charitable, suspiciously eyeing Ethiopia as an enemy of Islam. Indeed, Ethiopia has long been mistaken for a Christian country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768874168395996, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "“Although the medieval legend of the Kingdom of Prester John, Europe’s Christian ally beyond Islam, had been applied to various regions of Asia and Africa, Ethiopia as an exotic, remote mountain and Christian kingdom was an admirable candidate,” explained Martin Bernal in Black Athena: The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilisation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92284107208252, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Interestingly enough, because Ethiopia is widely seen as an isolated bastion of the monotheistic religions in Africa — Judaism, Christianity and Islam — the ancient religious, linguistic, cultural and commercial ties that bind the country to ancient Arabia, Egypt and Nubia have often been overlooked.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006433486938477, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Geographical proximity and linguistic affinity ensured that Ethiopia’s history and culture were intertwined with that of Arabia since ancient times. Ethiopia emerged as a country of special symbolic significance at the dawn of Islam. “For Muslims, Ethiopia is synonymous with freedom from persecution and emancipation from fear,” wrote a former president of the Washington, DC- based Federation of Ethiopian Muslims in North America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897258758544922, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Furthermore, the rich heritage of Islam can be found among the Ethiopian people who speak the Semitic and Cushitic Afro-Asiatic languages, which includes Arabic. Among the Cushitic speaking peoples of Ethiopia who embrace Islam are the Afar of the desolate Danakil depression, the Somali, the Oromo — the most populous ethnic group in Ethiopia today, and the Sidamo. The Semitic speaking people of Harar are also Muslim.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89979076385498, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The centuries-long legacy of Muslim arts is apparent all around the country, but especially in historical cities such as Harar. The people of Harar are culturally distinct from other Ethiopians — both Muslim and Christian. They speak Adari, a Semitic language closely related to Arabic and Amharic, and have been staunch Muslims for the past 500 years. Adari, derived from the Arabic word hadar, meaning urbanite or urbane, emerged as the language of scholarship and trade in a huge swathe of eastern Ethiopia. Today it is largely confined to Harar and the Ahmar (Red) mountain range surrounding the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661622047424316, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "ETHIOPIA IN THE EARLY HISTORY OF ISLAM:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440570831298828, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "When the Prophet Mohamed instructed a small band of his early followers to flee Mecca and cross the Red Sea in 615 AD, he knew that they would find safe haven in the neighbouring Ethiopian Christian kingdom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376461029052734, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "First 10 then 40 others crossed the Red Sea for the court of the goodly king known in Arab tradition as Ashama Ibn Abjar, or Al-Nagashi Ashama. The party included such notables as the third Caliph Othman Ibn Affan and his wife Ruqayya Bint Rasulillah, the prophet’s daughter. Among those given asylum in Ethiopia were two future wives of Prophet Mohamed — Ramla Bint Abi Sufyan, better known as Umm Habiba, and Sawda Bint Zama’a. Some Ethiopian Muslim traditions claim that the Ethiopian king bestowed a golden dowry on Umm Habiba when she became betrothed to the Prophet Mohamed. Islamic chroniclers maintain that the Prophet Mohamed corresponded with the Ethiopian monarch and that when the king died, the Prophet performed the Salat Al-Gha’eb, or prayer in absentia — the first such prayer recorded in Islamic history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.041007995605469, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Interestingly enough, there is no explicit reference in the records of the Ethiopian Church corroborating the first hijra, or exodus, of early Muslims to Ethiopia. It is not entirely clear exactly where the early Muslims settled, but it is often assumed that they stayed in the vicinity of the ancient Ethiopian capital Axum. Neither the Ethiopian Church records nor king lists mention a king called Ashama, even though some Ethiopian sources traditionally name a Negus Adriaz as the righteous king in question.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751147270202637, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Muslim tradition has it that the Ethiopian king converted to Islam and adopted the name of Ahmed, much to the consternation of his subjects, the court and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60087776184082, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Prophet Mohamed, as a token of his gratitude to the deceased king, urged his followers to especially revere the Ethiopians and treat them kindly. “Utruku Al-Habasha wa tarakukum,” Prophet Mohamed is said to have admonished his followers — “Leave the Abyssinians alone, so long as they do not take the offensive.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.145428657531738, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The question arises as to why Ethiopia? The Prophet could have chosen a safe haven for his followers in any of Arabia’s other neighbours: modern-day Egypt, Yemen, Syria, Iraq or Iran. Instead he chose Ethiopia, largely, it is said, because of the righteous reputation of Ethiopia’s king, the Negus or Al-Najashi. “Go to Ethiopia, there is a king there that is just,” Prophet Mohamed told his followers. His counsel proved to be wise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921651840209961, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia, in sharp contrast, was a free and pietistic land ruled by a magnanimous monarch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327912330627441, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Islam’s hold on Ethiopia was never absolute. Still, Ethiopia has the third largest Muslim population in Africa after Nigeria and Egypt. The country has between 30-40 million Muslims, although estimates vary considerably. Still there is a sizeable Muslim community in Ethiopia, more numerous than the entire population of countries like Iraq, Algeria or Morocco. It is also a community that has long cherished its special bond with the Muslims of Egypt and Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.719731330871582, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In spite of the peaceful and idyllic characterization of the country by the early Muslim exiles, Ethiopia at the time of the first hijra was a kingdom on the verge of dissolution. Its kings frequently had to go to war to reassert their authority in the outlying provinces, regain lost territory and meet the challenge posed by provincial rulers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091035842895508, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia had just lost Yemen, which fell into Persian hands. This loss forced the Ethiopian armies to retreat to their mountain strongholds in northern Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238399505615234, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "With the spread of Islam, the old Christian kingdom of Axum in northern Ethiopia began a long process of decline. Not only were Axum’s fortunes reduced, but the kingdom’s territory diminished because tributary states and outlying regions seceded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24931812286377, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The first hijra to Ethiopia is considered by some scholars as Islam’s first true overseas adventure. A number of Muslim Ethiopian scholars claim that many words in Ge’ez are found in the Holy Qur’an. Both Ge’ez — the classical Semitic tongue of Ethiopia — and Arabic do share a strong and ancient linguistic affinity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.976168632507324, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Today, in the remote northern Ethiopian hamlet of Nagash in eastern Tigray, a unique but unassuming mosque is said to stand on the exact location that was first settled by the early Muslim exiles to Ethiopia. Other parts of the country, however, contain important Muslim sanctuaries and holy shrines. In the town of Shek Husen in the old province of Bale, Muslim pilgrims from all over the Horn of Africa come in search of religious knowledge and blessings. The eastern Ethiopian federal city-state of Harar is another town considered sacred to Ethiopian Muslims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894481658935547, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "ETHIOPIA AND THE MEDIAEVAL ARABIAN WORLD:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394609451293945, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Arabian nomads lived similarly to the peoples of the Horn of Africa such as the Afar and the Somali peoples of the lowlands to the east and south of the Ethiopian highlands where the Christian kingdom flourished. Among the Oromo, another nomadic people whose language is related to those of the Afar and Somali people, Islam spread gradually. The Oromo shared the highlands with Christian Abyssinia, but the Oromo were predominant in the western, southern and eastern parts of the highlands, while the Christians were traditionally concentrated in the northeastern highlands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9558515548706055, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The spread of Islam, as such, had no direct correlation with Axum’s demise. But all of Ethiopia’s neighbours — save Nubia for a few centuries — embraced the new religion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216683387756348, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Muslim traders monopolized the spice trade between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Even though Ethiopia was located at the crossroads of the spice trade, it isolated itself and was largely excluded from the lucrative trade. The Christian Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty (mid-12th to mid-14th centuries AD) and the successive Solomonic dynasty (mid-14th century to 1974) virtually cut off the country from its neighbours. Egypt, however, maintained its connections with Christian Ethiopia and thus somewhat moderated the country’s insularity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875861167907715, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Generally though, Christian Ethiopia in mediaeval times was a landlocked and largely self- engrossed kingdom. The Muslim sultanates of Ethiopia, however, were heavily involved in the spice trade. By the mid-16th century, there were 15 different Muslim sultanates in what is today Ethiopia. These Muslim states prospered tremendously because of their trading in coffee and spices. The most powerful and influential of these sultanates were Iffat (an Oromo sultanate in Shoa) and Adal (Afar). Other important kingdoms included Kefa, which was founded by the Sidamo people around 1400, and Jimma in southwestern Ethiopia. These latter two sultanates are reputed to be the original homeland of coffee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415787696838379, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Tradition maintains that the mediaeval maltreatment of Copts in Egypt was reciprocated in Ethiopia by the persecution of the country’s Muslims. The Mamluke Sultan Jaqmaq’s (1438- 1453) correspondence with Emperor Zar’a Ya’qub showed how important the treatment of Muslim Abyssinians was to the rulers of Muslim states in the Middle East and North Africa, especially Egypt. Likewise, the treatment of Egypt’s Coptic Christian minority by the Muslim rulers of the country was taken very seriously by the Ethiopians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347982406616211, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "A letter written in 1290 by Ethiopia’s Emperor Yibga Zion (1285-1294) to the Mamluke Sultan Mansur Al-Qalawun of Egypt (1279-1290) was typical of the mediaeval correspondence between Egyptian and Ethiopian rulers. “I shall protect the Muslims throughout my kingdom and His Highness will do the same with the Christians of Egypt; so let us unite in mutual understanding and common action, and let us go on corresponding.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197340965270996, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The further strengthening of cultural ties between Egypt and Ethiopia during this period had a direct impact on the Muslim community in Ethiopia. During the reign of Emperor Dawit David (1380-1412), the translations made by Coptic monks from Arabic to Ge’ez made many Arabic texts readily available to the Ethiopians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064091682434082, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "However, the co-existence of Islam, Christianity, Judaism and traditional African religions has not historically been an easy one. Sectarian tensions continued down the centuries, often erupting into deadly conflicts and devastating wars which marred the legacy of early Muslims in Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873353958129883, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The legacy of the 1528-1560 Muslim-Christian wars that ripped Ethiopia apart was a mistrust between Christians and Muslims that never completely abated. Successive regimes have tried to gloss over the deep-rooted differences and have tried to foster a sense of national unity but the outcome of the wars continued to breed hostility.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199740409851074, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "At the heart of the jihad was the Muslim city of Harar, perched high in the Ahmar Mountains of eastern Ethiopia and long-regarded as the beacon of Islam and the holiest Islamic city in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327757835388184, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The latter soon emerged as the scourge of Christian Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419917106628418, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ahmed Gragn’s ultimate aim was to unite the Muslims of the Horn of Africa by establishing an Islamic state in the region. To accomplish this aim, he launched a holy war or jihad against Christian Ethiopia. Gragn at first appeared to be invincible. His armies overran Shoa in 1529, Amhara in 1531 and finally Tigray in 1535. The ancient Christian kingdom of Ethiopia appeared to be mortally wounded. Only a miracle or divine intervention could save Christianity in the country. According to Ethiopian Church records, nine out of every 10 Ethiopian Christians were forced to convert to Islam as a direct result of Ahmed Gragn’s campaigns. His goal was the complete Islamisation of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21667766571045, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Relations between the Christians of northeastern Ethiopia and the thriving Islamic sultanates of eastern, central and southwestern Ethiopia were traditionally characterised by a tense co-existence. With Ahmed Gragn’s campaigns, open hostilities and conflict became the norm. At stake was the destiny of Ethiopia and the entire Horn of Africa, as well as the cultural orientation of an ancient multi-linguistic and multi-religious land.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416627883911133, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ironically, it was the timely intervention of Portugal — a Roman Catholic European power — that saved Orthodox Christian Ethiopia. Lebna Dengel, the reigning Christian emperor at the time, sent urgent dispatches to the Portuguese requesting their aid. In 1540, some 400 Portuguese troops arrived to train and arm the Christian Ethiopian army. For the first time in Ethiopian history, guns were used on the battlefield. The tables were turned and the Muslim forces fled. The introduction of firearms determined the course of battle and the future of the country. The Muslim armies, however, were still able to exile Dengel to the impregnable Monastery of Debra Damo in Tigray where he later died in 1543. His son Galawdewos ascended the Solomonian throne and died in 1559 during his siege of Harar, after which his head was paraded around the city on a stake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889259338378906, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The arrival of the Portuguese represented a reversal of fortunes for the Muslims of the Horn of Africa. They never fully recovered from their defeat at the hands of the Ethiopian Christians and their Portuguese allies. Despite the attempts of Gragn’s widow, Bati Del Wambara, to carry on his jihad, the Muslim Sultanate of Adal was finally destroyed by Christian Ethiopia in 1577. For centuries, Muslims were forced to play second fiddle to Christians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.204727172851562, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Muslim traders and scholars from Harar, however, continued to have a tremendous influence on the Islamisation of other parts of Ethiopia and different ethnic groups of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286723136901855, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1647 Emir Ali Ibn Dawoud ruled Harar with an iron fist, and in a determined effort to Islamise the non-Muslim Oromo tribes surrounding the city, he embarked on a series of jihads. Today the bulk of Ethiopia’s Muslims are Oromo, but many of the country’s Muslims regard Harar as their spiritual centre and the guardian of Islamic culture and scholarship in the Horn of Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140446662902832, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Khedieve Ismail’s designs on an African empire were checked by Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV in the events leading up to the Battle of Gura. Britain and other European powers were determined to check Egypt’s southward expansion. They wanted to make sure that Khedieve Ismail’s grandiose designs to create an pan-Nilotic empire were crushed. The Europeans saw Ethiopia as a key ally in a plot to dash Ismail’s plans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.035614967346191, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Khedieve Ismail deployed American mercenaries at the head of his 15,000-strong army. The Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV mustered some 60,000 crudely-armed warriors. After a series of battles, an estimated 8,500 Egyptian troops perished and beat a hasty retreat to Massawa. While Ismail retained control of Massawa and the Red Sea coastal strip, he pledged never to re-enter the Ethiopian highlands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334753036499023, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Ethiopian victory at Gura in 1876 was the forerunner to the even more impressive and far- reaching Ethiopian defeat of the Italians at Adwa in March 1896. The Battle of Adwa was the first major victory of an African army over a European power. Egypt’s overwhelming loss paved the way for British occupation of Egypt in 1882.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962050437927246, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The great powers of Europe, and especially Britain, took a keen interest in the Horn of Africa and the Nile Basin. Ethiopia too was fast changing and the Christian Solomonian rulers of the highlands were expanding their domain into lands towards the south and east — predominantly Muslim territories. In 1887, Harar lost its independence as an ancient Muslim sultanate when Menelik, the Prince of Shoa who would later become the founder of modern Ethiopia, defeated Emir Abdullah at the Battle of Chelenko. Menelik appointed Ras Makonen, the father of the future Emperor Haile Selassie, as ruler of the city. A new administration was set up which incorporated members of the deposed emir’s family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.498198509216309, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "As Harar was the birthplace of Ras Tafari, who was later to assume the imperial title Haile Selassie, the city developed a special symbolic importance. The respectful treatment of the city’s predominantly Muslim population by the new Christian rulers became a focus of Arab scrutiny and a catalyst for Muslim-Christian relations in Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.707703590393066, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The first Ethiopians to embrace Islam did so during Prophet Mohamed’s own lifetime. Their descendants were historically known as the Jabarti or the Muslims of the Ethiopian highlands. The Jabartis lived relatively peaceably among their Christian and Jewish compatriots until an Ethiopian imperial decree was issued in 1668 which ordained that Jabartis (Muslims) and Felashas (Jews) would have to reside in separate quarters from the Christians. This effectively created a state of religious segregation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.642694473266602, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The decree was no doubt inspired by the Portuguese, who began to meddle in the affairs of the country around that time. Portuguese mercenaries settled in the regions adjacent to Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile, during the reign of Emperor Susneyos (1607-1632). Gradually gaining influence over the Ethiopian throne, the Portuguese in 1622 announced the official conversion of Emperor Susneyos to Roman Catholicism, much to the chagrin of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Solomonian aristocracy. Susneyos went on to persecute his Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish subjects. Thousands were butchered in massacres that were inspired by the Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898204803466797, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "This tragic episode in Ethiopian history had far-reaching repercussions. First, it galvanised the people of the Ethiopian heartlands around the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the ruling elites officially adopted Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. Europeans were viewed suspiciously and the country deliberately shunned outside influences. Roman Catholics, Muslims and Jews were precluded from ascending the imperial throne which became the exclusive prerogative of Orthodox Christians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.370081901550293, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "After the death of Menelik II in 1913, Lij Iyasu ascended Ethiopia’s Solomonian throne. Lij Iyasu, the grandson and designated heir of Menelik II, was viewed suspiciously by the imperial court and the Christian Orthodox aristocracy. He was regarded as overly friendly towards Muslims. Indeed, even though officially an Orthodox Christian, many of his courtiers suspected his secret conversion to Islam. Several of Lij Iyasu’s wives were Muslim and while his admirers saw these marriages as important political alliances that cemented ties with the far-flung and newly conquered Muslim regions of the empire, his critics felt that the country was in danger of becoming a Muslim dominated state. The Orthodox clergy and nobility conspired to remove Iyasu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.464571952819824, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In 1916, Iyasu was ousted and he fled to the inhospitable and predominantly Muslim lowland region inhabited by the warlike Afar. Princess Zewditu, Menelik II’s daughter, was hastily crowned Empress of Ethiopia. Iyasu was captured by imperial forces five years later and was incarcerated in Fiche, northern Shoa. It was not the first time that an Ethiopian monarch suspected of being sympathetic to Muslims was politically sidelined. It simply reinforced a long- standing tradition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937134742736816, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/hiddenhistories/ethiopia_treasures/index.html", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500411987304688, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Ethiopian Prince Alamayou was one of the casualties of the conflict. He is pictured (on the right), aged seven, in a photograph taken by Julia Margaret Cameron after he had been brought to England following the death of his parents. Alamayou’s sad story was reported in the British press and attracted the sympathy of many, including Queen Victoria who arranged for the state funding of his education. He was popularly cast as a romantic and melancholy figure, as is apparent in Cameron’s photograph. Alamayou’s death of pleurisy at the age of 18 was described by the Queen as ‘too sad’. His image appears in four places in the V&A’s collections; in the Cameron photograph, on two cartes de visite and in a photograph pasted into a family album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.715607643127441, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Alamayou’s guardian in England was a British army officer and colonial official, Captain Tristram Charles Sawyer Speedy. Speedy was well-acquainted with the Prince’s homeland having travelled to Ethiopia in 1860 to assist his father, the Emperor Tewodros II (Theodore), with military training. Whilst there Speedy developed a strong affinity with the Ethiopian people; he learned to speak Amharic and adopted native dress. In 1868 he returned to serve as civilian interpreter to the British expedition. Back in England, the six foot five, red haired and bearded Captain made an unlikely but affectionate guardian figure to the slight Prince.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701753616333008, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Speedy appears in a photograph by Cameron in the V&A’s collections. Wearing Ethiopian dress, he stands over a reclined unidentified African man, with a spear in his hand, apparently playing out a fantasy of conquest (the photograph has been titled ‘Spear or spare’). The mount carries the handwritten caption ‘Báshá Félíka’ meaning ‘speedy’; the Amharic name given to Speedy by Tewodros. Speedy’s relationship with the Ethiopian people is also reflected in a small collection of objects given to the Museum by his goddaughter in 1936. Unfortunately the stories behind how he acquired the engraved silver and iron handcrosses, silver anklets, hairpin and ornament have not been recorded although it is possible the objects may have royal connections. Further items formerly in the collection of Speedy are held by the British Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.505697250366211, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Speedy was not the only European to make the acquaintance of the Ethiopian Emperor. In the years before the Expedition Tewodros had been an admirer of Europe and its technologies, particularly those used in the manufacture of arms. He had formed close associations with the British traveller John Bell, who visited Ethiopia in the early 1840s, and Walter Plowden, the first British consul to Ethiopia, who arrived in 1848. However, by the 1860s Tewodros had become frustrated by a lack of support from Europe for his campaigns against Turkish expansion on the Red Coast. In 1864, in an attempt to prompt the British and French governments into action, he took a number of Europeans hostage including the second British consul, Captain Cameron. Queen Victoria sent a letter to Tewodros seeking their release but her envoy, the civil servant Hormuzd Rassam, was also captured. Following parliamentary debate, Britain began to plan a punitive military expedition. Under the leadership of General Sir Robert Napier, in 1868 the expedition marched to Tewodros’s fortress at Maqdala and a brief battle took place nearby. Britain won the conflict, but not before the captives were released and Tewodros himself had committed suicide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24267864227295, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Woman's dress formerly in the possession of Queen Woyzaro Terunesh - Cotton embroidered with silk - Ethiopia - 1860s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455025672912598, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Queen’s possessions, the collection of Ethiopian objects formed by Captain Speedy and the photographs of Speedy and Prince Alamayou, provide a tangible link to people whose experiences of the conflict in Ethiopia strayed from the official narrative. In the British public sphere, however, these disparate experiences were written over by a unified and triumphant tale of conquest. The second part of this article reflects on the public presentation of the Abyssinian Expedition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19450569152832, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Images such as these were disseminated through official and unofficial reports, museum displays and the British press as evidence of Britain’s military and technological powers. The Illustrated London News published numerous engravings of the Expedition. Some were based on the Royal Engineers’ photographs, others on sketches made by the newspaper’s Special Artist in the field, William Simpson. The V&A holds two Ethiopian handcrosses which were donated to the Museum by Simpson’s wife following his death. Both carry the inscription ‘Abyssinian Cross 1868 William Simpson’ and presumably fulfilled a function somewhere between medal and souvenir.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.419684410095215, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Crown - Ethiopia - 1740", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387870788574219, "source": "search", "title": "Abyssinia | An Ethiopian Journal" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462708473205566, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > E > Ethiopia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501022338867188, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387470245361328, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Nubian ethiopia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40549373626709, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In Egyptian inscriptions the name Ethiopia is applied to the region of the Upper Nile lying between the First Cataract and the sources of the Atbara and of the Blue Nile. Greek writers often call this region the kingdom of Napata, or of Meroë, after two cities that were successively the centre of its political life during the second period of its history. The name Island of Meroë, sometimes met with, is an allusion to the rivers that enclose it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54916000366211, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Of the history of this country we know only what has been handed down to us through the documents of Egypt and those erected by the inhabitants of the country itself in the vicinity of the Cataracts. It was the almost unanimous opinion of ancient historians that this was the cradle of the people occupying all the Nile Valley; and in proof thereof they pointed out the evident analogy of manners and religion between the kingdom of Meroë and Egypt proper. But today we know without a doubt that the Ethiopia known to the Greeks, far from the cradle of Egyptian civilization, owed to Egypt all the civilization she ever had. The chronological evidence of the monuments makes this quite clear. Whereas the most ancient monuments are to be found along the Delta, those in the neighbourhood of Meroë are comparatively modern. The antiquity attributed to Ethiopian civilization was disproved as soon as the hieroglyphics had been interpreted. What its beginnings were, we do not know .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.65919303894043, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "During the first Egyptian dynasties — i.e. for nearly thirteen centuries — its history is hidden behind a veil. It is only under the Sixth Dynasty that this country comes within the ken of history. At that time King Meryra, better known as Pepi I, marched as far south as the Second Cataract, but did not establish a permanent foothold. Ethiopia's real occupation by Egypt did not begin until the Twelfth Dynasty, when the Pharaohs , being once more in peaceful possession of the Nile Valley, began an era of conquest, and the country of the cataracts became their earliest prey. Amenemhat I and his son Usertsen I, having driven out the priests of Amun-Ra who ruled at Thebes , and having exiled them beyond Philæ, continued their march as far as Wadi-Halfa. Their successors, encouraged by these victories, carried on the work of conquest, and Usertsen III pushed as far as the Fourth Cataract and even beyond Napata, as far as the junction of the Atbara. At his death the frontiers of the Egyptian empire extended as far as Semneh, and Ethiopia was a tributary province of Egypt . The darkness which envelopes the Thirteenth Dynasty does not permit of our tracing the results of this conquest, but it would seem that the victories of the Egyptian monarchs were far from decisive, and that Ethiopia always retained enough liberty to aspire to independence. Up unto the time of the Eighteenth Dynasty this aspiration persisted, if, indeed, the country did not at times enjoy independence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.195540428161621, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "But at the very time when the Ethiopian armies were advancing from the South to subdue the North, the victorious Assyrian armies of the King of Nineveh were already encamped on the borders of Phoenicia . Menaced by Sargon II in the days of Shabaka, Egypt was invaded for the first time by Sennacherib's army during the reign of Shabataka. Taharqa, his successor, was defeated by Earsarhaddon, and forced to retreat as far as Napata, pursued by the Ninevite hosts. The victory, however, was dearly bought by the Assyrians , and the Ethiopians, even in retreat, proved so dangerous that the pursuit was abandoned. Taharqa, encouraged by the fear he inspired in his enemies, tried to win back the Nile Valley. He assumed the offensive a few years after this, and soon entered Memphis almost without striking a blow. But the princes of the Delta, of whom Nechao was the most powerful, far from extending him a welcome, joined forces with the King of Ninevah. Asurbanipal, who had now succeeded his father Earsarhaddon, straightway attacked Taharqa, and the King of Ethiopia fell back once more toward the Cataracts. His son-in-law, Tanuat-Amen, once more victorious, went up as far as Memphis , where he defeated the delta princes, allies of the Assyrians , but a fresh expedition under Asurbanipal completely broke his power. Thereafter Tanuat-Amen remained in his Kingdom of Napata; and thus Ethiopian sway over Egypt was brought to a close.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285738945007324, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Restricted to its natural limits, the Ethiopian kingdom did not cease to be a powerful State. Attacked by Psamettichus I and Psamettichus II, it was able to maintain its independence and break the ties which bound it to the northern kingdom. In the following century, Cambyses, conqueror of Egypt , attracted by the marvelous renown of the countries along the Upper Nile, set on foot an expedition against Ethiopia, but in spite of the numbers and prowess of his troops he was obliged to retreat. When Artaxerxes II, surnamed Ochus, invaded the Delta, Nectanebo II, King of Egypt , could find no safer refuge that Ethiopia, and in the days of the Ptolemies, one of its kings, Arq-Amen (the Ergamenes of Diodorus Siculus), was powerful enough to commemorate his exploits in the decorations of the temple at Philæ. Nevertheless these last rays of glory were to fade quickly. Abandoned to itself, removed from the civilizing influences of the north, the country fell back, step by step, into its primitive barbarism, and defeat is written upon the last page of its history. The last invasion of Ethiopia was by Roman legions; led by Petronious, they advanced as far as Napata, where a queen occupied the throne, and the city was destroyed. After this, darkness falls upon all these countries of the Upper Nile, and ancient Ethiopia disappears — to appear again transformed by a new civilization which begins with the history of modern Nubia .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.286979675292969, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The only civilization we know of in Ethiopia is that which was borrowed from Egypt . We find no record of really native institutions on any of the monuments that have come down to us, and the earliest records extant do not take us beyond the founding of the priestly dynasty of Thebes . At Napata Amun-Ra, King of the Gods, ruled supreme with Maut and Khonsu. The temple there was built on the model of the Karnak sanctuaries; the ceremonies performed there were those of the Theban cult. The priest-kings, above all, as formerly in their native land, were the heads of a purely sacerdotal polity. It was only later in history that the monarchy became elective in Ethiopia. The election took place at Napata, in the great temple, under the supervision of the priests of Amun-Ra, and in the presence of a number of special delegates chosen by the magistrates, the literati, the soldiers, and the officers of the palace. The members of the reigning family , \"the royal brethren\", were brought into the sanctuary and presented one after another to the statue of the god, who indicated his choice by a signal previously agreed upon. The choice of the priests could undertake nothing without the priests' consent, and was subject to them for life. Arq-Amen seems to have broken through this tutelage and secured complete independence for the throne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121418952941895, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The tongues in the land of Kush were as varied as the people who dwelt there, but Egyptian is the language of the Ethiopian inscriptions. On a few monuments dating from the last epoch of Ethiopian history we find a special idiom. It is written by means of hieroglyphics, of which the alphabetical values, however, have been modified. Hitherto undecipherable, this language has recently been held to be related to Egyptian , with a large admixture of foreign (doubtless Nubian ) words. The development of the study of demotic, as well as more intimate knowledge of the speech of later times, will, perhaps, eventually bring a fuller knowledge of this idiom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.452308654785156, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The modern Tigré. formerly the kingdom of Axum , would seem to have been the kernel of this State. It was founded by refugees who came to the African continent when the Arsacidæ were extending their sway in the Arabian peninsula, and the power of the Ptolemies was declining in Egypt . These refugees belonged to the Sabean tribes engaged in the gold and spice trade between Arabia and the Roman Empire; their dealings with civilized races had developed them, and, thanks to their more advanced stage of mental culture, they acquired a preponderating influence over the people among whom they had come to dwell. Still, the descendants of these immigrants form a minority of the Ethiopian people, which mainly composed of Cushite tribes, together with an aboriginal race called by the Ethiopians themselves Shangala.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.257524490356445, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "From native sources we know nothing accurately of the political beginnings of the State. Its annals open with the rule of monsters in that land, and for many centuries Aruë, the serpent, is the only ruler mentioned. Many writers see in this but a personification of idolatry or barbarism, and the explanation seems probable. According to certain tales written in Gheez, the Ethiopians embraced the Jewish religion at the time of Solomon, and received a prince of that monarch's family to rule over it. The Queen of Shaba (Sheba), spoken of in the First Book of Kings, was an Ethiopian queen, according to the legend of Kebranagasht (the glory of the kings) and it was through her that Ethiopia received this double honour . But this tradition is of comparatively recent origin, and finds no confirmation in the most ancient native documents, nor in any foreign writings. History still waits for some foundation on which to base this appropriation of the scared text, as well as for proof to justify the variants with which Ethiopian chroniclers have embellished it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.992958068847656, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "But from this time forward the history of this country is enveloped in darkness, and remains almost unknown to us until the thirteenth century. We have nothing to guide us but long, and for the most part, mutually conflicting lists of kings with the indication of a dynastic revolution, which perhaps explains the brevity of the chronicles. Perhaps, in the midst of these troubles, the historical documents of preceding ages were purposely destroyed; and this seems likely since the dynasty of the Zagues, which at that time usurped the throne of the pretended descendants of the son of Solomon, would feel constrained to destroy the prestige of the supplanted dynasty in order to establish itself. According to the abridged chronicle published by Bruce, the Falashas, a tribe professing Judaism , were the cause of this insurrection; but we have no other evidence in support of this assertion. The chronicles we have are silent about the matter; they merely tell us that at the close of the thirteenth century, in the reign of Yekuno Amlak, after a period of exile, the length of which we do not know , the Solomonian dynasty regained power through the aid of the monk Takla Hâymânot. After the restoration of the ancient national dynasty, the country, once more at peace within itself, had to concentrate its whole energy upon resisting the southward progress of Mohammedan conquest. For nearly three centuries Ethiopia had to wage wars without respite for liberty and faith , and it alone, of all the African kingdoms, was able to maintain both. The most famous of these wars was against the Emit of Harar, Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim, surnamed the Left-handed. It took place during the reigns of Kings Lebna Dengel (1508-40) and Galawdéwos (1540-59), and the exhausted country was only saved by the timely help of Portuguese armies. Delivered from its foes, it might have become a great power in the East, but it lacked a capable leader, and its people, deriving but little moral support from a corrupt religion, fell rapidly away until, after a long series of civil wars , Ethiopia became a land of anarchy .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.822040557861328, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Previous to the conversion of the country to Christianity , the worship of the serpent was perhaps the religion of a portion of Ethiopia, i.e., of the aboriginal Cushite tribes. From inscriptions at Axum and Adulis it would seem that the Semites , on the other hand, had a religion similar to that of Chaldea and Syria . Among the gods mentioned we find Astar, Beher, and Medr — perhaps representing the triad of sky, sea, and land. As to the Jewish religion , and its introduction in the time of Solomon, we have only the assertion found in some recent documents, which, as we have already said, cannot be received as history. The origin of the Judaistic tribe called the Falashas, who nowadays occupy the country, is quite hidden from us, and there is no reason to regard them as representatives of a national religion which has disappeared. After the evangelization by St. Frumentius, and in spite of the resulting general conversion of the people, Paganism always retained some adherents in Ethiopia, and has its representatives there even to this day. Moreover at the time of the Mussulman wars Islam succeeded in securing a foothold here and there. Nevertheless Christianity has always been the really national religion, always practiced and defended by the rulers of the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.388447761535645, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Although converted to Christianity by missionaries of the Catholic Church , Ethiopia today professes Monophysitism . But subject to the influence of Egypt , it has adopted in the course of time the theory of the Egyptian Church regarding the human nature of Christ . Our lack of information about the country prior to the thirteenth century hinders us from following the history of its separation from Rome , or even fixing the date of that event. Like the Egyptians, the Ethiopian Church anathematizes Eutyches as a heretic , yet remains Monophysite, and rejects the Catholic teaching as to the two natures. United in their statement of belief , the Ethiopian theologians have divided into two great schools in its explanation. On the one hand, the Walda-Qeb (\"Sons of Unction\", as they are nowadays called), hold that the most radical unification (tawahedo) exists between the two natures , such being the absorption of the human by the Divine nature that the former may be said to be merely a fantasm. The unification is the work of the Unction of the Son Himself according to the general teaching of Walda-Qeb. Some among them, however, known as the Qeb'at (Unction), teach that it is the work of the Father. Others again, the Sega-ledj or Walda-sega (Sons of Grace), hold that the unification takes place in such a way that the nature of Christ becomes a special nature (bahrey), and this is attributed to the Father, as in the teachings of the Qe'bat. But, as the mere fact of the unction does not effect a radical unification (for this schools rejects absorption), the unification is made perfect, according to them, by what they call the adoptive birth of Christ — the ultimate result of the unction of the Father. In effect, they recognize in the incarnation three kinds of birth: the first, the Word begotten of the Father; the second, Christ , begotten of Mary; the third, the Son of Mary, begotten the Son of God the Father by adoption, or by his elevation to the Divine dignity — the work of the Father anointing his Son with the Holy Spirit, whence the name Sons of Grace. However, while rejecting absorption, this latter school refuses to admit the distinction of the two natures. Both schools , moreover, assert that the unification takes place without any blending, with change, without confusion. It is contradiction itself set up as a dogma .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.699210166931152, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The difficulties following from this teaching in regard to the reality of the Redemption, the Monophysite Church calls mysteries; her theologians confess themselves unable to explain them, and simply dismiss them with the word Ba faqadu; it is so, they say, \"by the will of God \". In sympathy with the Church of Constantinople, as soon as it was separated from Rome , the Ethiopian Church in the course of time adopted the Byzantine teaching as to the procession of the Holy Ghost; but this question never was as popular as the Incarnation, and in reference to it the contradictions to be found in the texts of native theologians are even more numerous than those touching on the question of the two natures. Adrift from the Catholic Church on the dogma of the humanity of Christ and the procession of the Holy Spirit, the Ethiopian Church professes all the other articles of faith professed by the Roman Church . We find there seven sacraments , the cultus of the Blessed Virgin and of the saints ; prayers for the dead are held in high honour and fasts without number occur during the liturgical year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615814208984375, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Bible , translated into Gheez, with a collection of decisions of the Councils, called the Synodos, make up the ground-work of all moral and dogmatic teaching. The work of translating the Bible began in Ethiopia about the end of the fifth century, according to some authorities (Guidi, G. Rossini ), or, in the opinion of others, (Méchineau), in the fourth century at the very beginning of the evangelization. Notwithstanding the native claims, their Old Testament is not a translation from the Hebrew, neither is its Arabic origin any more capable of demonstration; Old and New Testaments alike are derived from the Greek. The work was done by many translators, no doubt, and the unity of the version seems to have been brought about only by deliberate effort. At the same time as the Solomonian restoration in the thirteenth century, the whole Bible was revised under the care of the Metropolitan Abba Salama (who is often confounded with St. Frumentius), and the text followed for the Old Testament was the Arabic of Rabbi Saadias Gaon of Fayûm. There was perhaps a second revision in the seventeenth century at the time of the Portuguese missions to the country; it has recently been noticed (Littman, Geschicte der Äthiopischen Literatur). But, just as the great number of translators employed caused the Bible text to be unusual, so also the revision of it was not uniform and official, and consequently the number of variant readings became multiplied. Its canon, too, is practically unsettled and fluctuating. A host of apocryphal or falsely ascribed writings are placed on the same level as the inspired books, among the most esteemed of which we may mention the Book of Henoch, the Kufale, or Little Genesis, the Book of the Mysteries of Heaven and Earth, the Combat of Adam and Eve , the Ascension of Isaias. The Hâymanotâ Abaw (Faith of the Fathers), the \"Mashafa Mestir\" (Book of the Mystery), the \"Mashafa Hawi\" (Book of the Compilations), \"Qérlos\" (Cyrillius), \"Zênâ hâymânot\" (Tradition of the Faith) are among the principal works dealing with matters moral and dogmatic. But, besides the fact that many of the quotations from the Fathers in these works have been modified, many of the canons of the \"Synodos\" are, to say the least, not historical.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.845454216003418, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In the general effect of its liturgical rules the Ethiopian Church is allied to the Coptic Rite. Numerous modifications, and especially additions, have, in the course of time , been introduced into its ritual; but the basic text remains that of Egypt , from which, in many places, it differs only in the language. Its calendar and the distribution of festivals are regulated as in the Coptic Church, though the Ethiopians do not follow the era of the martyrs . The year has 365 days, with a leap year every four years, as in the Julian calendar. Its ordinary year begins on 29 August of the Julian calendar, which corresponds to 11 September of the Gregorian calendar. After a leap year the new year begins on the 30th of August (or 12 September). The year has twelve months of thirty days each, and an added month of six days or of five days — according as the year is a leap year or not. The era followed is seven years behind ours, during the last four months of our year, and eight years during the remaining months. The calendar for each year is arranged in an ecclesiastical synod held in the springtime. It is at this gathering that the dates of the principal movable feasts are settled, as well as the period for the fasts to be observed during the course of the year. The greater feasts of the Ethiopian church are Christmas , the Baptism of Christ , Palm Sunday , Holy Week , Ascension Day , Pentecost, the Transfiguration. A great number of feasts are scattered throughout the year, either on fixed or movable dates, and their number together with the two days every week (Saturday and Sunday) on which work is forbidden reduces by almost one-third the working days of the year. Fasts are observed every Wednesday and Friday, and five times annually during certain periods preceding the great festivals; the fast of Advent , is kept during forty days; of Ninevah, three days; of Lent , fifty-five days; of the Apostles, fifteen days; the fast of the Assumption, fifteen days. Most of the saints honoured in Ethiopia are to be found in the Roman Martyrology. Among the native saints (about forty in all) only a few are recognized by the Catholic Church — St. Frumentius, St. Elesban, the Nine Saints, and St. Taklu Hâymânot. But, deprived of religious instruction, the Ethiopian people mingle with their Christianity many practices which are often opposed to the teaching of the Gospel; some of these seem to have a Jewish origin, such, for instance, as the keeping of the Sabbath , the distinction of animals as clean and unclean , and the custom of marrying a widow to the nearest relative of her deceased husband.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.776450157165527, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Ethiopian Hierarchy is subject to the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria . This dependence on the Coptic Church is regulated by one of the Arabic canons found in the Coptic edition of the Council of Nicea . A delegate from this patriarch, chosen from among the Egyptian bishops , and called the Abouna, governs the Church . All-powerful in matters spiritual, his influence is nevertheless very limited in other directions, owing to the fact that he is a stranger. The administrative authority is vested in the Etchagué, who also has jurisdiction over the regular clergy . This functionary is always chosen from among the monks and is a native. Legislation concerning the clergy is always regulated by a special code, of which the fundamental principles are contained in the Fetha nagasht. Only the regular clergy observe celibacy , and the facility with which orders are conferred makes the number of priests very large.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365946769714355, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Although the races inhabiting Ethiopia have very different origins, only the Semitic family of tongues is represented among them. This is one of the results of the conquest made in olden days by immigrants from the African Continent. Two dialects were spoken by these tribes, the Gheez, which is akin to Sabean, and a speech which is more akin to Mineran, the tongue which later developed into Amharic. In the course of time , Gheez ceased to be a spoken language, but it gave rise to two vernacular dialects, Tigré and Tigraï, which have supplanted it. No longer in popular use, Gheez has always remained the language of the Church and of literature. Amharic did not become a literary language till much later. As for the other two, even in our own day they have hardly begun to be written. The beginnings of Gheez literature are connected with the evangelization of the country. The earliest document we possess is the translation of the Bible , which dates from the fifth, or perhaps the fourth century. Christian in its origins, Gheez literature has remained so in its productions, most of which are apocryphal , hagiographical compositions, or theological works. History and poetry have only a secondary place in it, and these are the only subjects in which we find any original effort; almost everything else is translation from the Greek, Coptic, or Arabic. Most of its manuscripts have come down to us without date or author's name, and it is no easy task to follow the history of letters in this country. As far as we know at present, the fifteenth seems to have been the great literary century of Ethiopia. To the reign of Zar'a Ya'qob (1434-68) belong the principle compositions of which the history is known. The wars against Adal and against Ahmed Ibn Ibraham, in the sixteenth century, arrested this literary movement. The decline began after the civil wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth century, and the coming of Amharic as a literary language completed it. The earliest writings in Amharic date from the fourteenth century, and about the time of the Portuguese mission it was beginning to supplant Gheez. The Jesuits made use of it to reach the people more surely, and henceforward Gheez tends to become almost exclusively a liturgical language. At the present day it is nothing else, Amharic having altogether taken its place in other departments, and it may be that at no distant date Amharic may supplant Gheez even as the language of the Church .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.405449867248535, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Job Ludolf, a German, in the seventeenth century, was the first to organize the study of Ethiopian subjects. To him we owe the first grammar and the first dictionary of the Gheez language. After a period of neglect these studies were taken up once more in the second half of the nineteenth century by Professor Dillman, of Berlin , and besides incomparable works on the grammar and lexicography, we are indebted to him for the publication of many texts. Thanks to the extension of philological, historical, and patristic studies, the study of this language has spread in our own times to a greater and greater degree. Works of the first importance have been published on the literature by Professors Basset, Bezold, Guidi, Littman, and Prætorius, as also by Charles, Esteves-Pereira, Perruchon, and Touraiso. The Amharic, too, has inspired a number of studies, whether of its grammar, of its lexicography, or of its texts; the works of Massaja, Isenberg, d'Abbadic, Prætorius, Guidi, Mondon-Kidailhet, and Afework have served to definitively place it within the domain of Oriental studies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.186736106872559, "source": "search", "title": "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ethiopia - NEW ADVENT" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": " m. from the shore (see Ethiopia , The Axumite Kingdom.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292671203613281, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": ") Christianity was introduced into the country by Frumentius   (q.v.), who was consecrated first bishop of Ethiopia by St Athanasius of Alexandria about a.d. 330. Introduction of Christianity .From the scanty evidence available it would appear that the new religion at first made little progress, and the Axumite kings seem to have been among the latest converts. Towards the close of the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816329002380371, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "), which remained subject to Ethiopia for about fifty years. This was the most flourishing period in the annals of the country. The Ethiopians possessed the richest part of Arabia , carried on a large trade, which extended as far as India and Ceylon , and were in constant communication with the Greek empire . Their expulsion from Arabia , followed by the conquest of Egypt by the Mahommedans in the middle of the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826704025268555, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "th century, changed this state of affairs, and the continued advances of the followers of the Prophet at length cut them off from almost every means of communication with the civilized world; so that, as Gibbon says, “encompassed by the enemies of their religion , the Ethiopians slept for near a thousand years, forgetful of the world by whom they were forgotten.” About a.d. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01279354095459, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "), took their chief prisoner and proclaimed himself negūs negusti of Ethiopia under the name of Theodore III. He now turned his attention to Shoa .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333365440368652, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "contained provisions in view of this contingency. The preamble of the document declared that it was the common interest of the three Powers “to maintain intact the integrity of Ethiopia,” and Article I. provided for their co-operation in maintaining “the political and territorial status quo in Ethiopia.” Should, however, the status quo be disturbed, the powers were to concert to safeguard their special interests. The terms of the agreement were settled in July ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315573692321777, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "), both by H. Weld Blundell, and “From the Somali Coast through S. Ethiopia to the Sudan,” vol. xx. (", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245819091796875, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiop", "passage": "), by C. Neumann; Antoine d'Abbadie, Géographie de l'Ethiopie (Paris,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99106502532959, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiop", "passage": "). L. J. Morié's Histoire de l'Ethiopie: Tome ii, “L'Abyssinie” (Paris,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.253642082214355, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Etiopia", "passage": "), is a comprehensive survey (the views on modern affairs being coloured by a strong anti-British bias). For more detailed historical study consult C. Beccari's Notizia e Saggi di opere e documenti inediti riguardanti la Storia di Etiopia durante i Secoli XVI., XVII. e XVIII. (Rome,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08271598815918, "source": "search", "title": "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia - Wikisource, the ..." }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Emperors of Ethiopia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449804306030273, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "A significant traditional empire that fits only imperfectly into the system of Empires discussed in the Index to Lists of Rulers is Ethiopia -- Latin Aethiopia (Æthiopia), from Greek", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187949180603027, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "since the Ethiopian emperor was styled the Negus Negast, the \"King of Kings,\" as were the Kings of Assyria (Shar Sharim) and the Shâhs of Persia and Iran (Xshayathiya Xshayathiyanam, Shâhanshâh).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133729934692383, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia was its own kind of cultural island universe for centuries, a beleaguered bastion of Christianity in an isolating sea of Islâm, a successor, not just to the Middle Eastern traditions through Yemen , but to the original Ethiopia of the Greeks, the sub-Egyptian kingdom of Kush,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872604370117188, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "After centuries of isolation by Islâm, an important chapter in the history of Ethiopia came when the Portuguese appeared in the Indian Ocean. They had heard rumors of a mythical Christian kingdom, in Asia or Africa, ruled by the saintly \"Prester John,\" surrounded and isolated by enemies of Christianity. One possible source of this story was the Empire of Black Cathay (the Qara-Khitaï or Western Liao Dynasty) in Central Asia, whose rulers, with names like \"David\" and \"Elias,\" for a time were Nestorian Christians. But when the Portuguese arrived in East Africa, they soon heard of a place there that seemed to fit the description:  Ethiopia. Contact, once established, came at a critical moment. Portuguese influence stimulated and aided Ethiopia when it was under serious threat from the triumphant Ottoman Empire , who control extended all the way to Yemen and whose powerful influence crossed the Strait to Africa. Portuguese firearms, delivered after an appeal for help by the Emperor Lebna Dengel in 1535, enabled the Emperor Galawedos to defeat the Imam of Harer, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, leader of Moslem forces, who was killed in a great battle in 1543. The Portuguese presence included attempts to convert the country to Roman Catholicism, and for a time there were rival Metropolitans of Ethiopia. Portuguese influence, however, was ultimately rejected, since Ethiopia was religiously Coptic and Monophysite , not Roman Catholic; and the Catholic challenge stimulated a literary and theological response.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.014094352722168, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia was finally only conquered, briefly, between 1936 and 1941, by Italy, not, significantly, in the 19th century \"scramble for Africa,\" but in the age of totalitarian conquest in the 1930's. This was Mussolini's revenge for what had happened in the 19th century:  That was the Emperor Menelik II's extraordinary defeat of an Italian army in 1896. Ranking with the later defeat of Russia by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War as one of the great setbacks of European imperialism, the Battle of Adwa is often misrepresented as an army of Africans with spears somehow beating the Italians. This overlooks a number of facts:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.760817527770996, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Ethiopia may have been backward, but it was a vastly more sophisticated state than anything else in sub-Saharan Africa. Menelik was able to mobilize an army of 100,000 men. As it happened, the Italian force, largely Eritreans trained by Italy, was only 35,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.747456550598145, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "This army was equipped with modern weapons thanks to Ethiopia's relationship with France. The Italians seem to have been unaware, out of a not uncommon European arrogance at the time, that the Ethiopians could put so many men in the field, or that they could be so well equipped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.241804122924805, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Italians made one final miscalculation. They unfortunately scheduled an early morning surprise attack on the Ethiopian force for a Sunday, not realizing that Coptic Mass was held at 4 AM!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49966049194336, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Fully awake and informed, Menelik attacked first, at 5:30 AM, and killed, wounded, or captured fully 70% of the Italian army. This preserved Ethiopia from foreign conquest until, in the 1930's, the confused Allies of World War I determined to appease Fascism rather than oppose it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229281425476074, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In the face of Italian aggression, France abandoned its diplomatic and material support of Ethiopia. France and Britain decided that an arms embargo on \"all belligerents\" was the moral response to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia; and the Italians, who of course made their own arms, actually used poison gas against Ethiopian forces. Thus, Ethiopia fell to Mussolini, not because it was backward, like the Congo (although it was pretty backward relative to Italy), but because it was abandoned, like Czechoslovakia. After Italy entered World War II, however, the liberation of Ethiopia was set in motion, and the Italians, who had committed many atrocities against the constant resistance of the Ethiopian people during the occupation, were easily defeated by the British in 1941, but with some resistance continuing until 1943.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585531234741211, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "the Coptic Patriarchs of Alexandria was appointing the Archbishop and Primate of Ethiopia, the Abune or Abuna (Arabic for \"Our Father\"). The first such appointee was Frumentius (Abune Selama I Kesatay Birhan), a Syrian who had been living at the Ethiopian court for some time and journeyed to Alexandria in order to ask for a Bishop to be appointed. Traditionally, it is supposed to have been St. Athanasius himself who then appointed Frumentius to the post. However, the known dates of Athanasius (328-373) are a bit late for a traditonal date of Frumentius's trip (c. 305 AD), although all the dating of the period is very uncertain; and we also see a chronology where Frumentius did not journey to Ethiopia until after 316 AD and was not consecrated, by Athanasius, until between 340 and 346, dying around 383. Given such uncertainties, it is possible that Ethiopia, rather than Armenia , which is often given the credit, was the first officially Christian country in the world. Or it may simply be that Constantine's Rome was, after all, the first Christian country. But Ethiopia, despite its apparent remoteness, is definitely part of the ferment of the times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.989192962646484, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The Ethiopian practice of carving churches out of the living volcanic rock produced monuments that are close to unique in the world. There is a fair amount of this done in India, but nothing like it elsewhere in Christendom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210698127746582, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "After the advent of Islâm, communication between the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria and Ethiopia was unreliable and often interrupted; but in the 12th century, regular appointments were resumed. Also, the See was often vacant at least because of the time necessary to procure an appointment from the Patriarch. I have not indicated these gaps because of their frequency, but they can be inferred once the dating becomes more definite. It was always an Egyptian Coptic monk who was appointed; and by the 20th century, Ethiopians were beginning to think that maybe it was time for an Ethiopian to be Primate of Ethiopia. Negotiations over this in 1929 still resulted in an Egyptian monk as Archbishop and Primate, the Abuna Kerlos (Kyrllos, Qerellos), but with four Ethiopians concecrated as Bishops. A full transition would be delayed until after World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.259709358215332, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In the table, Primates appointed under the authority of the Coptic Patriarch are in green. The Abuna Kerlos (Qerellos IV) was deposed by the Italians after he fled to Egypt and denounced the Italian occupation. However, previous to that he had negotiated with the Italians, even in Rome, and many people thought of him as compromised and a collaborator because of this. His successor, appointed by the Italians, Abuna Abraham, was excommunicated by the Coptic Patriarch. When Haile Selassie returned to Ethiopia he was not accompanied by Kerlos, who remained in exile in Egypt, but by Gebre Giyorgis, who would be consecrated Abuna Basilos in 1948. After Kerlos died in 1950, Basilos became the Primate. In 1959 the Ethiopian Church was reestablished as an autocephalous Patriarchate, although still in communion, of course, with Alexandria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.551133155822754, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "His successor, however, Abuna Merkorios, was deposed once the dictatorship ended in 1991. Unfortunately, this resulted in a schism, with Merkorios founding his own Church in exile, while the new Abuna Poulos (at left) reigned in Ethiopia. With all the political upheaval in the recent history of Ethiopia, it is perhaps surprising that something like this hadn't happened already.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884512901306152, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The period of the strongest Portuguese presence in Ethiopia also meant that there were attempts by the Portuguese to convert the country to Catholicism. The result was at least three Portuguese Catholic Primates, either, briefly, in undisputed possession of the See or as rivals to Coptic Primates. As the immediate threat of the Turks began to pass, both the help and the interference of the Portuguese could be rejected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.835689544677734, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "There has long been a presence of the Ethiopian Church in Jerusalem. This includes a monastery on the actual roof of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Ethiopian institution is called the Ethiopian Patriarchate of Jerusalem , but there have never been actual Ethiopian Patriarchs in residence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53813648223877, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The list of Emperor and Primates of Ethiopia is largely based on Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies , with some modification based on lists at Wikipedia. Some alternative dates and Ethiopian readings of names are gleaned from A History of Ethiopia, by Harold G. Marcus [University of California Press, 1994], from Ancient Ethiopia, by David W. Phillipson [British Museum Press, 1998], and from a History of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church website. The photographs of Aksum Stela 3 are from Phillipson. With so many uncertainties in the chronology, very different lists of Emperors, with different dates, may be seen. Gordon gives no less than three lists on his webpage, and one is left with the impession that these may actually reflect different lineages at different locations. I have mixed the lists, beginning with the traditional one that starts with Menelik I but then shifting away when that list doesn't feature Ezanas II. Lists exist that trace the genealogy of the Emperors all the way back to Adam and Eve, with a span of 6500 years. Many people take this sort of thing seriously, and one correspondent has objected to the characterization of Menelik I as \"legendary.\" However, Adam and Eve are not historical persons and much of Ethiopian history even since Ezanas II is not well attested or dated. Even with Melelik I, traditional dates, e.g. 204-179 BC, are far too late for him to have been a son of King Solomon , who now is dated to 970-931 BC. Ethiopia is certainly interesting and important enough without giving credence to pious or nationalistic exaggerations. The uncertainties and gaps are as great with the Primates as with many of the Emperors of Ethiopia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.528461456298828, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "One curious feature about Ethiopia in the 20th Century is that, although its national religion remained confined to its homeland and to expatriot communities, the existence of the Empire, at a time when only one other black state in Africa was independent, inspired relgious developments elsewhere. In distant Jamaica a movement began that exalted Ethiopia to heavenly and the Emperor of the time, Haile Selassie, to divine status.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841094017028809, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "This movement came to be known as Ras Tafarianism, after Haile Selassie's pre-Imperial name and title (Ras). A long, ropy hairdo, \"dreadlocks,\" and marijuana (ganja) smoking became associated with the movement, which seemed threatening to many, with little back-to-Africa or self-improvement overtones, but a great deal of what seemed at the time threatening behavior and rhetoric. Late in his life, Haile Selassie actually visited Jamaica. He had previously not heard of this movement and was exceedingly puzzled, if not unsettled, by it, as a man might be whose name means \"Faith in the Trinity\" -- though a correspondent has disputed this, saying that the Emperor was actually invited to Jamaica by visiting Rastafarians and knew about them. Be that as it may, he cannot have endorsed the heretical tenets and practices of such a faith. The movement came to international attention mainly through the success of the splendid Reggae music in the 1970's, when musicians like the late Bob Marley (sporting dreadlocks) and Jimmy Cliff found success and celebrity all over the world. As a result of Haile Selassie's visit and local contact with Ethiopia, Ethiopian Coptic churches did open in Jamaica and the West Indies, attracting converts and Rastafarians who either understood that Haile Selassie was not God in Ethiopian Christianity, were disillusioned, or who determined to join the historic Church whatever its teaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.172171592712402, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "If Ras Tafarianism might have seemed confused to Ethiopians, the popularity of Islâm among black nationalists in the United States and elsewhere must be positively galling. While Ethiopia had preserved its independence and Christian religion for centuries against Islâm , constantly enduring the depredations of Arab slavers, many, or most, of whose male victims were castrated, many foreign blacks now blame and reject Christianity for the Atlantic slave trade which took their ancestors to the New World. Bill Clinton's attempt on a trip to Africa to even apologize for the slave trade was actually rebuked by the President of Uganda, who said that the African chiefs who sold their people to the slavers were really the ones at fault (and still at fault, since it turns out that the West African slave trade still exists, at least in children). Indeed, the Atlantic slave trade simply meant that native West African slavers sold their wares south to the coast rather than north to the trans-Saharan trade, which had already been going on for centuries, probably exacting as great a human toll as the Atlantic trade and noticeably leaving few suriviving blacks, of all those imported, in the Middle East. Although himself a political radical of a harsh, Marxist sort, it is noteworthy that Princeton professor Cornell West (advisor of Democrat Presidential hopeful Bill Bradley in the 2000 campaign) retains his own Christianity, was married to an Ethiopian woman, and avoids the pro-Islâmic idealizations (and anti-Semitism) of many other American black radicals. Ethiopia and her religion thus receive some respect from a source that, in general, one might have expected to be relatively unaware of the country and relatively hostile to the religion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.468334197998047, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "In its long isolation, Ethiopia produced from the old South Arabian alphabet a unique and beautiful syllabary, which is still used to write modern languages like Amharic. This contributed one rich aspect to the island universe of Ethiopian civilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16757583618164, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiop", "passage": "Since there are now \" afrocentrist \" claims current that the Ethiopic alphabet was not based on the old South Arabian alphabet, it is worth comparing the two in the table at right. Not only are many of the letters obviously identical, but Ethiopic even preserves most of the South Arabian alphabetical order, which is distinct from the one that we find in Hebrew, Greek, or Arabic. Ethiopic also made some of the same slight alterations in the ancient letters as Greek, producing recognizable counterparts to lambda, omicron, and theta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21965217590332, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "Why it is thought necessary to take something already splendid and extraordinary and trivialize it with exaggerated claims is sad but not surprising, since it is of a piece with many examples of inflated ethnic (in this case racial) self-importance, as I have noted elsewhere in regard to the the Greeks and India . The splendor of Ethiopia in its history, geography, architecure, and language is little enough known as it is, even as its long struggle against Islâm is ignored in the assault of Western secularists against Christianity and the sympathy of the Left for Islamic Fascism . Until the world is even aware of the Ethiopic syllabary, strange claims about it only obscure the struggle for that awareness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.715251922607422, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The isolation of Ethiopia, which for so long protected and preserved its civilization and religion in the Abyssinian mountain fastness, also served to keep it, as with many areas in Africa, out of the mainstream of international economic development. It has long been one of the poorest countries in the world. As of 2008, Ethiopia still had the third lowest annual GDP per capita in the world, only $140 [The Economist Pocket World in Figures 2008, p.28]. This meant that the average Ethiopian, 80% of whom were engaged in subsistence agriculture, was living on only 38¢ per day. With prices adjusted for Purchasing Power Party (PPP), the picture improves, with Ethiopia rising to only the 14th poorest; but this is still with only 2.4% of of the per capita GDP of the United States [p.29]. At the same time, the Ethiopian economy has been growing rapidly, at as much as 10% per year; and in PPP the per capita GNP may now be up to $1000 or $1500. But this is a lot of ground to make up. One advantage the country has now is its relative remove from the turmoil of Islamic countries, which, with the majesty of the land and the splendor of its monuments, should make the country relatively attractive both for tourism and for investment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.483635902404785, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "One irony of Ethiopia's isolation and poverty is that it has contributed to world culture one of the prinicpal, indeed signature, products of modernity:  coffee. The legend is that in the 9th-century a goatherder named Kaldi noticed that his goats became excited after eating the beans of the Coffea arabica plant. This account, however, is not attested before 1671; and no evidence appears to exist for coffee drinking until the 15th century in Yemen, whence the beans had been brought from Ethiopia. We get the name of the substance from Yemen,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.182938575744629, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" }, { "answer": "Ethiopia", "passage": "The best coffees are still grown in tropical highlands that mimic the climate of Ethiopia and Yemen, namely places like Indonesia, Hispaniola, Columbia, Hawaii, etc. This is therefore an area where Ethiopia might devote some effort in its economic development, with the chance to advance its claim as the original coffee producer and to cultivate and market the best coffees that can be made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.121421813964844, "source": "search", "title": "Emperors of Ethiopia, Abyssinia - Friesian School" } ]

[ { "answer": "1940s", "passage": "1940s", "precise_score": -8.51515007019043, "rough_score": -11.236725807189941, "source": "search", "title": "20th Century History Timeline – Decade by Decade" } ]

[ { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was a prominent American architect. An early proponent of skyscrapers in works like the Woolworth Building, Gilbert was also responsible for numerous museums (Saint Louis Art Museum) and libraries (Saint Louis Public Library), state capitol buildings (the Minnesota, Arkansas and West Virginia State Capitols, for example) as well as public architectural icons like the United States Supreme Court building. His public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and Renaissance humanism. Gilbert's achievements were recognized in his lifetime; he served as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908-09.", "precise_score": 5.999800682067871, "rough_score": 5.346042633056641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Cass Gilbert is often confused with Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert, another prominent architect of the time. Cass Gilbert designed the famous Woolworth Building skyscraper on Broadway for Frank W. Woolworth, while Woolworth's personal mansion was designed by C.P.H. Gilbert. The Ukrainian Institute building on Manhattan's 5th Avenue is the work of C.P.H. Gilbert, and often incorrectly attributed to Cass Gilbert. ", "precise_score": 4.982720375061035, "rough_score": 6.382565498352051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Cass Gilbert was a famous twin cities architect. While much of his career was spent designing houses and apartment buildings, he caught a major career break in landing the project to design the Minnesota State Capitol building. This brought fame to Gilbert, which allowed him to take on other world famous building projects including a building that would be the tallest skyscraper in the world. But as Gilbert's star rose, the Minnesota natives turned their back on him, forcing him to ultimately leave his twin cities home.", "precise_score": 6.776423931121826, "rough_score": 6.123518943786621, "source": "search", "title": "Cass Gilbert Buildings - John A. Weeks III" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Heilbrun says \"Gilbert's pioneering buildings injected vitality into skyscraper design, and his 'Gothic skyscraper,' epitomized by the Woolworth Building, profoundly influenced architects during the first decades of the twentieth century.\" Christen and Flanders note that his reputation among architectural critics went into eclipse during the age of modernism, but has since rebounded because of \"respect for the integrity and classic beauty of his masterworks.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9072442054748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Gilbert was a skyscraper pioneer; when designing the Woolworth Building he moved into unproven ground — though he certainly was aware of the ground-breaking work done by Chicago architects on skyscrapers and once discussed merging firms with the legendary Daniel Burnham — and his technique of cladding a steel frame became the model for decades. Modernists embraced his work: John Marin painted it several times; even Frank Lloyd Wright praised the lines of the building, though he decried the ornamentation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.11702242493629456, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Gilbert was one of the first celebrity architects in America, designing skyscrapers in New York City and Cincinnati, campus buildings at Oberlin College and the University of Texas at Austin, state capitols in Minnesota and West Virginia, the support towers of the George Washington Bridge, various railroad stations (including the New Haven Union Station, 1920), and the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C.. His reputation declined among some professionals during the age of Modernism, but he was on the design committee that guided and eventually approved the modernist design of Manhattan's groundbreaking Rockefeller Center: when considering Gilbert's body of works as whole, it is more eclectic than many critics admit. In particular, his Union Station in New Haven lacks the embellishments common of the Beaux-Arts period, and contains the simple lines common in Modernism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6640702486038208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Gilbert wrote to a colleague, \"I sometimes wish I had never built the Woolworth Building because I fear it may be regarded as my only work and you and I both know that whatever it may be in dimension and in certain lines it is after all only skyscraper.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.501199722290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "**A 12-story early skyscraper based on the construction principles of a classical column.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060585021972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "**A Gothic Revival skyscraper clad in glazed terracotta panels, it was the tallest building in the world when built. Bas-reliefs in the lobby depict Woolworth and Gilbert with Woolworth holding nickels and dimes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5670247077941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cass Gilbert" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "That, however, is not the end of the Cass Gilbert story. Rather, it was just the start of his career as a nationally known architectural superstar. Unlike Frank Lloyd Wright, who dreamed up a lot of projects, Cass Gilbert's projects ended up being built. This included two more state capitols, the Woolworth Building in New York City, and the US Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC. The Woolworth Building was the tallest skyscraper in the world from 1913 to 1930.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.686457633972168, "source": "search", "title": "Cass Gilbert Buildings - John A. Weeks III" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "I sometimes wish I had never built the Woolworth Building because I fear it may be regarded as my only work and you and I both know that whatever it may be in dimension and in certain lines it is after all only a skyscraper.\" The architect Cass Gilbert wrote these words to his colleague Ralph Adams Cram in 1920 about the building that is generally considered to be his masterpiece. Gilbert was not being falsely modest: When the Woolworth Building was finished in 1913, it was the tallest building in the world, widely acclaimed for the beauty of its Gothic detail and the grace with which it seemed to blend modernist energy and traditional architectural form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9770604372024536, "source": "search", "title": "Cass Gilbert | Architectural Digest" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Curiously for a man who was the farthest thing imaginable from a proto-Donald Trump, Gilbert's reputation is about to be tied even more to his great skyscraper, sixty-six years after his death. The owners of the landmark building—conscious of the huge demand for housing in lower Manhattan—have announced plans to convert the upper floors of the Woolworth Building into condominium apartments. You can't live in the Empire State Building—at least not yet—but if the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission approves the plans filed by Skidmore, Owings Merrill to redesign the interior of the slender tower section of the Woolworth Building (and add a pair of discreet rooftop penthouses), you will be able to live in what is still, eighty-eight years after its completion, one of the world's iconic skyscrapers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.983423709869385, "source": "search", "title": "Cass Gilbert | Architectural Digest" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "It is a story of a client, Frank W. Woolworth, who made a fortune in five-and-tens and wanted to build a symbol of his corporate power (which he paid for in cash, all $13.5 million of it), and of an architect who found in this commission the perfect blend of his romantic and his pragmatic instincts. Gilbert selected an ambiguous mixture of Belgian and French Gothic as the basic style, since he understood, just as completely as Louis Sullivan did, that the skyscraper had to express verticality if it was to have meaning as a new kind of building form—and what expressed verticality more clearly than the Gothic? And yet he also knew that no cathedral was 792 feet high and contained fifty-five floors of offices, so he had to be inventive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.922374725341797, "source": "search", "title": "Cass Gilbert | Architectural Digest" }, { "answer": "Skyscraper", "passage": "Gilbert's ideas had actually begun to form several years earlier, when he designed the West Street Building, a few blocks south of the Woolworth. It was his first attempt to design a Gothic skyscraper, and while only a compromised version of it was built (a central tower was omitted, presumably for reasons of cost), its elegance attracted Frank Woolworth and led him to approach Gilbert when he was ready to design his own building. For Woolworth, Gilbert first produced a larger version of the West Street Building, and then, as architect and client worked together, the skyscraper became taller, somewhat sleeker, lighter and thinner in its feeling and more expressive of height.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2977979183197021, "source": "search", "title": "Cass Gilbert | Architectural Digest" } ]

[ { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critically successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including \"Like a Virgin\", \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"Like a Prayer\", \"Vogue\", \"Take a Bow\", \"Frozen\", \"Music\", \"Hung Up\", and \"4 Minutes\".", "precise_score": 6.051925182342529, "rough_score": 2.901254653930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna was born to Catholic parents Silvio Anthony \"Tony\" Ciccone (b. 1931) and Madonna Louise Fortin (c. 1933 – December 1, 1963) in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father's parents were immigrants from Pacentro, Italy, while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her \"Little Nonni\". She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962). ", "precise_score": 7.300808429718018, "rough_score": 5.062487602233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna was born on August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan, United States. Her full name is Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone and currently has 56 years old today. His hits include the song include, “Like a Virgin” from the year 1984, “La Isla Bonita” in the year 1987, “like a prayer” in 1989 and “Hung Up” in 2005), it also became actress, acting in the film, “Evita”, released in 1996. The American singer is one of the artists with greater commercial success of the last century.", "precise_score": 8.035776138305664, "rough_score": 7.343361854553223, "source": "search", "title": "Where was Madonna born?" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Michigan Rock & Roll Legends, as part of their \"Bay City's Madonna Tour\" on their website, writes that Madonna \"was born in Mercy Hospital at 7:05 a.m. on August 16, 1958, in the Maternity Ward on the 4th floor\". \"The physician who brought Madonna into this world was Dr. Abraham Jacoby\". [1]", "precise_score": 6.661023139953613, "rough_score": 3.788546085357666, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna, horoscope for birth date 16 August 1958, born in ..." }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Born Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958, to parents Silvio \"Tony\" Ciccone and Madonna Fortin. Tony, the son of Italian immigrants, was the first of his family to go to college, where he earned a degree in engineering. Madonna's mother, an x-ray technician and former dancer, was of French Canadian descent. After their marriage in 1955, the couple moved to Pontiac, Michigan, to be close to Tony's job as a defense engineer. Madonna was born three years later, during a visit with family in Bay City. The third of six children, Madonna learned early on how to handle her role as the middle child, admitting that she was \"the sissy of the family\" who often used her feminine wiles to get her way.", "precise_score": 6.71134090423584, "rough_score": 5.141818523406982, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna biography, birth date, birth place and pictures" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone was born August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan. In 1977 Madonna dropped out of college at the University of Michigan to move to New York to study with Alvin Ailey for a career as a dancer. By 1979 she had signed on to dance and sing behind Disco performer Patrick Hernandez who had a major hit with \"Born To Be Alive.\" Upon returning to New York, she helped form the Breakfast Club pop/dance group.", "precise_score": 7.586727619171143, "rough_score": 6.105576515197754, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna Profile - Birth, Trivia, and Career" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna later attended Rochester Adams High School where she became a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad. After graduating, she received a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, and attended the American Dance Festival over the summer. She convinced her father to allow her to take ballet lessons and was persuaded by Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher, to pursue a career in dance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.470546245574951, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna released the song \"Hey You\" for the Live Earth series of concerts. The song was available as a free download during its first week of release. She also performed it at the London Live Earth concert. Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and a new $120 million, ten-year 360 deal with Live Nation. She produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians. The documentary was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna's gardener. She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations. The Times said she had \"done herself proud\" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as \"not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job.\" On March 10, 2008, Madonna was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility. Madonna did not sing at the ceremony but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs \"Burning Up\" and \"Ray of Light\". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow her dreams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.960421085357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Madonna (entertainer)" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "On this day in 1958, Madonna Louise Ciccone, the entertainment icon later known around the world by her first name only, is born near Detroit, Michigan. After rising to stardom as a pop singer and dancer in the 1980s, Madonna added acting to her resume, with roles in such films as Desperately Seeking Susan, Dick Tracy, A League of Their Own and Evita. The provocative performer, who often tackled sexual and religious themes in her work, also became famous for her ever-changing hairstyles and fashion sense as well as her personal life, which remains an ongoing source of fascination to the tabloid media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5120396614074707, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna born - Aug 16, 1958 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna was raised in a Catholic family in the suburbs of Detroit. After dropping out of the University of Michigan in 1978, the future “Material Girl” moved to New York City to become a dancer. She burst onto the music scene in 1982 with her dance single “Everybody,” which was followed by her self-titled debut album in 1983. She performed the title track of her second album, Like a Virgin, at the first MTV Video Music Awards in 1984, wearing her trademark “Boy Toy” belt. Like a Virgin, Madonna’s first album to reach the No. 1 spot on the music charts, was followed by True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989), both of which also reached the top of the charts and helped establish her as one of the best-selling artists of the 1980s. Other albums have included Bedtime Stories (1994), Ray of Light (1998), Music (2000), American Life (2003), Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005) and Hard Candy (2008). In March 2008, the chameleonic hitmaker was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8710169792175293, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna born - Aug 16, 1958 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "She grew up in modest conditions. When he was six years old, her mother died of breast cancer. His father was hard with her and heavy-handed, and later she moved with his grandmother to Detroit. As a child, he showed great ambitions. In addition to the school, he took piano and ballet lessons. After temporarily studying jazz dance and dance modern in the University of Michigan, he moved to New York, when he was 17 years old. Here, life was not easy, however, had to make a living as a student and nude model. He had his first musical experience when I make the commercial band “Breakfast Club”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227952003479004, "source": "search", "title": "Where was Madonna born?" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna and her five siblings were raised in a Catholic family, her father having Italian ancestry and her mother of French-Canadian background. When she was six, her mother died from breast cancer. In 1966, her father married the family's housekeeper, and they had two children. Madonna started a resentment toward him that lasted for decades, along with her well-known rebellious attitude. Yet at high school she became a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad. She received a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan, dropping out in 1978. She relocated to New York City where she worked at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3361194133758545, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna, horoscope for birth date 16 August 1958, born in ..." }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "She grew up in an Italian-American household and was a straight A student, as well as a cheerleader, in high school. After earning a degree from the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, she moved to New York City to pursue dance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060966491699219, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna net worth is estimated at $800 million. Material girl Madonna is one of the biggest stars of a generation, and officially the most successful female solo artist. Born in Bay City, Michigan in 1958, pop music singer Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone’s parents’ strict observation of the Catholic faith played a crucial role in her childhood which later became the subject of her controversial works. The loss of her mother at the age of five made her determined to make her voice heard, and eventually she rebelled against her traditional upbringing and rejected her religious background. A disciplined and scholarship winner dancer, Madonna dropped out of college and moved to New York to further her dance skills. She did various odd jobs for her survival, and gradually fell in love with the combination of dance and music and went on to form several different bands of her own, this was how Madonna net worth began. Her first single ‘Everybody’ became a club hit and she used this success as leverage, and went on to record her full length album, Madonna in 1983. Madonna’s distinct sense of fashion, lace lingerie, fishnet stockings and large crucifix necklaces made a statement among the girls all over the country, and she became a sensation on the male dominated music scene of the 80s. Madonna’s life became a whirlwind of activity; she acted in movies, continued to deliver more hit albums which eventually augmented Madonna net worth. Despite of her scandalous behavior and performances exploring religious symbolism and sexual themes, she became more popular than ever, and achieved 21 Top 10 hits with more than 70 million albums sold internationally expanding Madonna net worth  in return. Listed as world’s wealthiest female musician by Forbes, Madonna lived up to her name and proven her versatility as a star in both music and films. There is nothing this woman can’t do; she’s an author of adult and child books, a self-marketing genius, a philanthropist and a Kabbalah sexpot, these are all plus factor to Madonna net worth. She’s one of the most diverse music stars with a sexiness that extends way beyond her looks. This pop icon survived many broke relationships, and now has reinvented herself as a more mature and family friendly Madonna by marrying British film director Guy Rithcie. Both now reportedly lives in London, as Madonna loves to become the classic British lady, and always wanted to live in the countryside.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.955599308013916, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Bornrich" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "The remarkable, hyper-ambitious Material Girl who never stops reinventing herself, Madonna is a seven-time Grammy Award-winner who has sold over three hundred million records and CDs to adoring fans worldwide. Her film career, however, is another story. Her performances have consistently drawn scathing or laughable reviews from film critics, and the films have usually had tepid, if any, success at the box office. Born Madonna Louise Ciccone in August 1958 in Bay City, Michigan, she is the daughter of Madonna Louise Fortin and Silvio Ciccone , an engineer designer for car companies. Her father was of Italian descent (from a family from Pacentro) and her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. She moved to New York in 1978 and studied with renowned choreographer Alvin Ailey , joined up with the Patrick Hernandez Revue, formed a pop/dance band called \"Breakfast Club\" and began working with then-boyfriend Stephen Bray on recording several disco-oriented songs. New York producer/D.J. Mark Kamins passed her demo tapes to Sire Records in early 1982 and the rest is history. The 1980s was Madonna's boom decade, and she dominated the music charts with a succession of multimillion-selling albums, and her musical and fashion influence on young women was felt around the globe. Madonna first appeared on screen in two low-budget films marketed to an adolescent audience: A Certain Sacrifice (1985) and Vision Quest (1985). However, she scored a minor cult hit with Desperately Seeking Susan (1985) starring alongside spunky Rosanna Arquette . Madonna's next effort with then husband Sean Penn , Shanghai Surprise (1986), was savaged by critics, although the resilient star managed to somewhat improve her standing with her next two films, the off-beat Who's That Girl (1987) (although she did receive decidedly mixed reviews, they weren't as negative as those of her previous effort) and the quirky Damon Runyon -inspired Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989). The big-budget and star-filled Dick Tracy (1990) had her playing bad girl \"Breathless Mahoney\" flirting with Warren Beatty , but the epic failed to catch fire at the box office. Taking an earthier role, Madonna was much more entertaining alongside Tom Hanks and Geena Davis in A League of Their Own (1992), a story about female baseball players during W.W.II. However, she again drew the wrath of critics with the whodunit Body of Evidence (1993), an obvious (and lame) attempt to cash in on the success of the sexy Sharon Stone thriller Basic Instinct (1992). Several other minor screen roles followed, then Madonna starred as Eva Perón in Evita (1996), a fairly well received screen adaptation of the hugely successful Broadway musical, for which she received a Golden Globe for Best Actress. The Material Girl stayed away from the movie cameras for several years, returning to co-star in the lukewarm romantic comedy The Next Best Thing (2000), followed by the painful Swept Away (2002) for husband Guy Ritchie . If those films weren't bad enough, she was woefully miscast as a vampish fencing instructor in the James Bond adventure Die Another Day (2002). After finally admitting that her acting days were over, Madonna began a directing career in 2008 with the barely remembered Filth and Wisdom (2008) and a year later she reunited with Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991) director Alek Keshishian to develop a script about the relationship between the Duke of Windsor and the Duchess of Windsor that led to his abdication in 1936: the result, a movie named W.E. (2011), starring James D'Arcy and Andrea Riseborough as the infernal but still royal couple, was released in 2011 to lukewarm critics but it gathered one Oscar nomination for costumes and won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song for \"Masterpiece\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.238246917724609, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Graduated from Rochester Adams High School in Rochester, Michigan, class of 1976. Won a scholarship to study modern dance and drama for 3 semesters at the University of Michigan. Other alumni of Rochester Adams High School include her brother-in-law Joe Henry , Karen Moncrieff , David Geister .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29461669921875, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Attended West Junior High in Rochester Hills, Michigan for the 8th grade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4739990234375, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Her parents were married at Visitation Catholic Church in Bay City, Michigan on July 2, 1955.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14094066619873, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Her mother and her two uncles were buried at Calvary Cemetery in Bay City, Michigan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297913551330566, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Had lived in Pontiac, Michigan before living in Rochester Hills from 6th grade until she moved away to college.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433216094970703, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Was born at Bay City Mercy Hospital in Bay City, Michigan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.383590698242188, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Her father and stepmother, Silvio Ciccone & Joan Ciccone , own and operate the award- winning Ciccone Vineyard and Winery in Suttons Bay, Michigan, just outside of Traverse City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458090782165527, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Childhood friend of Moira McFarland-Messana from Michigan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4507474899292, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Attended Rochester Adams High School in Rochester, Michigan, the same high school attended by Karen Moncrieff , Joe Henry and David Geister .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371743202209473, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "But Madonna balanced this insubordinate side of her personality with a drive for perfectionism and high-achievement. She was a straight-A student, cheerleader, and disciplined dancer who graduated from high school a semester earlier than her peers. In 1976, her hard work earned her the attentions of the University of Michigan, which offered her a full scholarship to their dance program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9453959465026855, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna biography, birth date, birth place and pictures" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "In 1977, during her undergraduate studies at Michigan, Madonna was awarded a six-week scholarship to study with the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York City, followed by a rare opportunity to perform with choreographer Pearl Lang in 1978. At the urging of her dance instructor, the budding star dropped out of college after only two years of study in order to move to New York and further her dance career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.231139898300171, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna biography, birth date, birth place and pictures" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "August 16, 1958 - Bay City, Michigan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354029655456543, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna Profile - Birth, Trivia, and Career" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "Madonna was a dance major at the University of Michigan before dropping out of college.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.977654218673706, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna Profile - Birth, Trivia, and Career" }, { "answer": "Michigan", "passage": "From Michigan To New York:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38853931427002, "source": "search", "title": "Madonna Profile - Birth, Trivia, and Career" } ]

[ { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online", "precise_score": -7.923437595367432, "rough_score": -5.8303022384643555, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Sugar & Spike #94 1971 Sheldon Mayer DC Comics v", "precise_score": 3.224601984024048, "rough_score": -0.5409594178199768, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "DC Comics SUGAR And SPIKE #73 VG/FN 5.0", "precise_score": 1.9025042057037354, "rough_score": -1.706603765487671, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "THE BEST OF DC BLUE RIBBON DIGEST # 47 SUGAR AND SPIKE SHELDON MAYER COMICS", "precise_score": 3.34098744392395, "rough_score": -2.945199966430664, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "DC Comic! Sugar and Spike! Issue 85!", "precise_score": 2.4416232109069824, "rough_score": -4.249934673309326, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "SUGAR AND SPIKE #78 (1968) DC Comics VG+", "precise_score": 3.7089033126831055, "rough_score": -0.2574954628944397, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike at the lowest prices anywhere online.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514516830444336, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "SPIKE - A Dark Place TPB Comic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.3368501663208, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "GOLDEN AGE 1944 #11 SCREAM COMICS 10 cent SPIKE / STUPIE cover rough bright col", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146113395690918, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike Omnibus Graphic Novel from IDW", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069777488708496, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Sugar And Spike Archives HC Vol 1 DC Silver Age classics Sheldon Mayer humor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860079765319824, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "1000 Ways To Die TPB ~ Zenescope / Spike TV", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.583803176879883, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "*1st ED* *UNREAD* Buffy the Vampire Slayer S8 1-40 \"A\" Covers + Willow/Spike NM", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371718406677246, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "SPIKE -- A Dark Place TPB -- Victor Gischler -- Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318025588989258, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Vintage Spike Kelly of the Commandos Better Little Book WWII #1467", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988362312316895, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike After the Fall (2008) SET#1-4, New/NM", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415075302124023, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "SUGAR AND SPIKE #74 COVER ART, original approval cover proof 1960'S, SLED, SNOW", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.759649276733398, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "DC Archive Editions: Sugar and Spike vol. 1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.014130592346191, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike: A Dark Place #1-5 (2012, Dark Horse) Complete Set Buffy Season 9 Vampire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43838119506836, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "SUGAR AND SPIKE #80 COVER ART, original approval cover proof 1960'S, MONSTER", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.126232147216797, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "SUGAR & SPIKE 32 GD+ Jan.1961", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.400976181030273, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Peanuts #11 1:20 Spike First Appearance Variant Charles Schultz Boom! Comic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486828804016113, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Sugar and Spike #88 F- 5.5 Off White Pages", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.50111198425293, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Sugar and Spike (1956) #94 VG+ 4.5", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.528129577636719, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Signed Jenny Frison Covers 2 Comic Art Sketch Book Vampirella Buffy Willow Spike", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.542582511901855, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "Spike Asylum 5 Sketch Variant - Very Fine - IDW HTF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4398193359375, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" }, { "answer": "Spike", "passage": "DC Sugar and Spike 5 Jan 1957 1pg paper dolls SCARCE Beauty flat VG/VG+ 4.25", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17187786102295, "source": "search", "title": "Spike | Rare Comic Books Online" } ]

[ { "answer": "Newt Gingrich", "passage": "So far, the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House. However, Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann, R-IL, who had been Minority Leader for eight years, and elected a backbencher representative, Frederick H. Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann had \"angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor,\" and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-IL18) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911, and was still in the House. Many members \"suspected that he [Mann] would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker.\" More recently, although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the \"Contract with America\", which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day. Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen.", "precise_score": -1.4268418550491333, "rough_score": -0.6799102425575256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives" }, { "answer": "Newt Gingrich", "passage": "The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the \"Contract with America\", an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate, since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the first times since 1953–1955 that there was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001–2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51-49 majority.", "precise_score": 3.3499791622161865, "rough_score": 4.872298240661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives" }, { "answer": "Newt Gingrich", "passage": "In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then Minority Leader) as Speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay, chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him Speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.", "precise_score": 0.5951219797134399, "rough_score": 2.446772813796997, "source": "wiki", "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives" }, { "answer": "Newton Leroy McPherson", "passage": "Newton Leroy \"Newt\" Gingrich (; born Newton Leroy McPherson; June 17, 1943) is an American political consultant, former politician, and historian. He represented Georgia's 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999, and served as the 50th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. In 2012, Gingrich was a candidate for the Republican Party presidential nomination.", "precise_score": 5.787045955657959, "rough_score": 5.6917500495910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Newt Gingrich", "passage": "More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War; and John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3278169631958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives" }, { "answer": "Newton Leroy McPherson", "passage": "Newton Leroy McPherson was born at the Harrisburg Hospital in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on June 17, 1943. His mother, Kathleen \"Kit\" (née Daugherty; 1925–2003), and father, Newton Searles McPherson (1923–1970), married in September 1942, when she was 16 and McPherson was 19. The marriage fell apart within days. He is of German, Scottish, and Irish descent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90933609008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Conservative Opportunity Society", "passage": "In 1983, he founded the Conservative Opportunity Society (COS), a group that included young conservative House Republicans. Early COS members included Robert Smith Walker, Judd Gregg, Dan Coats and Connie Mack III. The group expanded over time to comprise several dozen representatives who met each week to exchange and develop ideas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.24882698059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Gingrich Group", "passage": "Gingrich Group and the Center for Health Transformation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.536787986755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Gingrich Group", "passage": "The Gingrich Group was organized in 1999 as a consulting company. Over time, its non-health clients were dropped, and it was renamed the Center for Health Transformation. The two companies had revenues of $55 million between 2001 and 2010. The revenues came from more than 300 health-insurance companies and other clients, with membership costing as much as $200,000 per year in exchange for access to Gingrich and other perks. In 2011, when Gingrich became a presidential candidate, he sold his interest in the business and said he would release the full list of his clients and the amounts he was paid, \"to the extent we can\". In April 2012, the Center for Health Transformation filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, planning to liquidate its assets to meet debts of $1–$10 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219917297363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Gingrich Group", "passage": "Between 2001 and 2010, Gingrich consulted for Freddie Mac, a government-sponsored secondary home mortgage company, which was concerned about new regulations under consideration by Congress. Regarding payments of $1.6 million for the consulting, Gingrich said that \"Freddie Mac paid Gingrich Group, which has a number of employees and a number of offices, a consulting fee, just like you would pay any other consulting firm.\" In January 2012, he said that he could not make public his contract with Freddie Mac, even though the company gave permission, until his business partners in the Center for Health Transformation also agreed to that. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018745422363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Gingrich Communications", "passage": "Gingrich Communications", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481025695800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Gingrich Communications", "passage": "Gingrich Communications promoted Gingrich's public appearances, including his Fox News contract and his website, newt.org. Gingrich received as much as $60,000 for a speech, and did as many as 80 in a year. One of Gingrich's nonprofit groups, Renewing American Leadership, which was founded in March 2009, paid Gingrich Communications $220,000 over two years; the charity shared the names of its donors with Gingrich, who could use them for his for-profit companies. Gingrich Communications, which employed 15 people at its largest, closed in 2011 when Gingrich began his presidential campaign. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344596862792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Celebrity Leaders", "passage": "* Celebrity Leaders is a booking agency that handled Gingrich's speaking engagements, as well as those other clients such as former Republican National Committee chair Michael Steele and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum. Kathy Lubbers, the President and CEO of the agency, who is Gingrich's daughter, owns the agency. Gingrich has shares in the agency, and was paid more than $70,000 by it in 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292527198791504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "FGH Publications", "passage": "* FGH Publications handles the production of and royalties from fiction books co-authored by Gingrich.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517677307128906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Newt Gingrich", "passage": "In 2007, Gingrich authored a book, Rediscovering God in America, arguing that the Founding Fathers actively intended the new republic to not only allow, but encourage, religious expression in the public square. Following publication of the book, he was invited by Jerry Falwell to be the speaker for the second time at Liberty University's graduation, on May 19, 2007, due to Gingrich having, \"dedicated much of his time to calling [the United States of] America back to our Christian heritage\".Falwell, Jerry. [http://newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/9/120548.shtml \"Why I Asked Newt Gingrich to Speak at Liberty's Graduation\"]. NewsMax.com, March 9, 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.081461906433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Newt Gingrich", "passage": "Gingrich has married three times. In 1962, he married Jacqueline May \"Jackie\" Battley (February 21, 1936 – August 7, 2013), his former high school geometry teacher, when he was 19 years old and she was 26. They have two daughters from their marriage: Kathy Gingrich Lubbers, married to Paul Lubbers, is president of Gingrich Communications, and Jackie Gingrich Cushman, the wife of Jimmy Cushman, Jr., is an author, conservative columnist, and political commentator, whose books include 5 Principles for a Successful Life, co-authored with Newt Gingrich. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157179832458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Marianne Ginther", "passage": "In the spring of 1980, Gingrich left his wife after beginning an affair with Marianne Ginther. In 1984, Jackie Battley Gingrich told The Washington Post that the divorce was a \"complete surprise\" to her. According to Jackie, in September 1980, Gingrich and their children visited her while she was in the hospital, recovering from surgery for cancer, and Gingrich wanted to discuss the terms of their divorce. Gingrich has disputed that account. In 2011, their daughter, Jackie Gingrich Cushman, remembers that it was her mother who requested the divorce, that it happened prior to the hospital stay, and that Gingrich's visit was for the purpose of bringing the couple's children to see their mother, not to discuss the divorce. Although Gingrich's presidential campaign staff continued to insist in 2011 that his wife requested the divorce, court documents obtained by CNN from Carroll County, Georgia, indicated that Jackie had asked a judge to block the process stating that although \"she has adequate and ample grounds for divorce ... she does not desire one at this time [and] does not admit that this marriage is irretrievably broken.\" The daughter of the former Linda May Clay and Wilbur Allen Battley, Jackie Gingrich was a native of Columbus, Georgia. She was a deacon and active volunteer in the First Baptist Church of Carrollton, Georgia. She died in Atlanta at the age of 77. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970501899719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Marianne Ginther", "passage": "In 1981, six months after his divorce from his first wife was final, Gingrich wed Marianne Ginther. Marianne helped control their finances to get them out of debt. She was also coauthor of his 1984 book Window of Opportunity: A Blueprint for the Future. She did not, however, want to have the public life of a politician's wife. Gingrich's daughter Kathy Lubbers described the marriage as \"difficult\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964543342590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" }, { "answer": "Marianne Ginther", "passage": "In 1993, while still married to Marianne, Gingrich began an affair with House of Representatives staffer Callista Bisek, who is 23 years his junior. Gingrich and his second wife were divorced in 2000. The marriage produced no children. On January 19, 2012, Marianne Ginther Gingrich alleged in an interview on ABC's Nightline that she had declined to accept Gingrich's suggestion of an open marriage. Asked about the allegations at the beginning of the televised South Carolina primary debate, Gingrich said the story was false and told the co-ordinator that making an ex-wife a significant question in a presidential campaign was \"close to despicable\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.13354778289795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Newt Gingrich" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn resigned from NASA on January 16, 1964, and the next day announced plans to run for a U.S. Senate seat from Ohio; however, a bathroom fall which resulted in a concussion caused him to withdraw from the race in March. He retired from the Marine Corps on January 1, 1965. A member of the Democratic Party, he finally won election to the Senate in 1974 and served through January 3, 1999. With the death of Edward Brooke on January 3, 2015, Glenn became the oldest living former United States Senator.", "precise_score": 6.189088344573975, "rough_score": 1.1568830013275146, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "The NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio, is named after him. Also, Senator John Glenn Highway runs along a stretch of I-480 in Ohio across from the NASA Glenn Research Center. Colonel Glenn Highway, which runs by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Wright State University near Dayton, Ohio, John Glenn High School in his hometown of New Concord, Ohio, and Col. John Glenn Elementary in Seven Hills, Ohio, are named for him as well. High Schools in Westland and Bay City, Michigan; Walkerton, Indiana; San Angelo, Texas; Elwood, Long Island, New York; and Norwalk, California were also named after him.", "precise_score": 2.9730708599090576, "rough_score": 1.1468039751052856, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "GLENN, John Herschel, Jr., a Senator from Ohio; born in Cambridge, Guernsey County, Ohio, July 18, 1921; educated in the public schools of New Concord, Ohio; graduated, Muskingum College; served in the United States Marine Corps 1942-1965; test pilot; joined the United States space program in 1959, having been selected as one of the original seven Mercury astronauts; in February 1962, became the first American to orbit the Earth; unsuccessful candidate in 1964 to the United States Senate; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in November 1974, for the term commencing January 3, 1975; subsequently appointed by the Governor, December 24, 1974, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Howard M. Metzenbaum for the term ending January 3, 1975; reelected in 1980, 1986, and again in 1992 for the term ending January 3, 1999; not a candidate for reelection in 1998; chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs (One Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses); returned to space as payload specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, October 29 to November 7, 1998; awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on August 7, 2009, for service as first American to orbit the earth; awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on May 29, 2012; was a resident of Columbus, Ohio, until his death on December 8, 2016.", "precise_score": 4.829961776733398, "rough_score": 5.063747882843018, "source": "search", "title": "GLENN, John Herschel, Jr. - Biographical Information" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Astronaut Glenn now became Senator Glenn. In this new career, he represented Ohio and took a leading role in weapons control and government affairs. He was chief author of the 1978 Nonproliferation Act, served as chairman of the Senate Government Affairs Committee from 1978 until 1995, and sat on the Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees and the Special Committee on Aging. Never far from the center of Democratic politics, he was a contender for the vice presidential nomination three times and ran in the Democratic primaries as a presidential candidate in 1984.", "precise_score": 6.781804084777832, "rough_score": 3.5809166431427, "source": "search", "title": "Senator John Glenn - The John & Annie Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "John Glenn, Marine, pilot, astronaut, corporate executive, and senator, has taken on a new role. Upon his retirement from the senate and return from space, John and Annie Glenn founded the John Glenn Institute for Public Service at the Ohio State University. Through its programs, they seek to improve the quality of public service and to encourage young people to pursue careers in government. The Glenns also serve as trustees of Muskingum College, their alma mater.", "precise_score": 5.102486610412598, "rough_score": 6.434118270874023, "source": "search", "title": "Senator John Glenn - The John & Annie Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "John Glenn is an American hero. He's a Navy veteran who served in World War II and Korea; an astronaut who became the first American to orbit the earth (1962, Friendship 7); and an esteemed elder statesman, serving as a U.S. senator from Ohio from 1974 to 1999.", "precise_score": 5.999067306518555, "rough_score": 6.027204513549805, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Now, Ohio State trustees have bestowed another major honor on Glenn: the John Glenn College of Public Affairs will become the university's 15th college. (It was established as the John Glenn Institute for Public Policy and Management in 1998 and became the John Glenn School of Public Affairs in 2006. The university also houses Glenn's archives .)", "precise_score": 2.0664100646972656, "rough_score": 4.061291694641113, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "40. S.1347 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to permit the city of Cleveland, Ohio, to convey certain lands that the United States conveyed to the city. Sponsor: Sen. Glenn, John H., Jr. [D-OH] (Introduced 10/30/1997) Cosponsors: ( 1 ) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation Latest Action: 11/20/1997 Became Public Law No: 105-109. ( TXT | PDF ) ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": 1.1848907470703125, "rough_score": 1.6486785411834717, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "40. S.1347 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to permit the city of Cleveland, Ohio, to convey certain lands that the United States conveyed to the city. Sponsor: Sen. Glenn, John H., Jr. [D-OH] (Introduced 10/30/1997) Cosponsors: ( 1 ) Committees: Senate - Commerce, Science, and Transportation Latest Action: 11/20/1997 Became Public Law No: 105-109. ( TXT | PDF ) ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": 1.1848907470703125, "rough_score": 1.6486785411834717, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Senator John Glenn, a retired United States Marine Corps pilot and space pioneer, became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962, as part of the Mercury program.  After leaving NASA, he won a senate seat and served four terms as a Democratic senator from Ohio. When he was 77, Glenn flew again, aboard the Shuttle Discovery, and still holds the record for oldest man in space.", "precise_score": 7.298564910888672, "rough_score": 7.54951286315918, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn, HON ’62 - The Explorers Club - About" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "John Glenn uttered those words on Oct. 3, 1997, the day he announced that he was donating his personal and Senate papers and other artifacts to The Ohio State University.", "precise_score": 4.404101848602295, "rough_score": 4.046461582183838, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“Senator Glenn was a decorated U.S. Marine aviator, legendary NASA astronaut, tireless public servant, and an unparalleled supporter of the John Glenn College of Public Affairs at Ohio State, where he served actively as an adjunct professor until just recently. He was an authentic hero whose courage, integrity, sacrifice, and achievements inspired people, young and old, around the world. Most importantly, he was a loving husband, father, and grandfather. He and his wife, Annie, have been the definition of model citizens. Meeting them was among life’s greatest privileges. Spending time with them was a blessing,\" said Drake.", "precise_score": 5.327830791473389, "rough_score": 3.043362617492676, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "With 23 years in the military and space program and 24 years as a U.S. senator, the name John Glenn had become a “brand” long before the culture developed a fixation with marquee images or products. That remains a considerable benefit to Ohio State, a fact wholly recognized by former Ohio State President Gordon Gee, even during his first stint as university president.", "precise_score": 6.693637847900391, "rough_score": 6.879117012023926, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "John Glenn was born on July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, the son of John Herschel Glenn, Sr. (1895–1966) and Teresa () Glenn (1897–1971). He was raised in New Concord, Ohio. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9944941997528076, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn resigned from NASA on January 16, 1964, and the next day announced his candidacy as a Democrat for the U.S. Senate from his home state of Ohio. On February 26, 1964, Glenn suffered a concussion from a slip and fall against a bathtub; this led him to withdraw from the race on March 30. Glenn then went on convalescent leave from the Marine Corps until he could make a full recovery, necessary for his retirement from the Marines. He retired on January 1, 1965, as a Colonel and entered the business world as an executive for Royal Crown Cola.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1751952171325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "NASA psychologists had determined during Glenn's training that he was the astronaut best suited for public life. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy suggested to Glenn and his wife in December 1962 that he should run against incumbent United States Senator Stephen M. Young of Ohio in the 1964 Democratic primary election. In 1964 Glenn announced that he was resigning from the space program to run against Young, but withdrew when he hit his head on a bathtub. Glenn sustained a concussion and injured his inner ear, and recovery left him unable to campaign. Glenn remained close to the Kennedy family and was with Robert Kennedy when he was assassinated in 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.979313850402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "In 1970, Glenn was narrowly defeated in the Democratic primary for nomination for the Senate by fellow Democrat Howard Metzenbaum, by a 51% to 49% margin. Metzenbaum lost the general election race to Robert Taft, Jr. In 1974, Glenn rejected Ohio governor John J. Gilligan and the Ohio Democratic party's demand that he run for Lieutenant Governor. Instead, he challenged Metzenbaum again, whom Gilligan had appointed to the Senate to replace William B. Saxbe, who had resigned to become Attorney General of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6768622398376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn was one of the five U.S. senators caught up in the Lincoln Savings and Keating Five Scandal after accepting a $200,000 contribution from Charles Keating. Glenn and Republican senator John McCain were the only senators exonerated. The Senate Commission found that Glenn had exercised \"poor judgment\". The association of his name with the scandal gave Republicans hope that he would be vulnerable in the 1992 campaign. Instead, Glenn defeated Lieutenant Governor Mike DeWine to keep his seat, though his percentage was reduced to a career low of 51%. DeWine used the memorable campaign slogan, \"What on earth has John Glenn done?\" This 1992 re-election victory was the last time a Democrat won a statewide race in Ohio until 2006; DeWine later won Metzenbaum's seat upon his retirement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.545996904373169, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn helped found the John Glenn Institute for Public Service and Public Policy at The Ohio State University in 1998 to encourage public service. On July 22, 2006, the institute merged with OSU's School of Public Policy and Management to become the John Glenn School of Public Affairs. Today Glenn holds an adjunct professorship at the Glenn School. In February 2015, it was announced that the School would become the John Glenn College of Public Affairs beginning in April 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7049908638000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "On April 6, 1943, Glenn married his childhood sweetheart, Anna Margaret Castor (b. 1920). Both Glenn and his wife attended Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio. He also was a member of the Stag Club Fraternity at Muskingum College. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.918497085571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn is an honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics; a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Marine Corps Aviation Association, Order of Daedalians, National Space Club Board of Trustees, National Space Society Board of Governors, International Association of Holiday Inns, Ohio Democratic Party, State Democratic Executive Committee, Franklin County (Ohio) Democratic Party, and 10th District (Ohio) Democratic Action Club.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.780970096588135, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "A Freemason, Glenn is a member of Concord Lodge # 688 New Concord, Ohio, and DeMolay International, the Masonic youth organization, and is an ordained elder in the Presbyterian Church. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.186362266540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "On August 4, 2006, Glenn and his wife were injured in an automobile accident on I-270 near Columbus, Ohio, and were hospitalized for two days. Glenn suffered a \"very sore chest\" and a fractured sternum. Annie Glenn was treated for minor injuries. Glenn was cited for failure to yield the right-of-way. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51346206665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "On September 5, 2009, John and Annie Glenn dotted the \"i\" during The Ohio State University's Script Ohio marching band performance, at the Ohio State-Navy football game halftime show. Bob Hope, Woody Hayes, Buster Douglas, E. Gordon Gee, Novice Fawcett, Robert Ries, and Jack Nicklaus are the only other non-band members to have received this honor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.56949520111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "On February 20, 2012, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Friendship 7 flight, Glenn was surprised with the opportunity to speak with the orbiting crew of the International Space Station while Glenn was on-stage with NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden at Ohio State, where the public affairs school is named for him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.870495796203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "On June 28, 2016, the Columbus, Ohio airport was officially renamed the John Glenn Columbus International Airport. Just before his 95th birthday, Glenn and his wife Annie attended the ceremony, and he spoke eloquently about how visiting that airport as a child inspired his interest in flying. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.169062614440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "In 2009, Glenn received an Honorary LL.D from Williams College, and in 2010, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Ohio Northern University. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525240898132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there are fewer of them, and because they serve for longer terms, usually represent larger constituencies (the exception being House at-large districts, which similarly comprise entire states), sit on more committees, and have more staffers. Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives. Furthermore, three senators (Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama) have been elected president while serving in the Senate, while only one Representative (James Garfield) has been elected president while serving in the House, though Garfield was also a Senator-elect at the time of his election to the Presidency, having been chosen by the Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.605124473571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Senate" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "John H. Glenn, Jr., was born in Cambridge, Ohio, on July 18, 1921, the son of John Herschel and Clara Sproat Glenn. At age two, young John moved with his parents to New Concord, where his father opened a plumbing business. After relocating to New Concord, the Glenns built a home that doubled as a rooming house for students from nearby Muskingum College.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.076935768127441, "source": "search", "title": "Senator John Glenn - The John & Annie Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "He entered the Ohio Democratic primary challenging the incumbent Democratic Sen. Stephen M. Young. An accident forced him to leave the race early in the campaign and to put his political career on hold. After recovery from the accident, Glenn joined Royal Crown Cola as vice president and then president. Still interested in public service, Glenn again ran for the senate. His opponent, Howard Metzenbaum, defeated him in the 1970 primaries. Four years later, Glenn made a third run for the senate. This time he was successful, easily winning over his Republican opponent, former Cleveland Mayor Ralph J. Perk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.709036350250244, "source": "search", "title": "Senator John Glenn - The John & Annie Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public Affairs - The Ohio State University", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.957719802856445, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "The Ohio State University", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436576843261719, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public Affairs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.329215049743652, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "More about John Glenn: Last year, Ohio State alumnus Sander Flaum – Glenn's personal friend and chair of the Fordham Leadership Forum at the Fordham University Graduate School of Business – wrote an essay on the leadership lessons Glenn has taught him. Read an excerpt from \" Buckeye Voices: Lessons from my friend John Glenn .\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.768577575683594, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Find your second or third skills. Glenn was a pilot turned astronaut, then found his place in government leadership. Next, he used his knowledge and scientific merits to challenge expectations by going back into space at age 77. He launched Ohio State’s John Glenn School of Public Affairs after that. His focus stays on moving forward and expanding his accomplishments. What other skills have you developed along the way?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.344566345214844, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Share Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public Affairs", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.165749549865723, "source": "search", "title": "Ohio State announces the John Glenn College of Public ..." }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "2. S.2541 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to name the Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic located at 543 Taylor Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, as the \"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Outpatient Clinic\". Sponsor: Sen. DeWine, Mike [R-OH] (Introduced 10/02/1998) Cosponsors: ( 1 ) Committees: Senate - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: 10/02/1998 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Veterans Affairs. ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951760292053223, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "2. S.2541 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to name the Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic located at 543 Taylor Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, as the \"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Outpatient Clinic\". Sponsor: Sen. DeWine, Mike [R-OH] (Introduced 10/02/1998) Cosponsors: ( 1 ) Committees: Senate - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: 10/02/1998 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Veterans Affairs. ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951760292053223, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "26. S.1800 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to designate the Federal building and United States courthouse located at 85 Marconi Boulevard in Columbus, Ohio, as the \"Joseph P. Kinneary United States Courthouse\". Sponsor: Sen. Glenn, John H., Jr. [D-OH] (Introduced 03/19/1998) Cosponsors: ( 1 ) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works | House - Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Reports: H. Rept. 105-619 Latest Action: 08/13/1998 Became Public Law No: 105-232. ( TXT | PDF ) ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4018060863018036, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "26. S.1800 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to designate the Federal building and United States courthouse located at 85 Marconi Boulevard in Columbus, Ohio, as the \"Joseph P. Kinneary United States Courthouse\". Sponsor: Sen. Glenn, John H., Jr. [D-OH] (Introduced 03/19/1998) Cosponsors: ( 1 ) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works | House - Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Reports: H. Rept. 105-619 Latest Action: 08/13/1998 Became Public Law No: 105-232. ( TXT | PDF ) ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4018060863018036, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "52. S.833 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to designate the Federal building courthouse at Public Square and Superior Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio, as the \"Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse\". Sponsor: Sen. Lautenberg, Frank R. [D-NJ] (Introduced 06/05/1997) Cosponsors: ( 3 ) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works | House - Transportation and Infrastructure Latest Action: 12/01/1997 Became Public Law No: 105-123. ( TXT | PDF ) ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03519344329834, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "52. S.833 — 105th Congress (1997-1998) A bill to designate the Federal building courthouse at Public Square and Superior Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio, as the \"Howard M. Metzenbaum United States Courthouse\". Sponsor: Sen. Lautenberg, Frank R. [D-NJ] (Introduced 06/05/1997) Cosponsors: ( 3 ) Committees: Senate - Environment and Public Works | House - Transportation and Infrastructure Latest Action: 12/01/1997 Became Public Law No: 105-123. ( TXT | PDF ) ( All Actions ) Tracker:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.03519344329834, "source": "search", "title": "John H. Glenn Jr. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Born on July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, John Herschel Glenn Jr., was the son of John and Teresa Sproat Glenn. While playing in the high school band, he met Anna Margaret Castor, and later married her. After graduation, he attended Muskingum College, where he attained a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Glenn entered the Naval Aviation Cadet Program. He ultimately flew 59 combat missions in the Pacific during World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.928043842315674, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: 1st American to Orbit Earth, Oldest Man in Space" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn retired from the Marine Corps in 1965 as a colonel. He worked as a business executive for a decade before being elected to the U.S. Senate in 1974. The Ohio Democrat campaigned vigorously for funding for science, education, and space exploration. In 1984, he made a failed bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. He served as a senator until 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7283552885055542, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn: 1st American to Orbit Earth, Oldest Man in Space" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "He said he chose Ohio State because he wanted to create a place that would stimulate young people’s enthusiasm for public service rather than establish a museum that focused only on his own accomplishments and legacy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384069442749023, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Glenn continued his focus on a greater sense of purpose, telling graduates in his 2009 keynote address at Ohio State’s spring commencement ceremony, that “we are more fulfilled when we are involved in something bigger than ourselves . . .”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.483674049377441, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "He knew firsthand the satisfaction that comes from such deep commitments. Glenn’s life had not only bridged a span of breathtaking technological and scientific advancement, but he was at the center of many of them. He was the first American to orbit earth and decades later, at age 77, became the oldest astronaut to travel in space. His commitment to public service led him to join the U.S. Marines as a combat pilot, serve as a United States Senator and in retirement establish the John Glenn College of Public Affairs at The Ohio State University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4499725103378296, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“The Ohio State University community deeply mourned the loss of John Glenn, he was Ohio’s consummate public servant and a true American hero,\" said Ohio State University President Dr. Michael V. Drake. \"He leaves an undiminished legacy as one of the great people of our time.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.683435916900635, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“The state of Ohio, the nation and the world lost a hero. We at the Glenn College and The Ohio State University lost a friend,” said Dr. Trevor Brown, dean of the John Glenn College of Public Affairs. \"It has been an honor and a privilege to serve the goal of propelling humanity forward through education in his name. We are proud to carry on his legacy of public service by inspiring young people to serve the greater good and to shaping and molding the next generation of public leaders.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.95629358291626, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "In a 1996 meeting with Glenn to discuss his future relationship with Ohio State, Gee said the prospect of Glenn donating his papers and artifacts to the university was “like manna.” Gee’s enthusiasm didn’t wane in his second presidential term.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.840852737426758, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“It was Ohio State’s great good fortune to have his leadership here on campus and to be stewards of his archives.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378007888793945, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“If this cynicism and apathy are allowed to continue to fester, it will not only be dangerous, but in our democracy it will be suicidal,” Glenn said. “I honestly believe that through this institute, The Ohio State University can be an instrumental part in rekindling the nation’s commitment to public service.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287026405334473, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "From the start, Glenn intended to go far beyond giving Ohio State his name and artifacts. At an April 21, 1997 meeting with university officials to discuss the institute, Glenn said he wanted the center to be more than just “old junk in a box.” Rather, he sought a “living dynamic thing to attract people to public service at all levels.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5184907913208, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "The day he announced the donation of his artifacts to the university, he expressed his views about playing a vigorous role at Ohio State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453544616699219, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“What’s most important to me, though, is that today’s announcement means I will be taking a hands-on approach here at Ohio State University to teach and challenge Ohio’s students,” Glenn said. “I am determined to give back what I can to the young people of today and to share what I have learned.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61542797088623, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "The two were so inseparable that in 1981 the Ohio Democratic Party gave the “Democrat of the Year” award to them as a couple for their efforts the previous year, said the late Paul TIpps, a former Ohio Democratic Party chairman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398538589477539, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Fittingly, Glenn shared the spotlight at Ohio State’s spring 2009 commencement with Annie, who received an honorary Doctor of Public Service degree in recognition of her work on behalf of children and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.943364143371582, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "It’s a long road from the tranquil little village of New Concord, Ohio, where Glenn spent his childhood, to one of the largest public university campuses in the nation. Glenn was born in a small white frame house in nearby Cambridge, Ohio on July 18, 1921, to John Herschel and Clara (Sproat) Glenn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.614480972290039, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Friends said Glenn had carried around public service books for most of his life. Emphasizing his teacher’s impact, Steele’s picture and a description of his influence is cleverly and prominently displayed on the first floor of Ohio State’s Glenn College in Page Hall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.103033065795898, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "As he wound down his Senate career, Glenn seemed flummoxed by all the requests that he do something for Ohio. People thought they could learn something from his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.402519702911377, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "In a 1996 letter he said: “I resist the idea of something focused just on me, and I would prefer to be involved as a springboard to generate something for Ohio, fostering future contributions to the nation. That strikes me as exciting and worth doing.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.529263496398926, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "Though Glenn chose Ohio State as a repository for his artifacts and to establish public policy educational opportunities, he made sure that he and Annie’s alma mater, Muskingum College, and also the Ohio Center for Science and Industry, were involved, including access to his memorabilia and personal and official papers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.207427501678467, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "On July 1, 2006, the Glenn Institute merged with Ohio State's School of Public Policy and Management forming the John Glenn School of Public Affairs. On January 30, 2015 The Ohio State University’s Board of Trustees voted to grant the Glenn School college status making it the 15th college at The Ohio State University. The John Glenn College of Public Affairs offers undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degree programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4047698974609375, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" }, { "answer": "Ohio", "passage": "“Having the John Glenn name gives it (the John Glenn College of Public Affairs) so much more identity and definition to help it grow,” said Mike Gillette, an oral historian expert who was involved in the early planning for the Glenn Institute at Ohio State and now the executive director of Texas’ state humanities council. “The college has really given the campus a dramatic increase in the focus on public service and public policy. It gives students a firsthand look at service in government.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.509463310241699, "source": "search", "title": "John Glenn College of Public Affairs | John Glenn" } ]

[ { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "\"The Battle of New Orleans\" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the 1815 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959 (see 1959 in music). Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1959. ", "precise_score": 5.141743183135986, "rough_score": 3.662902355194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Battle of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Johnny Horton – Battle Of New Orleans lyrics", "precise_score": 0.3457651138305664, "rough_score": 1.1724029779434204, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton - Battle Of New Orleans lyrics | LyricsMode.com" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "I enjoy adding a little spice to each lesson that I do and the story of the Battle of New Orleans is no different. After students read the chapter, answer as they say, a \"kazillion\" questions, I story-tell about Jean Lafitte and Sir Packenham, I drag out a ditto of the words to the old Johnny Horton version of The Battle of New Orleans (now on Sony Music cassette) and turn on the tape player. When that 'tinny' music starts the kids groan but strangely enough, many know the song. They begin to quietly sing along with the tape.", "precise_score": -0.6558371782302856, "rough_score": 3.3749711513519287, "source": "search", "title": "Battle of New Orleans (Words to the Song) - Louisiana101" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "As noted, Johnny Horton's 1959 version is the best-known recording of the song, which omits the mild expletives and many of the historical references of the original. Horton also recorded an alternative version for release in British Commonwealth countries which did not have unfavorable lyrics concerning the British: the word \"British\" was replaced with \"Rebels,\" along with a few other differences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185790061950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Battle of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Johnny Horton: The Battle of New Orleans - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9172064065933228, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton: The Battle of New Orleans - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Johnny Horton: The Battle of New Orleans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4383816719055176, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton: The Battle of New Orleans - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "I don't own the rights to this song. Johnny Horton: The Battle of New Orleans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.380784034729004, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton: The Battle of New Orleans - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Johnny Horton - Battle Of New Orleans lyrics | LyricsMode.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5020157098770142, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton - Battle Of New Orleans lyrics | LyricsMode.com" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Mais de Johnny Horton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454891204833984, "source": "search", "title": "The Battle of New Orleans - Microsoft Store" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Johnny Horton - Battle of New Orleans Lyrics - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.031048059463501, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton - Battle of New Orleans Lyrics - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Johnny Horton", "passage": "Johnny Horton - Battle of New Orleans Lyrics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7305080890655518, "source": "search", "title": "Johnny Horton - Battle of New Orleans Lyrics - YouTube" } ]

[ { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico (), officially the United Mexican States (, ), is a federal republic in the southern part of North America. The country is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 120 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world while being the second most populous country in Latin America. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, its capital and largest city.", "precise_score": -6.693312644958496, "rough_score": -8.402313232421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the President of Mexico and managed through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations. Since the 1930s, the Estrada Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these principles.", "precise_score": -7.091473579406738, "rough_score": -8.505813598632812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is one of the founding members of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the OPANAL and the Rio Group. In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget. In addition, it was the only Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since it joined in 1994 until Chile gained full membership in 2010. ", "precise_score": -5.549773693084717, "rough_score": -7.82026481628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Mexican Armed Forces have two branches: the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force), and the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies. ", "precise_score": -7.733168601989746, "rough_score": -8.523077011108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts, with the exception of World War II. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution in order to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it. ", "precise_score": -7.74189567565918, "rough_score": -7.682273864746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico has 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic. The Mexico City International Airport remains the largest in Latin America and the 44th largest in the world transporting 21 million passengers a year. ", "precise_score": -8.150738716125488, "rough_score": -5.769331455230713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:AICM AIR T2.jpg|Mexico City International Airport", "precise_score": -7.837575912475586, "rough_score": -8.317052841186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "European Mexicans are Mexican citizens of European descent. Despite that Mexico does not have a racial census, estimations from different international organizations regarding the number of this ethnic group within the country's population range from 9% according to The World Factbook, to as high as 17% (or nearly one-fifth) according to Encyclopædia Britannica. ", "precise_score": -8.068317413330078, "rough_score": -8.228569030761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is an international power in professional boxing (at the amateur level, several Olympic boxing medals have also been won by Mexico). Vicente Saldivar, Rubén Olivares, Salvador Sánchez, Julio César Chávez, Ricardo Lopez and Erik Morales are but a few Mexican fighters who have been ranked among the best of all time. ", "precise_score": -7.242717266082764, "rough_score": -8.307450294494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico Apportioned Registration Application (Schedules A & B) | MVD11026 | Download PDF", "precise_score": -4.162156581878662, "rough_score": -7.164918422698975, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular Forms - New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The New Mexico MVD contracts with PASCO Inc. using their Validati®  application to match auto insurance information from New Mexico insurance companies with vehicles registered with the MVD.", "precise_score": -3.0877926349639893, "rough_score": -5.672797679901123, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "PASCO developed a New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) at  www.driveinsured.com . The IIDB website has information for New Mexico drivers about insurance notification letters and insurance verification.", "precise_score": -4.787787914276123, "rough_score": -5.171109676361084, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In New Mexico, drivers are expected to operate their motor vehicles with a minimum of liability auto insurance. Minimum auto liability insurance amounts required in New Mexico are:", "precise_score": -5.128297328948975, "rough_score": -6.24785041809082, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Registration of your vehicle(s) may be denied or delayed if the New Mexico MVD Registration file does not show insurance coverage for the vehicle(s). Drivers that do not have minimum liability auto insurance may have their vehicle registration suspended.", "precise_score": -1.0790398120880127, "rough_score": -1.8652827739715576, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Drivers are required to operate motor vehicles with a minimum of liability insurance. Minimum liability amounts required in New Mexico are:", "precise_score": -5.313019752502441, "rough_score": -7.097809314727783, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "With the development and implementation of the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB), the State no longer relies upon insurance information it may have collected at the time of vehicle registration. Your insurance company must report your insurance information electronically for your vehicle to be identified as insured on the IIDB. Once reported, your vehicle's registration should be updated the following business day.", "precise_score": -0.4974321722984314, "rough_score": -0.05175098776817322, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Vehicles that do not have the minimum liability insurance are subject to having that vehicle registration suspended. Registration of your vehicle(s) may be denied or delayed until insurance is obtained. The New Mexico Mandatory Financial Responsibility Act states that an owner of an uninsured vehicle must return the vehicle registration and the license plate to the MVD within ten days of receiving the Notice of Suspension of Registration letter. If the owner does not do so, the owner will be subject to the penalties prescribed by law, including criminal penalties.", "precise_score": -0.16257889568805695, "rough_score": -1.7230814695358276, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) identified your vehicle as not having insurance through a New Mexico licensed insurance company. You were sent a Verification of Mandatory Automobile Insurance letter 30 days before you received the Notice of Suspension of Registration, advising you of this fact and requesting you to work with your insurance agent or company to provide the IIDB with the needed proof of insurance.", "precise_score": 1.1067321300506592, "rough_score": 0.3167336583137512, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You may not show as insured on the IIDB for a number of reasons, such as: the vehicle does not have insurance coverage; the vehicle is insured by an insurance company not licensed to do business in the State of New Mexico; the insurance company has not properly reported insurance coverage for the vehicle; or the vehicle identification number (VIN) may be incorrect on the MVD’s records.", "precise_score": -4.477982997894287, "rough_score": -8.458301544189453, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Make sure that your vehicle is covered by a New Mexico policy. ", "precise_score": -4.076113224029541, "rough_score": -6.564183712005615, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If your vehicle is covered by a fleet or commercial policy that is not vehicle specific, then you will need to contact your insurance company. Give them the name that is listed on the letter you received from the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) and the vehicle information. Ask them to contact the IIDB so the vehicle will be listed as insured under a commercial policy.", "precise_score": -0.37757426500320435, "rough_score": -5.206081390380859, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Obtain adequate insurance and have your insurance agent update your insurance information on the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) web site  www.driveinsured.com  or contact the IIDB Call Center toll free (866) 891-0665 for more information. After proof of insurance has been received by the IIDB, your vehicle registration should be eligible for reinstatement the following business day. The reinstatement fee for a suspended registration is $30.00.", "precise_score": -4.633523464202881, "rough_score": -4.1047892570495605, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "After proof of insurance has been received electronically by the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database, your vehicle registration should be eligible for reinstatement the following business day. Please wait a minimum of 24 hours from when your insurance agent updates the database, before going to a MVD Field Office to reinstate your vehicle registration. The reinstatement fee for a suspended registration is $30.00.", "precise_score": -3.115560293197632, "rough_score": -1.335606336593628, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If your vehicle is covered by a fleet or commercial policy that is not vehicle specific, then you will need to contact the fleet policy insurance company. Give them the name that is listed on the Verification of Mandatory Automobile Insurance letter you received from the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) and the vehicle information. Ask them to contact the IIDB so the vehicle will be listed as insured under a commercial policy.", "precise_score": -0.9904159307479858, "rough_score": -5.627724647521973, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "My vehicle is registered in New Mexico, but I am living out-of-state", "precise_score": -0.6805050373077393, "rough_score": -0.04407736659049988, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Your vehicle will then be identified on the database as insured for the term of your policy. You will need to submit an Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State insurance each time you renew that policy with an out-of-state insurance provider as long as your vehicle registration remains in New Mexico. Please click on the link below for an electronic version of the Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State Insurance. You may print this form, complete it, sign it and mail it to the IIDB with the required documents. You may also obtain this form at any New Mexico MVD office.", "precise_score": -2.4552297592163086, "rough_score": -4.058724880218506, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you drive the vehicle and it is not insured, you are subject to license plate confiscation and a citation for no proof of insurance. Make sure that when you drive the vehicle in New Mexico, you have proof of automobile liability insurance in your possession.", "precise_score": -4.804406642913818, "rough_score": -8.478808403015137, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Your vehicle will then be identified on the database as insured for the term of your policy. You will need to submit an Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State insurance each time you renew that policy with an out-of-state insurance provider as long as your vehicle registration remains in New Mexico. Please click on the link below for an electronic version of the Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State Insurance. You may print this form, complete it, sign it and mail it to the IIDB with the required documents. You may also obtain this form at any New Mexico MVD office.", "precise_score": -2.4552297592163086, "rough_score": -4.058724880218506, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you drive the vehicle and it is not insured, you are subject to license plate confiscation and a citation for no proof of insurance. Make sure that when you drive the vehicle in New Mexico, you have proof of automobile liability insurance in your possession.", "precise_score": -4.804406642913818, "rough_score": -8.478808403015137, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you cancel your insurance for the period of time your vehicle is not being driven, you must submit to the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) a signed, completed Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State Insurance of this vehicle. Your registration will be reflected as unknown for insurance status purposes, but you will incur no penalty as long as you do not drive the vehicle on New Mexico roads. You must complete the Affidavit at least annually.", "precise_score": -1.308800220489502, "rough_score": -3.0441715717315674, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Prior to driving this vehicle on New Mexico's roads you must obtain adequate insurance and have your insurance agent update your insurance information on the program web site, www.driveinsured.com , or contact the IIDB Call Center at the toll free number (866) 891-0665 for more information. Once your insurance information has been updated, your vehicle should be in the IIDB and identified as insured. If you take no action on the Suspension of Registration letter you receive from the IIDB and your vehicle registration is suspended, you must purchase insurance, have it reported to the IIDB, and you must reinstate the registration for your vehicle. The reinstatement fee for a suspended registration is $30.00.", "precise_score": -1.4067941904067993, "rough_score": -1.182136058807373, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico Legal Requirements for Vessel Registration", "precise_score": -4.591238021850586, "rough_score": -6.709107875823975, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "After buying a vessel, there are legal requirements to be met depending on it's length or it's type and size before the vessel can be operated on New Mexico waters.  Failure to have a boat properly titled and /or registered including carrying the registration card and displaying the registration number and validation decal can result in law enforcement or refusal to be allowed on the water.", "precise_score": -6.960659027099609, "rough_score": -8.222453117370605, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Operators in New Mexico as in many other states do not have to have a New Mexico boating \"license\" in order to complete their vessel registration. However, on January 1, 2007, a mandatory boater education law went into effect which has a Boater Education Card Requirement for many new operators. It requires any operator born on or after January 1, 1989 to show a Boater Education Card from a New Mexico approved boating education course or to have successfully completed a New Mexico approved boating proficiency exam when operating on New Mexico waters. (Boater Education Card FAQ's)", "precise_score": -7.280727863311768, "rough_score": -8.326333999633789, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Titling and Excise Tax is handled through the New Mexico Motor Vehicle Department.  Call your local office and make sure a person who can handle boat titling and registrations will be there. Some are there only on certain dates and hours.", "precise_score": -4.578018665313721, "rough_score": -0.9870322942733765, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Registration of Your Vessel in New Mexico", "precise_score": -3.63193941116333, "rough_score": -3.2335662841796875, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico Three Year Vessel Registration Fee by Class (2009)", "precise_score": -5.350636959075928, "rough_score": -7.047914981842041, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico | Mexpro", "precise_score": -2.764040470123291, "rough_score": -7.85522985458374, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit for Mexico", "precise_score": -1.856938123703003, "rough_score": -3.8888370990753174, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you plan to drive a vehicle beyond the Mexico \" Free Zone \" you will need to purchase a Mexico Vehicle Import Permit. The temporary vehicle import permit can be obtained from Banjercito, the official Mexican issuing agency. It is valid for any type of vehicle, weighing less than three tons, for up to six months (180 days). The permit may be purchased online at the Banjercito website or at the Mexican border. One can purchase the permit online 7-60 days prior to travel into Mexico.", "precise_score": -1.9011555910110474, "rough_score": -5.349339962005615, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Simply put, the Mexico Free Zone refers to all of the Mexican state of Baja and portions of Sonora. Also called the Hassle Free Zone, Liberated Zone, Perimeter Zone or Free Trade Zone, the term is a \"customs designation only for that area located along the Mexican international land borders and which run inward up to the point at which the Mexican Customs authorities have their first 'interior' check point.\" This is usually about 20 to 26 kilometers in from the border towns - exceptions are on the peninsula of Baja California and places like Puerto Peñasco where it runs to the ocean front along the main highways.", "precise_score": -7.344607353210449, "rough_score": -8.293764114379883, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Despite any advice, official or unofficial, vehicle permits cannot be obtained at checkpoints in the interior of Mexico.", "precise_score": -2.170454740524292, "rough_score": -4.503362655639648, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Documents Required for a Mexico Vehicle Import Permit", "precise_score": -0.15658731758594513, "rough_score": -3.740987777709961, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Original and photocopy of Driver's License issued outside of Mexico", "precise_score": -3.87268328666687, "rough_score": -7.8241496086120605, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Company Car / Car belonging to a Corporation: a notarized notarized letter of permission confirming the employment relationship and authorizing the employee to import the vehicle into Mexico.", "precise_score": 2.1451523303985596, "rough_score": -5.858395099639893, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Proof of temporary Mexican auto insurance for your vehicle.", "precise_score": -4.021721839904785, "rough_score": -7.860113143920898, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Driving a vehicle with an expired vehicle import permit in Mexico.", "precise_score": -1.3092916011810303, "rough_score": -5.069973945617676, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Selling an imported vehicle in Mexico.", "precise_score": -1.7797592878341675, "rough_score": -5.473538875579834, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you currently have insurance on the vehicle(s) listed on the letter then there are several possibilities as to why you received this letter. The most common reason is that the information listed on your insurance policy does not match the information listed on your vehicle(s) registration. Another possibility is that the insurance policy that the vehicle is covered by is not a New Mexico policy and therefore is not being reported by the insurance company. Finally the vehicle(s) may be covered by a fleet or commercial policy, if that is the case then those policies do not report all of the vehicles covered under them.", "precise_score": 0.049171920865774155, "rough_score": -4.367363452911377, "source": "search", "title": "New Mexico Motorist Insurance Identification Program ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If your vehicle is registered in New Mexico, but you are out of state because you are a student, or are in the military, or have insurance issued in another state:", "precise_score": -0.1544550359249115, "rough_score": -0.29886382818222046, "source": "search", "title": "New Mexico Motorist Insurance Identification Program ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You will be asked to provide proof of insurance. You will then be reflected on the database as insured for the term of your policy. You will need to submit insurance each time you renew that policy with an out of state insurance provider as long as your vehicle registration remains in New Mexico.", "precise_score": -4.207243919372559, "rough_score": -7.372862815856934, "source": "search", "title": "New Mexico Motorist Insurance Identification Program ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colony's Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by economic instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War (1846–48) led to the territorial cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory, to the United States. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship occurred through the 19th century. The dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592283248901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity. The Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), joining in 1994. It is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the world's fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a regional power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its rich culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas and sixth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, with 32.1 million international arrivals. Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and is an observer of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie since 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.540428161621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica, and surrounding territories. This became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence (compare Latium). It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley which became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result, or vice versa. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital, Mexico City. This was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.872329711914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The suffix -co is the Nahuatl locative, making the word a place name. Beyond that, the etymology is uncertain. It has been suggested that it is derived from Mextli or Mēxihtli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the Mexica, Huitzilopochtli, in which case Mēxihco means \"Place where Huitzilopochtli lives\". Another hypothesis suggests that Mēxihco derives from a portmanteau of the Nahuatl words for \"Moon\" (Mētztli) and navel (xīctli). This meaning (\"Place at the Center of the Moon\") might refer to Tenochtitlan's position in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, which the Mesoamericans pareidolically associated with the Moon. Still another hypothesis suggests that the word is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401747703552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The name of the city-state was transliterated to Spanish as México with the phonetic value of the letter 'x' in Medieval Spanish, which represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative. This sound, as well as the voiced postalveolar fricative, represented by a 'j', evolved into a voiceless velar fricative during the 16th century. This led to the use of the variant Méjico in many publications in Spanish, most notably in Spain, whereas in Mexico and most other Spanish–speaking countries México was the preferred spelling. In recent years the Real Academia Española, which regulates the Spanish language, determined that both variants are acceptable in Spanish but that the normative recommended spelling is México. The majority of publications in all Spanish-speaking countries now adhere to the new norm, even though the alternative variant is still occasionally used. In English, the 'x' in Mexico represents neither the original nor the current sound, but the consonant cluster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545449256896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The official name of the country has changed as the form of government has changed. On three occasions (1325–1521, 1821–1823, and 1863–1867), the country was known as (Mexican Empire). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857 and 1917, the current constitution) used the name —or the variant , all of which have been translated as \"United Mexican States\". The phrase , \"Mexican Republic\", was used in the 1836 Constitutional Laws. On November 22, 2012, president Felipe Calderón sent to the Mexican Congress a piece of legislation to change the country's name officially to simply Mexico. To be implemented, the bill needed to be passed by both houses of Congress, as well as a majority of Mexico's 31 State legislatures. As this legislation was proposed just a week before Calderón turned power over to Enrique Peña Nieto, Calderón's critics saw this as a symbolic gesture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65390396118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The earliest human artifacts in Mexico are chips of stone tools found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to circa 10,000 years ago. Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato and beans, which produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BCE. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944552421569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In the subsequent formative eras, maize cultivation and cultural traits such as a mythological and religious complex, and a vigesimal numeric system, were diffused from the Mexican cultures to the rest of the Mesoamerican culture area. In this period, villages became more dense in terms of population, becoming socially stratified with an artisan class, and developing into chiefdoms. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing construction of large ceremonial centers developed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082119941711426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Among the earliest complex civilizations in Mexico was the Olmec culture, which flourished on the Gulf Coast from around 1500 BCE. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative-era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Valley of Mexico. The formative period saw the spread of distinct religious and symbolic traditions, as well as artistic and architectural complexes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88296127319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In Central Mexico, the height of the classic period saw the ascendancy of Teotihuacan, which formed a military and commercial empire whose political influence stretched south into the Maya area as well as north. Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000 people, had some of the largest pyramidal structures in the pre-Columbian Americas. After the collapse of Teotihuacán around 600 CE, competition ensued between several important political centers in central Mexico such as Xochicalco and Cholula. At this time, during the Epi-Classic, Nahua peoples began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of Oto-Manguean languages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80286693572998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "During the early post-classic, Central Mexico was dominated by the Toltec culture, Oaxaca by the Mixtec, and the lowland Maya area had important centers at Chichén Itzá and Mayapán. Towards the end of the post-Classic period, the Mexica established dominance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938591957092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Alexander von Humboldt originated the modern usage of \"Aztec\" as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the Mexica state and Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, the Triple Alliance. In 1843, with the publication of the work of William H. Prescott, it was adopted by most of the world, including 19th-century Mexican scholars who considered it a way to distinguish present-day Mexicans from pre-conquest Mexicans. This usage has been the subject of debate since the late 20th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.058016777038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Aztec of Central Mexico built a tributary empire covering most of central Mexico. The Aztec were noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale. Along with this practice, they avoided killing enemies on the battlefield. Their warring casualty rate was far lower than that of their Spanish counterparts, whose principal objective was immediate slaughter during battle. This distinct Mesoamerican cultural tradition of human sacrifice ended with the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Over the next centuries Mexican indigenous cultures were gradually subjected to Spanish colonial rule. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936880111694336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Spanish first learned of Mexico during the Juan de Grijalva expedition of 1518. The natives kept \"repeating: Colua, Colua, and Mexico, Mexico, but we [explorers] did not know what Colua or Mexico meant\", until encountering Montezuma's governor at the mouth of the Rio de las Banderas.Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239 The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived at the port in Veracruz with ca. 500 conquistadores. After taking control of that city, he moved on to the Aztec capital. In his search for gold and other riches, Cortés decided to invade and conquer the Aztec empire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196828842163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "When the Spaniards arrived, the ruler of the Aztec empire was Moctezuma II, who was later killed. His successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the first smallpox epidemic in the area a short time later. Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, among whom smallpox was endemic, the infectious disease ravaged Mesoamerica in the 1520s. It killed more than 3 million natives as they had no immunity. Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million) although such a high number conflicts with the 350,000 Aztecs who ruled an empire of 5 million or 10 million. Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Cortés and his forces on his second return with the help of state of Tlaxcala whose population estimate was 300,000. The native population declined 80-90% by 1600 to 1-2.5 million. Any population estimate of pre-Columbian Mexico is bound to be a guess but 8-12 million is often suggested for the area encompassed by the modern nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36022663116455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Smallpox was a devastating disease: it generally killed Aztecs but not Spaniards, who as Europeans had already been exposed to it in their cities for centuries and therefore had developed acquired immunity. The deaths caused by smallpox are believed to have triggered a rapid growth of Christianity in Mexico and the Americas. At first, the Aztecs believed the epidemic was a punishment from an angry god, but they later accepted their fate and no longer resisted the Spanish rule. Many of the surviving Aztecs believed that smallpox could be credited to the superiority of the Christian god, which resulted in their acceptance of Catholicism and yielding to the Spanish rule throughout Mexico. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232625007629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain. Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico developed during the 300-year colonial period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The capture of Tenochtitlan marked the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial period, during which Mexico was known as \"New Spain\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.693634033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Evolution of the Race. During the three centuries of colonial rule, fewer than 700,000 Spaniards, most of them men, settled in Mexico. The settlers intermarried with indigenous women, fathering the mixed race (mestizo) descendants who today constitute the great majority of Mexico's population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077923774719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "During this period, Mexico was part of the much larger Viceroyalty of New Spain, which included Cuba, Puerto Rico, Central America as far south as Costa Rica, Florida, the southwestern United States and the Philippines. Spain during the 16th century focused its energies on areas with dense populations that had produced Pre-Columbian civilizations, since these areas could provide the settlers with a disciplined labor force and a population to catechize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686366081237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "From an economic point of view, New Spain was administered principally for the benefit of the Empire and its military and defensive efforts. Mexico provided more than half of the Empire's taxes and supported the administration of all North and Central America. Competition with Spain was discouraged to the extent that activities like cultivation of grapes and olives, introduced by Cortez himself, was banned out of fear that these crops would compete with Spain's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958932876586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In order to protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French and Dutch pirates and protect the Crown's monopoly of revenue only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic and Acapulco on the Pacific. The pirates attacked, plundered and ravaged several cities like Campeche (1557), Veracruz (1568) and Alvarado (1667).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12891960144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Education was encouraged by the Crown from the very beginning. Mexico boasts the first primary school (Texcoco, 1523), first university (1551) and the first printing house (1524) in the Americas. Indigenous languages were studied mainly by the religious orders during the first centuries. They became official languages in the so-called Republic of Indians to be outlawed and ignored after independence by the prevailing Spanish-speaking creoles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479111671447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico produced important cultural achievements during the colonial period, like the literature of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and Ruiz de Alarcón, as well as cathedrals, civil monuments, forts and colonial cities such as Puebla, Mexico City, Querétaro, Zacatecas and others, today part of Unesco's World Heritage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779047966003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The syncretism between indigenous and Spanish cultures in New Spain gave birth to many of today's Mexican cultural traits like tequila (first distilled in the 16th century), mariachi (18th), jarabe (17th), charros (17th) and Mexican cuisine – a mixture of European and indigenous ingredients and techniques.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201129913330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In subsequent years, the insurgency was near collapse, but in 1820 Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent an army under the criollo general Agustín de Iturbide against the troops of Vicente Guerrero. Instead, Iturbide approached Guerrero to join forces, and on August 24, 1821 representatives of the Spanish Crown and Iturbide signed the \"Treaty of Córdoba\" and the \"Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire\", which recognized the independence of Mexico under the terms of the \"Plan of Iguala\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117959022521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Birth of Mexico (1821)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.996164321899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Agustín de Iturbide immediately proclaimed himself emperor of the First Mexican Empire. A revolt against him in 1823 established the United Mexican States. In 1824, a Republican Constitution was drafted and Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of the newly born country. In 1829 president Guerrero abolished slavery. The first decades of the post-independence period were marked by economic instability, which led to the Pastry War in 1836. There was constant strife between liberales, supporters of a federal form of government, and conservadores, who proposed a hierarchical form of government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22442626953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "During this period, the frontier borderlands to the north became quite isolated from the government in Mexico City, and its monopolistic economic policies caused suffering. With limited trade, the people had difficulty meeting tax payments and resented the central government's actions in collecting customs. Resentment built up from California to Texas. Both the mission system and the presidios had collapsed after the Spanish withdrew from the colony, causing great disruption especially in Alta California and New Mexico. The people in the borderlands had to raise local militias to protect themselves from hostile Native Americans. These areas developed in different directions from the center of the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901345252990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Wanting to stabilize and develop the frontier, Mexico encouraged immigration into present-day Texas, as they were unable to persuade people from central Mexico to move into those areas. They allowed for religious freedom for the new settlers, who were primarily Protestant English speakers from the United States. Within several years, the Anglos far outnumbered the Tejano in the area. Itinerant traders traveled through the area, working by free market principles. The Tejano grew more separate from the government and due to its neglect, many supported the idea of independence and joined movements to that end, collaborating with the English-speaking Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99690055847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Texas successfully achieved independence as a republic in 1836 and joined the United States. A border dispute between the US and Mexico led to the Mexican–American War, which began in 1846 and lasted for two years. Many Southerners intended that slavery should be extended to the west in these newly acquired territories but the United States generally would not permit it, except in Texas. The War was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico was forced to give up more than one-third of its land to the U.S., including Alta California, New Mexico, and the disputed parts of Texas. A much smaller transfer of territory in what is today southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico—known as the Gadsden Purchase—occurred in 1854. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905760765075684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In the 1860s Mexico was occupied by France, which established the Second Mexican Empire under the rule of the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria with support from the Roman Catholic clergy and the conservadores. The latter switched sides and joined the liberales. Maximilian surrendered, was tried on June 14, 1867, and was executed a few days later on June 19.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710430145263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Porfirio Díaz, a republican general during the French intervention, ruled Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and then from 1884 to 1911 in five consecutive reelections, period known as the Porfiriato, characterized by remarkable economic achievements, investments in the arts and sciences, but also of economic inequality and political repression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049405097961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican Revolution (1910–29)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925898551940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "President Díaz announced in 1908 that he would retire in 1911, resulting in the development of new coalitions. But then he ran for reelection anyway and in a show of U.S. support, Díaz and William Howard Taft planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, for October 16, 1909, an historic first meeting between a Mexican and a U.S. president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico. Both sides agreed that the disputed Chamizal strip connecting El Paso to Ciudad Juárez would be considered neutral territory with no flags present during the summit, but the meeting focused attention on this territory and resulted in assassination threats and other serious security concerns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15225601196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "On the day of the summit, Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route, and they disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft. Both presidents were unharmed and the summit was held. Díaz was re-elected in 1910, but alleged electoral fraud forced him into exile in France and sparked the 1910 Mexican Revolution, initially led by Francisco I. Madero.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321159362792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Assassinated in 1920, Carranza was succeeded by another revolutionary hero, Álvaro Obregón, who in turn was succeeded by Plutarco Elías Calles. Obregón was reelected in 1928 but assassinated before he could assume power. Although this period is usually referred to as the Mexican Revolution, it might also be termed a civil war since president Díaz (1909) narrowly escaped assassination and presidents Francisco I. Madero (1913), Venustiano Carranza (1920), Álvaro Obregón (1928), and former revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata (1919) and Pancho Villa (1923) all were assassinated during this period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305947303771973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In 1929, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and started a period known as the Maximato, which ended with the election of Lázaro Cárdenas, who implemented many economic and social reforms. This included the Mexican oil expropriation in March 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company. This movement would result in the creation of the state-owned Mexican oil company known as Pemex. This sparked a diplomatic crisis with the countries whose citizens had lost businesses by Cárdenas' radical measure, but since then the company has played an important role in the economic development of Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31760311126709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Between 1940 and 1980, Mexico remained a poor country but experienced substantial economic growth that some historians call the \"Mexican miracle\". Although the economy continued to flourish for some, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. Moreover, the PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive in what is now referred to as 'Mexico's dirty war' (see the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, which claimed the life of around 300 protesters based on conservative estimates and as many as 800 protesters). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778355598449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in PRI's monopolistic position. In Baja California, Ernesto Ruffo Appel was elected as governor. In 1988, alleged electoral fraud prevented the leftist candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas from winning the national presidential elections, giving Carlos Salinas de Gortari the presidency and leading to massive protests in Mexico City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340784072875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In 1994, Salinas was succeeded by Ernesto Zedillo, followed by the Mexican peso crisis and a $50 billion IMF bailout. Major macroeconomic reforms were started by President Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445223808288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "After twelve years, in 2012, the PRI won the Presidency again with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto, the governor of the State of Mexico from 2005-2011. However, he won with only a plurality of about 38%, and did not have a legislative majority. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485050201416016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is located between latitudes 14° and 33°N, and longitudes 86° and 119°W in the southern portion of North America. Almost all of Mexico lies in the North American Plate, with small parts of the Baja California peninsula on the Pacific and Cocos Plates. Geophysically, some geographers include the territory east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (around 12% of the total) within Central America. Geopolitically, however, Mexico is entirely considered part of North America, along with Canada and the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.123827934265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico's total area is 1972550 km2, making it the world's 14th largest country by total area, and includes approximately 6000 km2 of islands in the Pacific Ocean (including the remote Guadalupe Island and the Revillagigedo Islands), Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Gulf of California. From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over 2000 mi in length.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48416805267334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "On its north, Mexico shares a 3141 km border with the United States. The meandering Río Bravo del Norte (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) defines the border from Ciudad Juárez east to the Gulf of Mexico. A series of natural and artificial markers delineate the United States-Mexican border west from Ciudad Juárez to the Pacific Ocean. On its south, Mexico shares an 871 km border with Guatemala and a 251 km border with Belize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.171566009521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is crossed from north to south by two mountain ranges known as Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental, which are the extension of the Rocky Mountains from northern North America. From east to west at the center, the country is crossed by the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also known as the Sierra Nevada. A fourth mountain range, the Sierra Madre del Sur, runs from Michoacán to Oaxaca. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321680068969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "As such, the majority of the Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and the highest elevations are found at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Pico de Orizaba (5700 m), Popocatepetl (5462 m) and Iztaccihuatl (5286 m) and the Nevado de Toluca (4577 m). Three major urban agglomerations are located in the valleys between these four elevations: Toluca, Greater Mexico City and Puebla.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.816861152648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most diverse weather systems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218304634094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Areas south of the 24th parallel with elevations up to 1000 m (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the Yucatán Peninsula), have a yearly median temperature between 24 to. Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5 C-change difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Both Mexican coasts, except for the south coast of the Bay of Campeche and northern Baja, are also vulnerable to serious hurricanes during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the 24th parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20 to) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35563850402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Many large cities in Mexico are located in the Valley of Mexico or in adjacent valleys with altitudes generally above 2000 m. This gives them a year-round temperate climate with yearly temperature averages (from 16 to) and cool nighttime temperatures throughout the year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940773010253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with sporadic rainfall while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than 2000 mm of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like Monterrey, Hermosillo, and Mexicali experience temperatures of 40 C or more in summer. In the Sonoran Desert temperatures reach 50 C or more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210683822631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In 2012, Mexico passed a comprehensive climate change bill, a first in the developing world, that has set a goal for the country to generate 35% of its energy from clean energy sources by 2024, and to cut emissions by 50% by 2050, from the level found in 2000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63379192352295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is one of the 17 megadiverse countries of the world. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity. Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in reptiles with 707 known species, second in mammals with 438 species, fourth in amphibians with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 different species. Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in ecosystems and fourth in overall species. Approximately 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317673683166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": ", Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil. The government has taken another initiative in the late 1990s to broaden the people's knowledge, interest and use of the country's esteemed biodiversity, through the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928750038146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In Mexico, 170000 km2 are considered \"Protected Natural Areas.\" These include 34 biosphere reserves (unaltered ecosystems), 67 national parks, 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.323578834533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The discovery of the Americas brought to the rest of the world many widely used food crops and edible plants. Some of Mexico's native culinary ingredients include: chocolate, avocado, tomato, maize, vanilla, guava, chayote, epazote, camote, jícama, nopal, zucchini, tejocote, huitlacoche, sapote, mamey sapote, many varieties of beans, and an even greater variety of chiles, such as the habanero and the jalapeño. Most of these names come from indigenous languages like Nahuatl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004263877868652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Because of its high biodiversity Mexico has also been a frequent site of bioprospecting by international research bodies. The first highly successful instance being the discovery in 1947 of the tuber \"Barbasco\" (Dioscorea composita) which has a high content of diosgenin, revolutionizing the production of synthetic hormones in the 1950s and 1960s and eventually leading to the invention of combined oral contraceptive pills. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.98621940612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include called state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.131736755371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The executive is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65477180480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the National Action Party: a conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the Christian Democrat Organization of America; the Institutional Revolutionary Party, a center-left party and member of Socialist International that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the Mexican Revolution and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the Party of the Democratic Revolution: a left-wing party, founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.616454124450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police departments are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Mexican Federal Police are in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Secretary of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Procuraduría General de la República, PGR) is the executive power's agency in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking, espionage, and bank robberies. The PGR operates the Federal Investigations Agency (Agencia Federal de Investigación, AFI) an investigative and preventive agency. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80940055847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Despite the efforts of the authorities to fight crime and fraud, most Mexicans have low confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens. The Global Integrity Index which measures the existence and effectiveness of national anti-corruption mechanisms rated Mexico 31st behind Kenya, Thailand, and Russia. In 2008, president Calderón proposed a major reform of the judicial system, which was approved by the Congress of the Union, which included oral trials, the presumption of innocence for defendants, the authority of local police to investigate crime—until then a prerogative of special police units—and several other changes intended to speed up trials. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354507446289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Drug cartels are a major concern in Mexico. Mexico's drug war has left over 60,000 dead and perhaps another 20,000 missing. The Mexican drug cartels have as many as 100,000 members. The Mexican government's National Geography and Statistics Institute estimated that there were 41,563 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.852336883544922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is considered a regional power hence its presence in major economic groups such as the G8+5 and the G-20. In addition, since the 1990s Mexico has sought a reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the Coffee Club. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.819652557373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "After the War of Independence, the relations of Mexico were focused primarily on the United States, its northern neighbor, largest trading partner, and the most powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs. Mexico supported the Cuban government since its establishment in the early 1960s, the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua during the late 1970s, and leftist revolutionary groups in El Salvador during the 1980s. Felipe Calderón's administration put a greater emphasis on relations with Latin America and the Caribbean. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.766402244567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In recent years, Mexico has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military by designing as well as manufacturing its own arms, missiles, aircraft, vehicles, heavy weaponry, electronics, defense systems, armor, heavy military industrial equipment and heavy naval vessels. Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the war on drugs, increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, helicopters, digital war-fighting technologies, urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.539949417114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1968 and pledged to only use its nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. In 1970, Mexico's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2010, Mexico agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902222633361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The United Mexican States are a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over the Federal District and other territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.705131530761719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico has the 15th largest nominal GDP and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity. GDP annual average growth for the period of 1995–2002 was 5.1%. Mexico's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) was estimated at US $2.2602 trillion in 2015, and $1.3673 trillion in nominal exchange rates. Mexico's GDP in PPP per capita was US $18,714.05. The World Bank reported in 2009 that the country's Gross National Income in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America, after Brazil at US $1,830.392 billion, which lead to the highest income per capita in the region at $14,400. Mexico is now firmly established as an upper middle-income country. After the slowdown of 2001 the country has recovered and has grown 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006, even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth. Furthermore, after the 2008-2009 recession, the economy grew an average of 3.32 percent per year from 2010 to 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.779977798461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "From the late 1990s onwards, the majority of the population has been part of the growing middle class. But from 2004 to 2008 the portion of the population who received less than half of the median income has risen from 17% to 21% and the absolute levels of poverty rose from 2006 to 2010, with a rise in persons living in extreme or moderate poverty rising from 35 to 46% (52 million persons). This is also reflected by the fact that infant mortality in Mexico is three times higher than the average among OECD nations, and the literacy levels are in the median range of OECD nations. Nevertheless, according to Goldman Sachs, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025311470031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Among the OECD countries, Mexico has the second highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after Chile – although it has been falling over the last decade, being only one of few countries in which this is the case. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development is only about a third of the OECD average – both in absolute and relative numbers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724678993225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403. Daily minimum wages are set annually by law and determined by zone; $67.29 Mexican pesos ($5.13 USD) in Zone A and $63.77 Mexican pesos ($4.86 USD) in Zone B. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099299430847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after China, United States, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Mexico is the second largest exporter of electronics to the United States where it exported $71.4 billion worth of electronics in 2011. The Mexican electronics industry is dominated by the manufacture and OEM design of televisions, displays, computers, mobile phones, circuit boards, semiconductors, electronic appliances, communications equipment and LCD modules. The Mexican electronics industry grew 20% between 2010 and 2011, up from its constant growth rate of 17% between 2003 and 2009. Currently electronics represent 30% of Mexico's exports.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383606910705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico produces the most automobiles of any North American nation. The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. The \"Big Three\" (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while Volkswagen and Nissan built their plants in the 1960s. In Puebla alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen. In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging. In 2014 alone, more than $10 billion in investment was committed. Kia Motors in August 2014 announced plans for a $1 billion factory in Nuevo León. At the time Mercedes-Benz and Nissan were already building a $1.4 billion plant near Puebla, while BMW was planning a $1-billion assembly plant in San Luis Potosí. Additionally, Audi began building a $1.3 billion factory near Puebla in 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54040813446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The domestic car industry is represented by DINA S.A., which has built buses and trucks since 1962, and the new Mastretta company that builds the high-performance Mastretta MXT sports car. In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports. During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $46.0 billion trade deficit with Mexico. In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt. The commercial and financial dependence on the US is a cause for concern. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.353286743164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States account for 0.2% of Mexico's GDP which was equal to US$20 billion per year in 2004 and is the tenth largest source of foreign income after oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services. According to Mexico's central bank, remittances in 2008 amounted to $25bn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.97076416015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex (Teléfonos de México), privatized in 1990. By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and the United States. Other players in the domestic industry are Axtel and Maxcom. Because of Mexican orography, providing a landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at 40 percent; however, 82% of Mexicans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 63 million lines. The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through Cofetel (Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.154145240783691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. Mexican satellites are operated by Satélites Mexicanos (Satmex), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America. It offers broadcast, telephone and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, from Canada to Argentina. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services. Satmex maintains its own satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.582457542419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The use of radio, television, and Internet in Mexico is prevalent. There are approximately 1,410 radio broadcast stations and 236 television stations (excluding repeaters). Major players in the broadcasting industry are Televisa—the largest media company in the Spanish-speaking world—and TV Azteca.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714733123779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Energy production in Mexico is managed by state-owned companies: the Federal Commission of Electricity and Pemex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.180286407470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US $86 billion in sales a year. Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85523796081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW Manuel Moreno Torres Dam in Chicoasén, Chiapas, in the Grijalva River. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050788879394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is the country with the world's third largest solar potential. The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times national electricity generation. Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of solar thermal panels installed in Mexico, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2012 there will be 1,8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594355583190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The project named SEGH-CFE 1, located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Northwest of Mexico, will have capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2013. All of the electricity will be sold directly to the CFE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system for distribution throughout their existing network. At an installed capacity of 46.8 MWp, when complete in 2013, the project will be the first utility scale project of its kind in Mexico and the largest solar project of any kind in Latin America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.814870834350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:Campeche Oil Platform.jpg|Pemex oil platform in Campeche", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.579307556152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:Los Azufres Geothermal, Mexico.jpg|Los Azufres geothermal power station in Michoacán", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261454582214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico was officially established in 1910, and the university become one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico. UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering. Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936), were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973. In 1959, the Mexican Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.217511177062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In 1995, the Mexican chemist Mario J. Molina shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul J. Crutzen and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3764009475708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range. It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.683011054992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico has been traditionally among the most visited countries in the world according to the World Tourism Organization and it is the most visited country in the Americas, after the United States. The most notable attractions are the Meso-American ruins, cultural festivals, colonial cities, nature reserves and the beach resorts. The nation's temperate climate and unique culture – a fusion of the European and the Meso-American – make Mexico an attractive destination. The peak tourism seasons in the country are during December and the mid-Summer, with brief surges during the week before Easter and Spring break, when many of the beach resort sites become popular destinations for college students from the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608699798583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico has the 23rd highest income from tourism in the world, and the highest in Latin America. The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada followed by Europe and Asia. A smaller number also come from other Latin American countries. In the 2011 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index report, Mexico was ranked 43rd in the world, which was 4th in the Americas . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116610527038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The coastlines of Mexico harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sun bathers and other visitors. On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort town of Cancún, especially among university students during spring break. Just offshore is the beach island of Isla Mujeres, and to the east is the Isla Holbox. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called Riviera Maya which includes the beach town of Playa del Carmen and the ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Há. A day trip to the south of Cancún is the historic port of Tulum. In addition to its beaches, the town of Tulum is notable for its cliff-side Mayan ruins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118122100830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The roadway network in Mexico is extensive and all areas in the country are covered by it. The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of , of which are paved, making it the largest paved-roadway network in Latin America. Of these, are multi-lane expressways: are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.242684364318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development, and the network covers 30952 km. The Secretary of Communications and Transport of Mexico proposed a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from Mexico City to Guadalajara, Jalisco. The train, which will travel at 300 kilometers per hour, will allow passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2 hours. The whole project was projected to cost 240 billion pesos, or about 25 billion US$ and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including the wealthiest man in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon Carlos Slim. The government of the state of Yucatán is also funding the construction of a high speed line connecting the cities of Cozumel to Mérida and Chichen Itza and Cancún. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89834976196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:Cruise in Acapulco, Mexico.jpg|Acapulco Port", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.550909042358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:Mexico Highway1 San Diego.jpg|Mexican Federal Highway 1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.692940711975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:FE-10 06.jpg|Mexico City Metro", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.990263938903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The challenges include water scarcity in the northern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 55% of Mexicans receiving water only intermittently according to results of the 2000 census); poor technical and commercial ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454998016357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The recently conducted 2010 Census showed a population of 112,336,538, making it the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. Between 2005 and 2010, the Mexican population grew at an average of 1.70% per year, up from 1.16% per year between 2000 and 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30038070678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is ethnically diverse; the various indigenous peoples and European immigrants are united under a single national identity. The core part of Mexican national identity is formed on the basis of a synthesis of European culture with indigenous cultures in a process known as mestizaje, alluding to the mixed biological origins of the majority of Mexicans. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.637773513793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The mestizo identity promoted by the government is more a cultural identity than a biological one, giving it a strong influence in the country. Many biologically white people identify with it, leading to them being considered Mestizos in Mexico's demographic investigations and censuses because the ethnic criteria is based on cultural traits rather than biological ones. A similar situation occurs regarding the distinctions between indigenous peoples and mestizos: while the term mestizo is sometimes used in English with the meaning of a person with mixed indigenous and European blood, this usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure indigenous genetic heritage would be considered Mestizo either by rejecting his indigenous culture or by not speaking an indigenous language, and a person with a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875409126281738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The term mestizo itself, albeit often used in literature about Mexican social identities, carries a variety of socio-cultural, economic, racial and biological meanings. For this reason it has been deemed too imprecise to be used for ethnic classification and has been abandoned in Mexican censuses. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135254859924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The category of indígena (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only speakers of one of Mexico's 62 indigenous languages or people who self-identify as having an indigenous cultural background. According to the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples, there were 10.1 million Mexicans who spoke an indigenous language and claimed indigenous heritage, representing 9.8% of the total population. Another source, the 2010 census, found that 14.86% of the population self-identified as indigenous. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.596235275268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico is home to the largest number of U.S. citizens abroad (estimated at one million in 1999). The Argentine community is considered to be the second-largest foreign community in the country (estimated somewhere between 30,000 and 150,000). Mexico also has a large Lebanese community, now numbering around 400,000. In October 2008, Mexico agreed to deport Cubans using the country as an entry point to the US. Large numbers of Central American migrants who have crossed Guatemala's western border into Mexico are deported every year. Small numbers of illegal immigrants come from Ecuador, Cuba, China, South Africa, and Pakistan. Mexico is the largest source of immigration to the United States. 11.6 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.267696380615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "A large majority of Mexicans have been classified as \"Mestizos\", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any indigenous culture nor with a particular non-Mexican heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits and heritage incorporating elements from indigenous and European traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments the \"Mestizo identity\" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of mestizaje. Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the indigenous people, with efforts designed to \"help\" indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society, eventually assimilating indigenous peoples completely to Mestizo Mexican culture, working toward the goal of eventually solving the \"Indian problem\" by transforming indigenous communities into mestizo communities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722278594970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "A 2014 publication summarizing population genetics research in Mexico, which have included three nationwide surveys and several region-specific surveys, found that in the studies done to date, counting only studies that looked at the ancestry of both parents: \"Amerindian ancestry is most prevalent (51% to 56%) in the three general estimates, followed by European ancestry (40% to 45%); the African share represents only 2% to 5%. ... In Mexico City, the European contribution was estimated as 21% to 32% in six of the seven reports, with the anomalous value of 57% obtained in a single sample of 19 subjects. European ancestry is most prevalent in the north (Chihuahua, 50%; Sonora, 62%; Nuevo León, 55%), but in a recent sample from Nuevo León and elsewhere in the country, Amerindian ancestry is dominant.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826698303222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The term \"Mestizo\" is not in wide use in Mexican society today and has been dropped as a category in population censuses; it is, however, still used in social and cultural studies when referring to the non-indigenous part of the Mexican population. The word has somewhat pejorative connotations and most of the Mexican citizens who would be defined as mestizos in the sociological literature would probably self-identify primarily as Mexicans. In the Yucatán peninsula the word Mestizo is even used about Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as mestizos. In Chiapas the word \"Ladino\" is used instead of mestizo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12240982055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexicans of European descent", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.320626258850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "United States 16,794,111 Another group in Mexico, the \"mestizos\", also include people with varying amounts of European ancestry, with some having a European admixture higher than 90%. Although it must be considered that the criteria to define mestizo might be different from study to study, and that in Mexico a good number of white people has been historically classified as mestizos, because the Mexican government defines ethnicity on cultural standards as opposed to racial ones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08294677734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Genetic studies in Mexico show a varying degree of European admixture in Mestizos. Genetic variation is largely based upon where in the country an individual is from. This is true because Native Mexicans are concentrated in the South and Central part of the country, whilst the \"white\" population is concentrated in the north. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.407060623168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In another study, Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine issued a report on a genomic study of mestizos from the states of Guerrero, Sonora, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato. The study found that the Mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry. The study also noted that whereas Mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.701658248901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Europeans began arriving in Mexico with the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, with the descendents of the conquistadors, along with new arrivals from Spain formed an elite but were a small minority of the population. Most white immigrants however intermixed with the Mestizo and indigenous populations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14621353149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "While most of European migration into Mexico was Spanish during the colonial period, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European derived populations from North and South America did immigrate to the country. However, at its height, the total immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded ten percent of the total. Many of these immigrants came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business and other aspects of Mexican society. However, due to government restrictions many of them left the country in the early 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654351234436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico's northern regions have the greatest European population and admixture. In the northwest, the majority of the relatively small indigenous communities remain isolated from the rest of the population, and as for the northeast, the indigenous population was eliminated by early European and Mestizo settlers, becoming the region with the highest proportion of whites during the Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends. According to the last racial census Mexico took, which was in 1921, there were no states in Mexico that had a majority \"white\" population, and in virtually every state in the north Mestizos were the largest population group. The only state where \"whites\" outnumbered Mestizos was Sonora, in which \"whites\" composed 41.85% of the population, and Mestizos 40.38%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825456619262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "According to the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the INEGI (official census institute), there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico, of many different ethnic groups, which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country. The number of indigenous Mexicans is judged using the political criteria found in the 2nd article of the Mexican constitution. The Mexican census does not report racial-ethnicity but only the cultural-ethnicity of indigenous communities that preserve their indigenous languages, traditions, beliefs, and cultures. The absolute indigenous population is growing, but at a slower rate than the rest of the population so that the percentage of indigenous peoples is nonetheless falling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76157283782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The category of \"indigena\" (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak one of Mexico's 62 indigenous languages, this is the categorization used by the National Mexican Institute of Statistics. It can also be defined broadly to include all persons who selfidentify as having an indigenous cultural background, whether or not they speak the language of the indigenous group they identify with. This means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as \"indigenous\" varies according to the definition applied, cultural activists have referred to the usage of the narrow definition of the term for census purposes as \"statistical genocide\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.621525764465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Arab Mexicans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389730453491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq and settled in significant numbers in Nayarit, Guanajuato, Puebla, Mexico City and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of Baja California, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Coahuila, and Durango), as well as the cities of Tampico and Guadalajara . The term \"Arab Mexican\" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716486930847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The vast majority of Mexico's 1,100,000 Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, Moroccan or Palestinian background. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589930534362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The inter-ethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked language shift away from Arabic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289129257202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic surnames in Mexico include Slim (Salim), Bichir (Bashir), Hayek, Medina, Ayoub, Nader, Ali, Sabah, Mier, Haddad, Nasser, Mohamed, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Magana, Esper, Harb, Califa and Elias.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880513191223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Afro-Mexicans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.335025787353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Afro-Mexicans () are Mexicans who have a heritage from Sub-Saharan Africa. Also known as Black Mexicans, they are an ethnic group made up of recent immigrants of African descent to Mexico and the descendants of slaves, such as in the communities of the Costa Chica of Oaxaca and Guerrero, Veracruz and in some cities in northern Mexico. The history of blacks in Mexico has been lesser known for a number of reasons: their relatively small numbers, regular intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a \"mestizaje\" or mixing culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.370007514953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico had an active slave trade since the early colonial period and an estimated 200,000 Africans were brought there. From the beginning, the slaves, who were mostly male, intermarried with indigenous women. In some cases Spanish colonists had unions with female slaves. Spanish colonists created an elaborate racial caste system, classifying people by racial mixture. This system broke down in the very late colonial period; after Independence, the legal notion of race was eliminated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213104248046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous and European past; it passively eliminated the African ancestors and contributions. Though Mexico had a significant number of African slaves during colonial times, most of the African-descended population were absorbed into the surrounding Mestizo (mixed European/indigenous) and indigenous populations through unions among the groups. Evidence of this long history of intermarriage with Mestizo and indigenous Mexicans is also expressed in the fact that in the 2015 census, 64.9% (896,829) of Afro-Mexicans also identified as indigenous. It was also reported that 9.3% of Afro-Mexicans speak an indigenous language. Less than 1.2% of Mexico's population has significant African ancestry, with 1.38 million recognized during the 2015 Mexican Census. Numerous Afro-Mexicans in the 21st century are naturalized black immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792998313903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "A 2012 study published by the Journal of Human Genetics found the ancestry of the Mexican mestizo population to be predominately European (65%), followed by Native American (31%) and African (4%). The European ancestry was prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37–50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%). The states that participated in this study were Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatán. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149137496948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "A study by the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico reported that Mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 31.05% \"Asian\" (Amerindian), and 10.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Asian contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as \"being racially mixed in some degree\"). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.269493103027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In May 2009, Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from the states of Guerrero, Sonora, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato. The study found that the Mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585362434387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The study also noted that whereas Mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.844770431518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Almost all of the Mexican population speaks Spanish, 99.3% according to the latest census, nonetheless around 5.4% still speaks an indigenous language besides Spanish. The indigenous languages with most speakers are Nahuatl, spoken by approximately 1.45 million people, Yukatek Maya spoken by some 750,000 people and the Mixtec and Zapotec languages each spoken by more than 400,000 people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28332805633545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In addition to the indigenous languages, other minority languages are spoken by immigrant populations, such as the 80,000 German-speaking Mennonites in Mexico, and 5,000 the Chipilo dialect of the Venetian language spoken in Chipilo, Puebla.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350784301757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Here are the 20 largest urban areas in Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.600618362426758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The 92,924,489 Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after Brazil's. 47% percent of them attend church services weekly. The feast day of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, is celebrated on December 12 and is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559893608093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos. According to the 2010 census, there are 67,476 Jews in Mexico. Islam in Mexico is practiced by a small population in the city of Torreón, Coahuila, and there are an estimated 300 Muslims in the San Cristóbal de las Casas area in Chiapas. In the 2010 census 18,185 Mexicans reported belonging to an Eastern religion, a category which includes a tiny Buddhist population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060334205627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Until the twentieth century, Mexico was an overwhelmingly rural country, with rural women's status defined within the context of the family and local community. With urbanization beginning in the sixteenth century, following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire, cities have provided economic and social opportunities not possible within rural villages. Roman Catholicism in Mexico has shaped societal attitudes about women's social role, emphasizing the role of women as nurturers of the family, with the Virgin Mary as a model. Marianismo has been an ideal, with women's role as being within the family under the authority of men. In the twentieth century, Mexican women made great strides toward towards a more equal legal and social status. In 1953, women in Mexico were granted the vote in national elections.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681532859802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican women face discrimination and at times harassment from the machismo population. Although women in Mexico are making big advancements they are faced with the traditional expectations of being the head of the household. Researcher Margarita Valdés noted that while there are few inequalities enforced by law or policy in Mexico, there are gender inequalities perpetuated by social structures and Mexican cultural expectations that limit the capabilities of Mexican women.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.572230339050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": ", Mexico has the 16th highest rate of homicides committed against women in the world The prevalence of domestic violence against women in Mexican marital relationships varies at between 30 and 60 percent of relationships.[http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/Countries/lac/mexico_profile.pdf \"Health Profile: Mexico\"]. United States Agency for International Development (June 2008). Accessed September 7, 2008. The remains of the victims were frequently mutilated. According to a 1997 study, domestic abuse in Mexican culture \"is embedded in gender and marital relations fostered in Mexican women's dependence on their spouses for subsistence and for self-esteem, sustained by ideologies of romantic love, by family structure and residential arrangements.\" The perpetrators are often the boyfriend, father-in-law, ex-husbands or husbands but only 1.6% of the murder cases led to an arrest and sentencing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.518905639648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Mexican culture as time has passed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032445907592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Porfirian era (el Porfiriato), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95451545715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is Nezahualcoyotl. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215764999389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Other writers include Alfonso Reyes, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz (Nobel Laureate), Renato Leduc, Carlos Monsiváis, Elena Poniatowska, Mariano Azuela (\"Los de abajo\") and Juan Rulfo (\"Pedro Páramo\"). Bruno Traven wrote \"Canasta de cuentos mexicanos\" (Mexican tales basket), \"El tesoro de la Sierra Madre\" (Treasure of the Sierra Madre).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34368896484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Post-revolutionary art in Mexico had its expression in the works of renowned artists such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, Federico Cantú Garza, Frida Kahlo, Juan O'Gorman, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Rufino Tamayo. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the Man at the Crossroads at the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed the next year because of the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader Lenin. Some of Rivera's murals are displayed at the Mexican National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969775199890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt. Spanish Colonial architecture is marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain. Mexico, as the center of New Spain has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.725288391113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. Maria Candelaria (1943) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 and 1965 some of him master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949) and Viridiana (1961). Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114704132080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Cronos (1993), Y tu mamá también (2001), and Pan's Labyrinth (2006) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognised, as in the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Mexican directors Alejandro González Iñárritu (Amores perros, Babel, Birdman, The Revenant), Alfonso Cuarón (Children of Men, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Gravity), Guillermo del Toro, Carlos Carrera (The Crime of Father Amaro), screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga and photographer Emmanuel Lubezki are some of the most known present-day film makers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243152618408203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Some Mexican actors have achieved recognition as Hollywood stars. These include Ramon Novarro, Dolores del Río, Lupe Vélez, Gilbert Roland, Anthony Quinn, Katy Jurado, Ricardo Montalbán and Salma Hayek", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381424903869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "There are two major television companies in Mexico that own the four primary networks that broadcast to 75% of the population. They are Televisa, which owns the Canal de las Estrellas and Canal 5 networks, and TV Azteca, which owns the Azteca 7 and Azteca Trece networks. Televisa is also the largest producer of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network. Grupo Multimedios is another media conglomerate with Spanish-language broadcasting in Mexico, Spain, and the United States. The telenovelas are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Verónica Castro, Lucía Méndez and Thalía.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.397749900817871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. Traditional music includes mariachi, banda, norteño, ranchera and corridos; on an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as pop, rock, etc. in both English and Spanish. Mexico has the largest media industry in Latin America, producing Mexican artists who are famous in Central and South America and parts of Europe, especially Spain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897881507873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Some well-known Mexican singers are Thalía, Luis Miguel, Juan Gabriel, Alejandro Fernández, Julieta Venegas, Jose Jose and Paulina Rubio. Mexican singers of traditional music are: Lila Downs, Susana Harp, Jaramar, GEO Meneses and Alejandra Robles. Popular groups are Café Tacuba, Caifanes, Molotov and Maná, among others. Since the early years of the 2000s (decade), Mexican rock has seen widespread growth both domestically and internationally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032149314880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "According to the Sistema Nacional de Fomento Musical, there are between 120 and 140 youth orchestras affiliated to this federal agency from all federal states. Some states, through their state agencies in charge of culture and the arts—Ministry or Secretary or Institute or Council of Culture, or in some cases the Secretary of Education or the State University—sponsor the activities of a professional symphony orchestra or philharmonic crchestra so all citizens can have access to this artistic expression from the field of classical music. Mexico City is the most intense hub of this activity, hosting 12 professional orchestras sponsored by different agencies such as the National Institute of Fine Arts, the Secretary of Culture of the Federal District, The National University, the National Polytechnic Institute, a Delegación Política (Coyoacán) and private ventures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.067214965820312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of spices. Most of today's Mexican food is based on pre-Columbian traditions, including Aztec and Maya, combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish colonists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131887435913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexican food varies by region, because of local climate and geography and ethnic differences among the indigenous inhabitants and because these different populations were influenced by the Spaniards in varying degrees. The north of Mexico is known for its beef, goat and ostrich production and meat dishes, in particular the well-known Arrachera cut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99260425567627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Central Mexico's cuisine is largely made up of influences from the rest of the country, but also has its authentics, such as barbacoa, pozole, menudo, tamales, and carnitas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.224090576171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Southeastern Mexico, on the other hand, is known for its spicy vegetable and chicken-based dishes. The cuisine of Southeastern Mexico also has quite a bit of Caribbean influence, given its geographical location. Veal is common in the Yucatan. Seafood is commonly prepared in the states that border the Pacific Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, the latter having a famous reputation for its fish dishes, in particular à la veracruzana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755467414855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In modern times, other cuisines of the world have become very popular in Mexico, thus adopting a Mexican fusion. For example, sushi in Mexico is often made with a variety of sauces based on mango or tamarind, and very often served with serrano-chili-blended soy sauce, or complemented with vinegar, habanero and chipotle peppers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860127449035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico City hosted the XIX Olympic Games in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so. The country has also hosted the FIFA World Cup twice, in 1970 and 1986. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028692245483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Mexico's most popular sport is association football. It is commonly believed that football was introduced in Mexico by Cornish miners at the end of the 19th century. By 1902 a five-team league had emerged with a strong British influence. Mexico's top clubs are América with 12 championships, Guadalajara with 11, and Toluca with 10. Antonio Carbajal was the first player to appear in five World Cups, and Hugo Sánchez was named best CONCACAF player of the 20th century by IFFHS. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710295677185059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The Mexican professional baseball league is named the Liga Mexicana de Beisbol. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, Mexico has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles. Mexico has had several players signed by Major League teams, the most famous of them being Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495807647705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In 2013, Mexico's basketball team won the Americas Basketball Championship and qualified for the 2014 Basketball World Cup where it reached the playoffs. Because of these achievements the country earned the hosting rights for the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344941139221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Bullfighting is a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. Plaza México in Mexico City, is the largest bullring in the world, which seats 55,000 people. Professional wrestling (or Lucha libre in Spanish) is a major crowd draw with national promotions such as AAA, LLL, CMLL and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.247906684875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Notable Mexican athletes include golfer Lorena Ochoa, who was ranked first in the LPGA world rankings prior to her retirement, Ana Guevara, former world champion of the 400 m and Olympic subchampion in Athens 2004, and Fernando Platas, a numerous Olympic medal winning diver.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298197746276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:MexicoAutodromo.JPG|Autódromo Hermanos RodríguezMexico City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.107294082641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:EsAzt.jpg|Estadio AztecaMexico City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.538500785827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "File:Abierto-mexicano-de-tenis-3 0.jpeg|Acapulco OpenAcapulco", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232870101928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan. Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities, but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care. Social determinants of health can be used to evaluate the state of health in Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.512423515319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "State-funded institutions such as Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) and the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762152671813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Medical training is done mostly at public universities with much specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the University of Guadalajara, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in Medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100534439086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97% for youth under the age of 14 and 91% for people over 15, placing Mexico at the 24th place in the world rank according to UNESCO. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248846054077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico ranks 190th place in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by The Times Higher Education Supplement in 2009. Private business schools also stand out in international rankings. IPADE and EGADE, the business schools of Universidad Panamericana and of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education respectively, were ranked in the top 10 in a survey conducted by The Wall Street Journal among recruiters outside the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.217916488647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Affidavit of New Mexico Residency (under 18) | MVD10021 | Download PDF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965635299682617, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular Forms - New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Vehicle Certification Form | MVD10414 | Download PDF  Employer's Submission of Controlled Substance Test Results for New Mexico CDL Holders | MVD11174 | Download PDF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.712530136108398, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular Forms - New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico IFTA Decal Request Form | MVD11212 | Download PDF", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166898727416992, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular Forms - New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico Schedule C - Estimated Miles - Method 1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455745697021484, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular Forms - New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico Schedule C - Estimated Miles - Method 2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462051391601562, "source": "search", "title": "Most Popular Forms - New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Since only two countries border the United States and the vast majority of Americans, Canadians and Mexicans hire a car instead of bringing their own when they go abroad, there was no need for car ovals at all. This explains why these oval-shaped country stickers have never been subject to any kind of regulation by the American Government. At some point in the early 80s, however, it became trendy for Americans to look European: with the yuppie bimmer craze, it was not uncommon to see BMWs with the German “D” oval sticker (Deutschland) driving on American highways (see picture on the left).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16838550567627, "source": "search", "title": "Oval car stickers - World Standards" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Once you have purchased auto insurance for at least the minimum amounts above, ask your insurance company to provide your insurance information to the New Mexico IIDB at:  www.driveinsured.com  or to call (866) 891-0665.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.81230354309082, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You can call the IIDB yourself and provide the necessary information. Drivers who provide fraudulent proof of insurance documents may be prosecuted according to the State of New Mexico's statutes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.825014114379883, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Or, if evidence is in the form of a surety bond or a cash deposit, the total amount shall be $60,000 on deposit with the New Mexico State Treasurer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252450942993164, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You must obtain automobile liability insurance from an insurance company that is licensed to do business in the State of New Mexico. Once you obtain insurance, your insurance company will electronically notify the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database of your coverage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.802721977233887, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If the VIN on the insurance policy does not match the VIN on the vehicle, you will need to contact your insurance company and give them the correct VIN to update their records. The insurance company then may provide temporary proof of insurance through the web site and should report the correct policy information electronically to the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721784591674805, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you live in New Mexico: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726004600524902, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you live outside New Mexico: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969970703125, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Yes. In order to be verified as insured you must submit to the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) a signed, completed Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State insurance. You will be asked to provide proof of insurance and proof of your out-of state  residency .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589341163635254, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Will my out-of-state insurance be acceptable in New Mexico?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239059448242188, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Yes. Out-of-state insurance is acceptable in New Mexico, but it must meet New Mexico's minimum liability requirements:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842645645141602, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You must submit to the New Mexico Insurance Identification Database (IIDB) a signed, completed Affidavit of Non-Use/Out-of-State insurance.You will be asked to provide proof of insurance and proof of your out-of-state  residency .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409123420715332, "source": "search", "title": "Insurance - NM Motor Vehicle Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "When purchasing a boat from a private individual or from out of state, you are responsible for reporting the vessel actual sale price for paying the Excise Tax (evasion of the tax by under-reporting the sale price and falsifying bills of sale and registration records does subject one to criminal prosecution in New Mexico) and for Titling and Registering your Boat.  It's a good idea to make your purchase only after having confirmed the Hull Identification Number and Engine Serial Number does not show up on any stolen vessel lists with your local law enforcement agency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.684178352355957, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Other vessel legal requirements include the need to know the New Mexico Boating Laws (Statutes) and Operation and Safety Rules (Regulations) including Boating Under the Influence (BUI) and Boating While Intoxicated (BWI), and to meet the Mandatory Equipment Requirements. (See links to the right side of this page)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.550498962402344, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The easiest way to get help in interpreting both the Laws and Regulations is to take a New Mexico approved Boater Safety Course .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.082829475402832, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Another exception is if you bring in your vessel coming from another state with the vessel's current registration and numbers and you limit your stay with your boat in New Mexico for no more than 90 consecutive days (90 day reciprocity) then you don't have to re-register your vessel. Note: this reciprocity varies from state to state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.165146827697754, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Documented vessels are only required to be registered in some states, (not applicable in New Mexico) but not titled. An Abstract of Title is held by the U.S. Coast Guard in lieu of a state title. Once a vessel loses it's Documentation, usually by missing the refiling deadline, a state title must be applied for within 30 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.861648559570312, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Cost of a New Mexico issued Title is $10.00 in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0680570602417, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Titling of Float Tubes in New Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086620330810547, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Paddlecraft are required in other states to be titled, registered and properly numbered but it is available as an option here in New Mexico as a convenience for those that anticipate traveling to those states and don't want to be stopped by the boating law enforcement officers in those states. Alaska, Illinois, Ohio, Oklahoma, Iowa, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania currently require canoe and kayak owners to register or pay special taxes on their boats. Connecticut, Oregon, Washington, Maine, and Montana were all considering new registration requirements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.507673263549805, "source": "search", "title": "Registration and Title - EMNRD State Parks Division" }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "*Please note: A Temporary Importation Permit (TIP) can ONLY be obtained through Mexico's Banjercito government agency. Mexpro has no affiliation, authority or connections with this organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527408599853516, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You do NOT need a Temporary Vehicle Import Permit for driving in any part of the Baja Peninsula or the Sonoran Free Zone. In Sonora, you are only required to obtain a permit if driving further than kilometer 98 of Mexican Federal Highway No. 15.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35844612121582, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You can obtain a \"Sonora ONLY\" Vehicle Import Permit if you only plan to travel in the Mexican State of Sonora.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54175853729248, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "If you are not a Mexican citizen, a Mexican immigration permit-such as a tourist, business or immigrant permit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.573335647583008, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Pay $44 US plus a tax (IVA) for processing the permit with cash or with a non-Mexico issued credit card.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159008026123047, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "The following will result in the deposit fee being cashed by the Mexican government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406152725219727, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "Not returning the vehicle to the US border within 180 days to exit Mexico or to renew the permit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.758962631225586, "source": "search", "title": "Temporary Vehicle Import Permit | Auto Insurance Mexico ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "New Mexico Motorist Insurance Identification Program - Insurance Verification", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.380534172058105, "source": "search", "title": "New Mexico Motorist Insurance Identification Program ..." }, { "answer": "MEX", "passage": "You must obtain automobile liability insurance from an insurance company that is licensed to do business in the State of New Mexico. Once you obtain insurance, your insurance company will notify the IIDB of your coverage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.424101829528809, "source": "search", "title": "New Mexico Motorist Insurance Identification Program ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Collins twice hosted the Billboard Music Awards on television, which were produced and directed by his longtime music video and TV special collaborators, Paul Flattery and Jim Yukich of FYI (Flattery Yukich Inc). He also appeared in an episode of the series Miami Vice, entitled \"Phil the Shill\", in which he plays a cheating con-man. He also appeared in several sketches with The Two Ronnies.", "precise_score": 6.7950310707092285, "rough_score": 7.845148086547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Phil Collins" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of the U.S. television show Miami Vice (\"Brother's Keeper\"), one of the first pop/rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner. Its use in that scene was \"a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match\", The A.V. Club wrote in 2012. It subsequently \"bubbled under\" the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985. On the heels of this successful merging of media, Collins became associated with the show; other Collins tracks including \"Take Me Home\" were later featured, and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode, \"Phil the Shill\". This song was later used in the show's fourth season episode \"A Bullet for Crockett\" for its car chase opening scene, a clear reference to the show's pilot episode. A cover of \"In the Air Tonight\", performed by American metal band Nonpoint, also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation.", "precise_score": 0.9351946711540222, "rough_score": -6.853339195251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "In the Air Tonight" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Phil Collins ('Phil the Shill,' Season Two) | Miami Sound Machine: 16 Best Musical Guest Stars on 'Miami Vice' | Rolling Stone", "precise_score": 3.7958385944366455, "rough_score": 5.801828861236572, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins ('Phil the Shill,' Season Two) | Miami Sound ..." }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "A year after his \"In The Air Tonight\" soundtracked the single most defining musical moment of Miami Vice's first season (and arguably the entire series), Phil Collins appeared on the show as Phil Mayhem, the con-artist host of a TV game show called Rat Race. \"Phil the Shill\" (which also featured a young Kyra Sedgwick) ranks among Vice's funniest episodes thanks to the comic chemistry between Collins and cast goofballs Martin Ferrero (\"Izzy Moreno\") and Michael Talbott (\"Stan Switek\"). Collins even recorded a parodic theme song for Rat Race, which brilliantly bookends the episode.", "precise_score": 7.307847023010254, "rough_score": 6.924175262451172, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins ('Phil the Shill,' Season Two) | Miami Sound ..." }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Besides his roles in Vice and Buster, Collins also appeared in the movies Hook (with Julia Roberts ), Frauds, and as a voice actor in The Jungle Book 2. Additionally, his music has appeared in dozens of movies and TV shows; a cover version of \"In The Air Tonight\" appeared in the Miami Vice film , and a special re-recording of his original version appeared -- along with himself -- in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, which is heavily inspired by Miami Vice and can be seen as an homage to the show.", "precise_score": 0.22240501642227173, "rough_score": -5.954944610595703, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "1985: Though he is not wearing anything formal, Phil releases his third solo album in April. No Jacket Required lands him a string of hits: Sussudio, One More Night, Take Me Home and Don�t Lose My Number climb high in the charts. Less successful is his collaboration with Eric Clapton, whose album Behind The Sun contains many overlooked gems. A young lady by the name of Marylin Martin sings the Stephen Bishop ballad Separate Lives with Phil. The song is used for the movie White Nights. On July 13, 1985, the Live Aid concert, organized by Bob Geldof, takes place in London and Philadelphia. Phil performs solo and with Sting and Branford Marsalis in England, boards the Concorde and also performs in the States with Eric Clapton and Led Zeppelin. In between Phil obviously finds enough time to act the role of Phil Mayhew (!) in the Miami Vice episode Phil The Shill which is first broadcast in the U.S. on December 13, 1985.", "precise_score": -1.196520209312439, "rough_score": -3.9565210342407227, "source": "search", "title": "Genesis News Com [it]: Phil Collins - biography" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Phil the Shill — Miami Vice Chronicles", "precise_score": 3.0227537155151367, "rough_score": 1.3040999174118042, "source": "search", "title": "Phil the Shill — Miami Vice Chronicles" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "\"Life Is A Rat Race\" is a song performed by Phil Collins , recorded in 1985. The song appeared in the Miami Vice episode \" Phil the Shill \".", "precise_score": 3.9910452365875244, "rough_score": 6.220405578613281, "source": "search", "title": "Life is a Rat Race - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "The song is also used in other films such as The Girl From Paris, Big Trouble, The New Guy, Paid in Full, Miami Vice, and The Hangover Part III.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370868682861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "In the Air Tonight" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "A cover of the song appears on the Nonpoint album Recoil and on the godheadSilo album Share the Fantasy. The Nonpoint cover was featured in the film Miami Vice (2006), and a video was made to promote the track using clips from the film. Nonpoint's version was also used in teasers for the fifth season of Dexter in 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026412963867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "In the Air Tonight" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Miami Sound Machine: 16 Best Musical Guest Stars on 'Miami Vice'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535978317260742, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins ('Phil the Shill,' Season Two) | Miami Sound ..." }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Miami Sound Machine: 16 Best Musical Guest Stars on 'Miami Vice'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535978317260742, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins ('Phil the Shill,' Season Two) | Miami Sound ..." }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Phil Collins | Miami Vice Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.84322452545166, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "1000+ images about \"MIAMI VICE, 80's YOUTUBE\" on Pinterest | Jean dean, Miami and In the air tonight", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468141555786133, "source": "search", "title": "\"MIAMI VICE, 80's YOUTUBE\" on Pinterest | Miami Vice, Jan ..." }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Great Episode, Great Song, Great Ending...... Miami Vice Season 2 episode 'Definitely Miami' featuring the song 'Cry' by Godley and Creme, and guest starring Ted Nugent and Arielle Dombasle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300167083740234, "source": "search", "title": "\"MIAMI VICE, 80's YOUTUBE\" on Pinterest | Miami Vice, Jan ..." }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Ntina Kitsou: on A Miami Vice Reunion Movie: It’s Still Possible! : Don't kill Castillo. He would prove useful to councelling once in a while.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.404935836791992, "source": "search", "title": "Phil the Shill — Miami Vice Chronicles" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": " 2006 Miami Vice (writer: \"In The Air Tonight\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421687126159668, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "  Miami Vice (TV Series) (performer - 6 episodes, 1984 - 1988) (writer - 5 episodes, 1984 - 1986)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08934211730957, "source": "search", "title": "Phil Collins - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495044708251953, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477228164672852, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "On September 28, 1984, Miami Vice made its premiere on NBC, and a new kind of cop show was born—one in which grown men weren’t afraid to pair pastel Ts with white Armani suits, music was an integral part of the storytelling, and pet alligators and sweet Ferraris were all within reach of an undercover narcotics officer. The show, which for the most part still holds up today (well, the first three seasons at least), is also famous for giving a break to dozens of then-unknown young actors who’ve since moved from the underbelly of South Beach to the top of the Hollywood A-list. Here are 27 of them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.065296173095703, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Miami Vice Wiki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505667686462402, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Bruce Willis also owes the beginning of his small-screen career to Miami Vice, on which he played arms dealer extraordinaire Tony Amato in the show’s first season. Four months later, he was trading barbs with Cybill Shepherd as P.I. David Addison in Moonlighting, a role that earned Willis his first (and only) Golden Globe Award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074012756347656, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "The Miami Vice Community", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52230453491211, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Even the greatest of television series lose their way on occasion, and Miami Vice was no exception. Particularly when they went the “amnesia” route, which had Sonny Crockett believing he was in fact his undercover alter ego, Sonny Burnett, at the end of season four. Which is when Julia Roberts made an appearance as Polly Wheeler, an art gallery manager/drug dealer’s assistant with a penchant for bad boys. And Sonny is just her type.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.286887168884277, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Miami Vice’s casting directors scored big with their fourth season finale, which featured not one but two Oscar winners: Julia Roberts (see above) and Chris Cooper, who landed a plum role as a crooked cop from Fort Lauderdale intent on blowing Sonny’s cover in the drug underworld. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.148665428161621, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "In 1981, the late, great Dennis Farina was an 18-year veteran of the Chicago Police Department who was hired as a consultant on Michael Mann’s Thief due to his burglary expertise. Mann saw something he liked in the guy, cast him in a small role, and Dennis Farina: The Actor was born. Throughout the character actor’s career, Mann would remain one of his biggest champions, so his appearance in Miami Vice’s debut season is not surprising (Mann was the show’s executive producer, after all). Nor is the fact that his character, gangster Albert Lombard, became somewhat of a recurring character. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.362821578979492, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Also 20 years old at the time of his appearance, future Oscar-winner Benicio del Toro had a bit part on Miami Vice in 1987 as Pito, an ex-con-turned-thespian with a local theater group, Mi Vida Loca.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298279762268066, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Being a South Florida-set show about drugs in the 1980s, the bulk of Miami Vice’s episodes surround South American drug and arms dealers. Which made its third season premiere, “When Irish Eyes Are Crying,” a bit of an anomaly (in a good way). In it, Detective Gina Calabrese (Saundra Santiago) falls for an Irish philanthropist—played by Liam Neeson—who turns out to be a former IRA member and current terrorist. Oops!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077401161193848, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "If you thought Michael Richards’ inflections as Cosmo Kramer were specific to his Seinfeld character, close your eyes and listen to him playing a sleazy bookie in this episode from Miami Vice’s second season. You’ll swear Jerry, George, Elaine are in the room, too.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8402681350708, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Miami Vice Wiki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505667686462402, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "“Smuggler’s Blues” is probably one of the best known episodes of Miami Vice, first because it gave Glenn Frey (a founding member of The Eagles) the chance to show off his acting chops, and also because it featured his hit song of the same name. (Apologies if you get that stuck in your head for the rest of the day.) But separate yourself from all the Frey-ness of the episode and you’ll notice future Oscar nominee Richard Jenkins as D.E.A. Agent Ed Waters. (Jenkins appears again in the show’s fifth season, this time as a sleazy bookie named Goodman.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785469055175781, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "While the men are out busting up drug deals, the ladies of Miami Vice can usually be found in hooker attire, working undercover as prostitutes. So it’s only befitting that the show would feature a few pimps in its time, John Turturro among them (in his television series debut).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046857833862305, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "If Miami Vice taught us one thing about undercover work, it’s that your alias should be a different last name only (Sonny’s alter ego, for example, is Sonny Burnett). In the series’ second-ever episode, Ed O’Neill starred as undercover FBI agent Artie Lawson/Artie Rollins, a man who knows his way around a semi-automatic weapon. What would Al Bundy say?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661332130432129, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "If there’s one thing an undercover cop should never do, it’s fall in love with a prostitute. Which is exactly what Bill Paxton, as Vic Romano, does. Much to the dismay of a pimp named Silk, played by Wesley Snipes in yet another Miami Vice Future Star Twofer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68301773071289, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Miami Vice Wiki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505667686462402, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "The tendency of Miami Vice’s producers to recast actors they liked—as completely different characters—is fairly legendary. No actor experienced this more than John Leguizamo, who had a recurring role as the vengeful son of the Vice squad’s main target, Calderone, between 1986 and 1987. Two years later, he was back on the show, this time as Angelo Alvarez, a drug dealer in his own right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.961475372314453, "source": "search", "title": "27 Actors Who Got Their Starts on Miami Vice | Mental Floss" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "Life is a Rat Race | Miami Vice Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.559438705444336, "source": "search", "title": "Life is a Rat Race - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "\"Life Is A Rat Race\" is a rewrite of the song \"The Man With The Horn,\" a rare B-side from Collins' hit single \"One More Night\" (recorded during the No Jacket Required sessions), reworked specifically as a tune for this episode. It has not appeared on any album or as a single, making it one of the few Miami Vice songs never to see a release in any form outside of the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.050569534301758, "source": "search", "title": "Life is a Rat Race - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Miami Vice", "passage": "The song is played over the closing credits, one of only three times in the series a song other than the \" Miami Vice Theme \" has been played at the end.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285599708557129, "source": "search", "title": "Life is a Rat Race - Miami Vice Wiki - Wikia" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on. - Dean Martin - BrainyQuote", "precise_score": 7.753076553344727, "rough_score": 8.625503540039062, "source": "search", "title": "You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "\" i feel sorry for people \" quote is by Dean Martin ...NOT Frank Sinatra are peoiple fukn stupid get it rite", "precise_score": -4.634466171264648, "rough_score": -8.717260360717773, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "These succeed the analytical section of the book and take up half its total contents. Some of them are rather extreme. Dean Martin recommends that the way to avoid a hangover is to ''stay drunk,'' which could be dangerous, considering that Dean Martin also once said that, ''You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on.''", "precise_score": 5.730417251586914, "rough_score": -1.0494887828826904, "source": "search", "title": "Books of the Times - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "\"You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on.\" ― Dean Martin", "precise_score": 8.290275573730469, "rough_score": 9.37707233428955, "source": "search", "title": "W.C Fields | Best funny quotes about drinking alcohol ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "\"You're not drunk unless you can lie on the floor without holding on !\" - Dean Martin", "precise_score": 8.192442893981934, "rough_score": 9.41229248046875, "source": "search", "title": "Beer quotations and humor - schiesshouse" }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Find on Amazon: Dean Martin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289981842041016, "source": "search", "title": "You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List - Top 10 Drinking Quotes Of All Time - Booze Quotes - Dean Martin Quote - Dylan Thomas Quote - Billy Carter Quote - Tom Waits - W.C. Fields - Ernest Hemingway - Charles Bukowski - Frank Sinatra - George Jean Nathan quote", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096198081970215, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "#09 - Dean Martin [1917-95]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452163696289062, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "#2 wasn't said by Frank at all, it was Dean Martins line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057792663574219, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "i like Dean Martin's quote the best.. why? i can relate with a personal experience :) Cheers everyone!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276660919189453, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "I don't think that Dean Martin actually drank. It was part of his stage presence, his act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095671653747559, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "The Frank Sinatra Quote is also wrong because it was a Dean Martin Joke!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.744635581970215, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "#9, attributed here to Dean Martin, was actually said by Joe E. Lewis. Dean was quoting Joe. #2 wasn't Frank Sinatra either, but is also Joe E. Lewis, as someone else previously said. But then again, Dean and Frank were a bit more well-known then poor Mr. Lewis!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867101669311523, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "The Sinatra quote is wrong, Dean Martin said that.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.277823448181152, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "That was Dean Martin, not Frank. Skip to 4:14 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRyChNnZmYI", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325282096862793, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "The guy is right. Number 9 WAS Dean Martin. And i IS screwed up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334731101989746, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "i think both dean martin and sinatra's quotes are wrong, check this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz2cZx118P0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369751930236816, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "I thought that Dean Martin said what you attribute to Frank Sinatra. Are you sure it was Frank?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101118087768555, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "the sinatra quote is actually by Dean martin #2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052657127380371, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "#2 It wasn't Frank https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9yAFE2ccPs 13:30 Dean Martin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501708984375, "source": "search", "title": "Streams of Consciousness - Top 10 List - Top Ten List ..." }, { "answer": "Dean Martin", "passage": "—Dean Martin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298941612243652, "source": "search", "title": "Let’s Toast To These 70 Classic Quotes About Drinking ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Cape Canaveral", "passage": "Kennedy lies on 219-square miles on Florida’s coast, 50 miles east of the city of Orlando, on Merritt Island, located between the Indian and Banana Rivers with launch pad access on the Atlantic Ocean. The center has a unique designation as a wildlife sanctuary, where bald eagles, alligators, herons and other wildlife coexist with humans. The natural areas include the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and a major part of the Canaveral National Seashore. The first U.S. astronauts launched aboard the Redstone Atlas, and Titan II rockets from military launch pads located at the Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Station. The first Saturn I and IB rockets were also launched from Cape Canaveral.", "precise_score": -4.321782112121582, "rough_score": -4.5334343910217285, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - NASA Facilities" }, { "answer": "Cape Canaveral", "passage": "Currently, the shuttle orbiters are housed, maintained and serviced in the center’s orbiter processing facilities, assembled with the other space shuttle components in the massive Vehicle Assembly Building, and launched into space from a pair of launch complexes. From 1968 to 1972, the center launched nine Apollo flights to the moon. It is adjacent to the U.S. Air Force’s Cape Canaveral launch range where missile tests are conducted and expendable satellite-carrying rockets are processed and launched. Kennedy, home to nearly 15,000 civilian, military and industry employees, features a large visitor center complex that includes museum-quality exhibits, shops, restaurants, a space shuttle experience and an IMAX theater. A Saturn V rocket is also housed for public display at the visitor center. Kennedy’s current director is William “Bill” Parsons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.820912837982178, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - NASA Facilities" }, { "answer": "Cape Canaveral", "passage": "Kennedy added other buildings to support shuttle flight operations, including new orbiter processing facilities, which act as hangars for the winged vehicles, as well as payload and ordinance buildings for the shuttles and their booster rockets and cargoes. A runway was built near the launch pads to accommodate the gliding return of the space planes, with the first shuttle landing at the center’s runway taking place at the end of the Challenger STS-41B mission in 1984. A unique 457,000 sq. ft. Space Station Processing Facility was constructed in 1994 to process and test large modules, truss segments, solar panels, etc. prior to launch. Kennedy launches many scientific and weather spacecraft into orbit aboard various expendable launch vehicles such as Delta, Atlas, Pegasus, Taurus, Titan and Athena class rockets. The center has responsibility for managing satellite launches at other launch sites, including Cape Canaveral Air Force Station; Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif.; and Kodiak, Alaska.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.939637184143066, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - NASA Facilities" }, { "answer": "Cape Canaveral", "passage": "On February 20, 1962, John Glenn Jr. became the first American to orbit Earth. Launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Friendship 7 capsule carrying Glenn reached a maximum altitude of 162 miles and an orbital velocity of 17,500 miles per hour. After more than four hours in space, having circled the earth three times, Glenn piloted the", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.268674850463867, "source": "search", "title": "Space Program - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum" } ]

[ { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Flack's cover version of \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" hit number seventy-six on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972. Her Atlantic recordings did not sell particularly well, until actor/director Clint Eastwood chose a song from First Take, \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\", for the sound track of his directorial debut Play Misty for Me; it became the biggest hit of the year for 1972 – spending six consecutive weeks at #1 and earning Flack a million-selling Gold disc. The First Take album also went to #1 and eventually sold 1.9 million copies in the United States. Eastwood, who paid $2,000 for the use of the song in the film, has remained an admirer and friend of Flack's ever since. It was awarded the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1973. In 1983, she recorded the end music to the Dirty Harry film Sudden Impact at Eastwood's request.", "precise_score": 6.999803066253662, "rough_score": 7.914942741394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roberta Flack" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "That’s exactly what happened to Roberta Flack when Clint Eastwood rung her up to seek permission to use her hit “First Time Ever I Saw Your Face” in his movie Play Misty For Me after being so ‘hypnotized’ by the song, he nearly drove off the freeway.", "precise_score": 7.994785785675049, "rough_score": 7.387801647186279, "source": "search", "title": "Roberta Flack Looks Back At Flabbergasting Phone Call With ..." }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Greatest Movie Themes: FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR FACE (PLAY MISTY FOR ME, 1971)", "precise_score": 4.788202285766602, "rough_score": 2.032052993774414, "source": "search", "title": "FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR FACE - blogspot.com" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Music played an intricate role in Eastwood's films as early as Play Misty for Me — Eastwood's directing debut. The romantic song, \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face,\" was sung by the then-unknown Roberta Flack and selected by Eastwood, as was \"Misty,\" the film's theme song, which was arranged by jazz piano legend Erroll Garner.", "precise_score": 8.223088264465332, "rough_score": 7.457494258880615, "source": "search", "title": "The Blues . Piano Blues . Biography | PBS" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Ever since \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face,\" graced the Monterey Bay scene in the 1972 movie \"Play Misty For Me,\" she was bound for greatness. That haunting melody was the perfect backdrop for this Clint Eastwood movie. Roberta went on to have one after another chart toppers that are still played today. This the perfect album for a romantic mood.", "precise_score": 8.019048690795898, "rough_score": 8.450443267822266, "source": "search", "title": "The Very Best of Roberta Flack by Roberta Flack on Apple Music" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Flack's slower and more sensual version was used by Clint Eastwood in his 1971 directorial film debut, Play Misty for Me, during a lovemaking scene. With the new exposure, Atlantic Records cut the song down to four minutes and released it to radio. It became a very successful single in the United States where it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and easy listening charts in April 1972 for six week runs on each list. It reached #14 on the UK Singles Chart. In Canada, it was No.1 for three weeks in the RPM magazine charts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4211779832839966, "source": "wiki", "title": "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "For his work in the Western film Unforgiven (1992) and the sports drama Million Dollar Baby (2004), Eastwood won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture, as well as receiving nominations for Best Actor. Eastwood's greatest commercial successes have been the adventure comedy Every Which Way But Loose (1978) and its sequel, the action comedy Any Which Way You Can (1980), after adjustment for inflation. Other popular films include the Western Hang 'Em High (1968), the psychological thriller Play Misty for Me (1971), the crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), the Western The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), the prison film Escape from Alcatraz (1979), the action film Firefox (1982), the suspense thriller Tightrope (1984), the Western Pale Rider (1985), the war film Heartbreak Ridge (1986), the action thriller In the Line of Fire (1993), the romantic drama The Bridges of Madison County (1995), and the drama Gran Torino (2008).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1079013347625732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Eastwood's career reached a turning point in 1971. Before Irving Leonard died, he and Eastwood had discussed the idea of Malpaso producing Play Misty for Me, a film that was to give Eastwood the artistic control he desired, and his debut as a director. The script was about a jazz disc jockey named Dave (Eastwood), who has a casual affair with Evelyn (Jessica Walter), a listener who had been calling the radio station repeatedly at night, asking him to play her favorite song – Erroll Garner's Misty. When Dave ends their relationship, the unhinged Evelyn becomes a murderous stalker. Filming commenced in Monterey in September 1970 and included footage of that year's Monterey Jazz Festival. The film was highly acclaimed with critics, such as Jay Cocks in Time magazine, Andrew Sarris in the Village Voice, and Archer Winsten in the New York Post all praising the film, as well as Eastwood's directorial skills and performance. Walter was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress Award (Drama), for her performance in the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.881575107574463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Beginning with the thriller Play Misty for Me, Eastwood has directed over 30 films, including Westerns, action films, and dramas. He is one of few top Hollywood actors to have also become a critically and commercially successful director. The New Yorker wrote that, unlike Eastwood, ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.146448850631714, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clint Eastwood" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Play Misty for Me is a 1971 American psychological thriller film, directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, in his directorial debut. Jessica Walter and Donna Mills co-star. The original music score was composed by Dee Barton. In the film, Eastwood plays the role of a radio jockey being stalked by an obsessed female fan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.599759578704834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Play Misty for Me" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Before Malpaso Productions co-founder Irving Leonard died, Eastwood and he discussed a final film, one giving Eastwood the artistic control he desired by making his directorial debut. The film was Play Misty for Me. Eastwood reflected on his new role: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.352118968963623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Play Misty for Me" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Play Misty for Me premiered in October 1971 at the San Francisco Film Festival and was widely released in November. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.076623916625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Play Misty for Me" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "The film has been given mostly positive reviews, with an 83% \"fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In his 1971 review of the film, Roger Ebert wrote, \"Play Misty for Me is not the artistic equal of Psycho, but in the business of collecting an audience into the palm of its hand and then squeezing hard, it is supreme.\" Critics such as Jay Cocks in Time, Andrew Sarris in the Village Voice, and Archer Winsten in the New York Post all praised Eastwood's directorial skills and the film, including his performance in the scenes with Walter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.786911010742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Play Misty for Me" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Play Misty for Me was number 26 on Bravo!'s \"30 Even Scarier Movie Moments.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.753438949584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Play Misty for Me" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Roberta Flack - The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face (from \"Play Misty for Me\") - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6742804050445557, "source": "search", "title": "Roberta Flack - The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face (from ..." }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Roberta Flack - The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face (from \"Play Misty for Me\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5681791305541992, "source": "search", "title": "Roberta Flack - The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face (from ..." }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "This slower, more sensual version was used by Clint Eastwood in his 1971 directorial debut Play Misty for Me during a lovemaking scene. With the new exposure, Atlantic Records cut the song down to four minutes and released it to radio. It became an extremely successful single in the United States where it reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts in April 1972 for six week runs on each.[3] It reached #14 on the UK Singles Chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5370064973831177, "source": "search", "title": "Roberta Flack - The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face (from ..." }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR FACE (PLAY MISTY FOR ME, 1971)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.9262140989303589, "source": "search", "title": "FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR FACE - blogspot.com" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "One of the most beautiful song ever recorded was sang by Roberta Flack used in the film Play Misty For Me. The story centers around Dave, a dics jockey (Clint Eastwood) who was chased and later harrassed by a demented fan named Evelyn Draper (a Golden Globe nominated role by Jessica Walter). A classy suspense film in the '70s from one classy director that was Clint Eastwood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4898438453674316, "source": "search", "title": "FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR FACE - blogspot.com" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Roberta Flack 's debut album, titled First Take in true underachiever fashion, introduced a singer who'd assimilated the powerful interpretive talents of Nina Simone and Sarah Vaughan , the earthy power of Aretha Franklin , and the crystal purity and emotional resonance of folksingers like Judy Collins . Indeed, the album often sounded more like vocal jazz or folk than soul, beginning with the credits: a core quartet of Flack on piano, John Pizzarelli on guitar, Ron Carter on bass, and Ray Lucas on drums, as fine a lineup as any pop singer could hope to recruit. With only one exception -- the bluesy, grooving opener \"Compared to What,\" during which Flack proves her chops as a soul belter -- she concentrates on readings of soft, meditative material. A pair of folk covers, \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" and \"Hey, That's No Way to Say Goodbye,\" are heart-wrenching standouts; the first even became a surprise hit two years later, when its appearance in the Clint Eastwood film Play Misty for Me pushed it to the top of the pop charts and earned Flack her first Grammy award for Record of the Year. Her arrangement of the traditional \"I Told Jesus\" has a simmering power, while \"Ballad of the Sad Young Men\" summons a stately sense of melancholy. Flack also included two songs from her college friend and future duet partner, Donny Hathaway , including a tender examination of the classic May-December romance titled \"Our Ages or Our Hearts.\" The string arrangements of William Fischer wisely keep to the background, lending an added emotional weight to all of Flack 's pronouncements. No soul artist had ever recorded an album like this, making First Take one of the most fascinating soul debuts of the era.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.12268590927124, "source": "search", "title": "First Take - Roberta Flack | Songs, Reviews, Credits ..." }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Play misty for me - Love scene - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.439471244812012, "source": "search", "title": "Play misty for me - Love scene - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": "Play misty for me - Love scene", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411859512329102, "source": "search", "title": "Play misty for me - Love scene - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Play Misty For Me", "passage": " 1971 Play Misty for Me (performer: \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.0017236322164535522, "source": "search", "title": "Roberta Flack - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "Written by Robert Siegel (BIG FAN), THE FOUNDER is a drama that tells the true story of how Ray Kroc (Michael Keaton), a salesman from Illinois, met Mac and Dick McDonald, who were running a burger operation in 1950s Southern California. Kroc was impressed by the brothers’ speedy system of making the food and saw franchise potential. He maneuvered himself into a position to be able to pull the company from the brothers and create a billion-dollar empire.", "precise_score": -4.020993232727051, "rough_score": -5.704169273376465, "source": "search", "title": "WATCH: New Trailer for 'The Founder' with Michael Keaton ..." }, { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "The 1950s", "precise_score": -7.914488315582275, "rough_score": -10.707825660705566, "source": "search", "title": "History Timeline of the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "At full-throttle as a star in the early 1950s, Ann transitioned easily among glossy operettas, wide-eyed comedies and all-out melodramas, some of which tended to be overbaked and, thereby, overplayed. When not dishing out the high dramatics of an adopted girl searching for her birth mother in Our Very Own or a wrongly-convicted murderess in Thunder on the Hill , she was introducing classic standards as wife to Mario Lanza in The Great Caruso or playing pert and perky in such light confections as Katie Did It . A well-embraced romantic leading lady, she made her last film for Universal playing a Russian countess courted by Gregory Peck in The World in His Arms .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.264829635620117, "source": "search", "title": "IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching \"Keaton\"" }, { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "In the 1950s, Brophy began taking fewer roles. His last role was in director John Ford 's Western Two Rode Together , during the production of which, he died on May 27, 1960 in Pacific Palisades, California. He will always be remembered to film-lovers as the voice of Timothy Mouse in Walt Disney 's classic 1941 cartoon Dumbo .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130292892456055, "source": "search", "title": "IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching \"Keaton\"" }, { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "The 1950s are sometimes referred to as the Golden Age. Color TV was invented; the polio vaccine was discovered; Disneyland opened; and Elvis gyrated his hips on The Ed Sullivan Show. The Cold War continued as the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union began.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268583297729492, "source": "search", "title": "History Timeline of the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "1950s", "passage": "The 1950s also saw segregation ruled illegal in the U.S. and the beginning of the Civil Rights movement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224276542663574, "source": "search", "title": "History Timeline of the 20th Century" }, { "answer": "1950-1959", "passage": "Learn more about this \"cool\" decade through the 1950-1959 timeline . More »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.829482078552246, "source": "search", "title": "History Timeline of the 20th Century" } ]

[ { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "The film score for was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace. Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well. In the film, she sings: \"He's a Tramp\", \"La La Lu\", \"The Siamese Cat Song\" and \"What Is a Baby?\". She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers. These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.", "precise_score": 8.092408180236816, "rough_score": 6.721848011016846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady and the Tramp" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "\"He's a Tramp\" is a song featured in Disney Lady and the Tramp . It is sung by Peggy Lee . The song was nominated for AFI's 100 years...100 Songs, as one of 15 songs from Disney and one of 17 songs from an animated movie to be nominated.", "precise_score": 9.546414375305176, "rough_score": 8.233036041259766, "source": "search", "title": "He's a Tramp - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "Legendary recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well. In the film she sings: \" He's a Tramp \", \" La La Lu , \" The Siamese Cat Song \", and \" What is a Baby? \". She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series, explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film's numbers. These appearances are available, as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set.", "precise_score": 8.224875450134277, "rough_score": 6.777881145477295, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the Tramp - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "* Peggy Lee as Darling, Si and Am, Peg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851900100708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady and the Tramp" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "On 16 November 1988, Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract, claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music, arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions. After a protracted legal battle, she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.243115425109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady and the Tramp" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "One of the big steps we take in becoming adults is learning to accommodate our nostalgia for the things we loved as a child. We shouldn't deliberately disown the films, TV shows and other cultural icons of our youth; they played a crucial part in making us who are we, for better or worse, and in some way they continue to shape our cultural choices as adults. But we mustn't let ourselves be governed by a rose-tinted view of the past; it is a dangerous blinker on the critical mind, and most attempts to recapture said past result in failure. Of course, it's very easy for me to say all this when I'm referring to things which did not affect me personally. I brought up this line of argument in my review of the fourth Indiana Jones film, since that series did not really impact me until I was a teenager; by then I already liked adventure stories, and they merely helped to cement this love. Lady and the Tramp, on the other hand, is one of the first films I can remember seeing, both in my home and in the cinema. Part of me regrets that it doesn't hold up quite as well in 2013 as it did in the early-1990s, but the rest of me can take comfort in the moments that make it a nice little charmer. Like many Disney films released in the 1950s, Lady and the Tramp had a long gestation period, partly as a result of the delays caused by World War II. The original concept, involving Lady being replaced by the new-born baby, was first floated in 1937, but Disney dismissed it as being too sweet and not having enough action. The Tramp was added in the early-1940s, though he was originally known as Homer, Rags or Bozo. The animators worried that 'Tramp' would be too sexual for a children's story, pointing to the jazz standard 'The Lady Is A Tramp' which satirised New York polite society through the character of a socially wayward woman. Over the next few years characters' names changed and various scenes were added or removed as Disney searched for the perfect story arc. In this time the only aspects of the film that remained constant were the two main characters and the dog's-level perspective on the human world (more on that later). It wasn't until 1953, around the release of Peter Pan, that Disney had the story anywhere near its finished shape, and even then changes were made right up to the release. The now-iconic spaghetti scene was almost cut by Disney, who felt that it was too silly; fortunately his animator Frank Thomas convinced him otherwise. Lady and the Tramp is significant for being the first full-length Disney feature to be based on contemporary sources - namely Joe Grant's original pitch about Lady and Ward Greene's short story 'Happy Dan, The Whistling Dog' which created the Tramp. This is a little misleading, however, since the film is still essentially a period piece, judging by its fashions, transport and modes of address. The film has a contemporary spirit and a very 1950s view of the past, but it doesn't have the same flaws which hampered later modern-day efforts like The Rescuers or Oliver & Company. The film is stylistically interesting in the lack of space given to human characters or faces. This idea is not without precedent - many Tom and Jerry cartoons featured just the hands, legs or voices of the humans. But what is interesting, at least artistically, is how much faith Disney puts in his audience being able to emote with animals as much as they would with people. He is so confident in the characters and (beautiful) animation that he deliberately reduces the humans' screen time, and gives very little that could explain the relationship between humans and animals, even in terms of scale. In the past Disney stories centred around animals had always set up a balance between humans and animals in terms of screen time, and the boundaries in which the two could interact. Dumbo may be driven by its title character, but the ringmaster is shown at the same level or perspective as the elephant. The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad may have a lot of animal characters, but a human villain is inserted on their level to humanise them. In Lady and the Tramp, everything is seen from the diminished view of a dog; the film deliberately resists giving out details about the human world, leaving Lady as the only way in. Like Dumbo or Bambi, there isn't really a lot of story in Lady & the Tramp. None of these stories have the great sweep or classic beats of the fairy tales adapted by the company: their charm is more slight and simple, playing on innocence and childlike curiosity about the world rather than exploring more complex tropes and ideas. Ultimately its staying power is not that great, since it's not as visually rich or narratively substantial as Snow White or Sleeping Beauty. But it does have a number of memorable moments, some of which have become icons of the Disney canon as a whole. The visuals of Lady and the Tramp are very inviting. It begins modestly enough, opening like one of the package films of the 1940s with the shots of suburbia, falling snow and the heavenly choir. It's very close in fact to the Once Upon A Wintertime segment of Melody Time, right down to the slightly strange movements of the horses. But once Lady is introduced, the colour palette opens up and the rich summery colours begin to fill the screen and warm us up. The film is the first that Disney made in Cinemascope, and the widescreen format compliments the dog's-eye-view aesthetic. The music is pretty nice too, even though none of the songs are as catchy as 'Heigh-Ho' or 'Baby Mine'. 'He's A Tramp' is one of the highlights, sung memorably by Peggy Lee and accompanied by great character animation. The film's use of barbershop in the dogs' howling is a nice touch, taking something relatively dissonant and shaping it to fit the character dynamics in the pound. Standouts elsewhere include 'What Is A Baby?' (also sung by Lee) and 'Bella Notte', with the resounding tenor complimenting the Italian chefs. 'The Siamese Cat Song' would also be memorable, were it not for the un-PC characterisation of the cats themselves, much like their counterparts in The Aristocats. Like many Disney efforts of the time, Lady and the Tramp is at its best when it allows darker elements to encroach upon its sunny, chocolate-box world. The scene of Lady being chased by the dogs and the Tramp fighting them off is pretty tense; if we think of it in terms of human interaction, it's downright creepy. Likewise the scenes with the rat are quite threatening, like something had escaped from the dark woods in Snow White and the film was struggling to get rid of it by any means possible. For the most part, however, the film is light, cheery and relatively stake-free. It's not as overtly schmaltzy as Bambi (which some may count as a mercy), but it's still a story driven by character interaction rather than reaction to other circumstances, and that in itself is no bad thing. We know pretty much from the outside where the story is going to go, and the film doesn't really deviate from the tried-and-tested beats of a class-driven romance. But the two main players are charming and convincing, with Barbara Luddy on fine form as Lady and Larry Roberts giving the Tramp a real swagger. The supporting cast are well-voiced and generally solid. Verna Felton does a very good job as the highly strung Aunt Sarah, a complete departure from her graceful turn as Cinderella's fairy godmother. Bill Thompson is good as Jock, but he and Trusty don't have much to do other than stand around explaining the plot to Lady. Stan Freberg makes a nice little cameo as the Beaver, stretching out a single joke as far as it will possibly go. And the Mellowmen sing well for the dogs' barbershop quartet, even if their speaking accents are completely off-kiltre. Lady and the Tramp is a good, solid, charming slice of fun which deserves some of its status as a Disney classic. It has none of the depth or staying power of the company's fairy tale ventures, and is hardly the most ambitious or ground-breaking love story committed to film. But its aesthetic departures and warm characters are enough to keep it both historically interesting and an enjoyable watch - especially with spaghetti.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7604782581329346, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the Tramp (1955) - Rotten Tomatoes" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "Music by Sonny Burke & Peggy Lee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62492847442627, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the tramp - He's a tramp - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "Lyrics by Sonny Burke & Peggy Lee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867352485656738, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the tramp - He's a tramp - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "Sung by Peggy Lee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.921733856201172, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the tramp - He's a tramp - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "Peggy Lee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99007797241211, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the Tramp - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "In 1991 Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract claiming that she still retained rights to the transcripts, including those to videotape. She was awarded $2.3m, but not without a lengthy legal battle with the studio which was finally settled in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.938346862792969, "source": "search", "title": "Lady and the Tramp - Disney Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Peggy Lee", "passage": "Song performed by the wonderful Peggy Lee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.07626724243164, "source": "search", "title": "Recording of \"He's a tramp\" - YouTube" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Metropolitan Opera House, Lincoln Center", "precise_score": 7.34421443939209, "rough_score": 8.53384780883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Lincoln Center’s Metropolitan Opera House Lobby. Photo by Andreas Praefcke", "precise_score": 6.731606483459473, "rough_score": 7.829607963562012, "source": "search", "title": "The Genesis of the Metropolitan Opera House Chandeliers ..." }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Hotels Near Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center", "precise_score": 6.028560638427734, "rough_score": 7.504406452178955, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center - Concert Tickets" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Metropolitan Opera House is one of the top opera stages in the entire country. In fact, many consider it to be the best in the entire world. The Metropolitan Opera House is located at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City. For an opera lover or anybody who is visiting the area, a trip to the Metropolitan Opera House is a must. Not only is this venue outstanding on the outside, but when you step inside you will feel like you are in heaven.", "precise_score": 8.043096542358398, "rough_score": 7.383379936218262, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center - Concert Tickets" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Metropolitan Opera House that puts on shows today is not the same as the original. Many people are under this impression, but today's Metropolitan Opera House is actually the second one. The original was built in 1883, and stuck around for quite some time. It was not until 1966 that the new Metropolitan Opera House was opened at Lincoln Center.", "precise_score": 6.792488098144531, "rough_score": 7.310944080352783, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center - Concert Tickets" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Metropolitan Opera House is among the most powerful cultural institutions in the world of opera. The majestic 3,800-seat opera house is located at the iconic Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, and is the only structure with a facade facing the major thoroughfare of Broadway on Manhattan’s Upper West Side. Situated between New York City Ballet’s David H. Koch Theater and New York Philharmonic’s David Geffen Hall, the Metropolitan Opera looks over a vast plaza and the wondrous, ever-spouting Revson Fountain. Two Marc Chagall painted murals, framed in large windows of the grand tier lobby, give the opera house an especially distinct look.", "precise_score": 7.499444961547852, "rough_score": 6.599358558654785, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Information and Tips" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Metropolitan Opera at Lincoln Center Information", "precise_score": 5.246785640716553, "rough_score": 6.15716028213501, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera At Lincoln Center Tickets: Buy Event ..." }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Metropolitan Opera, commonly referred to as \"The Met\", is a company based in New York City, resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association, with Peter Gelb as general manager. The music director position is in transition as of 2016. The music director designate is Yannick Nézet-Séguin and the music director emeritus is James Levine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.197547912597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America. It presents about 27 different operas each year in a season which lasts from late September through May. The operas are presented in a rotating repertory schedule with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week. Moving to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966, performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday. Several operas are presented in new productions each season. Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera houses. The rest of the year's operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons. The 2015-16 season comprised 227 performances of 25 operas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.03723212704062462, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Succeeding Johnson in 1950 was the Austrian-born Rudolf Bing who had most recently created and served as director of the Edinburgh Festival. Serving from 1950 to 1972, Bing became one of the Met's most influential and reformist leaders. Bing modernized the administration of the company, ended an archaic ticket sales system, and brought an end to the company's Tuesday night performances in Philadelphia. He presided over an era of fine singing and glittering new productions, while guiding the company's move to a new home in Lincoln Center. While many outstanding singers debuted at the Met under Bing's guiding hand, music critics complained of a lack of great conducting during his regime, even though such eminent conductors as Fritz Stiedry, Dimitri Mitropoulos, Erich Leinsdorf, Fritz Reiner, and Karl Böhm appeared frequently in the 1950s and '60s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994950294494629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Among the most significant achievements of Bing's tenure was the opening of the Met's artistic roster to include singers of color. Marian Anderson's historic 1955 debut was followed by the introduction of a gifted generation of African American artists led by Leontyne Price (who inaugurated the new house at Lincoln Center), Reri Grist, Grace Bumbry, Shirley Verrett, Martina Arroyo, George Shirley, Robert McFerrin, and many others. Other celebrated singers who debuted at the Met during Bing's tenure include: Roberta Peters, Victoria de los Ángeles, Renata Tebaldi, Maria Callas, who had a bitter falling out with Bing over repertoire,, Birgit Nilsson, Joan Sutherland, Régine Crespin, Mirella Freni, Renata Scotto, Montserrat Caballé, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Anna Moffo, James McCracken, Carlo Bergonzi, Franco Corelli, Alfredo Kraus, Plácido Domingo, Nicolai Gedda, Luciano Pavarotti, Jon Vickers, Tito Gobbi, Sherrill Milnes, and Cesare Siepi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.113251686096191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "During Bing's tenure, the officers of the Met joined forces with the officers of the New York Philharmonic to build the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, where the new Metropolitan Opera House building opened in 1966. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0421104431152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The theater was noted for its elegance and excellent acoustics and it provided a glamorous home for the company. Its stage facilities, however, were found to be severely inadequate from its earliest days. Over the years many plans for a new opera house were explored and abandoned, including a proposal to make a new Metropolitan Opera House the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center. It was only with the development of Lincoln Center that the Met was able to build itself a new home. The Met said goodbye to the old house on April 16, 1966, with a lavish farewell gala performance. The theater closed after a short season of ballet later in the spring of 1966 and was demolished in 1967.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4078176021575928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The present Metropolitan Opera House is located in Lincoln Center at Lincoln Square in the Upper West Side and was designed by architect Wallace K. Harrison. It has a seating capacity of approximately 3800 with an additional 195 standing room places at the rear of the main floor and the top balcony. As needed, the size of the orchestra pit can be decreased and another row of 35 seats added at the front of the auditorium. The lobby is adorned with two famous murals by Marc Chagall, The Triumph of Music and The Sources of Music. Each of these gigantic paintings measures 30 by 36 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.66090202331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "When the Met opened its doors at Lincoln Center on September 16, 1966, the New York Times declared the event a “crescendo of splendor.” Read the original Times article and explore our special anniversary section celebrating five decades of Met history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117956161499023, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Lincoln Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.450613021850586, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center," }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Lincoln Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.450613021850586, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center," }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Grand Tier Restaurant opens two hours prior to curtain to all Lincoln Center ticketholders and during intermission for Metropolitan Opera ticketholders. Reservations are required. Call 212.799.3400 for reservations. Patrons who use wheelchairs or those who wish to avoid steps must enter from the Concourse level and use the elevator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.22607946395874, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center," }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The project involves an idea, the birth of an idea back in the early sixties, in New York. It involves one of countless ideas that went into the making of Lincoln Center, more specifically, the making of the Opera House in Lincoln Center. And more specifically than that, the idea behind the origin of the points of light that drop from its ceiling. I am referring to the design of the Chandeliers in the Metropolitan Opera House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9823026657104492, "source": "search", "title": "The Genesis of the Metropolitan Opera House Chandeliers ..." }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "We have a wide selection of Metropolitan Opera tickets to choose from, including all Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center plays, musicals and performances. View the full Metropolitan Opera House schedule and all available Met Opera tickets here. Choose dates, view seating charts and start planning an exciting trip to the Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center in NY today!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.6319756507873535, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House At Lincoln Center - Concert Tickets" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "30 Lincoln Center Plaza, New York, NY 10023", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148972511291504, "source": "search", "title": "Secrets of the Metropolitan Opera House | am New York" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "At the focal point of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts on the Upper West Side sits the majestic Metropolitan Opera House, where some of the world's most prestigious singers, dancers and actors have graced the stage. A cultural institution steeped in history, the original opera house was opened in 1883, but was deemed inadequate for such large-scale performances. Lincoln Center presented the opportunity for a new home, and some of the art scene's most iconic moments have happened there since its first show in 1966. We take you beyond the glitz and glamor, for a peek at the real Met.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.5999226570129395, "source": "search", "title": "Secrets of the Metropolitan Opera House | am New York" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "A restaurant on the sixth floor with sweeping views of Lincoln Center, called Top of the Met, closed decades ago and has since been converted into office space. It is not accessible to the public, though two of the elevators in the front lobby still offer it as a stop. (A ticket to an opera, ballet, symphony or a play at any of the Lincoln Center campus theaters will get you into the Grand Tier Restaurant, a few levels below.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.406028747558594, "source": "search", "title": "Secrets of the Metropolitan Opera House | am New York" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "There are plenty of fantastic dinner options nearby Lincoln Center. We recommend a stop in P.J. Clark’s. Founded in 1884, it is an old-school New York institution with great food, and a well-stocked bar. It also happens to be across the street from the Metropolitan Opera House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.636408567428589, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Information and Tips" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Lincoln Ristorante is a modernist and chic establishment located at Lincoln Center, situated directly beside the reflecting pool and the Henry Moore sculpture. The menu, conceived by world-class chef Jonathan Benno, promises delectable and modern Italian cuisine, with ingredients either grown by local farmers and purveyors; or imported directly from Italy. This is the perfect spot to ensure a successful evening out in Manhattan, as well as a comfortable walk to the opera house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.688925266265869, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Information and Tips" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The best way to reach the opera house from Grand Central Terminal is to take the shuttle to the uptown 1 train, and get off at 66th Street. Lincoln Center is on Broadway at 64th Street.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0154129266738892, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Information and Tips" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "Metropolitan Opera At Lincoln Center Tickets: Buy Event & Show Tickets for Metropolitan Opera At Lincoln Center", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0671780109405518, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera At Lincoln Center Tickets: Buy Event ..." }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "It is called simply the Met. The Metropolitan Opera of New York is the Holy Grail for every classical singer on the planet. Only one venue could be worthy of this stellar organization: Lincoln Center. The cathedral-like windows behind streaming water jets from the fountain in the forecourt. The hanging fireworks lamps in the lobby. The vast, ornate auditorium with its huge, bubbly chandelier, golden stage curtain, and lighted balconies as far as the eye can see. Even those who are indifferent to opera could look at the architectural marvels for hours and never get tired. It seats 3800 and stands (as in “Standing Room Only”) 195 more. While regular ticket prices are just as high as you would expect, a special program called “Rush Tickets” sets aside a certain number of seats at a much lower rate. Patrons phone in to be included in a drawing and are notified by e-mail if they have won.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2586979866027832, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera At Lincoln Center Tickets: Buy Event ..." }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "There are plenty of fantastic dinner options nearby Lincoln Center. We recommend a stop in P.J. Clark’s. Founded in 1884, it is an old-school New York institution with great food, and a well-stocked bar. It also happens to be across the street from the Metropolitan Opera House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.636408567428589, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Meet Me At The Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The Lincoln Ristorante is a modernist and chic establishment located at Lincoln Center, situated directly beside the reflecting pool and the Henry Moore sculpture. The menu, conceived by world-class chef Jonathan Benno, promises delectable and modern Italian cuisine, with ingredients either grown by local farmers and purveyors; or imported directly from Italy. This is the perfect spot to ensure a successful evening out in Manhattan, as well as a comfortable walk to the opera house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.688925266265869, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Meet Me At The Opera" }, { "answer": "Lincoln Center", "passage": "The best way to reach the opera house from Grand Central Terminal is to take the shuttle to the uptown 1 train, and get off at 66th Street. Lincoln Center is on Broadway at 64th Street.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0154129266738892, "source": "search", "title": "Metropolitan Opera House, New York - Meet Me At The Opera" } ]

[ { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Arnold Raymond Cream (January 31, 1914 – February 25, 1994), better known as Jersey Joe Walcott, was an American world heavyweight boxing champion. He broke the world's record for the oldest man to win the world's heavyweight title when he earned it at the age of . That record would eventually be broken on November 5, 1994, by 45-year-old George Foreman, who defeated the 26-year-old heavyweight champion of the world Michael Moorer, to win the WBA and IBF heavyweight titles.", "precise_score": 8.708196640014648, "rough_score": 7.958439350128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Jersey Joe Walcott, Boxing Champion, Dies at 80 - NYTimes.com", "precise_score": 5.417283058166504, "rough_score": 7.343913555145264, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott, Boxing Champion, Dies at 80 - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Jersey Joe Walcott, Boxing Champion, Dies at 80", "precise_score": 5.795083045959473, "rough_score": 7.491275787353516, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott, Boxing Champion, Dies at 80 - NYTimes.com" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Jersey Joe Walcott became the Heavyweight Champion of the World with a seventh-round knockout of Ezzard Charles on July 18, 1951. It was his fifth attempt at the title. At the age of 37, Walcott became the oldest boxer to win the World Heavyweight Championship, a record that would stand until George Foreman regained the title at age 45 in 1994.", "precise_score": 8.573077201843262, "rough_score": 8.63866138458252, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - BoxRec" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Black ThenJersey Joe Walcott: American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion | Black Then", "precise_score": 5.945796012878418, "rough_score": 6.041322231292725, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "By 1930, he was entering the ring as a lightweight professional boxer. He quickly gained the name “Jersey Joe Walcott” in honor of Joe Walcott, a well-known Barbadian welterweight champion.", "precise_score": 6.0945234298706055, "rough_score": 7.88813591003418, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Walcott was inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1983. He was posthumously inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2013 for his contributions to sports. He passed away in 1994.", "precise_score": 6.20977783203125, "rough_score": 6.300990581512451, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Jersey Joe Walcott, original name Arnold Raymond Cream (born Jan. 31, 1914, Merchantville, N.J., U.S.—died Feb. 25, 1994, Camden , N.J.), American world heavyweight boxing champion from July 18, 1951, when he knocked out Ezzard Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, Pa., until Sept. 23, 1952, when he was knocked out by Rocky Marciano in 13 rounds in Philadelphia.", "precise_score": 7.754236221313477, "rough_score": 7.409943103790283, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The son of immigrants from Barbados , Walcott became a professional boxer in 1930. He won the heavyweight title in 1951 only after losing two title bouts to the aging Joe Louis (including a controversial decision in New York City on Dec. 5, 1947) and two to Ezzard Charles. He was 37 years old when he knocked out Charles to become heavyweight champion. Between 1930 and 1953, Walcott had 69 professional bouts, winning 50, of which 30 were by knockouts. His bout with Marciano in 1952 was considered one of the most exciting heavyweight championship fights of all time. After retiring from the ring, Walcott organized youth programs and served as a sheriff and athletic commissioner in New Jersey . He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991.", "precise_score": 4.953819274902344, "rough_score": 5.952714443206787, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "By 16, he became a professional boxer and renamed himself after the former welterweight champion known as the “Barbados Demon”, who fought out of the family homeland before Cream was born. Eventually the “Jersey” was added to his new name, and the legend of Jersey Joe Walcott began. ", "precise_score": 4.072690963745117, "rough_score": 6.607974529266357, "source": "search", "title": "Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Yet another lay off followed as Walcott took a year to decide whether he was out of the boxing game for good. However, the retirement of Louis saw Walcott's efforts against the long time champion rewarded with a fight against Ezzard Charles for the vacant belt. Charles, one of the finest technicians in boxing history, out boxed Walcott and took up the heavyweight strap. Walcott tried everything he could think of, but Charles was too smart, too polished, and too well acquainted with the footage of Louis being felled by Walcott to fall into lunging at old Jersey Joe.", "precise_score": 2.8303208351135254, "rough_score": 4.684765338897705, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "After retiring from boxing, Walcott did some acting, playing small parts in a few movies and television shows. He also refereed several boxing matches, but after the controversial ending to the second fight between Muhammad Ali and Sonny Liston, Walcott was not asked to referee again. From 1971 to 1974, Walcott held the elected position of Camden County, New Jersey, sheriff, the first African-American to do so. From 1975 to 1984, he was the chairman of the New Jersey State Athletic Commission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7152481079101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Walcott was born in Pennsauken, New Jersey. His father was an immigrant from St. Thomas, Danish West Indies. His mother was from Jordantown, New Jersey. Walcott was only 15 years old when his father died. He quit school and worked in a soup factory to support his mother and 11 younger brothers and sisters. He also began training as a boxer. He took the name of his boxing idol, Joe Walcott, a welterweight champion from Barbados. He added \"Jersey\" to distinguish himself and show where he was from.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.615364074707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Boxing career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3801908493042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "He debuted as a professional boxer on September 9, 1930, fighting Cowboy Wallace and winning by a knockout in round one. After five straight knockout wins, in 1933, he lost for the first time, beaten on points by Henry Wilson in Philadelphia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.847969055175781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "On December 5, 1947, he fought Joe Louis, at thirty three years of age breaking the record as the oldest man to fight for the world heavyweight title. Despite dropping Louis in round one, and again in round four, he lost a 15 round split decision. Most ringside observers and boxing writers felt Walcott deserved the win, and so there was a rematch on June 25, 1948, when Louis prevailed, this time by a knockout in round 11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4286340475082397, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "On March 7, 1951, he and Charles fought for a second time and again Charles won a 15 round decision to retain his world title. But on July 18, he joined a handful of boxers who claimed the world title in their fifth try, when he knocked out Charles in seven rounds in Pittsburgh, to finally become world's heavyweight champion, at the relatively old age of 37. This made him the oldest man ever to win the world heavyweight crown (a distinction he would hold until George Foreman won the title at age 45 in 1994).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.450698852539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Walcott retained the title with a 15 round decision victory against arch-enemy Charles. On September 23, 1952, he defended his title for the second time. His opponent was the undefeated Rocky Marciano. In the first round Marciano was knocked down for the first time in his career, with a left hook from Walcott. Walcott was clearly ahead in the scoring and Marciano needed a knockout to win, according to two of the three official scorecards. In the thirteenth round with Marciano pressuring Walcott against the ropes, both threw simultaneous right hands. Marciano landed his punch first on Walcott´s jaw in what is considered one of the hardest punches thrown in boxing history. Walcott collapsed with his arm hanging over the ropes then fell to the canvas where he was counted out. There was a rematch in Chicago, on May 15, 1953, and the second time around, Walcott was again defeated by Marciano by a knockout in the first round.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.439962863922119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Post-boxing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341095924377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "He did not go away from the celebrity scene after boxing. In 1956, he co-starred with Humphrey Bogart and Max Baer in the boxing drama The Harder They Fall. In 1963, he tried professional wrestling, losing to Lou Thesz. Thesz pinned Walcott in the fifth round, but has stated that Walcott knocked him (Thesz) down and most likely out in that fifth round. As he fell to the floor, he relied on instinct, grabbing Walcott's knees, taking him down with him and stretching him out for the pin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2238874435424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "He served as chairman of the New Jersey State Athletic Commission from 1975 until 1984, when he stepped down at the mandatory retirement age of 70. Walcott was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota, New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3552489280700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Professional boxing record", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285609245300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Following the addition of women's boxing in 2012, and women's ski jumping in 2014, there are no Olympic sports that are only for men in those Games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117059707641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olympic sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "World Boxing Hall of Fame Inductee", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.282144546508789, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - BoxRec" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Also in 1951, Walcott was the winner of the Edward J. Neil Trophy , presented to the Fighter of the Year by the Boxing Writers Association of America .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0458078384399414, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - BoxRec" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Walcott was inducted into The Ring Boxing Hall of Fame in 1969, the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1983, and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3507537841796875, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - BoxRec" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "After his boxing career, Walcott worked as a referee. His most famous, and infamous, assignment was the controversial Muhammad Ali - Sonny Liston rematch in Lewiston, Maine on May 25, 1965.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7338528633117676, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - BoxRec" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Walcott served as the head of the New Jersey State Boxing Commission from 1975 to 1984. He stepped down at the mandatory retirement age of 70.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.600017547607422, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - BoxRec" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Jersey Joe Walcott was a renowned boxer. Walcott was born “Arnold Raymond Cream around Camden, New Jersey and was raised along with eleven brothers and sisters. When Walcott was 14, his father passed away and he was left to help support his family. He got a job working at a soup factory and during this time, he also began to train as a boxer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.300241947174072, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "After retiring from boxing, Walcott worked as a fighter referee. He was also an actor in the 1956 film, “The Harder They Fall.” He later became a sheriff in Camden in 1972, and was on the New Jersey Athletic Commission in 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.24031874537467957, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "World heavyweight boxing champion, 1951-1952. Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.901650905609131, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame, 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.204882621765137, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Won the World's Heavyweight Boxing Championship in his 5th attempt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.864962577819824, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Born Arnold Cream, he changed his professional name to Jersey Joe Walcott in honor of an early 20th-century boxer his father greatly admired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8999404907226562, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Jersey Joe Walcott | American boxer | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2214646339416504, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott | American boxer | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Boxing great", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207715034484863, "source": "search", "title": "Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "He was the portrait of persistence, the ultimate late bloomer; and at an age when most boxers of his era would have been comfortably settled into retirement, Jersey Joe Walcott reached the pinnacle of his ring career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2009008824825287, "source": "search", "title": "Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "In his first bout, September 9, 1930, Walcott scored a quick knockout of Cowboy Frank Willis at Vineland, NJ, and earned the winner’s purse of $15. However, this quick win did not set the pace for the remainder of his career. Joe toiled as a club fighter for years before making headway. “I was fighting 17 years before I made more than $300”, Walcott recalled. Twice he interrupted his career to earn money in more traditional ways. But by 1935 he was in boxing to stay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4003422260284424, "source": "search", "title": "Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "After his boxing days, Walcott was a referee and appeared in the film “The Harder They Fall”. Later he became the Sherriff of Camden County and served as long-time Chairman of the NJ State Athletic Commission. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4907443523406982, "source": "search", "title": "Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Arnold Cream made his boxing début in 1930, at the age of sixteen. By the time he was approaching forty he had failed to win a world title on four separate occasions and he had compiled sixteen losses on his professional record by 1951. He had lost cumulative years off of his career due to a broken arm, typhoid, and the need to work multiple jobs. A boxer with his record wouldn't even be allowed close to a championship in this day and age, but in1951, at age thirty-seven, Cream knocked out Ezzard Charles to win the world heavyweight title.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09083366394043, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Cream's tale stands out as one of the most depressing and beautiful in boxing. If William Dean Howells was correct in his assertion that the American public loves a tragedy with a happy ending, you would struggle to find one more fitting in the annals of boxing. Arnold Cream's life was a smearing of tragedy, sprinkled with missed opportunities, set against a backdrop of constant poverty. His career both in the ring and out of it was a meandering mess. And yet, in the late 1940s Cream was able to turn around decades of miserable misfortune to claim what was still the most venerated title in sports. But it wasn't young Arnold Cream at whose feet Ezzard Charles crumbled, nor was it Arnold Cream's waist around which the heavyweight championship belt was strapped. No, it was those of Jersey Joe Walcott.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0698628425598145, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Due to the death of his father, young Arnold Cream was forced to take up work at the age of fifteen to provide for his ten siblings and mother. In spite of this he proved a promising youngster in the ring. Cream found himself under the tutelage of Jack Blackburn, a fearsome character who had spent time in prison for a shooting spree which killed three, but who had fought a litany of great boxers. In 1933, Blackburn had the idea to take Cream—now fighting under the Jersey Joe Walcott moniker in homage to the great Barbados Demon, Joe Walcott—around the country and figure out if he was 'the one'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6221530437469482, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "By 'the one' Blackburn meant a black heavyweight who could finally re-break the color barrier which had been placed in front of the heavyweight title after the race relations disaster that was Jack Johnson's heavyweight title reign from 1909 until 1915. Unfortunately, Jersey Joe was struck down with typhoid and Blackburn was soon tempted away by the prospect of working with another young black heavyweight, Joe Louis in Chicago. Louis turned out to be 'the one', and went on to become the greatest heavyweight champion in boxing history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6302685737609863, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "The Cream family suffered deeply through the depression and the early war years. With a wife and six children to provide for, Walcott's boxing career was a means to gain five to ten dollar purses in hope that it would ease the difficulty of living. In 1936, a year in which Jersey Joe broke his arm and was trying to feed his children on nine dollars of welfare a week, he still managed to rack up nine fights—six in the last six months of the year. He would work in a factory all day, eat little, and box in the evenings with little preparation or training. Fatigue came quickly to Jersey Joe Walcott through this time and many of his bouts turned into a battle against his blood sugar and empty stomach more than they were against his opponent. When asked by the Saturday Evening Post about his many retirements from the ring, Walcott responded: \"I had the ability to succeed in the ring, but you can't do that with hunger gnawing at the pit of your stomach\". Walcott packed boxing in for the sixth time in 1941; it had taken too much from him and returned so little.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3907582759857178, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Jersey Joe was the very definition of 'savvy'. He lacked the physical gifts of many of his opponents, particularly as a small heavyweight and as an old man by ring standards. By the criteria of many coaches today, he wasn't even a particularly solid boxer—rarely throwing in combinations exceeding two punches and placing little value on volume. But Walcott's feet were magnificent. Reportedly a key influence on a young Cassius Clay, Walcott could do things in the ring that other men either couldn't or wouldn't dare do. And that was Walcott in a nutshell: he elevated boxing to an art. In the manly science of self defense, there are set methods, and things you never do. It is a game of rules of thumb. The art of boxing was what Walcott painted across the ring canvas as he broke every one of those rules and looked fancy doing it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.618540048599243, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "But that tale did nothing to sway the betting odds or the common consensus that old man Walcott was about to take a fearful drubbing. While he'd built his way up to recognition on the circuit, Jersey Joe was still largely unheralded. Nat Fleischer, founder of The Ring and a man who was up on all the happenings in boxing recalled Walcott at the time of his first bout with Louis in Fifty Years at Ringside in the simple triplet: \"veteran negro boxer\" and proceeded to write nothing else about the challenger, focusing instead on the life and troubles of the champion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.568203449249268, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "It seemed like a completely pointless movement. All crossing your feet does in a boxing match is put you off balance if you take a blow, gifting the other man an easy knockdown. Furthermore, at times Walcott was almost turning his back on Louis—his right hand was as far away from the target as possible until he had completely his return to stance. It wasn't a questionable tactical decision, or arrogance. It was downright stupid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.69428539276123, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "But it was Walcott's antics and eschewing of traditional boxing fundamentals which also served to undo him. As the match progressed, Walcott became more and more anxious to find an opening and ultimately overcommitted in his attempts to cajole a lead from Louis—eating a right hand which sent him to the ropes. Walcott went into his usual slipping and rolling, reportedly shouting to the referee that he was indeed fine. He then returned with a cracking left hook which hit Louis clean on the jawline. Except Walcott stood still to admire the effects. Louis was a combination puncher—it didn't matter if he got hit, the punches kept coming. A right hook immediately rung Walcott's bell, and a flurry of hooks followed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.268736839294434, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Walcott returned with a streak of four knockouts—an incredible rate for him as he was a banger but not a tremendous finisher—before fighting Charles again. In the second bout Walcott showed a new, more aggressive side to his and hurt Charles' body, but was punished for his many overcommitments in an aspect of the game in which he hadn't fought much in the past. Charles took the decision. The boxing historian, John D. McCallum noted that Jersey Joe Walcott 'had no license whatsoever to be getting a third shot at Charles\", but in one of the few turns of good fortune in Walcott's life, Charles signed it anyway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2096469402313232, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "The heavyweight division had been in a pitiful state following the Second World War, but with Rocky Marciano's victory over the returning Joe Louis, it seemed like there might be a 'Great White Hope' for the heavyweight title. Marciano was a clumsy boxer who lacked ringcraft and held one of the shortest reaches of any heavyweight boxer in history, but when the fight reached the inside, Marciano was one of a kind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.614274024963379, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Marciano entered the bout as an eight-to-five favourite—a rare occasion of the challenger being the betting favourite in a heavyweight title fight—while the old timers of the sport tended to favour Walcott when pushed for an opinion. It was youth and aggression versus ringcraft and experience. Some pointed to the success of Lee Savold, a lesser boxer and also an old man by prize ring standards, who had given Marciano fits simply by using movement to facilitate his long blows, and tie ups to stall Marciano out in his preferred range. Others pointed to Walcott's preferred pace being markedly lower than the one which Marciano put on his opponents even when losing bouts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9259862899780273, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxer", "passage": "Walcott surprised everyone, including Marciano, by leaping straight in to trade blows with the crowding infighter. After hammering the notorious slow starter with some hard right hands, and tying him up, Walcott showed a new trick in his arsenal—a razor sharp short lead left hook. The champion had always played with the idea of leading with the left hook (a rare trait in true scientific boxers because of its slower path than the straight jab), but the left hook Walcott threw repeatedly against Marciano was different. Stepping in deep, as he would on his jab, Walcott threw the hook from almost chest-to-chest. It was a picture perfect technique for Marciano, because Marciano would always be stepping in to meet it. Walcott went to this technique time and time again after dropping Marciano with it in the opening minute, making sure to attempt to pivot off line each time he connected it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.451277732849121, "source": "search", "title": "Jersey Joe Walcott: Art on the Ring Canvas | VICE Sports" }, { "answer": "Boxing", "passage": "Fist of Boxing Heavyweight Contender Rocky Marciano Outside at His Training Camp at Grossinger's", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060640335083008, "source": "search", "title": "Rocky Marciano on Pinterest | Joe Louis, Boxing and Boxers" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Tobruk surrenders to British and Australian troops who capture 25,000 Italians, along with 208 guns and 87 tanks. Combined British and Australian losses were about 450. The British government now orders Wavells XIII Corps to capture Benghazi.", "precise_score": -1.6549209356307983, "rough_score": -5.071591377258301, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Elements of the 5th Light Division capture Mechili and threaten to cut of the 9th Australian Division which is withdrawing at speed towards Tobruk along the coast. Haile Selassie's troops occupy the Italian forts at Debra Markos, after their epic march through the Abyssinian hinterland, relying on camels to carry all their supplies. The 11th African Division captures Addis Ababa, the capital of Abyssinia, taking 8,000 Italians prisoner.", "precise_score": 0.7867722511291504, "rough_score": -3.486995220184326, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "12: Operation Compass: British and Australian troops of XIII Corps prepare for the assault on Italian-held Tobruk.", "precise_score": -2.678860664367676, "rough_score": -8.161643028259277, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "21: Operation Compass: British and Australian troops of XIII Corps complete capture of Italian-held Tobruk.", "precise_score": -1.1501470804214478, "rough_score": -7.49651575088501, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "28th - As the Mediterranean Fleet 7th Cruiser Squadron covered convoy movements in the Eastern Mediterranean, three Italian destroyers carrying supplies between Taranto in southern Italy and Tobruk were intercepted. In a running gun battle, “ESPERO” was sunk by Australian cruiser “Sydney” to the southwest of Cape Matapan at the southern tip of Greece.", "precise_score": -2.013218879699707, "rough_score": -7.833663463592529, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - As the British advance continued into Libya, Bardia was taken on the 5th. Australian troops captured Tobruk on the 22nd and Derna, further west by the end of the month. The Royal Navy's Inshore Squadron played an important part in the campaign - bombarding shore targets, carrying fuel, water and supplies, and evacuating wounded and prisoners of war.", "precise_score": -2.927664041519165, "rough_score": -7.715020656585693, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - As the British advance into Libya continued, Bardia was taken on the 5th. Australian troops captured Tobruk on the 22nd and Derna, further west by the end of the month. The Royal Navy's Inshore Squadron played an important part in the campaign - bombarding shore targets, carrying fuel, water and supplies, and evacuating wounded and prisoners of war.", "precise_score": -2.9561853408813477, "rough_score": -7.736390590667725, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - British armoured forces crossed the Libyan desert to a point south of Benghazi and cut off the retreating Italians. The resulting Battle of Beda Fomm starting on the 5th inflicted heavy losses. Australian troops captured the major port of Benghazi at the same time, and by the 9th El Agheila was reached. There the advance stopped. Large numbers of British and Dominion troops were now withdrawn for transfer to Greece, just as the first units of the Afrika Korps under Gen Rommel arrived in Tripoli. 24th - Destroyer \"DAINTY\" escorting supplies to Tobruk with the Inshore Squadron, was sunk off the port by German Ju87 Stukas.", "precise_score": 0.7297429442405701, "rough_score": -4.289550304412842, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - Germans entered Benghazi on the 4th and by mid-month had surrounded Tobruk and reached the Egyptian border. Attacks on the British and Australian troops defending Tobruk were unsuccessful, and an eight-month siege began. This took place as the Germans invaded Yugoslavia and Greece, and a pro-German coup in Iraq threatened Allied oil supplies.", "precise_score": -4.967360973358154, "rough_score": -7.0263752937316895, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa -  A major British offensive (Operation 'Crusader') started on the 18th, again from the Sollum area and by January had reached El Agheila. Axis forces around Sollum and Bardia were by-passed in the drive on Tobruk. The first link-up with the besieged garrison was made by New Zealand troops on the 27th. 27th - Australian sloop \"PARRAMATTA\" escorting an ammunition ship on the Tobruk Run was sunk by \"U-559\" off the port. Since the siege started destroyers and other warships had been carrying in men and supplies almost nightly. As it came to an end the cost could be counted - 25 warships of all sizes and five merchantmen lost.", "precise_score": -5.271785736083984, "rough_score": -8.455887794494629, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - By the 6th the British advance had reached the German and Italian lines at El Agheila. Just two weeks later on the 21st, Rommel started his second campaign. The first of two phases took him as far as Gazala just to the west of Tobruk. El Agheila soon felll and Benghazi was occupied before the month was out. On 1st February Eighth Army withdrew to Gazala and within a week Rommel had come up. There he stayed until May 1942.", "precise_score": -6.526536464691162, "rough_score": -7.5755391120910645, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "January 22, 1941: Allied forces captured Tobruk, North East Libya. Libyan Arab Force which was formed by then Amir Idris fought alongside the Allied forces.", "precise_score": -7.120715141296387, "rough_score": -8.025808334350586, "source": "search", "title": "Libya: What happened and When?" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "In 1941, Axis forces launch offensive in North Africa (Tobruk is invested by April 11).", "precise_score": -5.810318946838379, "rough_score": -8.468328475952148, "source": "search", "title": "1941 History - World War" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "In 1941, British advance in Libya relieves Tobruk.", "precise_score": -6.622032165527344, "rough_score": -8.455798149108887, "source": "search", "title": "1941 History - World War" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The South African 2nd Infantry Division also took part in a number of actions in North Africa during 1942, but on 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of Tobruk.", "precise_score": -8.80985164642334, "rough_score": -6.279778003692627, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The British pushed the Italian Tenth Army out of Egypt and then, on January 3, 1941, scored a major victory at Bardia, just inside Libya. Driving into Cyrenaica (eastern Libya), the British took the vital port of Tobruk on January 22. O'Connor continued to pursue the Italians, trapping them at Beda Fomm on February 7, 1941. The Italian Tenth Army collapsed. In two months, a British force of about two divisions had advanced 500 miles, destroyed 10 Italian divisions, and captured 130,000 prisoners, 380 tanks and 845 guns. In the process, the British had suffered 555 dead and 1,400 wounded.", "precise_score": 0.4211536645889282, "rough_score": -2.3428263664245605, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Following the British successes in North Africa, Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided on February 22 to commit British troops to defend Greece against the Axis. Most of those forces came out of Cyrenaica, which left Wavell only five brigades in Libya. Just a few weeks earlier, however, Adolf Hitler had decided to shore up the Italians in North Africa by committing German forces. On January 8, the Luftwaffe's Fliegerkorps X arrived in Sicily from Norway and immediately began attacking Allied shipping destined for the Libyan port of Benghazi. That threat forced the British forward units in Libya to resupply through Tobruk, more than 450 miles away.", "precise_score": -6.192941665649414, "rough_score": -7.314031600952148, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "In October 1940, Benito Mussolini declared war on Greece . Attempts by the Italian Army to invade Greece ended in failure. The war was also going badly in North Africa . Although outnumbered, General Archibald Wavell ordered a British counter-offensive on 9th December, 1940. The Italians suffered heavy casualties and were pushed back more than 800km (500 miles). British troops moved along the coast and on 22nd January, 1941, they captured the port of Tobruk in Libya from the Italians.", "precise_score": -1.026612639427185, "rough_score": -0.2761337459087372, "source": "search", "title": "Italy in the Second World War - Spartacus Educational" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The Italians fared poorly in North Africa almost from the beginning. Within a week of Italy's declaration of war on 10 June 1940, the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya. In an ambush east of Bardia, the British captured the Italian Tenth Army 's Engineer-in-Chief, General Lastucci. On 28 June Marshal Italo Balbo , the Governor-General of Libya , was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk.", "precise_score": -3.9825916290283203, "rough_score": -4.997313499450684, "source": "search", "title": "Military history of Italy during World War II - Military ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "German General Erwin Rommel now became the principal Axis field commander in North Africa, although the bulk of his forces consisted of Italian troops. Under Rommel's direction the Axis troops pushed the British and Commonwealth troops back into Egypt but were unable to complete the task because of the exhaustion and their extended supply lines which were under threat from the Allied enclave at Tobruk , which they failed to capture. After reorganising and re-grouping the Allies launched Operation Crusader in November 1941 which resulted in the Axis front line being pushed back once more to El Agheila by the end of the year.", "precise_score": -3.5294559001922607, "rough_score": -6.546280384063721, "source": "search", "title": "Military history of Italy during World War II - Military ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "At least two political bodies claim to be the government of Libya. The Council of Deputies is internationally recognized as the legitimate government, but it does not hold territory in the capital, Tripoli, instead meeting in the Cyrenaica city of Tobruk. Meanwhile, the 2014 General National Congress purports to be the legal continuation of the General National Congress, elected in the 2012 Libyan General National Congress election and dissolved following the June 2014 elections but then reconvened by a minority of its members. The Supreme Court in the Libya Dawn and General National Congress-controlled Tripoli declared the Tobruk government unconstitutional in November 2014, but the internationally recognized government has rejected the ruling as made under threat of violence. Parts of Libya are outside of either government's control, with various Islamist, rebel, and tribal militias administering some cities and areas. The United Nations is sponsoring peace talks between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based factions. An agreement to form a unified interim government was signed on 17 December 2015. Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member Presidency Council and a seventeen-member interim Government of National Accord would be formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years. The leaders of the new government, called the Government of National Accord (GNA), arrived in Tripoli on April 5, 2016. Since then the GNC, one of the two rival governments, has disbanded to support the new GNA. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971891403198242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Libya" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "In June 2014, elections were held to the Council of Deputies, a new legislative body intended to take over from the General National Congress. The elections were marred by violence and low turnout, with voting stations closed in some areas. Secularists and liberals did well in the elections, to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC, who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC, refusing to recognise the new Council of Deputies. Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli, forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to Tobruk. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054052352905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Libya" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Libya has been riven by conflict between the rival parliaments since mid-2014. Tribal militias and jihadist groups have taken advantage of the power vacuum. Most notably, radical Islamist fighters seized Derna in 2014 and Sirte in 2015 in the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In early 2015, neighbouring Egypt launched airstrikes against ISIL in support of the Tobruk government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133968353271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Libya" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "In January 2015, meetings were held with the aim to find a peaceful agreement between the rival parties in Libya. The so-called Geneva-Ghadames talks were supposed to bring the GNC and the Tobruk government together at one table to find a solution of the internal conflict. However, the GNC actually never participated, a sign that internal division not only affected the \"Tobruk Camp\", but also the \"Tripoli Camp\". Meanwhile, terrorism within Libya has steadily increased, affecting also neighbouring countries. The terrorist attack against the Bardo Museum on 18 March 2015, was reportedly carried on by two Libyan-trained militants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054869651794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Libya" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The legislature of Libya is the unicameral Council of Deputies which meets in Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235920906066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Libya" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy. Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February, and by the end of March they had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece. In under a month, Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk. The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June, but failed on both occasions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.252336502075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Tobruk is surrounded, but the British are unable to assault it immediately as supplies and reinforcements need to be brought up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721627235412598, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "British and Australian forces breach the defenses at Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.232429504394531, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The 9th Australian Division withdraws into Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.047772407531738, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Rommel makes an attempt to capture Tobruk off the march. However, the 9th Australian Division repulses the attack, forcing the Germans to think again. By now the Germans are pretty exhausted after 3 weeks of continuous action and their vehicles in serious need of an overhaul.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.619182586669922, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "German armoured units complete the encirclement of Tobruk and push on up the coast road towards the Egyptian frontier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842656135559082, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "German advance spearheads capture Sollum. Rommel receives orders from Berlin that he is to consolidate on the Egyptian frontier and concentrate of capturing Tobruk. Only then will he be allowed to push into Egypt. The result of this order is that Rommel decides to rest his exhausted troops and wait until the 15th Panzer Division arrives at the end of May before making a major assault against Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056732177734375, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The Afrika Korps second attempt to capture Tobruk is again repulsed by the Australians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.926304817199707, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The Afrika Korps counter-attack against the British and retake Sollum and Capuzzo, although the Halfaya Pass remains in British hands. Berlin orders Rommel to leave Tobruk to the Italians and to concentrate the Afrika Korps near the Egyptian border. The Italian forces under the Duke of Aosta surrender to British forces at Amba Alagi in Abyssinia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.54769229888916, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The British Army begins 'Operation Battleaxe’ to relieve Australian held Tobruk and then advance towards Derna. However, they meet fierce counter attacks by the Afrika Korps and are unable to make any headway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121238708496094, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Axis aircraft bomb Tobruk and Sidi Barrani.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394957542419434, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "General Sir Claude Auchinleck flies to London for talks about future offensive operations to relieve Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374410629272461, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Fighting flares up around the perimeter of Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032748222351074, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "A brigade of the 9th Australian Division which is besieged at Tobruk is relieved by sea, as Polish reinforcements arrive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.476393699645996, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "After demands from the Australian Prime Minister, the British agree to relieve the remainder of the 9th Australian Division from Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791915893554688, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "General Sir Claude Auchinleck issues his first directive in respect to the forthcoming British Offensive, 'Operation Crusader', by ordering General Sir Alan Cunningham to produce a plan for the relief of Tobruk and the re-conquest of Cyrenaica.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202988624572754, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "General Cunningham's plan for 'Operation Crusader' is approved by General Auchinleck to be launched on the 11th November. The aim is for XXX Corps, which includes the bulk of the British Armour to draw the 15th and 21st Panzer Division into combat and destroy their tank strength. Then, XIII Corps, having contained the axis forces on the frontier, would envelop them from the south and advance on Tobruk, whose garrison would break out at an opportune moment and link up. While all this was happening, a smaller element called 'Oasis Force' would advance further west in to Libya than the main force, in order to deceive Rommel as to where the main effort was to be made. Further smaller operations were to be mounted by the SAS on Axis airfields in Libya in an attempt to destroy aircraft on the ground.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.094939231872559, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "At 6am 'Operation Crusader’, the British Eighth Army's offensive to relieve Tobruk begins. Rommel, who arrives back from Rome that day, is caught by surprise, allowing the British XXX Corps to advance 50-miles and capture the axis airfield 10 miles south of Sidi Rezegh. The Germans, believing that the British are about to encircle Bardia, send the Afrika Korps on a wild goose chase in that direction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58670425415039, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "A confused battle continues around Sidi Rezegh, with XXX Corps being forced to stop it advance towards Tobruk after the loss of many tanks and for the Tobruk break-out to be halted. Better news for XIII Corps though as it captures Sidi Omar and Capuzzo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236387252807617, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Axis forces destroy the 5th South African Brigade after days of tank battles round Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148517608642578, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The Tobruk garrison links up the the New Zealand Division of the Eighth Army at El Duda. Rommel forces, now under constant attack by the RAF is forced to turn his forces around in order to deal with this new development. Gondar, the last Italian held town in East Africa surrenders to British forces after a tough battle. The Italian commander, General Nasi surrenders 23,500 men, while the British suffer 500 casualties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.867585182189941, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "In order to mount a final attack on the British forces around Bir El Gobi, Rommel orders the evacuation of the eastern part of the Tobruk perimeter, but the attack fails.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904088973999023, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "The Eighth Army officially relieves the Tobruk garrison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.758519172668457, "source": "search", "title": "World War 2 Timelines - War in the Desert 1941 - Worldwar ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": ": Tobruk, the next target, is 70 miles away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285837173461914, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "7: British and Commonwealth offensive in North Africa nears Tobruk; the airport is taken.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.749515533447266, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "30: British forces in North Africa take Derna; 100 miles west of Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.257159233093262, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": ": Rommel takes Benghazi, Libya; Tobruk will remain a threat for the next seven months.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294782638549805, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "4: Rommel is now about 200 miles east of El Agheila, heading for Tobruk and Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289237022399902, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": ": Germans encircle the port of Tobruk, Libya, opening the siege; some of Rommel's forces move east to take Fort Capuzzo and Sollum, on the border with Egypt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.728278160095215, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "14: Rommel attacks Tobruk, but is forced to turn back. Other attacks, also failures, occur on the 16th and 30th.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331366539001465, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "26: Rommel attacks the Gazala defence line and crosses into Egypt; Tobruk continues to hold however.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203871726989746, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "30: Rommel is ordered to cease attacks on Tobruk after another failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442089080810547, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "15: British Operation Battleaxe attempts and fails to relieve the Siege of Tobruk. The British are heavily defeated at Halfaya Pass nicknamed \"Hell-fire pass\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214369773864746, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": ": British torpedo planes sink an Italian destroyer at Tobruk; on the 20th, two more are sunk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.702415466308594, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "23: Heavy desert fighting in Libya, as Rommel thwarts \"Operation Crusader\" near Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090703964233398, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "18: Operation Crusader: British troops cross into Libya and at least temporarily relieve the Siege of Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634734153747559, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": ": Rommel starts counteroffensive, retakes Sidi Rezegh (south of Tobruk) which the British had taken a few days earlier. British tank losses are heavy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338127136230469, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "26: After his brief dash into Egypt, Rommel retreats to Bardia for refuelling; it is during this brief withdrawal that Tobruk is temporarily relieved when the British 8th Army meets with the besieged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902990341186523, "source": "search", "title": "World War II Timeline 1941 ~ World War 2" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "19th - Towards the other end of the North African coast, the third British loss “ORPHEUS” (3) was sent to the bottom by Italian destroyer “Turbine” north of the Cyrenaica port of Tobruk, soon to become a household name .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.690699577331543, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "20th - The second Italian boat lost in the Mediterranean was “DIAMANTE” [2] torpedoed by submarine “Parthian” off Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696281433105469, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "28th - The first of two Italian submarines sunk by RAF Sunderlands of No. 230 Sqdn was “ARGONAUTA” [4] in the central Med as she was believed to be returning from patrol off Tobruk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.399324417114258, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "French Navy in the Mediterranean - 3rd - Action at Oran (Operation 'Catapult') - Adm Somerville arrived with Force H off the French Algerian base of Mers-el-Kebir near Oran. French Adm Gensoul was offered a number of choices to ensure his fleet with its four capital ships stayed out of Axis hands. All were turned down and, at around 18.00, Force H opened fire on the anchored ships. \"BRETAGNE\" blew up and the \"Dunkerque\" and \"Provence\", together with other ships, were badly damaged. Battlecruiser \"Strasbourg\" and some destroyers managed to break out in spite of attacks by aircraft from \"Ark Royal\", and reached Toulon in the south of France. Three days later the damaged \"Dunkerque\" was torpedoed at her moorings by Ark Royal's Swordfish. The tragic and unhappy episode was over as far as Oran was concerned. 4th - A more peaceful solution to the French naval presence was found at Alexandria. Adm Cunningham was able to reach agreement with Adm Godfrey on the demilitarisation of battleship \"Lorraine\", four cruisers and a number of smaller ships. No action was taken against the French warships at Algiers and Toulon. For the Royal Navy an unhappy but in British eyes, necessary duty had been carried out against our former French allies. French anger and bitterness was understandably considerable. 5th - Obsolescent torpedo-carrying Swordfish from carrier \"Eagle's\" squadrons flew from land bases on successful attacks against Tobruk and area. On the 5th, aircraft of 813 Squadron sank Italian destroyer \"ZEFFIRO\" and a freighter at Tobruk. The success was repeated two weeks later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.404029846191406, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "20th - Carrier \"Eagle's\" Swordfish continued their strikes against Italian targets around Tobruk. In the nearby Gulf of Bomba, 824 Squadron was responsible for sinking destroyers \"NEMBO\" and \"OSTRO\" and another freighter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801401138305664, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "22nd - Land-based Swordfish from \"Eagle's\" 824 Squadron repeated their July success with another torpedo strike in the Gulf of Bomba near Tobruk. Just as she prepared for a human torpedo attack on Alexandria, submarine \"IRIDE\" and a depot ship were sunk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021644592285156, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "24th - Destroyer \"DAINTY\" escorting supplies to Tobruk with the Inshore Squadron, was sunk off the port by German Ju87 Stukas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152737617492676, "source": "search", "title": "Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941 - Naval History.Net" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "5th - Obsolescent torpedo-carrying Swordfish from carrier \"Eagle's\" squadrons flew from land bases on successful attacks against Tobruk and area. On the 5th, aircraft of 813 Squadron sank Italian destroyer \"ZEFFIRO\" and a freighter at Tobruk. The success was repeated two weeks later", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833662033081055, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "20th - Carrier \"Eagle's\" Swordfish continued their strikes against Italian targets around Tobruk. In the nearby Gulf of Bomba, 824 Squadron was responsible for sinking destroyers \"NEMBO\" and \"OSTRO\" and another freighter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801401138305664, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "22nd - Land-based Swordfish from \"Eagle's\" 824 Squadron repeated their July success with another torpedo strike in the Gulf of Bomba near Tobruk. Just as she prepared for a human torpedo attack on Alexandria, submarine \"IRIDE\" and a depot ship were sunk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021644592285156, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - A British offensive started from the Sollum area on the 15th in an attempt to relieve Tobruk (Operation 'Brevity'). Two weeks later both sides were back to their original positions. The first of many supply trips to besieged Tobruk were made by Australian destroyers \"Voyager\" and \"Waterhen\" and other ships of the Inshore Squadron. 25th - Sloop \"GRIMSBY\" and the supply ship she was escorting on the Tobruk run were sunk by bombers northeast of the port.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.952726364135742, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - Another unsuccessful British offensive to relieve Tobruk started from Sollum on the 15th (Operation 'Battleaxe'). Within two days the operation was called off. A heavy price had to be paid for the supply of besieged Tobruk by the Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy ships involved. All trips took place under continual threat of German and Italian aircraft attack. 24th - Sloop \"AUCKLAND\" was lost off Tobruk. 30th - Australian destroyer \"WATERHEN\" was bombed and sunk off Bardia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19962215423584, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "11th - On the Tobruk Run, destroyer \"DEFENDER\" was bombed by German or Italian aircraft and went down off Sidi Barrani.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.458474159240723, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "27th - Covering the transport of troops into and out of besieged Tobruk, cruiser “Phoebe” was hit by an aircraft torpedo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644929885864258, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "25th - Over a period of 10 days, cruiser-minelayers \"Abdiel\" and \"Latona\" transported troops and supplies to besieged Tobruk and carried out Australian units. On the last mission \"LATONA\" was bombed and sunk north of Bardia by Ju87s Stuka divebombers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.460561752319336, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - As fighting continued around Tobruk, Gen Rommel decided to pull back to Gazala. Besieged Tobruk was completely relieved on the 10th December. Under pressure, the German Afrika Korps withdrew to El Agheila and on the 25th, British forces entered Benghazi.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54699993133545, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "23rd - A sizeable number of German U-boats were now operating off the coasts of Egypt and Libya and attacking convoys with losses to both sides. On the 23rd, escorting destroyers “Hasty” and “Hotspur” sank “U-79” off Tobruk on the Libyan coast.  24th - The day after the sinking of “U-79” but further east off the Egyptian port of Mersa Matruh, corvette “SALVIA” was lost to “U-568”. 28th - Four days later, destroyer “Kipling” sank “U-75” in the same area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.621429443359375, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Second Battle of Sirte - Adm Vian sailed on the 20th from Alexandria with four fast supply ships for Malta escorted by cruisers \"Cleopatra\", \"Dido\", \"Euryalus\" and \"Carlisle\" plus destroyers. Seven 'Hunt' class escort destroyers came from Tobruk and as they carried out anti-submarine sweeps ahead of the convoy, \"HEYTHROP\" was sunk off Sidi Barrani by \"U-652\". The remaining six joined the convoy to bring the total number of destroyers to 16. In action with an Italian battlefleet on the 22nd, destroyers \"Havock\" and \"Kingston's\" were damaged by 15in hits. Unfortunately all four transports including the renowned \"Breconshire\" were lost to air attack, two off Malta and two in harbour before much of their cargo could be off-loaded. As the Hunt class \"SOUTHWOLD\" stood by \"Breconshire\" on the 24th, she hit a mine and sank off the island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411330223083496, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "26th - Destroyer \"JAGUAR\" and the tanker she was escorting to Tobruk were both sunk by \"U-652\" off Sidi Barrani.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114737510681152, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "28th - \"U-568\" attacked Tobruk supply traffic, was hunted down and sunk by destroyer \"Hero\" and escort destroyers \"Eridge\" and \"Hurworth\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038013458251953, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - After more than two weeks of fierce attack and counter-attack, British forces pulled out of 'Knightsbridge'. Tobruk was surrounded by the 18th and three days later surrendered. Another two days and the Axis forces were back in Egypt. Mersa Matruh fell on the 28th and Eighth Army prepared to make its last stand at El Alamein, just 60 miles from Alexandria and behind there the vital Suez Canal. With this threat to Suez and the Mediterranean Fleet's main base, warships and supplies started to withdraw from the immediate danger area. 2nd - Attacks on Allied shipping making for Tobruk before its fall brought further losses to both sides. Aircraft of FAA 815 Squadron and RAF No 203 Squadron damaged \"U-652\" off Sollum on the Egyptian/Libyan border. She was scuttled by a torpedo fired from \"U-81\". 12th - Ten days after the loss of \"U-652\" and further east off Sidi Barrani, escort destroyer GROVE was sunk by \"U-77\" as she returned to Alexandria from escorting supply ships to Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.932679176330566, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "22nd - Italian torpedo boat \"CANTORE\" was lost on mines laid by submarine \"Porpoise\" northeast of Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.507691383361816, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Raid on Tobruk: Operation 'Agreement' - To help relieve the pressure on Eighth Army in the Alamein area, a combined operations raid was planned on Tobruk to destroy installations and shipping. An attack would be launched from the landward side by the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), while simultaneously destroyers \"Sikh\" and \"Zulu\" together with coastal forces craft would land Royal Marine and Army units from the sea. AA cruiser \"Coventry\" and 'Hunts' provided cover. In the night of the 13th/14th, a few troops got ashore but \"SIKH\" was soon disabled by shore batteries. She went down off Tobruk early in the morning of the 14th. As the other ships withdrew, heavy attacks by German and Italian aircraft sank cruiser \"COVENTRY\" and destroyer \"ZULU\" to the northwest of Alexandria. The land attack also failed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.787190437316895, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "North Africa - By the 4th the Second Battle of El Alamein had been won by Eighth Army. Rommel's losses in men and material were so great he withdrew, first to Fuka and then Mersa Matruh. The British got there by the 7th. New Zealand troops entered Sidi Barrani on the 9th and two days later reached the Libyan border. As the remaining Axis troops continued to fall back, Eighth Army entered Tobruk on the 12th and Benghazi a week later. Rommel had moved back to the old 'start/finish' line of El Agheila by the end of the month. Montgomery halted Eighth Army after a 600-mile advance in 14 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081448554992676, "source": "search", "title": "North African campaigns in World War 2, including French ..." }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "March 31, 1970: After lenghthy negotiations between Libya's representitives and the British represetatives, the british government agreed to leave Tobruk \"Al-Adam\" base which was established following World War II. The base was named Jamal Abdulnasir Base and that day is celebrated every year under the name Eid Al Jala. The British forces in Tobruk base were there mainly to insure UK's interests in the region and to insure king Idris's government stability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.794675827026367, "source": "search", "title": "Libya: What happened and When?" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "9th December - British offensive begins. Tobruk captured. Italians collapse and retreat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.441876411437988, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "30th March - Rommel 's offensive begins and Tobruk is seiged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435863494873047, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "14th June - Operation Battleaxe fails to relieve Tobruk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427234649658203, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "18th November - Operation Crusader relieves Tobruk. Rommel retreats to Gazala", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31357479095459, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "21st June - Tobruk Garrison surrenders to Rommel 's forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73558521270752, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Rommel drove rapidly to the east, surrounding Tobruk on April 10. Unable to take the port on the run, he left a siege force of mostly Italian units there and continued his push for the Egyptian border. It was a decision Rommel later regretted. The Tobruk garrison, which held out against the siege for 240 days, remained a thorn in Rommel 's side–an annoying sideshow that tied down vital Axis manpower.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.900534629821777, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "On April 14, Rommel 's main force reached Sollum on the Egyptian border, and his troops occupied the key terrain of the Halfaya Pass. The German high command, meanwhile, was concerned about the speed of Rommel 's advance and his failure to take Tobruk. They sent General Friedrich von Paulus to North Africa to assess the situation and 'bring Rommel under control. Paulus' report back to Berlin described Rommel 's weak overall position and his critical shortages of fuel and ammunition. The report also reached Churchill via Ultra intercepts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100725173950195, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Auchinleck resisted Churchill's constant pressure for an immediate British counterattack. When Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union on June 22, Rommel 's force in North Africa became even less a priority for Germany's logistical support. Most of the Luftwaffe units in the Mediterranean were sent to Russia, which gave the British a freer hand in attacking Rommel 's supply convoys at sea and from the air. Rommel continued to grow weaker. By November, he had 414 tanks, 320 aircraft and nine divisions (three German), four of which were tied down in the siege of Tobruk. The British had some 700 tanks, 1,000 aircraft and eight divisions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.39120101928711, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Operation Crusader opened on November 18, with the British XIII Corps advancing on Halfaya Pass and the XXX Corps attempting to sweep around Rommel 's southern flank to reach the besieged garrison at Tobruk. The XXX Corps reached Sidi Rezegh, 20 miles southeast of Tobruk. After a series of fierce tank battles on November 22 and 23, Rommel drove deep into the British rear with two panzer divisions. He attempted to relieve the Axis forces at Halfaya and at the same time cut off the Eighth Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.782064437866211, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "With his tank losses mounting, Cunningham wanted to halt the operation. Auchinleck immediately relieved him and replaced him with Maj. Gen. Neil Ritchie. The British continued to press the attack, and on November 29 they broke through to Tobruk. By December 7, an overwhelmed Rommel was withdrawing his dangerously depleted forces. In order to avoid encirclement in the Benghazi bulge, Rommel retreated back across Cyrenaica, reaching El Agheila on January 6, 1942. Operation Crusader resulted in a clear victory for the British, but one they were unable to exploit due to a lack of reinforcements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043397903442383, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "On June 5-6, Rommel successfully beat off Ritchie's series of piecemeal counterattacks. On June 10-11, the Axis finally drove the Free French forces out of Bir Hacheim, and on June 11 Rommel 's panzers broke out of the Cauldron. The Eighth Army once more started falling back to the Egyptian border. On June 15, German tanks reached the coast and Rommel shifted his attention to the Tobruk garrison. This time he would not make the same mistake of leaving the thorn in his side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929413795471191, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" }, { "answer": "Tobruk", "passage": "Tobruk fell on June 21, and the Axis forces captured 2.5 million gallons of much-needed fuel, as well as 2,000 wheeled vehicles. The fall of Tobruk, however, had unforeseen consequences for the Axis. Churchill heard the news during a meeting with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States. The American president immediately offered help. The resulting 300 Sherman tanks and 100 self-propelled guns would later play a pivotal role at El Alamein.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986174583435059, "source": "search", "title": "World War II - North African Campaign - geni family tree" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "After three years on Cadence, the Everlys signed with Warner Bros. Records in 1960, for 10 years. Their first hit for Warner Brothers, 1960's \"Cathy's Clown\" (written by Don and Phil), sold eight million, the duo's biggest-selling record. \"Cathy's Clown\" was number WB1, the first in the United Kingdom by Warner Bros. Records.", "precise_score": 4.841167449951172, "rough_score": 6.234638214111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Everly Brothers" }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "Everly Brothers- \"All I Have To Do Is Dream/Cathy's Clown\" 1960 (Reelin' In The Years Archives)", "precise_score": -0.9335708618164062, "rough_score": -4.127806186676025, "source": "search", "title": "Everly Brothers- \"All I Have To Do Is Dream/Cathy's Clown ..." }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "The music of the Everly Brothers influenced the Beatles, who referred to themselves as \"the English Everly Brothers\" when Paul McCartney and John Lennon went hitchhiking south to win a talent competition. They based the vocal arrangement of \"Please Please Me\" on \"Cathy's Clown\". Keith Richards called Don Everly \"one of the finest rhythm players\". Paul Simon, who worked with the pair on \"Graceland\", said on the day after Phil's death, \"Phil and Don were the most beautiful sounding duo I ever heard. Both voices pristine and soulful. The Everlys were there at the crossroads of country and R&B. They witnessed and were part of the birth of rock and roll.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.403411865234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Everly Brothers" }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "They wrote \"Till I Kissed You\" (Don), \"Cathy's Clown\" (Don and Phil), and \"When Will I Be Loved\" (Phil). \"Cathy's Clown\" and \"When Will I Be Loved\" became hits for Reba McEntire and Linda Ronstadt, respectively (for the latter, the Everly Brothers sang the chorus). \"Cathy's Clown\" was also covered by the Tarney/Spencer Band. It was released as a single in 1979. Band member Alan Tarney (a former member of the Shadows) went on to be a producer for \"hit machines\" like Cliff Richard and a-ha, the Norwegian band who in turn covered \"Crying in the Rain\" in 1990 for its fourth album, East of the Sun, West of the Moon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.568497657775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Everly Brothers" }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "\"Cathy's Clown\" Hot 100 Peak: No. 1 (five weeks), Year: 1960", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32596206665039, "source": "search", "title": "The Everly Brothers' 20 Biggest Hot 100 Hits | Billboard" }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "Everly Brothers- \"All I Have To Do Is Dream/Cathy's Clown\" 1960 (Reelin' In The Years Archives) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.340479850769043, "source": "search", "title": "Everly Brothers- \"All I Have To Do Is Dream/Cathy's Clown ..." }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "From Bye Bye Love to Cathy's Clown, cellist and fan Julian Lloyd Webber picks out the Everly Brothers' ten best songs. Younger brother Phil Everly has died", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2532148361206055, "source": "search", "title": "Everly Brothers: ten best songs - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "Cathy's Clown", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519308090209961, "source": "search", "title": "Everly Brothers: ten best songs - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Cathy's Clown", "passage": "A new beginning as Wesley Rose negotiates the first \"million dollar\" deal in recording history with Warner Bros. Don produced an early rock anthem and the brothers' clever use of unison on the words \"here he comes\" breaking into harmony with \"it's Cathy's clown\" must have sounded irresistible to four young Liverpool wannabes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059693336486816, "source": "search", "title": "Everly Brothers: ten best songs - Telegraph" } ]

[ { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, on the west by Alabama, and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the southern part of the state. The highest point in Georgia is Brasstown Bald at 4784 ft above sea level; the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean. Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River in land area. ", "precise_score": 1.1547038555145264, "rough_score": 0.03380318731069565, "source": "wiki", "title": "Georgia (U.S. state)" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The Blue Ridge Mountains in northeast Georgia make up the state's highest mountain range. The range of rugged ridges and rounded, weathered peaks varies in elevation from 1,600 to 4,700 feet and harbors spectacular mountain scenery, as well as some of the world's richest biological diversity. In addition, the range contains Georgia's wettest areas, with higher elevations getting more than eighty inches of rain annually on average.", "precise_score": 1.875069499015808, "rough_score": -3.486515522003174, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Most of the Blue Ridge Mountains are part of the 750,000-acre Chattahoochee National Forest, managed by the U.S. Forest Service. Within its bounds are Georgia's highest peaks. The highest, Brasstown Bald (4,784 feet), is partly in Towns County and partly in Union County. Instead of rising to a distinctive peak, Brasstown Bald is unusual in that it is a barely discernible rise in Wolfpen Ridge, which extends for miles to the north and south. Other tall peaks include Rabun Bald (4,694 feet) in Rabun County and Tray Mountain (4,430 feet) in Towns and White counties. The southern terminus of the famed Appalachian Trail is on Springer Mountain (3,782 feet) in Gilmer County; Blood Mountain (4,461 feet) in Union County is the highest peak on Georgia's portion of the trail.", "precise_score": 0.20324650406837463, "rough_score": -3.4621994495391846, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Some of Georgia's most-visited state parks are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains, including Amicalola Falls, Black Rock Mountain, Tallulah Gorge, Unicoi, and Vogel. The mountains also are home to most of Georgia's pristine wilderness areas, including Blood Mountain, Brasstown Bald, Ellicott Rock, Mark Trail, Raven Cliff, and Tray Mountain.", "precise_score": 0.8443363904953003, "rough_score": -4.032354354858398, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Georgia's Blue Ridge Mountains are part of a longer geologic system that forms an almost unbroken wall running down the eastern edge of the Blue Ridge province from Virginia. Rarely more than a few miles wide in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, the Blue Ridge mountain range turns to the west and widens up to sixty miles in some places within Georgia.", "precise_score": 7.258229732513428, "rough_score": 7.171144962310791, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Forming the eastern front of the Appalachian Mountains in the Southeastern United States the Blue Ridge Mountains cross the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Beginning as a narrow strip of land south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the geological Blue Ridge Mountains run northeast to southwest, rarely more than a few miles wide in Virginia (and only a mile wide at a point near Roanoke), North Carolina and South Carolina. When they reach Georgia in the extreme northeastern part of the the state, the mountains turn to the west and widen, up to 60 miles across in places. The Blue Ridge Province, a geographical area that includes other mountain ranges also extends from Pennsylvania to Georgia including the states of West Virginia and Tennessee with those that hold the geological Blue Ridge.", "precise_score": 5.516154766082764, "rough_score": 5.164379119873047, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Long, parallel ridges, separated by deep valleys define the Blue Ridge Mountains. A rise at the top of Wolfpen Ridge known as Brasstown Bald ( Union and Towns County ) is the highest point in the state. Other high mountains in the Georgia Blue Ridge are Blood Mountain, named because it was the site of a battle between the Creek and Cherokee, Tray Mountain and Rabun Bald. The Blue Ridge ends in extremes: At the southern end is spectacular Amicalola Falls ( Dawson County ), tallest waterfall east of the Mississippi, and at the western end is a 2000 foot drop from Fort Mountain to the Great Valley (Murray County).", "precise_score": 1.3158055543899536, "rough_score": -4.599004745483398, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Online is a travel and vacation guide for the Blue Ridge Mountains, Blue Ridge Parkway, Great Smoky and Appalachian mountain ranges of the eastern United States. Specializing in North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia and West Virginia mountain tourism.", "precise_score": 4.282181262969971, "rough_score": -0.6798219084739685, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains Lodging & Vacation Rentals Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains, northwestern Virginia.", "precise_score": 1.0277509689331055, "rough_score": -3.7019424438476562, "source": "search", "title": "Appalachian Mountains | mountains, North ... - britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "In 1671, General Abraham Wood, at the direction of Royal Governor William Berkeley of the Virginia Colony, sent a party from Fort Henry led by Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam that discovered Kanawha Falls. Some sources state that Governor Alexander Spotswood's 1716 Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition (for which the state's Golden Horseshoe Competition for 8th graders was named) had penetrated as far as Pendleton County, however original accounts of the excursion suggest to modern historians that none of his horsemen ventured much farther west of the Blue Ridge Mountains than Harrisonburg, Virginia. John Van Metre, an Indian trader, penetrated into the northern portion in 1725. The same year, German settlers from Pennsylvania founded New Mecklenburg, the present Shepherdstown, on the Potomac River, and others followed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.712436199188232, "source": "wiki", "title": "West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "John Denver's hit song \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" describes the experience of driving through West Virginia. The song mentions the Shenandoah River and the Blue Ridge Mountains, both features traversing the easternmost extremity of the state's \"eastern panhandle\", in Jefferson County. On March 8, 2014, West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed House Concurrent Resolution 40 naming \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" the fourth official state song of West Virginia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.839308738708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "West Virginia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The majority of the state is primarily a humid subtropical climate. Hot and humid summers are typical, except at the highest elevations. The entire state, including the North Georgia mountains, receives moderate to heavy precipitation, which varies from 45 inches (1143 mm) in central Georgia to approximately 75 inches (1905 mm) around the northeast part of the state. The degree to which the weather of a certain region of Georgia is subtropical depends on the latitude, its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico, and the elevation. The latter factor is felt chiefly in the mountainous areas of the northern part of the state, which are farther away from the ocean and can be 4500 feet (1350 m) above sea level. The USDA Plant hardiness zones for Georgia range from zone 6b (no colder than ) in the Blue Ridge Mountains to zone 8b (no colder than 15 F ) along the Atlantic coast and Florida border. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.568017959594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Georgia (U.S. state)" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains - Peakbagger.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036026000976562, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - Peakbagger.com" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The entire huge complex of the Blue Ridge Mountains has clear natural boundaries. On the east, the mountains rise up distinctly from the flatter, rolling hills of the Piedmont. On the west, the Blue Ridge drops to the extraordinary Appalachian Valley, a continuous trough running from Alabama to Montreal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.955836296081543, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - Peakbagger.com" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Map of Blue Ridge Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.099812507629395, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - Peakbagger.com" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5934343338012695, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The Blue Ridge Mountains' crest, for much of its length, forms the drainage dividing line known as the Eastern Continental Divide, which separates rivers flowing eastward into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing westward to the Gulf of Mexico. For instance, Georgia's Chattahoochee River basin, whose waters flow into the gulf, rises near the borders of Union and Towns counties. The Etowah River, which also flows to the gulf, rises in Lumpkin County. The headwaters of the Savannah River , which flows to the Atlantic, are the  Chattooga River , which rises in the Blue Ridge near the juncture of the Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina borders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.091520309448242, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The geology and topography of the Blue Ridge are the results of mountain-building processes that began more than 500 million years ago. The processes include rock folding, faulting, upward thrusting, and a great collision that took place about 300 million years ago between the North American and African continents in a process called plate tectonics. The collision buckled the Earth's surface and pushed huge masses of rocks westward, causing them to pile up. For the past 100 million years, erosion has carved away much of Georgia's mountains, leaving only their cores standing. Erosion continues today and is constantly altering the landscape of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the rest of the southern Appalachians. Geologic resources of the Blue Ridge include copper, gold, marble , talc, and other minerals. Gold was mined at Dahlonega in Lumpkin County in the early 1800s; a branch mint there produced gold coins from 1838 to 1861.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.974388122558594, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Georgia's Blue Ridge Mountains enjoy one of the world's most botanically rich mixtures of temperate climate plants, with northern U.S. species mixing with their southern kin. Biologists contend that the Blue Ridge mountain range and its parent chain, the southern Appalachians, have the greatest mixture of temperate climate plants in the world, except for eastern temperate Asia, located at about the same latitude. Forests account for nearly 90 percent of the land cover in the Blue Ridge, a higher percentage than in any other region of the state. Agriculture and other land uses are limited primarily to the flat floodplains of creeks and rivers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.97841739654541, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto was the first European to travel into the Blue Ridge Mountains, probably visiting the Nacoochee Valley and a site near Carters Lake. Naturalist William Bartram was introduced to the diverse plant life of the southern Appalachians by way of Georgia's Blue Ridge on a well-chronicled trip he made through the area in 1775.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.650395393371582, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": " Blue Ridge Mountains have a rich cultural heritage associated with the southern Appalachians. Out of that heritage came many varieties of folk art and music, including bluegrass. Bluegrass music is a unique sound that features mostly acoustic instruments and combines elements of both traditional Scottish and Irish folk music. Music and other aspects of mountain culture and folklife are celebrated at the Georgia Mountain Fair , held every August since 1950 in Hiawassee .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.59610652923584, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The Foxfire magazine and books, published by students since the late 1960s, first at Rabun Gap–Nacoochee School and today at Rabun County High School, have chronicled the history, culture, traditions, and daily life in Appalachia and the Blue Ridge Mountains. James Dickey 's novel Deliverance , published in 1970, conveyed a very different, and far more negative, image of the region and its people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279830932617188, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains | New Georgia Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.118073463439941, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.118073463439941, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Map of the Blue Ridge Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.014403343200684, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains facing the coastal Piedmont are generally steeper and more rugged than those facing the interior of the United States. Rocks from the eastern slope are among the oldest on earth, some exceeding 1.2 billion years and pre-dating the formation of the mountains. These mountains were formed in three major uplift phases, the first about a billion years ago, the second perhaps some 550 million years ago, and the final one about 300 million years ago. Other uplifts that were regional in nature occurred as well. Since that time water, wind, temperature and gravity have caused the fundamental erosion that created the Blue Ridge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.700092315673828, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Winter scene in the Blue Ridge Mountains", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.93319034576416, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Distinctive weather marks the mountains of the Southern Blue Ridge. In the mountain valleys temperatures average 6 to 8 degrees cooler than the nearby Piedmont in the summer months. Near the tops of the mountains the difference can be 10-12 degrees. There is little average temperature difference in the winter months between the Piedmont and the mountain valleys, however the peaks are both colder and windier in the winter. Although the average relative humidity is lower in Atlanta than in the Blue Ridge, the total amount of both rain and snow in these mountains easily beats the nearby city. Only the Pacific Coast gets more rain. In Georgia, 60 inches of rain falls on average each year in the Blue Ridge Mountains while in neighboring North Carolina the amount increases to 71 inches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.597861289978027, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Hernando deSoto probably was the first European to reach the Blue Ridge Mountains, visiting the Nachoochee Valley and a site near Carters Lake. The route he took between these locations is a hotly argued topic. Other Spanish explorers made it to Georgia's Blue Ridge Mountains as well - as did some Spanish gold miners who knew of the wealth of the these mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.461711883544922, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "First of many English explorers to enter the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains may have been Col. George Chicken in 1702 (or earlier). Working for South Carolina Governor James Moore, Chicken established relations with many of the Overhill villages in present-day Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee including the villages of Chote and Nachoochee on the northern end of the Chattahoochee River in the Nachoochee Valley of White County . Most famous of the early explorers was William Bartram , who walked through Georgia's Blue Ridge in 1775. He frequently referred to them as the Cherokee Mountains, because of the large number of Indian villages he found.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.51736831665039, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "England's King George III included the Blue Ridge Mountains as part of the American colonies when he defined the western extreme of British occupation in Southeast in 1763 (Proclamation of 1763). At the time, virtually the entire range in Georgia was considered to be part of the Cherokee Nation . The Cherokee farmed the valleys and hunted in the mountains, and called it \"The Enchanted Land.\" They would continue to live in the Blue Ridge Mountains until they were forced west on the tragedy known as the Cherokee Trail Of Tears .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.024289131164551, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Georgia gave away land in the Blue Ridge Mountains in a series of Land Lotteries and the gold lottery. Much of the high mountain land was undesirable and winners sold it to settlers from other areas of Southern Appalachia. These men and women eagerly moved into north Georgia when the Cherokee left, and Georgia's Blue Ridge quickly became an extension of Appalachia. Settled mostly by poor Scottish and Irish immigrants, Southern Appalachia developed its own language, customs and music that differed from the culture developed in the United States as a whole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.565573215484619, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Sparsely populated at the start of The Civil War , the mountain communities tended to be pro-union until the outbreak of war. Once Georgia seceded, the mountain families remained loyal to their state, in spite of the fact that most did not own slaves. With fathers and older sons off fighting the war, near anarchy conditions made life difficult for those left behind to tend farms. Georgia Governor Joe Brown , who was born and raised in the Blue Ridge Mountains, would send troops on occasion to restore order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.090250015258789, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Power was essential to a growing city like Atlanta, and Georgia's Blue Ridge Mountains were the perfect location for hydro-electric generation. In 1912 the first major power project got underway at Tallulah Gorge . All the power went to Atlanta; workers on the project went home to candles and wood-burning stoves. Electricity (and phones) did not become common in Georgia's Blue Ridge Mountains until after", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.315319061279297, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Long distance rail carriers avoided the mountains prior to the 1880's -- they made it much more difficult to make a profit. Not that it hadn't been tried. In Warwoman Dell there are the graded remains of a railroad sometimes called the \" Blue Ridge Railroad .\" The project entailed connecting existing lines from Knoxville to Cincinnati and Charleston to Andersonville with track across the Blue Ridge Mountains called the Cincinnati, Louisville, and Charleston Railroad. Work began in 1854. The state of Georgia proposed and chartered the \" North Eastern Railway \" connecting Athens, Georgia with the as yet unbuilt line. The Civil War interrupted construction and when it began again after the war money issues stopped it again. The first railroad to breach the Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains was the Marietta and North Georgia, from Marietta to Knoxville. To the east, the Tallulah Falls Railway purchased an existing line between Cornelia and Tallulah Falls, extending it to Franklin, North Carolina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.633862495422363, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Part of the region we call \"Appalachia,\" the Blue Ridge Mountains have a rich cultural heritage that it shares not with individual states, but with other mountain areas in the this country within a country. Today the individual culture of Appalachia no longer exists, but has become part of our society in the form of both country and bluegrass music, \"southern\" rock and roll and the many varieties of folk art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070165634155273, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "In Georgia, Appalachia's cultural works include the Foxfire Books, bluegrass music, the rich folk art of the mountains, and poetry. Foxfire is both a magazine and series of books published by students from northeast Georgia that chronicle the lives of the people of Appalachia and the Blue Ridge Mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.556020736694336, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains - About North Georgia Mountains" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Fly Fishing in the Blue Ridge Mountains & along the Parkway", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.381190299987793, "source": "search", "title": "Fly Fishing in the Blue Ridge Mountains & along the Parkway" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Description - Hunting, Fishing, Hiking, Photography, Float Trips, and Back road tours in the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. http://www.planet-nc.com/outdooradventures", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152533531188965, "source": "search", "title": "Fly Fishing in the Blue Ridge Mountains & along the Parkway" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains Lodging & Vacation Rentals Travel Guide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659425735473633, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains Lodging & Vacation Rentals Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "Blue Ridge Mountains & Blue Ridge Parkway Vacation Travel Guide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.473257064819336, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains Lodging & Vacation Rentals Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "When it comes to fun & outdoor recreation, there are no boundaries in our spectacular region of the Blue Ridge Mountains.There are many great hiking trails,waterfalls & scenic roadways.Elevations top 4000 feet opening up to views of the green valley floors below.There are many outdoor wonders to discover on your exploration of Marion,Old Fort,Little Switzerland,Linville Falls & Lake James.Enjoy caverns,gold mines,antique shops,bluegrass jams,swimming,canoeing & biking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634255409240723, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Mountains Lodging & Vacation Rentals Travel Guide" }, { "answer": "Blue Ridge Mountains", "passage": "The 67th edition of the Blue Ridge Parkway Directory & Travel Planner is your ultimate source for planning a trip to the Blue Ridge Mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699578285217285, "source": "search", "title": "Blue Ridge Parkway - Home" } ]

[ { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda was born on January 28, 1936 in The Bronx, New York City, New York, USA as Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo. He is known for his work on M*A*S*H (1972), The Aviator (2004) and What Women Want (2000). He has been married to Arlene Alda since March 15, 1957. They have three children.", "precise_score": 0.7892130017280579, "rough_score": -2.3964600563049316, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Alda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo", "passage": "Born: Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo on January 28, 1936, in New York", "precise_score": 0.7051029205322266, "rough_score": -0.45285680890083313, "source": "search", "title": "CNN.com - The truth about Alan Alda - Oct 6, 2005" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Born Alphonso D'Abruzzo in New York City on Jan. 28, 1936, Alan Alda was exposed to show business at an early age. His father was a stage and screen actor and his mother was a former showgirl.", "precise_score": 0.7183346152305603, "rough_score": 1.6371926069259644, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Veterans | Military.com" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alphonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto d'Abruzzo took the first two letters of his first and last names as his surname and an Anglicised version of one of his middle names to come up with the name Robert Alda. When his sons (by different wives) Alphonso and Antonio followed their father into acting, they took his stage surname and Anglicised their first names (approximately in Alphonso's case) to create the names Alan Alda and Antony Alda.", "precise_score": 2.9264605045318604, "rough_score": 0.3042263388633728, "source": "search", "title": "Stage Names – TV Tropes" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211204528808594, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Alda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049285888671875, "source": "search", "title": "Alan Alda - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339162826538086, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Obituary of Alan Alda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207558631896973, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049285888671875, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Please write the details of Alan Alda's obit here. Please also tell us as much as you can about the biography stuff below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398248672485352, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda (born on January 28, 1936) was an TV-Actor and Film-Actor who was best known for his role in the American TV series M*A*S*H . Alan died on Thursday January 19, 2017 and his death was because of old age.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.384228706359863, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda's Biography Stats:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29695987701416, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "A Photo of Alan Alda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225359916687012, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alda, Alan", "passage": "Full Name: Alda, Alan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.443669319152832, "source": "search", "title": "Obituary of Alan Alda | Wiki Obits" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "CNN.com - The truth about Alan Alda - Oct 6, 2005", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355061531066895, "source": "search", "title": "CNN.com - The truth about Alan Alda - Oct 6, 2005" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "The truth about Alan Alda", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233134269714355, "source": "search", "title": "CNN.com - The truth about Alan Alda - Oct 6, 2005" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda earned an Oscar nomination for his performance in last year's \"The Aviator.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219635009765625, "source": "search", "title": "CNN.com - The truth about Alan Alda - Oct 6, 2005" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "(CNN) -- Alan Alda is doing this celebrity memoir thing all wrong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274632453918457, "source": "search", "title": "CNN.com - The truth about Alan Alda - Oct 6, 2005" }, { "answer": "Alan Alda", "passage": "Alan Alda - Actor, Director, Screenwriter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531404495239258, "source": "search", "title": "Famous Veterans | Military.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. ", "precise_score": -0.9086062908172607, "rough_score": -3.1695706844329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison was a prolific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. More significant than the number of Edison's patents was the widespread impact of his inventions: electric light and power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established major new industries world-wide. Edison's inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.", "precise_score": -2.829895257949829, "rough_score": -3.742713212966919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey, home. Some of Edison's earliest inventions were related to telegraphy, including a stock ticker. His first patent was for the electric vote recorder, (U.S. Patent 90,646), which was granted on June 1, 1869. ", "precise_score": -6.133239269256592, "rough_score": -6.749683380126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention that first gained him notice was the phonograph in 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as \"The Wizard of Menlo Park,\" New Jersey.", "precise_score": -5.4526472091674805, "rough_score": -6.714101791381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil around a grooved cylinder. Despite its limited sound quality and that the recordings could be played only a few times, the phonograph made Edison a celebrity. Joseph Henry, president of the National Academy of Sciences and one of the most renowned electrical scientists in the US, described Edison as \"the most ingenious inventor in this country... or in any other\". In April 1878, Edison travelled to Washington to demonstrate the phonograph before the National Academy of Sciences, Congressmen, Senators and US President Hayes. The Washington Post described Edison as a \"genius\" and his presentation as \"a scene... that will live in history\". Although Edison obtained a patent for the phonograph in 1878, he did little to develop it until Alexander Graham Bell, Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter produced a phonograph-like device in the 1880s that used wax-coated cardboard cylinders.", "precise_score": -4.83939790725708, "rough_score": -3.2066941261291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, a part of Raritan Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey (today named Edison in his honor). It was built with the funds from the sale of Edison's quadruplex telegraph. After his demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan to sell it for $4,000 to $5,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to hear them offer $10,000 ($ in today's dollars.), which he gratefully accepted. The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success, and Menlo Park became the first institution set up with the specific purpose of producing constant technological innovation and improvement. Edison was legally attributed with most of the inventions produced there, though many employees carried out research and development under his direction. His staff was generally told to carry out his directions in conducting research, and he drove them hard to produce results.", "precise_score": -7.206788063049316, "rough_score": -6.923398494720459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone, phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device (see Hammer Historical Collection of Incandescent Electric Lamps). In 1880, he was appointed chief engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under General Manager Francis Robbins Upton turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was \"a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting\". Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis conducted by his assistants such as Francis Robbins Upton, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by an analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics. ", "precise_score": -9.258752822875977, "rough_score": -7.977768898010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Nearly all of Edison's patents were utility patents, which were protected for a 17-year period and included inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14-year period. As in most patents, the inventions he described were improvements over prior art. The phonograph patent, in contrast, was unprecedented as describing the first device to record and reproduce sounds. ", "precise_score": -6.742135047912598, "rough_score": -6.915690898895264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1878 Edison began working on a system of electrical illumination, something he hoped could compete with gas and oil based lighting. He began by tackling the problem of creating a long lasting incandescent lamp, something that would be needed for indoor use. Many earlier inventors had previously devised incandescent lamps, including Alessandro Volta's demonstration of a glowing wire in 1800 and inventions by Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans. Others who developed early and commercially impractical incandescent electric lamps included Humphry Davy, James Bowman Lindsay, Moses G. Farmer, William E. Sawyer, Joseph Swan and Heinrich Göbel. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as an extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high electric current drawn, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. Edison realized that in order to keep the thickness of the copper wire needed to connect a series of electric lights to an economically manageable size he would have to come up with a lamp that would draw a low amount of current. This meant the lamp would have to have a high resistance and run at a relatively low voltage (around 110 volts). ", "precise_score": -7.111310958862305, "rough_score": -6.236911296844482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including \"cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways\", it was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered a carbonized bamboo filament that could last over 1,200 hours. The idea of using this particular raw material originated from Edison's recalling his examination of a few threads from a bamboo fishing pole while relaxing on the shore of Battle Lake in the present-day state of Wyoming, where he and other members of a scientific team had traveled so that they could clearly observe a total eclipse of the sun on July 29, 1878, from the Continental Divide. ", "precise_score": -8.748627662658691, "rough_score": -8.354464530944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison expressed views that AC was unworkable and the high voltages used were dangerous. As George Westinghouse was installing his first AC systems in 1886, Thomas Edison began a pattern of striking out personally against his chief rival stating, \"Just as certain as death, Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months after he puts in a system of any size. He has got a new thing and it will require a great deal of experimenting to get it working practically.\" Many reasons have been put forward for Edison's anti-AC stance. One notion is that the inventor may not have been able to grasp the more abstract theories behind AC and was trying to avoid developing a system he did not understand. Edison also appeared to have been worried about the high voltage from some competitor's misinstalled AC system killing customers and hurting the sales of electric power systems in general. On top of all that was the simple fact that Edison Electric had based their entire design on low voltage DC and switching a standard after they had installed over 100 systems was, in Edison's mind, out of the question. By the end of 1887 Edison Electric was beginning to lose market share with Westinghouse, who had built 68 AC-based power stations to Edison's 121 DC-based stations. To make matters worse for Edison, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn, Massachusetts (another AC-based competitor) had built 22 power stations. ", "precise_score": -7.059149265289307, "rough_score": -6.754924297332764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison was also granted a patent for the motion picture camera or \"Kinetograph\". He did the electromechanical design, while his employee W. K. L. Dickson, a photographer, worked on the photographic and optical development. Much of the credit for the invention belongs to Dickson. In 1891, Thomas Edison built a Kinetoscope, or peep-hole viewer. This device was installed in penny arcades, where people could watch short, simple films. The kinetograph and kinetoscope were both first publicly exhibited May 20, 1891. ", "precise_score": -7.347865581512451, "rough_score": -5.939332485198975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In April 1896, Thomas Armat's Vitascope, manufactured by the Edison factory and marketed in Edison's name, was used to project motion pictures in public screenings in New York City. Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.", "precise_score": -8.274232864379883, "rough_score": -7.13202428817749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). Thomas Edison was the first honorary fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, which was founded in 1929.", "precise_score": -6.017416954040527, "rough_score": -7.390286922454834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison became concerned with America's reliance on foreign supply of rubber and was determined to find a native supply of rubber. He partnered with Harvey Firestone and Henry Ford (all three contributing $25,000 each) to create the Edison Botanic Research Corp. in 1927 and constructed a laboratory in Fort Myers, Florida the following year. Edison did the majority of the research and planting, sending results and sample rubber residues to his West Orange Lab. Edison employed a two-part Acid-base extraction, to derive latex from the plant material after it was dried and crushed to a powder. After testing 17,000 plant samples eventually finding a source in the Goldenrod plant.", "precise_score": -8.086503982543945, "rough_score": -7.783477306365967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Edison was an advocate for monetary reform in the United States. He was ardently opposed to the gold standard and debt-based money. Famously, he was quoted in the New York Times stating \"Gold is a relic of Julius Caesar, and interest is an invention of Satan.\" ", "precise_score": -6.416513442993164, "rough_score": -7.622055530548096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On February 11, 2011, on Thomas Edison's 164th birthday, Google's homepage featured an animated Google Doodle commemorating his many inventions. When the cursor was hovered over the doodle, a series of mechanisms seemed to move, causing a lightbulb to glow. ", "precise_score": -5.652879238128662, "rough_score": -8.371725082397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Genius is one percent inspiration , ninety nine percent perspiration.", "precise_score": 4.260787487030029, "rough_score": 5.696615219116211, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Thomas Alva Edison ( 11 February 1847 – 18 October 1931 ) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life worldwide into the twenty-first century.", "precise_score": -1.8678148984909058, "rough_score": -5.412156105041504, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration.", "precise_score": 4.367881774902344, "rough_score": 5.557740688323975, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "None of my inventions came by accident. I see a worthwhile need to be met and I make trial after trial until it comes. What it boils down to is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.", "precise_score": -0.9303814172744751, "rough_score": -8.431551933288574, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Variant forms without early citation: \"Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration. Accordingly, a 'genius' is often merely a talented person who has done all of his or her homework.\"", "precise_score": 2.2271273136138916, "rough_score": 1.7564129829406738, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "\"Genius: one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.\"", "precise_score": 3.0805397033691406, "rough_score": 3.48422908782959, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Thomas A. Edison, Benefactor of Mankind : The Romantic Life Story of the World's Greatest Inventor (1931) by Francis Trevelyan Miller, Ch. 25 : Edison's Views on Life — His Philosophy and Religion, p. 293.", "precise_score": -4.678545951843262, "rough_score": -1.8565945625305176, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Thomas A. Edison, Benefactor of Mankind : The Romantic Life Story of the World's Greatest Inventor (1931) by Francis Trevelyan Miller, Ch. 25 : Edison's Views on Life — His Philosophy and Religion, p. 295.", "precise_score": -4.762045383453369, "rough_score": -2.2635138034820557, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "These have sometimes been reported as his last words, but were actually spoken several days before his death, as he awoke from a nap, gazing upwards, as reported by his physician Dr. Hubert S. Howe, in Thomas A. Edison, Benefactor of Mankind : The Romantic Life Story of the World's Greatest Inventor (1931) by Francis Trevelyan Miller, Ch. 25 : Edison's Views on Life — His Philosophy and Religion, p. 295.", "precise_score": -5.249156951904297, "rough_score": -6.18596076965332, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Henry Ford , as quoted in Thomas A. Edison, Benefactor of Mankind : The Romantic Life Story of the World's Greatest Inventor (1931) by Francis Trevelyan Miller, p. 294.", "precise_score": -6.099095821380615, "rough_score": -1.3294426202774048, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it’s 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified. From childhood to the end of his long life, Edison was always working on some project. Many of them were inspirations that changed the world we live in. This issue explores these great inventions and the man who pioneered them.", "precise_score": 7.594332218170166, "rough_score": 8.24267292022705, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it's 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified. From childhood to the end of his long life, ...", "precise_score": 6.779112339019775, "rough_score": 7.416863441467285, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. - Thomas A. Edison - BrainyQuote", "precise_score": 6.049971103668213, "rough_score": 7.22927713394165, "source": "search", "title": "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety ... - BrainyQuote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.", "precise_score": 4.301591396331787, "rough_score": 5.296468257904053, "source": "search", "title": "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety ... - BrainyQuote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it’s 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified. ", "precise_score": 7.057177543640137, "rough_score": 7.67842960357666, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison | Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "From childhood to the end of his long life, Edison was always working on some project. Many of them were inspirations that changed the world we live in. This issue explores these great inventions and the man who pioneered them.", "precise_score": -2.1543712615966797, "rough_score": -1.6717981100082397, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison | Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Quotes: 1. Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. 2. There is always a better way. 3.There is far more opportunity than there is ability. 4. I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work. 5. I find out what the world needs. Then I go ahead and try to invent it 6. Vision without execution is hallucination. 7. The three great essentials to achieve anything worth while are: Hard work, Stick-to-itiveness, and Common sense. 8. Anything that won't sell, I don't want to invent. Its sale is proof of utility, and utility is success. 9. Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work. 10. I never did a day's work in my life. It was all fun. 11. If we did all the things we are capable of, we would literally astound ourselves. 12. Be courageous. I have seen many depressions in business. Always America has emerged from these stronger and more prosperous. Be brave as your fathers before you. Have faith! Go forward!", "precise_score": -0.3547457754611969, "rough_score": 2.5500502586364746, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The main contribution to (what is known): Thomas Edison is the most successful inventor in human history, held 1,093 U.S. patents, and hundreds more in other nations. His most famous work includes the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, the alkaline storage battery, and a forerunner of the motion picture projector.", "precise_score": -2.269932985305786, "rough_score": -3.041060447692871, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "A genius in the practical application of scientific principles, Edison was one of the greatest and most productive inventors of his time.", "precise_score": -2.7754483222961426, "rough_score": -0.4633707106113434, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1869 Edison received his first patent for an invention - electric registrar of votes in the ballots. There were no buyers  for this patent, and since that time Edison took took the motto: “Never invent something unless there was a demand for it”.", "precise_score": -8.10161304473877, "rough_score": -8.23525619506836, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Zest: Later he said the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, lifted him by the ears. Edison is also famous for being a dogged worker: he often slept no more than four hours per night and made the famous statement, \"Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.\" Checking the characteristics of the coal lamp circuit, he has spent in the laboratory about 45 hours without rest. It was he who suggested to use at the beginning of a call, the word \"hello\". Edison became close friends with another inventor and businessman, Henry Ford. Some 25,000 notebooks contained his research records, ideas, hunches  and mistakes. His Nickname was: The Wizard of Menlo Park. His height: 5' 10\" (1,78 m)", "precise_score": 5.648459434509277, "rough_score": 7.003702163696289, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "\"Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration. Accordingly, a  'genius' is often merely a talented person who has done all of his or her homework.\"  ", "precise_score": 1.7496733665466309, "rough_score": -3.8699421882629395, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "What is genius? According to Thomas Edison, it is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. By this definition, Edison certainly qualified.", "precise_score": 7.012801170349121, "rough_score": 7.8176398277282715, "source": "search", "title": "Genius, Inventor, Businessman | Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "From his early childhood to the end of his long life, Edison was always working on some project. Many of them were inspirations that changed the world we live in. The incandescent electric light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture projector—these are his most famous inventions, but there were many, many more. During the course of his lifetime, Edison received patents for 1,093 inventions.", "precise_score": 1.2407076358795166, "rough_score": -1.846379280090332, "source": "search", "title": "Genius, Inventor, Businessman | Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "\"Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration.\" - Thomas Edison, Harper's Monthly (September 1932)", "precise_score": 6.458830833435059, "rough_score": 6.900576591491699, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Alva Edison ( February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life in the 20th century . Dubbed \"The Wizard of Menlo Park\" by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production to the process of invention, and can therefore be credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Some of the inventions attributed to him were not completely original but amounted to improvements of earlier inventions or were actually created by numerous employees working under his direction. Nevertheless, Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,097 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom , France , and Germany .", "precise_score": -0.1281774640083313, "rough_score": -0.7997731566429138, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, the seventh child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896) (born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia, Canada) and the former Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871). His family was of Dutch origin. His mind often wandered and his teacher the Reverend Engle was overheard calling him \"addled\". This ended Edison's three months of formal schooling. His mother had been a school teacher in Canada and happily took over the job of schooling her son. She encouraged and taught him to read and experiment. He recalled later, \"My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint.\" Many of his lessons came from reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy. Edison became hard of hearing at the age of twelve. There are many theories of what caused this; according to Edison he went deaf because he was pulled up to a train car by his ears.", "precise_score": -7.440206527709961, "rough_score": -8.50460433959961, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Some of his earliest inventions related to electrical telegraphy, including a stock ticker. Edison applied for his first patent, the electric vote recorder, on October 28, 1868.", "precise_score": -7.384513854980469, "rough_score": -8.438445091247559, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention which first gained him fame was the phonograph in 1877. This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as \"The Wizard of Menlo Park,\" New Jersey, where he lived. His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil cylinders that had low sound quality and destroyed the track during replay so that one could listen only a few times. In the 1880s, a redesigned model using wax-coated cardboard cylinders was produced by Alexander Graham Bell , Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter. This was one reason that Thomas Edison continued work on his own \"Perfected Phonograph.\"", "precise_score": -5.0429840087890625, "rough_score": -4.277610778808594, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December 1879. He assisted in experiments on the telephone , phonograph, electric railway, iron ore separator, electric lighting, and other developing inventions. However, Hammer worked primarily on the incandescent electric lamp and was put in charge of tests and records on that device. In 1880 he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Edison Lamp Works. In his first year, the plant under general manager Francis Robbins Upton turned out 50,000 lamps. According to Edison, Hammer was \"a pioneer of incandescent electric lighting.\"", "precise_score": -9.213788032531738, "rough_score": -8.504148483276367, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Most of Edison's patents were utility patents, which during Edison's lifetime protected for a 17-year period inventions or processes that are electrical, mechanical, or chemical in nature. About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for a 14 year period. Like most inventions, his were not typically completely original, but improvements to prior art. The phonograph patent, on the other hand, was unprecedented as the first device to record and reproduce sounds. Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the first commercially practical incandescent light. Several designs had already been developed by earlier inventors including the patent he purchased from Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans, Moses G. Farmer, Joseph Swan, James Bowman Lindsay, William Sawyer, Sir Humphry Davy, and Heinrich Göbel. Some of these early bulbs had such flaws as extremely short life, high expense to produce, and high current draw, making them difficult to apply on a large scale commercially. In 1878, Edison applied the term filament to the element of glowing wire carrying the current, although English inventor Joseph Swan had used the term prior to this. Edison took the features of these earlier designs and set his workers to the task of creating longer-lasting bulbs. By 1879, he had produced a new concept: a high resistance lamp in a very high vacuum, which would burn for hundreds of hours. While the earlier inventors had produced electric lighting in laboratory conditions dating back to a demonstration of a glowing wire by Alessandro Volta in 1800, Edison concentrated on commercial application and was able to sell the concept to homes and businesses by mass-producing relatively long-lasting light bulbs and creating a complete system for the generation and distribution of electricity .", "precise_score": -6.202356338500977, "rough_score": -4.317517280578613, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Menlo Park research lab was made possible by the sale of the quadruplex telegraph that Edison invented in 1874, which could send four simultaneous telegraph signals over the same wire. When Edison asked Western Union to make an offer, he was shocked at the unexpectedly large amount that Western Union offered; the patent rights were sold for $10,000. The quadruplex telegraph was Edison's first big financial success.", "precise_score": -8.393567085266113, "rough_score": -8.195387840270996, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Frank J. Sprague, a competent mathematician and former naval officer, was recruited by Edward H. Johnson, and joined the Edison organization in 1883. One of Sprague's significant contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park was to expand Edison's mathematical methods. (Despite the common belief that Edison did not use mathematics, analysis of his notebooks reveal that he was an astute user of mathematical analysis, for example, determining the critical parameters of his electric lighting system including lamp resistance by a sophisticated analysis of Ohm's Law, Joule's Law and economics .) A key to Edison's success was a holistic rather than reductionist approach to invention, making extensive use of trial and error when no suitable theory existed. (See Edisonian approach). Since Sprague joined Edison in 1883 and Edison's output of patents peaked in 1880 it could be interpreted that the shift towards a reductionist analytical approach may not have been a positive move for Edison. Sprague's important analytical contributions, including correcting Edison's system of mains and feeders for central station distribution, form a counter argument to this. In 1884, Sprague decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere, and he left Edison to found the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company. However, Sprague, who later developed many electrical innovations, always credited Edison for their work together.", "precise_score": -8.072980880737305, "rough_score": -7.967687129974365, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Another of Edison's assistants was Nikola Tesla who claimed that Edison promised him $50,000 if he succeeded in making improvements to his DC generation plants. Several months later, when he had finished the work and asked to be paid, Tesla claimed that Edison said, \"When you become a full-fledged American you will appreciate an American joke\". Tesla immediately resigned. This anecdote is somewhat doubtful, since at Tesla's salary of $18 per week the bonus would have amounted to over 53 years pay, and the amount was equal to the initial capital of the company. Tesla resigned when he was refused a raise to $25 per week (Jonnes, p110). Although Tesla accepted an Edison Medal later in life and professed a high opinion of Edison as an inventor and engineer, he remained bitter. The day after Edison died the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla who was quoted as saying, \"He had no hobby, cared for no sort of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most elementary rules of hygiene\" and that, \"His method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90 percent of the labor. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.\" When Edison was a very old man and close to death, he said, in looking back, that the biggest mistake he had made was that he never respected Tesla or his work.", "precise_score": -5.657969951629639, "rough_score": -5.043765068054199, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Although in his early years Edison worked alone, he built up a research and development team to a considerable number while at his Menlo Park research laboratory. This large research group, which included engineers and other workers, often based their research on work done by others before them, as is true of all research and development. Many have claimed that when his staff succeeded, he presented the inventions as his own and got the credit for them as they were patented in his name. His staff generally carried out his directions in conducting research, and when he was absent from the lab, the pace of work slowed greatly. Other inventors had worked on the development of an incandescent light bulb before Edison invented the first which was commercially practical. He is commonly credited as its inventor, even though a number of employees also worked on the device under his direction. His was the first incandescent light bulb with high resistance, a small radiating area, and a commercially useful lifetime. Other critics have claimed that he put obstacles in the way of his competitors, and used other methods which were ethically questionable, even if their technology was superior to what was created by his own workers.", "precise_score": -5.850067615509033, "rough_score": -5.377193450927734, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Edison made an electric light bulb and said that in six weeks, he would have a light bulb industry and would be generating electricity from Niagara Falls. Investors, including JP Morgan, invested large amounts of money in Edison's scheme. The breakthrough came in the fourteenth month when they finally found material suitable for use as a filament. They put lights around Menlo Park and lots of people came to see them. After two years, there was a prototype lighting system at his complex. The people working at Menlo Park couldn't create enough light bulbs, so he wanted to mass produce them, however the investors didn't want to spend any more money until the original promise was met. Four years after the original promise, the lights turned on at Central Station. Some other towns then began to install lights. Soon after that, competitors emerged, including George Westinghouse.", "precise_score": -7.956530570983887, "rough_score": -7.373455047607422, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "As a famous inventor, many tributes have been made to Thomas Edison. Several places and objects have been named after the inventor, including the town of Edison, New Jersey, and Thomas Edison State College, a nationally-known college for adult learners in Trenton, New Jersey. There is a Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum in the town of Edison. In the Netherlands , major music awards are named after him. The City Hotel, in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was renamed The Hotel Edison, and retains that name today. The \"Incredible Machines: Contraptions\" game series has an alligator The United States Navy named the USS Edison, a Gleaves class destroyer, in his honour in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of World War II . In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison, a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine. Decommissioned on 1 December 1983, Thomas A. Edison was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on April 30, 1986. She went through the Navy’s Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, beginning on 1 October 1996. When she finished the program on December 1, 1997, she ceased to exist as a complete ship and was listed as scrapped.", "precise_score": -4.309481143951416, "rough_score": -4.4323039054870605, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In recognition of the enormous contribution inventors make to the nation and the world, the Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97 - 198), has designated February 11, the anniversary of the birth of Thomas Alva Edison, as National Inventor's Day.", "precise_score": -4.525982856750488, "rough_score": -5.308671951293945, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Invention is also an important component of artistic and design creativity. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.240530014038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In the process of developing an invention, the initial idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, or it may even morph into something totally different. Working on one invention can lead to others too. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629158973693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Play may lead to invention. Childhood curiosity, experimentation, and imagination can develop one's play instinct—an inner need according to Carl Jung. Inventors feel the need to play with things that interest them, and to explore, and this internal drive brings about novel creations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.618193626403809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "To invent is to see anew. Inventors often envision a new idea, seeing it in their mind's eye. New ideas can arise when the conscious mind turns away from the subject or problem, when the inventor's focus is on something else, or while relaxing or sleeping. A novel idea may come in a flash—a Eureka! moment. For example, after years of working to figure out the general theory of relativity, the solution came to Einstein suddenly in a dream \"like a giant die making an indelible impress, a huge map of the universe outlined itself in one clear vision\". Inventions can also be accidental, such as in the case of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805707931518555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In economic theory, inventions are one of the chief examples of \"positive externalities\", a beneficial side-effect that falls on those outside a transaction or activity. One of the central concepts of economics is that externalities should be internalized—unless some of the benefits of this positive externality can be captured by the parties, the parties are under-rewarded for their inventions, and systematic under-rewarding leads to under-investment in activities that lead to inventions. The patent system captures those positive externalities for the inventor or other patent owner, so that the economy as a whole invests an optimum amount of resources in the invention process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.914284706115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "An invention can serve many purposes. These purposes might differ significantly and may change over time. An invention, or a further-developed version of it, may serve purposes never envisioned by its original inventor(s) or by others living at the time of its original invention. As an example, consider all the kinds of plastic developed, their many uses, and the significant growth this material invention is still undergoing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.418044090270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In Europe, the first test a patent application must pass is, \"Is this an invention?\" If it is, subsequent questions are whether it is new, and sufficiently inventive. The implication—counter intuitively—is that a legal invention is not inherently novel. Whether a patent application relates to an invention is governed by Article 52 of the European Patent Convention, that excludes, e.g., discoveries as such and software as such. The EPO Boards of Appeal decided that the technical character of an application is decisive for it to represent an invention, following an age-old Italians and German tradition. British courts don't agree with this interpretation. Following a 1959 Australian decision (\"NRDC\"), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule. A British court once stated that the technical character test implies a \"...restatement of the problem in more imprecise terminology.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329611778259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In the United States, all patent applications are considered inventions. The statute explicitly says that the American invention concept includes discoveries (35 USC § 100(a)), contrary to the European invention concept. The European invention concept corresponds to the American \"patentable subject matter\" concept: the first test a patent application is submitted to. While the statute (35 USC § 101) virtually poses no limits to patenting whatsoever, courts have decided in binding precedents that abstract ideas, natural phenomena and laws of nature are not patentable. Various attempts were made to substantiate the \"abstract idea\" test, which suffers from abstractness itself, but eventually none of them was successful. The last attempt so far was the \"machine or transformation\" test, but the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2010 that it is merely an indication at best.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.817761421203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Inventive tools of the artist's trade also produced advances in creativity. Impressionist painting became possible because of newly invented collapsible, resealable metal paint tubes that facilitated spontaneous painting outdoors. Inventions originally created in the form of artwork can also develop other uses, i.e., Alexander Calder's mobile, which is now commonly used over babies' cribs. Funds generated from patents on inventions in art, design and architecture can support the realization of the invention or other creative work. Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi's 1879 design patent on the Statue of Liberty helped fund the famous statue because it covered small replicas, including those sold as souvenirs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.956063270568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Invention" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896, born in Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871, born in Chenango County, New York). His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario (then called Upper Canada), in a village known as Shewsbury, later Vienna, by 1811. Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837. His father, Samuel Sr., had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr.'s struggle found him on the losing side, and he crossed into the United States at Sarnia-Port Huron. Once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way of New Jersey; the surname had originally been \"Edeson.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.315256118774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison's family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit, and sold vegetables to supplement his income. He also studied qualitative analysis, and conducted chemical experiments on the train until an accident prohibited further work of the kind. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.603286743164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison obtained the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald, which he sold with his other papers. This began Edison's long streak of entrepreneurial ventures, as he discovered his talents as a businessman. These talents eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.330078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In 1866, at the age of 19, Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where, as an employee of Western Union, he worked the Associated Press bureau news wire. Edison requested the night shift, which allowed him plenty of time to spend at his two favorite pastimes—reading and experimenting. Eventually, the latter pre-occupation cost him his job. One night in 1867, he was working with a lead–acid battery when he spilled sulfuric acid onto the floor. It ran between the floorboards and onto his boss's desk below. The next morning Edison was fired. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.13927173614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "On December 25, 1871, Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell (1855–1884), whom he had met two months earlier; she was an employee at one of his shops. They had three children:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.636714935302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965), nicknamed \"Dot\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.776908874511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (1876–1935), nicknamed \"Dash\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.313323974609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* William Leslie Edison (1878–1937) Inventor, graduate of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 1900. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.742870330810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Mary Edison died at age 29 on August 9, 1884, of unknown causes: possibly from a brain tumor or a morphine overdose. Doctors frequently prescribed morphine to women in those years to treat a variety of causes, and researchers believe that some of her symptoms sounded as if they were associated with morphine poisoning. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.211488723754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty-nine, Edison married the 20-year-old Mina Miller (1865–1947) in Akron, Ohio. She was the daughter of the inventor Lewis Miller, co-founder of the Chautauqua Institution and a benefactor of Methodist charities. They also had three children together:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.082777976989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Madeleine Edison (1888–1979), who married John Eyre Sloane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883898735046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Charles Edison (1890–1969), Governor of New Jersey (1941 – 1944), who took over his father's company and experimental laboratories upon his father's death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.698709487915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Theodore Miller Edison (1898–1992), (MIT Physics 1923), credited with more than 80 patents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.878924369812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.560179710388184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In just over a decade, Edison's Menlo Park laboratory had expanded to occupy two city blocks. Edison said he wanted the lab to have \"a stock of almost every conceivable material\". A newspaper article printed in 1887 reveals the seriousness of his claim, stating the lab contained \"eight thousand kinds of chemicals, every kind of screw made, every size of needle, every kind of cord or wire, hair of humans, horses, hogs, cows, rabbits, goats, minx, camels ... silk in every texture, cocoons, various kinds of hoofs, shark's teeth, deer horns, tortoise shell ... cork, resin, varnish and oil, ostrich feathers, a peacock's tail, jet, amber, rubber, all ores ...\" and the list goes on. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.22568416595459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Carbon telephone transmitter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.612571716308594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In 1877–78, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, in 1892 a federal court ruled that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.87464427947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "After many experiments, first with carbon filaments and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879; it lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by November 4, 1879, filed for U.S. patent 223,898 (granted on January 27, 1880) for an electric lamp using \"a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires\". This was the first commercially practical incandescent light. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.300914764404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan and the members of the Vanderbilt family. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. It was during this time that he said: \"We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685447692871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Henry Villard, president of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company, had attended Edison's 1879 demonstration. Villard quickly became impressed and requested Edison install his electric lighting system aboard his company's new steamer, the Columbia. Although hesitant at first, Edison relented and agreed to Villard's request. Following most of its completion in May 1880, the Columbia was sent to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed Columbias new lighting system. Due to this, the ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45887279510498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Columbia became Edison's first commercial application for his incandescent light bulb. The Edison equipment was eventually removed from Columbia in 1895. Dalton, Anthony ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61682415008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "PA63&dq=SS+Columbia+(1880) A long, dangerous coastline: shipwreck tales from Alaska to California]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534466743469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Heritage House Publishing Company, 1 Feb 2011 - 128 pages ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.59166145324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Lewis Latimer joined the Edison Electric Light Company in 1884. Latimer had received a patent in January 1881 for the \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\", an improved method for the production of carbon filaments for lightbulbs. Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351730346679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "George Westinghouse's company bought Philip Diehl's competing induction lamp patent rights (1882) for $25,000, forcing the holders of the Edison patent to charge a more reasonable rate for the use of the Edison patent rights and lowering the price of the electric lamp. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7616548538208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On October 8, 1883, the US patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William E. Sawyer and was therefore invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric-light improvement claim for \"a filament of carbon of high resistance\" was valid. To avoid a possible court battle with Joseph Swan, whose British patent had been awarded a year before Edison's, he and Swan formed a joint company called Ediswan to manufacture and market the invention in Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.31644058227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Mahen Theatre in Brno (in what is now the Czech Republic), which opened in 1882, was the first public building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps, with the installation supervised by Edison's assistant in the invention of the lamp, Francis Jehl. In September 2010, a sculpture of three giant light bulbs was erected in Brno, in front of the theatre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935432434082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "After devising a commercially viable electric light bulb on October 21, 1879, Edison went on to develop an electric \"utility\" designed to compete with the then existent gas lighting utilities. On December 17, 1880, he founded the Edison Illuminating Company and during the 1880s he patented a system for electricity distribution. The company established the first investor-owned electric utility in 1882 on Pearl Street Station, New York City. It was on September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.495922088623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Earlier in the year, in January 1882, he had switched on the first steam-generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London. The DC supply system provided electricity supplies to street lamps and several private dwellings within a short distance of the station. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489432334899902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "As Edison was expanding his direct current (DC) power delivery system he began receiving stiff competition from companies installing alternating current (AC) systems. From the early 1880s on AC arc lighting systems for streets and large spaces had been an expanding business in the US. With the development of transformers in Europe and by Westinghouse Electric in the US in 1885-1886 it became possible to transmit AC very long distances over thinner and cheaper wires, and \"step down\" the voltage at the destination for distribution to users. This allowed AC to be used not only in street lighting but also in lighting for small business and domestic customers, the market Edison's patented low voltage DC incandescent lamp system had been designed to supply. Edison's DC empire began suffering from one of its chief drawbacks: it was suitable only for the high density of customers found in large cities. Edison's DC plants could not deliver electricity to customers who were more than one mile from the plant and the short range left a patchwork of un-supplied customers in-between plants. Small cities and rural areas could not afford an Edison style system at all. This left a large part of market without electrical service and AC companies were expanding into this gap.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.292810440063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Parallel to the expanding competition between Edison and the AC companies was a rising public furor over a series of deaths in the spring of 1888 caused by pole mounted high voltage alternating current lines that turned into a media frenzy against the current and the seemingly greedy and callous lighting companies that used it. Edison took advantage of the public perception that AC was dangerous and teamed up with the self-styled New York anti-AC crusader Harold P. Brown in a propaganda campaign, aiding Brown in the public electrocution of animals with AC as well as supported legislation to control and severely limit AC installations and voltages (to the point of making it an ineffective power delivery system) in what was now being referred to as a \"battle of currents\". The development of the electric chair was used in an attempt to portray AC as having a greater lethal potential than DC and smear Westinghouse at the same time via Edison colluding with Brown and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, to make sure the first electric chair was powered by a Westinghouse AC generator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.200319290161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Thomas Edison's staunch anti-AC tactics were not sitting well with his own stock holders. By the early 1890s Edison's company was generating much smaller profits than its AC rivals, and the War of Currents would come to an end in 1892 with Edison being forced out of controlling his own company. That year the financier J P Morgan engineered a merger of Edison General Electric with Thomson-Houston that basically put the board of Thomson-Houston in charge of the new company called General Electric (dropping \"Edison\" from its name). General Electric now controlled three quarters of the US electrical business and would go on to compete with Westinghouse for the AC market. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.640789985656738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "The fundamental design of Edison's fluoroscope is still in use today, although Edison himself abandoned the project after nearly losing his own eyesight and seriously injuring his assistant, Clarence Dally. Dally had made himself an enthusiastic human guinea pig for the fluoroscopy project and in the process been exposed to a poisonous dose of radiation. He later died of injuries related to the exposure. In 1903, a shaken Edison said \"Don't talk to me about X-rays, I am afraid of them.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.924445152282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The key to Edison's fortunes was telegraphy. With knowledge gained from years of working as a telegraph operator, he learned the basics of electricity. This allowed him to make his early fortune with the stock ticker, the first electricity-based broadcast system. On August 9, 1892, Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.715129852294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Officially the kinetoscope entered Europe when the rich American Businessman Irving T. Bush (1869–1948) bought from the Continental Commerce Company of Frank Z. Maguire and Joseph D. Baucus a dozen machines. Bush placed from October 17, 1894, the first kinetoscopes in London. At the same time the French company Kinétoscope Edison Michel et Alexis Werner bought these machines for the market in France. In the last three months of 1894, The Continental Commerce Company sold hundreds of kinetoscopes in Europe (i.e. the Netherlands and Italy). In Germany and in Austria-Hungary the kinetoscope was introduced by the Deutsche-österreichische-Edison-Kinetoscop Gesellschaft, founded by the Ludwig Stollwerck of the Schokoladen-Süsswarenfabrik Stollwerck & Co of Cologne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887019157409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The first kinetoscopes arrived in Belgium at the Fairs in early 1895. The Edison's Kinétoscope Français, a Belgian company, was founded in Brussels on January 15, 1895, with the rights to sell the kinetoscopes in Monaco, France and the French colonies. The main investors in this company were Belgian industrialists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131796836853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On May 14, 1895, the Edison's Kinétoscope Belge was founded in Brussels. The businessman Ladislas-Victor Lewitzki, living in London but active in Belgium and France, took the initiative in starting this business. He had contacts with Leon Gaumont and the American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. In 1898 he also became a shareholder of the Biograph and Mutoscope Company for France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454765319824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison's film studio made close to 1,200 films. The majority of the productions were short films showing everything from acrobats to parades to fire calls including titles such as Fred Ott's Sneeze (1894), The Kiss (1896), The Great Train Robbery (1903), Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1910), and the first Frankenstein film in 1910. In 1903, when the owners of Luna Park, Coney Island announced they would execute Topsy the elephant by strangulation, poisoning, and electrocution (with the electrocution part ultimately killing the elephant), Edison Manufacturing sent a crew to film it, releasing it that same year with the title Electrocuting an Elephant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56901741027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Starting in the late 1870s, Thomas Edison became interested and involved with mining. There was a scarcity of high-grade iron ore on the east coast of the United States and so Edison instead tried to mine low-grade ore. Edison would go on to develop a number of rollers and crushers that could pulverize rocks up to 10 tons. The dust would then be sent between three giant magnets that would pull the iron ore from the dust. Despite the failure of his mining company, the Edison Ore Milling Company, Edison would go on to use some of the materials and equipment to begin producing cement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92037296295166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In 1901, Edison visited an industrial exhibition in the Sudbury area in Ontario, Canada and thought nickel and cobalt deposits there could be used in his production of electrical equipment. He returned as a mining prospector, and is credited with the original discovery of the Falconbridge ore body. His attempts to mine the ore body were not successful, however, and he abandoned his mining claim in 1903. A street in Falconbridge, as well as the Edison Building, which served as the head office of Falconbridge Mines, are named for him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819812774658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "West Orange and Fort Myers (1886–1931)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481996536254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of his first wife, Mary, in 1884, and purchased a home known as \"Glenmont\" in 1886 as a wedding gift for his second wife, Mina, in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1885, Thomas Edison had bought property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was later called Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Edison and Mina spent many winters at their home in Fort Myers, and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243134498596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Henry Ford, the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat in Fort Myers. Ford once worked as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company of Detroit and met Edison at a convention of affiliated Edison illuminating companies in Brooklyn, NY in 1896. Edison was impressed with Fords internal combustion engine automobile and encouraged its developments. They were friends until Edison's death. Edison and Ford undertook annual motor camping trips from 1914 to 1924. Harvey Firestone and John Burroughs also participated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.693381309509277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1928, Edison joined the Fort Myers Civitan Club. He believed strongly in the organization, writing that \"The Civitan Club is doing things—big things—for the community, state, and nation, and I certainly consider it an honor to be numbered in its ranks.\" He was an active member in the club until his death, sometimes bringing Henry Ford to the club's meetings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411748886108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death, the Lackawanna Railroad inaugurated suburban electric train service from Hoboken to Montclair, Dover, and Gladstone, New Jersey. Electrical transmission for this service was by means of an overhead catenary system using direct current, which Edison had championed. Despite his frail condition, Edison was at the throttle of the first electric MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken in September 1930, driving the train the first mile through Hoboken yard on its way to South Orange. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.356218338012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "This fleet of cars would serve commuters in northern New Jersey for the next 54 years until their retirement in 1984. A plaque commemorating Edison's inaugural ride can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, which is presently operated by New Jersey Transit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1897554397583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison was said to have been influenced by a popular fad diet in his last few years; \"the only liquid he consumed was a pint of milk every three hours\". He is reported to have believed this diet would restore his health. However, this tale is doubtful. In 1930, the year before Edison died, Mina said in an interview about him, \"correct eating is one of his greatest hobbies.\" She also said that during one of his periodic \"great scientific adventures\", Edison would be up at 7:00, have breakfast at 8:00, and be rarely home for lunch or dinner, implying that he continued to have all three.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.415437698364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906. On his last visit, in 1923, he was reportedly shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620898246765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, \"Glenmont\" in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey, which he had purchased in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina. He is buried behind the home. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896587371826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison's last breath is reportedly contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford Museum. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. A plaster death mask was also made. Mina died in 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.683819770812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Historian Paul Israel has characterized Edison as a \"freethinker\". Edison was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason. Edison defended Paine's \"scientific deism\", saying, \"He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity.\" In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489293098449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "You have misunderstood the whole article, because you jumped to the conclusion that it denies the existence of God. There is no such denial, what you call God I call Nature, the Supreme intelligence that rules matter. All the article states is that it is doubtful in my opinion if our intelligence or soul or whatever one may call it lives hereafter as an entity or disperses back again from whence it came, scattered amongst the cells of which we are made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43524169921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In 1920, Edison set off a media sensation when he told B. C. Forbes of American Magazine that he was working on a \"spirit phone\" to allow communication with the dead, a story which other newspapers and magazines repeated. Edison later disclaimed the idea, telling the New York Times in 1926 that \"I really had nothing to tell him, but I hated to disappoint him so I thought up this story about communicating with spirits, but it was all a joke.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.151793479919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Views on money", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424054145812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In the same article, he expounded upon the absurdity of a monetary system in which the taxpayer of the United States, in need of a loan, be compelled to pay in return perhaps double the principal, or even greater sums, due to interest. His basic point was that if the Government can produce debt-based money, it could equally as well produce money that was a credit to the taxpayer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40119743347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "He thought at length about the subject of money over 1921 and 1922. In May 1922, he published a proposal, entitled \"A Proposed Amendment to the Federal Reserve Banking System\". In it, he detailed an explanation of a commodity-backed currency, in which the Federal Reserve would issue interest-free currency to farmers, based on the value of commodities they produced. During a publicity tour that he took with friend and fellow inventor, Henry Ford, he spoke publicly about his desire for monetary reform. For insight, he corresponded with prominent academic and banking professionals. In the end, however, Edison's proposals failed to find support, and were eventually abandoned. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904272079467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grévy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the distinction of an 'Officer of the Legion of Honour' (Légion d'honneur) by decree on November 10, 1881; He also named a Chevalier in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098653793334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389200210571289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Philadelphia City Council named Edison the recipient of the John Scott Medal in 1889.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.658644676208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of The Franklin Institute. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.253806114196777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "He was named an Honorable Consulting Engineer at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair in 1904.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432612419128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1908, Edison received the American Association of Engineering Societies John Fritz Medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.009926795959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1915, Edison was awarded Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.165430068969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1920, The United States Navy department awarded him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.552172660827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1923, The American Institute of Electrical Engineers created the Edison Medal and he was its first recipient.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.474428176879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1927, he was granted membership in the National Academy of Sciences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460878372192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On May 29, 1928, Edison received the Congressional Gold Medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.376791000366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1983, the United States Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97—198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor's Day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.0144681930542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Life magazine (USA), in a special double issue in 1997, placed Edison first in the list of the \"100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years\", noting that the light bulb he promoted \"lit up the world\". In the 2005 television series The Greatest American, he was voted by viewers as the fifteenth-greatest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.519972801208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 2010, Edison was honored with a Technical Grammy Award.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.343217849731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 2011, Edison was inducted into the Entrepreneur Walk of Fame, and named a Great Floridian by the Florida Governor and Cabinet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.167098045349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1883, the City Hotel in Sunbury, Pennsylvania was the first building to be lit with Edison's three-wire system. The hotel was renamed The Hotel Edison upon Edison's return to the City on 1922.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086217880249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison was on hand to turn on the lights at the Hotel Edison in New York City when it opened in 1931. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608959197998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honor his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929, the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the lightbulb. On the same night, The Edison Institute was dedicated in nearby Dearborn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.67920207977295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1969.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46718978881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Edison Medal was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. Four years later the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), later IEEE, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson. It is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually \"for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.687527656555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In the Netherlands, the major music awards are named the Edison Award after him. The award is an annual Dutch music prize, awarded for outstanding achievements in the music industry, and is one of the oldest music awards in the world, having been presented since 1960.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49099063873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "The United States Navy named the USS Edison (DD-439), a Gleaves class destroyer, in his honor in 1940. The ship was decommissioned a few months after the end of World War II. In 1962, the Navy commissioned USS Thomas A. Edison (SSBN-610), a fleet ballistic missile nuclear-powered submarine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57988166809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "\"Camping with Henry and Tom\", a fictional play based on Edison's camping trips with Henry Ford, written by Mark St.Gemain. First presented at Lucille Lortel Theatre, New York, February 20, 1995.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.658670425415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Edward Goodrich Acheson - chemist, worked at Menlo Park 1880-1884", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422557830810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* William Symes Andrews - started at the Menlo Park machine shop 1879", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459404945373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* John I. Beggs - manager of Edison Illuminating Company in New York, 1886", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.725157737731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* William Kennedy Dickson - joined Menlo Park in 1823, worked on the motion picture camera", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44260025024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Justus B. Entz - joined Edison Machine Works in 1887", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.460213661193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Reginald Fessenden - worked at the Edison Machine Works in 1886", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.420040130615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Henry Ford - engineer Edison Illuminating Company Detroit, Michigan, 1891-1899", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.906575202941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* William Joseph Hammer - started as laboratory assistant Menlo Park in 1879", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49264907836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Edward Hibberd Johnson - started in 1909, chief engineer at West Orange laboratory 1912-1918", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457525253295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Samuel Insull - started in 1881, rose to become VP of General Electric (1892) then President of Chicago Edison ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781523704528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Kunihiko Iwadare - joined Edison Machine Works in 1887", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.599608421325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Francis Jehl - laboratory assistant Menlo Park 1879-1882", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.581461906433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Arthur E. Kennelly - engineer, experimentalist at West Orange laboratory 1887-1894", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466164588928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* John Kruesi - started 1872, was head machinist, at Newark, Menlo Park, Edison Machine Works", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382976531982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Lewis Howard Latimer - hired 1884 as a draftsman, continued working for General Electric", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4747953414917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* John W. Lieb - worked at the Edison Machine Works in 1881", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.279542922973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Thomas Commerford Martin - electrical engineer, worked at Menlo Park 1877–1879", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265095710754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* George F. Morrison - started at Edison Lamp Works 1882", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.411725997924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Edwin Stanton Porter - joined the Edison Manufacturing Company 1899", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4699125289917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Frank J. Sprague - Joined Menlo Park 1883, became known as the \"Father of Electric Traction\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466743469238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Nikola Tesla - electrical engineer and inventor, worked at the Edison Machine Works in 1884", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.872847557067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "* Francis Robbins Upton - mathematician/physicist, joined Menlo Park 1878", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374128341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power !", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510944366455078, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "We don't know a millionth of one percent about anything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.997440338134766, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "To Monsieur Eiffel the Engineer, the brave builder of so gigantic and original a specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041162490844727, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "This is presented as a statement of 1877, as quoted in From Telegraph to Light Bulb with Thomas Edison (2007) by Deborah Headstrom-Page, p. 22.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.891112327575684, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "During all those years of experimentation and research, I never once made a discovery. All my work was deductive, and the results I achieved were those of invention, pure and simple. I would construct a theory and work on its lines until I found it was untenable. Then it would be discarded at once and another theory evolved. This was the only possible way for me to work out the problem. … I speak without exaggeration when I say that I have constructed 3,000 different theories in connection with the electric light, each one of them reasonable and apparently likely to be true. Yet only in two cases did my experiments prove the truth of my theory. My chief difficulty was in constructing the carbon filament. . . . Every quarter of the globe was ransacked by my agents, and all sorts of the queerest materials used, until finally the shred of bamboo, now utilized by us, was settled upon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.865275382995605, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On his years of research in developing the electric light bulb, as quoted in \"Talks with Edison\" by [[w:George Parsons Lathrop|George Parsons Lathrop] in Harper's magazine, Vol. 80 (February 1890), p. 425.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.726152420043945, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "This has been reprinted many times with slight variations on the wording; it is part of a much larger quote directly from Edison published in 1903:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202779769897461, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in \"Wizard Edison\" in The Newark Advocate (2 January 1903), p. 1 according to research by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson at snopes.com .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.886222839355469, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Thomas Edison \"\"No Immortality of the Soul\" says Thomas A. Edison. In Fact, He Doesn't Believe There Is a Soul — Human Beings Only an Aggregate of Cells and the Brain Only a Wonderful Machine, Says Wizard of Electricity\". New York Times. October 2, 1910", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.881099700927734, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Spoken statement (c. 1903); published in Harper's Monthly (September 1932).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386658668518066, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Statement in a press conference (1929), as quoted in Uncommon Friends: Life with Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, Alexis Carrel & Charles Lindbergh (1987) by James D. Newton, p. 24.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634206771850586, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Commenting on Henry Ford 's currency plan in ”Ford sees wealth in Muscle Shoals”, New York Times (6 December 1921), p. 6 .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395038604736328, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "\"Do We Live Again?\" an interview with Edison, as quoted in Mr. Edison's New Argument from Design\" in The Illustrated London News (3 May 1924).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786347389221191, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "We are like tenant farmers chopping down the fence around our house for fuel when we should be using Nature's inexhaustible sources of energy — sun, wind and tide. … I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481136322021484, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In conversation with Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone (1931); as quoted in Uncommon Friends : Life with Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, Alexis Carrel & Charles Lindbergh (1987) by James Newton, p. 31.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.627902030944824, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "We don't know a millionth of one percent about anything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.997440338134766, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Golden Book (April 1931), according to Stevenson's Book of Quotations (Cassell 3rd edition 1938) by Burton Egbert Stevenson .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780263900756836, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "I am convinced that the body is made up of entities that are intelligent and are directed by this Higher Power. When one cuts his finger, I believe it is the intelligence of these entities which heals the wound. When one is sick, it is the intelligence of these entities which brings convalescence. You know that there are living cells in the body so tiny that the microscope cannot find them at all. The entities that give life and soul to the human body are finer still and lie infinitely beyond the reach of our finest scientific instruments. When these entities leave the body, the body is like a ship without a rudder — deserted, motionless and dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.147351264953613, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "As quoted in The Romance and Drama of the Rubber Industry (1936) by Harvey Samuel Firestone", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342669486999512, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas Alva Edison (1948), p. 110.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.972969055175781, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Makers of the Modern World : The Lives of Ninety-two Writers, Artists, Scientists, Statesmen, Inventors, Philosophers, Composers, and Other Creators who Formed the Pattern of Our Century (1955) by Louis Untermeyer , p. 227.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.023569107055664, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in What on Earth is an Atheist! (1972) by Madalyn Murray O'Hair , p. 251.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373917579650879, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in An Enemy Called Average (1990) by John L. Mason, p. 55.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235929489135742, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Motivating Humans : Goals, Emotions, and Personal Agency Beliefs (1992) by Martin E. Ford, p. 17.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371668815612793, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Behavior-Based Robotics (1998) by Ronald C. Arkin. p. 8.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3428373336792, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Everyone steals in commerce and industry. I've stolen a lot, myself. But I know how to steal! They don't know how to steal!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481586456298828, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Tesla : The Modern Sorcerer (1999) by Daniel Blair Stewart, p. 411.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935064315795898, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Variant: Everyone steals in commerce and industry. I have stolen a lot myself. But at least I know how to steal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450826644897461, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in American Greats (1999) Edited by Robert A. Wilson and Stanley Marcus, p. 70.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823724746704102, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Response received (after Edison spat on the floor and before he walked off) when M. A. Rosanoff joined the West Orange, New Jersey team in 1903 and humbly asked: “Mr. Edison, please tell me what laboratory rules you want me to observe.” M. A. Rosanoff’s quote appeared in Harper’s Monthly, September 1932, p. 24.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696612358093262, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "As quoted in Artifacts : An Archaeologist's Year in Silicon Valley (2001) by Christine Finn. p. 90.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44961929321289, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Freethinker (1970), G.W. Foote & Company, Volume 90, p. 147.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060954093933105, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Diary entry, as quoted in Defending and Parenting Children Who Learn Differently : Lessons from Edison's Mother (2007) by Scott Teel, p. 12.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945630073547363, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Philosophy of Paine (1925)[ edit ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526605606079102, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Essay in The Diary and Sundry Observations (1948) edited by Dagobert D. Runes - Full essay online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.496013641357422, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "We never had a sounder intelligence in this Republic. He was the equal of Washington in making American liberty possible. Where Washington performed Paine devised and wrote. The deeds of one in the Weld were matched by the deeds of the other with his pen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17767333984375, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Then Paine wrote ' Common Sense ,' an anonymous tract which immediately stirred the fires of liberty. It flashed from hand to hand throughout the Colonies. One copy reached the New York Assembly, in session at Albany, and a night meeting was voted to answer this unknown writer with his clarion call to liberty. The Assembly met, but could find no suitable answer. Tom Paine had inscribed a document which never has been answered adversely, and never can be, so long as man esteems his priceless possession.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.415102005004883, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "This expression greatly predates any use of it by Edison. George Head used it in A Home Tour Through the Manufacturing Districts of England in the Summer of 1835 (1836), p. 198, in which he states: If time be judiciously employed, there is time for everything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.831771850585938, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "There is also an entry in the Bible (Ecclesiastes 3:1) that says There is [a] time for everything, however this varies a lot between the different translations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44693660736084, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "John Burroughs, in \"Religious Contrasts : Letters of Pantheist and a Churchman\", in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 128, No. 4 (October 1921), p. 520.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162154197692871, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "He felt there was a central processing core of life that went on and on. That was his conclusion. We talked of it many times together . . . Call it religion or what you like, Mr. Edison believed that the universe was alive and that it was responsive to man's deep necessity . It was an intelligent and hopeful religion if there ever was one. Mr. Edison went away expecting light , not darkness .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.06535530090332, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Nikola Tesla , as quoted in The New York Times (19 October 1931).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411434173583984, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "He never was an atheist . Although he subscribed to no orthodox creed, no one who knew him could have doubted his belief in and reverence for a Supreme Intelligence, and his whole life, in which the ideal of honest, loving service to his fellowman was predominant, indicated faithfully those two commandments wherein lies \"all the law and all the prophets.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268084526062012, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180 AD) – “The Meditations”. VI. 19.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186105728149414, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "(February 11 1847,  Milan, Ohio - October 18 1931, West Orange, New Jersey) (aged 84)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456446647644043, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941352844238281, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "He received 1093 patents in his name in the United States alone and laying the groundwork for many technological innovations of the 20th century. His most significant inventions include the incandescent light bulb, phonograph, gramophone, stock ticker, electric locomotives, motion picture camera and projector, and hundreds more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.778277397155762, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In 1877 he invented the carbon telephone transmitter (microphone) for the Western Union Telegraph Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39991569519043, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "His phonograph (patented 1878) was notable as the first successful instrument of its kind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724303245544434, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1879, Edison created the first commercially practical incandescent lamp (with a carbon filament).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.327713012695312, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1882 he developed and installed the world's first large central electric-power station, located in New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472599983215332, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1888 he invented the kinetoscope, the first machine to produce motion pictures by a rapid succession of individual views. In 1913 he produced, , the first talking moving pictures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.957801818847656, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "His  entrepreneurial ventures eventually led him to found 14 companies, including General Electric, which is still in existence and is one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310480117797852, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Honors and Awards: In 1928, he was awarded the congressional Gold Medal. Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, 1973.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.062965393066406, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Major works: The most prolific inventor of all time. He had 1,368 separate and distinct patents during his lifetime. He invented the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.802888870239258, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Origin: He was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel  Edison, Jr. (1804–1896), who was of Dutch ancestry and Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871) a local school teacher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96495246887207, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "He worked as a telegrapher (1862 – 68) in various cities before deciding to pursue invention and entrepreneurship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03140640258789, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "He created the world's first industrial-research laboratory, in Menlo Park, N.J. and it was there  he produced  his numerous outstanding inventions. After the death of his first wife (1884), he built a new laboratory in West Orange, N.J.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856062889099121, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Although his later projects were not as successful as his earlier ones, Edison continued to work even in his 80s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.619096755981445, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "At 12 he was earning money selling newspapers, vegetables and candy on trains. During this period that he began to suffer from deafness, which was to increase throughout his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45532512664795, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison died in West Orange, N.J., on Oct. 18, 1931.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14309310913086, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - Biographies of geniuses - geniusrevive.com" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Copyrighted © 1996 By Gerald Beals   All rights Reserved", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57652473449707, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": " My main purpose in life is to make enough money to create ever more inventions.... The dove is my emblem.... I want to save and advance human life, not destroy it.... I am proud of the fact that I have never invented weapons to kill....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.899432182312012, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "I never did anything worth doing entirely by accident.... Almost none of my inventions were derived in that manner. They were achieved by having trained myself to be analytical and to endure and tolerate hard work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117176055908203, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Personally, I enjoy working about 18 hours a day. Besides the short catnaps I take each day, I average about four to five hours of sleep per night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.56113338470459, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Most of the exercise I get is from standing and walking all day from one laboratory table to another.  I derive more benefit and entertainment from this than some of my friends and competitors get from playing games like golf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46688175201416, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Results? Why, man, I have gotten lots of results! If I find 10,000 ways something won't work, I haven't failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is often a step forward....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429542541503906, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "To me, the idea and expectation that the day is slowly and surely coming when we will be able to honestly say we are our brother's keeper and not his oppressor is very beautiful .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410659790039062, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Its obvious that we don't know one millionth of one percent about anything.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.121186256408691, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "I believe that the science of chemistry alone almost proves the existence of an intelligent creator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.133831977844238, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "ADDENDUM 1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41815185546875, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": " From \"Edison The Man And His Work\" by George S. Bryan 1926.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.004034042358398, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "\"The electric light has caused me the greatest amount of study and has required the most elaborate experiments.... Although I was never myself discouraged or hopeless of its success, I can not say the same for my associates.... Through all of the years of experimenting with it, I never once made an associated discovery. It was deductive... The results I achieved were the consequence of invention - pure and simple. I would construct and work along various lines until I found them untenable. When one theory was discarded, I developed another at once. I realized very early that this was the only possible way for me to work out all the problems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904507637023926, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "\"The terrible thing about interest is that those people who will not be turning a shovel full of dirt on this (Muscle Shoals Dam Project) or be contributing a pound of material towards it will collect more money from the United States than will the People who supply all the material and do all the work on it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401074409484863, "source": "search", "title": "Edison quotes - Thomas Edison" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "560L - 740L 750L - 890L 900L - 1040L", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27326488494873, "source": "search", "title": "Genius, Inventor, Businessman | Kids Discover" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison's life in Port Huron, Michigan was bittersweet. He sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit. Partially deaf since adolescence, he became a telegraph operator after he saved Jimmie Mackenzie from being struck by a runaway train. Jimmie's father, station agent J.U. Mackenzie of Mount Clemens, Michigan, was so grateful that he took Edison under his wing and trained him as a telegraph operator. Edison's deafness aided him as it blocked out noises and prevented Edison from hearing the telegrapher sitting next to him. One of his mentors during those early years was a fellow telegrapher and inventor named Franklin Leonard Pope, who allowed the then impoverished youth to live and work in the basement of his Elizabeth, New Jersey home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.710186004638672, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On December 25, 1871, Edison married the then 16 year old Mary Stilwell whom he had met two months earlier. They had three children,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983590126037598, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Marion \"Dot\" Estelle Edison ( 1873– 1965)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808796882629395, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Thomas \"Dash\" Alva Edison, Jr ( 1876– 1935)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.185260772705078, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "William Leslie Edison ( 1878– 1935)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.485023498535156, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Mary Edison died on August 9 1884.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.750299453735352, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On February 24, 1886, at the age of thirty-nine, Edison married 19-year-old Mina Miller in Akron, Ohio. They also had three children:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69527816772461, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Madeleine Edison ( 1888– 1979)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.563695907592773, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Charles Edison ( 1890– 1969), who took over the company upon his father's death and who later was elected Governor of New Jersey)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607950210571289, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Theodore Edison ( 1898– 1992)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83338451385498, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Mina outlived Thomas Edison, dying on August 24, 1947.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.560179710388184, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison and early phonograph, 1877", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.103110313415527, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Thomas Edison was a freethinker, and was most likely a deist, claiming he did not believe in \"the God of the theologians\", but did not doubt that \"there is a Supreme Intelligence\". He is quoted, \"I believe that the science of chemistry alone almost proves the existence of an intelligent creator.\" However, he rejected the idea of the supernatural, along with such ideas as the soul, immortality, and a personal God. \"Nature\", he said, \"is not merciful and loving, but wholly merciless, indifferent.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.770269393920898, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1878, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City with several financiers, including J. P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt families. Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. On January 27, 1880, he filed a patent in the United States for the electric incandescent lamp; it was during this time that he said, \"We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.387621879577637, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "On October 8, 1883, the U.S. patent office ruled that Edison's patent was based on the work of William Sawyer and was therefore invalid. Litigation continued for nearly six years, until October 6, 1889, when a judge ruled that Edison's electric light improvement claim for \"a filament of carbon of high resistance\" was valid. To avoid a possible court battle with Joseph Swan, whose English patent had been awarded a year before Edison's, he and Swan formed a joint company called Ediswan to market the invention in Britain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.554951667785645, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Other designs for a light bulb included Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla 's idea of utilizing radio frequency waves emitted (in the Tesla effect) from the side electrode plates to light a wireless bulb. He also developed plans to light a bulb with only one wire with the energy refocused back into the center of the bulb by the glass envelope with a centre \"button\" to emit an incandescent glow. Edison's design won out during this time, although Tesla did go on to invent fluorescent lighting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.898843765258789, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison patented an electric distribution system in 1880, which was critical to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp. The first investor-owned electric utility was the 1882 Pearl Street Station, New York City . On September 4, 1882, Edison switched on the world's first electrical power distribution system, providing 110 volts direct current (DC) to 59 customers in lower Manhattan, around his Pearl Street generating station. On January 19, 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system employing overhead wires began service in Roselle, New Jersey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.51429557800293, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Video clip of Thomas Edison talking about the invention of the light bulb, late 1920s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677704811096191, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Carbon telephone transmitter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.612571716308594, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In 1877 and 1878 Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. After protracted patent litigation, a federal court ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. (Josephson, p146). The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.734524726867676, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Extravagant displays of electric lights quickly became a feature of public events, as this picture from the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition shows.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429912567138672, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Despite Edison's contempt for capital punishment, the war against AC led Edison to become involved in the development and promotion of the electric chair as a demonstration of AC's greater lethal potential versus the \"safer\" DC. Edison went on to carry out a brief but intense campaign to ban the use of AC or to limit the allowable voltage for safety purposes. As part of this campaign, Edison's employees publicly electrocuted dogs, cats, and in one case, an elephant to demonstrate the dangers of AC. AC replaced DC in most instances of generation and power distribution, enormously extending the range and improving the efficiency of power distribution. Though widespread use of DC ultimately lost favour for distribution, it exists today primarily in long-distance high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Low voltage DC distribution continued to be used in high density downtown areas for many years and was replaced by AC low voltage network distribution in many central business districts. DC had the advantage that large battery banks could maintain continuous power through brief interruptions of the electric supply from generators and the transmission system. Utilities such as Commonwealth Edison in Chicago had rotary converters which could change DC to AC and AC to various frequencies in the early to mid 20th century. Utilities supplied rectifiers to convert the low voltage AC to DC for such DC load as elevators, fans and pumps. There were still 1600 DC customers in downtown New York City when the service was discontinued in 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.385442733764648, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison celebrates his 82nd birthday with President Herbert Hoover , Henry Ford , and Harvey Firestone. Ft. Myers, Florida , February 11, 1929.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.922821044921875, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison became the owner of his Milan, Ohio, birthplace in 1906, and, on his last visit, in 1923, he was shocked to find his old home still lit by lamps and candles. Influenced by a fad diet that was popular in the day, in his last few years \"he consumed nothing more than a pint of milk every three hours\". He believed this diet would restore his health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.432923316955566, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison was active in business right up to the end. Just months before his death in 1931, the Lackawanna Railroad implemented electric trains in suburban service from Hoboken to Gladstone, Montclair and Dover in New Jersey. Transmission was by means of an overhead catenary system, with the entire project under the guidance of Thomas Edison. To the surprise of many, Thomas Edison was at the throttle of the very first MU (Multiple-Unit) train to depart Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, driving the train all the way to Dover. As another tribute to his lasting legacy, the very same fleet of cars Edison deployed on the Lackawanna in 1931 served commuters until their retirement in 1984. A special plaque commemorating the joint achievement of both the railway and Edison, can be seen today in the waiting room of Lackawanna Terminal in Hoboken, presently operated by New Jersey Transit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.520140647888184, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Edison purchased a home known as \"Glenmont\" in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. The remains of Edison and his wife, Mina, are now buried there. The 13.5 acre (55,000 m²) property is maintained by the National Park Service as the Edison National Historic Site. Thomas Edison died on October 18, 1931, in New Jersey at the age of 84. His final words to his wife were \"It is very beautiful over there.\" Mina died in 1947. Edison's last breath is purportedly contained in a test tube at the Henry Ford Museum. Ford reportedly convinced Charles Edison to seal a test tube of air in the inventor's room shortly after his death, as a memento. A plaster death mask was also made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.692899703979492, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In the 1880s, Thomas Edison bought property in Fort Myers, Florida , and built Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Henry Ford , the automobile magnate, later lived a few hundred feet away from Edison at his winter retreat, The Mangoes. Edison even contributed technology to the automobile. They were friends until Edison's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.876760482788086, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison launched a propaganda campaign to convince people that AC was too dangerous. He repeatedly electrocuted animals with 1000V of alternating current to 'prove' that AC was unsafe. Thomas Edison introduced execution by electrocution. In 1889, a murderer ( William Kemmler) was executed by electrocution. The executioners left the current on for 17 seconds. He was smoking, so it was turned off, but he wasn't dead; he was bleeding out of multiple places and was having spasms, so they quickly turned it back on and left it on for 72 seconds. His body was smouldering. After this, the public outrage was so strong that he was fired from his company, it was renamed \"General Electric\" and it joined with George Westinghouse. Finally, the company built the hydro-electric plant at Niagra Falls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58692741394043, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "One of the more notable occasions when Edison electrocuted animals was when in 1903, he electrocuted Topsy the elephant at Luna Park. Edison claimed that it was the AC power's fault that the animals died; not his. He claimed that the animals being electrocuted were being \"Westinghoused\". Edison even filmed the death of Topsy and gladly distributed the video.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.398550033569336, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "The Edison Medal was created on February 11, 1904, by a group of Edison's friends and associates. Four years later the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), later IEEE, entered into an agreement with the group to present the medal as its highest award. The first medal was presented in 1909 to Elihu Thomson, and ironically, was awarded to Nikola Tesla in 1917. The Edison Medal is the oldest award in the area of electrical and electronics engineering, and is presented annually \"for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.759632110595703, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "In Detroit, the Edison Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park was created to honour his achievements. The limestone fountain was dedicated October 21, 1929.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273070335388184, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "Life magazine (USA), in a special double issue, placed Edison first in the list of the \"100 Most Important People in the Last 1000 Years\", noting that his light bulb \"lit up the world\". He was ranked thirty-fifth on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history. In 1940, his life was documented on the screen when Spencer Tracy starred as Edison in \"Edison The Man.\" He has been called the fifteenth Greatest American.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.631983757019043, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "1", "passage": "In 1879, Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam wrote the book \"L'Ève Future\" (translated into English as \"Tomorrow's Eve\"), about a fictional Thomas Edison who creates the ideal (artificial) woman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.484476089477539, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" }, { "answer": "One", "passage": "Edison helped found one of the very first Montessori schools in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185985565185547, "source": "search", "title": "Thomas Edison - McGill School Of Computer Science" } ]

[ { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Chinook was designed and initially produced by Boeing Vertol in the early 1960s; it is now produced by Boeing Rotorcraft Systems. It is one of the few aircraft of that era – along with the fixed-wing Lockheed C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft – that remain in production and frontline service, with over 1,200 built to date. The helicopter has been sold to 16 nations with the U.S. Army and the Royal Air Force (see Boeing Chinook (UK variants)) being its largest users.", "precise_score": 7.21580171585083, "rough_score": 6.363688945770264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Vertol began work on a new tandem-rotor helicopter designated Vertol Model 107 or V-107 in 1957.Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books. 1984. ISBN 978-0-517-43935-7.Goebel, Greg. [http://www.vectorsite.net/avch47.html#m1 Origins: Vertol V-107 & V-114]. Vectorsite.net, 1 December 2009. In June 1958, the U.S. Army awarded a contract to Vertol for the aircraft under the YHC-1A designation. The YHC-1A had a capacity for 20 troops. Three were tested by the Army for deriving engineering and operational data. However, the YHC-1A was considered by most of the Army users to be too heavy for the assault role and too light for the transport role. The decision was made to procure a heavier transport helicopter and at the same time upgrade the UH-1 \"Huey\" as a tactical troop transport. The YHC-1A would be improved and adopted by the Marines as the CH-46 Sea Knight in 1962. The Army then ordered the larger Model 114 under the designation HC-1B. The pre-production Boeing Vertol YCH-1B made its initial hovering flight on 21 September 1961. In 1962 the HC-1B was redesignated the CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system. It was named \"Chinook\", which alludes to the Chinook people of the Pacific Northwest.", "precise_score": 2.867297649383545, "rough_score": 2.2458062171936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "3 / 4 Show Caption + Hide Caption – The party cuts the ribbon on the new H-47 Chinook factory in Ridley Park, Pa., on the 50th anniversary of the first Chinook helicopter flight Sept. 21, 2011. From left to right: Col. Patrick Tierney, director of Army Aviation G3 , Maj. Gen. Anthony Crutchfield, commanding general, U.S. Army Aviation Center of Excellence, Jean Chamberlin, vice president and general manager, Mobility, Boeing Military Aircraft, Col. Bob Marion, project manager cargo helicopter, Maj. Gen. William \"Tim\" Crosby, program executive officer, aviation, Leanne Caret, vice president H-47 Programs, Systems, Boeing Military Aircraft, U.S. Navy Capt. Steven Labows, Defense Contract Management Agency Philadelphia, Col. Patrick Mason, Technology Applications Program, office project manager. (Photo Credit: Sarah M. Rivette) VIEW ORIGINAL", "precise_score": 3.4940693378448486, "rough_score": 4.382599353790283, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook turns 50, looks toward future | Article | The ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The CH-47 Chinook is a twin-engine, transport helicopter fitted with two tandem rotors. It was developed by Boeing Vertol between 1957 and 1960. Its prototype, the HC-1B, made its initial flight on September 21, 1961. The CH-47 Chinook was used extensively as a transport helicopter during the Vietnam War, carrying troops and military materiel such as artillery pieces.", "precise_score": 7.7464165687561035, "rough_score": 6.970841884613037, "source": "search", "title": "CH-47 Chinook | History Wars Weapons" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Although the CH-47 was originally manufactured by the American firm Boeing Vertol at the beginning of the 1960s, the Chinook is presently being built by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. Like the UH-1 and C-130 aircraft, it is one of the few aircraft of the Vietnam War era which is still being produced. The Chinook helicopter has been sold to more than 16 nations.", "precise_score": 6.597751617431641, "rough_score": 5.463115692138672, "source": "search", "title": "CH-47 Chinook | History Wars Weapons" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 1960, Boeing bought Vertol Aircraft Co., a helicopter manufacturer in Philadelphia, Pa. The company had three tandem-rotor helicopters under production: the Chinook for the U.S. Army, the Sea Knight for the U.S. Navy and Marines, and the commercial 107-11 for the airlines.", "precise_score": 5.5510077476501465, "rough_score": 5.979421615600586, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The first fully equipped Army Chinook, designated the CH-47A, entered service in August 1962 with a gross weight of 33,000 pounds (14,969 kilograms). Boeing introduced the CH-47B in 1966 with an improved airframe and power plant provided by the T55-l-7C engines. The gross weight rose to 40,000 pounds (18,144 kilograms). The CH-47C was developed in 1967 in response to the Army’s request for transporting a 15,000-pound (6804-kilogram) payload a distance of 30 nautical miles (56 kilometers) radius on a 95-degree Fahrenheit (35-degree Celsius ) day at 4,000 feet (1219 meters). It was powered by T55-l-11 engines and had a gross weight capability of 46,000 pounds (20,865 kilograms).", "precise_score": 5.049407005310059, "rough_score": 3.34289813041687, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Chinook was designed and initially produced by Boeing Vertol in the early 1960s. The helicopter is now produced by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems . Chinooks have been sold to 16 nations. Although some nations operate larger helicopters such as the Russian Mil Mi-26 , the Chinook remains the heaviest lifting helicopter used by its largest operators, the U.S. Army and the Royal Air Force , see Boeing Chinook (UK variants) .", "precise_score": 7.482151508331299, "rough_score": 6.557157516479492, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Army then ordered the larger Model 114 under the designation HC-1B. The pre-production Boeing Vertol YCH-1B made its initial hovering flight on September 21, 1961. In 1962 the HC-1B was redesignated the CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system . The name \"Chinook\" alludes to the Chinook people of the Pacific Northwest .", "precise_score": 6.187297344207764, "rough_score": 5.061834812164307, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "    The Boeing Vertol Model 114, tail number 59-04983 (Boeing build number B-002), made it's first hovering flight on 21 September 1961. Initially designated the YHC-1B helicopter in Fiscal Year (FY) 1959, the first 8 helicopters, Boeing build numbers B-001 through B-008, were powered by the Lycoming T55-L-5 engines, generating a maximum of 1,940 Shaft Horsepower (SHP). Beginning with 60-03450 , Boeing build number B-009, the Lycoming T55-L-7 engine, producing 2,650 SHP, was utilized. Boeing build numbers B-001 through B-005 were designated YHC-1B helicopters. Build numbers B-006 though B-029 were originally designated as HC-1B helicopters. In July 1962, the Department of Defense redesignated all U.S. military aircraft to a new system . All YHC-1B helicopters became YCH-47A and all HC-1B helicopters became CH-47A.", "precise_score": 3.687246084213257, "rough_score": 1.0900156497955322, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "payload and better performance. The B model introduced the Lycoming T55-L7C engine rated at 2,850 SHP, a beefed up airframe, non-symmetrical rotor blades to increase lift, and for better stability - a blunted aft pylon, spoilers on the forward pylon, and strakes on the under side of the fuselage just forward of the ramp hinge. Boeing began delivering the CH-47B in May of 1967, starting with 66-19098, and eventually produced a total of 108 B models for the United States Army, Boeing build numbers B-356 through B-463, before production shifted to the CH-47C. There are no surviving U.S. Army CH-47B helicopters. Click-N-Go Here to view a Boeing information pamphlet describing the CH-47B Chinook helicopter [19.0 Mb].", "precise_score": 2.0012166500091553, "rough_score": 3.0034210681915283, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing CH-47 Chinook is an American twin-engine, tandem rotor heavy-lift helicopter. Its primary roles are troop movement, artillery placement and battlefield resupply. It has a wide loading ramp at the rear of the fuselage and three external ventral cargo hooks. With a top speed of 170 knots (196 mph, 315 km/h) the helicopter was faster than contemporary 1960s utility helicopters and attack helicopters, and is still one of the fastest helicopters in the US inventory. The CH-47 is among the heaviest lifting Western helicopters. Its name is from the Native American Chinook people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.859279155731201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "A commercial model of the Chinook, the Boeing-Vertol Model 234, is used worldwide for logging, construction, fighting forest fires, and supporting petroleum extraction operations. On 15 December 2006, the Columbia Helicopters company of the Salem, Oregon, metropolitan area, purchased the Type certificate of the Model 234 from Boeing. The Chinook has also been licensed to be built by companies outside the United States, such as Elicotteri Meridionali (now AgustaWestland) in Italy, and Kawasaki in Japan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6142220497131348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "During the 1970s, the United States and Iran had a strong relationship, in which the Iranian armed forces began to use many American military aircraft, most notably the F-14 Tomcat, as part of a modernization program. After an agreement signed between Boeing and Elicotteri Meridionali, the Imperial Iranian Air Force purchased 20 Elicotteri Meridionali-built CH-47Cs in 1971. The Imperial Iranian Army Aviation purchased 70 CH-47Cs from Elicotteri Meridionali between 1972 and 1976. In late 1978, Iran placed an order for an additional 50 helicopters with Elicotteri Meridionali, but that order was canceled immediately after the revolution; but 11 of them were delivered after multiple requests by Iran. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.815962791442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The ACH-47A was originally known as the Armed/Armored CH-47A (or A/ACH-47A). It was officially designated ACH-47A by U.S. Army Attack Cargo Helicopter and unofficially Guns A Go-Go. Four CH-47A helicopters were converted to gunships by Boeing Vertol in late 1965. Three were assigned to the 53rd Aviation Detachment in South Vietnam for testing, with the remaining one retained in the U.S. for weapons testing. By 1966, the 53rd was redesignated the 1st Aviation Detachment (Provisional) and attached to the 228th Assault Support Helicopter Battalion of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). By 1968, only one gunship remained, and logistical concerns prevented more conversions. It was returned to the United States, and the program stopped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.701093673706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The CH-47B was an interim solution while Boeing worked on a more substantially improved CH-47C. The CH-47B was powered by two Lycoming T55-L-7C 2,850 shp (2,130 kW) engines. It featured a blunted rear rotor pylon, redesigned asymmetrical rotor blades, and strakes along the rear ramp and fuselage to improve flying characteristics. It could be equipped with two door-mounted M60D 7.62 mm NATO machine guns on the M24 armament subsystem and a ramp-mounted M60D using the M41 armament subsystem. Some CH-47 \"bombers\" were equipped to drop tear gas or napalm from the rear cargo ramp onto NLF (aka Việt Cộng) bunkers. The CH-47 could be equipped with a hoist and cargo hook. The Chinook proved especially valuable in \"Pipe Smoke\" aircraft recovery missions. The \"Hook\" recovered about 12,000 aircraft valued at over $3.6 billion during the war. 108 were built.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.053691864013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The type was unable to receive FAA certification to engage in civil activities due to the non-redundant hydraulic flight boost system drive. A redesign of the hydraulic boost system drive was incorporated in the succeeding CH-47D, allowing that model to achieve certification as the Boeing Model 234. A total of 233 CH-47Cs were built. Canada bought a total of eight CH-47Cs, deliveries of the type began in 1974. Receiving the Canadian designation \"CH-147\", these were fitted with a power hoist above the crew door, other changes included a flight engineer station in the rear cabin, Boeing referred to the configuration as the \"Super C\". The CH-47C saw wide use during the Vietnam war, eventually replacing the older H-21 Shawnee in the combat assault support role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091964721679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 2001, the first CH-47F, an upgraded CH-47D, made its maiden flight; the first production model rolled out on 15 June 2006 at Boeing's facility in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, and first flew on 23 October 2006. Upgrades include 4868 shp Honeywell engines and the airframe featuring greater single-piece construction to lower maintenance requirements. The milled construction reduces vibration, as well as inspection and repair needs, and eliminates flexing points to increase service life. The CH-47F can fly at speeds of over 175 mi/h with a payload of more than 21000 lb. New avionics include a Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit, and BAE Systems' Digital Advanced Flight Control System (DAFCS). AgustaWestland assembles the CH-47F under license, known as the Chinook ICH-47F, for several customers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.873071193695068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing delivered 48 CH-47Fs to the U.S. Army through August 2008; at that time Boeing announced a $4.8 billion contract with the Army for 191 Chinooks. In February 2007, the Royal Netherlands Air Force became the first international customer, ordering six CH-47Fs, expanding their fleet to 17. On 10 August 2009, Canada signed a contract for 15 CH-47Fs for the Royal Canadian Air Force, delivered in 2013–14 with the Canadian designation CH-147F. On 15 December 2009, Britain announced its Future Helicopter Strategy, including the purchase of 24 new CH-47Fs to be delivered from 2012. Australia ordered seven CH-47Fs in March 2010 to replace its six CH-47Ds between 2014 and 2017. In late 2015, Australia has sought permission to add three more CH-47Fs to their fleet. In September 2015 India approved purchase of 15 CH-47F Chinooks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.129852771759033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Japan Defense Agency ordered 54 aircraft of which 39 were for the JGSDF and 15 were for the JASDF. Boeing supplied flyable aircraft, to which Kawasaki added full avionics, interior, and final paint. The CH-47J model Chinook (N7425H) made its first flight in January 1986, and it was sent to Kawasaki in April. Boeing began delivering five CH-47J kits in September 1985 for assembly at Kawasaki.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.238513469696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 1973, the Army contracted Boeing to design a \"Heavy Lift Helicopter\" (HLH), designated XCH-62A. It appeared to be a scaled-up CH-47 without a conventional body, in a configuration similar to the S-64 Skycrane (CH-54 Tarhe), but the project was canceled in 1975. The program was restarted for test flights in the 1980s and was again not funded by Congress. The scaled-up model of the HLH was scrapped in late 2005 at Fort Rucker, Alabama. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.635255813598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "* - see Boeing Chinook (UK variants)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.861851692199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boeing CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "4 / 4 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Inside the Boeing H-47 Factory in Ridley Park, Pa. The new factory is expected to delivery six new CH-47F Chinook helicopters per month by 2013. The CH-47 Chinook is the U.S. Army's only heavy lift helicopter and continues to be vital to Overseas Contingency Operations and our nation's Homeland Security needs. (Photo Credit: Sarah M. Rivette) VIEW ORIGINAL", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.660072088241577, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook turns 50, looks toward future | Article | The ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The cargo aircraft celebrated its 50th year of flight with the U.S. Army Sept. 21 during the opening ceremony of a renovated Boeing Company CH-47 Chinook factory in Ridley Park, Pa. Crosby has flown every model of the CH-47 Chinook and has experienced firsthand the advancements and improvements made to the aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.197265386581421, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook turns 50, looks toward future | Article | The ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "But those improvements are far from over. The Army has been working with Boeing to modernize the floor for on-load and off-load capability and to add ballistic protection, said Col. Bob Marion, project manager for cargo helicopters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060861587524414, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook turns 50, looks toward future | Article | The ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Other improvements in the CH-47F model include the Digital Automatic Flight Control System, said Franzen, who now acts as government flight representative that test flies all CH-47F's that come off out of the Boeing plant before delivery to a Combat Aviation Brigade. This system aides pilots who are trying to land during brown-out conditions like a sand storm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18163013458252, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook turns 50, looks toward future | Article | The ..." }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.003286361694336, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Celebrate 100 years of Boeing with 100 Days of learning. Join us as we explore the world of aerospace with free educational materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499858856201172, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Get the Latest from Boeing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447009086608887, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "After the Vietnam War, Boeing and the Army began a major fleet upgrade that led to development of the CH-47D. Almost 500 early model Chinooks went through an extensive modernization process in Philadelphia that produced an essentially new CH-47 fleet. The CH-47D Chinook was a central element in U.S. Army operations in the Persian Gulf War. Versions of the D model were also used for export including the “International Chinook” and the SD “Super D,” in all 20 nations have operated various models of the CH-47.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.919495105743408, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Using the Chinook airframe, Boeing Helicopters also built the Model 234 LINK, the commercial Chinook used for passengers, cargo, oil and gas exploration, and logging.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.534834861755371, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 2014, Boeing said that ongoing CH-47F/MH-47G modernization programs, which include a mix of remanufactured and new aircraft, would ensure that this tandem rotor helicopter remains in the Army fleet through at least the 2030s. Chinooks have served the armed forces of more than 19 international customers and performed in commercial service around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.879865646362305, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: CH-47 Chinook" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing Chinook (UK variants)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.221545219421387, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The Boeing-Vertol CH-47 Chinook is a versatile, twin-engine, tandem rotor heavy-lift helicopter . Its top speed of 170  knots (196 mph, 315  km/h ) was faster than contemporary utility and attack helicopters of the 1960s. It is one of the few aircraft of that era such as the C-130 and the UH-1 'Huey' that is still in production and front line service with over 1,179 built so far. Its primary roles include troop movement, artillery emplacement and battlefield resupply. It has a wide loading ramp at the rear of the fuselage and three external-cargo hooks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9504404067993164, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "A commercial model of the Chinook, the Boeing-Vertol Model 234, is used worldwide for logging, construction, fighting forest fires and supporting petroleum exploration operations. As of December 15, 2006 Columbia Helicopters, Inc. of Aurora, Oregon has purchased the Type Certificate of the Model 234 from Boeing. [9] Currently the company is seeking FAA issuance of a Production Certificate to produce parts with eventual issuance of a Production Certificate to produce aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.142268657684326, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "After an agreement signed between Boeing and Elicotteri Meridionali , the Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF) purchased 20 Elicotteri Meridionali-built CH-47Cs in 1971. The Imperial Iranian Army Aviation (IIAA) purchased 70 CH-47Cs from Elicotteri Meridionali during the period of 1972-1976. In late 1978, Iran placed an order for an additional 50 helicopters with Elicotteri Meridionali, but that order was canceled immediately after the revolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.404641151428223, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The ACH-47A was originally known as the Armed/Armored CH-47A (or A/ACH-47A). It was officially designated ACH-47A by US Army—Attack Cargo Helicopter—and unofficially \"Guns A Go-Go\"). Four CH-47A helicopters were converted to gunships by Boeing Vertol in late 1965. Three were assigned to the 53rd Aviation Detachment in South Vietnam for testing, with the remaining one retained in the U.S. for weapons testing. By 1966, the 53rd was redesignated the 1st Aviation Detachment (Provisional) and attached to the 228th Assault Support Helicopter Battalion of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). By 1968, only one gunship remained, and logistical concerns prevented more conversions. It was returned to the United States, and the program stopped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.835983753204346, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The CH-47B was an interim solution while Boeing worked on a more substantially improved CH-47C. CH-47B was powered by two Lycoming T55-L-7C 2,850 shp (2,130 kW) engines. It featured a blunted rear rotor pylon, redesigned asymmetrical rotor blades, and strakes along the rear ramp and fuselage to improve flying characteristics. It could be equipped with two door-mounted M60D 7.62 mm NATO machine guns on the M24 armament subsystem and a ramp-mounted M60D using the M41 armament subsystem. Some CH-47 \"bombers\" were equipped to drop tear gas or napalm from the rear cargo ramp onto NLF (aka Việt Cộng) bunkers. The CH-47 could be equipped with a hoist and cargo hook. The Chinook proved especially valuable in \"Pipe Smoke\" aircraft recovery missions. The \"Hook\" recovered about 12,000 aircraft valued at over $3.6 billion during the war. 108 built.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310388565063477, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The CH-47C featured more powerful engines and transmissions. [16] Three versions of the \"C model\" were built. The first had Lycoming T55-L-7C engines delivering 2,850 shp (2,130 kW). The \"Super C\" included Lycoming T55-L-11 engines delivering 3,750 shp (2,800 kW), an upgraded maximum gross weight of 46,000 lb (21,000 kg) and a pitch stability augmentation system (PSAS). Due to difficulties with the T55-L-11 engines, which were hurriedly brought to war to increase payload, they were temporarily removed from the \"Super C\" prior to 1970 and the very reliable Lycoming T55-L-7C's were installed until the L-11 engine difficulties could be quantified and corrected. This L-7C engine configuration was affectionately referred to as the \"baby C\" although it was still a Super C. It distinguished itself from the \"C\" in that it had PSAS and an uprated maximum gross weight. The CH-47 A, B, and all variants of the C were not able to receive certification from the FAA for civil use due to the non-redundant hydraulic flight boost system drive. A redesign of the hydraulic boost system drive was incorporated in the CH-47D which allowed that model to achieve FAA certification as the Boeing Model 234. 233 CH-47Cs were built.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87003231048584, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "The CH-47F, an upgraded D model, first flew in 2001. The first production model was rolled out on June 15, 2006 at the Boeing facility in Ridley Park , Pennsylvania , and had its maiden flight on October 23, 2006. [21] The CH-47F was designed to extend the service life of the Chinook class beyond 2030. Among its upgrades are new 4,868 shaft horsepower Honeywell engines, improved avionics, and an upgraded airframe with larger single-piece sections to reduce part count and need for fasteners. [22] The new milled construction will reduce vibrations, eliminate points of joint flexing, and reduce the need for inspections and repairs, and reduce maintenance costs. It is also expected to increase service life. [23] The CH-47F can fly at speeds of over 175 mph (282 km/h) with a payload of more than 21,000 lb (9,530 kg). [24] The improved avionics include a Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit, and BAE Systems ' Digital Advanced Flight Control System (DAFCS). [22]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7699552774429321, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing has delivered 48 F-model helicopters to the United States Army ; on 26 August 2008, Boeing announced that the Army has signed a five-year contract, worth over $4.8 billion for 191 more, plus 24 options. [24] In February 2007, the Netherlands were the first international customer to order the F model; six helicopters were ordered to expand their current fleet to 17. These helicopters will be equipped with an upgraded version of the Honeywell Avionics Control Management System (ACMS) cockpit. [25] On 15 December 2009 the British government announced its Future Helicopter Strategy including the purchase of 24 new CH-47F Chinooks to be delivered from 2012. [26]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9982590675354, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "MH-47G Chinook, during the aircraft's rollout ceremony 6 May 2007 at Boeing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.566718578338623, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "In 1973, the Army contracted Boeing to design a \"Heavy Lift Helicopter (HLH)\", designated XCH-62A . It appeared to be a scaled-up CH-47 without a conventional body, in a configuration similar to the S-64 Skycrane ( CH-54 Tarhe ), but the project was canceled in 1975. The program was restarted for test flights in the 1980s and was again not funded by Congress. [39] The scaled up model of the HLH was scrapped at the end of 2005 at Fort Rucker, Alabama . [40]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.523681163787842, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Data from Boeing CH-47D/F, [51] Army Chinook file, [52] International Directory [53]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.139266967773438, "source": "search", "title": "Chinook helicopter - The Full Wiki" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Mr. LaVassar's next job was at Piasecki Aircraft Corp., later renamed Boeing Vertol. He led a team of more than 100 employees working on the company's test flights, primarily for helicopters. After 33 years, he retired from Boeing in 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202126502990723, "source": "search", "title": "Leonard LaVassar, 97, pilot for helicopter tests - Philly.com" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Comparison and usage of the various Boeing CH-47 models.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.510282516479492, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "   The CH-47B was introduced by Boeing after a production run of 355 CH-47A's, including 2 airframes that never actually flew ( 59-04982 and airframe B-006). The hot mountainous conditions of Vietnam limited the A models performance capabilities and generated a requirement for increased", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.504791259765625, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "   The U.S. Army's continued need for further performance improvements led to the development of the CH-47C . Designed to meet an Army requirement to transport a 15,000 pound sling load over a 30 mile radius, the C model boasted an increased gross weight to 46,000 pounds, four additional auxiliary fuel tanks that increased fuel capacity to 1,068 gallons, the Lycoming T55-L11 engine developing 3,750 SHP at 100 percent indicated torque, and additional structural improvements. The aircraft had a transmission torque limit of 84 percent. The C model had a maximum cargo hook capacity of 20,000 pounds. The initial U.S. Army version of the CH-47C had only a single cargo hook below the center of the aircraft. Later on other customers, including the United Kingdom, procured or modified their C models to a triple hook configuration. 67-18494 was the first of 270 C models, Boeing build numbers 464 through 733, manufactured by Boeing at their facility in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the United States Army. 67-18494 conducted its first flight on 14 October 1967. The C model became the mainstay of the Chinook fleet until the advent of the CH-47D. Production of the C model continued until 1980 with improvements such as the crash worthy fuel system and fiberglass rotor blades being incorporated into the fleet. One of the better documented CH-47C helicopters is 70-15032 . There are no surviving U.S. Army CH-47C helicopters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.949509620666504, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "   The CH-47D was the result of June 1976 contract for a modernized Chinook. The Army recognized that that the Chinook fleet was rapidly reaching the end of its useful life and signed a contract with Boeing to significantly improve and update the CH-47. Three airframes, one each of a CH-47A (65-08008, re-serial numbered as 76-08008 for the prototype testing), a CH-47B (67-18479, re-serial numbered as 76-18479 for the prototype testing), and a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535315990447998, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "   A total of 447 D model Chinook helicopters were produced, including the three 1976 prototypes that led to the production runs beginning in the early 1980s, continuing through the mid 1990s. The three prototypes were given new serial numbers during the prototype period. Two prototype airframes were later re-inducted into the D model program after testing to complete the D model conversion, again receiving new serial numbers. One prototype airframe, the B model, was not inducted again, becoming a Category B maintenance training device assigned to Fort Eustis. One airframe was lost when it crashed during a Boeing Company test flight. As a result, 445 airframes were delivered to the U.S Army. The deliveries included 426 airframes that were previously U.S. Army owned A (165), B (76), and C (185) model airframes. Also included in the conversion process were nine CH-47C airframes manufactured by Augusta and intended for the Shah of Iran prior to his displacement as head of state, and seven CH-47C airframes previously owned by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), that were purchased in 1985 and 1991, respectively. This brought the total number of converted airframes to 442. The D model production line eventually included three newly manufactured D model airframes, raising the total number of delivered airframes to 445. The extra numbers apparent in the total count above (447) are a result of two prototypes (the A and C models) receiving new serial numbers when they were inducted into the final D model production line. 443 production D models were delivered the the U.S. Army (445 actual airframes minus the pre-delivery Boeing Company crash and the B model prototype). As a side note, two of the newly manufactured airframes, delivered in 1994, were the first original Chinook airframes produced since the last C model was completed in 1979 - a time span of 15 years. The final and most recent D model airframe, 98-02000 , was delivered to the U.S. Army in 2002, made up mostly from left over parts laying around the Ridley Park production facility. Subsequent to their delivery, 22 airframes have been lost due to accidents and 1 was shot down. Two have been converted to F models and one was converted to a G model. As of October 2005, there were 417 surviving D model airframes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.21735990047454834, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "   The MH-47E Special Operations Aircraft (SOA) was a derivative of the standard Boeing CH-47 Chinook. Included with other modifications was a significantly increased fuel capacity with modified main and auxiliary fuel tanks. The aircraft had modified integrated avionics suites and multi-mode radars intended to provide adverse-weather infiltration / exfiltration and support to US Military Forces, country teams, other agencies and special activities. The CH-47D Chinook had been specially modified to perform the special operations mission and was tested in combat on several occasions. As of 2002, the three versions of the CH-47 were in the Army inventory: the CH-47D, the MH-47D, and the MH-47E. The MH-47D and the MH-47E were air refuelable, providing long-range penetration, medium assault helicopter support to special operations forces far away from the base of operations and deep into hostile territory. Depending on the helicopter version, the CH-47 could be ferried 1,100 to 2,000 nautical miles unrefueled. During Operation Just Cause (Panama), CH-47s conducted H-hour assaults to support other elements who were air-landing SOF to disrupt enemy responses and seize key facilities. During Operation Desert Storm (Iraq), the CH-47 conducted infiltration and exfiltration of SOF and Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) of downed pilots. During development MH-47E testing was limited to the major change to the aircraft which affects vulnerability. In the case of the MH-47E, this was the addition of an 800 gallon Robertson Auxiliary Fuel Tank internally loaded in the main cabin and Boeing designed external fitted sponson tanks with expanded capacity and honeycomb shell construction. Up to 3 internal tanks could be fitted inside the helicopter. However, the third tank could not be filled to capacity as it would cause the aircraft to surpass the 54,000 lb gross weight limit. Analyses conducted during the test planning phase revealed that the largest potential vulnerability was associated with projectiles entering the fuel tanks in the volume (air space) above the liquid fuel. Such impacts could ignite the fuel vapors and cause explosions and/or fires with serious consequences. During test planning, United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOCOM) decided to add an inerting system to the fuel tanks to avoid such fires/explosions. This was a lead-the-fleet system that was also available for similar helicopter variants in other fleets as well. The MH-47D/E aircraft were assigned exclusively to the special operation units at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and at Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah, Georgia, in the continental United States (CONUS); and outside the continental United States (OCONUS) in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). A total of 26 MH-47E model Chinook helicopters were produced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.10287618637085, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing CH-47 “Chinook ”: Model Comparison and Usage" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Boeing: Select Products in Boeing History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530233383178711, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: Select Products in Boeing History" }, { "answer": "Boeing", "passage": "Celebrate 100 years of Boeing with 100 Days of learning. Join us as we explore the world of aerospace with free educational materials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.499858856201172, "source": "search", "title": "Boeing: Select Products in Boeing History" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "The Ocean Law Project — also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts — was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor and environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address our common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans.", "precise_score": 5.512030124664307, "rough_score": 6.665342330932617, "source": "search", "title": "About Us | Oceana" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "In 2001, Oceana merged with the American Ocean’s Campaign (AOC), which was founded in 1987 by Ted Danson .", "precise_score": 8.112894058227539, "rough_score": 8.725133895874023, "source": "search", "title": "Oceana: Celebrity Supporters - Look to the Stars" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "The Ocean Law Project — also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts — was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor and environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address our common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans.", "precise_score": 5.512030124664307, "rough_score": 6.665342330932617, "source": "search", "title": "About Us | Oceana USA" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "The Ocean Law Project — also initiated by The Pew Charitable Trusts — was absorbed into Oceana in 2001 as Oceana’s legal arm. In 2002, Oceana merged with American Oceans Campaign, founded by actor and environmentalist Ted Danson, to more effectively address our common mission of protecting and restoring the world’s oceans.", "precise_score": 5.512030124664307, "rough_score": 6.665342330932617, "source": "search", "title": "About Us | Oceana EU" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "Ted Danson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316664695739746, "source": "search", "title": "Ted Danson - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "Ted Danson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316664695739746, "source": "search", "title": "Ted Danson - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "Ted Danson is the prominent-jawed actor who played Sam Malone, the baseball star turned bartender on Cheers, from 1982-93. He was born in California, but grew up near Flagstaff, Arizona with Hopi and Navajo children as his friends. As a young actor, Danson did the usual auditions for commercials and soap operas, and met his first wife at one of weirdo Werner Erhard 's EST seminars. Danson was \"the Aramis Man\" in ads, and in the mid-1970s he appeared on the daytime drama Somerset with Sigourney Weaver and JoBeth Williams . In his film debut, he portrayed a bagpipe-playing cop in The Onion Field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.968656539916992, "source": "search", "title": "Ted Danson - NNDB" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "Ted Danson - Biography - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416715621948242, "source": "search", "title": "Ted Danson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "Ted Danson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316664695739746, "source": "search", "title": "Ted Danson - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Ted Danson", "passage": "Ted Danson is well known for his role as Sam Malone in the television series Cheers (1982). During the show's 11-year run, he was nominated nine times for an Emmy Award as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and won twice, in 1990 and 1993. The role also earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series in 1989 and 1990. He and his wife, actress Mary Steenburgen , starred in and were executive producers of the CBS comedy series Ink (1996).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.698087692260742, "source": "search", "title": "Ted Danson - Biography - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "1930s", "passage": "\"Bonnie and Clyde\" is a real innovative film in the fact that it does contain some extremely violent content. 1967 was a different time in the cinema. This film was one of the first, if not the first, that really showed violence the way it would be in real life. People bleed when they get shot and they die in gruesome fashions. The film itself is the somewhat true story of the infamous bank robbers who terrorized parts of Texas and Oklahoma in the early-1930s before they were finally terminated by the authorities. Warren Beatty, Faye Dunaway, Gene Hackman, and Michael J. Pollard all received Oscar nominations. Estelle Parsons won one in the Supporting Actress category. Dunaway and Hackman proved to be the finds of the decade and Beatty became the first real star to be an instrumental part in the actual production of the film. Watch for Gene Wilder in a somewhat funny sequence during the course of the action. Unrelenting and overall exceptional, \"Bonnie and Clyde\" is easily one of the top 10 films of the 1960s and one of the greatest films of all time. 5 stars out of 5.", "precise_score": 4.164856910705566, "rough_score": 2.5752668380737305, "source": "search", "title": "Bonnie and Clyde Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "1930s", "passage": "Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow in a photograph from the early 1930s. (Library of Congress)", "precise_score": 1.9069277048110962, "rough_score": 1.5970982313156128, "source": "search", "title": "10 Things You May Not Know About Bonnie and Clyde ..." }, { "answer": "1930s", "passage": "In 'Bonnie and Clyde,' Penn created an emotional state, an image of the 1930s filtered through his 1960s sensibility... The sense of this period reflects Penn's vision of how the 1930s Depression-era truly was, and for all the crazy style and banjo score, this vision is greatly private...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3216873407363892, "source": "search", "title": "Bonnie and Clyde Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "1930's", "passage": "The real-life Bonnie and Clyde ranged the rural Texas-Oklahoma-Missouri emptiness in the early 1930's, holding up village banks. A product of the Depression, these amateurish outlaws attracted media attention because they brought drama to a bleak, joyless world. They were freewheelers who turned the tables on the banks, notorious but somehow admirable villains. The Robin Hood theme is quietly insisted upon throughout the film. Banks foreclose on poor farmers, or suddenly fail, wiping out ordinary folks' savings. Out of this chaos emerge these youngsters, scourging the rich and living for the moment, riding their luck for as long as it lasts, \"uncertain as times are\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.15214435756206512, "source": "search", "title": "Bonnie and Clyde Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Thirties", "passage": "When Arthur Penn's Thirties-set gangster movie first appeared in 1967 it was like a breath of fresh air in the American cinema, (though to be fair, on hindsight, the American cinema in the previous few years, particularly in the Independent sector, wasn't doing too badly). Still, Penn's movie seemed to break new ground and not just in it's depiction of violence. It had a lyrical intensity that belonged more to the French New Wave, (and at one time Truffaut's name was associated with the project), and, in that it took back to the American cinema the trappings that the French had originally borrowed in films like \"A Bout De Soufflé\" and \"Shoot the Pianist\", seemed to square the circle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925148010253906, "source": "search", "title": "Bonnie and Clyde Reviews & Ratings - IMDb" }, { "answer": "1930s", "passage": "Although numerous chapters in cinema manuals have been dedicated to Arthur Penn's violent, jagged, cynical \"Bonnie and Clyde\"--and, indeed, it kick-started a new permissiveness in America movies which then generated many imitations--the first twenty or so minutes of the picture are really awful. Depression-era waitress, bored and thrill seeking, finds herself drawn to a smooth-talking, reckless hood, an ex-con who, when playfully dared to, robs a general store right in front of her. He's sexually impotent but does have a sympathetic heart for the unfortunates and the working class; she's a high-wire act, strictly amoral and greedy. Their initial meeting outside her house has all the conventions of a standard 1930s drama--and just because the movie's look is generally correct doesn't mean what's happening on the screen is original. Producer Warren Beatty and screenwriters Robert Benton and David Newman envisioned the French New Wave in regards to the film's approach and style, and their efforts paid off in this respect (it's a very good-looking picture, shot by Burnett Guffey, who won an Oscar). However, Arthur Penn's direction isn't visionary, and the multiple car-riding shots with back projection don't seem to break new ground. The film's greatest achievement aside from its textured look and feel is the casting: Beatty and Faye Dunaway do pretty marvelous work in the leads; Gene Hackman and Estelle Parsons also fine as Clyde's brother and sister-in-law (Parsons won the film's second of two Oscars as Best Supporting Actress). The violence grows increasingly, steadily, as the film inches toward its queasy conclusion, while Penn juggles (successfully at times) ribald character moments with deadly serious--and bloody--scenes (which also became fashionable). The sweat and the flies, the downtrodden and the righteous, they all get a work-out in this scenario, which, in its best moments, has a prickly-comic and dangerous edge. **1/2 from ****", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.635551452636719, "source": "search", "title": "Bonnie and Clyde (1967) - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "The African Queen is a 1951 adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner and Theodore Bikel. ", "precise_score": 7.932938575744629, "rough_score": 7.8560895919799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "The African Queen (film)" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "Review of C.S. Forester's The African Queen - BrothersJudd.com", "precise_score": 6.01227331161499, "rough_score": 8.06791877746582, "source": "search", "title": "Review of C.S. Forester's The African Queen - BrothersJudd.com" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen", "precise_score": 6.967427730560303, "rough_score": 7.617311954498291, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "The African Queen - C. S. Forester - Google Books", "precise_score": 5.805395126342773, "rough_score": 8.847469329833984, "source": "search", "title": "The African Queen - C. S. Forester - Google Books" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "C. S. Forester is well remembered for his Horatio Hornblower series (see Orrin's review ), which has won renewed popularity with the excellent A & E movie versions and a coattail effect from the cult status of Patrick O'Brien's best-selling Aubrey and Maturin books.  However, few today recall that he wrote the original novel upon which John Huston based the great Bogart and Hepburn film, The African Queen.  The film then spawned both Peter Viertel's excellent roman-a-clef novel, White Hunter, Black Heart (1953) and the Clint Eastwood movie of the same name, and a Katherine Hepburn memoir about the making of the original movie. Not a bad track record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.114968299865723, "source": "search", "title": "Review of C.S. Forester's The African Queen - BrothersJudd.com" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "United in common cause, these two very different characters go from low level hostility to grudging mutual dependence to helpless love.  Perhaps the best aspect of the book, the one that really differentiates it from the movie, is Forester's brutal honesty about the quality of their romance.  Rose is quite inured to the service of deeply flawed men like her brother and father :", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337308883666992, "source": "search", "title": "Review of C.S. Forester's The African Queen - BrothersJudd.com" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.500305652618408, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "Forester, C.S. (2006 [1935]), The African Queen, Phoenix", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.589780330657959, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "In my review of Cop Hater I mentioned being puzzled and intrigued by that book’s inclusion on a list of indispensable or classic books. One other book on the list similarly intrigued me. It was The African Queen by C.S. Forester. I have seen the movie based on the novel, starring Humphrey Bogart and Katherine Hepburn, directed by John Huston, multiple times. I was not, for some reason, aware that it was based on a novel. Similarly, I am aware of C.S. Forester’s work, but only of the most famous and enduring part of it, the Hornblower series of novels. It was profoundly puzzling to me that this early Forester novel, that I supposed was mainly known for inspiring a classic movie, turned up on a list of essential novels. So I sat down to read it. And even after reading it I can’t say I am entirely sure why it’s on a list of important or indispensable novels – yet unlike Cop Hater, it’s value is more than merely historical. It’s a truly enjoyable read, an early work by a gifted storyteller. It’s not, structurally, perfect, but it is frequently compelling and always readable, written in a limpid and clear style, with characters that are more complicated than those that Huston, James Agee and Peter Viertel ended up writing about in his script. There is an odd patriotism to it – although it’s less odd when you consider Forester’s biography – and a cavalier attitude to colonialism that can be put down in large part to the fact that this book was written in 1935. There are shots in the 1950s movie that are equally troubling and are less excusable. What’s much more remarkable is the way Forester writes his female protagonist. In his hands “spinster missionary” Rose Sayer is a strong, intelligent woman, who in modern parlance would be described as “badass”, which is lovely enough. But Forester also manages to contextualize her behavior in the patriarchal environment she was raised. It’s strangely progressive for a 1935 adventure novel, but all of it explains why Katherine Hepburn, upon reading the novel, immediately agreed to play Rose Sayer when asked by Huston. In fact, one strand running through her charming reminiscences The Making of The African Queen is her disappointment by the changes the script forced on the character and her fights to restore her as she’s presented in the novel. If you’re looking for an entertaining adventure novel with simple but interesting characters that’s confidently written – and are willing to read past certain anachronisms, read The African Queen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7917162775993347, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "The plot of the novel is almost identical to the plot of the movie, except for the ending. It’s set at the beginning of World War I, in what was then known as German East Africa, one of Germany’s four major African colonies. It included what are today Mozambique, Ruanda and Tanzania and it bordered British and Belgian colonies. When WWI broke out, a German general took over German forces, committed to waging war on British troops in Africa to tie as many troops as possible in Africa, so they would not be used in Europe. The particular historical event that is specifically referred to is the Battle for Lake Tanganyika . As the book opens, German troops have just razed an African village including its church. Left behind is a missionary and his sister. Shortly, the missionary dies, leaving his sister to fend for herself. She is, however, in luck, because there is one other white person left in the area, who is not also German. That other person is Charlie Allnutt, a jack of all trades who works at a nearby Belgian mine as a mechanic and runs a steamboat called “African Queen” on the Ulanga river. All of this happens in the first dozen or so pages of the book. All this does is set up the main plot of the book and the characters’ various motivations. The cruel Germans, the lost Charlie Allnutt and Rose Sayer, a Missionary’s sister with a profound dislike of Germans. Much more than the movie, the two are set up as different classes from the beginning as Forester has Allnutt speak in a very strong Cockney dialect, and handing over the novel’s point of view to Rose Sayer, whose thoughts are always calm and collected, even in moments of anger. The narrator is strictly speaking an omniscient narrator, but for much of the book he chooses to convey to us Rose’s point of view. That decision is one of the main reasons the book is so enjoyable and can frequently rise above its anachronistic politics. It doesn’t, honestly, start off well. Rose is driven by a thirst for revenge and a loud and strident patriotism. She wants to “strike a blow for England” and she intends to use Allnutt and his boat to achieve this goal. Set as her efforts are halfway between revenge and support for the war effort, the outspoken patriotism sat a bit queer with me as a reader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.363476753234863, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "That said, having a woman fill in the role of intrepid wartime adventurer (adventuress?) is a welcome change, and Forester doesn’t stop there. The plan, as it’s quickly decided upon, is to go down the Ulanga river, which leads into a large lake. On that lake, a big German ship, the Königin Louise, is holding sway, dominating the banks of the lake with her far reaching canons. Since the African Queen has some explosives on board, the plan is to glide into the lake and use the boat as a kind of torpedo to blow up the Königin Louise. Between the village and the lake, however, there are treacherous rapids, waterfalls and a German fort overlooking a part of the river. Once the two makeshift sailors get on board the roles are quickly distributed. Rose steers the boat, picking up nautical terms and facts on the fly, and Allnutt tries to keep the boat’s faulty old steam engine running. Steering the ship through the dangerous waters of the Ulanga river is a fulfilling experience for Rose: “Rose was really alive for the first time in her life,” we learn. As it turns out, her life with her brother was dull and empty. She would be left to tend to his household, was not allowed to mingle with men and had to frequently ford the torrents of his angry moods, leaving her apprehensive of the violence and dominance of men. The book is extraordinarily clear on these things. Until she had met Allnutt, she had always submitted to all the men in her life – her father and brother, and in her quarrels with Allnutt regarding tactics, “she seethed with revolt and resentment.” The river – like a bilious, eddying metaphor, carries her in a few hours and days towards emancipation and maturity, at the ripe age of 30something. And at the height of it, at her fullest sense of self and freedom, after a particularly dangerous and successful ride down a series of dangerous rapids, her sexuality blooms and she and Allnutt kiss and have sex right there on a bank of the Ulanga river. All this development reads exceptionally modern, and one worries that it’s not inherently placed like that in the text. I like to think about it as a complexity engineered by an unusual text. After sex, Rose slips immediately back into submissive mode, for the first time since meeting Allnutt – but even that is explicitly reflected by the text as her assumption of a role. Rose is shown to be navigating gender roles very narrowly, working on interactions with her father and brother only, leaving her no room for fluid interpretation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.60322380065918, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "That’s the only Hornblower book I own and I haven’t even read it – hence I can’t really comment on Forester’s work beyond The African Queen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8445812463760376, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester: The African Queen | shigekuni." }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "C.S. Forester (novel), James Agee (adapted for the screen by) | 1 more credit  »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.10322093963623, "source": "search", "title": "The African Queen (1951) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "The African Queen (1951) is the uncomplicated tale of two companions with mismatched, \"opposites attract\" personalities who develop an implausible love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World War I. This quixotic film by director John Huston, based on the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester, is one of the classics of Hollywood adventure filmmaking, with comedy and romance besides. It was the first color film for the two leads and for director Huston.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.573009490966797, "source": "search", "title": "The African Queen (1951) - Filmsite.org" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "C.S. Forester (Author of Mr. Midshipman Hornblower)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.589865684509277, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester (Author of Mr. Midshipman Hornblower)" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "Cecil Scott Forester was the pen name of Cecil Louis Troughton Smith, an English novelist who rose to fame with tales of adventure and military crusades. His most notable works were the 11-book Horatio Hornblower series, about naval warfare during the Napoleonic era, and The African Queen (1935; filmed in 1951 by John Huston). His novels A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours were jointly awarded the 1938 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9438910484313965, "source": "search", "title": "C.S. Forester (Author of Mr. Midshipman Hornblower)" }, { "answer": "Forester", "passage": "Forester is now remembered for his Horatio Hornblower sea adventures; his 1935 novel has been forgotten in lieu of the popular 1951 film by John Huston. However, those who want to experience the ... Read full review", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089558601379395, "source": "search", "title": "The African Queen - C. S. Forester - Google Books" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sly & The Family Stone", "passage": "\"Everyday People\" is a 1968 song by Sly and the Family Stone. It was the first single by the band to go to number one on the Soul singles chart and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. It held that position, on the Hot 100, for four weeks from February 15 to March 14, 1969, and is remembered as a popular song of the 1960s. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song of 1969. As with most of Sly & the Family Stone's songs, Sly Stone was credited as the sole songwriter.", "precise_score": 3.800549268722534, "rough_score": -0.5089601874351501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Everyday People" }, { "answer": "Sly and the family Stone", "passage": "In October of 1987, Stanford University juniors Larry Shorter and Tony Stovall shared a love of fun and uplifting music and performance a cappella, but felt as if they didn’t see their style represented in the Stanford music scene. As a tribute to Sly and the Family Stone’s vision of inclusiveness and acceptance of all races, genders, and creeds, Shorter and Stovall formed Everyday People, based on the group’s 1967 hit of the same title, and thus brought together what one journalist calls one of the only “truly integrated” collegiate a cappella groups in the nation. In the spirit of Sly Stone’s ambition to demolish racial lines and use music as a tool to bring people together, Everyday People (EP) continues this tradition today and aims to reach a broad audience with this message.", "precise_score": -4.287885665893555, "rough_score": -6.223907470703125, "source": "search", "title": "Everyday People | Stanford's only Hip-Hop, R&B, Motown and ..." }, { "answer": "Sly & The Family Stone", "passage": "* Funk begins later in the decade with James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone having early hits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.181205749511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "1960s in music" }, { "answer": "Sly & The Family Stone", "passage": "The song is one of Sly Stone's pleas for peace and equality between differing races and social groups, a major theme and focus for the band. The Family Stone featured Caucasians Greg Errico and Jerry Martini in its lineup, as well as females Rose Stone and Cynthia Robinson; making it the first major integrated band in rock history. Sly & the Family Stone's message was about peace and equality through music, and this song reflects the same.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07642650604248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Everyday People" }, { "answer": "Sly and the family Stone", "passage": "The song's title is mentioned in the hit song by Sly and the Family Stone's, \"Thank You (For Lettin Me Be Myself Again)\" in the third verse, along with their other hit \"Dance to the Music\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446474075317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Everyday People" }, { "answer": "Sly & The Family Stone", "passage": "On the 2005 Sly & the Family Stone tribute album Different Strokes by Different Folks, Maroon 5 performs a cover of \"Everyday People\", accompanied by samples from the original.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.044081687927246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Everyday People" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kenny Rogers", "passage": "As the 1980s dawned, pop-influenced country music was the dominant style, through such acts as Kenny Rogers, Ronnie Milsap, T.G. Sheppard, Eddie Rabbitt, Crystal Gayle, Anne Murray and Dolly Parton. The 1980 movie Urban Cowboy, a romantic comedy starring John Travolta and Debra Winger, spawned a successful soundtrack album featuring pop-styled country songs, including \"Lookin' for Love\" by Johnny Lee, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band, \"Could I Have This Dance\" by Murray and \"Love the World Away\" by Rogers. The songs, and the movie itself, resulted in an early 1980s boom in pop-styled country music, and the era is sometimes known as the \"Urban Cowboy Movement\".", "precise_score": -10.674461364746094, "rough_score": -10.439364433288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "1980s in music" } ]

[ { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; , tr. Ihor Ivanovych Sikorskyj; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972), was a Russian-American aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. First success came with the S-2, the second fixedwing plane of his design and construction. His fifth airplane, the S-5, won him national recognition as well as F.A.I. license Number 64. His S-6-A received the highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition. and in the fall of that year the aircraft won for its young designer, builder and pilot first prize in the military competition at Petrograd. ", "precise_score": 1.8238962888717651, "rough_score": 1.7492010593414307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky's mother, Mariya Stefanovna Sikorskaya (née Temryuk-Cherkasova), was a physician who did not work professionally. She is sometimes called Zinaida Sikorsky. While homeschooling young Igor, she gave him a great love for art, especially in the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci, and the stories of Jules Verne. In 1900, at age 11, he accompanied his father to Germany and through conversations with his father, became interested in natural sciences. After returning home, Sikorsky began to experiment with model flying machines, and by age 12, he had made a small rubber band-powered helicopter.Woods 1979, p. 254.", "precise_score": -1.7690565586090088, "rough_score": 1.5822559595108032, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "It has been said that Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky achieved distinction in three separate careers, all in the field of aviation. He created the world's first multi-engine airplane in Russia in 1913; he launched a second career in the United States and became famous for his Flying Clippers; lastly, he conceived and developed the world's first practical helicopter. He is best known, perhaps, for this third career.", "precise_score": 3.263288974761963, "rough_score": 4.071913242340088, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "There was a period of evolution in the VS-300. Mr. Sikorsky tried 19 different configurations before he was satisfied with the final design. Military contracts followed, and in 1943 large-scale manufacture of the R-4 made it the world's first production helicopter. Public acceptance of this strange new vehicle, however, was far from immediate. The helicopter had to prove itself. It did just that in the Korean War, serving as a troop transport and rescue aircraft; men injured in combat were flown directly to field hospitals, their chances of recovery greatly enhanced.", "precise_score": -1.9595205783843994, "rough_score": 0.12857863306999207, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky and his helicopters.", "precise_score": -1.2132041454315186, "rough_score": 2.793148994445801, "source": "search", "title": "News - Special Reports - Igor I. Sikorsky -- National ..." }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor I. Sikorsky was born in Kiev, Imperial Russia (now Ukraine). His father, a psychology professor, and his mother, a medical school graduate, encouraged Sikorsky to explore science at a young age. Sikorsky was inspired by the designs of Leonardo da Vinci and the writing of Jules Verne, who had imagined a helicopter-like vehicle in his book \"Clipper of the Clouds.\" Sikorsky took to heart Verne's declaration that \"anything that one man can imagine, another man can make real.\"", "precise_score": -0.12927787005901337, "rough_score": 1.2439424991607666, "source": "search", "title": "News - Special Reports - Igor I. Sikorsky -- National ..." }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "After much trial and error, Sikorsky finished building the first working helicopter prototype, the VS-300, in 1939. He then designed the R-4, which in 1942 became the world's first mass-produced helicopter. Though initial reception was mixed, the helicopter proved its worth during the Korean War, where it was used to rescue and transport soldiers who had been injured in combat.", "precise_score": -0.14097270369529724, "rough_score": 0.08861063420772552, "source": "search", "title": "News - Special Reports - Igor I. Sikorsky -- National ..." }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Aviation pioneer Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was born May 25, 1889 in Kiev, Russia. He created the first successful helicopter in 1939, and is credited with many other outstanding accomplishments in the field of aircraft design.", "precise_score": 1.2687631845474243, "rough_score": 2.1586010456085205, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky | Lemelson-MIT Program" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky and the first successful helicopter built in America, Stratford – Connecticut Historical Society", "precise_score": -1.719685673713684, "rough_score": 1.437574863433838, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky and his Flying Machines | ConnecticutHistory.org" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer", "precise_score": -0.013076504692435265, "rough_score": 2.2335023880004883, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer", "precise_score": -0.013076504692435265, "rough_score": 2.2335023880004883, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky, the man most responsible for successfully designing and building helicopters, thought helicopters would be a common form of transportation. People, he said, would use them instead of automobiles. They would fly into a city, land on top of a building, go to work, then fly home again.", "precise_score": 4.327167510986328, "rough_score": 3.756757974624634, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "In 1939 Sikorsky designed and flew the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, the first viable American helicopter, which pioneered the rotor configuration used by most helicopters today. Sikorsky modified the design into the Sikorsky R-4, which became the world's first mass-produced helicopter in 1942.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.008685601875185966, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "With financial backing from his sister Olga, At the time, Paris was the center of the aviation world. Sikorsky met with aviation pioneers, to ask them questions about aircraft and flying. In May 1909, he returned to Russia and began designing his first helicopter, which he began testing in July 1909. Despite his progress in solving technical problems of control, Sikorsky realized that the aircraft would never fly. He finally disassembled the aircraft in October 1909, after he determined that he could learn nothing more from the design. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.513534069061279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "I had learned enough to recognize that with the existing state of the art, engines, materials, and – most of all – the shortage of money and lack of experience... I would not be able to produce a successful helicopter at that time.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543984/Igor-Ivan-Sikorsky \"Igor Sikorsky.\"] Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009 via britannica.com. Retrieved: October 14, 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.664952039718628, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "*VS-300 Experimental Prototype Helicopter – 1939", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.294140815734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "*R-4 World's first production helicopter – 1942", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413545608520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Meanwhile, Sikorsky also continued his earlier work on vertical flight while living in Nichols, Connecticut. On February 14, 1929, he filed an application to patent a \"direct lift\" amphibian aircraft which used compressed air to power a direct lift \"propeller\" and two smaller propellers for thrust. On June 27, 1931, Sikorsky filed for a patent for another \"direct lift aircraft\", and was awarded patent #1,994,488 on March 19, 1935. His design plans eventually culminated in the first (tethered) flight of the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 on September 14, 1939, with the first free flight occurring eight months later on May 24, 1940. Sikorsky's success with the VS-300 led to the R-4, which became the world's first mass-produced helicopter in 1942. Sikorsky's final VS-300 rotor configuration, comprising a single main rotor and a single antitorque tail rotor, has proven to be one of the most popular helicopter configurations, being used in most helicopters produced today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.461154460906982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The Sikorsky Memorial Bridge, which carries the Merritt Parkway across the Housatonic River next to the Sikorsky corporate headquarters, is named for him. Sikorsky has been designated a Connecticut Aviation Pioneer by the Connecticut State Legislature. The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in Stratford, Connecticut, continues to the present day as one of the world's leading helicopter manufacturers, and a nearby small airport has been named Sikorsky Memorial Airport. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9877917766571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "*Sikorsky, Igor Ivan. The Story of the Winged-S: Late Developments and Recent Photographs of the Helicopter, an Autobiography. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1967. OCLC 1396277", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8590524196624756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861727714538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transport" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket. Commercial jets can reach up to 955 km/h, single-engine aircraft 555 km/h. Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be used. As of April 28, 2009 The Guardian article notes that, \"the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428842544555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transport" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "AAG delivers a broad range of aviation solutions to New York (NYC) and the Northeast, from private helicopter charter to fractional shares, aircraft management, and maintenance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253686904907227, "source": "search", "title": "Perspectives on Innovation - Sikorsky Aircraft" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The largest Polish manufacturer of aircraft, currently expanding its production profile to include aero structures and helicopters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243782043457031, "source": "search", "title": "Perspectives on Innovation - Sikorsky Aircraft" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "St. Petersburg, and was still a student at the Mechanical Engineering College of the Polytechnic Institute in Kiev when he determined to build his first helicopter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0035982131958, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "He traveled to Paris, then the aeronautical center of Europe, where he met some of the early names in aviation, men like Louis Bleriot, first to fly the English Channel, before returning home with a 25 horsepower Anzani engine. He built his first helicopter in 1909, his second in 1910. The second accomplished what the first did not -- it proved able to lift itself -but it was unable to sustain the weight of a pilot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219696044921875, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "By 1938, the pioneering of oceans was over, and Sikorsky returned seriously to the field of vertical lift. Through the years, he had kept notes on ideas for helicopter designs. His first helicopter, the VS-300, was begun in early 1939 at the Vought-Sikorsky plant in Stratford, Connecticut by fall, it was completed, a strange-looking tubular skeleton which rose a few feet from the ground on September 14, 1939.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.01988410949707, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The VS-300, in point of time, actually dates back to 1929 when Mr. Sikorsky concluded that a successful helicopter soon would be possible. In 1931 he applied for a helicopter patent that incorporated most of the features of the VS-300. There was one main lifting screw and a small auxiliary rotor at the rear of the fuselage to counteract torque. The VS-300 was powered by a four-cylinder, 75-horsepower, air-cooled engine; it had a three-bladed main rotor, 28 feet in diameter, and a welded steel frame, a power transmission combination of v-belts and bevel gears, a two-wheeled landing gear, and a completely open pilot's seat. The VS-300, now part of the Ford Museum at Dearborn, Michigan, established a world endurance record by staying aloft an hour and 32 minutes on May 6, 1941. Thus, the helicopter fundamentals were established.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.962522983551025, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Mr. Sikorsky saw the helicopter as a vehicle that freed aviation from dependence on airports. The helicopter's ability to take off and land vertically was a breakthrough long dreamed by engineers, but never fully realized until Mr. Sikorsky launched his third career. The helicopter gradually established its versatility in peace and war, but Mr. Sikorsky himself found the greatest satisfaction in the knowledge that helicopters were responsible for saving tens of thousands of lives as rescue aircraft. Pilots of rescue helicopters have contributed \"one of the most glorious pages in the history of human flight,\" he said in 1967. \"It is to these gallant airmen that I address my thankfulness, respect, and admiration,\"he said", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4625898599624634, "source": "search", "title": "Sikorsky Archives | History" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "National Medal of Science recipient in 1967 \"for pioneering in the development of multi-engined aircraft, both land and sea planes, and for developing the helicopter as a useful and important device of aerial transportation.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.379009246826172, "source": "search", "title": "News - Special Reports - Igor I. Sikorsky -- National ..." }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "\"I always believed that the helicopter would be an outstanding vehicle for the greatest variety of lifesaving missions,\" said Sikorsky, in a letter written the day before his death. \"Now, near the close of my life, I have the satisfaction of knowing that this proved to be true.\" Sikorsky passed away in 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9612884521484375, "source": "search", "title": "News - Special Reports - Igor I. Sikorsky -- National ..." }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Helicopter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410772323608398, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky | Lemelson-MIT Program" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "He returned to Paris with plans to build a helicopter. Engineers had been attempting to build such a device for years, the first flown – unsuccessfully – in 1907 by Frenchman Paul Cornu. Others had limited success as well. But there were still too many problems with existing designs to make them truly viable. Sikorsky bought a 25-horsepower Anzani engine in Europe and took it home to Kiev to get to work. His first helicopter model failed. He decided to try a fixed-wing craft. His first attempt, the S-1, also failed because he used an inadequately powered engine. But his second attempt, the S-2, was a success. He continued to acquire information and make improvements to his airplane models. He also acquired his pilot’s license. His fifth plane, the S-5, gained national attention. His sixth plane, the S-6-A, won him the highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition and first prize in a military competition in Petrograd.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.556108474731445, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky | Lemelson-MIT Program" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Sikorsky continued to dream of building a successful helicopter. He had never stopped jotting down his design ideas. He had even patented some of them. In 1939, he achieved his goal. He completed the VS-300, piloting the craft himself during its first flight that summer. The VS-300 would later be known as the United States’ first successful helicopter and served as the model for all single-rotor helicopters by 1940. One of the most significant design details in Sikorsky’s helicopter was its use of a tail rotor to provide thrust in the opposite direction of the torque created by the top rotor. This model was the first that did not require two counter-rotating rotors to cancel out the torque. Sikorsky’s innovative design made the craft lighter, simpler, and easier to control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.203250885009766, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky | Lemelson-MIT Program" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Military contracts took the helicopter into large-scale production, starting with the XR-4. By the end of World War II, the U.S. Army had purchased more than 400 Sikorsky helicopters. The aircraft provided significant advantages in many types of military situations, life-saving missions in particular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.445625305175781, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky | Lemelson-MIT Program" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Sikorsky was recognized with countless honors and awards during the course of his life, such as the National Medal of Science, the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, induction into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame and the Aviation Hall of Fame. He was said to be a kind and spiritual man who was interested in philosophy and the effect of science on humanity. He wrote two books, \"The Message of the Lord's Prayer\" and \"The Invisible Encounter.” Sikorsky officially retired in 1957, but he continued to work as a consultant until his death in 1972 at the age of 83. The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation continues to operate in Stratford, as a division of United Technologies. It is the oldest helicopter manufacturer in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.950690984725952, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky | Lemelson-MIT Program" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The helicopter failed, as did its successor due to a lack of power and understanding of the aerodynamics of vertical flight. Undeterred, Sikorsky turned his attention to fixed-wing aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6363725662231445, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky - Centennial of Flight" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The VS-300, Sikorsky's first successful helicopter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271442890167236, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky - Centennial of Flight" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "He made his most important contributions, however, in the area of helicopter design. His VS-300, first built and flown in 1939, became America's first successful helicopter and introduced a new mode of military and commercial transportation. On May 6, 1941, in an improved version, he established an international endurance record of 1 hour 32.4 seconds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.536986351013184, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky - Centennial of Flight" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Unlike the powered airplane, for which the Wright Brothers can be identified as the sole inventors, many people made contributions to the perfection of vertical flight between 1907 and 1942. So, it doesn’t serve accuracy to name any one person as the inventor of the helicopter. It is accurate, however, to identify Igor Sikorsky with the advent of the helicopter in the United States and with the ongoing manufacture of helicopters at the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation in Stratford .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.388128399848938, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky and his Flying Machines | ConnecticutHistory.org" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "As land-based aircraft became more reliable, cities across the country constructed new airports and orders for flying boats dwindled. Instead of closing shop, Sikorsky returned to his long-held dream of vertical flight and began a third aviation career as a designer of helicopters. Although many had worked on the helicopter concept over the decades, none had solved the complex problems associated with control of this temperamental, light-weight aircraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.625649929046631, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky and his Flying Machines | ConnecticutHistory.org" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Unlike those whose designs relied on multiple rotors to lift the craft off the ground, Sikorsky focused on the possibility of a single main rotor; this produced encouraging results. The more difficult problem was the number and arrangement of the tail rotors that kept the aircraft from spinning out of control once aloft. After several years and several experimental models, Sikorsky discovered that a single rotor mounted vertically on the tail of the aircraft worked best, and on January 14, 1942, Sikorsky himself piloted the first successful test flight of the helicopter in America. The flight established a standard for the future development of the helicopter and in the process made the Sikorsky Aviation Company a leader in helicopter design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1458303928375244, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky and his Flying Machines | ConnecticutHistory.org" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Many, Sikorsky included, hoped that the helicopter might become a vehicle for personal travel, as commonplace as the automobile. But the advanced skill required to fly a helicopter kept it from becoming a family vehicle. Instead, the helicopter became largely a rescue aircraft, able to take off and land in restricted areas and to hover at sea. With the onset of conflicts in Korea and Vietnam, the military used the helicopter extensively as a troop carrier, gunship, and medical evacuation vehicle. Today, the military, together with civilian rescue teams, remain the prime customers for helicopter sales. Meanwhile, Sikorsky Aviation Corporation of Stratford, today a division of United Technologies Corporation, has remained a major producer of helicopters for an international market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1110355854034424, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky and his Flying Machines | ConnecticutHistory.org" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "“National Helicopter Museum,” 2011. Link .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5321044921875, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky and his Flying Machines | ConnecticutHistory.org" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "One was a helicopter. Igor turned the blades and held them in place with a thin piece of rubber. When he let go of the rubber, the blades turned in the opposite direction. And the little helicopter flew around the room.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250899314880371, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Igor dreamed of building a real helicopter. But he had little hope. Later he said: \"I had read with great interest the stories of French writer Jules Verne. In some of the stories, Verne described a helicopter. Many intelligent people, however, said such a machine would never fly. So I decided my dream would remain just that.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.453901290893555, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Sikorsky returned home to Kiev after learning all he could in Paris. He decided to build a helicopter, even though many experts said it was not possible.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.456368923187256, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "He tested his first helicopter in nineteen-oh-nine. It weighed too much and had too little power. It could not get off the ground. He tested his second helicopter a year later. That one could lift itself off the ground. But it was not powerful enough to lift a pilot, too. After these failures, Sikorsky decided to work on airplanes, instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.868451118469238, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "By nineteen thirty-eight, Igor Sikorsky decided to experiment with helicopters again. It had been thirty years since his first unsuccessful attempts. Through those years, he had written down ideas for possible new designs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.03687563166022301, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The first helicopter Sikorsky built in America was the V-S-Three-Hundred. It was a skeleton of steel tubes. In its first test flight, it rose about a meter off the ground.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.092897891998291, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "The final design had one main rotator, or rotor. The rotor was connected to three long blades on top. These blades turned around like an album on a record player. They lifted the helicopter into the air. A smaller rotor, with shorter blades, was at the back end. Those blades turned around like the wheel of a car. They kept the body of the helicopter pointed forward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134897232055664, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "This remained the basic design of all Sikorsky helicopters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9086461067199707, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "By nineteen forty-one, the V-S-Three-Hundred had set all world records for helicopter flight. Military versions were made and some were used in the last years of World War Two. Most people, however, still did not accept the new flying machine. They said the helicopter had to prove its worth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429839134216309, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "Helicopters take off straight into the air. They can land just about anywhere. They do not need long airport runways like planes. During the Korean War, helicopters flew into battle areas to rescue wounded soldiers. They flew the men quickly to medical centers set up away from the fighting. This greatly improved the men's chances of survival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256415367126465, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "This has not happened. Privately-owned helicopters are not common. Yet helicopters have proved their value in other ways.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4773588180542, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" }, { "answer": "Helicopter", "passage": "He always said, however, that his greatest satisfaction did not come from receiving honors. It did not come from being the first person to design new kinds of aircraft. Igor Sikorsky said his greatest satisfaction came from knowing that his helicopters were responsible for saving lives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4260907173156738, "source": "search", "title": "Igor Sikorsky: Aircraft and Helicopter Designer - VOA" } ]

[ { "answer": "Priscilla Presley", "passage": "Season 8 saw the addition of musical actor Howard Keel as wealthy, and sometimes hot-tempered rancher Clayton Farlow, Miss Ellie's husband following Jock's death, to the star cast after having appeared on the show since season 4, and Priscilla Presley as Bobby's teenage sweetheart Jenna Wade, who gives birth to Bobby's only biological child, Lucas, and eventually becomes Ray's second wife. Keel had recurred on the show since season 4, and Presley since season 7 (the character of Jenna had however been played by Morgan Fairchild for a season 2 episode, and Francine Tacker for two episodes in season 3). Temporarily replacing Barbara Bel Geddes in the role as Miss Ellie, Donna Reed also joined the main cast during season 8, until Bel Geddes returned in the following year.", "precise_score": -6.129736423492432, "rough_score": -9.648086547851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dallas (1978 TV series)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "The Power and the Glory (1940) is a novel by British author Graham Greene. The title is an allusion to the doxology often recited at the end of the Lord's Prayer: \"For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, forever and ever, amen.\" It was initially published in the United States with the title, The Labyrinthine Ways.", "precise_score": 10.812678337097168, "rough_score": 9.641487121582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Power and the Glory" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Although Greene objected strongly to being described as a Roman Catholic novelist, rather than as a novelist who happened to be Catholic, Catholic religious themes are at the root of much of his writing, especially the four major Catholic novels: Brighton Rock, The Power and the Glory, The Heart of the Matter, and The End of the Affair;[http://www.eclectica.org/v8n4/mcgowin_greene.html Graham Greene, The Major Novels: A Centenary] by Kevin McGowin, Eclectica Magazine which are regarded as \"the gold standard\" of the Catholic novel. Several works, such as The Confidential Agent, The Third Man, The Quiet American, Our Man in Havana, and The Human Factor, also show Greene's avid interest in the workings and intrigues of international politics and espionage.", "precise_score": 6.067986488342285, "rough_score": 6.792791366577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "This is a study guide for the book The Power and the Glory written by Graham Greene. The Power and the Glory (1940) is a novel by British author Graham Greene. The title is an allusion to the doxology often added to the end of the Lord's Prayer: \"For thine is the kingdom, (and) the power, and the glory, now and forever (or forever and ever), amen.\" This novel has also been published in the US under the name The Labyrinthine Ways. In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present. Please click on the literary analysis category you wish to be displayed. Back and Next buttons can guide you through all the sections or you can choose to jump from section to section using the links below or the links at the left.", "precise_score": 10.679596900939941, "rough_score": 9.2453031539917, "source": "search", "title": "The Power and the Glory | Novelguide" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "It's a question that often crosses my mind, something that most people also think about. What is my purpose in life? What do I stand for? In Graham Greene's novel, The Power and the Glory, each character represents a different purpose in life. Greene's trying to tell people to have a conviction in something, to stand for what they believe in, and not to waste their lives, because a life without a purpose is a life not worth living.Of the many characters in the novel, the Whiskey Priest, was quite interesting. He was the Christ figure in the novel, as well as a man whose conviction lied within his feelings and beliefs. How do you determine if a man is good or bad? Their actions. The Whiskey Priest had many scenes in the novel in which he had to choose between his wants and feelings or his beliefs. One scene in the beginning of the novel he had to choose between taking the Vera Cruz -- a boat that would take him out of the world of despair he had been stuck in for the past ten years -- or going with the young boy whose mother was dying. The Priest chose to attend the boys dying mother because it was the right thing to do, but in contrast from him choosing the right thing to do he also chooses the wrong thing -- what he wants or feels -- like in the scene where he had went with the Indian woman to lay her child to rest.", "precise_score": 5.34049654006958, "rough_score": 1.8648566007614136, "source": "search", "title": "That's All She Wrote: The Power and The Glory - blogspot.com" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "The Power and the Glory is one of the most powerful of Graham Greene’s novels, and many critics consider it his finest. The story arose from Greene’s journey through Tabasco and Chiapas in 1938. President Plutarco Elías Calles, in the name of revolution, had closed the churches and exiled and murdered priests and practicing Catholics. In Greene’s journalistic account of his visit, The Lawless Roads (1938), he describes characters and settings that reappear and form the basis of his novel.", "precise_score": 9.647991180419922, "rough_score": 9.209736824035645, "source": "search", "title": "The Power and the Glory Essay - Critical Essays - eNotes.com" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Henry Graham Greene (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991), better known by his pen name Graham Greene, was an English novelist and author regarded by some as one of the great writers of the 20th century. Combining literary acclaim with widespread popularity, Greene acquired a reputation early in his lifetime as a major writer, both of serious Catholic novels, and of thrillers (or \"entertainments\" as he termed them). He was shortlisted, in 1967, for the Nobel Prize for Literature. Through 67 years of writings, which included over 25 novels, he explored the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world, often through a Catholic perspective.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2692036628723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Henry Graham Greene was born in 1904 in St. John’s House, a boarding house of Berkhamsted School, Hertfordshire, where his father was housemaster. He was the fourth of six children; his younger brother, Hugh, became Director-General of the BBC, and his elder brother, Raymond, an eminent physician and mountaineer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141366958618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Greene suffered from periodic bouts of depression while at Oxford, and largely kept to himself. Of Greene's time at Oxford, his contemporary Evelyn Waugh noted that: \"Graham Greene looked down on us (and perhaps all undergraduates) as childish and ostentatious. He certainly shared in none of our revelry.\" He graduated in 1925 with a second-class degree in history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19294548034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "In his discussions with Father Trollope, the priest to whom he went for instruction in Catholicism, Greene argued with the cleric \"on the ground of dogmatic atheism\", as Greene's primary difficulty with religion was what he termed the \"if\" surrounding God's existence. He found, however, that \"after a few weeks of serious argument the 'if' was becoming less and less improbable\",Joseph Pearce. [http://www.catholicauthors.com/greene.html \"Graham Greene: Doubter Par Excellence\"], CatholicAuthors.com. Retrieved 7 January 2011. and Greene finally was converted and baptised after vigorous arguments initially with the priest in which he defended atheism, or at least the \"if\" of agnosticism. Late in life, however, Greene took to calling himself a \"Catholic agnostic\", or even at times a \"Catholic atheist\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083035469055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Greeneland", "passage": "Greene's literary style was described by Evelyn Waugh in Commonweal as \"not a specifically literary style at all. The words are functional, devoid of sensuous attraction, of ancestry, and of independent life\". Commenting on this lean, realistic prose and its readability, Richard Jones wrote in the Virginia Quarterly Review that \"nothing deflects Greene from the main business of holding the reader's attention.\" His novels often have religious themes at their centre. In his literary criticism he attacked the modernist writers Virginia Woolf and E. M. Forster for having lost the religious sense which, he argued, resulted in dull, superficial characters, who \"wandered about like cardboard symbols through a world that is paper-thin.\" Only in recovering the religious element, the awareness of the drama of the struggle in the soul that carries the permanent consequence of salvation or damnation, and of the ultimate metaphysical realities of good and evil, sin and divine grace, could the novel recover its dramatic power. Suffering and unhappiness are omnipresent in the world Greene depicts; and Catholicism is presented against a background of unvarying human evil, sin, and doubt. V. S. Pritchett praised Greene as the first English novelist since Henry James to present, and grapple with, the reality of evil. Greene concentrated on portraying the characters' internal lives – their mental, emotional, and spiritual depths. His stories are often set in poor, hot and dusty tropical places such as Mexico, West Africa, Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and Argentina, which led to the coining of the expression \"Greeneland\" to describe such settings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.992443084716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "In his later years Greene was a strong critic of American imperialism, and sympathized with the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, whom he had met. Years before the Vietnam War, he prophetically attacked the idealistic but arrogant beliefs of The Quiet American, whose certainty in his own virtue kept him from seeing the disaster he inflicted on the Vietnamese. (For Greene's views on politics, see also Anthony Burgess' Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene.) In Ways of Escape, reflecting on his Mexican trip, he complained that Mexico's government was insufficiently left-wing compared with Cuba's. In Greene's opinion, \"Conservatism and Catholicism should be .... impossible bedfellows\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.052885055541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "In 1949, when the New Statesman held a contest for parodies of Greene's writing style, he submitted an entry under the name \"N. Wilkinson\" and won second prize. His entry comprised the first two paragraphs of a novel, apparently set in Italy, The Stranger's Hand: An Entertainment. Greene's friend, Mario Soldati, a Piedmontese novelist and film director, believed it had the makings of a suspense film about Yugoslav spies in postwar Venice. Upon Soldati's prompting, Greene continued writing the story as the basis for a film script. Apparently he lost interest in the project, leaving it as a substantial fragment that was published posthumously in The Graham Greene Film Reader (1993) and No Man's Land (2005). A script for The Stranger's Hand was written by Guy Elmes on the basis of Greene's unfinished story, and filmed by Soldati in 1954. In 1965 Greene again entered a similar New Statesman competition pseudonymously, and won an honourable mention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.562598705291748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "The Graham Greene International Festival is an annual four-day event of conference papers, informal talks, question and answer sessions, films, dramatised readings, music, creative writing workshops and social events. It is organised by the Graham Greene Birthplace Trust, and takes place in the writer's home town of Berkhamsted (about 35 miles northwest of London), on dates as close as possible to the anniversary of his birth (2 October). Its purpose is to promote interest in and study of the works of Graham Greene. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021775245666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "He is the subject of the 2013 documentary film, Dangerous Edge: A Life of Graham Greene. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.204917907714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Graham Greene" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Graham Greene", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295564651489258, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Power and the Glory: Plot Overview" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Author: Graham Greene", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.818639755249023, "source": "search", "title": "The Power and the Glory | Novelguide" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Graham Greene", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.295564651489258, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: The Power and the Glory" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Best Graham Greene novels (24 books)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.771257400512695, "source": "search", "title": "Best Graham Greene novels (24 books) - Goodreads" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "Best Graham Greene novels", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.847281455993652, "source": "search", "title": "Best Graham Greene novels (24 books) - Goodreads" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "It’s one thing, though, to have a nice setup, and it’s another thing entirely to follow through on that setup with superb execution. And that’s exactly what Graham Greene does with this novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.468840599060059, "source": "search", "title": "Book #36: The Power And The Glory | 101 Books" }, { "answer": "Graham Greene", "passage": "It’s a classic cat-and-mouse game with a lot of spiritual overtones. The beauty of the novel, as I have mentioned in previous posts, is in the broad grey area of faith that Graham Greene plays in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.481285095214844, "source": "search", "title": "Book #36: The Power And The Glory | 101 Books" } ]

[ { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The Red Army Faction or Red Army Fraction (RAF; German: Rote Armee Fraktion), in its early stages commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group or Baader-Meinhof Gang (), was a West German far-left militant group supported by the Stasi. The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, and Ulrike Meinhof. The West German government considered the Red Army Faction to be a terrorist organization.\"June 24, 1976 The West German parliament passes legislation integrating §129a. which illegalizes 'supporting or participating in a terrorist organization,' into the Basic Law.\" ; \"Dümlein Christine, ... Joined the RAF in 1980, ... the only crime she was guilty of was membership in a terrorist organization\" .", "precise_score": 9.022820472717285, "rough_score": 8.565226554870605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The Red Army Faction engaged in a series of bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, bank robberies, and shoot-outs with police over the course of three decades. Their activity peaked in late 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as the \"German Autumn.\" The RAF has been held responsible for thirty-four deaths, including many secondary targets, such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, as well as many injuries throughout its almost thirty years of activity. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells (German: Revolutionäre Zellen, RZ), which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. ", "precise_score": 5.044415473937988, "rough_score": 6.683492183685303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The Red Army Faction (RAF; German: Rote Armee Fraktion), in its early stages commonly known as Baader-Meinhof Group (or Baader-Meinhof Gang), was a West German terrorist organization. The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader , Gudrun Ensslin , Horst Mahler , and Ulrike Meinhof . The RAF described itself as a communist and anti-imperialist \" urban guerrilla \" group engaged in armed resistance against what they deemed to be a fascist state . As such, members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term \" Faction \" when they wrote in English. [1] The West German government considered the Red Army Faction to be a terrorist organization. [lower-alpha 1]", "precise_score": 8.811012268066406, "rough_score": 8.50175666809082, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The Red Army Faction existed from 1970 to 1998, committing numerous operations, especially in late 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as \" German Autumn \". It was held responsible for thirty-four deaths, including many secondary targets, such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, and many injuries in its almost thirty years of activity. Although better-known, the RAF conducted fewer attacks than the Revolutionary Cells (German: Revolutionäre Zellen, RZ) , which is held responsible for 296 bomb attacks, arson and other attacks between 1973 and 1995. [2]", "precise_score": 5.438422203063965, "rough_score": 5.478302955627441, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Three on-the-run militants from Germany’s far-left terrorist group Red Army Faction, better known as the Baader-Meinhof gang, have been linked to two armed robberies by their DNA.", "precise_score": 8.299824714660645, "rough_score": 8.695500373840332, "source": "search", "title": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Kurt Rebmann, the West German Prosecutor, said the attack bore ''the handwriting of the Red Army Faction,'' a terrorist group that appears to have succeeded the Baader-Meinhof Gang of the 1970's.", "precise_score": 6.243854999542236, "rough_score": 7.282074928283691, "source": "search", "title": "CAR BOMB KILLS 2 ON A U.S. AIR BASE IN WEST GERMANY ..." }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Ulrike Meinhof is without doubt one of the most famous female terrorists in history. She was a co-founder of the left wing German terrorist group the Red Army Faction (RAF) which also became known as the Baader-Meinhof gang after the two gang leaders despite the fact that Meinhof was not really a leader of the gang.", "precise_score": 6.970119953155518, "rough_score": 7.675107002258301, "source": "search", "title": "Ulrike Meinhof (1934-1976) - Military History" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "In Stuttgart, West Germany, the lengthy trial of the leaders of the terrorist Baader-Meinhof Gang, also known as the Red Army Faction, ends with Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe being found guilty of four counts of murder and more than 30 counts of attempted murder. Each defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment, Germany’s most severe punishment.", "precise_score": 7.577304840087891, "rough_score": 8.506732940673828, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The Red Army Faction was founded by ultra-left revolutionaries Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof in 1968. Advocating communist revolution in West Germany, the group employed terrorist tactics against government, military, and corporate leaders in an effort to topple capitalism in their homeland. Baader was imprisoned in 1970 but escaped, and Meinhof was captured in 1972. In 1976, Baader was recaptured, and Meinhof hanged herself in her cell.", "precise_score": 5.01243782043457, "rough_score": 5.519815921783447, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction violence continued until 1992, when the group officially called off its terrorist campaign. It was later discovered that the East German secret police had provided training, supplies, and protection to the Red Army Faction during the 1970s.", "precise_score": 4.495924949645996, "rough_score": 6.915574073791504, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German Terrorist Group Linked to Botched Bremen Robbery | The Huffington Post", "precise_score": 5.019702911376953, "rough_score": 7.093391418457031, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German ..." }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German Terrorist Group Linked to Botched Bremen Robbery", "precise_score": 5.459667205810547, "rough_score": 7.06171178817749, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German ..." }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The Red Army Faction has also been known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang.", "precise_score": 7.663806915283203, "rough_score": 5.963109970092773, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German ..." }, { "answer": "Bader meinhof", "passage": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang | Terrorist Groups | TRAC", "precise_score": 5.962793350219727, "rough_score": 6.77961540222168, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang | Terrorist ..." }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang, also known as Baader-Meinhof Gang, Baader-Meinhof Group is an inactive group formed c. 1978.", "precise_score": 7.526717662811279, "rough_score": 6.855679035186768, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang | Terrorist ..." }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "RAF founder Ulrike Meinhof had a long history in the Communist Party. Holger Meins had studied film and was a veteran of the Berlin revolt; his short feature How To Produce A Molotov Cocktail was seen by huge audiences. Jan Carl Raspe lived at the Kommune 2; Horst Mahler was an established lawyer, but was also at the center of the anti-Springer revolt from the beginning. From their own personal experiences and assessments of the socio-economic situation they soon became more specifically influenced by Leninism and Maoism, calling themselves 'Marxist-Leninist' though they effectively added to or updated this ideological tradition. A contemporaneous critique of the Red Army Faction's view of the state, published in a pirate edition of Le Monde Diplomatique, ascribed to it 'state-fetishism' – an ideologically obsessive misreading of bourgeois dynamics and the nature and role of the state in post-WWII societies, including West Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.031781196594238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The Red Army Faction was formed with the intention of complementing the plethora of revolutionary and radical groups across West Germany and Europe, as a more class conscious and determined force compared with some of its contemporaries. The members and supporters were already associated with the 'Revolutionary Cells' and 2 June Movement as well as radical currents and phenomena such as the Socialist Patients' Collective, Kommune 1 and the Situationists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8848421573638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The importance of small arms training, sabotage, expropriation, and a substantial safehouse/support base among the urban population was stressed in Marighella's guide. This publication was an antecedent to Meinhof's 'The Urban Guerrilla Concept' and has subsequently influenced many guerrilla and insurgent groups around the globe. Although some of the Red Army Faction's supporters and operatives could be described as having an anarchist or libertarian communist slant, the group's leading members professed a largely Marxist-Leninist ideology. That said, they shied away from overt collaboration with communist states, arguing along the lines of the Chinese side in the Sino-Soviet split that the Soviet Union and its European satellite states had become traitors to the communist cause by, in effect if not in rhetoric, giving the United States a free pass in their exploitation of Third World populations and support of \"useful\" Third World dictators. Nevertheless, RAF members did receive intermittent support and sanctuary over the border in East Germany during the 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0257720947265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "As regards Möller, only a total commitment to her cause could have allowed Möller to inflict the four stab wounds found near her heart. She claims that it was actually an extrajudicial killing, orchestrated by the German government, in response to Red Army Faction demands that the prisoners be released. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.942275524139404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "In response to this statement, former BKA President Horst Herold said, \"With this statement the Red Army Faction has erected its own tombstone.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.27766227722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The usual translation into English is the Red Army Faction; however, the founders wanted it not to reflect a splinter group but rather an embryonic militant unit that was embedded in or part of a wider communist workers' movement,In Leninist terminology a \"fraction\" is a subset of a larger communist movement. For example, the 12 July 1921 \"Theses on the [http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/organization/comintern_and_germany.htm Structure of Communist Parties], submitted to the Third Congress of the Comintern\" states that \"to carry out daily party work every member should as a rule belong to a small working group, a committee, a commission, a fraction, or a cell.\" Cited in Louis Proyect, \"The Comintern and the German Communist Party;\" or the description of the \"Bolshevik-Leninist Fraction\" in this Wikipedia entry: i.e. a 'fraction' of a whole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9311606287956238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "RAF vis-à-vis Baader-Meinhof", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451486587524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "The group always called itself the Rote Armee Fraktion, never the Baader-Meinhof Group or Gang. The name refers to all incarnations of the organization: the \"first generation\" RAF, which consisted of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof and others, the \"second generation\" RAF, and the \"third generation\" RAF, which existed in the 1980s and 90s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843871593475342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The terms \"Baader-Meinhof Gang\" and \"Baader-Meinhof Group\" were first used by the media and the government. The group never used these names to refer to itself, since it viewed itself as co-founded group consisting of numerous members not a group with two figure heads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.087788581848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader Meinhof", "passage": "The most prominent and acclaimed film was Uli Edel's 2008 The Baader Meinhof Complex (German: Der Baader Meinhof Komplex)), based on the best selling book by Stefan Aust. The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film in both the 81st Academy Awards and 66th Golden Globe Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193310737609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "* Cabaret Voltaire, the influential industrial band from Sheffield, England, recorded a song called \"Baader-Meinhof\" that pondered the group's importance in history and their motivations. There are at least two different released mixes of the recording.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046487808227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader Meinhof", "passage": "* In 1996, British singer songwriter Luke Haines released a 9-track album under the Baader Meinhof moniker. In this concept album, all songs are a romanticized retelling of the RAF actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.301651954650879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "* In 2003, The Long Winters released the song \"Cinnamon,\" about the Baader-Meinhof gang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139189720153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "* The Professionals episode Close Quarters featured a German terrorist organisation known as the Meyer-Helmut Group, and was possibly inspired by Baader-Meinhof.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.827504634857178, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red Army Faction" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.034372329711914, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.118144035339355, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "As a German court orders the release of one of the last members of the Baader-Meinhof gang remaining behind bars, Clare Murphy recalls the long terror campaign waged by the country's most notorious urban guerrilla group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.723842144012451, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Schleyer is one name on a list of more than 30 people killed by the Baader-Meinhof gang - or Red Army Faction as it later became known - during a campaign against members of the German elite and US military personnel which started in the late 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.373813152313232, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Arrested and imprisoned, he escaped in 1970 during a library visit with the help of a left-wing campaigning journalist - Ulrike Meinhof - and the Baader-Meinhof gang was firmly established in the public mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.944729804992676, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Who were the Baader-Meinhof gang?" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.186352729797363, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "RAF founder Ulrike Meinhof had a long history in the Communist Party. Holger Meins had studied film and was a veteran of the Berlin revolt; his short feature How To Produce A Molotov Cocktail was seen by huge audiences. Jan Carl Raspe lived at the Kommune 2 ; Horst Mahler was an established lawyer, but was also at the center of the anti- Springer revolt from the beginning. From their own personal experiences and assessments of the socio-economic situation they soon became more specifically influenced by Leninism and Maoism, calling themselves ' Marxist-Leninist ' though they effectively added to or updated this ideological tradition. A contemporaneous critique of the Red Army Faction's view of the state, published in a pirate edition of Le Monde Diplomatique , ascribed to it 'state-fetishism' – an ideologically obsessive misreading of bourgeois dynamics and the nature and role of the state in post-WWII societies, including West Germany. [13]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.047188758850098, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader Meinhof", "passage": "— Stefan Aust , author of Der Baader Meinhof Komplex [20]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363615036010742, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The Red Army Faction was formed with the intention of complementing the plethora of revolutionary and radical groups across West Germany and Europe, as a more class conscious and determined force compared with some of its contemporaries. The members and supporters were already associated with the ' Revolutionary Cells ' and Movement 2 June as well as radical currents and phenomena such as the Socialist Patients' Collective , Kommune 1 and the Situationists .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9598450660705566, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The importance of small arms training, sabotage, expropriation , and a substantial safehouse /support base among the urban population was stressed in Marighella's guide. This publication was an antecedent to Meinhof's 'The Urban Guerrilla Concept' and has subsequently influenced many guerrilla and insurgent groups around the globe. [22] Although some of the Red Army Faction's supporters and operatives could be described as having an anarchist or libertarian communist slant, the group's leading members professed a largely Marxist-Leninist ideology. That said, they shied away from overt collaboration with communist states , arguing along the lines of the Chinese side in the Sino-Soviet split that the Soviet Union and its European satellite states had become traitors to the communist cause by, in effect if not in rhetoric, giving the United States a free pass in their exploitation of Third World populations and support of \"useful\" Third World dictators. Nevertheless, RAF members did receive intermittent support and sanctuary over the border in East Germany during the 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8904008865356445, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The Baader-Meinhof Gang drew a measure of support that violent leftists in the United States, like the Weather Underground , never enjoyed. A poll at the time showed that a quarter of West Germans under forty felt sympathy for the gang and one-tenth said they would hide a gang member from the police. Prominent intellectuals spoke up for the gang's righteousness (as) Germany even into the 1970s was still a guilt-ridden society. When the gang started robbing banks, newscasts compared its members to Bonnie and Clyde. (Andreas) Baader, a charismatic, spoiled psychopath, indulged in the imagery, telling people that his favourite movies were Bonnie and Clyde, which had recently come out, and The Battle of Algiers. The pop poster of Che Guevara hung on his wall, (while) he paid a designer to make a Red Army Faction logo, a drawing of a machine gun against a red star.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5882439613342285, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader Meinhof", "passage": "— Stefan Aust , author of Der Baader Meinhof Komplex [20]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363615036010742, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "Despite killing 34 people, Baader-Meinhof garnered a degree of support from the West German population. According to Fred Siegel , the group of militants began to be accepted, if not always admired, by \"guilt-ridden liberals\", who saw its panache as a countercultural critique of West Germany's \"boring bourgeois life\" and who resented their nation's association with the American war in Vietnam . [24] Siegel asserts that Baader-Meinhof seized on this sentiment and carefully cultivated an outlaw image, wholesaling the ideal of authentically acting out one's impulses, in order to break through \"the fascism of convention\", just as its heroes abroad like Che Guevara supposedly \"broke through the iron wall of American imperialism.\" [24] Drawing on its New Left counterparts in the United States, the group even began to borrow such phrases as \"burn baby burn,\" \"right on\", and \"off the pigs\". [24]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.996779918670654, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "As regards Möller, only a total commitment to her cause could have allowed Möller to have herself inflicted the four stab wounds found near her heart. She claims that it was actually an extrajudicial killing, orchestrated by the German government, in response to Red Army Faction demands that the prisoners be released. [39]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.695354461669922, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "In response to this statement, former BKA President Horst Herold said, \"With this statement the Red Army Faction has erected its own tombstone.\" [49]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.262454509735107, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The usual translation into English is the Red Army Faction; however, the founders wanted it not to reflect a splinter group but rather an embryonic militant unit that was embedded in or part of a wider communist workers' movement, [lower-alpha 3] i.e. a 'fraction' of a whole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.15869654715061188, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "RAF versus Baader-Meinhof", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481208801269531, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "The group always called itself the Rote Armee Fraktion, never the Baader-Meinhof Group or Gang. The name correctly refers to all incarnations of the organization: the \"first generation\" RAF, which consisted of Baader and his associates, the \"second generation\" RAF, and the \"third generation\" RAF, which existed in the 1980s and 90s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.255465507507324, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The terms \"Baader-Meinhof Gang\" and \"Baader-Meinhof Group\" were first used by the media and the organization was generally known by these during its first generation, and applies only until Baader's death in 1977.[ citation needed ] The organization never used these terms for themselves, but the German media used them to avoid legitimizing the movement. Although Meinhof was not considered to be a leader of the gang at any time, her involvement in Baader's escape from jail in 1970 led to her name becoming attached to it. [3]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.790056228637695, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Baader Meinhof", "passage": "Several German film and TV productions were made about the RAF. These include Klaus Lemke's telefeature Brandstifter (Arsonists) (1969); the Volker Schloendorff adaptation of Heinrich Böll 's novel Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum ( The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum ) (1975); Germany in Autumn (1978), codirected by Alexander Kluge , Volker Schloendorff, Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Edgar Reitz ; Fassbinder's Die dritte Generation (The Third Generation) (1979); Margarethe von Trotta 's Die bleierne Zeit (The German Sisters) (1981); Reinhard Hauff 's Stammheim (1986); Christian Petzold's Die innere Sicherheit (The State I Am In) (2000); Christopher Roth's Baader (2002); Uli Edel 's adaptation of Stefan Aust 's Der Baader Meinhof Komplex (2008).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140031814575195, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction - Military Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery | World news | The Guardian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1737067699432373, "source": "search", "title": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.337517648935318, "source": "search", "title": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction members at large (l-r): Burkhard Garweg, Ernst-Volker Wilhelm Staub and Daniela Klette. Photograph: DPA/AFP", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0099295377731323, "source": "search", "title": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "Baader-Meinhof terrorist may have worked for the Stasi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.067461967468262, "source": "search", "title": "Former Red Army Faction members linked to botched robbery" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "''We have no information on the group itself but it is well known that the Red Army Faction and other terrorist groups in Europe are closely coordinating with one another in targeting U.S. military bases.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.299582004547119, "source": "search", "title": "CAR BOMB KILLS 2 ON A U.S. AIR BASE IN WEST GERMANY ..." }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Daughters of a Red Army Faction leader and of a victim decry 'The Baader Meinhof Complex's' approach.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6909894943237305, "source": "search", "title": "Film on German terrorists criticized - latimes" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "BERLIN -- A new film devoted to the violent career of the Red Army Faction has drawn sharp criticism from both the daughter of one of the left-wing German terrorist group's leaders and the daughter of a prominent victim.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.045507907867432, "source": "search", "title": "Film on German terrorists criticized - latimes" }, { "answer": "Baader Meinhof", "passage": "\"The Baader Meinhof Complex,\" directed by Uli Edel and produced by Bernd Eichinger, was released in Germany on Sept. 25 and already has been chosen as the country's contender for a foreign-language Oscar nomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910608291625977, "source": "search", "title": "Film on German terrorists criticized - latimes" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "The daughter of Ulrike Meinhof -- a leader of the Red Army Faction, which was also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang -- said she saw it as more hero worship than history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.601476192474365, "source": "search", "title": "Film on German terrorists criticized - latimes" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The Red Army Faction followed Marxist-Leninist ideology and sought to overthrow the West German government and fight perceived U.S. imperialism. The organization killed 34 people and wounded hundreds from its first attack in 1968 to 1998, when it declared itself disbanded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.0449967235326767, "source": "search", "title": "Film on German terrorists criticized - latimes" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "\"That is 100% wrong,\" said Roehl, who has long decried the Red Army Faction's violent campaign against the West German establishment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1944844722747803, "source": "search", "title": "Film on German terrorists criticized - latimes" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "From 1970 to 1972 Meinhof took part in a wide variety of terrorist activities including bombings, robbery, kidnapping and shootings. She also continued to be a prolific writer producing many articles and doctrines for the RAF; these include the most famous “The concept of the Urban Guerrilla”.  On 14th June 1972 following a tip off Ulrike Meinhof was arrested along with another member of the RAF, Gerhard Mueller. Like the other trials of the Baader-Meinhof gang, Ulrike’s trial was long and complex, after the first couple of years of hearings she was sentenced to 8 years while other charges were being considered. Two years into her 8 year sentence on 9th May 1976 Ulrike Meinhof was found hanged in her cell using a rope made from a towel. The official verdict was of suicide following her increasing isolation from other members of the gang who were imprisoned with her. Evidence indicates that they saw her as weak. Considering the suspicious manner of the deaths of the rest of the gang a year later it is not surprising that some claim Meinhof was in fact murdered by the German authorities, although this highly unlikely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.540135383605957, "source": "search", "title": "Ulrike Meinhof (1934-1976) - Military History" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "Hitler's Children: Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang, Jillian Becker. This book is regarded by many academics as the definitive text on the Baader-Meinhof gang, studying their bloody history and motivation and eventually trial and suspicious deaths while in prison. A useful study of the classic European terrorist group and the typical members they attracted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.011380672454834, "source": "search", "title": "Ulrike Meinhof (1934-1976) - Military History" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.394522190093994, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction trial ends", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.059366226196289, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction trial ends", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.059366226196289, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "Red Army Faction trial ends", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.059366226196289, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof", "passage": "During the trial of Baader and his associates, the few Red Army Faction members still at large continued their program of violence and assassination. In 1976, two Baader-Meinhof guerrillas took part in the Palestinian hijacking of an Air France jetliner that ended with the Israeli raid on the Entebbe airport in Uganda. Both Germans were killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0056936740875244, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "In April 1977, Baader and the others were sentence to life. Six months later, Palestinian terrorists hijacked a Lufthansa airliner to Somalia and demanded the release of imprisoned Red Army Faction members. On October 17, West German commandos stormed the plane in Mogadishu, releasing the captives and killing the hijackers. The next day, Baader and three others were found shot in their jail cells, presumably suicides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.354556560516357, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction trial ends - Apr 28, 1977 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "According to German public broadcaster NDR, DNA matching that of Daniela Klette, Ernst-Volker Wilhelm Staub and Burkhard Garweg was found in the getaway cars used in the crime, which took place on 6 June last year. The trio have remained at large since the group, the Red Army Faction, disbanded in 1998.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.553378105163574, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German ..." }, { "answer": "Red army faction", "passage": "The DNA of Red Army Faction members, Burkhard Garweg, left, Ernst-Volker Wihelm Staub and Daniela Klette has been linked to a botched robbery near Bremen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7268916368484497, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction: Former Members Of Disbanded German ..." }, { "answer": "Bader meinhof", "passage": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.501631259918213, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang | Terrorist ..." }, { "answer": "Baader-Meinhof Gang", "passage": "On 5 September, 1977, a woman with a pushchair stepped out in front of a car on a street in Cologne. She pulled out two machine guns, and her accomplices, following behind, bundled Hanns Martin Schleyer out of the car. His bodyguards were killed at the scene and one month later, his body was found in the boot of a car. Schleyer is one name on a list of more than 30 people killed by the Baader-Meinhof gang - or Red Army Faction as it later became known - during a campaign against members of the German elite and US military personnel which started in the late 1960s. The group protested what they perceived as fascist-leaning and otherwise oppressive , middle class, bourgeois values of West Germany. This general orientation was coupled with specific protests of the Vietnam War. The group pledged allegiance to communist ideals, and opposed the capitalist status quo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6539777517318726, "source": "search", "title": "Red Army Faction (RAF) / Bader Meinhof Gang | Terrorist ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Tony", "passage": "Baretta is an American detective television series which ran on ABC from 1975 to 1978. The show was a revised milder version of a 1973–74 ABC series, Toma, starring Tony Musante as chameleon-like, real-life New Jersey police officer David Toma. When Musante left the series after a single season, the concept was retooled as Baretta, with Robert Blake in the title role. ", "precise_score": 1.8132318258285522, "rough_score": -0.3078973889350891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baretta" }, { "answer": "Tony", "passage": "Detective Anthony Vincenzo \"Tony\" Baretta is an unorthodox plainclothes cop (badge #609) with the 53rd precinct, who lives with Fred, his Triton sulphur-crested cockatoo, in apartment 2C at the run-down King Edward Hotel in an unnamed Eastern city. Like his model David Toma, Tony Baretta wore many disguises on the job. When not in disguise, Baretta usually wore a short-sleeve sweatshirt, casual slacks, a brown suede jacket and a newsboy cap. He often carried an unlit cigarette in his lips or behind his ear. His catchphrases included \"You can take dat to da bank\" and \"And dat‘s the name of dat tune.\" When exasperated he would occasionally speak in asides to his late father, Louie Baretta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.385728120803833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baretta" }, { "answer": "Tony", "passage": "* Rooster (Michael D. Roberts), a streetwise pimp and Tony's favorite informant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20605754852295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Baretta" } ]

[ { "answer": "Four", "passage": "There are several types of harmony singing. Barbershop is one of the more complex because it has four different voices, each with its own role.", "precise_score": 1.1673756837844849, "rough_score": 6.0142903327941895, "source": "search", "title": "What is Barbershop? - Red Rose Chorus" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Many people are familiar with the traditional Barbershop Quartets, who often dressed in striped blazers and straw hats. Four is the minimum number of members but a group can be much larger with varying numbers of singers for each of the voices.", "precise_score": 5.590460777282715, "rough_score": 7.361268043518066, "source": "search", "title": "What is Barbershop? - Red Rose Chorus" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "4-Star Collection has been thrilling audiences throughout the country since 1987 with their warm rich sound. This entertaining group not only exemplifies the finest classic interpretation of the barbershop style, but also treats their audiences to a wide variety of traditional popular and secular a cappella tunes. 4-Star reached the zenith of their barbershop quartet experience when they \"captured the gold\" in October, 1998 at the Sweet Adelines International Quartet Competition in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 4-Star's extensive national travel schedule now includes international ports, as they performed during a 12-day tour in Ireland, in March of 1999. Plans are in the works for future trips abroad as well.", "precise_score": 0.0690818727016449, "rough_score": 3.290891408920288, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Considered one of the best examples of a barbershop quartet ever produced by Sweet Adelines, The Cracker Jills brought to the stage a distinctive sound, credited in large part to Renee Limburg Craig's experience as a professional pop singer and to the sheer musicality of the foursome. They continued to thrill audiences until their retirement in 1967, marked by a one-quartet show at the Philadelphia Academy of Music in Philadelphia, PA.", "precise_score": -1.1312283277511597, "rough_score": 1.3272488117218018, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "There is so much more to Gem City than just meeting and singing a cappella music. Starting as a merger of two local chapters (Kettering & Dayton) in 1970 the Gem City Chorus has been dedicated to the education and preservation of the 'barbershop style' of a cappella harmony - one of the four American musical art forms We are a proud member of Sweet Adelines International, Region 4.", "precise_score": -2.3481202125549316, "rough_score": 2.9707794189453125, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Love Notes - (the artists formerly known as UnderAge) are a group of four young ladies (ages 18-21) singing a cappella 4-part harmony, mostly in the barbershop style. They have been working, competing, and performing together for six years. They have had performing opportunities beyond their years. As UnderAge they became the 2005 International quartet champions for the Young Women in Harmony division of the Sweet Adelines organization. As champions, they have been guest performers all over the country from Oregon to Detroit to Rhode Island. They have shared the stage with the Kingston Trio, sung the National Anthem for numerous professional sporting teams, participated in America's Got Talent in both Los Angelas and Las Vegas, and were guest performers in Germany this last Spring for BING (Barbershop in Germany) festival. LoveNotes also performs for numerous local events throughout the year. As of 2008 they have matured into young ladies over 18 hence the name change to LoveNotes which expresses their love of music. They are exploring numerous a cappella styles which they very much enjoy. They are very commited to excellence in their craft and hope you enjoy them.", "precise_score": -1.7461388111114502, "rough_score": 4.126100063323975, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The International award-winning Mission Valley Chorus has been an entertainment mainstay of the San Francisco Bay Area since its founding in 1958. Dedicated to performing vocal music in the classic American four-part harmony style known as Barbershop, Mission Valley is one of the premier chapters of Sweet Adelines International, a women's vocal organization of more than 30,000 voices across the nation and around the world.", "precise_score": 2.6418986320495605, "rough_score": 3.3125381469726562, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Barbershop music, with its close, unaccompanied four-part harmonies and ringing chords, is a uniquely American folk art. It evolved in much the same way as other forms of vocal music. Although no one can say exactly when or where barbershop music began, the growth of the tradition was certainly aided between the 1860s and 1920s by the types of songs popular at the time - songs characterized by sentimental lyrics and uncomplicated melodies that could be harmonized with a variety of four-part chords.", "precise_score": 0.9537871479988098, "rough_score": 5.328444004058838, "source": "search", "title": "History of Barbershop Music - Great Lakes Chorus" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "    B arbershop harmony's four voice parts are still called by their traditional names - tenor, lead, baritone and bass - whether referring to men's or women's vocal groups. One of the distinctive qualities of barbershop harmony is that the melody, sung by the lead voice, is below the tenor harmony. This follows the pattern of many early American hyms written for men and women, with the melody in the male tenor voice and the women singing harmony above. The barbershop harmony of today is a highly stylized art form requiring the same high degree of singing skill as other types of choral music.", "precise_score": 0.5567224025726318, "rough_score": 5.504284381866455, "source": "search", "title": "History of Barbershop Music - Great Lakes Chorus" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Displaying 1 - 46 of 46 items.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.845091819763184, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "4-Star Collection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433116912841797, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Big 4 Quartette", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026653289794922, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Billing themselves as '800 pounds of harmony,' Chillicothe, Illinois' Big Four became Sweet Adelines Quartette Champs in 1953. Fine singers and entertainers, they appeared on tv with Jack Paar, Steve Allen, Arthur Godfrey and Dave Garraway of the 'Today Show' to name just a few. This CD is a remastered album they recorded in 1958, plus several cuts gleaned from live shows. The Big Four are Bertha Bradley, bass, Sarah LeMaster, baritone, Inez 'Junior' Thompson, lead, and Lucille Miller and Mary Waters sharing the tenor duties. There are 14 studio recordings and 7 electrifying live performances here. By the pound or by any other measure, this is Entertainment!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.839739799499512, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "After 12 appearances on the Sweet Adelines International Competition stage, Brava! won the International Championship in Phoenix, Arizona on September 19, 2003. Bringing the gold medals & crowns home to Vancouver Canada was a first for their proud country. Not only did Canada have its very first gold medalist quartet, this was also the first time in many years that all four members of the championship quartet are all brand new \"Queens of Harmony\" in the Coronet Club of Sweet Adelines Int'l. Brava! Quartet was born in 1989 in Vancouver, BC, Canada, and their journey from novice to number one was not an easy or short trip, but was always an interesting one and well worth the efforts! One step at a time, with the occasional step back, and only one missed contest in 1995, their international placements from 1991 to 2003 are witness to their dedication and tenacity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515509605407715, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Tenor, Nancy Cloeter sang tenor with the 1992 Champion Quartet 'City Lights', with whom she traveled and performed extensively. Lead, Debbie Cleveland is a high school choral director, and frequent clinician for Youth Harmony events. She sang lead with 'Showtime', the 1994 champs, and is a member of the Sweet Adelines International Faculty. Baritone, Karen Breidert is on the Sweet Adelines International Faculty, and is a Past International President. She is also director of the International Competitor 'Spirit of the Gulf' chorus in Ft. Myers, and is a popular coach in barbershop circles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.956902027130127, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Formed by tenor Jinny Osborn in 1949 (whose father was national president for The Society For The Preservation And Encouragement Of Barbershop Quartet Singing In America Inc) the Chordettes - Janet Ertel, Carol Bushman and lead singer Dorothy Schwartz - got their in 1949 winning an audition for a spot on Arthur Godfrey's prestigious Talent Scouts daily TV show. Godfrey pronounced them \"air worthy\" and \"truly radiophonic\" and the girls began a four-year stint as Godfrey regulars, sticking to a traditional a cappella barbershop repertoire and even cutting some records for Columbia. Unsurprisingly they also became the new stars of the barbershop convention circuit, and when Dorothy left the Chordettes in 1951, she was replaced by barbershopper Lynn Evans from Youngstown, Ohio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5883201956748962, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In 1992 City Lights captured the title of Sweet Adeline International Quartet Champions in Baltimore, MD. Since that time they have traveled to Vezprem, Hungry where they were invited to teach and perform at the Hungarian Choral Festival. They recently toured the United Kingdom from Aberdeen, Scotland to Portsmouth, England teaching the barbershop craft as well as coaching and performing. The group has performed throughout the USA and Canada and have numerous TV and Radio credits. In 1998 City Lights won the Harmony Sweepstakes A Cappella Regional Championship in NYC and competed in the 14th Annual National Finals in San Francisco, CA where they placed third.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.557203531265259, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "1998 International Championship Quartet Sweet Adelines International Classic Edition's journey to the championship began seven years before their win, in the same city. The foursome organized just nine months prior to the 1990 Sweet Adelines competition in Salt Lake City, winning their regional competition and making them eligible to compete on the international stage in Salt Lake that same year. Although each member had extensive experience singing with other quartets as well as one another, their performance at the 1990 international contest was disappointing. Gaining confidence with each succeeding contest, and following their coach's advice, the quartet qualified again for international competition. They placed ninth in 1991 and sixth at each international contest from 1992 through 1995. Perceived as restrained by many judges, the foursome learned to let their hair down at the 1996 contest and earned second place medals. And after finally attaining the top prize in 1998, the quartet says that preparation and learning to take a risk was the key to success. Personal and family reasons made it impossible to keep up their busy show schedule, and Susan Ives left the quartet in 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.181662559509277, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Cabaret began when Pam, Holly and Donna performed together as part of two special public relations tours to China in 2002 and 2003. Both tours were organized to help spread the love of barbershop singing to yet another part of the world. These three thoroughly enjoyed each other's company and had some pretty special performances. In fact, the geographic differences suddenly didn't seem nearly so impossible. All they had to do was find someone 'crazy enough' to be the fourth part of this special quartet - so they contacted Patty, a world renowned Sweet Adeline tenor - and Cabaret was born!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0970587730407715, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Coastline Show Chorus offers New England a unique form of entertainment, blending four-part a cappella harmony with energetic choreography. Under the direction of Gail Jencik, Coastline presents a range of music from treasured American classics to Broadway hits and modern jazz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.773494720458984, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The quartet members distinguished themselves in other ways as well: Judy Rowell served as Sweet Adelines' international president, 1964-66; Renee Craig (who began singing on the radio at the age of 3) was named to Sweet Adelines' original musical arrangements committee, which secured publication of the first women's barbershop arrangements and developed a program of arranger education.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5594254732131958, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Fanatix quartet consists of Connie Noble, tenor (past international champion with The 4th Edition and Savvy and long time tenor of High Society); Darcy Newell, lead; Sandy Shelver, baritone (past international champion with High Society); and Gerry Papageorge, bass (past international champion (tenor) with Panache). They formed in the summer of 1998 when this kid from New Mexico and a big shot tenor and baritone finally convinced another legendary tenor/lead to make bass her new mission. They earned 4th place at their first regional contest (the highest they ever got!) and earned a wild card slot to international. They were thrilled to sing their way into 4th place at our first international contest in Atlanta in 1999! (This was Darcy's first international medal, and Gerry became the first Sweet Adeline ever to earn international medals in 3 different voice parts: lead, tenor, and bass).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.116666793823242, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Four Bettys", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385594367980957, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Four Bettys are the 2008 Sweet Adelines International Champion Quartet. With a combined 40+ years singing and numerous national and international awards, they share a passion for performing. The Bettys just love an audience, and have enjoyed a wide variety of performance situations including concerts, barbershop chapter shows, special events, serenades, or even drive-by singings. The Bettys have sung for audiences in Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Nevada, Kansas, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Florida, Canada, Maryland and can soon be seen in Oregon, California and Hawaii. Last May, the Bettys had the rare honor of headlining a show at the Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2923172116279602, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Gem City Chorus has won an impressive number of International medals including five gold, five silver, and one each of third, fourth, fifth and sixth - a feat achieved by no other Sweet Adeline chorus! The chorus currently is the sixth place International medalist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.485645294189453, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Growing Girls formed on January 5th, 1979 in Ronninge, Sweden. All four girls were 11 years old at the time, hence the name Growing Girls. Anna's & Malin's mothers sang together in a quartet called \"The Beautiful Screamers\" and the young daughters thought it would be fun to start a quartet of their own. They asked their respective classmates, Naima & Suzanne if they would be interested in singing in a Barbershop quartet. Naima & Suzanne immediately replied: \"Sure, but... what's Barbershop?\" Anna's mother, Britt-Helene Bonnedahl, Master director of International medalist chorus Ronninge Show Chorus, became the quartet's coach and mentor. Since the girls started they have performed all over Sweden and the US, as well as in Germany and New Zealand. They all attended Adolf Fredriks Musikskola, a school for performing arts in Stockholm, and were encouraged by their music teacher, Bo Aurehl. In 1983 Britt-Helene started the Ronninge Show Chorus, and Growing Girls were welcome to join Sweet Adelines International at 14 (finally!), with sponsors. The quartet competed and won in the Area (Regional) contests in 1985, 1986 and 1988, and went on to compete at the International contest in Houston in 1988, to reach their dream of becoming Queens of Harmony, in Miami Beach in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3887457847595215, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Since our first meeting in 1945, the Kansas City Chorus has had a long tradition of striving for excellence in the craft of barbershop-style singing. We have the distinction of being the second oldest chapter in the International organization and of being the Champions of the very first Regional Competition held in Topeka, Kansas in 1952. For many years after that, winning a first place medal eluded the chorus. But in 1980, a new era began: Jo Kraut became director of the chorus, and since that time, the chorus has grown both musically and numerically! After Jo's retirement in 2008, Stacy Schumacher was chosen as the Kansas City Chorus Director. Under Stacy's direction, the chorus is continuing our quest for success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9086351990699768, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Martini Quartet formed in July 2007 over a round of cosmopolitans at Sandy Marron's home in Tacoma, Washington. Singers Sandy Marron (tenor), Lisa Myers (lead), Shannon Harris (bass) and DeAnne Haugen (bari) knew right from the beginning that they had a special blend! Yet this Martini has been shaken AND stirred not just once, but three times during the group's four year journey to become Sweet Adelines International's 2012 International Quartet Champions!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61408805847168, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "MAXX Factor was formed in 2004. This current foursome has been singing together since August 2007. Lead Leslie Wodday became a Queen of Harmony in 2000 with Signature Sound Quartet. She joined MAXX in August of 2007. Founder Valerie Hadfield-Rasnake is a barbershop brat. She sang with Region 19 medalist Quartets Ritz Carleton and Vanity Fair. Co-founder Baritone Kim Hudson, also a barbershop brat, has sung with Region 19 medalist quartet Vanity Fair. Prior to joining MAXX in 2005, Tenor Molly Plummer sang with Region 19 multi-medalist quartet RhythmWorks. Molly and Valerie are members of the International medalist chorus Pride of Baltimore. Kim and Leslie, currently Chapter-at-Large, have competed internationally with the Pride of Baltimore chorus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3695850372314453, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Melodeers Chorus is one of over 700 choruses of Sweet Adelines International, a worldwide, non-profit organization dedicated to women's four-part a capella, barbershop style harmony. Under the leadership of Master Director 700, Jim Arns and Choreographer, Renee Porzel, the Melodeers have earned five international gold medals. Their trademark is a combination of an exemplary musical product, crowd-pleasing choreography and stunning, innovative costuming. The Melodeers marvelous sense of humor and 'Pushing the Envelope' style keeps audiences laughing and crying from coast to coast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.3078461289405823, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Moxie Ladies is a champion Sweet Adeline quartet that's been delighting audiences all over North America, and they're delighted to have the opportunity to sing for you today. The quartet represents two regions: Region 17 and Region 4, and they've won those regional quartet contests respectively. They've qualified to compete at the Sweet Adelines International Competition with other quartets throughout the world for the last three years. In October, 2007 they were elated and honored to be named the 4th Place International Medalists and in 2009 they were crowned Queens of Harmony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.137548446655273, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Their journey together began back in January, 2005 when they met for the first time with this foursome. Jennifer and Amy, who are both music educators, began their barbershop quarteting careers in Distinction and won their first regional competition together just one year after joining the hobby! Gretchen and Stacey, who are both in advertising sales, are second-generation barbershoppers and sang previously together in Success Express, two-time International Top Ten Quartet Finalists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9512117505073547, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "As the name implies, Ms. Behavin' is a sassy group of gals that make the most of life and four-part harmony. They refuse to mention their years of experience -- you might figure out their ages! Their mission is to make you laugh, cry, sigh, cheer, and then go shopping. Top 10 finalists in Phoenix 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.051416397094727, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Bad News is, the former Sweet Adelines Queens of Harmony, the four lovely, talented women of Panache, have disbanded and are no longer singing together as a group. The Good News is, they left us this wonderful 2-CD set to remember them by! We won't go into the individual titles, but suffice to say that there's a 'whole bunch' of our favorites on these two CDs, including selections from discontinued Panache titles. These are the songs that took them to Sweet Adelines Gold, and that made them one of our best selling Barbershop titles. These four beloved entertainers are leaving exactly the way they came into our lives with Panache. Enjoy!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9368107318878174, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In the early days of 1964, two local choruses, the Ramapo Chorus and the Valley chorus were seeking musical directors, when Renee Craig arrived in the area from Detroit. A merger was proposed and the rest is history! Chartered by Sweet Adelines International on February 24, 1964, the name 'Ramapo Valley' has become synonymous not only with musical excellence, but with the name Renee Craig. Our musical director, Renee Craig, is a world-renowned musical genius and she has been recognized and honored throughout both the women's and men's barbershop worlds, for her technique and and her fabulous arrangements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.582849025726318, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "The Razzcals Quartet formed in 1996. They are all members of Sweet Adelines, International. This high energy, contemporary, a capella quartet has dazzled audiences with their music, humor, and sizzle. They have placed 21st. 15th, 7th, and now 4th place (four times!) at the Sweet Adelines International convention. They are focused and on their way to that coveted number one spot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.139484405517578, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "All four are career women in very diverse fields. In a field in Richardson Texas, the baritone, Dale Syverson, is the entertainment director for a nudist community. She has donned clothes especially for the publicity picture and, as their contract specifies, for all show performances. Any afterglow performance should be viewed as an \"attend at your own risk\" proposition. Lead Judy Baxter, a north Dallas outfielder, is a crisis counselor at the same community. She is the top ranked professional in the field for creating crisis in a controlled atmosphere. Only Hurricane Andrew has a higher ranking..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972396850585938, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "The Scottsdale Chorus has been entertaining audiences for over 40 years. Their exuberant Director, Lori Lyford, a life-time music educator, is the choral director at Chandler High School. In the Sweet Adeline organization, Lori has earned Master Director status, shares her expertise as an International Music Faculty member and has coached choruses throughout the United States and abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375097274780273, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Spotlight organized in January 2001. Later that year the quartet won the Region #2 quartet competition which enabled them to compete at the International Quartet Contest in Portland, Oregon that fall. Over the next 4 years the quartet went through two member changes and placed in the Top 5 at each International Contest held. In the fall of 2005, the International Contest was scheduled to be in New Orleans, Louisiana, but with the devastation of Hurricane Katrina it was quickly relocated to Detroit, Michigan. It was there that Spotlight was thrilled to be announced the 2006 Sweet Adelines International Quartet Champions. The win was made even sweeter because the location of the contest allowed for numerous family and friends to be in attendance for the special occasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.648295402526855, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "Four", "passage": "Touche Quartet is the 2013 Sweet Adelines International Quartet Champions and are ready to perform for you! This coast-to-coast adventure is a direct result of friendships made through years in Sweet Adelines. Though the distance may be thousands of miles, they bridge the country between them with their unique, special brand of friendship and harmony. You'll find Patty and husband Jeff Baker relaxing in hip Southern California, just steps away from the sand and surf of the Pacific Ocean. A short trip north to the majestic mountains of Oregon is where Kim and Tim McCormic spend their time in beautiful wine country. Across the continent in warm, sunny Florida is where Jan and Jerry Anton, as well as, Gina and her husband Jeff Baker call home. There they enjoy the many beaches of the Atlantic, lush golf courses, and an endless number of local attractions. Can you say Frequent Flyer Miles? And what's better than one Jeff Baker? TWO Jeff Bakers!! Great Friends, Fun, and Music are what this foursome is all about. Their ability to entertain with a mixture of energy, humor and tight harmonies took them straight to the championship and will surely bring you to the edge of your seat! Enjoy the ride", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400428771972656, "source": "search", "title": "Singers.com - Female Barbershop Groups" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "11.14.16", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.428547859191895, "source": "search", "title": "Chorus America" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "Chorus America's annual survey of the operations of choruses, the Chorus Operations Survey Report includes more than 45 different analyses, from number of board meetings to board giving, from ticket pricing to chorus dues amounts, from accompanist pay practices to marketing efficiency. The 2016 report features data from the 2014-2015 season, as well as a new series on board terms and director term limits. Read more", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866684913635254, "source": "search", "title": "Chorus America" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "passage": "In May 1970, Ross released her eponymous solo debut, which included her signature songs, \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\", the latter becoming Ross' first number-one solo single. Follow-up albums, Everything Is Everything and Surrender , came out shortly afterwards. In 1971, the ballad \"I'm Still Waiting\" became her first number-one single in the UK. Later in 1971, Ross starred in her first solo television special, Diana!, which included The Jackson 5. In 1972, the soundtrack to her film debut, Lady Sings the Blues, reached number one on the Billboard 200, selling two million units. In 1973, Ross had her second number-one hit with the ballad \"Touch Me in the Morning\". Later in the year, Motown issued Diana & Marvin, a duet album with fellow Motown artist Marvin Gaye. The album became an international hit. Touring throughout 1973, Ross became the first entertainer in Japan's history to receive an invitation to the Imperial Palace for a private audience with the Empress Nagako, wife of Emperor Hirohito.", "precise_score": 7.598095417022705, "rough_score": 8.323689460754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diana Ross" }, { "answer": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "passage": "Spectacular 1970 Diana Ross Solo Debut Album, Including 'Ain't No Mountain High Enough,' Remastered and Reissued With Eight Bonus Tracks", "precise_score": 4.12460994720459, "rough_score": 6.999530792236328, "source": "search", "title": "Spectacular 1970 Diana Ross Solo Debut Album, Including ..." }, { "answer": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "passage": "Following her departure from the Supremes in 1970, Ross released her debut solo album, Diana Ross, which contained the hits \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" and the number-one hit \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\". She released the album Touch Me in the Morning in 1973. Its title track reached number 1, becoming her second solo hit. By 1975, the Mahogany soundtrack included her 3rd number-one hit \"Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\". Her 1976 album Diana Ross included her fourth number-one hit \"Love Hangover\". In 1979, Ross released the album The Boss. Her 1980 album Diana which reached number 2 on the Billboard albums chart and spawned the number-one hit \"Upside Down\" and the international hit \"I'm Coming Out\". After leaving Motown, Ross achieved her sixth and final number-one hit with the duet \"Endless Love\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.5364670753479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diana Ross" }, { "answer": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "passage": "Several of Ross's songs has been covered and sampled. \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" has been featured in the film Chicken Little. The song has also been covered live and on albums by Jennifer Lopez, Amy Winehouse . \"Love Hangover\" was sampled in Monica's 1998 number 1 \"The First Night\" as well as being sampled by Will Smith, Master P (who also sampled \"Missing You\"), Heavy D and Bone Thugs N Harmony.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.687363147735596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Diana Ross" }, { "answer": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "passage": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough (single) tops the US charts for three weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283280372619629, "source": "search", "title": "Diana Ross Milestones" }, { "answer": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "passage": "LOS ANGELES, Feb. 15 /PRNewswire/ -- Diana Ross' solo debut was one of the most anticipated musical events of 1970. Her departure from The Supremes had seemed inevitable from the day they were billed as Diana Ross & The Supremes and now her solo turn in the spotlight had arrived. With Diana Ross, an album many still consider her finest, the diva more than lived up to those lofty expectations. Now the original album is being reissued as part of the series, 'Motown Classic Albums - Remastered & Revisited.' Diana Ross (Motown/UME), released March 26, 2002, has also been expanded with eight bonus tracks -- four recorded for the album but shelved, one live selection never heard before anywhere and three alternate versions heard only on a premium LP and previously unreleased commercially. All of the selections have been digitally remastered. The package is also presented with the original provocative cover image by famed fashion photographer Harry Langdon and a rarely seen alternate shot, along with a new essay by David Nathan, author of the book The Soulful Divas. For her solo launch, Ross first worked with Johnny Bristol but \"Someday We'll Be Together\" instead turned out to be The Supremes' swan song. So Bristol recorded \"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You\" for Diana. But then Ross began working with producer Bones Howe, who brought two songs from New York singer/songwriter Laura Nyro: the bouncy, joyful \"Time And Love\" and \"Stoney End.\" Howe also delivered \"The Interim\" and \"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes.\" But none of the Howe tracks made it onto the album and three are released for the first time on the reissued Diana Ross (\"Time And Love\" was first issued on Diana Ross: The Motown Anthology in 2000). Finally she teamed with songwriter/producers Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson, and there was magic. \"Reach Out And Touch (Somebody's Hand)\" hit #7 R&B/#20 pop and became Ross's signature audience grabber. \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough,\" a radical reworking of the Marvin Gaye-Tammi Terrell classic, was a #1 R&B/#1 pop smash and nominated for a Grammy(TM). The album, with 10 Ashford & Simpson songs plus \"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You,\" rocketed to #1 R&B/#19 pop and Ross was named Billboard's Female Vocalist of the Year. The reissued Diana Ross also features a live \"Something On My Mind\" performed at Los Angeles' Grove club during her tour that summer. Also included are alternate versions of \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough,\" \"Now That There's You\" and \"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You\" from the promotional LP Doral Presents Diana Ross, originally available only as a premium album in 1971. With her first solo foray, Diana Ross had climbed to the top of a very high mountain. MAKE YOUR OPINION COUNT - Click Here http://tbutton.prnewswire.com/prn/11690X47639238", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.286797285079956, "source": "search", "title": "Spectacular 1970 Diana Ross Solo Debut Album, Including ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Daniel Barenboim", "passage": "In 1962, HMV persuaded Barbirolli to return. With the Hallé he recorded a Sibelius symphony cycle, Elgar's Second Symphony, Falstaff and The Dream of Gerontius, Schubert's Ninth Symphony, Vaughan Williams's A London Symphony, and works by Grieg and Delius. With other orchestras, Barbirolli recorded a wide range of his repertoire, including many recordings still in the catalogues in 2012. Of these, his Elgar recordings include the Cello Concerto with Jacqueline du Pré, Sea Pictures with Janet Baker, and orchestral music including the First Symphony, Enigma Variations and many of the shorter works. His Mahler recordings include the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies (with the New Philharmonia) and Ninth Symphony (with the Berlin Philharmonic). With the Vienna Philharmonic, he recorded a Brahms symphony cycle, and with Daniel Barenboim, the two Brahms Piano Concertos. He made three operatic sets for HMV: Purcell's Dido and Aeneas with Victoria de los Ángeles (1966), Verdi's Otello with James McCracken, Gwyneth Jones and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (1969), and a set of Madama Butterfly with Renata Scotto, Carlo Bergonzi and Rome Opera forces that has remained in the catalogues since its first issue in 1967. The impact of the last was such that the head of the Rome Opera invited him to come and conduct \"any opera you care to name with as much rehearsal as you wish.\" HMV planned to record Die Meistersinger with Barbirolli in Dresden in 1970, but following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 he refused to conduct in the Soviet bloc, and his place was taken by Herbert von Karajan. ", "precise_score": -7.923915863037109, "rough_score": -5.524763107299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Barbirolli" }, { "answer": "Daniel Barenboim", "passage": "There are memorials to Barbirolli in Manchester and London. Barbirolli Square in Manchester is named in his honour and features a sculpture of him by Byron Howard (2000). The square includes the present base of the Hallé Orchestra, the Bridgewater Hall, in which the Barbirolli Room commemorates the conductor. At his old school, St Clement Danes, now relocated in Chorleywood, the main hall is named in his honour. A commemorative blue plaque was placed on the wall of the Bloomsbury Park Hotel in Southampton Row in May 1993 to mark Barbirolli's birthplace. The Sir John Barbirolli Memorial Foundation of the Royal Philharmonic Society was instituted after his death to assist young musicians with the purchase of instruments. In 1972 the Barbirolli Society was set up with the principal aim of promoting the continued release of Barbirolli's recorded performances. Its honorary officers have included Evelyn Barbirolli, Daniel Barenboim and Michael Kennedy. In April 2012, he was voted into the inaugural Gramophone \"Hall of Fame\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.105649948120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Barbirolli" } ]

[ { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress who played Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger . Previously she played Cathy Gale on The Avengers", "precise_score": 9.073762893676758, "rough_score": 9.531211853027344, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman - James Bond Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor Blackman - Bond Girl: Pussy Galore ('Goldfinger,' 1964) | The 'Bond' Girl Curse | XFINITY", "precise_score": 8.688549995422363, "rough_score": 9.4644136428833, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman - Bond Girl: Pussy Galore ('Goldfinger ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor Blackman - Bond Girl: Pussy Galore ('Goldfinger,' 1964)", "precise_score": 9.140962600708008, "rough_score": 9.578920364379883, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman - Bond Girl: Pussy Galore ('Goldfinger ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Before playing the most famous Bond Girl of all — the unforgettably-named Pussy Galore — actress Honor Blackman first found fame on \"The Avengers.\" For Blackman, now 84, there is still only one 007. \"Connery will always be my favorite Bond. He's the sexiest devil ever,\" she told WalesOnline last year. \"Physically he was perfect and with his weird accent, he was rather fascinating. You did believe he was someone who had just laid a woman, moved on to shoot someone else and not given a toss, which is how the character was written.\" Many would also pin her as Bond's sexiest girl ever. Since Goldfinger, Blackman has worked steadily, appearing in many movies (including \"Bridget Jones' Diary\") and TV shows. In 2007, she was one of several actresses to appear in a controversial ad campaign addressing domestic violence in which she appeared to have a black eye. (Photo: United Artists)", "precise_score": 6.750528812408447, "rough_score": 8.213861465454102, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman - Bond Girl: Pussy Galore ('Goldfinger ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Before playing the most famous Bond Girl of all — the unforgettably-named Pussy Galore — actress Honor Blackman first found fame on \"The Avengers.\" For Blackman, now 84, there is still only one 007. \"Connery will always be my favorite Bond. He's the sexiest devil ever,\" she told WalesOnline last year. \"Physically he was perfect and with his weird accent, he was rather fascinating. You did believe he was someone who had just laid a woman, moved on to shoot someone else and not given a toss, which is how the character was written.\" Many would also pin her as Bond's sexiest girl ever. Since Goldfinger, Blackman has worked steadily, appearing in many movies (including \"Bridget Jones' Diary\") and TV shows. In 2007, she was one of several actresses to appear in a controversial ad campaign addressing domestic violence in which she appeared to have a black eye. (Photo: United Artists)", "precise_score": 6.750528812408447, "rough_score": 8.213861465454102, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman - Bond Girl: Pussy Galore ('Goldfinger ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011. On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet. Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond. Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.295585632324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Bond" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor Blackman (born 22 August 1925) is an English actress, widely known for the roles of Cathy Gale in The AvengersAaker, Everett (2006). Encyclopedia of Early Television Crime Fighters. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-6409-8. P. 58. (1962–64), Bond girl Pussy Galore in Goldfinger (1964), Julia Daggett in Shalako (1968) and Hera in Jason and the Argonauts (1963).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.039347648620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honor Blackman" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "During the 1960s, Blackman practised judo at the famous Budokwai dojo. This helped her prepare for her roles as Cathy Gale in The Avengers and Pussy Galore in Goldfinger. At 38, she was one of the oldest actresses to play a Bond girl. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.156976699829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honor Blackman" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "*Goldfinger (1964) - Pussy Galore", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258563041687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honor Blackman" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Most Famous Bond Girl, Pussy Galore, Turns 89 | The Huffington Post", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.585480690002441, "source": "search", "title": "Most Famous Bond Girl, Pussy Galore, Turns 89" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Most Famous Bond Girl, Pussy Galore, Turns 89", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.218488693237305, "source": "search", "title": "Most Famous Bond Girl, Pussy Galore, Turns 89" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "What can we possibly say to the news that Bond Girl Honor Blackman, who played \"Pussy Galore\" opposite Sean Connery's 007 in \"Goldfinger\" in 1964, just turned 89? Well \"happy birthday\" for sure, and a hearty \"well-done!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.797811031341553, "source": "search", "title": "Most Famous Bond Girl, Pussy Galore, Turns 89" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Blackman, who was the first of two actresses to be older than the actors playing James Bond, was 39 when she landed the role of Pussy Galore, Bond's sexy love interest. (Can't you just see every 30-something actress in Hollywood sending that sentence to her agent?)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.068464756011963, "source": "search", "title": "Most Famous Bond Girl, Pussy Galore, Turns 89" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor Blackman, 89, looks youthful in London as Pussy Galore's Bond return is confirmed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.955799102783203, "source": "search", "title": "Bond Girl Honor Blackman looks youthful while out in ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor was one of the most famous Bond girls, with her playing Pussy Galore in Goldfinger back in 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.530966281890869, "source": "search", "title": "Bond Girl Honor Blackman looks youthful while out in ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor as Pussy Galore in James Bond", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.328670024871826, "source": "search", "title": "Bond Girl Honor Blackman looks youthful while out in ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "As well as Pussy Galore, the book features brand new Bond girl ­Jeopardy Lane and Jai Seung Sin, a sadistic, scheming Korean ­foe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.207457542419434, "source": "search", "title": "Bond Girl Honor Blackman looks youthful while out in ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "\"I was so glad that I was allowed to set the book two weeks after my favourite Bond novel, Goldfinger, and I'm delighted that Pussy Galore is back. It was great fun revisiting the most famous Bond Girl of all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.620579242706299, "source": "search", "title": "Bond Girl Honor Blackman looks youthful while out in ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "The 89-year-old actress played Bond girl Pussy Galore opposite Connery in 1964 film 'Goldfinger' but for her Craig has brought more to the role in his three films than original 007 Connery ever did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.776849269866943, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman: Daniel Craig is better Bond than Connery" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Not out of work long, Blackman took on the role of Greek goddess \"Hera\" in popular movie adventure Jason and the Argonauts (1963) (1963) with marvelous Ray Harryhausen and melodrama Life at the Top (1965) (1965) with Laurence Harvey . She then filmed the most popular role of her career: \"Pussy Galore\". In the classic \"James Bond\" movie Goldfinger (1964) (1964), Blackman went toe to toe with Sean Connery 's womanizing \"007\" and created major sparks on screen, managing to outclass the (wink-wink) double meaning of her character's name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1612560749053955, "source": "search", "title": "Honor Blackman - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "star, who played Pussy Galore in 1964's Goldfinger, has claimed Daniel Craig is better at playing the suave spy than her handsome co-star Sean Connery.   ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153379440307617, "source": "search", "title": "Bond girl Honor Blackman says Daniel Craig beats Sean ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Honor Blackman, who played Pussy Galore in 1964's Goldfinger, has claimed Daniel Craig is better at playing the suave spy than her handsome co-star Sean Connery", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5420070886611938, "source": "search", "title": "Bond girl Honor Blackman says Daniel Craig beats Sean ..." }, { "answer": "Pussy Galore", "passage": "Beautiful: Honor remains a timeless beauty from her 1964 Bond performance as Pussy Galore", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.42242830991744995, "source": "search", "title": "Bond girl Honor Blackman says Daniel Craig beats Sean ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "In 1977, the company began its spring season at the Metropolitan Opera House, its new official venue, then in 1980 Mikhail Baryshnikov became Artistic Director for American Ballet Theatre. Baryshnikov staged, restaged, and refurbished numerous classical ballets and, according to the company, strengthened their classical tradition. Baryshnikov was replaced by Jane Hermann and Oliver Smith in 1989, and the pair remained as Artistic Directors until in 1992 Kevin McKenzie was appointed. McKenzie satisfied the demands of the traditional ballet audience by prioritizing full-length narrative ballets as well as succeeding in keeping the company afloat during financially unstable times. He established an official associate school in 2004, the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School and appointed Alexei Ratmansky as \"Artist in Residence\" in January 2009 after a long period of no in-house choreographer. ", "precise_score": 0.880268931388855, "rough_score": -0.8637114763259888, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Ballet Theatre" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "In 1961 Rudolph Nureyev defected from the Soviet Union and made the world start paying attention. His partnership with Margot Fonteyn is legendary, but I’m not going to go into Nureyev’s dance career (you know it, and if you don’t, here ), this is just a very quick sum up of his presence in pop culture. When he wasn’t busy dancing, he was known to socialize with Gore Vidal, Freddie Mercury, Mick Jagger, Liza Minnelli and Andy Warhol among others. In 1971, Nureyev appeared on episode 213 of The Muppet Show. Up to this point, the show had struggled to attract celebrity guests but after the success of Swine Lake among other sketche s the show’s popularity skyrocketed . He also starred in the 1972 documentary I Am a Dancer .  It’s fair to think of Nureyev as ballet’s reigning bad boy of the era. So at this point (early 70s), the public at large is pretty interested in ballet, making the atmosphere ripe for another ballet phenomenon. With impeccable timing, Mikhail Baryshnikov defected from the USSR on June 29, 1974 while on tour in Canada.  After a brief stint with The Royal Winnipeg Ballet, he moved to ABT and was a principal dancer there until 1978 when he hopped across the plaza to NYCB. Box office sales soared, and his performances were consistently sold out.  Public fascination with Baryshnikov is well documented. On May 19, 1975 he was on the cover of Time Magazine , which dubbed him “Ballet’s new idol.” He parlayed this success into movies with The Turning Point (1977), White Nights (1985), and Dancers (1987) among others. Audiences that had never cared about ballet before suddenly wanted to see the star, and all they had to do was spend $30 on a ballet ticket.", "precise_score": -3.9480504989624023, "rough_score": -4.080865383148193, "source": "search", "title": "American Ballet Theatre | Les Balletonautes" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "* Mikhail Baryshnikov (1980–1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920049667358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Ballet Theatre" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "* Mikhail Baryshnikov (1974–1978)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.848490715026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Ballet Theatre" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "ABT's 1976 production of The Nutcracker starring Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gelsey Kirkland was televised the following year and has become a broadcast classic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.929844856262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Ballet Theatre" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339289665222168, "source": "search", "title": "IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching \"Latvia\"" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "Boyishly cute, diminutive and strong as a bull, but as graceful as any gazelle or swan, Mikhail Baryshnikov is a household name even to non-balletomanes. Widely considered to be one of the greatest and biggest names in dance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168744087219238, "source": "search", "title": "IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching \"Latvia\"" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Baryshnikov", "passage": "Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (March 17, 1938 – January 6, 1993), is regarded as one of the greatest male ballet dancers of the 20th century, alongside Maris Liepa, Vaslav Nijinsky, Alexander Godunov and Mikhail Baryshnikov.Despite his late start, he was soon recognized as an incredibly gifted dancer. Nureyev pushed himself hard, rehearsing for hours in order to make up for the years of training he missed. Under the tutelage of a great teacher, Alexander Pushkin, he blossomed. Pushkin not only took an interest in him professionally, but also allowed the younger dancer to live with him and his wife, with the latter of whom, at 21,he had an affair. Upon graduation, the Kirov and the Bolshoi both wanted to sign him. He continued with the Kirov and went on to become a soloist – extremely unusual for someone of his age and experience.His grave, at a Russian cemetery in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois near Paris, features a tomb draped in a mosaic of an oriental Turkic-style carpet. Nureyev was an avid collector of beautiful carpets and antique textiles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.095655918121338, "source": "search", "title": "Best Dancers | List of the Best Dancers in the World" } ]

[ { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "Mötley Crüe was an American metal band formed in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 1981. The group was founded by bassist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee, lead vocalist Vince Neil and lead guitarist Mick Mars. Mötley Crüe has sold more than 100 million records worldwide including 25 million in the US. ", "precise_score": 6.083400726318359, "rough_score": 6.983438491821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "Mötley Crüe was formed on January 17, 1981 when bassist Nikki Sixx left the band London and began rehearsing with drummer Tommy Lee and vocalist/guitarist Greg Leon. Lee had worked previously with Leon in a band called Suite 19 and the trio practiced together for some time with Leon eventually deciding not to continue. Sixx and Lee then began a search for new members and soon met guitarist Bob Deal, better known as Mick Mars, after answering an advertisement that Mars placed inside The Recycler that read: \"Loud, rude and aggressive guitar player available\". Mars auditioned for Sixx and Lee and was subsequently hired. Although a lead vocalist named O'Dean was auditioned, Lee had known Vince Neil from their high school days at Charter Oak High School in Covina, California and the two had performed in different bands on the garage band circuit. Upon seeing Neil perform with the band Rockandi at the Starwood in West Hollywood, Mars suggested they have him join the band by stating, \"I don't care if he can sing. I don't care if he can do anything. The way he had that crowd going...THAT'S the guy we need.\" At first Neil refused the offer, but as the other members of Rockandi became involved in outside projects, Neil grew anxious to try something else. When Lee made one final appeal to audition, Neil accepted and was hired April 1, 1981. The newly formed band did not yet have a name. Sixx had said that he told the other bandmates that he was \"thinking about calling the band Christmas.\" The other members were not very receptive to the idea. Then while trying to find a suitable name, Mars remembered an incident which occurred when he was playing with a band called White Horse, when one of the other band members called the group \"a motley looking crew.\" He had remembered the phrase and later copied it down as Mottley Cru. After modifying the spelling slightly, \"Mötley Crüe\" was eventually selected as the band's name, with the stylistic decision suggested by Neil to add the two sets of metal umlauts supposedly inspired by the German beer Löwenbräu, which the members were drinking at the time. Other than the periods of February 1992 to 1997 and 1999 to September 2004, the line-up of Neil, Sixx, Lee, and Mars has remained the same.", "precise_score": 1.7496691942214966, "rough_score": -0.26288264989852905, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "After finding sobriety in 1989, Mötley Crüe reached its peak popularity with the release of their fifth album, the Bob Rock produced Dr. Feelgood, on September 1, 1989. On October 14 of that year, it became a No. 1 album and stayed on the charts for 109 weeks after its release. The band members each stated in interviews that, due in no small part to their collective push for sobriety, Dr. Feelgood was their most solid album musically to that point, and indeed, it was their best selling album to date. The title track and \"Kickstart My Heart\" were both nominated for Grammys in the Best Hard Rock Category. The band did find some success at the American Music Awards, as Dr. Feelgood was nominated twice for Favorite Hard Rock/Metal Award, losing once to Guns N' Roses' Appetite for Destruction, but winning the following year, beating out Aerosmith's Pump and Poison's Flesh & Blood. Mötley Crüe was also nominated twice for Favorite Hard Rock/Metal Artist. ", "precise_score": 0.8216874599456787, "rough_score": 4.038634777069092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "In 1998, Mötley Crüe's contractual ties with Elektra Records had expired, putting the band in total control of their future. This included the ownership of the masters of all of their albums. In announcing the end of their relationship with Elektra Records, the band became one of the few groups in history to own and control their publishing and catalogue of recorded masters. They are only one of a handful of artists in history to own the masters to their material and reportedly did so by being the biggest pain they could be to their record label until Elektra got fed up and handed over the rights in order to get the band off their label. In 1999, the band re-released all their albums, dubbed as \"Crücial Crüe\". The limited-edition digital re-masters included demos, live, instrumental, and previously unreleased tracks. Mötley Crüe released their compilation album Greatest Hits in late 1998, which had two new songs Bitter Pill and Enslaved and served as an updated version of their first compilation, Decade of Decadence.", "precise_score": -0.7190185189247131, "rough_score": 2.2545762062072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "A promoter in England, Mags Revell, began clamoring for a Mötley Crüe reunion, ostensibly presenting himself as the voice of anxious fans waiting for more from the band. After meeting with management several times, in September 2004, Nikki Sixx announced that he and Neil had returned to the studio and had begun recording new material. In December 2004, the four original members announced a reunion/final tour which began February 14, 2005, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The resulting compilation album, Red, White & Crüe, was released in February 2005. It features the band members' favorite original songs plus three new tracks, \"If I Die Tomorrow\", \"Sick Love Song\" (co-written by Sixx and James Michael), and a cover of The Rolling Stones' classic \"Street Fighting Man\". A small controversy was caused when it was suggested that neither Lee nor Mars played on the new tracks (duties were supposedly handled by Vandals drummer Josh Freese). However, a VH1 documentary of the band's reunion later showed that Lee did indeed play on some of the tracks. The Japanese release of Red, White & Crüe includes an extra new track titled \"I'm a Liar (and That's the Truth)\". Red, White & Crüe charted at No. 6 and has since gone platinum.", "precise_score": -0.17265336215496063, "rough_score": -0.7735907435417175, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In 2006, Mötley Crüe went on the Route of All Evil Tour, co-headlining with Aerosmith and taking performers from Lucent Dossier Experience on the road with them. This was another well-attended tour following the Carnival of Sins tour of 2005. In June 2007, Mötley Crüe set out on a small European tour. A lawsuit was filed by Neil, Mars and Sixx against Carl Stubner, Lee's manager. The three sued him for contracting for Lee to appear on two unsuccessful reality shows the band claim hurt its image. It was later reported on Motley.com that the lawsuit had been settled.", "precise_score": -1.7562799453735352, "rough_score": -1.012259602546692, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "Mötley Crüe's ninth studio album, titled Saints of Los Angeles, was released in Japan on June 17, 2008 and in America on June 24, 2008. The album was originally titled The Dirt, as it was loosely based on the band's autobiography of the same name, but the title was later changed. In the US, the album was released by Eleven Seven Music. Eleven Seven also took over US distribution of their back catalog.", "precise_score": 1.9055086374282837, "rough_score": 4.423954010009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "Mötley Crüe headlined Crüe Fest 2 festival, which ran from July to September 2009. Supporting them were Godsmack, Theory of a Deadman, Drowning Pool, and Charm City Devils. Mötley Crüe performing a set featuring material from Saints of Los Angeles, the band also celebrated the 20th anniversary of Dr. Feelgood by performing the album in its entirety on each night of the tour and re-releasing the album as a special 20th anniversary deluxe edition. ", "precise_score": 3.2064385414123535, "rough_score": 5.3696417808532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "On January 28, 2014 at the conference inside Beacher's Madhouse Theater in Hollywood, Mötley Crüe announced the full details of their retirement, including a tour initially spanning 70 North American dates with Alice Cooper playing as a special guest. The tour commenced in Grand Rapids, Michigan on July 2, 2014. The band members had signed a \"cessation of touring agreement\" which prevented them from touring under the Mötley Crüe name beyond the end of 2015. The tour also served to promote the country-music album Nashville Outlaws: A Tribute to Mötley Crüe, which was released in mid-2014, and their movie The Dirt, based on the book The Dirt, due for release in 2015 by Focus Features and directed by Jeff Tremaine. ", "precise_score": 2.2316133975982666, "rough_score": 3.293797254562378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "The band performed for the last time at Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31, 2015. The band reported that their New Year's Eve show was going to be released in 2016. The movie was titled Motley Crue: THE END. The movie was released to selected theaters for one night only. ", "precise_score": 1.706930160522461, "rough_score": 2.066087007522583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Mötley Crüe has been featured on a number of VH1 countdown shows, \"Dr. Feelgood\" was ranked the No. 7 Greatest Air Guitar Song, \"Live Wire\" was ranked the No. 17 Greatest Metal Song of All Time, and \"Home Sweet Home\" was ranked the No. 12 Greatest Power Ballad of All Time. Mötley Crüe was featured several times on VH1's 100 Most Metal Moments, the highest spot being No. 3. VH1 included the Tommy Lee sex tapes, The Dirt, and Ozzy Osbourne's and Nikki Sixx's pee incident. Mötley Crüe has been one of the bands featured on VH1's Behind the Music. The band was ranked No. 29 on VH1's list of the greatest hard rock bands.", "precise_score": 0.6605456471443176, "rough_score": -0.947303056716919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Mötley Crüe was ranked tenth on MTV's list \"Top 10 Heavy Metal Bands of All-Time\" and ninth on \"VH1's All Time Top Ten Metal Bands\". Mötley Crüe has influenced many bands and artists such as Poison, Skid Row and Cinderella among others. ", "precise_score": 0.6488831639289856, "rough_score": 0.404935747385025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "Formed in Los Angeles in 1981, Motley Crue is one of the seminal hard rock bands of the 1980’s. Founded by Nikki Sixx and Tommy Lee then later joined by Nick Mars and Vince Neil, Motley Crue is one of the best-selling and most recognizable bands of all time. Although their debut album didn’t garner them a lot of attention, the real breakout for the band happened with the release of Shout to the Devil in 1983 which included hits like “Looks That Kill” and “Too Young to Fall in Love”. These were the songs that really put the band on the map creating a huge increase in demand for Motley Crue tickets.", "precise_score": 6.31841516494751, "rough_score": 7.557723522186279, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Tickets | 2016 Concert Tour Dates" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "When the 90’s grunge explosion pushed aside the heavy metal vibe of the 80’s, Motley Crue felt the fallout in the form of Vince Neil leaving the band.. However, a huge part of their still thriving fame is that they managed to come out the other end with a 1997 reunion album, Generation Swine, which successfully transitioned them from glam rock to 21st century mainstream. Three decades after their formation Motley Crue is still considered one of the most influential bands of the 1980’s with Papa Roach, Korn, and Linkin Park all having cited Motley Crue as inspiration for their own music. Despite their longevity in the business, Motley Crue is still a one of a kind performance to see so make sure you grab your Motley Crue tickets through TicketCity.", "precise_score": 2.0696332454681396, "rough_score": 4.266335487365723, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Tickets | 2016 Concert Tour Dates" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "34 years after their inauguration, Motley Crue is going out on their own terms. Having kicked off on July 2, 2014 in Grand Rapids Michigan, Motley Crue Final Tour tickets are in high demand as the tour will span four continents and end in Los Angeles on December 31, 2015. Alice Cooper agreed to join the band on their farewell tour and the four members even went so far as to sign a legal document saying that Motley Crue Final Tour tickets arethe last that will ever be sold by the artists collectively known as Motley Crue.", "precise_score": 0.3198612630367279, "rough_score": 0.5929434895515442, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Tickets | 2016 Concert Tour Dates" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "After more than three decades of headbanging, heavy metal bad boys Motley Crue announced that 2015’s The Final Tour would be their last ever, giving fans one final opportunity to see Tommy Lee and company in the flesh before the curtain falls for good. The band has always been a revered live act for their showmanship and over-the-top performances, but their 2013 shows were their biggest and fieriest yet, featuring pyrotechnics beyond fans’ wildest dreams – including the late Nikki Sixx’s legendary flamethrower bass. With 72 North American dates in 2014 and international dates to follow, the Crue are doing it big in true form, burning bright to the very last guitar solo.", "precise_score": -0.9191514849662781, "rough_score": -0.9087502956390381, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Concert Tickets - Ticketmaster" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Formed in LA in 1981 by guitarist Nikki Six and drummer Tommy Lee, Motley Crue was quickly rounded out with the addition of lead guitarist Mick Mars and singer Vince Neil. The band became notorious in the early ‘80s for their glam image and hard partying lifestyle, but it was 1983 sophomore album Shout at the Devil that made them international superstars. 1985’s Theatre of Pain and 1987’s Girls, Girls, Girls would prove even more successful, spawning ‘80s hard rock staples like “Smokin’ in the Boys Room” and “Home Sweet Home.” With 100 million albums sold worldwide, Motley Crue endures as one of the greatest heavy metal bands of all time, making their 2014 farewell tour a bittersweet last hurrah for their legions of fans.", "precise_score": 4.259690284729004, "rough_score": 2.482346296310425, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Concert Tickets - Ticketmaster" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "“Motley Crue still rules the rock scene after 30+ years of recording and performing. They played songs from virtually all albums and song selection was sure to please any Motley fan.”", "precise_score": -0.2857573628425598, "rough_score": 2.8312723636627197, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Concert Tickets - Ticketmaster" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "Although Motley Crue only finished touring recently, their last studio album was actually released in 2008.  Saints Of Los Angeles is not only the most underrated Crue album ever, it is also one of the more underrated hard rock albums in recent memory.  This was the first album that featured the entire original lineup in over a decade.  This 2008 release is loosely based on The Dirt (which was the original title of the album).  What’s interesting about the album is that it was predominantly written by the members of Sixx: A.M. (although Mick Mars also contributed on this song).", "precise_score": 3.3893823623657227, "rough_score": 4.628960609436035, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "It’s hard to say that anything off of Stay Hungry is as underrated as Motley Crue’s Saints Of Los Angeles, but a number of tracks from the album exist in the larger-than-life shadow cast by two of the greatest hard rock anthems of all-time – “We’re Not Gonna Take It” and “I Wanna Rock.”  Like those classics, Twisted Sister created a music video that feels like a short movie.  The video features Pee Wee Herman and a creepy clown (which seems particularly apropos given recent current events).", "precise_score": 2.892512083053589, "rough_score": 4.906998634338379, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "After a long week of online teasers and a series of clues posted on almost every major music website on the Internet, Motley Crue have announced their 2 week residency at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas! Following the tradition of any Motley Crue event, a psycho circus of hard rock pandemonium, and probably some form of nudity, will be included in the show, along with Motley’s ever-present and mind blowing production of pyro, explosions, and Tommy Lee’s unforgettable 360 degree drum-coaster. For 30 years Motley Crue have been the front-runners in rock stardom, with unparalleled debauchery guaranteed to ensue in whichever town they invade on the road. The band’s Las Vegas residency is certain to include their traditional antics, but on a stage and at a level in which no one has witnessed before. The Los Angeles-based, multiplatinum band will be the first hard rock band to establish a residency in Sin City, and are in the planning stages of a production that singer Vince Neil compared to Cirque du Soleil.", "precise_score": 4.9235758781433105, "rough_score": 5.979222774505615, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue to Invade Sin City | Pearl Drums" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Mötley Crüe have rocked stages for three decades with their signature mélange of intense guitar, heavy sound, and over-the-top stage outfits. Singer Vince Neil roars out lyrics over the shred-filled soundscape created by guitarist Mick Mars, bassist Nikki Sixx, and drummer Tommy Lee, creating memorable tunes that resound in the minds of listeners like the ringing of heavily tattooed bells.", "precise_score": -0.8304404020309448, "rough_score": 0.6525545120239258, "source": "search", "title": "Up to Half Off Ticket to Mötley Crüe Concert - groupon.com" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "MÖTLEY CRÜE is The World’s Most Notorious Rock Band. Vince Neil (vocals), Mick Mars (guitar), Nikki Sixx (bass) and Tommy Lee (drums) laid the foundation for their inimitable career in the ’80s with their genre-bending music, a mix of anthemic choruses, stadium-sized riffs, punk rock and melodic power, along with their relentless reputation, typifying an excess never before seen in modern music.", "precise_score": 2.709838390350342, "rough_score": 6.025772571563721, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "MÖTLEY CRÜE reinvented itself yet again through the ’00s and the present decade by continually doing new things, such as launching a branded tour known as Crüefest. Also, The CRÜE was the first band to do a rock residency in Las Vegas, something its peers, Def Leppard and Guns N’ Roses, did after them. Their sold-out stint at the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino further elevated MÖTLEY CRÜE ‘s mythos, demonstrating the fact that they can do anything. They’ve also executed impressive, innovative live production, such as Lee’s roller coaster, which sends him around a 360-degree loop during his drum solo.", "precise_score": 3.3519399166107178, "rough_score": 4.45414924621582, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "MÖTLEY CRÜE’s career-spanning numbers are impressive. The band has sold 100 million albums globally; has reached seven platinum or multi-platinum certifications; 22 Top 40 mainstream rock hits; six Top 20 pop singles; a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; three Grammy nominations for Best Hard Rock Performance; and countless sold-out tours across the globe, playing to millions and generations of fans.", "precise_score": 1.3328639268875122, "rough_score": 5.395701885223389, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "But All Bad Things Must Come To An End and Motley Crue is taking one last trip around the world embarking on its victory lap in high-impact fashion. 2014 marks the onset of MÖTLEY CRÜE’s swan song, their Final Tour, which will take the band all the way through the end of 2015.", "precise_score": -1.6276947259902954, "rough_score": 2.3928797245025635, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "The members of the band have often been noted for their hedonistic lifestyles and the persona they maintained. Following its hard rock and heavy metal origins, with the third album Theatre of Pain (1985) the band joined the first wave of glam metal. also along with group friendly rivals Ratt. Their final studio album, Saints of Los Angeles, was released on June 24, 2008. Their final show took place on New Year's Eve, December 31, 2015, and was filmed for a theatrical and Blu-ray release in 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.383034706115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "The band soon met their first manager, Allan Coffman, the thirty-eight-year-old brother-in-law of a friend of Mars's driver. The band's first release was the single \"Stick to Your Guns/Toast of the Town\", which was released on their own record label, Leathür Records, which had a pressing and distribution deal with Greenworld Distribution in Torrance, California. In November 1981, their debut album Too Fast for Love was self-produced and released on Leathür, selling 20,000 copies. Coffman's assistant Eric Greif set up a tour of Canada, while Coffman and Greif used Mötley Crüe's success in the Los Angeles club scene to negotiate with several record labels, eventually signing a recording contract with Elektra Records in early 1982. The debut album was then re-mixed by producer Roy Thomas Baker and re-released on August 20, 1982, two months after its Canadian Warner Music Group release using the original Leathür mixes, to coincide with the tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.484231948852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "During the \"Crüesing Through Canada Tour '82,\" there were several widely publicized incidents. First, the band was arrested and then released at Edmonton International Airport for wearing their spiked stage wardrobe (considered \"dangerous weapons\") through Customs and for Neil arriving with a small carry-on filled with porn magazines (considered \"indecent material\"); both were staged PR stunts. Customs eventually had the confiscated items destroyed. Second, while playing Scandals Disco in Edmonton, a spurious \"bomb threat\" against the band made the front page of the Edmonton Journal on June 9, 1982; assistant band manager Greif and Lee were interviewed by police as a result. This too ended up being a staged PR stunt perpetrated by Greif. Lastly, Lee threw a television set from the upper story window of the Sheraton Caravan Hotel. Canadian rock magazine Music Express noted that the band were \"banned for life\" from the city. Despite the tour ending prematurely in financial disaster, it was the basis for the band's first international press. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.297255039215088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "In 1983, the band changed management from Coffman to Doug Thaler and Doc McGhee. McGhee is best known for managing Bon Jovi and later KISS, starting with their reunion tour in 1996. Greif subsequently sued all parties in a Los Angeles Superior Court action that dragged on for several years, and coincidentally later re-surfaced as manager of Sixx's former band, London. Coffman himself was sued by several investors to whom he had sold \"stock in the band\", including Michigan-based Bill Larson. Coffman eventually declared bankruptcy, as he had mortgaged his home at least three times to cover band expenses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771478652954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "The band became rapidly successful in the United States after playing at the US Festival, and also with the aid of the new medium of MTV. They then gained the attention of heavy metal star Ozzy Osbourne and found themselves as the opening act for Osbourne on his 1984 world tour. The band members were well known for their backstage antics, outrageous clothing, extreme high-heeled boots, heavily applied make-up, and seemingly endless abuse of alcohol and drugs as well. As for their recordings, their mixture of heavy metal and hard rock stylings with influences by AC/DC and Aerosmith and guitar picking style of Judas Priest produced several best-selling albums during the 1980s, including Shout at the Devil (1983), Theatre of Pain (1985), and Girls, Girls, Girls (1987), which showcased their love of motorcycles, whiskey and strip clubs, and which told tales of substance abuse, sexual escapades, and general decadence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.199377059936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "The band members have also had their share of scrapes with the law and life. In 1984, Neil was driving home from a liquor store in his De Tomaso Pantera when he was in a head-on collision; his passenger, Hanoi Rocks drummer Nicholas \"Razzle\" Dingley, was killed. Neil, charged with a DUI and vehicular manslaughter, was sentenced to 30 days in jail (though he only served 18 days) and received a $2,000,000 fine, a large sum for 1985. The short jail term was pleaded for by his lawyers enabling Neil to be able to tour and pay the fine. The album Theatre of Pain (1985) was dedicated in Dingley's honor, and it started a new glam metal phase in the band's style. The band would also later release two box sets titled \"Music to Crash Your Car To\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.391258239746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "On December 23, 1987, Sixx suffered a heroin overdose. He was declared legally dead on the way to the hospital, but the paramedic, who was a Crüe fan, revived Sixx with two shots of Adrenaline. His two minutes in death were the inspiration for the song \"Kickstart My Heart\", which peaked at No. 16 on the Mainstream U.S. chart, and which was featured on the 1989 U.S. number one (their first) album Dr. Feelgood. From 1986 to 1987, Sixx kept a daily diary of his heroin addiction and eventually entered rehab in January 1988. In 2006, Sixx published his diaries as a best selling novel: The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, and in 2007 Sixx's side project band Sixx:A.M. released The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack as a musical parallel to the novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.434599876403809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In 1988 McGhee was convicted for smuggling 40,000 pounds of marijuana, and as punishment he had to organize an anti-drug campaign. In addition, another controversy that hit the band in 1988 was a lawsuit by Matthew Trippe. Trippe claimed that Nikki Sixx was hospitalised in 1983 after a car crash involving drugs and that he had been hired as Nikki's doppelgänger. The suit was regarding the loss of royalties from his time in Mötley Crüe and the case was not closed until 1993 when Trippe dropped his charges and disappeared from public view.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.850353240966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In 1989, McGhee was fired after the band alleged he had broken several promises that he made in relation to the Moscow Music Peace Festival, including giving his other band, Bon Jovi, advantages in terms of slot placement. Doug Thaler then assumed the role of sole band manager.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205909729003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "On October 1, 1991, the band's first compilation album, Decade of Decadence 81-91, was released. It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 album chart. It was reportedly designed as \"just something for the fans\" while the band worked on the next \"all new\" album.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938552856445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "After Decade of Decadence was released, Neil left the band in February 1992, at a time when other bands in the 1980s glam metal scene (Ratt, Stryper, White Lion, Winger, Europe, and Britny Fox) also broke up because of the rise in popularity of grunge. A controversy exists to this day over whether Neil was fired or quit. Nikki Sixx has long maintained that Neil quit the band. However, Neil disputes this and insists that he was fired. Neil was replaced by John Corabi (formerly of Angora and The Scream). Although Mötley Crüe's self-titled March 1994 release made the Billboard top ten (#7), the album was a commercial failure. Due to the failure of the album, John Corabi suggested that the band work with Neil again as he believed he would always be seen as the voice of the band, which eventually resulted in his own firing in 1996. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1585845947265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "The band reunited with Neil in 1997, after their current manager, Allen Kovac, and Neil's manager, Bert Stein, set up a meeting between Neil, Lee, and Sixx. Agreeing to \"leave their egos at the door,\" the band released Generation Swine. Although it debuted at No. 4, and in spite of a live performance at the American Music Awards, the album was a commercial failure, due in part to the band's label's lack of support. The band soon left Elektra and created their own label, Mötley Records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.645233154296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In 1999, Lee quit the band to pursue a solo career due to increasing tensions with frontman Neil. Lee was replaced by former Ozzy Osbourne drummer and longtime friend of the band Randy Castillo. The band released New Tattoo in July 2000, followed by a tour to support the album. Before the tour could commence, Randy became ill with what was later to be found as cancer and was unable to tour. The band brought in former Hole drummer Samantha Maloney, to fill in for Randy as he concentrated on his health. Randy lost his fight with cancer on March 26, 2002. Soon after, the band went on hiatus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90413761138916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "While the band was on hiatus, Nikki Sixx played in side projects, 58 and Brides of Destruction. Vince Neil was featured on the first season of VH1's reality show The Surreal Life, and had his own special titled \"Remaking Vince Neil\" which focused on his solo career. Mick Mars, who suffers from a rare hereditary form of arthritis called ankylosing spondylitis, went into seclusion in 2001 dealing with health issues. Tommy Lee went on to form Methods of Mayhem and also performed as a solo artist during this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004165649414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "Saints of Los Angeles (2008–10)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244032859802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "On June 11, 2008, the band and manager Burt Stein filed suit against each other. Stein was Vince Neil's personal manager and also, according to the band and rival manager Allen Kovac, served as the band's manager at one time. The band and Kovac sued in Los Angeles County Superior Court, claiming Stein was not entitled to a cut of Mötley Crüe's earnings. Stein sued the same day in Nashville's federal court, saying he was entitled to 1.875 percent of what the band makes. Other litigation between the parties also ensued in Nevada. In July 2009, lawyers for both sides announced that the disputes had been \"amicably resolved\" through a \"global settlement\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.610437870025635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In mid-2008, Mötley Crüe headlined the popular 'Crüe Fest' music festival, which included opening acts Buckcherry, Papa Roach, Trapt, and Nikki Sixx's successful side project, Sixx:A.M.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0072402954101562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Mötley Crüe had announced that the movie The Dirt, based on the book written by Mötley Crüe and Neil Strauss, could be released in 2009. However, as of September 2009, the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) lists 2011 as the probable release date. This is still subject to change, particularly because the \"status\" of the movie was listed as \"unknown\" in April 2009 (the date of IMDb's last update to \"The Dirt\"). It was reported on November 1, 2013 that director Jeff Tremaine will be directing the movie. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.501840829849243, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "iTunes picked \"Saints of Los Angeles\" in their \"Best of 2008\" in the Rock category as the number one song; the song was also nominated for a Grammy Award in the \"Best Hard Rock Performance\" category. The song was released in the music game series Rock Band as downloadable content the day the single was released. Additionally, the entire Dr. Feelgood album was released as downloadable content in Rock Band, excluding \"T.n.T. (Terror 'n Tinseltown)\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.599552154541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "The band played at the Download Festival at Donington Park (June 12–14, 2009), playing on the second stage on Friday night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171416282653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "The band made a guest appearance in the season finale of \"Bones\" on May 14, 2009 entitled \"The End in the Beginning\", performing the classic song \"Dr. Feelgood\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258133888244629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In a later interview, Nikki Sixx talked about the possibility of releasing new music, saying that \"We have music written, [but] it's not put together yet\". He also speculated that the band would release it in a song-by-song format as opposed to a full-length album format, elaborating with \"It's hard, to be honest with you, to spend six [or] nine months to write eleven songs—all those lyrics... everything... the vocals, the guitars, the bass, the sonics, the mixing, the mastering, the artwork. ... You put it out and nothing [happens], because now people cherry-pick songs. So we go, 'Why don't we write songs and find vehicles to get one, two or four songs to ten million people rather than eleven songs to a hundred thousand people.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896342277526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "During the tour, they played a new song \"All Bad Things\" over the speakers throughout the venue before they take the stage. On November 22, 2014 in Spokane, Washington, at the Spokane Arena, the band played the final concert of the first North American leg of The Final Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13214111328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "On January 15, 2015, it was announced that the band's career would end with international concerts in Japan, Australia, Brazil and Europe before heading out for a second leg of North American concerts throughout 2015, ending with a concert at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas on December 27, followed by three concerts at Staples Center on December 28, 30 and 31, 2015. In May 2015, The Crue and Alice Cooper himself announced a set of 12 concert dates for Europe at a conference in London. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.626139640808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "On September 19, 2015, the band played the Rock in Rio festival on the main stage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.084352493286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "*Pearl Aday - background vocals (2000) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363536834716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " id:album value:black legend:Studio_album", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477910041809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:08/20/1981 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34980583190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:09/26/1983 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318013191223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:06/21/1985 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348227500915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:05/15/1987 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342414855957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:09/01/1989 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336756706237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:03/15/1994 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34723949432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:06/24/1997 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342496871948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:03/11/2000 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371524810791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": " at:06/24/2008 color:album layer:back", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359478950500488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "*Saints of Los Angeles (2008)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245969772338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "* October 2008 – July 2009: Saints of Los Angeles Tour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262537956237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "* 2011: Glam-A-Geddon Tour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254015922546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "* 2011: Mötley Crüe England Tour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9743459224700928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mötley Crüe" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Latest News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469347953796387, "source": "search", "title": "Home - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Worldwide Release of 'Motley Crue: The End' Box Set Announced - Pre-Order Available Now!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1886489391326904, "source": "search", "title": "Home - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "A co-headlining tour with Kiss, The Tour kicked off in 2012 and included 46 shows in North America. With both bands playing their greatest hits, the concert was described by Kiss frontman Paul Stanley as “Elvis on steroids”. Garnering positive reviews for the still wildly energetic bands, The Tour was also the platform for Motley Crue to gain recognition for their single Sex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.674030303955078, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Tickets | 2016 Concert Tour Dates" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "“Saints of Los Angeles” “Wild Side” “Primal Scream” “Same Ol’ Situation (S.O.S.” “Looks That Kill” “On With the Show” “Too Fast for Love” “Smokin’ in the Boys’ Room” “Without You” “Anarchy in the U.K.” “Dr. Fellgood” “Shout at the Devil” :Don’t Go Away Mad (Just Go Away” “Live Wire” “Too Young to Fall in Love” “Girls, Girls, Girls” “Kickstart My Heart”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161316871643066, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue Tickets | 2016 Concert Tour Dates" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Want to watch this again later?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497905731201172, "source": "search", "title": "Girls Girls, Girls by Motley Crue cover by Steel City Crue ..." }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Sign in to add this video to a playlist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498863220214844, "source": "search", "title": "Girls Girls, Girls by Motley Crue cover by Steel City Crue ..." }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Rating is available when the video has been rented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.539774894714355, "source": "search", "title": "Girls Girls, Girls by Motley Crue cover by Steel City Crue ..." }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483477592468262, "source": "search", "title": "Girls Girls, Girls by Motley Crue cover by Steel City Crue ..." }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "Whenever possible, it will also contain interviews from featured artists discussing the inspiration and meaning behind their songs.   On the last Thursday of each month, we will be doing special themes that feature songs based on specific categories or years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.398110389709473, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In addition to appearing on the embedded YouTube playlist below, all songs featured on Hard Rock Music Time Machine can be listened to individually by clicking on the hyper-linked song titles above each review.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.572659492492676, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "“Take a good look in your heart, tell me what do you see?  It’s black and it’s dark, now is that how you want it to be?  It’s up to you, what you do will decide your own fate.  Make your choice now, for tomorrow may be far too late.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468910217285156, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "The fall weather brings back memories of one of the best Type-O Negative albums ever recorded.  October Rust was the band’s fourth studio album.  Even though it was not as popular as their previous album (Bloody Kisses), it was a great album chock-full of memorable songs.  While Bloody Kisses focused on the darker imagery of vampires and loneliness, October Rust dabbled with Wiccan theories and sensuality.  Their cover of Neil Young’s “Cinnamon Girl” has the perfect Type-O Negative feel: dark and dreary with a tinge of romanticism.  The band ceased to exist after the death of frontman Peter Steele, but their legacy lives on as one of the most important goth/doom metal bands ever.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.914179801940918, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Wig Wam took the glam metal world by storm in 2004 with 667 .. The Neighbour Of The Beast.  The album was re-released the following year as Hard To Be A Rock ‘N’ Roller, with bonus tracks that included radio edits of their two biggest hits.  They went on, later that year, to represented Norway at the Eurovision Song Contest with one of those hits, “In My Dreams.”  This sleazy, but hilarious and melodic title track, was the other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.872223854064941, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "Triumph followed up one of my “desert island”  albums, Allied Forces, with 1982’s Never Surrender.  While glam bands started to take off, Rik Emmett, Gil Moore and Mike Levine stuck to grassroots hard rock with signature positive themes and social statements.  “All The Way” is an upbeat, inspirational song that features encouraging cliches woven together in the lyrics, highlighted by Emmett’s vocal and lead guitar mastery.  Moore’s heavy hitting on the skins and Levine’s powerful bass help pound the message home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.235591888427734, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "ANTHRIEL –  “The Devil’s Lullaby” (2010)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40026569366455, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "The discography of Finland’s prog metal band Anthriel is brief – only 1 demo and a single full-length album – Pathways – from 2010.  “The Devil’s Lullaby” demonstrates their well-orchestrated, power-based brand of prog metal.  The song’s neo-classical flair can be heard in the various movements.  Simo Silvan’s vocals are strong and passionate, a perfect complement to the skilled musicians taking you through a tale of a twisted mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884405136108398, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "Crash Midnight may very well become the new “bad boys of rock and roll,” following in the footsteps of bands like Guns N’ Roses, Motley Crue and others.  They certainly have the musical chops and attitude to fill a void in the genre, but did they really do anything so distasteful that YouTube felt the need to censor and remove the video for “Roxy” – the band’s latest single – 72 hours after it went live?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7913970947265625, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "There was a time when adolescent boys relied upon sneaking a peek at magazines like Playboy and Penthouse or perhaps an R-rated movie on cable to see a woman’s breast.  I’m sure that I’m not the only one from my generation to “read” National Geographic to see topless African women.  And, I’m certainly not the only rock music fan to purchase Queen’s album, Jazz, for the poster that featured a slew of naked women on bicycles.  In this day and age, my youthful “exposure” to women’s breasts is laughable compared to what can be found with the click of a button online.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997330665588379, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Crash Midnight has always been passionate about their art, and unapologetic about putting their music first and not backing down from clashes with authority.  They have routinely been banned from Boston-area venues because of their wild shows and outspoken views about certain local city officials, so it’s no surprise that the band is doing whatever they can to make the uncensored video of “Roxy” available to their fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811562538146973, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "There is an inherent danger in the slippery slope of censoring art, and that’s exactly what the nudity in the video for “Roxy” represents.  It is neither gratuitous nor salacious; it is used to help tell the story behind the meaning of the song .  The video doesn’t feature disturbingly real, bloody violence, hardcore sex acts or anything that warranted its removal by YouTube.  In fact, it can be argued that there are numerous pop videos that are far more suggestive/inappropriate and, to make matters worse, they target a much younger audience than Crash Midnight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228189468383789, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "It’s 2016.  Porn is readily available to anyone with an internet connection and the ability to lie about their age.  You can find nudity and foul language on network television.  Every sporting event features commercials about erectile dysfunction.  Sexual suggestion and innuendo is so ubiquitous that it can be found on “family” shows like Family Feud.  Are we really to believe that flashing to a woman’s breast in a rock music video rises to the level of dangerous?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18257999420166, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In addition to appearing on the embedded YouTube playlists beneath each section, all songs featured on Music Discovery Monday can be listened to by clicking on the hyper-linked song titles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403604507446289, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "This week, Music Discovery Monday pays tribute to yet another fallen rock star – Jimmy Bain, bassist (Rainbow, DIO, Last In Line, and more).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.728273391723633, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Bain’s most recent work was with a band named after one of those albums, Last In Line.  It was with this band that Bain died at sea while on the Def Leppard Cruise.  Since his passing, the band has released two videos from their forthcoming album to honor their fallen bandmate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97950553894043, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "In addition to his most notable work, Bain also played with Thin Lizzy, Phil Lynott, Gary Moore and others.  Today, we celebrate his most recent work and the legendary albums where he played an integral role…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300086975097656, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "LAST IN LINE – “Starmaker”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424810409545898, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "When Ronnie James Dio left Black Sabbath, he took drummer Vinny Appice with him, and recruited former Rainbow bandmate Jimmy Bain to join him in DIO.  It was Bain who suggested Vivian Campbell to RJD.  In September of 1982, these four played together for the first time.  The magic was evident; the classic DIO lineup was born.  Together, this lineup created not only the three best DIO albums, but three of the best hard rock/heavy metal albums of all-time:  Holy Diver, The Last In Line and Sacred Heart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.318102836608887, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Three decades later, with RJD having passed away in 2010, the original members of DIO reunited to play the songs that they recorded together, under the moniker Last In Line.  You can’t replace a legend like RJD, but you can find a singer that can not only do the songs of a golden era justice, but also take the band to new heights with original material.  Enter Andrew Freeman, a passionate, talented singer with a nice resume, but far from a household name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950916290283203, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "This was the last video that Bain made before his passing.  It was scheduled to be released ahead of the release of Heavy Crown.  No one expected it to be done as part of a tribute to Bain, turning a celebratory moment into a bittersweet one.  Bain was incredibly proud of the music that Last In Line created.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233088493347168, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "“Starmaker” features the heavy bottom that Bain was famous for in his work with the likes of DIO and Rainbow.  It blends elements of each legendary band into something different and timeless.  It’s fitting that this song was Bain’s final video.  He is a “starmaker” who helped bring attention to Campbell, and now to Freeman.  This song is everything that you love about classic DIO and more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14394760131836, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "LAST IN LINE – “Blame It On Me”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446516036987305, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "“Blame It On Me” was also slated to be released as a single ahead of Last In Line’s debut album street date.  The release of the lyric video went on as scheduled as a tribute to Jimmy Bain.  The song has a more ominous, angst-ridden feel than “Starmaker.”  Lyrics like “but I remember when I was the cancer” and “it’s a God damn shame” end up being prophetically painful in light of the loss of Bain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124834060668945, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Amazingly, Bain played a rehearsal on the day of his passing; sang backing vocals and had a heavy bass strapped to his neck.  He was being treated for pneumonia, and never complained about any illness that he was dealing with.  Bain embodied the spirit of rock and roll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126480102539062, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "The tribute to Jimmy Bain continues in the Hard Rock Music Time Machine segment, as his work with Rainbow and DIO is highlighted, as well as parting thoughts from his Last In Line bandmates, still in shock over his sudden passing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03852653503418, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "While I was not among those particularly disappointed by Supercollider, it does not feel like a stretch to describe Dystopia as a “return to form” for this legendary “Big Four” band.  The addition of two new members somehow resulted in a more traditional Megadeth sound and, when you’re Megadeth, tradition is business…and business is good.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142680168151855, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Despite the presence of a new singer and a new guitarist, the first track from the forthcoming album, Generation Me, is in some respects, the same ol’ Treatment.  I mean that in a good way.  After all, their (most recent) previous release landed at #10 in my 2014 albums of the year list.  The same AC/DC vibe present on the previous record remains in evidence instrumentally this time around, while new lead vocals from Mitchell Emms (as seen on the U.K. version of The Voice) adds a different spin to the sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921653747558594, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Greek power metallers Innerwish return this March with an eponymous new album.  The musical landscape of this first release from that album switches between light plucking acoustics and full blown electric riffs with soaring vocals and hammering bass and drums, for a promising taste of what’s to come.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49872875213623, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Plaintive strings punctuated by resonant brass yield quickly to layered symphonic metal in this Italian melodic metal band’s first single from their debut album.  Guitarist/composer Aldo Turini has joined forces with producer/vocalist Alessandro del Vecchio and a host of other talent on Memory Of A Lifetime Journey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80996322631836, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Sunrise is a melodic power metal band from Kiev, Russia that has been around since 2003. “Tower of Fear” is the lead song from their new album, Absolute Clarity.  Lots of good things here: the powerful intro, lead and chorus vocals, intricate guitar work and the adept tempo changes of the tight rhythm section.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823180198669434, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "To be considered for Music Discovery Monday, please e-mail a link to the song being submitted on YouTube and an artist bio to – [email protected]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475631713867188, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "When you’re teamed up with one of the greatest singers and guitarists in hard rock/metal music history, in Ronnie James Dio and Ritchie Blackmore,  it’s easy to get overlooked.  Factor in the intense drumming of Cozy Powell, and getting noticed as the bass player becomes increasingly more challenging.  But, if you listen to this epic song more carefully, you can easily lock into the importance of Jimmy Bain’s bass playing within the confines of the music.  Bain not only locks in perfectly with Powell, he lays down a rock solid foundation that allows Blackmore the freedom to fly.  This was my first exposure to Jimmy Bain.  And though his time with Rainbow was short-lived, his impact cannot be understated.  Sadly, Bain joins Dio and Powell as departed members of an incarnation of Rainbow that produced an album for the ages in Rising.  The album cover is the band’s most iconic, and the music is still holds up as one of the greatest albums of all-time (Rainbow or otherwise).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.868186950683594, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": " As mentioned above, Jimmy Bain’s time with Rainbow was limited to one iconic studio album (Rising) and one live album (On Stage).  His limited tenure was more than enough time to make an impression on Ronnie James Dio, who recruited his former bandmate to be the bass player in DIO.  Once again, paired up with a dynamic guitar player in Vivian Campbell and a punishing drummer in Vinny Appice, Bain’s playing is not the first thing that you notice when listening to this balls-to-the-wall track, but when you listen for it, you’ll see exactly why RJD reunited with Bain when he went out on his own.  But it was more than just Bain’s bass playing that made him such a valuable asset to Dio.  In addition to a number of other songs on Holy Diver, the duo collaborated to write transcendant, timeless music that sounds as fresh today as it did in 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873126983642578, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Normally, I only feature two songs in the Hard Rock Music Time Machine segment, but the shocking loss of Jimmy Bain has caused me to deviate from the rules a bit.  As the song says…“when there’s thunder, there should be rain, but it don’t always follow the rules, no.”  Like the Holy Diver album, Bain’s writing stamp is all over The Last In Line as well.  Any number of songs could have been chosen – most of which are much less popular than “Mystery” – but this was chosen because it seemed a fitting tribute to use the one song on the album that was a pure collaboration between the duo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718969345092773, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "The music that Bain and Dio created together goes well beyond the handful of songs that were featured in this forum.  If you’re a fan of hard rock and heavy metal, it’s likely that none of these songs were actual discoveries, but they were chosen to show the hand that a vastly underrated musician had in creating them.  It seems that too many rock stars these days have become “Hungry For Heaven” way before their time.  Jimmy Bain’s passing didn’t send shockwaves through the rock and roll world like some of the more high profile names of late, but his loss is equally as great to those who were fans of his music.  RIP Jimmy!  Thank you for writing so many of the songs that made up the soundtrack of my youth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482950210571289, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Last In Line parting words…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440003395080566, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Jimmy didn’t know he had lung cancer, but he did know he had pneumonia and was receiving treatment for it. This didn’t stop him or slow him down, we had four rehearsals 4 hours a day, then a flight to Miami for The Def Leppard Rock Cruise.  A pre-sail gig and sound check was scheduled for the following day.  At the gig Jimmy played great and even sang that night while holding a heavy bass guitar on his back, never complaining or asking for help.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22103500366211, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Next day we preceded [sic] to board the cruise ship for a 5 day voyage of which we were scheduled to play Sunday the 4th day. That gig never happened as Jimmy passed away in his cabin the night before, we were devastated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43547248840332, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "He was so happy and proud of the new album we recorded, it so unfortunate and sad he didn’t live to see it released. We were all looking forward to being on the road and playing together again, there was such a magic between us.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21740436553955, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Title track from the last album to feature Doogie White on vocals, “War Nation” is just a great example of how the classic sound of the NWOBHM era can still sound strong three decades later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21684455871582, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Unlike the albums that immediately preceded or followed, Theater Of Pain only featured two official singles.  While “Smokin’ In The Boys Room” and “Home Sweet Home” helped the album to reach quadruple platinum sales (and certainly served their purpose), this track could have easily served to further highlight the more glam style of the record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164691925048828, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "“One” is a great track from one of the flagship bands of progressive metal, Fates Warning.  Expert time changes and skilled musicianship (as expected), with a highly polished, refined production sound.  Mark Zonder’s work on the drums is fantastic.  This track, (from the Disconnected album) also features frequent guests of the band: Joey Vera (Armored Saint, Anthrax) on bass and Kevin Moore (Dream Theater) on keyboards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971691131591797, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "With the freedom to push the envelope more than ever on Modern Vintage, Sixx: A.M. has taken their sound to another level, particularly with “Stars,” (arguably the best track on the album).  Fast-paced and aggressive, the song builds to a crescendo as the chorus explodes with a melodic hook and James Michael’s impassioned vocals.  DJ Ashba’s lead is as impressive as it is tasteful, adding a perfect accent within the confines of the song.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721983909606934, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue | Hard Rock Daddy" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "“This show is going to be more towards the Cirque-type, over-the-top, full-production thing,” Neil said in a conference call to announce the series. “We’re really not interested in just going out there and playing songs. We want to make a full-blown interactive [show].”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343067169189453, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue to Invade Sin City | Pearl Drums" }, { "answer": "Los Angeles", "passage": "On recent tour stops at the Hollywood Bowl and the Sunset Strip Music Festival, the band brought a high-octane stagecraft to their material, from \"Girls, Girls, Girls\" to “Saints of Los Angeles.” Details on the Vegas show were still vague, and the band members were openly considering the possibilities as they spoke with media on the conference call.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.580647468566895, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue to Invade Sin City | Pearl Drums" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "“This is Vegas and it sure would be fun to, really do it full Vegas style and have there be, some -- nudity or almost nude,” said Neil. “It would be great to do things Vegas-style where you couldn’t do some of those things in a normal arena in Ohio.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399029731750488, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue to Invade Sin City | Pearl Drums" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Motley Crue’s Las Vegas experience is scheduled to run from February 3rd- February 19th with Tickets now being available on the band’s website www.Motley.com .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1533089876174927, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue to Invade Sin City | Pearl Drums" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "Tommy Lee Rocks the E-Pro Live - Video Pearl artist, Tommy Lee, shows off his E-Pro Live kit which he used on the 2011 Motley Crue Tour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.097136497497559, "source": "search", "title": "Motley Crue to Invade Sin City | Pearl Drums" }, { "answer": "LA", "passage": "Promotional value expires Jun 12, 2011. Amount paid never expires. Limit 4 per person. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. Must show valid ID matching name on Groupon at The Pavilion Box Office at pickup.. Must provide first and last name at checkout. Non-transferable. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40886116027832, "source": "search", "title": "Up to Half Off Ticket to Mötley Crüe Concert - groupon.com" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "MÖTLEY CRÜE has also become a part of the cultural lexicon, with songs featured in films like Little Nicky and Hot Tub Time Machine. “Kickstart My Heart” was used in the award winning KIA MOTORS 2012 Super Bowl commercial, featuring Victoria’s Secret supermodel Adriana Lima and UFC legend Chuck Liddell. The song is also being used in Dodge’s 100th Anniversary spots in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4785377979278564, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "The members of the band have published a total of five New York Times Best-Selling books, including The Heroin Diaries and This Is Gonna Hurt by Nikki Sixx; Tommyland by Tommy Lee; Tattoos and Tequila by Vince Neil and the infamous The Dirt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.491973876953125, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" }, { "answer": "L A", "passage": "This capacity for reinvention and innovation is why Motley Crue continues to attract fans young and old – many who weren’t even born during the band’s early reign. That fact proves that they are the rock band for all ages and eras.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3019096851348877, "source": "search", "title": "The Band - Motley Crue" } ]

[ { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who was formerly a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, but is most famous for replacing Florence Ballard as a member of The Supremes.", "precise_score": 8.65178394317627, "rough_score": 7.666264533996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "For her first two and a half years as a Supreme, listeners did not hear Birdsong's voice on most of The Supremes' newest singles. Except for featured backgrounds on several collaborations with The Temptations, live album tracks, and some studio LP tracks, Birdsong and fellow member Mary Wilson did not sing backing vocals on the group's later singles. Session singers The Andantes substituted for Mary and Cindy on many, although not on all, cuts in subsequent Diana Ross & the Supremes albums. Both the Let the Sunshine In album and the Cream of the Crop album include tracks on which Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong sing back-up, often in tandem with the Andantes. However, Cindy can be heard doing a brief solo during \"Let the Sunshine In\" on their Farewell performance.", "precise_score": 5.320738792419434, "rough_score": 7.684463024139404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1970, Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of The Supremes. In the new group, both Mary and Cindy's voices were heard more prominently, including the three albums the group recorded with the Four Tops. The same year, Birdsong married Charles Hewlett. Birdsong continued to perform with the Supremes when she became pregnant with her son, David, Birdsong officially leaving the Supremes in April 1972, after completing the Floy Joy album's recording sessions.", "precise_score": 5.524024963378906, "rough_score": 6.875574111938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "After leaving the Supremes, Birdsong worked as a nurse at UCLA Medical Center under her married name of Cindy Hewlett, and then went to work for Suzanne de Passe at Motown Records. In 1987, Birdsong returned to singing, and released the single \"Dancing Room\" on Hi-Hat Records. Other songs were demoed, but none released. These songs included \"Ready For You\", \"Check It Out\", \"Talk is Cheap\", and \"Anatomy\".", "precise_score": 4.573554039001465, "rough_score": 7.034428596496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1983, Birdsong joined fellow former Supremes Mary Wilson and Diana Ross in a one-off reunion on the Motown 25 anniversary television special. She was an original member of the Former Ladies of the Supremes along with Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne but left to pursue a solo career in singing. Once again, she was replaced by Lynda Laurence in the group. In 1999, she reunited with the Bluebelles, who changed their name to Labelle after Birdsong's departure, for the first time in thirty-two years as the group accepted an R&B Foundation Award for Lifetime Achievement singing \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" together. In 2004, Birdsong joined former Supreme Mary Wilson and Kelly Rowland (of Destiny's Child) to perform a medley of Supreme hits for the Motown 45 anniversary television special. Today, Cindy is divorced and a minister in the Los Angeles area.", "precise_score": 7.927517890930176, "rough_score": 7.634305477142334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Following her departure from the Blue Belles, Cindy Birdsong enjoyed success as member of the Supremes, singing background on hits such as \"Stoned Love\". Birdsong prominently left the group in 1975, only sporadically recording music as a solo artist. The song, \"(Can I Speak to You Before You Go To) Hollywood\", from Pressure Cookin, was allegedly written by Hendryx as a response to Birdsong's departure, featuring each band member singing verses. Sarah Dash found some solo success after signing with Don Kirshner's label, with the disco single \"Sinner Man\". Dash eventually sang backup for the Rolling Stones and sung for Keith Richards' spinoff group X-pensive Winos. The more experimental Nona Hendryx has recorded in various genres including hard rock, hip-hop, house and new age, and charting with the singles, \"Keep It Confidential\" and \"Why Should I Cry?\" Patti LaBelle became an international solo superstar following Labelle's departure, recording crossover hits such as \"New Attitude\" and \"On My Own\", resulting in Grammy wins and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "precise_score": 7.315242767333984, "rough_score": 9.217568397521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labelle" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "*Sarah Dash (Cindy Birdsong left the group to join The Supremes, replacing Florence Ballard", "precise_score": 5.309891223907471, "rough_score": 7.034043312072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labelle" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "During the mid-1960s, the Supremes achieved mainstream success with Ross as lead singer. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy renamed the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, and replaced Ballard with Cindy Birdsong. Ross left to pursue a solo career in 1970 and was replaced by Jean Terrell, at which point the group's name reverted to the Supremes. After 1972, the lineup changed more frequently; Lynda Laurence, Scherrie Payne, and Susaye Greene all became members of the group during the mid-1970s. The Supremes disbanded in 1977 after 18 years.", "precise_score": 4.65477991104126, "rough_score": 3.4588093757629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "For her first two and a half years as a Supreme, listeners did not hear Birdsong's voice on most of The Supremes' newest singles. Except for featured backgrounds on several collaborations with The Temptations, live album tracks, and some studio LP tracks, Birdsong and fellow member Mary Wilson did not sing backing vocals on the group's later singles. Session singers The Andantes substituted for Mary and Cindy on many, although not on all, cuts in subsequent Diana Ross & the Supremes albums. Both the Let the Sunshine In album and the Cream of the Crop album include tracks on which Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong sing back-up, often in tandem with the Andantes. However, Cindy can be heard doing a brief solo during \"Let the Sunshine In\" on their Farewell performance.", "precise_score": 5.320738792419434, "rough_score": 7.684463024139404, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1970, Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of The Supremes. In the new group, both Mary and Cindy's voices were heard more prominently, including the three albums the group recorded with the Four Tops. The same year, Birdsong married Charles Hewlett. Birdsong continued to perform with the Supremes when she became pregnant with her son, David, Birdsong officially leaving the Supremes in April 1972, after completing the Floy Joy album's recording sessions. Her replacement, Lynda Laurence, who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the Floy Joy album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in late 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence. Birdsong remained with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson and Wilson's then-husband, Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager. During that period, Birdsong contributed to two albums: The Supremes (1975) and High Energy (1976). During this time-frame, Cindy recorded lead vocals on a version of \"High Energy,\" however her version has not been found. Although Birdsong is vocally present on the entire High Energy album, her replacement Susaye Greene, whose voice is only heard on the title song, appears on the album cover.", "precise_score": 4.667412281036377, "rough_score": 6.065308094024658, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "After leaving the Supremes, Birdsong worked as a nurse at UCLA Medical Center under her married name of Cindy Hewlett, and then went to work for Suzanne de Passe at Motown Records. In 1987, Birdsong returned to singing, and released the single \"Dancing Room\" on Hi-Hat Records. Other songs were demoed, but none released. These songs included \"Ready For You\", \"Check It Out\", \"Talk is Cheap\", and \"Anatomy\". In 1983, Birdsong joined fellow former Supremes Mary Wilson and Diana Ross in a one-off reunion on the Motown 25 anniversary television special. She was an original member of the Former Ladies of the Supremes along with Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne but left to pursue a solo career in singing. Once again, she was replaced by Lynda Laurence in the group. In 1999, she reunited with the Bluebelles, who changed their name to Labelle after Birdsong's departure, for the first time in thirty-two years as the group accepted an R&B Foundation Award for Lifetime Achievement singing \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" together. In 2004, Birdsong joined former Supreme Mary Wilson and Kelly Rowland (of Destiny's Child) to perform a medley of Supreme hits for the Motown 45 anniversary television special. Today, Cindy is divorced and a minister in the Los Angeles area. She is currently writing her memoirs, to be published in 2012.", "precise_score": 6.436227321624756, "rough_score": 8.223219871520996, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong writing a book… | Out in Hollywood", "precise_score": 3.8181755542755127, "rough_score": 6.897688388824463, "source": "search", "title": "Former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong writing a book ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong writing a book…", "precise_score": 4.271078586578369, "rough_score": 7.070763111114502, "source": "search", "title": "Former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong writing a book ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Cindy Birdsong net worth: Cindy Birdsong is an American singer who has a net worth of $10 million. Cindy Birdsong was born in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey in December 1939. She is best known for being a part of the Supremes and Patty LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was an original member of the female singing group LaBelle, which became known as The Bluebelles and Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles. She was featured on the popular singles \"I Sold My Heart to the Junkman\", \"Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)\", and \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". Birdsong left to replace Florence Ballard in The Supremes. The group had #1 albums with Where Did Our Love Go in 1964, I Hear a Symphony and The Supremes A' Go-Go in 1966, The Supremes Sing Holland-Dozier-Holland in 1967, and Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations in 1968. The group had #1 singles with the songs \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", Come See About Me\", Stop! In the Name of Love\", \"Back in My Arms Again\", \"I Hear a Symphony\", \"You Can't Hurry Love\", \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\", \"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\", \"The Happening\", \"Love Child\", \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\", \"Someday We'll Be Together\". Birdsong later worked as a nurse at the UCLA Medical Center.", "precise_score": 8.363541603088379, "rough_score": 8.135178565979004, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong Net Worth | Celebrity Net Worth" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "“The Supremes 1959-1977” From L-R Lynda Lawrence, Cindy Birdsong, Florence Ballard, 2nd row - Scherrie Payne, Diana Ross, Susaye Greene, 3rd row - Jean Terrell and Mary Wilson.", "precise_score": 2.0885090827941895, "rough_score": 4.6647233963012695, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Cynthia Ann “Cindy” Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer, most famous for singing with the legendary soul groups The Supremes and Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.", "precise_score": 8.62070369720459, "rough_score": 8.88565444946289, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "For her first two and a half years as a Supreme, listeners did not hear Birdsong’s voice on most of The Supremes’ newest singles. Except for featured backgrounds on several collaborations with The Temptations, live album tracks, and some studio LP tracks, Birdsong and fellow member Mary Wilson did not sing backing vocals on the group’s later singles. Session singers The Andantes substituted for Mary and Cindy on many, although not on all, cuts in subsequent Diana Ross & the Supremes albums. Both the Let the Sunshine In album and the Cream of the Crop album include tracks on which Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong sing back-up, often in tandem with the Andantes. However, Cindy can be heard doing a brief solo during “Let the Sunshine In” on their Farewell performance.", "precise_score": 5.33743953704834, "rough_score": 7.614484786987305, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1970, Jean Terrell replaced Diana Ross as lead singer of The Supremes. In the new group, both Mary and Cindy’s voices were heard more prominently, including the three albums the group recorded with the Four Tops. The same year, Birdsong married Charles Hewlett. Birdsong continued to perform with the Supremes when she became pregnant with her son, David, Birdsong officially leaving the Supremes in April 1972, after completing the Floy Joy album’s recording sessions.", "precise_score": 5.516411781311035, "rough_score": 6.744128704071045, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Her replacement, Lynda Laurence, who is Sundray Tucker’s sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the Floy Joy album cover, as Birdsong’s pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in late 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence. Birdsong remained with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson’s then-husband, Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group’s manager. During that period, Birdsong contributed to two albums: The Supremes (1975) and High Energy (1976). During this time-frame, Cindy recorded lead vocals on a version of “High Energy,” however her version has not been found. Although Birdsong is vocally present on the entire High Energy album, her replacement Susaye Greene, whose voice is only heard on the title song, appears on the album cover.", "precise_score": 3.9664087295532227, "rough_score": 3.4048821926116943, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "After leaving the Supremes, Birdsong worked as a nurse at UCLA Medical Center under her married name of Cindy Hewlett, and then went to work for Suzanne de Passe at Motown Records. In 1987, Birdsong returned to singing, and released the single “Dancing Room” on Hi-Hat Records. Other songs were demoed, but none released. These songs included “Ready For You”, “Check It Out”, “Talk is Cheap”, and “Anatomy”.", "precise_score": 4.586257457733154, "rough_score": 7.0595293045043945, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1983, Birdsong joined fellow former Supremes Mary Wilson and Diana Ross in a one-off reunion on the Motown 25 anniversary television special. She was an original member of the Former Ladies of the Supremes along with Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne but left to pursue a solo career in singing. Once again, she was replaced by Lynda Laurence in the group. In 1999, she reunited with the Bluebelles, who changed their name to Labelle after Birdsong’s departure, for the first time in thirty-two years as the group accepted an R&B Foundation Award for Lifetime Achievement singing “You’ll Never Walk Alone” together. In 2004, Birdsong joined former Supreme Mary Wilson and Kelly Rowland (of Destiny’s Child) to perform a medley of Supreme hits for the Motown 45 anniversary television special. Today, Cindy is divorced and a minister in the Los Angeles area.", "precise_score": 7.9371185302734375, "rough_score": 7.597621440887451, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "From 1963 until 1966, The Blue Belles, later Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles, found relative success on the charts and were raved for their live performances. After first performing at the Apollo Theater in 1961, the group became regular headliners at the world-famous venue, earning the nickname, The Sweethearts of the Apollo. Following the success of \"Down the Aisle\", the group would have follow-up success with \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Danny Boy\" before leaving their second label, Cameo-Parkway, for a more lucrative deal with Atlantic Records. Birdsong first met The Supremes when the group opened for them in 1963. Patti LaBelle has noted that a rivalry between the two groups developed after the Supremes were seen in the same store LaBelle and her band members were, shopping for clothes for performances. Group members reportedly were angry when the Supremes showed up on stage wearing the same outfit that they wore. The group would also befriend a fellow Motown alumus and Philly native, Tammi Terrell during that same period. The Blue Belles had some success after joining Atlantic in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's Over the Rainbow and 1967's Dreamer scoring modest charted singles such as \"All or Nothing\", \"Take Me a Little While\" and \"I'm Still Waiting\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.304089069366455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Starting in mid and late 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused to talk to her for years. Later, as the group changed their name to Labelle and embraced funk and rock music, they would record member Nona Hendryx's composition, \"(Can I Speak To You Before You Go To) Hollywood\", which was allegedly based on Birdsong. Birdsong and lead singer Patti LaBelle repaired their friendship in the early 1980s after Birdsong appeared at one of LaBelle's sold-out, standing-room concerts. In 1999, Birdsong and the other Blue Belles received a Pioneer Award from the R&B Foundation and were honored by Lauryn Hill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2746368646621704, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross & the Supremes (1968–1970)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152972221374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Post Diana Ross & the Supremes (1970–1972; 1973–1976)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207182884216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Her replacement, Lynda Laurence, who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the Floy Joy album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in late 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence. Birdsong remained with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband, Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager. During that period, Birdsong contributed to two albums: The Supremes (1975) and High Energy (1976). During this time-frame, Cindy recorded lead vocals on a version of \"High Energy,\" however her version has not been found. Although Birdsong is vocally present on the entire High Energy album, her replacement Susaye Greene, whose voice is only heard on the title song as well as \"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking,\" appears on the album cover.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0745816230773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross & the Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395527839660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "*1968 Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform \"Funny Girl\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980093002319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "*1968 Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations (w/ the Temptations)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26664924621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "*1972 The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037837028503418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "*1975 The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349211692810059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cindy Birdsong" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "As The Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre, most notably \"Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)\", \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Over the Rainbow\". After Birdsong departed to join The Supremes in 1967, the group, following the advice of Vicki Wickham, changed its look, musical direction, and style and reformed as Labelle in 1971. Their funk rock recordings of that period became cult favorites for their brash interpretation of rock and roll and for dealing with subject matter that was not typically touched by female black groups. Finally after adapting glam rock and wearing outlandish space-age and glam-rock costumes, the group found success with the proto-disco smash \"Lady Marmalade\" in 1974, leading to their parent album, Nightbirds, which achieved gold success. They are notable for being the first contemporary pop group and first black pop group to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House.They were also the first black vocal group on the cover of Rolling Stones Magazine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7280330657958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labelle" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Around this time, the group also began touring Europe, mainly in the UK, where they performed on the show, Ready, Steady, Go. During club performances, the group was backed up musically by a pub band called Bluesology, whose pianist was a teenager named Reg Dwight, later known as Elton John. Following the UK tour, the group kept in touch with one of the show's producers, Vicki Wickham. In early 1967, the group had another charted single with the song \"Take Me for a Little While\" and released their second Atlantic album, Dreamer. Around this time, Aretha Franklin had signed with Atlantic Records, leading to Atlantic to focus its efforts on her rather than on the Blue Belles. That same year, Cindy Birdsong abruptly left the group to join The Supremes, replacing original member Florence Ballard. After completing a tour where Sundray Tucker briefly rejoined the group to fill in for Birdsong, the remaining members carried on as a trio. As grittier soul and heavy rock dominated much of Atlantic's time, the group was let go from their contract in 1970. Bernard Montague, who was managing groups such as The Delfonics, also left them, leaving them seeking new managers. After nearly signing a contract with Herb Hamlett and Frankie Crocker, they eventually picked Vicki Wickham to work with them. Wickham later credited Dusty Springfield with convincing her to hire the group to perform on Ready, Steady, Go in London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.422422170639038, "source": "wiki", "title": "Labelle" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes were an American female singing group and the premier act of Motown Records during the 1960s. Founded as the Primettes in Detroit, Michigan, in 1959, the Supremes were the most commercially successful of Motown's acts and are, to date, America's most successful vocal group with 12 number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. Most of these hits were written and produced by Motown's main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. At their peak in the mid-1960s, the Supremes rivaled the Beatles in worldwide popularity, and it is said that their success made it possible for future African American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.269309043884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Founding members Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Betty McGlown, all from the Brewster-Douglass public housing project in Detroit, formed the Primettes as the sister act to the Primes (with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, who went on to form the Temptations). Barbara Martin replaced McGlown in 1960, and the group signed with Motown the following year as the Supremes. Martin left the act in early 1962, and Ross, Ballard, and Wilson carried on as a trio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202279090881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "In 1958, Florence Ballard—a junior high school student living in the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects in Detroit—met Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, two members of a Detroit male singing group known as the Primes. Since Ballard sang, as did Paul Williams' girlfriend Betty McGlown, the Primes's manager Milton Jenkins decided to create a sister group to the Primes called the Primettes. Ballard recruited her best friend Mary Wilson, who in turn recruited classmate Diane Ross. Mentored and funded by Jenkins, the Primettes began by performing hit songs by artists such as Ray Charles and the Drifters at sock hops, social clubs and talent shows around the Detroit area. Receiving additional guidance from group friend and established performer Jesse Greer, the quartet quickly earned a local fan following. The girls crafted an age-appropriate style that was inspired by the collegiate dress of popular doo-wop group Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers; and, for the most part, Ballard, Ross and Wilson performed equal leads on songs. Within a few months, guitarist Marvin Tarplin was added to the Primettes' lineup—a move that helped distinguish the group from Detroit's many other aspiring acts by allowing the girls to sing live instead of lip-synching. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.104639530181885, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "After winning a prestigious local talent contest, the Primettes' sights were set on making a record. In hopes of getting the group signed to the local upstart Motown label, in 1960 Ross asked an old neighbor, Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson, to help the group land an audition for Motown executive Berry Gordy, who had already proven himself a capable songwriter. Robinson liked \"the girls\" (as they were then known around Motown) and agreed to help, but he liked their guitarist even more; with the Primettes' permission he hired Tarplin, who became the guitarist for the Miracles. Robinson arranged for the Primettes to audition a cappella for Gordy—but Gordy, feeling the girls too young and inexperienced to be recording artists, encouraged them to return when they had graduated from high school. Undaunted, later that year the Primettes recorded a single for Lu Pine Records, a label created just for them, titled \"Tears of Sorrow\", which was backed with \"Pretty Baby\". The single failed to find an audience, however. Shortly thereafter, McGlown became engaged and left the group. Local girl Barbara Martin was McGlown's prompt replacement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31905746459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Determined to leave an impression on Gordy and join the stable of rising Motown stars, the Primettes frequented his Hitsville, U.S.A. recording studio every day after school. Eventually, they convinced Gordy to allow them to contribute hand claps and background vocals for the songs of other Motown artists including Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells. In January 1961, Gordy finally relented and agreed to sign the girls to his label – but under the condition that they change the name of their group. The Primes had by this time combined with Otis Williams & the Distants and would soon sign to Motown as the Temptations. Gordy gave Ballard a list of names to choose from that included suggestions such as \"the Darleens\", \"the Sweet Ps\", \"the Melodees\", \"the Royaltones\" and \"the Jewelettes\". Ballard chose \"the Supremes\", a name that Ross initially disliked as she felt it too masculine. Nevertheless, on January 15 the group signed with Motown as the Supremes. In the spring of 1962, Martin left the group to start a family. Thus, the newly named Supremes continued as a trio. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699872016906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Between 1961 and 1963, the Supremes released six singles, none of which charted in the Top 40 positions of the Billboard Hot 100. Jokingly referred to as the \"no-hit Supremes\" around Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. offices, the group attempted to compensate for their lack of hits by taking on any work available at the studio, including providing hand claps and singing backup for Motown artists such as Marvin Gaye and the Temptations. During these years, all three members took turns singing lead: Wilson favored soft ballads; Ballard favored soulful, hard-driving songs; and Ross favored mainstream pop songs. Most of their early material was written and produced by Berry Gordy or Smokey Robinson. In December 1963, the single \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\" peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.678479194641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "\"Lovelight\" was the first of many Supremes songs written by the Motown songwriting and production team known as Holland–Dozier–Holland. In late 1963, Berry Gordy chose Diane Ross—who began going by \"Diana\" in 1965 —as the official lead singer of the group. Ballard and Wilson were periodically given solos on Supremes albums, and Ballard continued to sing her solo number, \"People\", in concert for the next two years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.225130081176758, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In the spring of 1964, the Supremes recorded the single \"Where Did Our Love Go\". The song was originally intended by Holland-Dozier-Holland for the Marvelettes, who rejected it. Although the Supremes disliked the song, the producers coerced them into recording it. In August 1964, while the Supremes toured as part of Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" reached number one on the US pop charts, much to the surprise and delight of the group. It was also their first song to appear on the UK pop charts, where it reached number three.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659368515014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes deliberately embraced a more glamorous image than previous black performers. Much of this was accomplished at the behest of Motown chief Berry Gordy and Maxine Powell, who ran Motown's in-house finishing school and Artist Development department. Unlike many of her contemporaries, Ross sang in a thin, calm voice, and her vocal styling was matched by having all three women embellish their femininity instead of imitate the qualities of male groups. Eschewing plain appearances and basic dance routines, the Supremes appeared onstage in detailed make-up and high-fashion gowns and wigs, and performed graceful choreography created by Motown choreographer Cholly Atkins. Powell told the group to \"be prepared to perform before kings and queens.\" Gordy wanted the Supremes, like all of his performers, to be equally appealing to black and white audiences, and he sought to erase the image of black performers as being unrefined or lacking class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219695091247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Public magazines such as Time and The Detroit News commented on the Supremes' polished presentation. Time called the Supremes the \"pride of Motown Sound|[the] Detroit [sound]\" and described them as \"three thrushes who have a touch of gospel and sweet lyrics like 'I'm standing at the crossroads of love'.\" Arnold S. Hirsch of The Detroit News said about the Supremes: \"they don't scream or wail incoherently. An adult can understand nine out of every 10 words they sing. And, most astounding, melody can be clearly detected in every song.\" In addition, unlike most American vocal groups, the group members became easily identifiable by their fans, thanks partially to the cover of their album, More Hits by the Supremes, which each member was pictured separately on the front, with her signature above it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.39454460144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "By 1965, the Supremes were international stars. They toured the world, becoming almost as popular abroad as they were in the US. Almost immediately after their initial number-one hits, they recorded songs for motion picture soundtracks, appeared in the 1965 film Beach Ball, and endorsed dozens of products, at one point having their own brand of bread. By the end of 1966, their number-one hits included \"I Hear a Symphony\", \"You Can't Hurry Love\" and \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\". That year the group also released The Supremes A' Go-Go, which became the first album by an all-female group to reach number one on the US Billboard 200, knocking the Beatles' Revolver out of the top spot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697372436523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Because the Supremes were popular with white audiences as well as with black ones, Gordy had the group cater to its middle American audience with performances at renowned supper clubs such as the Copacabana in New York. Broadway and pop standards were incorporated into their repertoire alongside their own hit songs. As a result, the Supremes became one of the first black musical acts to achieve complete and sustained crossover success. Black rock and roll musicians of the 1950s had seen many of their original hit tunes covered by white musicians, with these covers usually achieving more fame and sales success than the originals. The Supremes' success, however, counteracted this trend. Featuring three group members who were marketed for their individual personalities (a move unprecedented at the time) and Diana Ross's pop-friendly voice, the Supremes broke down racial barriers with rock and roll songs underpinned by R&B stylings. The group became extremely popular both domestically and abroad, becoming one of the first black musical acts to appear regularly on television programs such as Hullabaloo, The Hollywood Palace, The Della Reese Show, and, most notably, The Ed Sullivan Show, on which they made 17 appearances. The Supremes' cross-cultural success effectively paved the way for the mainstream success of contemporaneous label mates such as the Temptations, the Four Tops and the Jackson 5.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35725212097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Personnel problems within the group and within Motown Records' stable of performers led to tension among the members of the Supremes. Many of the other Motown performers felt that Berry Gordy was lavishing too much attention upon the group and upon Ross, in particular. In early 1967, the name of the act was officially changed briefly to \"the Supremes with Diana Ross\" before changing again to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\" by mid-summer. The Miracles had become \"Smokey Robinson & the Miracles\" two years prior. The fall of 1967 saw Martha & the Vandellas become \"Martha Reeves & the Vandellas\". Having learned that Ross would receive top billing, David Ruffin lobbied, unsuccessfully, to have the Temptations renamed as \"David Ruffin & the Temptations\", although Gordy maintained that the name changes were done so that Motown could demand more money for live bookings (because they would be providing two acts—a lead singer and a group—instead of just one). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.473811149597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes' name change fueled already present rumors of a solo career for Ross and contributed to the professional and personal dismantling of the group. In fact, Gordy intended to replace Ross with Barbara Randolph as early as the fall of 1966, but changed his mind and instead kept Ross in the group for several more years. Gordy's caution may have been sparked by an incident in early 1966 as the group prepared to make their second appearance at the Copacabana. Angered by Ballard's erratic behavior, Gordy intended to replace her with Marlene Barrow, a member of the Motown in-house singing group the Andantes. However, when club management heard of this change, they threatened to cancel the group's appearance if Ballard was replaced, as they saw Ballard's banter with her group mates as a major part of their act's success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.145888328552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "As Ross became the focal point of the Supremes, Ballard felt pushed aside in the group. Depression ensued, and Ballard began to drink excessively, gaining weight until she could no longer comfortably wear many of her stage outfits. The friendship, and later the working relationship, between Ross and Ballard became strained. During this turbulent period, Ballard relied heavily upon the advice of group mate Mary Wilson, with whom she had maintained a close friendship. Wilson, while outwardly demure and neutral in hopes of keeping the group stable, privately advised Ballard that Ross and Gordy were eager to oust Ballard. Although the Supremes scored two number-one hits during the first quarter of 1967, \"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone\" and \"The Happening\", the group as a unit began to disintegrate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966282844543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Birdsong first appeared with the Supremes in Ballard's place at a benefit concert at the Hollywood Bowl on April 29, 1967. Following the performance, Gordy quickly learned that Birdsong was still contractually committed to the Blue Belles when that group's lawyers filed an injunction against him. In May, Ballard returned for what she believed was a probationary period, although in reality it was a stopgap measure until Gordy was able to buy out Birdsong's contract. During May and June, knowing that she was one step away from being dismissed, Ballard made an attempt to toe the line, slimming down and showing up to commitments on time and sober. Despite this, Birdsong was secretly traveling with the Supremes, studying their routines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.620365142822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "On June 29, 1967 the group returned to the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas billed as \"the Supremes with Diana Ross\", the first time in which Ross was billed separately from the group. One month later, Gordy renamed the group \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" putting Ross's name ahead of the group.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639212608337402, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown in early 1968 after a dispute with the label over royalties and profit sharing. The quality of Motown's output (and Diana Ross & the Supremes' records in particular) began to falter as a result. From \"Reflections\" in 1967 to \"The Weight\" in 1969, only six out of the eleven released singles reached the Top 20, and only one of those, 1968's \"Love Child\", made it to number one. Due to the tension within the group and stringent touring schedules, neither Mary Wilson nor Cindy Birdsong appear on many of these singles; they were replaced on these recordings by session singers such as the Andantes. The changes within the group and their decreasing sales were signs of changes within the music industry. The gospel-based soul of female performers such as Aretha Franklin had eclipsed the Supremes' pop-based sound, which had by now evolved to include more middle-of-the-road material. In a cultural climate now influenced more than ever by countercultural movements such as the Black Panther Party, the Supremes found themselves attacked for not being \"black enough\", and lost ground in the black music market. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.929379463195801, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In mid-1968, Motown initiated a number of high-profile collaborations for the Supremes with their old colleagues, the Temptations. Besides the fact that both groups had come up together, the pairings made financial sense: the Supremes had a mostly white fanbase, while the Temptations a mostly black fanbase. By 1969, the label began plans for a Diana Ross solo career. A number of candidates—most notably Syreeta Wright—were considered to replace Ross. After seeing 24-year-old Jean Terrell perform with her brother Ernie in Florida, Berry Gordy decided on Ross' replacement. Terrell was signed to Motown and began recording the first post-Ross Supremes songs with Wilson and Birdsong during the day, while Wilson and Birdsong toured with Ross at night. At the same time, Ross began to make her first solo recordings. In November 1969, Ross' solo career was publicly announced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.750879287719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "\"Someday We'll Be Together\" was recorded with the intent of releasing it as the first solo single for Diana Ross. Desiring a final Supremes number-one record, Gordy instead had the song released as a Diana Ross & the Supremes single, despite the fact that neither Wilson nor Birdsong sang on the record. \"Someday We'll Be Together\" hit number one on the American pop charts, becoming not only the Supremes' 12th and final number-one hit, but also the final number-one hit of the 1960s. This single also would mark the Supremes' final television appearance together with Ross, performing on The Ed Sullivan Show on December 21, 1969. The Supremes without Ross made their final appearance altogether on Ed Sullivan on February 15, 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.54393482208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes in the 1970s ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388344764709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross & the Supremes gave their final performance on January 14, 1970 at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. At the final performance, the replacement for Diana Ross, Jean Terrell, was introduced. According to Mary Wilson, after this performance, Berry Gordy wanted to replace Terrell with Syreeta Wright. Wilson refused, leading to Gordy stating that he was washing his hands of the group thereafter. This claim is also made by Mark Ribowsky. After the Frontier Hotel performance, Ross officially began her career as a solo performer. Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong continued working with Jean Terrell on the first post-Ross Supremes album, Right On. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.938343048095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Terrell-led Supremes—now rebranded as \"the Supremes;\" known unofficially at first as \"the New Supremes\", and in later years informally called \"The '70s Supremes\"—scored hits including \"Up the Ladder to the Roof\" (US number 10, UK number 6), \"Stoned Love\" (US number 7, UK number 3) and \"Nathan Jones\" (US number 16, UK number 5), all of which were produced by Frank Wilson. These three singles were also R&B Top Ten hits, with \"Stoned Love\" becoming their last No.1 R&B hit in December 1970. Songwriting/production team Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson produced another Top 20 hit for the group, a Supremes/Four Tops duet version of Ike & Tina Turner's \"River Deep – Mountain High\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0485258102417, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1972, the Supremes had their last Top 20 hit single release, \"Floy Joy\", written and produced by Smokey Robinson, followed by the final US Top 40 hit for the Jean Terrell-led version of the group, \"Automatically Sunshine\" (US number 37, UK number 10). \"Automatically Sunshine\" later became the group's final top 10 single in the UK. On both \"Floy Joy\" and \"Sunshine\" Terrell shared lead with Mary Wilson. Motown, by then moving from Detroit to Los Angeles to break into motion pictures, put only limited effort into promoting the Supremes' new material, and their popularity and sales began to wane. Cindy Birdsong left the group in April 1972, after recording the Floy Joy album, to start a family; her replacement was Lynda Laurence, a former member of Stevie Wonder's backup group, Third Generation (a predecessor to Wonderlove). Jimmy Webb was hired to produce the group's next LP, The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb, but the album and its only single \"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\" failed to make an impact on the Billboard pop chart, with the single charting at number 85.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.189384460449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In early 1973, Laurence prevailed upon her old mentor Stevie Wonder to write and produce a hit for the Supremes, but the resulting \"Bad Weather\" peaked at number 87 on the US pop charts and number 37 in the UK. Laurence can be heard briefly, shouting several times at the end of the song (the only recording on which Laurence is heard). Laurence left to start a family; her replacement: a returning Cindy Birdsong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4303488731384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Between the 1973 departures of Laurence and Terrell and the first Supremes single with Scherrie Payne, \"He's My Man\", a disco single on which Payne and Wilson shared lead vocal, Motown was slow in producing contracts for Payne and the returning Birdsong. Before the release of the album in 1975, the Supremes remained a popular live act, and continued touring overseas, particularly in the UK and Japan. The group's new recordings were not as successful as their earlier releases, although \"He's My Man\" from the album The Supremes was a popular disco hit in 1975. In 1976, Birdsong, dissatisfied with the management of the Supremes (handled at the time by Mary Wilson's then-husband Pedro Ferrer), left again and was replaced by Susaye Greene, another former member of Wonderlove.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.249212265014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "This final version of the Supremes released two albums, both of which reunited the Supremes with Holland-Dozier-Holland: High Energy, which includes Birdsong on all of the tracks, and Mary, Scherrie & Susaye. During that year, the Supremes released \"I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking\", their final Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.442264556884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "On June 12, 1977, the Supremes performed their farewell concert at the Drury Lane Theater in London and disbanded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928772926330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Works inspired by the Supremes ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452377319335938, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Several fictional works have been published that are based in part on the career of the group. The 1976 film Sparkle features the story of a Supremes-like singing trio called \"Sister & the Sisters\" from Harlem, New York. The film's score was composed by Curtis Mayfield, and the soundtrack album by Aretha Franklin was a commercial success. A remake of Sparkle was in development in the early 2000s with R&B singer Aaliyah as the lead, but the project was shelved when Aaliyah died in 2001. A remake of Sparkle eventually was released to film theaters in August 2012. The remake starred Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston, in her final film role before her death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.917481422424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "On December 21, 1981, the Tony Award-winning musical Dreamgirls opened at the Imperial Theatre on Broadway and ran for 1,522 performances. The musical, loosely based on the history of the Supremes, follows the story of the Dreams, an all-female singing trio from Chicago who become music superstars. Several of the characters in the play are analogues of real-life Supremes/Motown counterparts, with the story focusing upon the Florence Ballard doppelgänger Effie White. While influenced by the Supremes' and Motown's music, the songs in the play are a broader mix of R&B/soul and Broadway music. Mary Wilson loved the musical, but Diana Ross was reportedly angered by it and refused to see it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266234397888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "A film adaptation of Dreamgirls was released by DreamWorks and Paramount Pictures in December 2006. The film contains more overt references to Motown and the Supremes than does the play that inspired it: for example, in the film, many of the Dreams' album covers are identical in design to Supremes album covers, and the Dreams themselves hail from Detroit – not Chicago, as do their Broadway counterparts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153694152832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes were twice nominated for a Grammy Award—for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording (\"Baby Love\", 1965) and Best Contemporary Rock & Roll Group Vocal Performance (\"Stop! In the Name of Love\", 1966)—but never won an award in competition. Three of their songs have been named to the Grammy Hall of Fame: \"Where Did Our Love Go\" and \"You Keep Me Hangin' On\" (both 1999) and \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" (2001). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799175262451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The group's songs \"Stop! In the Name of Love\" and \"You Can't Hurry Love\" are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. The Ross-Wilson-Ballard lineup was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1994, and entered into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2004, Rolling Stone placed the group at number 97 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". The Supremes are notable for the influences they have had on the black girl groups who have succeeded them in popular music, such as The Three Degrees, The Emotions, The Pointer Sisters, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child and Cleopatra. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409125328063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Fan interest made the idea of a Supremes reunion tour a very profitable one during the 1980s. In 1982, around the time that Motown reunited all of the Temptations, it was rumored that Motown would reunite the Supremes. The 1974 line-up of the Supremes (Wilson, Birdsong and Payne) was considered for this reunion, which was to include new recordings and a tour. Under advisement from Berry Gordy, Wilson declined to reunite, and the idea was scrapped. Ross briefly reunited with Wilson and Birdsong to perform \"Someday We'll Be Together\" on the Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special, taped on March 25, 1983, and broadcast on NBC on May 16, 1983. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.47839641571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 2000, plans were made for Ross to join Wilson and Birdsong for a planned \"Diana Ross & the Supremes: Return to Love\" reunion tour. However, Wilson passed on the idea, because while the promoters offered Ross $15 million to perform, Wilson was offered $4 million and Birdsong less than $1 million. Ross herself offered to double the amounts both Wilson and Birdsong had originally been offered, but while Birdsong accepted, Wilson remained adamant, and as a result the deal fell through with both former Supremes. Eventually, the \"Return to Love\" tour went on as scheduled, but with Payne and Laurence joining Ross, although none of the three had ever been in the group at the same time and neither Payne nor Laurence had sung on any of the original hit recordings that they were now singing live. Susaye Greene was also considered for this tour, but refused to audition for it. The music critics cried foul and many fans were disappointed by both this and the shows' high ticket prices. Though the tour did well in larger markets including near capacity at the opening night in Philadelphia and a sellout at Madison Square Garden in New York, it under performed in smaller/medium markets. The tour was canceled after playing only half of the dates on itinerary. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8856048583984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Post-Supremes groups ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.043457984924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1986, Jean Terrell, Scherrie Payne and Lynda Laurence began to perform as \"The FLOS\": Former Ladies of the Supremes. When Terrell quit in 1992, Sundray Tucker, Laurence’s sister, stepped in for a short time, but was replaced by Freddi Poole in 1996. More recently in September 2009, Poole was replaced by Joyce Vincent, formerly of Tony Orlando and Dawn. The group, now called Former Supremes Scherrie Payne and Lynda Laurence with Joyce Vincent, are working on a new recording.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67858600616455, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Kaaren Ragland performed with Mary Wilson from 1978 though the mid-1980s. In 1989 she formed her own group called \"the Sounds of the Supremes\". She has claimed numerous times that she was a member of the Supremes because of her performances with Wilson, but she was never signed by Motown and performed with Wilson only after the Supremes disbanded in 1977 and is not considered as a member of the Supremes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.163188934326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes (aka the Primettes and Diana Ross & the Supremes)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322099685668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "The Primettes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318512916564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Primettes/The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408143997192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross & the Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395527839660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Supremes" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Cindy Birdsong | The Supremes Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7802832126617432, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In 1961, after a year performing in jubilees, sock hops and school functions, the Ordettes, then managed by respected music manager Bernard Montague, who later managed several other Philadelphia-based groups such as The Stylistics and The Delfonics, got their first deal with Harold Robinson's Newtown Records. After almost rejecting the group due to him not being initially impressed with the looks of Patsy Holt before Holt and the group sang to him during an audition, which prompted Robinson to change his mind, signing the group and changing the name of both the group (into The Blue Belles, based from a Newtown subsidiary, Blue Belle Records) and Holt's own name, from Patsy Holt to Patti LaBelle. The group had their first hit with \"I Sold My Heart to the Junkman\" in 1962 though LaBelle wrote in her memoirs that the song was actually recorded by The Starlets. When the controversy over the song winded down, the group found a hit with the ballad, \"Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)\". Birdsong was noted for her high soprano vocals in the background.From 1963 until 1967, The Blue Belles, later Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles, found relative success on the charts and were raved for their live performances. After first performing at the Apollo Theater in 1961, the group became regular headliners at the world-famous venue, earning the nickname, The Sweethearts of the Apollo. Following the success of \"Down the Aisle\", the group would have follow-up success with \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Danny Boy\" before leaving their second label, Cameo-Parkway, for a more lucrative deal with Atlantic Records. Birdsong first met The Supremes when the group opened for them in 1963. Patti LaBelle has noted that a rivalry between the two groups developed after the Supremes were seen in the same store LaBelle and her band members were, shopping for clothes for performances. Group members reportedly were angry when the Supremes were shown in the same outfit that they wore. The group would also befriend a fellow Motown alum and Philly native, Tammi Terrell during that same period. The Blue Belles had some success after joining Atlantic in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's Over the Rainbow and 1967's Dreamer scoring modest charted singles such as \"All or Nothing\", \"Take Me a Little While\" and \"I'm Still Waiting\". Starting in 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism had caused her to miss important gigs. In July 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join The Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused to talk to her for years. Later, as the group changed their name to Labelle and embraced funk and rock music, they would record member Nona Hendryx's composition, \"(Can I Speak To You Before You Go To) Hollywood\", which was allegedly based on Birdsong. Birdsong and lead singer Patti LaBelle repaired their friendship in the early 1980s after Birdsong appeared at one of LaBelle's sold-out, standing-room concerts. In 1999, Birdsong and the other Blue Belles received a Pioneer Award from the R&B Foundation and were honored by Lauryn Hill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.077419757843018, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross & The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395527839660645, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Post-Diana Ross Supremes {1970-1976}", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399986267089844, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong - The Supremes Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Then in 2000, there was the scintillating possibility of Diana, Mary and Cindy reuniting again for a concert tour but negotiations fell apart over money. Diana and Mary gave dueling interviews to Barbara Walters while Cindy stayed above the fray it seemed. Diana went on tour with two later Supremes who she had never performed with and her “Return to Love” tour was such a disaster that it had to be cancelled midway through leaving ticketholders (like me!) majorly disappointed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.20299243927002, "source": "search", "title": "Former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong writing a book ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Here are a few clips of Cindy performing as one of the Supremes. The first is Diana’s final TV appearance with the Supremes in 1970 on Ed Sullivan singing “Someday We’ll Be Together” and the second clip is a post-Ross hit “Stoned Love” with her replacement, Jean Terrell, in the lead. It’s terrific!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.08809757232666, "source": "search", "title": "Former Supremes member Cindy Birdsong writing a book ..." }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross and The Supremes in London, November 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156510353088379, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Diana Ross and The Supremes, 1967", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19815444946289, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "From 1963 until 1966, The Blue Belles, later Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles, found relative success on the charts and were raved for their live performances. After first performing at the Apollo Theater in 1961, the group became regular headliners at the world-famous venue, earning the nickname, The Sweethearts of the Apollo. Following the success of “Down the Aisle”, the group would have follow-up success with “You’ll Never Walk Alone” and “Danny Boy” before leaving their second label, Cameo-Parkway, for a more lucrative deal with Atlantic Records. Birdsong first met The Supremes when the group opened for them in 1963. Patti LaBelle has noted that a rivalry between the two groups developed after the Supremes were seen in the same store LaBelle and her band members were, shopping for clothes for performances. Group members reportedly were angry when the Supremes showed up on stage wearing the same outfit that they wore. The group would also befriend a fellow Motown alum and Philly native, Tammi Terrell during that same period. The Blue Belles had some success after joining Atlantic in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966’s Over the Rainbow and 1967’s Dreamer scoring modest charted singles such as “All or Nothing”, “Take Me a Little While” and “I’m Still Waiting”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.285930633544922, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "Starting in late 1966, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard’s bout with alcoholism had caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard’s official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused to talk to her for years. Later, as the group changed their name to Labelle and embraced funk and rock music, they would record member Nona Hendryx’s composition, “(Can I Speak To You Before You Go To) Hollywood”, which was allegedly based on Birdsong. Birdsong and lead singer Patti LaBelle repaired their friendship in the early 1980s after Birdsong appeared at one of LaBelle’s sold-out, standing-room concerts. In 1999, Birdsong and the other Blue Belles received a Pioneer Award from the R&B Foundation and were honored by Lauryn Hill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4697242975234985, "source": "search", "title": "Cindy Birdsong | Tumblr" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31661605834961, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "With twelve #1 pop singles, numerous gold recordings, soldout concerts, and regular television appearances, the Supremes were not only the most commercially successful female group of the Sixties, but among the top five pop/rock/soul acts of the decade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762017250061035, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "The Primettes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318512916564941, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes started out as a quartet known as the Primettes. In 1959 two fifteen year olds, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson, met at a talent show. Milton Jenkins, who managed a local doo wop group the Primes, wanted a sister group to accompany the Primes for stage performances. Jenkins asked  Ballard to put together such an act. Ballard remembered Wilson and the two of them brought in sixteen year old Betty Travis. Prime's member Paul Williams, recommended a fifteen year old from Detroit's Brewster Housing project Diane Ross. Jenkins named the group the Primettes after Diane's parents gave their permission to join. The Primettes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.138532638549805, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "The Primettes", "passage": "Travis was forced to quit the Primettes because her parents wanted her to pay more attention to her studies. Barbara Martin took her place, but had to leave shortly, as did Ballard, under the same parental conditions. Wilson and Ross continued to work as duo until the two improved their grades and were allowed to rejoin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218141555786133, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "In January 1961 Gordy signed them, but required them to change their name. Ballard who had formed the group named them the Supremes. Wilson and Ross initially disliked the name, but Gordy approved. By this time Ross was calling herself Diana Ross.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999662399291992, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes' first single, issued on the Tamla in April 1961 was \"I Want a Guy' and the second an R&B dance tune \"Buttered Popcorn\" with Ballard on the lead. Both went nowhere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01919174194336, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The best of their early releases \"When the Love Light Starts Shining,\" in the fall of 1963, reached #23 on the charts. By the fall of the 1964 the Supremes had released eight singles with none even making the Top 20.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212495803833008, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "\"Where Did Our Love Go,\" a Holland-Dozier-Holland song rejected by the Marvelettes, was brought to the Supremes. Nonetheless, by August \"Where Did Our Love Go\" reached #1 on the Pop and R&B charts. In a matter of weeks the Supremes went from no billing on the Dick Clark Caravan of Stars show to top billing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055742263793945, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "\"Baby Love\" followed in September 1964 and reached #1 Pop, R&B, and in the U.K. The Supremes with \"Baby Love\" became the first all girl group to reach number one in England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821423530578613, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" }, { "answer": "Supremes", "passage": "The Supremes became the first American group to have three number ones from the same album when \"Come See About Me,' released in October, reached number one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025160789489746, "source": "search", "title": "The Supremes - The History of Rock and Roll" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor, film director, and activist. He is credited with bringing a gripping realism to film acting, and is often cited as one of the greatest and most influential actors of all time. He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, today more commonly referred to as method acting. Brando is most famous for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront (1954) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972), as well as influential performances in A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), Viva Zapata! (1952), Julius Caesar (1953), The Wild One (1953), Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967), Last Tango in Paris (1972), and Apocalypse Now (1979). Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the African-American Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements.", "precise_score": 4.277945041656494, "rough_score": 3.306007146835327, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks, a critical and commercial flop, after which he delivered a series of box-office failures, beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty. After 10 years, during which he did not appear in a successful film, he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather, a role critics consider among his greatest. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time. With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris, Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars, placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973, respectively. Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks (1976). After this, he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman (1978) and The Formula (1980), before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million ($ million in inflation-adjusted dollars) and 11.75% of the gross profits for 13 days' work on Superman. He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film, Apocalypse Now, a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s.", "precise_score": 6.7352986335754395, "rough_score": 0.7012755870819092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "By the dawn of the 1970s, Brando was considered \"unbankable\". Critics were becoming increasingly dismissive of his work and he had not appeared in a box office hit since The Young Lions in 1958, the last year he had ranked as one of the Top Ten Box Office Stars. which was also the year of his last Academy Award nomination, for Sayonara. Brando's performance as Vito Corleone, the \"Don,\" in The Godfather (1972), Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of Mario Puzo's 1969 best-selling novel of the same name, was a career turning point, putting him back in the Top Ten and winning him his second Best Actor Oscar.", "precise_score": 6.8461503982543945, "rough_score": 1.1145695447921753, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild. George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a 'meat parade', saying 'I don't want any part of it.\" The third was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's The Godfather), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech detailing his criticisms.", "precise_score": 4.772550582885742, "rough_score": 5.1349334716796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Academy Awards" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "On this day in 1973, the actor Marlon Brando declines the Academy Award for Best Actor for his career-reviving performance in The Godfather. The Native American actress Sacheen Littlefeather attended the ceremony in Brando’s place, stating that the actor “very regretfully” could not accept the award, as he was protesting Hollywood’s portrayal of Native Americans in film.", "precise_score": 5.955822944641113, "rough_score": 4.306495189666748, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando declines Best Actor Oscar - Mar 27, 1973 ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Marlon Brando Rejected Oscar For 'The Godfather' - Business Insider", "precise_score": 5.146279335021973, "rough_score": 5.85888147354126, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Rejected Oscar For 'The Godfather ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "On March 5, 1973, Marlon Brando declined the Academy Award for Best Actor for his gut-wrenching performance as Vito Corleone in \"The Godfather\" — for a very unexpected reason.", "precise_score": 6.345517158508301, "rough_score": 3.908000946044922, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Rejected Oscar For 'The Godfather ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Two years before Brando declined his Oscar for Best Actor in The Godfather (1972), he had applied to the Academy to replace the one he had won for On the Waterfront (1954), which had been stolen. Prior to its theft, Brando had been using the Oscar as a doorstop.", "precise_score": 7.2474684715271, "rough_score": 1.3820393085479736, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Won his seventh, and last, Best Actor Oscar nomination in 1974, for Last Tango in Paris (1972), after he had generated much ill-will in Hollywood by refusing his Oscar for The Godfather (1972). Academy President Walter Mirisch said of the nomination, \"I think it speaks well for the Academy. It proves that voting members are interested only in performances, not in sidelights.\" Interestingly, the only other actor to refuse an Academy Award, George C. Scott , also was nominated as Best Actor the year following his snubbing of the Academy. So far, Brando, Scott and screenwriter Dudley Nichols , who refused to accept his 1935 Oscar for the movie The Informer (1935) due to a Writers Guild strike, are the only people out of more than 2,000 winners to turn down the Award.", "precise_score": 4.3465094566345215, "rough_score": -0.5305917263031006, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Both of his Oscar-winning roles have been referenced in the Oscar-winning roles of Robert De Niro . DeNiro played the younger version of his character, Vito Corleone, in The Godfather: Part II (1974). Brando's first Oscar was for On the Waterfront (1954), where his famous lines were \"I coulda had class. I coulda been a contender. I could been somebody.\" DeNiro imitates this monologue in Raging Bull (1980), which won him his second Oscar.", "precise_score": 8.180219650268555, "rough_score": 4.389327049255371, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The Brando renaissance began with 1972's The Godfather ; against the objections of Paramount, director Francis Ford Coppola cast him to play the aging head of a Mafia crime family, and according to most reports, his on-set behavior was impeccable. Onscreen, Brando was brilliant, delivering his best performance in well over a decade. He won his second Academy Award, but became the subject of much controversy when he refused the honor, instead sending one Sacheen Littlefeather -- supposedly a Native American spokeswoman, but later revealed to be a Hispanic actress -- to the Oscar telecast podium to deliver a speech attacking the U.S. government's history of crimes against the native population. Controversy continued to dog Brando upon the release of 1973's Last Tango in Paris , Bernardo Bertolucci 's masterful examination of a sexual liaison between an American widower and a young Frenchwoman; though critically acclaimed, the picture was denounced as obscene in many quarters.", "precise_score": 7.114013195037842, "rough_score": 3.3826522827148438, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Satchee, an American Indian, accepted Marlon Brando's Academy Award for \"The Godfather\" in a very memorable way - by declining it. (OTRC / Academy Awards)", "precise_score": 4.46631383895874, "rough_score": 0.9732988476753235, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando turns down &#39;Godfather&#39; Oscar - Oscar ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Throughout this Oscar season, we are looking back at some of the great moments in Academy Awards history. At the 45th Academy Awards in March 1973, Sacheen Cruz Littlefeather stepped in to refuse Marlon Brando's Oscar for Best Actor for his role in \"The Godfather.\"", "precise_score": 5.787750720977783, "rough_score": 4.404420852661133, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando turns down &#39;Godfather&#39; Oscar - Oscar ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "However, some thought Brando used the cards out of laziness or an inability to memorize his lines. Once on The Godfather set, Brando was asked why he wanted his lines printed out. He responded, \"Because I can read them that way.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.631332397460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The Godfather and Last Tango in Paris", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336967468261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Paramount production chief Robert Evans, who had given Puzo an advance to write The Godfather so that Paramount would own the movie rights, hired Coppola after many major directors had turned the movie down because he wanted an Italian-American director who could provide the movie with cultural authenticity. Coppola also came cheap. Evans was conscious of the fact that Paramount's last Mafia movie, The Brotherhood (1968) had been a box office bomb, and he believed it was partly due to the fact that the director, Martin Ritt, and the star, Kirk Douglas, were Jews and the film lacked an authentic Italian flavor. The studio originally intended the movie to be a low-budget production set in contemporary times without any major actors, but the phenomenal success of the novel gave Evans the clout to turn The Godfather into a prestige picture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334932327270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "In a 1994 interview that can be found on the Academy of Achievement website, Coppola insisted, \"The Godfather was a very unappreciated movie when we were making it. They were very unhappy with it. They didn't like the cast. They didn't like the way I was shooting it. I was always on the verge of getting fired.\" When word of this reached Brando, he threatened to walk off the picture, writing in his memoir, \"I strongly believe that directors are entitled to independence and freedom to realize their vision, though Francis left the characterizations in our hands and we had to figure out what to do.\" In a 2010 television interview with Larry King, Al Pacino also talked about how Brando's support helped him keep the role of Michael Corleone in the movie—despite the fact director Francis Ford Coppola wanted to sack him. Brando was on his best behavior during filming, buoyed by an impressive cast that included Al Pacino, Robert Duvall, James Caan and Diane Keaton. In the Vanity Fair article \"The Godfather Wars\" Mark Seals writes, \"With the actors, as in the movie, Brando served as the head of the family. He broke the ice by toasting the group with a glass of wine. 'When we were young, Brando was like the godfather of actors,' says Robert Duvall. 'I used to meet with Dustin Hoffman in Cromwell's Drugstore, and if we mentioned his name once, we mentioned it 25 times in a day.' Caan adds, 'The first day we met Brando everybody was in awe.'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.766114711761475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The actor followed The Godfather with Bernardo Bertolucci's 1972 film Last Tango in Paris opposite Maria Schneider, but Brando's highly noted performance threatened to be overshadowed by an uproar over the sexual content of the film. Brando portrays a recent American widower named Paul, who begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young, betrothed Parisian woman named Jeanne. As with previous films, Brando refused to memorize his lines for many scenes; instead, he wrote his lines on cue cards and posted them around the set for easy reference, leaving Bertolucci with the problem of keeping them out of the picture frame. The film features several intense, graphic scenes involving Brando, including Paul anally raping Jeanne using butter as a lubricant and Paul's angry, emotionally charged final confrontation with the corpse of his dead wife. The controversial movie was a hit, however, and Brando made the list of Top Ten Box Office Stars for the last time. The voting membership of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences again nominated Brando for Best Actor, his seventh nomination. Although Brando won the 1973 New York Film Critics Circle Awards, the actor did not appear at the ceremony or send a representative to pick up the award if he won.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9938971996307373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "In 1976, Brando appeared in The Missouri Breaks with his friend Jack Nicholson. The movie also reunited the actor with director Arthur Penn. Following The Godfather and Tango, Brando's performance was disappointing for some reviewers, who accused him of giving an erratic and inconsistent performance. As biographer Stefan Kanfer describes, Penn had difficulty controlling Brando, who seemed intent on going over the top with his border-ruffian-turned-contract-killer Robert E. Lee Clayton: \"Marlon made him a cross-dressing psychopath. Absent for the first hour of the movie, Clayton enters on horseback, dangling upside down, caparisoned in white buckskin, Littlefeather-style. He speaks in an Irish accent for no apparent reason. Over the next hour, also for no apparent reason, Clayton assumes the intonation of a British upper-class twit and an elderly frontier woman, complete with a granny dress and matching bonnet. Penn, who believed in letting actors do their thing, indulged Marlon all the way.\" Critics were unkind, with The Observer calling Brando's performance \"one of the most extravagant displays of grandedamerie since Sarah Bernhardt\", while The Sun complained, \"Marlon Brando at fifty-two has the sloppy belly of a sixty-two-year-old, the white hair of a seventy-two-year-old, and the lack of discipline of a precocious twelve-year-old.\" However, Kanfer noted: \"Even though his late work was met with disapproval, a re-examination shows that often, in the middle of the most pedestrian scene, there would be a sudden, luminous occurrence, a flash of the old Marlon that showed how capable he remained.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6795972585678101, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "After appearing as oil tycoon Adam Steiffel in 1980's The Formula, which was poorly received critically, Brando announced his retirement from acting. However he returned in 1989 in A Dry White Season, based on André Brink's 1979 anti-apartheid novel. Brando agreed to do the film for free, but fell out with director Euzhan Palcy over how the film was edited; he even made a rare television appearance in an interview with Connie Chung to voice his disapproval. In his memoir, he maintained that Palcy \"had cut the picture so poorly, I thought, that the inherent drama of this conflict was vague at best.\" Brando received praise for his performance, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor and winning the Best Actor Award at the Tokyo Film Festival. Brando also scored enthusiastic reviews for his caricature of his Vito Corleone role as Carmine Sabatini in 1990's The Freshman. In his original review, Roger Ebert wrote, \"There have been a lot of movies where stars have repeated the triumphs of their parts—but has any star ever done it more triumphantly than Marlon Brando does in The Freshman?\" Variety also praised Brando's performance as Sabatini and noted, \"Marlon Brando's sublime comedy performance elevates The Freshman from screwball comedy to a quirky niche in film history.\" Brando also starred alongside his friend Johnny Depp in the box office hit Don Juan DeMarco (1995) and in Depp's controversial The Brave (1997), which was never released in the United States. Later performances, such as his appearance in Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) (for which he won a Raspberry as \"Worst Supporting Actor\"), The Island of Dr. Moreau (in which he was nominated for another \"Worst Actor\" Raspberry) (1996), and his barely recognizable appearance in Free Money (1998), resulted in some of the worst reviews of his career. However, his last film, The Score (2001), was received generally positively. In the film, in which he portrays a fence, he starred with Robert De Niro, who had portrayed Vito Corleone in The Godfather Part II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6604584455490112, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "On July 1, 2004, Brando died of respiratory failure from pulmonary fibrosis with congestive heart failure at the UCLA Medical Center. He left behind 14 children (two of his children, Cheyenne and Dylan Brando, had predeceased him), as well as over 30 grandchildren. He was also survived by his sister Jocelyn. The cause of death was initially withheld, with his lawyer citing privacy concerns. He also suffered from failing eyesight caused by diabetes and liver cancer. Shortly before his death and despite needing an oxygen mask to breathe, he recorded his voice to appear in The Godfather: The Game, once again as Don Vito Corleone. However, Brando only recorded one line due to his health and an impersonator was hired to finish his lines. Some lines from his character were directly lifted from the film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.314809799194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "At the 1973 Academy Awards ceremony, Brando refused to accept the Oscar for his performance in The Godfather. Sacheen Littlefeather represented him at the ceremony. She appeared in full Apache attire and stated that owing to the \"poor treatment of Native Americans in the film industry\", Brando would not accept the award. This occurred while the standoff at Wounded Knee was ongoing. The event grabbed the attention of the US and the world media. This was considered a major event and victory for the movement by its supporters and participants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1865886449813843, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marlon Brando" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The Godfather (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.268536567687988, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Awards - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Brando’s career went into decline in the 1960s, with expensive flops such as One-Eyed Jacks (1961), which he also directed, and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962). Aside from his preternatural talent, the actor had become notorious for his moodiness and demanding on-set behavior, as well as his tumultuous off-screen life. Francis Ford Coppola, the young director of The Godfather, had to fight to get him cast in the coveted role of Vito Corleone. Brando won the role only after undergoing a screen test and cutting his fee to $250,000–far less than what he had commanded a decade earlier. With one of the most memorable screen performances of all time, Brando rejuvenated his career, and The Godfather became an almost-immediate classic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.914351940155029, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando declines Best Actor Oscar - Mar 27, 1973 ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Brando's career needed saving. \"The Godfather\" was his defibrillator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.564460754394531, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Rejected Oscar For 'The Godfather ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "\"The Godfather\"  grossed nearly $135 million nationwide , and is heralded as one of the greatest films of all time.  Pinned against pinnacles of the silver screen  — Michael Caine, Laurence Olivier, and Peter O'Toole — Brando was favored to win Best Actor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.094221115112305, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando Rejected Oscar For 'The Godfather ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "It was this period of 1951-54 that revolutionized American acting, spawning such imitators as James Dean - who modeled his acting and even his lifestyle on his hero Brando - the young Paul Newman and Steve McQueen . After Brando, every up-and-coming star with true acting talent and a brooding, alienated quality would be hailed as the \"New Brando,\" such as Warren Beatty in Kazan's Splendor in the Grass (1961). \"We are all Brando's children,\" Jack Nicholson pointed out in 1972. \"He gave us our freedom.\" He was truly \"The Godfather\" of American acting - and he was just 30 years old. Though he had a couple of failures, like Désirée (1954) and The Teahouse of the August Moon (1956), he was clearly miscast in them and hadn't sought out the parts so largely escaped blame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.71516227722168, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Frequently played young, somewhat misunderstood rebels in his youth ( A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Wild One (1953), On the Waterfront (1954)), and later powerful criminals ( The Godfather (1972), The Formula (1980), The Freshman (1990)).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256613731384277, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "He balked at the prospect of Burt Reynolds in the role of Santino Corleone in The Godfather (1972).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.067980766296387, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "He was offered a chance to reprise his role as Vito Corleone in The Godfather: Part II (1974) and Jor El in Superman II (1980), but he turned them both down due to his own credo that once he finished a role, he put it away and moved on. He turned down both films despite being offered three times more money than any of his co-stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.017523765563965, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Director Francis Ford Coppola wanted Brando to appear as Preston Tucker Jr. in his biopic of the maverick automotive executive he planned to make after he completed The Godfather: Part II (1974). Brando was not interested but did appear in Apocalypse Now (1979), the film Coppola actually did make after finishing The Godfather (1972) sequel. When Coppola finally got around to making the film Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988), he cast Jeff Bridges in the role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3713297843933105, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "According to co-producer Fred Roos , Brando was scheduled to make a cameo appearance in The Godfather: Part II (1974), specifically in the flashback at the film's ending in which Vito Corleone comes back to his home and is greeted with a surprise birthday party. In fact, he was expected the day of shooting but did not show up due to a salary dispute. According to Francis Ford Coppola , he had not been paid for The Godfather (1972) and thus would not appear in the sequel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.538535118103027, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Asked The Godfather (1972) co-star James Caan what he would want if his wishes came true. When Caan answered that he would like to be in love, Brando answered, \"Me too. But don't tell my wife.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.249944686889648, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Shortly before his death in 2004, he gave EA Games permission to use his voice for its video game The Godfather (2006).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36640453338623, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "After a decade of being considered \"box-office poison\" after the large losses generated by the big-budget remake of Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), the twin successes of The Godfather (1972) and Last Tango in Paris (1972) made Brando a superstar again. He was named the #6 and #10 top money-making star in 1972 and 1973, respectively, by the Motion Picture Herald. The top 10 box-office list was based on an annual poll of movie exhibitors in the United States as to the drawing power of stars, conducted by Quigley Publications. Brando used his unique combination of box-office power and his reputation as the greatest actor in the world to command huge salaries throughout the decade, culminating in the record $3.7 million for 12 days work paid him for Superman (1978) by Alexander Salkind and Ilya Salkind . Factored for inflation, his adjusted salary of $11.25 million in 2002 terms equals almost $1 million a day, a record that stood until Harrison Ford breached it for K-19: The Widowmaker (2002).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.066711902618408, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "In his September 1972 Playboy magazine interview, director Sam Peckinpah said that a problem with One-Eyed Jacks (1961) is that Brando would not play a villain. Peckinpah had worked on rewriting the script, which was based on the novel \"The Authentic Death of Hendry Jones\", a retelling of the Billy the Kid legend. According to Peckinpah, Billy the Kid was a genuine villain, whereas Brando's character \"Rio\" was not, thus lessening the dramatic impact of the story. He praised Brando for his acting comeback as Don Corleone in The Godfather (1972), both as the return of a great actor and as an example of Brando's newfound willingness to shuck off his old predilection and actually play a villain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.302743434906006, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The news agency Reuters, in an article about about Vanity Fair magazine's upcoming Hollywood issue, reported after his death that Brando repeatedly voiced objections to appearing in The Godfather (1972). According to Brando's friend Budd Schulberg , who won an Oscar writing the screenplay for On the Waterfront (1954), Brando repeatedly told his assistant Alice Marchak that he would not be in a film that glorified the Mafia. Schulberg said that Marchak pestered him to read the bestseller, and at one point he threw the book at her, saying, \"For the last time, I won't glorify the Mafia!\" However, Marchak noticed that Brando subsequently began toying with the idea of a mustache to play Don Corleone, at first drawing one on with an eyebrow pencil and asking her, \"How do I look?\" \"Like George Raft ,\" she replied. Marchak told Schulberg this went on for awhile, with Brando trying different mustaches, until he finally won the role after agreeing to a screen test. Among the actors he beat out for the role were Laurence Olivier , who was too sick to work on the film, and Burt Lancaster , who had offered to do a screen test for the role and was looked on favorably by Paramount brass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.297154188156128, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "A collection of personal effects from Brando's estate fetched $2,378,300 at a June 30, 2005 auction at Christie's New York. His annotated script from The Godfather (1972) was bought for a world record $312,800. \"Godfather\" memorabilia were the most sought-after items at the 6.5-hour auction, which attracted over 500 spectators and bidders and multiple telephone bids. Brando's annotated film script originally was figured to sell at between $10,000 and $15,000, but brought more than 20 times the high end of the pre-auction estimate. The previous record for a film script bought at auction was $244,500 for Clark Gable 's Gone with the Wind (1939) script, which was auctioned at Christie's New York in 1996. A letter from \"Godfather\" writer Mario Puzo to Brando asking him to consider playing the role of Don Corleone in the movie version of his novel was bought for $132,000. A photograph of Brando and former lover Rita Moreno in The Night of the Following Day (1968), the only piece of film memorabilia he kept in his Mulholland Drive home, was bought for $48,000. A transcript of a telegram from Brando to Marilyn Monroe after her 1961 nervous breakdown was bought for $36,000. His extensive library of over 3,600 books was sold in lots, some of which fetched over $45,000; many of the books were annotated in Brando's own hand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.42681884765625, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "His monumental portrayal of Vito Corleone in the masterpiece The Godfather (1972) is the #1 Greatest Movie Character of All Time in Premiere magazine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.25096321105957, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Signed on to appear in director Sidney Lumet 's adaptation of the play Child's Play (1972) as schoolteacher Joseph Dobbs, but backed out just before principal photography was to begin when he realized James Mason had the better role as his schoolteacher rival. According to Bob Thomas ' \"Brando: Portrait of the Artist as a Rebel\", Brando quit the production when he realized his flagging career would soon be revitalized by the The Godfather (1972). A last-minute replacement, Robert Preston was signed to take over the role, and though a fine actor, he bombed in the performance due to over-projection of his voice (Preston had been playing mainly in the theater in the previous decade). Brando subsequently was sued by producer David Merrick . Ironically, both Brando and Mason were rivals for the role of Viktor Komarovsky in Doctor Zhivago (1965). Both were offered the role by David Lean , and both turned the role down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.06120491027832, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Made the Top 10 Poll of Money-Making Stars, as ranked by Quigley Publications' annual survey of movie exhibitors, five times from 1954 to 1973. He debuted at #10 in 1954, and climbed to #6 in 1955 before falling off the list in 1956. He again made the list, as #4, in 1958. He did not appear on the list again until 1972, when he was ranked the #6 Box Office star after the extraordinary success of The Godfather (1972). He made one last appearance in 1973, going out as he had come onto the list, at #10.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708012580871582, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Brando's decision to send a Mexican actress named Maria Cruz--calling herself Sacheen Littlefeather --to refuse his Best Actor Oscar for The Godfather (1972) at The 45th Annual Academy Awards (1973) brought widespread condemnation. At the ceremony, Clint Eastwood remarked he did not know whether he should dedicate the Oscar he was presenting to \"all the cowboys shot in John Ford 's westerns\". Michael Caine , nominated for his performance in Sleuth (1972), angrily condemned Brando's actions while Rock Hudson remarked, \"Sometimes to be eloquent is to be silent.\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6744500398635864, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Producer Robert Evans said that Brando was signed for the role of Don Corleone in The Godfather (1972) for $50,000 plus a percentage of the gross on a sliding scale: after the film hit a $10 million threshold, Brando would receive 1% of the gross for the next $10 million and an additional 1% for every $10 million up to 5% when the film grossed over $60 million. (Thus, Brando would receive $100,000 for the second $10 million; $200,000 for the third $10 million; $300,000 for the fourth $10 million; $400,000 for the fifth $10 million; and 5% of everything above that. In desperate need of cash, Brando's attorney called Evans and requested a $100,000 advance. Charlie Bluhdorn , who owned Paramount, demanded that he surrender his points for the cash, and Brando did. Upon its release, \"The Godfather\" became the top-grossing film of all time. Evans estimated that Brando lost $11 million by selling back his points. Brando was so angry, he refused to appear in The Godfather: Part II (1974) unless he was compensated for his bad deal. Paramount refused. When the studio considered him for the lead in The Great Gatsby (1974), he pushed aside his agent and demanded an unprecedented $4 million fee, seeking to make up for his lost money. Paramount cast Robert Redford instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6717240810394287, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Had appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: On the Waterfront (1954) and The Godfather (1972).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.679763793945312, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Although he played John Cazale , James Caan and Al Pacino 's father in The Godfather (1972), he was only eleven years older than Cazale and sixteen years older than Caan and Pacino in real life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21202564239502, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Had to lose weight in order to play Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376216888427734, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "[on his unforgettable role as Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972)] I went home and did some rehearsing to satisfy my curiosity about whether I could play an Italian. I put on some makeup, stuffed Kleenex in my cheeks and worked out the characterization first in front of a mirror, then on a television monitor. After working on it, I decided I could create a characterization that would support the story. The people at Paramount saw the footage and liked it, and that's how I became the Godfather.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144756317138672, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "[on the impact of The Godfather (1972)] I'd gotten to know quite a few mafiosi, and all of them told me they loved the picture because I had played the Godfather with dignity. Even today I can't pay a check in Little Italy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358454704284668, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "When I saw The Godfather (1972) the first time, it made me sick; all I could see were my mistakes and I hated it. But years later, when I saw it on television from a different perspective, I decided it was a pretty good film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191540718078613, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "[on Al Pacino ] I didn't say much to Pacino when we were making The Godfather (1972), but I not only consider him one of the best actors in America, but in the world. I never meant anything more in my life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128181457519531, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "On The Godfather (1972), I had signs and cue cards everywhere -- on my shirt sleeves, on a watermelon and glued to the scenery. Not memorizing lines increased the illusion of reality and spontaneity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408699035644531, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "The Godfather (1972) said that a man with a briefcase can steal more money than a man with a pistol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485555648803711, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "[on claims he defamed Italian-Americans with his portrayal of The Godfather (1972)] I played an Irishman who was a freak psychopath (in The Nightcomers (1971)) and I didn't get any letters from any Irish-American organizations. It would have been difficult to make The Godfather (1972) with an eighth Chinese, a quarter Russian, a quarter Irish and an eighth Hispanic. Very difficult to take those people to Sicily and call them O'Houlihan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982192039489746, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Refused to accept his Best Actor Oscar for his role as Don Vito Corleone in 1972's The Godfather because he disapproved of Hollywood's negative depiction of Native Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.401197910308838, "source": "search", "title": "Marlon Brando | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The Godfather: Part II’ the better Best Picture? (Poll) - Goldderby", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58385181427002, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The Godfather: Part II’ the better Best Picture? (Poll)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.624817848205566, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "\"The Godfather\" series holds a special place in Oscar history, achieving an unprecedented feat. The original film won Best Picture in 1972, and then \"The Godfather: Part II\" claimed Best Picture in 1974, which is the only instance of two films winning Best Picture from the same franchise. Only a few other sequels have ever even been nominated for the top prize, and only one other has ever won: \"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\" in 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.931576728820801, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "But the most recent American Film Institute list of the top 100 American films of all time (announced in 2007) gives \"The Godfather\" the edge, placing it second behind \"Citizen Kane,\" while \"Part II\" ranks 32nd.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.89542293548584, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "babypook: Both films have terrific aspects. I'll go with \"The Godfather,\" a film which astonished me, and resurrected careers and also made them. Overall I'd say it's a family saga which rivals Luke Skywalker's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.871021270751953, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "Icky: \"The Godfather\" is one of those few near perfect movies. \"The Godfather: Part II\" is clumsy, clumsy as in graceless and needlessly fragmented. There's no reason for it to be so episodic. The flashbacks didn't do much for me. The whole parallel-between-father-and-son arc is too basic and doesn't add any tension or weight. It just makes it longer. I never quite bought into Michael's evolution from kind-hearted to cold bastard. Finally, it's kinda boring. Solid effort but not much compared to the first.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182271003723145, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." }, { "answer": "The Godfather", "passage": "4 thoughts on “Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The Godfather: Part II’ the better Best Picture? (Poll)”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079191207885742, "source": "search", "title": "Clash of the Oscar titans: Was ‘The Godfather’ or ‘The ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Stations", "passage": "The Monopoly game-board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties: (twenty-two streets (grouped into eight color groups), four railway stations and two utilities), three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, (In) Jail/Just Visiting, Free Parking, and Go to Jail. ", "precise_score": -1.6165611743927002, "rough_score": 0.5559955835342407, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Stations", "passage": "What are the train stations in Monopoly?", "precise_score": -4.78246545791626, "rough_score": -7.31621789932251, "source": "search", "title": "What are the train stations in Monopoly? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "Stations", "passage": "The train stations in Monopoly are named after four railroad lines: the Pennsylvania, the B&O, the Reading and the Short Line. The first three are named after real railroads, while the Short Line is fictitious.", "precise_score": 6.914407253265381, "rough_score": 8.31743049621582, "source": "search", "title": "What are the train stations in Monopoly? | Reference.com" }, { "answer": "Stations", "passage": "* Four railroads, players collect $25 rent if they own one station; $50 for two; $100 for three; $200 for all four. These are usually replaced by railroad stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.351621627807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Stations", "passage": "* Two utilities, rent is four times the dice value if one utility is owned, but ten times if both are owned. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. Some country editions have a fixed rent for utilities; for example, the Italian editions has a L. 2,000 ($20) rent if one utility is owned, or L. 10,000 ($100) if both are owned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284303665161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Station", "passage": "According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, the Orange property group is the best to own because players land on them more often, as a result of the Chance cards Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall), Advance to Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052353858947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Station", "passage": "In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (Kings Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road), Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road), Park Place (Park Lane), and Oriental Avenue (The Angel Islington) are the least-landed-upon properties. Among the property groups, the Railroads are most frequently landed upon, as no other group has four properties; Orange has the next highest frequency, followed by Red. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.566524505615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Station", "passage": "* Monopoly Streets: A video game played for the Xbox 360, Wii, and Playstation 3. The video game includes properties now played on a street.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.091852188110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Station", "passage": "* Monopoly Plus: A game for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 with high definition graphics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.464293479919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monopoly (game)" }, { "answer": "Station", "passage": "Building a Train Station on a Railroad for $100 in Mega Edition doubles the rent stated above. If you draw a specific card in Chance , the rent price doubles so 1 RR is $50, 2 RR is $100, 3 RR is $200, and 4 RR is $400.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401419639587402, "source": "search", "title": "Railroads - Monopoly Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "Stations", "passage": "What are the train stations in Monopoly? | Reference.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.636209964752197, "source": "search", "title": "What are the train stations in Monopoly? | Reference.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man Theme\" (also known as \"The Harry Lime Theme\") is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the film The Third Man (1949).", "precise_score": 8.380085945129395, "rough_score": 8.287550926208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Karas also performed \"The Third Man Theme\" and other zither music for the 1951–1952 syndicated radio series, The Adventures of Harry Lime, a Third Man prequel produced in London. Orson Welles reprised his role as Harry Lime. \"Whenever he entered a restaurant in those years, the band would strike up Anton Karas's \"Third Man Theme\", wrote Welles biographer Joseph McBride. ", "precise_score": 5.173356533050537, "rough_score": 7.358480453491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "The zither-based Anton Karas version excerpted from the film soundtrack was released by Decca in 1949 across Europe with different catalog numbers. It was a 10-inch 78rpm single with \"The Harry Lime theme\" on the A side and \"The Cafe Mozart Waltz\" on the B side. This became the most common version heard by European listeners. ", "precise_score": 5.484004974365234, "rough_score": 6.888577938079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man) - YouTube", "precise_score": 3.3667235374450684, "rough_score": 7.451138019561768, "source": "search", "title": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man ..." }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man)", "precise_score": 5.048062801361084, "rough_score": 7.65802001953125, "source": "search", "title": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Harry Lime Theme (Engl. The Third Man Theme ) is an instrumental composition by Anton Karas for the film The Third Man and was named after the character in the movie, Harry Lime. We're showing some post war photos of Vienna.", "precise_score": 8.868776321411133, "rough_score": 8.697210311889648, "source": "search", "title": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Harry Lime Theme\" is an instrumental written and performed by Anton Karas for the soundtrack to the film The Third Man (1949).", "precise_score": 8.847044944763184, "rough_score": 8.821571350097656, "source": "search", "title": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The tune was originally released in the U.K. in 1949, where it was known as 'The Harry Lime Theme.' Following its release in the U.S. in 1950, \"The Third Man Theme\" spent eleven weeks at number one on Billboard's U.S. Best Sellers in Stores chart. Its success led to a trend in releasing film theme music as singles.", "precise_score": 5.838375091552734, "rough_score": 7.506425380706787, "source": "search", "title": "My Choice - Anton Karas: Harry Lime Theme (Third Man ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Film Noir » Blog Archive » The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme", "precise_score": 6.642358303070068, "rough_score": 7.761251926422119, "source": "search", "title": "Film Noir » Blog Archive » The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme", "precise_score": 5.4651007652282715, "rough_score": 7.688060283660889, "source": "search", "title": "Film Noir » Blog Archive » The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The music of The Third Man is dominated by the composition created by Anton Karas, the Harry Lime Theme (also known as The Third Man). The song is used extensively throughout the film, incorporating its jovial tune into scenes often incongruous with its brightness. Its accompaniment to the imagery of the film makes the opening description of Vienna’s corruption and military occupied ethnic divisions seem comical and light-hearted, and the daunting black shadow of Harry Lime seem playful, like a game of hide and seek. Because we never actually see children in the hospital, the music diverts us from the seriousness of their deaths and rather, deceives us from actually believing they existed (apart from the teddy bear). Its satisfyingly quick tempo is reminiscent of an upbeat waltz accompanying games on a fairground.", "precise_score": 7.676878452301025, "rough_score": 7.361281394958496, "source": "search", "title": "Film Noir » Blog Archive » The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "The final time the Harry Lime Theme is heard is after his funeral, during the iconic shot of Anna walking towards the camera, right past Holly Martins. The tune is sullen and slow, as though the music finally understood the tone of the film. Yet the present song is still the Harry Lime Theme, insinuating the lingering presence of Harry’s schemes. Despite Anna’s rejection of Holly’s attempts to save her from Harry and from her life in Vienna, Holly continues to hope for her eventual reciprocation. His decision to stay in Vienna was attributable to his desire to contribute to her wellbeing, and yet she walks right past him with neither one word nor resolution.", "precise_score": 5.974484443664551, "rough_score": 7.4213547706604, "source": "search", "title": "Film Noir » Blog Archive » The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man, theme from the film score (\"Harry Lime Theme\")", "precise_score": 6.485901832580566, "rough_score": 7.801281929016113, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man, theme from the film… | Details | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "The movie put Karas' score into the foreground as much as any of the actors. The opening credits showed the strings of a zither in close-up, and the instrument was heard somewhere in virtually every scene, often as prominently as the dialogue. The \"Third Man Theme\" (also known as the \"Harry Lime Theme\") was alternately brittle, jaunty, bittersweet, romantic, wry, and even sardonic piece of music -- which fit the mood of the story and the film perfectly -- that, once heard, couldn't be forgotten.", "precise_score": 6.941534996032715, "rough_score": 7.086582660675049, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The \"Third Man Theme\" was later used on a radio series spun out of the movie's success, with Orson Welles reprising his role of Harry Lime in a somewhat more benign guise, and a television series called The Third Man, starring Michael Rennie as an international adventurer named Harry Lime and Jonathan Harris (Lost In Space) as his nervous assistant, and re-using Karas' theme again, the show ran for two seasons in the late '50s, and was in reruns for years in the '60s. The theme continued to turn up on albums, covered by instrumental rock acts, well into the '80s, while the reruns of the movie keep adding to the ranks of listeners familiar with the zither -- a 1999 nationwide theatrical reissue of a restored edition of the movie will undoubtedly continue the process.", "precise_score": 7.066982269287109, "rough_score": 8.732959747314453, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391512870788574, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man is a 1949 British film noir, directed by Carol Reed. One night after a long day of filming The Third Man on location in Vienna, Reed and cast members Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli and Orson Welles had dinner and repaired to a wine cellar. In the bistro, which retained the atmosphere of the pre-war days, they heard the zither music of Anton Karas, a 40-year-old musician who was playing there just for the tips. Reed immediately realized that this was the music he wanted for his film. Karas spoke only German, which no one in Reed's party spoke, but fellow customers translated Reed's offer to the musician that he compose and perform the soundtrack for The Third Man. Karas was reluctant since it meant traveling to England, but he finally accepted. Karas wrote and recorded the 40 minutes of music heard in the Third Man over a six-week period, after the entire film was translated for him at Shepperton Studios. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.62370491027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The composition that became famous as \"The Third Man Theme\" had long been in Karas's repertoire, but he had not played it in 15 years. \"When you play in a café, nobody stops to listen,\" Karas said. \"This tune takes a lot out of your fingers. I prefer playing 'Wien, Wien', the sort of thing one can play all night while eating sausages at the same time.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38210391998291, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "So prominent is \"The Third Man Theme\" that the image of its performance on the vibrating strings of the zither provides the background for the film's main title sequence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.538570404052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The theme became popular with audiences soon after the film's premiere, and more than half a million copies of \"The Third Man Theme\" record were sold within weeks of the film's release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.42648458480835, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The tune was originally released in the U.K. in 1949, where it was known as \"The Harry Lime Theme\". Following its release in the U.S. in 1950 (see 1950 in music), \"The Third Man Theme\" spent 11 weeks at number one on Billboards U.S. Best Sellers in Stores chart, from April 29 to July 8. Its success led to a trend in releasing film theme music as singles. A guitar version by Guy Lombardo also sold strongly. Four other versions charted in the U.S. during 1950. According to Faber and Faber, the different versions of the theme have collectively sold an estimated forty million copies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.367495536804199, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The full soundtrack album was ready for release when The Third Man came out, but there was not a lot of interest in it. Instead, labels focused on the catchy main theme and released it as a single.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.404943466186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "3rd man", "passage": "*The guitar-based version performed by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians was recorded December 9, 1949 and was released in the US by Decca under catalog number Decca 24839 (1950). It was a 78rpm 10-inch single that had \"The 3rd Man theme\" on the A side and \"The Cafe Mozart Waltz\" on the B side. This was the version most familiar to American listeners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.534048080444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "*Russ Conway recorded a honky tonk piano version of the \"The Harry Lime theme\" with Geoff Love and his Orchestra for Columbia Records in 1958. It was released as a 7-inch 45rpm single [Columbia 45-DB 4060] with \"The Lantern Slide\" on the B-side. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.14882230758667, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Lyrics to “The Third Man Theme” were written by American author and historian Walter Lord (A Night to Remember, Incredible Victory, etc.) in 1950. Sheet music for the song was sold by Chappell & Co., and it was recorded by [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeD85axEtRk Don Cherry and The Victor Young Orchestra] on May 5, 1950.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.045866966247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man Theme\" was used in a 1982 TV mail-order record collection, Aerobic Dancing [Parade LP 100A], with Sharon Barbano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.898538112640381, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man Theme\" is informally known in Japan as the \"Ebisu Beer Theme,\" which is still used in Ebisu beer commercials to this day. For this reason, it is also used at Ebisu Station on the JR Yamanote line, Saikyo Line, and Shōnan-Shinjuku Line to inform passengers of incoming trains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.871642112731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Third Man Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949) | Roger Ebert", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522933959960938, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Has there ever been a film where the music more perfectly suited the action than in Carol Reed 's \"The Third Man\"? The score was performed on a zither by Anton Karas , who was playing in a Vienna beerhouse one night when Reed heard him. The sound is jaunty but without joy, like whistling in the dark. It sets the tone; the action begins like an undergraduate lark and then reveals vicious undertones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462397575378418, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "The story begins with a spoken prologue (\"I never knew the old Vienna, before the war. . .\"). The shattered postwar city has been divided into French, American, British and Russian zones, each with its own cadre of suspicious officials. Into this sinkhole of intrigue falls an American innocent: Holly Martins (Joseph Cotton), alcoholic author of pulp Westerns. He has come at the invitation of his college chum Harry Lime. But Lime is being buried when Martins arrives in Vienna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.491398811340332, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man\" (1949) was made by men who knew the devastation of Europe at first hand. Carol Reed worked for the British Army's wartime documentary unit, and the screenplay was by Graham Greene , who not only wrote about spies but occasionally acted as one. Reed fought with David O. Selznick , his American producer, over every detail of the movie; Selznick wanted to shoot on sets, use an upbeat score and cast Noel Coward as Harry Lime. His film would have been forgotten in a week. Reed defied convention by shooting entirely on location in Vienna, where mountains of rubble stood next to gaping bomb craters, and the ruins of empire supported a desperate black market economy. And he insisted on Karas' zither music (\"The Third Man Theme\" was one of 1950's biggest hits).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.81901216506958, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Reed and his Academy Award-winning cinematographer, Robert Krasker , also devised a reckless, unforgettable visual style. More shots, I suspect, are tilted than are held straight; they suggest a world out of joint. There are fantastic oblique angles. Wide-angle lenses distort faces and locations. And the bizarre lighting makes the city into an expressionist nightmare. (During a stakeout for Lime, a little balloon man wanders onto the scene, and his shadow is a monster three stories high). Vienna in \"The Third Man\" is a more particular and unmistakable *place* than almost any other location in the history of the movies; the action fits the city like a hand slipping on a glove.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0313138961792, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "Then there are the faces: Joseph Cotton's open, naive face contrasts with the \"friends\" of Harry Lime: the corrupt \"Baron\" Kurtz (Ernst Deutsch); the shifty Dr. Winkel (Erich Ponto), the ratlike Popescu (Siegfried Breuer). Even a little boy with a rubber ball looks like a wizened imp. The only trusting faces are those of innocents like the hall porter (Paul Hoerbiger) who tells Holly, \"There was another man . . . a third man. . .\" and the beefy Sgt. Paine ( Bernard Lee ), Calloway's aide, who levels the drunken Holly with a shot to the chin and then apologizes. Even the resident exiles are corrupt; Crabbin ( Wilfrid Hyde-White ), the head of the discussion group, chatters about culture while smoothly maneuvering his mistress out of sight through doors and up stairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.822238802909851, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "As for Harry Lime: He allows Orson Welles to make the most famous entrance in the history of the movies, and one of the most famous speeches. By the time Lime finally appears we have almost forgotten Welles is even *in* the movie. The sequence is unforgettable: the meow of the cat in the doorway, the big shoes, the defiant challenge by Holly, the light in the window, and then the shot, pushing in, on Lime's face, enigmatic and teasing, as if two college chums had been caught playing a naughty prank.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.601916313171387, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "The emotional heart of the movie is Holly's infatuation with Anna, who will love Harry and be grateful to him no matter what she learns. The scenes between Holly and Anna are enriched by tiny details, as when they visit Harry's apartment and she opens a drawer without looking--because she already knows what will be inside. Or the way she sometimes slips and calls Holly \"Harry.\" Everyone in the movie has trouble with names. Holly calls Calloway \"Callahan,\" and Dr. Winkle insists on \"VINK-ell!\" And the name on Harry Lime's tombstone is wrong, too.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.719146251678467, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The chase sequence in \"The Third Man\" is another joining of the right action with the right location. Harry escapes into the sewer system like a cornered rat, and Reed edits the pursuit into long, echoing, empty sewer vistas, and closeups of Lime's sweaty face, his eyes darting for a way out. Presumably there would be no lights in the Vienna sewers, but there are strong light sources just out of sight behind every corner, throwing elongated shadows, backlighting Harry and his pursuers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1753454208374023, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The final scene in \"The Third Man\" is a long, elegiac sigh. It almost did not exist. Selznick and Greene originally wanted a happy ending. (Greene originally wrote, \". . . her hand was through his arm\"). Reed convinced Greene he was wrong. The movie ends as it begins, in a cemetery, and then Calloway gives Holly a ride back to town. They pass Anna walking on the roadside. Holly asks to be let out of the jeep. He stands under a tree, waiting for her. She walks toward him, past him, and then out of frame, never looking. After a long pause, Holly lights a cigarette and wearily throws away the match. Joseph Cotten recalled later that he thought the scene would end sooner. But Reed kept the camera running, making it an unusually long shot, and absolutely perfect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.670644760131836, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man\" reflects the optimism of Americans and the bone-weariness of Europe after the war. It's a story about grownups and children: Adults like Calloway, who has seen at first hand the results of Lime's crimes, and children like the trusting Holly, who believes in the simplified good and evil of his Western novels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.581822395324707, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man\" is like the exhausted aftermath of \" Casablanca .\" Both have heroes who are American exiles, awash in a world of treachery and black market intrigue. Both heroes love a woman battered by the war. But \"Casablanca\" is bathed in the hope of victory, while \"The Third Man\" already reflects the Cold War years of paranoia, betrayal and the Bomb. The hero doesn't get the girl in either movie--but in \"Casablanca,\" Ilsa stays with the resistance leader to help in his fight, while in \"The Third Man\" Anna remains loyal to a rat. Yet Harry Lime saved Anna, a displaced person who faced certain death. Holly will never understand what Anna did to survive the war, and Anna has absolutely no desire to tell him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.778351783752441, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Of all the movies I have seen, this one most completely embodies the romance of going to the movies. I saw it first on a rainy day in a tiny, smoke-filled cinema on the Left Bank in Paris. It told a story of existential loss and betrayal. It was weary and knowing, and its glorious style was an act of defiance against the corrupt world it pictured. Seeing it, I realized how many Hollywood movies were like the pulp Westerns that Holly Martins wrote: naive formulas supplying happy endings for passive consumption. I read the other day that they plan to remake \"The Third Man.\" Do you think Anna will cave in to Holly--or will she remain true to her bitter cynicism and unspeakable knowledge?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714611053466797, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man Movie Review & Film Summary (1949 ..." }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Theme from the Third Man Anton Karas, zither - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860708236694336, "source": "search", "title": "Theme from the Third Man Anton Karas, zither - YouTube" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Theme from the Third Man Anton Karas, zither", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.165903091430664, "source": "search", "title": "Theme from the Third Man Anton Karas, zither - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "The tune is designated as Harry Lime’s theme to represent his mischievous yet whimsical past of trickery. Anna and Holly’s recollection of “Harry as a boy” exemplified his knack for deception: he was able to feign sick the day before the exam, always knew how to escape situations unscathed and undetected. His quick-witted resourcefulness is reflective in Karas’s composition—triumphant and spirited without fear or hesitation. However, the tune’s liveliness lessens towards the conclusion of the film. The manhunt for Harry Lime in the sewers hindered his confidence to scheme his way out. He acknowledged his limited options: either he succumbs to the law and is sent to prison or he figures an alternative escape plan in an almost impossible situation. His encounter with Holly Martins relieved him of his dissonance; by opting to be murdered by Holly Martins, his long-time friend, Harry avoided being reprimanded for his multiple crimes. The tune plays briefly in this scene, indicating another one of Harry’s schemes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.497239589691162, "source": "search", "title": "Film Noir » Blog Archive » The Third Man: Harry Lime Theme" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man, theme from the film… | Details | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.430947303771973, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man, theme from the film… | Details | AllMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "By some reckoning, Anton Karas was the quintessential one-hit wonder, a man associated the world over with one song, and one song only, \"The Third Man Theme\" (also known as \"The Harry Lime Theme.\") Few musicians, however, ever did more to insinuate the sound of a single, relatively obscure musical instrument on the consciousness of the world -- Karas and the \"Third Man Theme\" did for the zither what George Harrison and a handful of Beatles tunes did for the sitar, only in a much bigger way, selling many millions of copies. That piece of music turned Karas into a wealthy man after 28 years of toiling in obscurity in relative poverty in Vienna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.466408729553223, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "British director Carol Reed was in Vienna shooting a thriller called The Third Man, based on a story by Graham Greene. Most of the details of the final film had been worked out, but not the music -- Reed had decided that there would not be any Johann Strauss waltzes, but not what would be used for the score. One night, he was passing by a Heuriger, a wine tavern where growers offer their own wines for sale directly, and heard Karas' playing in the background. Reed had never heard a zither before and found the sound to be attractive. He approached Karas and persuaded him to play for him at his hotel, where he made a recording and brought back to the studio to test. He liked the effect when the zither's sound was placed against the recorded dialogue and, ignoring the protests of many around him, hired Karas and brought him to London for 12 weeks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.620847702026367, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "It wasn't always a harmonious time in London, as Karas, who had never traveled outside of Austria before, quickly grew homesick. Reed (in whose home Karas stayed -- with Reed's wife Penelope translating German and English between them) promised to let him return home after the score was completed. Karas screened the movie hundreds of times, devising music for each scene. The Third Man ended up with a vast amount of music, scored in virtually every scene of its 104 minutes. Ironically, the piece that became known as the \"Third Man Theme\" was something that Karas had written two decades earlier and hadn't played in over 15 years. As he later explained to Reed, playing the zither for a whole night for tips was hard work, and one tended to play the easiest pieces the most often, to save the fingers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.834863662719727, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man was finished and prepared for release, and Reed and the production company, London Films, tried to raise interest in it through the music. None of the record companies, however, was interested in recording Karas or releasing the \"Third Man Theme.\" The music was too strange and different, and although British movies had produced some soundtrack successes in the past, those were usually more conventional light classical pieces, such as Richard Addinsell's Rachmaninov-like \"Warsaw Concerto,\" not a jangly piece of music played on a central European folk instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.690115928649902, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "Finally, the movie opened in late 1949 in England, and within days requests started to be heard at record stores. Word quickly filtered back up the line to the record companies, and England's Decca label (London Records in the U.S.) cut the single, and then an accompanying LP, the jacket of which used the black silhouette of the mysterious Harry Lime (the Orson Welles character associated with the theme) against a red background.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.784106731414795, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Karas recorded a several follow-ups to \"The Third Man Theme,\" and even wrote a \"Karol Theme\" in tribute to Carol Reed, but none took off in the same way. He was able to retire from performing for a living, however -- by the early '50s, he'd bought his own Heuriger, named \"The Winehouse at the Sign of the Third Man\" and only played and recorded for pleasure after that. In his performances, audiences were often puzzled by the fact that he saved \"The Third Man Theme\" for last, preferring to play Viennese folk songs and popular standards (even \"In the Mood\"), and then proceeded on some occasions to finish with the hit, playing 30 minutes of variations on \"The Third Man Theme.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.928313255310059, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Other zither players never got it to sound just right. The truth was that as recorded for the movie, \"The Third Man Theme\" was one of the first practical examples of overdubbing on a hit record, rivaling Les Paul's work -- Karas had gotten just the right effect working underneath Reed's kitchen table, and had gotten the piece just right by recording and mixing more than one zither part.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.947049140930176, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "By some reckoning, Anton Karas was the quintessential one-hit wonder, a man associated the world over with one song, and one song only, \"The Third Man Theme\" (also known as \"The Harry Lime Theme.\") Few musicians, however, ever did more to insinuate the sound of a single, relatively obscure musical instrument on the consciousness of the world -- Karas and the \"Third Man Theme\" did for the zither what George Harrison and a handful of Beatles tunes did for the sitar, only in a much bigger way, selling many millions of copies. That piece of music turned Karas into a wealthy man after 28 years of toiling in obscurity in relative poverty in Vienna. Karas was born in Vienna in 1906, the son of an automobile worker. He began playing the zither -- a stringed instrument vaguely similar to an autoharp -- at age 12. By 1921, at age 15, he was earning a living of sorts entertaining patrons for tips in Vienna's taverns. Karas remained in the city throughout the tumultuous years of the rise of Nazi sympathies and the German takeover, the war, and the Allied occupation that followed. He supported a wife and three children on as little as $15 a week in those days, and then, in September of 1948 (some sources say the spring of 1949), fate took a hand. British director Carol Reed was in Vienna shooting a thriller called The Third Man, based on a story by Graham Greene. Most of the details of the final film had been worked out, but not the music -- Reed had decided that there would not be any Johann Strauss waltzes, but not what would be used for the score. One night, he was passing by a Heuriger, a wine tavern where growers offer their own wines for sale directly, and heard Karas' playing in the background. Reed had never heard a zither before and found the sound to be attractive. He approached Karas and persuaded him to play for him at his hotel, where he made a recording and brought back to the studio to test. He liked the effect when the zither's sound was placed against the recorded dialogue and, ignoring the protests of many around him, hired Karas and brought him to London for 12 weeks. It wasn't always a harmonious time in London, as Karas, who had never traveled outside of Austria before, quickly grew homesick. Reed (in whose home Karas stayed -- with Reed's wife Penelope translating German and English between them) promised to let him return home after the score was completed. Karas screened the movie hundreds of times, devising music for each scene. The Third Man ended up with a vast amount of music, scored in virtually every scene of its 104 minutes. Ironically, the piece that became known as the \"Third Man Theme\" was something that Karas had written two decades earlier and hadn't played in over 15 years. As he later explained to Reed, playing the zither for a whole night for tips was hard work, and one tended to play the easiest pieces the most often, to save the fingers. The movie put Karas' score into the foreground as much as any of the actors. The opening credits showed the strings of a zither in close-up, and the instrument was heard somewhere in virtually every scene, often as prominently as the dialogue. The \"Third Man Theme\" (also known as the \"Harry Lime Theme\") was alternately brittle, jaunty, bittersweet, romantic, wry, and even sardonic piece of music -- which fit the mood of the story and the film perfectly -- that, once heard, couldn't be forgotten. The Third Man was finished and prepared for release, and Reed and the production company, London Films, tried to raise interest in it through the music. None of the record companies, however, was interested in recording Karas or releasing the \"Third Man Theme.\" The music was too strange and different, and although British movies had produced some soundtrack successes in the past, those were usually more conventional light classical pieces, such as Richard Addinsell's Rachmaninov-like \"Warsaw Concerto,\" not a jangly piece of music played on a central European folk instrument. Finally, the movie opened in late 1949 in England, and within days requests started to be heard at record stores. Word quickly filtered back up the line to the record companies, and England's Decca label (London Records in the U.S.) cut the single, and then an accompanying LP, the jacket of which used the black silhouette of the mysterious Harry Lime (the Orson Welles character associated with the theme) against a red background. The single sold a half-million copies in its first month of release, an astonishing number in postwar England, and became a number one hit in England and later in America, where the movie didn't open until 1950. At least 13 cover versions appeared, recorded on everything from guitars to organ, and sheet music sales, transcribed for either piano or guitar, were huge as well. Karas, who'd returned to Vienna immediately after seeing the movie at its opening in London, didn't know about these events for several weeks -- he was back at his old place, playing for tips. Then the messages began coming in, from the film's production company, music publishers, and finally the Royal Family, with invited him back to London for a command performance. Bookings for performances in England followed and, with the help of the Selznick Organization, which distributed the movie in the United States, he came to America. Karas recorded a several follow-ups to \"The Third Man Theme,\" and even wrote a \"Karol Theme\" in tribute to Carol Reed, but none took off in the same way. He was able to retire from performing for a living, however -- by the early '50s, he'd bought his own Heuriger, named \"The Winehouse at the Sign of the Third Man\" and only played and recorded for pleasure after that. In his performances, audiences were often puzzled by the fact that he saved \"The Third Man Theme\" for last, preferring to play Viennese folk songs and popular standards (even \"In the Mood\"), and then proceeded on some occasions to finish with the hit, playing 30 minutes of variations on \"The Third Man Theme.\" Other zither players never got it to sound just right. The truth was that as recorded for the movie, \"The Third Man Theme\" was one of the first practical examples of overdubbing on a hit record, rivaling Les Paul's work -- Karas had gotten just the right effect working underneath Reed's kitchen table, and had gotten the piece just right by recording and mixing more than one zither part. Karas later re-recorded the theme several times, and it was also covered by instrumental acts such as the Shadows. Meanwhile, he'd started a zither craze -- not only did he get to cut several albums during the early '50s, but suddenly there was serious international demand for zither music. One musician, Ruth Welcome, recorded at least a half-dozen LPs of the instrument in the United States. And even Edward D. Wood, Jr., the renowned bargain basement auteur, was inspired by Karas' theme. He wanted to use a zither as the source of background music for his 1954 crime-drama Jail Bait, but zither virtuosi were hard to come by in Hollywood, especially in Wood's non-existent price-range, so he tracked in classical guitar music to the finished film instead. The \"Third Man Theme\" was later used on a radio series spun out of the movie's success, with Orson Welles reprising his role of Harry Lime in a somewhat more benign guise, and a television series called The Third Man, starring Michael Rennie as an international adventurer named Harry Lime and Jonathan Harris (Lost In Space) as his nervous assistant, and re-using Karas' theme again, the show ran for two seasons in the late '50s, and was in reruns for years in the '60s. The theme continued to turn up on albums, covered by instrumental rock acts, well into the '80s, while the reruns of the movie keep adding to the ranks of listeners familiar with the zither -- a 1999 nationwide theatrical reissue of a restored edition of the movie will undoubtedly continue the process. ~ Bruce Eder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.461528778076172, "source": "search", "title": "Anton Karas on Apple Music - iTunes" }, { "answer": "Third man", "passage": "THIRD MAN MUSEUM :: the collection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497902870178223, "source": "search", "title": "THIRD MAN MUSEUM :: the collection" }, { "answer": "Third man", "passage": "THIRD MAN MUSEUM   |   COLLECTION STRASSGSCHWANDTNER OPEN EVERY SATURDAY 2 -6 PM | EXCLUSIVE GUIDED TOURS AVAILABLE ANY DAY UPON REQUEST Pressgasse 25, 1040 Vienna, Austria, Tel. +43-1-5864872 [email protected] , www.3mpc.net  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526567459106445, "source": "search", "title": "THIRD MAN MUSEUM :: the collection" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The THIRD MAN MUSEUM is THE place to go for film fans and all those interested in the post-war history of Vienna. Private museum without sponsors and without subsidies, but a 100% passion ! The Third Man”, a British-American production filmed in post-war Vienna, opened in London in 1949 and became a huge box-office success all over the (Western) world. It made the simple musician Anton Karas a world star. Our collection shows items from premieres as well as from numerous rereleases from more than 20 different countries: Great Britain, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, Spain, Mexico, New Zealand... In 13 rooms 2300 original exhibits and documents are on display: 420 cover versions of the \"Harry Lime Theme\", the zither used by Anton Karas to record the film music, original scripts, cameras used on location in Vienna, a short screening with a projector from the time, the cap of Little Hansel and much more... The THIRD MAN MUSEUM is the project of two enthusiasts: Gerhard Strassgschwandtner and Karin Höfler. Specialists and generalists, they have created the museum themselves from scratch. A completely rounded piece of work, with no outsourcing, the Third Man Museum contains much heart and soul. And you can feel it! To enable you to “take home” our collection, two catalogues are available in the museum shop: The museum catalogue and the catalogue on post-war Vienna. Click > here  for more information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.035583972930908, "source": "search", "title": "THIRD MAN MUSEUM :: the collection" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "All about the film classic ‘The Third Man’ and Vienna after World War II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94151496887207, "source": "search", "title": "THIRD MAN MUSEUM :: the collection" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346558570861816, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "Pulp novelist Holly Martins travels to shadowy, postwar Vienna, only to find himself investigating the mysterious death of an old friend, Harry Lime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.563413143157959, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Title: The Third Man (1949)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287115097045898, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "An out of work pulp fiction novelist, Holly Martins, arrives in a post war Vienna divided into sectors by the victorious allies, and where a shortage of supplies has lead to a flourishing black market. He arrives at the invitation of an ex-school friend, Harry Lime, who has offered him a job, only to discover that Lime has recently died in a peculiar traffic accident. From talking to Lime's friends and associates Martins soon notices that some of the stories are inconsistent, and determines to discover what really happened to Harry Lime. Written by Mark Thompson <[email protected]>", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1078920364379883, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "3rd man", "passage": "The 3rd Man See more  »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45720100402832, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "In the sewer, before putting his fingers through the grate, Harry Lime holds the stair's supporting pole with his right hand, but the gun should be in his hand, as displayed before and after this shot. See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6202137470245361, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "In a bombed-out Vienna just after WWII, novelist Holly Martins (Joseph Cotten) arrives from America to renew a friendship with his childhood buddy, Harry Lime (Orson Welles). Much to the dismay of Holly, a freak auto accident has recently killed his friend, according to those who knew Harry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9861051440238953, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The film's story is okay. But what makes \"The Third Man\" really interesting is the B&W cinematography, by Robert Krasker. Unlike most films, camera movement here is restricted, so as to draw attention to each frame's geometry. Typically in this film, a frame is tilted at an angle so that both vertical and horizontal points of reference are off-kilter. Frame images thus become a series of diagonal straight lines and curves. Further, very high-contrast lighting, especially in outdoor scenes at night, creates a bizarre, almost nightmarish look and feel, and are suggestive of German Expressionism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644399642944336, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "\"The Third Man\" tells an interestingly bleak story, set in a bleak, desolate urban environment, rendered truly mesmerizing by the creatively surreal B&W cinematography.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89893913269043, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man (1949) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "The Third Man (TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174849510192871, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "Harry Lime makes money dealing art and solves crime to save his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.829695224761963, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "When the body of Italian partisan who was last seen with Harry Lime during World War II is discovered at the end of a glacier, Harry returns to the Alps to face retribution from the agent's former ...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6490293741226196, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "In New York City, Mr. Clark of James Clark Home Enterprises, hires Harry Lime to deliver a $5 million dollar check - at a castle located in Soain, in exchange for 10% - $50,000. When Harry arrives in...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1639623641967773, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "The Third Man", "passage": "Title: The Third Man (1959–1965)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113523483276367, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "James Mason had been considered for the part of Harry Lime, but Michael Rennie ended up in the role. See more »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.252962589263916, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Harry Lime", "passage": "Harry Lime in the 1949 movie is a charming, totally amoral character. In the 1951 radio series, (an episode of which can be heard on the Criterion Collection DVD of the film), which also starred Orson Welles, he is a charming adventurer of dubious reputation who is not as ammoral as people think he is. In the TV show, as played by Michael Rennie, he's a rather conservative businessman whose reputation seems to have been a case of mistaken identity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.18607759475708, "source": "search", "title": "The Third Man ( TV Series 1959–1965) - IMDb" } ]

[ { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Programs offered by City Parks Foundation include free performing arts festivals such as Central Park SummerStage and the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival, which take place annually each summer in parks across all five boroughs of New York City. Sports programs include free instruction for city youth with CityParks Tennis, CityParks Golf, CityParks Track & Field, and the first of its kind, Junior Golf Center located adjacent to the Dyker Beach Public Golf Course in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, and CityParks Seniors Fitness. CityParks Education offers several educational programs turning parks into classrooms, reaching over 7,000 students and community members and 500 teachers each year. Programs include \"Coastal Classroom,\" \"Green Girls,\" \"CityParks Productions,\" \"Learning Gardens,\" and \"Seeds to Trees.\"", "precise_score": 5.519094944000244, "rough_score": 6.655472278594971, "source": "wiki", "title": "City Parks Foundation" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival is New York City's annual salute to the legendary saxophonist. City Parks Foundation is proud to celebrate this histories festival, featuring contemporaries of Charlie Parker as well as young jazz musicians that continue to shape and drive the art form.", "precise_score": 9.378750801086426, "rough_score": 9.311893463134766, "source": "search", "title": "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival - City Parks Foundation" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "The 2016 Charlie Parker Jazz Festival featured performances from Jason Lindner: Breeding Ground, Antoinette Montague, DJ Greg Caz, Randy Weston African Rhythms Sextet, Cory Henry & The Funk Apostles, The Artistry of Jazzmeia Horn, Charles Turner III, DeJohnette - Holland - Moran, Allan Harris, Donny McCaslin Group and Grace Kelly.", "precise_score": 4.67471170425415, "rough_score": 7.745710849761963, "source": "search", "title": "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival - City Parks Foundation" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival | The Official Guide to New York City", "precise_score": 9.10433578491211, "rough_score": 9.282511711120605, "source": "search", "title": "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival | The Official Guide to New ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "New York, NY: City Parks Foundation is proud to announce the 22nd edition of the Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. Founded in memoriam of beloved jazz musician Charlie Parker, this festival annually attracts thousands of fans to two historic parks in Manhattan. The festival will kick off in Marcus Garvey Park in Harlem, blocks from the famous jazz clubs where Parker graced the stage, and move to Tompkins Square Park in the East Village on Sunday, just across the street from the late Parker’s apartment.", "precise_score": 9.372695922851562, "rough_score": 8.977931022644043, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC, August 28 2016, 3:00PM", "precise_score": 9.695795059204102, "rough_score": 9.86358642578125, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "The City Parks Foundation is the only independent, nonprofit organization to offer programs in parks throughout the five boroughs of New York City. The organization works in over 750 parks citywide, presenting a broad range of free arts, sports, and education programs. Founded in 1989, City Parks Foundation is one of the oldest and largest citywide parks organizations in the country, and it is the only independent, nonprofit organization to offer programming in parks throughout the five boroughs of New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.563207626342773, "source": "wiki", "title": "City Parks Foundation" }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "In addition, City Parks Foundation partners with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to offer Partnerships for Parks, an organization that supports the activity of over 60,000 volunteers in parks each year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.778973579406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "City Parks Foundation" }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Manhattan, NY", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154179573059082, "source": "search", "title": "Charlie Parker Jazz Festival | The Official Guide to New ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Come join us to celebrate Charlie Parker’s legacy – both to New York City and to the world of jazz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.312993049621582, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Wallace Roney earned the admiration and respect of his colleagues and his elders since age 16. He has been an integral part of the band with Tony Williams, Ornette Coleman, Art Blakey, Elvin Jones, Philly Joe Jones, Walter Davis Jr., Herbie Hancock, Jay McShann, David Murray, McCoy Tyner, Sonny Rollins, Curtis Fuller, Carole King, Joni Mitchell, and Dizzy Gillespie to name a few. He was one of the few musicians in his generation who learned and perfected his craft directly from alliances with Jazz Masters. But his most important and meaningful relationship was with Miles Davis. Wallace was mentored by Miles Davis after Miles heard him in 1983 at his birthday gala performance in Carnegie Hall. Their association peaked when Miles chose Wallace to share the stage at his historic performance in Montreux in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645151138305664, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "In what must be one of the grandest musical gestures imaginable, Wayne Shorter, one of the most important composers in the history of Jazz music and arguably the greatest living composer in Jazz today, bestowed on to Wallace Roney the scores to two large scale, large ensemble pieces that Wayne conceived and composed for Miles when he was still in the band but were never recorded (or even performed) and told Wallace he was now the person who could best fully realize these works. These two major works, Legend (composed in 1967) and Universe (composed in 1968 and 69) are amazing in their scope and breadth (they are written for as many as 18 pieces, including english horn, bassoon, french horn, flutes and clarinet along with more traditional instrumentation) and show Wayne to already be a fully formed masterful composer and orchestrator of large scale works at this early date in his career. Wayne also included a third unrecorded composition, Twin Dragon which was written for Miles in 1981 at his request as he was looking for material to perform for his comeback. Wallace Roney, who has performed and recorded with Wayne and was Miles Davis' only protégé, has become a pivotal artist on the scene in his own right. With his vast experience with these great artists, he is clearly the right choice to bring this important music to life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317092895507812, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Hailed as a “gentle virtuoso\" by Jon Pareles of The New York Times, guitarist/vocalist Lionel Loueke follows up his acclaimed Blue Note releases Karibu and Mwaliko with the extraordinary Heritage. Co-produced by piano great and Blue Note label mate Robert Glasper, Heritage finds Loueke at the helm of a new lineup with a more electric sound. In addition, Loueke, long known for his nylon-string acoustic guitar, does not feature that instrument on Heritage. He transitions to steel-string acoustic and electric guitars A veteran of bands led by Terence Blanchard and Herbie Hancock, Loueke is bringing jazz into vibrant contact with the sounds of West Africa, in particular his native Benin. The title Heritage is a direct reference to his personal odyssey. “I have two heritages,\" Loueke says. “One is from my ancestors from Africa, and that goes through my music, my body, my soul, every aspect of what I do. But also I have the heritage from the Occident, from the West, from Europe and the U.S. I speak English, I speak French, and I have that heritage too. I called this album Heritage because I've been blessed by all different parts of the world, and most of the songs reflect that.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.126411437988281, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "25-year old-Chilean saxophonist and composer Melissa Aldana had already caught the ears of the New York jazz scene before winning the prestigious Thelonious Monk International Jazz Competition last September - the first female instrumentalist and first South American to do so in the history of the competition. Now the entire world are discovering her. She picked up the saxophone by age 6, inspired by her father Marcos Aldana - himself a world class saxophonist - and he taught her how to transcribe the solos of great saxophonists - not least Charlie Parker. On stage she is joined by her “Crash Trio\" featuring bassist Pablo Menares, also from Chile, & Cuban drummer Francisco Mela (dr) as she was on her forthcoming June 17 Concord Records album also entitled “Melissa Aldana & Crash Trio”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.518746376037598, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "This classically trained crooner is a soul singer for the ages and a writer for our times. Starting at four years old, Chris Turner was a member of the Kairos Youth Choir, at nine with the San Francisco Opera Company, the Young Musicians Program at the University of California (YMP), the School of the Arts (SOTA) in San Francisco and was the featured vocalist for the SF Jazz High School All-Stars. In the GRAMMY High School Jazz Ensemble, he performed with many GRAMMY artists. Chris graduated from the New School University for Jazz and Contemporary Music. Chris has toured worldwide with Esperanza Spalding and Bilal and he recently opened for Gregory Porter at Town Hall in NYC. He performed on BET “106 & Park\" as a MusicMatters “Artist To Watch” and premiered his first single, “Liquid Love”. Chris currently has a digital mix tape called “LOVElife Is A Challenge” and is featured on new recordings by Eric Harland, Kris Bowers, and Harvey Mason Sr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.18441390991211, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Kenny Barron / Cindy Blackman Santana / Craig Handy & 2nd Line Smith / Brianna Thomas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156551361083984, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "NYS", "passage": "When Kenny Barron first heard that the National Endowment for the Arts inducted him into its prestigious Jazz Masters class of 2010, he felt honored to be among the greats of the music who have also received the U.S.’s top honor in jazz. “I was excited at the acknowledgment of my service,” says the 66-year pianist whose solo career has also garnered him numerous awards in jazz critics and readers polls. “I’ve been playing music for a long time, and this award reflects that I’ve made a significant contribution.” One of the most renowned, most lyrical—and busiest—pianists in jazz today, Barron is a multiple-Grammy nominee, was honored with induction into the American Jazz Hall of Fame (2005), and received the MAC Lifetime Achievement Award (2005) and the Mid Atlantic Arts Living Legacy Award (2009). Also in 2009, Barron was inducted as a Fellow in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an esteemed honorary society and center for independent policy research. As a composer, arranger and bandleader, Barron has spent five decades at the forefront of the jazz piano aristocracy. An in-demand sideman in his early days on the jazz scene, the Philadelphia native launched his solo career in 1973 with Sunset to Dawn, released by Muse Records. He has recorded more than forty albums as a leader, including his latest, The Traveler, in 2008, on Universal France/Sunnyside.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.165534019470215, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Cindy Blackman Santana is a virtuoso drummer whose artistry spans the realms of jazz and rock. As a bandleader and as a musician, Cindy is a sound innovator with a passion for pushing creative boundaries and exploring movement and change. She is as known for the nuances and colors she brings to her beats and fills as she is for the sheer power of her soulful playing. Cindy has been creating magnificent musical time and space since the beginning of her career as a busking street performer in New York City in the ’80s through the present day, touring the globe and making albums at the top of her game— both with her own bands as well as artists like Pharoah Sanders, Cassandra Wilson, Bill Laswell, Joss Stone, Joe Henderson, Buckethead, Don Pullen, Hugh Masakela, Lenny Kravitz and Angela Bofill. Most recently, Cindy has been sitting in with Santana. While substituting for Dennis Chambers at a Santana show in early 2010, Cindy and Carlos sparked a relationship, on and off the stage, that led to their Marriage in 2010. In addition to her work with Another Lifetime, Cindy & Carlos plan to collaborate on projects that will no doubt reflect their shared passion for improvisation, and belief in the transcendent nature of music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.645578384399414, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Born in Oakland, CA, as a music-hungry youngster, Craig Handy experimented on guitar, trombone, and piano before settling on his first true love, the saxophone. His distinctive sound and authentic instrumental prowess were immediately noticed by artists of stature. Handy moved to New York in 1986 and began several associations with formidable artists including Herbie Hancock, Dee Dee Bridgewater, master drummers Art Blakey and Roy Haynes, South African melodist Abdullah Ibrahim, and the Mingus Dynasty Band. For the past several years, Handy has recorded or toured consistently with guitarist John Scofield, trumpeter Charles Tolliver, the John Hicks Legacy Band, and most notably The Cookers - a collective of stalwart leaders renowned for playing that simmers or surges to a boiling point - with brethren Billy Harper, George Cables, Eddie Henderson, Billy Hart, Cecil McBee, and David Weiss. In 2014, Handy returns as an original bandleader and party-starter for his new touring and recording project. Titled Craig Handy & 2nd Line Smith, Handy draws from his fondness for the music of New Orleans, smack attached to the groove-filled re-imaginings of originals and standards by the late, great organist Jimmy Smith. The release includes cameos by Dee Dee Bridgewater and Wynton Marsalis while filling a rotating drum chair with Jason Marsalis, Herlin Riley, Ali Jackson, and Steve Williams. But the band at the core of the recording springs out of Handy’s current residence in Weehawken, NJ, and shines a light on organist Kyle Koehler, guitarist Matt Chertkoff, and sousaphonist Clark Gayton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766356468200684, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "According to Will Friedwald at The Wall Street Journal, vocalist Brianna Thomas “... may well be the best young straight-ahead jazz singer of her generation.\" Thomas was born and raised in Peoria, IL where she first cut her teeth as a performer. Initially taught and influenced by her Father, drummer and vocalist Charlie Thomas, Brianna comes from a rich background of diverse musical influences. Brianna moved to NYC in 2007 to attend college at The New School University and has since established herself as a talented vocalist on the scene today. Since graduating in 2011 she has performed with jazz greats Wycliffe Gordon, Wynton Marsalis, Russell Malone, The Legendary Count Basie Orchestra and longtime hero Dianne Reeves. Thomas has also performed Nationally and Internationally ranging from the “Women In Jazz Festival\" at Jazz At Lincoln Center to the prestigious Montreaux, Umbria, Bern and Sochi Jazz Festivals. Brianna recently released her debut album “You Must Believe In Love\" Feb 17th 2014 on Sound On Purpose Records. The best illustration of Ms Thomas is given by the words of legendary trombonist and Jazz Messenger Curtis Fuller : “a marvelous new artist who has all it takes to reach the top of the jazz profession and music in general.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0376081466674805, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "City Parks Foundation (CPF) is the only independent, nonprofit organization to offer park programs throughout the five boroughs of New York City. We work in over 750 parks citywide, presenting a broad range of free arts, sports, and education programs, and empowering citizens to support their parks on a local level. Our programs and community building initiatives reach more than 600,000 people each year, contributing to the revitalization of neighborhoods throughout New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416182518005371, "source": "search", "title": "City Parks Foundation Presents The Charlie Parker Jazz ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Free Events, Free Things to Do in New York City!   Read More", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060689926147461, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "January 20, 2017. New York City (NYC) never ceases to amaze you with quantity and quality of its free culture and free entertainment whether it's summer or winter, spring or fall, January or June, May or September.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69316291809082, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "New York's cultural scene is at its busiest in October and March (and the same goes for free events, free things to do), but other months of the year still offer incredible amount of high quality, off the beaten path, unique free events, free things to do which will take your breath away!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114078521728516, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "So start using these unique New York City opportunities today, January 20, 2017!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.774503707885742, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "Jason Moran - Pianist and composer Jason Moran has established himself as a risk-taker and innovator of new directions for jazz as a whole. For more than a decade, Moran and his trio The Bandwagon have dazzled audiences at elite venues worldwide, including the Village Vanguard in New York, the Newport Jazz Festival, and the North Sea Jazz Festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.610886573791504, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "Ny", "passage": "Donny McCaslin - Acclaimed saxophonist Donny McCaslin takes a bold leap forward with his tenth album as a leader, Casting for Gravity. McCaslin’s gargantuan tenor sound finds an ideal setting to rampage through in the ferocious grooves and electronic textures of keyboardist Jason Lindner, bassist Tim Lefebvre, and drummer Mark Guiliana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046833038330078, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." }, { "answer": "New York", "passage": "New York City ( NYC )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654438018798828, "source": "search", "title": "The Charlie Parker Jazz Festival. New York City, NYC ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Police Officer", "passage": "Fern H Reynolds and Burton Milo Reynolds are the parents of Burt Reynolds. Waycross, Georgia is the birth place of Burt Reynolds. His father was a part of Unites States Army. After some time his father became the chief police of Riviera Beach. This beach is adjacent to West Palm Beach which is located in north. He has completed his schooling from Palm Beach high School. In his school he used to participate in all the competitions which were related to acting and theatre. In his childhood he was a very intelligent student. He received a large number of scholarships. He completed his graduation from Florida State University. He was a great football player in his college days. He even won a scholarship for playing football. When he was in college he met with an accident. The accident gave him an injury and his football career ended with that accident. He never played football after that accident. He never thought of acting to be his career. After he ended up with his football career he aimed to become a police officer. When he got a scholarship to Hype Park Playhouse, he dropped his plan for becoming a police officer and went to New York for Summer Stock Theater. He found this job more interesting than the job of police officer.", "precise_score": 5.184240341186523, "rough_score": 6.518118858337402, "source": "search", "title": "Burt Reynolds Net Worth Money and More - Rich Glare" }, { "answer": "Police Officer", "passage": "Reynolds is the son of Fern H. (née Miller; 1902–92) and Burton Milo Reynolds (1906–2002). He has English, Scottish, Scots-Irish and Dutch ancestry, and is also said to have Cherokee roots. In his 2014 book, But Enough About Me, Reynolds said his mother was Italian. Reynolds was born in Lansing, Michigan, on February 11, 1936, and in his autobiography stated that is where his family lived when his father was drafted into the United States Army. Reynolds, his mother and sister joined his father at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and lived there for two years. When Reynolds' father was sent to Europe, the family moved to Lake City, Michigan, where his mother had been raised. In 1946, the family moved to Riviera Beach, Florida. His father became Chief of Police of Riviera Beach, which is adjacent to the north of West Palm Beach, Florida. During 10th grade at Palm Beach High School, Reynolds was named First Team All State and All Southern as a fullback, and received multiple scholarship offers. After graduating from Palm Beach High in West Palm Beach, he attended Florida State University on a football scholarship and played halfback. While at Florida State, Reynolds became roommates with now notable college football broadcaster and analyst Lee Corso. Reynolds hoped to be named to All-American teams and to have a career in professional football, but he was injured in the first game of his sophomore season, and a car accident later that year worsened the injury. With his university football career over, Reynolds considered becoming a police officer, but his father suggested that he finish university and become a parole officer. To keep up with his studies, he began taking classes at Palm Beach Junior College (PBJC) in neighboring Lake Worth. In his first term at PBJC, Reynolds was in an English class taught by Watson B. Duncan III. Duncan pushed Reynolds into trying out for a play he was producing, Outward Bound. He cast Reynolds in the lead role based on having heard Reynolds read Shakespeare in class. Reynolds won the 1956 Florida State Drama Award for his performance in Outward Bound, and called Duncan his mentor and the most influential person in his life. While at Florida State, he became a brother of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9848661422729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Burt Reynolds" }, { "answer": "Police Officer", "passage": "He wanted to become a professional footballer but in the first season he was injured and had another injury in a car accident. This ended his hopes for a football career and after that he thought of becoming a police officer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38258171081543, "source": "search", "title": "Burt Reynolds Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 21 | 1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie", "precise_score": -3.1596102714538574, "rough_score": -6.794310569763184, "source": "search", "title": "1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie", "precise_score": -2.862974166870117, "rough_score": -5.783519268035889, "source": "search", "title": "1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A Pan Am jumbo jet with 258 passengers on board has crashed on to the town of Lockerbie near the Scottish borders.", "precise_score": 7.359476089477539, "rough_score": 7.4955525398254395, "source": "search", "title": "1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The scene of devastation caused by the explosion of a 747 Pan Am jumbo jet over Lockerbie, Dec. 22, 1988.", "precise_score": 0.1381758451461792, "rough_score": 3.6895358562469482, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The scene of devastation caused by the crash of a 747 Pan Am Jumbo jet into Lockerbie, Scottland on Dec. 22, 1988 .", "precise_score": 1.789165735244751, "rough_score": 4.226909637451172, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Libya ignored Western fury at his hero's welcome and poured oil on the fire by accusing Britain of seeking commercial advantage. Megrahi is the only person found guilty of involvement in the deadly December 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over the Scottish town of Lockerbie. ", "precise_score": -2.259018659591675, "rough_score": -6.738396167755127, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie high street on the morning of the 25th anniversary of the air disaster on December 21, 2013 in Lockerbie, Scotland. ", "precise_score": -0.47714120149612427, "rough_score": -7.235574245452881, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The plane left Heathrow about 25 minutes behind schedule at 6:25 P.M. (1:25 P.M., New York time). It disappeared from air controllers' radar scopes 52 minutes later, shortly before a series of explosions and fires were reported on the ground in the Scottish village of Lockerbie, according to witnesses and official accounts. [The Associated Press quoted authorities as initially saying that the plane may have hit a hillside in the hamlet of Corrie, six miles from Lockerbie, and that debris was strewn across the countryside.] ''The aircraft is reported to have hit two rows of houses, which have been demolished by the impact, and also to have hit vehicles on the highway,'' said a spokesman for the Royal Air Force's rescue and coordination center near Edinburgh. Houses and cars along the highway to Glasgow were still blazing fiercely several hours after the crash, he said. There were no survivors in these houses, about 40 in all, The Associated Press reported.", "precise_score": -1.8675955533981323, "rough_score": -7.196913242340088, "source": "search", "title": "JETLINER CARRYING 258 TO U.S CRASHES IN SCOTTISH TOWN" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "(lŏk`ərbē), village (1991 pop. 3,892), Scotland, site of a 1988 airplane crash. On Dec. 21, 1988, a New York–bound Pan Am Boeing 747 exploded in flight as a result of a terrorist bomb and crashed in and around Lockerbie. The crash killed all 259 people aboard and 11 on the ground. In Nov., 1991, the U.S. Dept. of Justice indicted two Libyan intelligence agents for the bombing; Libya was also implicated in the similar 1989 bombing of a French UTA DC-10 over Niger in which 170 people died. After the imposition (1992) of economic sanctions by the United Nations and long negotiations, Libya turned the suspects over in 1999, and they were sent to the Netherlands for trial (under Scottish law). After a nine-month trial, one of the two defendants was found guilty (2001) and sentenced to life imprisonment; the other was acquitted. In 2003, after Libya acknowledged involvement in the Lockerbie bombing and agreed to settlements with the families of the victims of the two bombings, the UN Security Council lifted its sanctions. A Scottish judicial review board, however, ruled in 2007 that the convicted defendant, Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, had legitimate grounds for a new appeal based on new evidence and questionable testimony at the trial. Megrahi, terminally ill with cancer, began a new appeal in 2009 but subsequently withdrew it and was released on compassionate grounds; he died in 2012.", "precise_score": -3.689716100692749, "rough_score": -8.347845077514648, "source": "search", "title": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie is the first large town north of the Scottish Border on the main road and rail routes from Carlisle to Glasgow. It has been bypassed by the main A74 since 1973 and the M74 since 1995, but the railway station close to the centre of the town on the main West Coast Main Line remains active.", "precise_score": -5.445179462432861, "rough_score": -4.96001672744751, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie had been home to Scotland's largest lamb market since the 1700s but the arrival of the Caledonian Railway increased further its role in the cross-border trade in sheep. The railway also produced a lowering in the price of coal, allowing a gas works to be built in the town in 1855.", "precise_score": -9.17607593536377, "rough_score": -7.807240009307861, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The name of Lockerbie is, of course, known worldwide because of the tragedy that took place here on Wednesday 21 December 1988. At 7.03pm a bomb on board a Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet, Pan American Flight 103 en route from London to New York, exploded over Lockerbie, bringing the aircraft down on and around the town. 243 passengers, 16 crew and 11 residents of Lockerbie were killed. The 270 victims ranged in age from 2 months to 82 years and came from 21 nations.", "precise_score": -1.2654058933258057, "rough_score": -6.020575046539307, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The Lockerbie Bombing tells the story of the devastating terrorist attack on a Pan Am jumbo jet in the skies above the Scottish town 25 years ago, and is made by one of the first journalists to arrive on the scene", "precise_score": 4.403536319732666, "rough_score": 7.786343574523926, "source": "search", "title": "Video: New documentary on Lockerbie Bombing revealed ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The Lockerbie Bombing is produced by Alan Clements, who with his then girlfriend, and now wife, Kirsty Wark, was despatched by the BBC to the small Scottish town as news of the disaster began to break.", "precise_score": -3.212088108062744, "rough_score": -3.1978933811187744, "source": "search", "title": "Video: New documentary on Lockerbie Bombing revealed ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The devastating terrorist attack on a Pan Am jumbo jet in the skies above the Scottish town in 1988 is retold in a moving new documentary, The Lockerbie Bombing, made by one of the first journalists to arrive on the scene", "precise_score": 5.313818454742432, "rough_score": 8.327534675598145, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "(lŏk`ərbē), village (1991 pop. 3,892), Scotland, site of a 1988 airplane crash. On Dec. 21, 1988, a New York–bound Pan Am Boeing 747 exploded in flight as a result of a terrorist bomb and crashed in and around Lockerbie. The crash killed all 259 people aboard and 11 on the ground. In Nov., 1991, the U.S. Dept. of Justice indicted two Libyan intelligence agents for the bombing; Libya was also implicated in the similar 1989 bombing of a French UTA DC-10 over Niger in which 170 people died. After the imposition (1992) of economic sanctions by the United Nations and long negotiations, Libya turned the suspects over in 1999, and they were sent to the Netherlands for trial (under Scottish law). After a nine-month trial, one of the two defendants was found guilty (2001) and sentenced to life imprisonment; the other was acquitted. In 2003, after Libya acknowledged involvement in the Lockerbie bombing and agreed to settlements with the families of the victims of the two bombings, the UN Security Council lifted its sanctions. A Scottish judicial review board, however, ruled in 2007 that the convicted defendant, Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, had legitimate grounds for a new appeal based on new evidence and questionable testimony at the trial. Megrahi, terminally ill with cancer, began a new appeal in 2009 but subsequently withdrew it and was released on compassionate grounds; he died in 2012.", "precise_score": -3.689716100692749, "rough_score": -8.347845077514648, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "It is thought the plane would have been flying at about 31,000 ft over Lockerbie when it exploded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277257919311523, "source": "search", "title": "1988: Jumbo jet crashes onto Lockerbie - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later - Pictures - CBS News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.353890419006348, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A policeman walks away from the cockpit of the 747 Pan Am airliner that exploded over and crashed into Lockerbie, Scotland, Dec. 22, 1988. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.012046813964844, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The flight was on route from London to New York with 259 passengers on board. All 243 passengers and 16 crew members were killed as well as 11 Lockerbie residents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285022735595703, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A view taken December 22, 1988, of pieces of the wreckage of the 747 Pan Am airliner that exploded and crashed over Lockerbie, Scotland. All 243 passengers and 16 crew members were killed as well as 11 Lockerbie residents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.897485733032227, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Policemen stand near the wreckage of the 747 Pan Am airliner that exploded over and crashed onto Lockerbie, Scotland, Dec. 22, 1988. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.572044372558594, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Convicted Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset Ali Mohmet al-Megrahi is escorted by security officers in Tripoli, February 18, 1992. Al-Megrahi, who was serving life with a minimum term of 27 years over the downing of Pan Am Flight 103, was freed from a British jail on compassionate grounds in 2009 owing to his prostate cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218640327453613, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie, Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78060245513916, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A member of the public pays her respects to the people who died in the Lockerbie Air Disaster, in the Garden of Remembrance, at Dryfesdale Cemetery in Lockerbie, Scotland, Dec. 20, 1998, to mark the 10th Anniversary of the bombing of the airliner. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.372355461120605, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Dan Cohen holds up a picture of his daughter Theodora, who was killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, while speaking to the press outside the U.S. State Department, in Washington D.C., March 12, 2003. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.618147850036621, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Libya agreed to take some responsibility for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing and pay billions of dollars in compensation to the families of the victims, U.S. officials said. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.124892234802246, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Libyan newspapers' front-page stories on freed Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset Ali Mohmet al-Megrahi's return to Libya are displayed at a stall in Tripoli on August 22, 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350143432617188, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie 2013", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.471405029296875, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A woman reads the names of those who were killed in the Lockerbie air disaster on the 25th anniversary of the tragedy, at the memorial wall in Dryfesdale cemetery on December 21, 2013 in Lockerbie, Scotland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.483046531677246, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Tributes to those killed in the Lockerbie air disaster sit next to the memorial wall in Dryfesdale cemetery in Lockerbie on the day of the 25th anniversary of the disaster on December 21, 2013 in Lockerbie, Scotland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.41643238067627, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A handwritten card is seen on a wreath laid by the main memorial stone, in memory of a victim of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing, in the garden of remembrance at Dryfesdale Cemetery, near Lockerbie, Scotland. Saturday Dec. 21, 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497031211853027, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie, Scotland - Pan Am 103 bombing, 25 years later ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Mike Carnahan, who lives two miles south of Lockerbie, said: ''I was driving past the filling station when the aircraft crashed. The whole sky lit up and the sky was actually raining fire. It was just like liquid.''", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.027427673339844, "source": "search", "title": "JETLINER CARRYING 258 TO U.S CRASHES IN SCOTTISH TOWN" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Eleven residents of the town of Lockerbie along with all 259 passengers and crew aboard the flight were killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624394416809082, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened In... Lockerbie - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A row of houses in Lockerbie's Sherwood Crescent was turned into an inferno by the falling wing of the plane, leaving just a smoldering crater behind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.084390640258789, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened In... Lockerbie - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "It Happened in... Lockerbie is the story of the events of that evening told by some of the residents of the town, including Father Patrick Keegans, whose home on Sherwood Crescent was the only one in the area left standing intact, and George Stobbs, one of the first policemen on the scene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.431588172912598, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened In... Lockerbie - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "It Happened in... Lockerbie airs from Thursday, August 21, 2009 at the following times GMT: Thursday: 16030 and 2330; Friday: 0630 and 1400; Saturday: 0300 and 2030.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945174217224121, "source": "search", "title": "It Happened In... Lockerbie - Al Jazeera English" }, { "answer": "Tundergarth", "passage": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551441192626953, "source": "search", "title": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Tundergarth", "passage": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551441192626953, "source": "search", "title": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Tundergarth", "passage": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Tundergarth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453180313110352, "source": "search", "title": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393192291259766, "source": "search", "title": "Tundergarth | Article about Tundergarth by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846508979797363, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "It seems likely that Lockerbie has existed since at least the days of Viking influence in this part of Scotland in the period around AD900. The name means Loki's Village in Old Norse. The presence of the remains of a Roman camp a mile to the west of the town suggests its origins may be even earlier. Lockerbie first entered recorded history, as Lokardebi, in 1306.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196202278137207, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie's main period of growth started in 1730 when the landowners, the Johnstone family, made plots of land available along the line of the High Street, producing in effect a semi-planned settlement. By 1750 Lockerbie had become a significant town, and from the 1780s it was a staging post on the carriage route from Glasgow to London.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941994667053223, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Perhaps the most important period of growth was during the 1800s. The century started well, with the construction of Thomas Telford's Carlisle to Glasgow road through Lockerbie from 1816. And it got better when the Caledonian Railway opened the line from Carlisle to Beattock through Lockerbie in 1847 and later all the way to Glasgow. From 1863 until 1953 Lockerbie was also a railway junction, serving a short branch line to Lochmaben.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777560234069824, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Much of Lockerbie is built from a red stone that can seem gloomy on a dull day or remarkably bright in the sun. As a result the weather can dramatically change the appearance and feel of the town. There are a number of particularly imposing buildings near the centre, none more so than the Town Hall, finished in 1880, complete with its impressive clock tower.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115545272827148, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "A little to the north of the centre is the Dryfesdale Parish Church, whose red stone exterior is outdone by its brightly decorated interior. The name Dryfesdale comes from the local river, the Dryfe Water, which joins the River Annan a little to the west of the town. Less well known and a mile and a half south of Lockerbie is the fascinating Ukrainian Chapel at the old Hallmuir Prisoner of War Camp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966471672058105, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The disaster is remembered in a number of way. Stained glass windows in the Town Hall display the flags of the countries whose nationals were killed. There is also a Book of Remembrance held in the Memorial Room at Tundergarth; and at Dryfesdale Cemetery, a little to the west of Lockerbie, there is the Garden of Remembrance and Lockerbie Air Disaster Memorial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.568937301635742, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie from the East", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388777732849121, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Video: New documentary on Lockerbie Bombing revealed - Telegraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259878158569336, "source": "search", "title": "Video: New documentary on Lockerbie Bombing revealed ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "New documentary on Lockerbie Bombing revealed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196048736572266, "source": "search", "title": "Video: New documentary on Lockerbie Bombing revealed ..." }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30124282836914, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285309791564941, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "I received such a jolt on Wednesday December 21, 1988, and have been reliving those memories in recent months during the making of a documentary, The Lockerbie Bombing .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08750057220459, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The then BBC Scotland controller, John McCormick, bundled us into his car and told his driver to get us to Lockerbie as quickly as possible. We were asked to get ready to cover the story for the following morning’s Breakfast Time programme. We arrived around 9pm, after persuading the police to let us through the cordon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84774112701416, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie bombing: looking back at the man convicted", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23145866394043, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "The sight that greeted us was quite extraordinary. The skies lit up over Lockerbie had not prepared us for the fires still burning in the streets. Plane debris was strewn everywhere, steel mangled into in remarkable shapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769285202026367, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "My documentary about the 25th anniversary of the Lockerbie bombing contains plenty of deeply sad archive material – not least the news footage that shows the NHS workers who had rushed to the hospital to volunteer their services, and the dawning and terrible realisation that there were no survivors to treat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089420318603516, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Though it will be hard for a younger generation to believe, we did not have mobile phones in 1988. Today, we can upload and share pictures on Facebook and Instagram in seconds. In Lockerbie, the public phonebox nearest the main crash site and those at hotel receptions had queues not of people longing to inform loved ones they were safe, but of journalists chronicling the disaster to their newsrooms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042901992797852, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "My abiding thought on Lockerbie, reinforced by making this documentary, is the importance of cherishing life. News cameras in the United States, where Flight 103 had been heading, caught Nicole Boulanger, whose young daughter was on the plane, collapsing in grief at news of its fate and writhing uncontrollably on the terminal floor of JFK airport, calling out for “my baby”. Her recollection of setting an empty place at the Christmas table four days later is heart-rendingly sad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088201522827148, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Amid all the conspiracy theories and relentless speculation that followed the Lockerbie bombing, the stories of the people at the heart of the tragedy have tended to get lost. I can only hope our documentary does them justice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02673625946045, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Alan Clements is director of content for STV and executive producer of 'The Lockerbie Bombing', which will be shown on Tuesday 17th December on ITV, 11pm (STV, 9.30pm)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041243553161621, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie bombing: 25 years on - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543885231018066, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.543885231018066, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Lockerbie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.447519302368164, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Lockerbie", "passage": "Lockerbie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393192291259766, "source": "search", "title": "Lockerbie | Article about Lockerbie by The Free Dictionary" } ]

[ { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Solidarity had its roots in the worker unrest of December 1970 in Poland’s northern cities, but the movement that emerged in the summer of 1980 was incomparably larger and drew from all segments of Polish society. Roughly 10 million people — nearly half of Poland’s adult population — eventually joined.", "precise_score": 5.628921985626221, "rough_score": 4.783226013183594, "source": "search", "title": "The Rise and Fall of Solidarity - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "As the anniversary of martial law has approached, some observers have been inclined to look back on the formation of Solidarity in 1980 as the death knell of communism or at least the first nail in communism’s coffin. That view is far too glib and teleological. Solidarity certainly highlighted the enormous public discontent with Communist rule — discontent that had surfaced many times before in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe — but the organization was crushed in December 1981.", "precise_score": 1.466123104095459, "rough_score": 0.966675877571106, "source": "search", "title": "The Rise and Fall of Solidarity - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World", "precise_score": 2.5480618476867676, "rough_score": -0.05137980356812477, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World", "precise_score": 2.5480618476867676, "rough_score": -0.05137980356812477, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Solidarity movement in Poland is arguably one of the most unique and inspiring movements in modern European history. Between 1980-1989, Solidarity led what has often been described as a “10 year revolution”, which ultimately resulted in the collapse of communism in Poland, a key turning point which triggered wider reform and revolution across the Eastern bloc. During this turbulent decade, Solidarity evolved from a legal trade union into an underground social network and protest movement, ultimately emerging as a revolutionary force, capable of toppling and replacing the communist system in Poland. (Bloom, 2013, pp374-375). Mark Kramer has argued that while Solidarity may have started out as a free trade union, it “quickly became far more: a social movement, a symbol of hope and an embodiment of the struggle against communism and Soviet domination” (Kramer, 2011).", "precise_score": 4.321548938751221, "rough_score": 5.263176918029785, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "As Jeffrey Bloom comments ‘‘The strikes of 1980 were the beginning of a social revolution. The nation emerged transformed, they were all aware of what was achieved, strike victory and solidarity helped create a sense of hope and self-confidence for future conflicts” (Bloom, 2013, p115). From its formation in September 1980, Solidarity grew rapidly, peaking with almost 10 million members by June 1981 (a figure which is estimated to have comprised around 70% of all workers in the state economy in Poland and around a third of the total population). Biezenski argues that in the twelve months following their formation, “Solidarity’s dramatic increase in activism was a logical response to a deepening economic crisis within Poland” (Biezenski, 1996, p262). The continued failure of the Communist Party to adequately address deteriorating conditions meant that “the social and material interests of the workers” that Solidarity had been founded to represent remained under threat, and as the months passed, it became increasingly clear that significant improvements to socio-economic conditions in Poland would not be possible without some kind of accompanying political restructuring. Emboldened by their rising support, Solidarity adopted an increasingly politicised stance and began agitating for a general strike. As Barker has argued: “Solidarity changed its members. The very act of participating in a founding meeting, often in defiance of local bosses, involved a breach with old habits of deference and submission. New bonds of solidarity and a new sense of strength were forged … [which] opened the door to a swelling flood of popular demands” (Barker, 2005).", "precise_score": 0.6668456196784973, "rough_score": 0.37289801239967346, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "As Pittaway points out, ‘The PUWP was thrown into disarray by the advance of Solidarity and its hold over public opinion’ (Pittaway, 2004, p175). Solidarity challenged the status quo, so that the normal mechanisms of communist control over the mass of the population began to break down (Barker, 2005). The Communists initially responded by launching a negative propaganda campaign, designed to damage Solidarity and discredit their leadership, including Walesa. The growing popularity and influence enjoyed by Solidarity also elicited concern from Moscow. On 18 October 1981, General Wojcech Jaruzelski was appointed as new leader of the PUWP. A known hardliner, Jaruzelski was given a clear mandate to suppress Solidarity. Until his death in 2014, Jaruzelski always maintained that he feared Soviet invasion if he had not moved swiftly to contain Solidarity, although the likelyhood of Soviet military intervention in Poland has been disputed. On 13th December 1981, Jaruzelski declared Martial Law and as tanks rolled onto the streets he addressed the people of Poland in a live TV broadcast:", "precise_score": 0.6610571146011353, "rough_score": 3.566126823425293, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Thirty years ago Tuesday, the whole of Poland came under martial law. The sudden introduction of military rule after an 18-month-long crisis was a turning point in the history of both Poland and the Cold War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259852409362793, "source": "search", "title": "The Rise and Fall of Solidarity - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Seventeen days later, after negotiations with Poland's Communist government, the burly, mustachioed Walesa appeared before the workers in the shipyard with an historic message: \"We have an independent, self-governing trade union! [crowd cheers] We have the right to strike!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69131851196289, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Walesa and Poland's first deputy prime minister, Mieczyslaw Jagielski, had signed a deal granting the workers their main demands: the right to organize freely and to strike. Those were rights accorded under conventions by the International Labor Organization, of which Poland was a signatory. But this was the first time that any Communist government had put them into practice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202548027038574, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Radek Sikorski, a former deputy foreign and defense minister of postcommunist Poland, was a high school student at the time of the Gdansk accord. He recalled the famous day in an interview with RFE/RL.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28210163116455, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "But across the Russian border, Poland's Soviet masters were growing increasingly alarmed. And in early December 1981, the Warsaw Pact issued a statement at a summit in Moscow stating \"fraternal solidarity and support\" with Poland's communist leaders in overcoming what it called the country's \"present difficulties.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9701086282730103, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "\"One should see this phenomenon in the larger context. This context is first of all the lesson of the 1979 visit of Pope John Paul to Poland. Not only the message of John Paul -- ‘Don't be afraid,' which was a very powerful message -- but also the experience of the organization of the pope's visit. The organization was assured, in all cities in which the pope paid a visit, by civilians -- by a special guard formed by workers, people from the intelligentsia -- [who were] able to organize themselves,\" Geremek said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738142013549805, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Further moral support came from Western governments, in particular the United States and Britain, which along with international agencies refused to grant debt-ridden Poland economic aid until it legalized Solidarity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.646061897277832, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The movement got a major morale boost in November 1988, when Jaruzelski hosted British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. A fierce anticommunist, Thatcher lashed out at Jaruzelski at a state banquet, saying Poland's depressed economy would improve only after freedom and liberty were restored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.647278785705566, "source": "search", "title": "Poland: Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "\"The Polish revolution was first great contraction in the birth of this new Europe. If the European order that we called in shorthand „Yalta” began in Poland, there is a real sense in which the end of „Yalta” also began in Poland. \"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825151443481445, "source": "search", "title": "The Solidarity and The Fall of the Iron Curtain - Google ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "On 16 October 1978 the Archbishop of Kraków, Karol Wojtyła, was elected Pope.  The news of his election was received with great enthusiasm in Poland and was seen as a symbolic reward for decades of national humiliation and Church persecution.  In June 1979 the Pope arrived on his first visit to Poland in his new role.  His visit gathered together millions of his fellow Poles, who participated in grand religious celebrations which were not only a manifestation of their faith but also an opportunity to demonstrate their wish to live in a free country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.376633644104004, "source": "search", "title": "The Solidarity and The Fall of the Iron Curtain - Google ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "„Tygodnik Solidarność” (Solidarność Weekly), the first independent newspaper in Poland since 1947 presented by its chief editor Tadeusz Mazowiecki", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272027015686035, "source": "search", "title": "The Solidarity and The Fall of the Iron Curtain - Google ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "13 December 1981:  General Jaruzelski announces martial law in Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432584762573242, "source": "search", "title": "The Solidarity and The Fall of the Iron Curtain - Google ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Solidarity with Poland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9475860595703125, "source": "search", "title": "The Solidarity and The Fall of the Iron Curtain - Google ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The Solidarity movement emerged out of a much longer history of worker discontent, strikes and protest that had characterised tensions between the state and society in communist Poland since the end of WWII. Touraine has argued that “Solidarity first emerged because it was a response to Poland’s decline economically and socially. Nowhere else in Communist Central Europe was the failure of the governments industrial and agricultural policies so obvious” (Touraine, 1983, p32). From the mid-1970s, the Polish economy had slipped more deeply into an irreversible economic decline, as production levels plummeted, real wages stagnated, shortages increased and foreign debt mounted, reaching $18 billion by 1980 (Paczkowski & Byrne, 2007. p. xxix). In 1980, a Polish Communist Party (PUWP) announcement about increasing food prices triggered a fresh wave of strikes across Poland. At the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk, workers were further incited by the dismissal of crane driver and trade union activist Anna Walentynowicz , and in response, around 17,000 workers occupied the shipyard on 14 August. On 17 August, the Gdansk strike committee, led by Lech Walesa , drew up a list of ‘ 21 demands ’, which were famously displayed on the gates of the shipyard. While several of the demands were pragmatic (such as improved economic conditions and the right of workers to strike) others were more politicised (including demands for reduced censorship and freedom for political prisoners). Notably, at the top of the list, the strikers demanded the establishment of free trade unions, independent from Communist Party control, to better represent workers’ rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.11507824063301086, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "General Jaruzelski’s declaration of martial law in Poland, 13 December 1981. Source: http://www.rferl.org/content/Interview_Polands_Jaruzelski_Again_Denies_Seeking_Soviet_Intervention_Against_Solidarity/1902431.html", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.987396240234375, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Following Jaruzelski’s declaration of Martial Law, and the creation of a ruling ‘Military Council of National Salvation’ (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego, or WRON), Solidarity was outlawed, its leaders arrested and its supporters repressed. An estimated 5000 Solidarity members were arrested; over 1700 leading figures were imprisoned (including Walesa) and 800,000 others lost their jobs. (Bloom, 2013, p297). Martial Law remained in force in Poland until July 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.26072412729263306, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev’s appointment as Soviet leader finally bought more of a reformist agenda to the table in Eastern Europe, and by 1988, the Communists were ready to negotiate with Solidarity. Chenoweth believes that by that point the PUWP had little choice: continued economic deterioration in Poland (where rationing had been in place for most of the 1980s) meant that reforms were urgently needed and “the reality by 1988 was that Solidarity was too big and too broad to repress” (Chenoweth, 2014, pp61-62). While they had been driven underground in Poland, Solidarity enjoyed considerable support internationally, with  Lech Walesa even being awarded the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 . During the famous ‘Round Table talks’ in the spring of 1989, the PUWP agreed to reinstate Solidarity’s original remit as an independent trade union. When Solidarity was re-legalized on 17 April 1989, its membership quickly increased to 1.5 million. However, by now many members of the Solidarity leadership had their eyes firmly on the main political prize. In June 1989, in the first semi-free elections in Poland since 1945, Solidarity represented the main opposition to the PUWP: campaigning as a legal political party, fielding Solidarity candidates against established Party members and sweeping to victory, winning all 161 contested seats in the Sejm [parliament], and 99/100 seats in the Polish Senate. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and in December 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President. Solidarity had come a long way from their roots in 1980, and now faced a new challenge: dismantling communism and overseeing Poland’s transformation into a modern, democratic European state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.200453996658325, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Jack Bloom (2013), Seeing Through the Eyes of the Polish Revolution: Solidarity and the Struggle against Communism in Poland. Haymarket Books.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.989351272583008, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "A Touraine (1983) Solidarity: Poland 1980-1981. Cambridge University Press.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.624703407287598, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Kelly’s research focuses on the historical analysis of crime and social deviance, particularly in the central and east European region and the former USSR; crime, deviance and underground movements/sub-cultures in communist regimes; the evolving relationship between state and society and experiences of ‘the everyday’ under communism. Her PhD research drew on a combination of archival research and oral testimony to explore the  evolution of criminal networks in  East Central Europe from the 1970s to the early post-communist period. Kelly has previously published articles in several peer-review journals and edited collections, contributed a series of shorter articles to publications including New Eastern Europe and  Jane’s Intelligence Digest and presented numerous papers about her research internationally, in countries including the UK, USA, Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Germany and Morocco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.352679252624512, "source": "search", "title": "The Evolution of the Polish Solidarity Movement « The View ..." }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Re-legalised in 1989, Solidarity soon took over Poland's government from the communists - but then rapidly disintegrated amid acrimony and mutual recriminations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0722339153289795, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Stalin once said that establishing Communism in Poland was like trying to saddle a cow. The largest of Moscow's post-World War II satellites, Poland had a long history of conflict with Russia, and a tradition of personal freedom, Roman law, and limited government, very different from Russia's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.350983619689941, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Throughout Poland's vital Baltic region, the strike movement is gaining momentum. This afternoon, the new strike committee in the Lenin shipyard has been expanding by the hour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.251738548278809, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "Then, in 1978, a Polish archbishop, Karol Wojtyla, was elected Pope - taking the name John Paul II. His return visit to Poland the following year turned into a triumphal progress, with millions turning out to greet him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182942390441895, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "The communist regime - hollowed out from inside - would remain as a facade, protecting Poland from Soviet attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326457977294922, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "In December, Romania's dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was deposed and shot. Suddenly, Poland's \"negotiated transition\" looked rather timid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.677996635437012, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" }, { "answer": "Poland", "passage": "There have been huge changes in Poland since the fall of communism. Newsreel footage of the Gdansk strikers - moustaches, bad haircuts, polyester trousers and all - show a vanished era, as remote to many younger Poles as top hats and walking sticks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.948129653930664, "source": "search", "title": "BBC NEWS | Europe | Analysis: Solidarity's legacy" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "The glory days of Scottish golf briefly returned in 1985 when Sandy Lyle triumphed in the Open Championship at Royal St George's and the amiable Scot added a further major title at the Masters in 1988. Though Ballesteros won his third Open with a scintillating final round of 65, domination of the world game by Nick Faldo had already begun when he won his first major title at Muirfield in 1987, shooting par on every hole in his final round. Two years later, Faldo shot an amazing closing 65 to force a Masters play off with Scott Hoch, which he duly won on the second extra hole. Faldo's best year came in 1990 when he became the only player since Nicklaus to defend his Masters title. Just a few months later, Faldo played the most devastating golf of his life in winning his second Open title at St Andrews and he duly added his third Open two years later, again at Muirfield.", "precise_score": 5.369786739349365, "rough_score": 7.654305458068848, "source": "search", "title": "History of Golf - Scottish Perspective" }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy Lyle", "precise_score": 5.534738540649414, "rough_score": -3.5524604320526123, "source": "search", "title": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "MARTIN LAIRD will seek advice from fellow Scot Sandy Lyle as he aims to become only the third debutant to win the US Masters.", "precise_score": 5.766564846038818, "rough_score": -1.6852307319641113, "source": "search", "title": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "MARTIN LAIRD will seek advice from fellow Scot Sandy Lyle as he aims to become only the third debutant to win the US Masters.", "precise_score": 5.766564846038818, "rough_score": -1.6852307319641113, "source": "search", "title": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at Augusta | Sport | The Guardian", "precise_score": 5.5099992752075195, "rough_score": 2.62724232673645, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at Augusta", "precise_score": 5.800619125366211, "rough_score": 3.724830150604248, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "By the time of the 1988 tournament, Ballesteros had won the Masters twice – and should and could have won again in 1986 and 1987 – and Bernhard Langer's first major in 1985 was the ideal start to a year in which Europe won back the Ryder Cup after a 28-year hiatus. Despite this success, there was one thing was missing for British golf fans, namely a first winner from the home nations. Step forward Sandy Lyle.", "precise_score": 2.914079427719116, "rough_score": -2.2181222438812256, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "There have been 94 holes-in-one in the history of the contest, with a record nine occurring in 2016. Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes-in-one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest. No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year. There have been several repeat winners, including Pádraig Harrington, Sandy Lyle and Sam Snead. The former two won in successive years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.326669692993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masters Tournament" }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "The defending champion, as host, selects the menu for the dinner. Frequently, Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions. Notable examples have included haggis, served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989, and bobotie, a South African dish, served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman. Other examples include German Bernhard Langer's 1986 Wiener schnitzel, Britain's Nick Faldo's fish and chips, Canadian Mike Weir's elk and wild boar, and Vijay Singh's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry. In 1997, 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken, dishes commonly associated with Afro-American culture, at the dinner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.637748718261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masters Tournament" }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy Lyle - Mirror Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.301555633544922, "source": "search", "title": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "But Laird intends to tap into the knowledge of Lyle, who famously triumphed in 1988 and who now plays on the US Seniors Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.396599292755127, "source": "search", "title": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Laird said: “I’ll try and get a hold of Sandy Lyle and see if he’ll play a round with me. He’s been there plenty of times and knows his way around it.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.279542922973633, "source": "search", "title": "Martin Laird seeking US Masters win with help from Sandy ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Lyle fought off the American challenge to win his first Masters with one of the great shots of golf history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.283356666564941, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Sandy Lyle hits a bunker shot on the 18th hole during the final round of the 1988 Masters. Photograph: Brian Morgan/Getty Images", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.999261856079102, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Lyle was in good form prior to arriving at Augusta, having beaten Ken Green in a play-off the Sunday before to win the Greater Greensboro Open in North Carolina. A course record of 63 during the second round set up Lyle's win, although he could be thankful that Green three-putted the last to force the play-off, allowing the Scot to birdie the first extra hole and take the £100,000 prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098548889160156, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Lyle's second US PGA tour win took him to the top of the US money list and gave him the perfect boost before his US Masters bid, even if the day exhausted him: \"Winning in such a tension-packed day has drained me a little, but I feel ready for Augusta.\" At 18/1 he looked a decent bet for his second major, although all the usual suspects were gathered in the field to challenge for the coveted first major of the season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.299722194671631, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Faldo had at least made the cut during Lyle's win the weekend before, but his form was such that he finished a massive 27 shots behind the winner, hardly suggesting that he was about to mount a serious push for the Masters. Tom Watson, Curtis Strange and Ben Crenshaw apart, the Americans did not seem to pose a great threat, highlighting the relative lack of strength in their ranks at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.062800407409668, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "If Lyle needed an omen, he could have spotted it in one of the tournament starters, Sam Snead, who was the only man to pull off the Greater Greensboro/US Masters double in 1949. But as the first round got under way in windy conditions, the early running was made by reigning US PGA champion, Larry Nelson, and the unknown Robert Wrenn. Both men shot 69 (three under par) and held a two-stroke advantage over Lyle, Langer and Americans Mark Calcavecchia and Don Pooley, the only men on the course to break par on a testing Thursday. Lyle's round included five birdies and, as the rest of the field struggled in the wind, he was content with his work: \"I've got to be fairly satisfied in those trying conditions.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7142157554626465, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Fortunately for the players, Friday would bring much better weather, and generally the scoring was down as a result. Lyle made the most decisive move, his 67 containing six birdies, including a run of five threes in six holes on the front nine, as he reached the turn in 33 shots. \"I couldn't have asked for a better or more solid start,\" said Lyle, in a rather understated way, his 36-hole total of 138 giving him a two shot lead at the halfway point over Calcavecchia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.199481964111328, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Two shots further back was a very grumpy Fuzzy Zoeller, whose round of 66 was apparently not enough to please the 1979 champion. \"It's like war out there. It's a joke - nobody's having any fun,\" moaned Zoeller, who went on to complain about \"tricked-up greens\" and bored spectators, obviously unaware that Lyle was probably having a whale of a time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.317307472229004, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Other Americans prospered in the more benign conditions during the second round: Fred Couples' 68 pushed him up to a share of fifth along with Watson (71), Chip Beck (70) and Langer (72). Craig Stadler matched Calcavecchia's 69, and was seven shots behind Lyle, alongside Ballesteros and Crenshaw. Ray Floyd's 69 ensured he would be staying for the weekend, but for overnight leaders Nelson and Wrenn the day was not so cheerful; their rounds of 78 and 75 proving to be a sign of things to come for the pair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589069366455078, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "For a period on the Saturday, all looked rosy for Lyle. He reached the 13th tee holding a four-shot lead over Calcavecchia, with an ideal chance to stretch his lead further on the very birdieable par five. Not for the last time over the weekend, Lyle found the most inopportune moment to locate water, his tee shot ending up in a ditch, the resulting bogey almost feeling like a couple of dropped shots.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231969833374023, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Calcavecchia bogeyed 14, but his eagle at 15, coupled with another dropped shot at the 16th by Lyle, cut the lead down to just one and bringing with it a sense of unease to British golf fans watching the excellent BBC golf coverage at home. A Calcavecchia bogey at 17 restored Lyle's two-shot lead held from the previous day, both men eventually shooting 72 to stay at the head of the leaderboard. Calcavecchia may not have made up any ground on Lyle, but the rest of the pack were circling behind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.367217063903809, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Crenshaw's run of three birdies in the closing five holes in his round of 67 put him level with Calcavecchia, the 1984 champion handily placed for a charge on the Sunday. Couples, Zoeller and Langer were four shots off the pace, with Stadler, Ballesteros and Pooley a further shot adrift. Even Ray Floyd had dragged himself back into the reckoning, his superb 68 meaning that even after his disastrous opening round of 80, the American was now within seven of Lyle, a not insurmountable deficit in a major, as we have learnt down the years. Despite the gathering menace, Lyle was remaining focused, his words prior to the final day extremely prophetic: \"Sunday is the day. I've got to win it now. If I take a real kamikaze dive, I've got to try to slow things down and come out of it.\" How true.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050625801086426, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Sunday April 10. A day indelibly etched into the mind of one Alexander Walter Barr Lyle, thankfully for the right reasons, but at certain stages during his round it looked as if the wheels were about to fall off in a spectacular way. Everything was going so well; after ten holes of the final round, Lyle had stretched his lead over Calcavecchia and Stadler to three shots, but soon Watson's words of the previous evening were sounder wiser by the second: \"If you don't feel that heavy pressure on the back nine, you're not human.\" Lyle was about to discover that back-nine feeling on the final day of a major, with Amen Corner - holes 11, 12 and 13 at Augusta - proving particularly savage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174531936645508, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "A bogey on 11 was just an appetiser to the perils of the short 12th hole. As Lyle's tee shot found water - and my dad uttered a few expletives in front of the television - the look on the face of Lyle told the full story. His double-bogey five spelt danger, as up ahead first Stadler made it a three-way tie at the top of the leaderboard, before Calcavecchia's birdie on the 13th gave him the outright lead for the first time on five under par. Lyle's nightmare was unfolding in front of millions of distressed British golf viewers and with Langer and Pooley also moving to four under, the scene was set for a shootout between the leaders over the remaining holes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.871774673461914, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "The next few hours were bad enough for me to try and sit through, trying with all my might to prevent myself chewing all of my finger nails off, so I'm not totally sure how Lyle, Calcavecchia, Stadler and the rest managed to survive the crushing pressure of the final few holes. Greg Norman had set the score to beat in the clubhouse, his storming final round of 64 coming a little too late to matter, although his three under total of 285 was at one point looking promising, as the on-course leaders were only three in front of the Great White Shark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209322929382324, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "The closing holes at Augusta have always been synonymous with drama and the conclusion of the 1988 Masters was yet another chapter in the rich history of the tournament. The 15th and 16th holes in particular would be pivotal; Langer's chances were extinguished when he bogeyed 15 after his second shot found water and Pooley dropped shots at both 14 and 15 to fall from the pack. Stadler birdied 15 to join Calcavecchia on six under, but immediately gave the shot back after a poor tee shot at 16. Calcavecchia himself fluffed a chip at 15 and would have to make do with only a par, yet Lyle did not take advantage, his eagle chip shaving the hole on 15 and his birdie putt also slipping past. Crenshaw moved to within two of the lead at 15, to leave the leaderboard reading Calcavecchia -6, Lyle and Stadler -5, Crenshaw -4, with Couples also moving to -4 at hole 17.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12611198425293, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Lyle needed a moment of inspiration and it arrived at the par three 16th. His 7-iron - not for the last time in the tournament - was struck sweetly, as was his birdie putt that brought him level with Calcavecchia. All of the leaders played par golf on the closing holes, Calcavecchia's total of 282 now the benchmark, meaning that Lyle stood on the last tee needing a par four to force a play-off or a birdie three to win the title outright. Unsurprisingly, Lyle erred on the side of caution, opting for a 1-iron for accuracy off of the tee, but perhaps understandably under the intense pressure, tugged his tee shot into a bunker. Holding his hands behind his head and looking visibly deflated, Lyle's hopes now rested on the lie of his ball in the sand. Fortunately lady luck was smiling upon him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415349960327148, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "On approaching his ball, Lyle must have been delighted with what he found. His ball was sitting up on the upslope of the bunker, and although the situation was not ideal, it could have been a lot worse. Reaching for his trusty 7-iron once more, the world looked on as Lyle addressed his ball for the shot that would arguably define his career. He needed a good contact, and my did he get one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.202441215515137, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Picking the ball off the sand perfectly, Lyle watched in anticipation, following the flight with intensity. As the ball flew directly over the flag and landed twenty feet past the flag, BBC commentator Peter Alliss immediately assessed the situation perfectly : \"That could spin. It could spin\". He wasn't wrong; Lyle's ball began to check back towards the hole, the natural slope of the green and the inch perfect approach combining to bring the Masters title ever closer. Lyle had been slightly unsighted on playing his second shot due to the contours of the last hole at Augusta and on hearing the huge cheers of the galleries, later admitted to wishfully thinking that he might be only two-feet away. The reality however was that Lyle was now faced with a ten-foot putt to become Britain's first Masters champion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.51043701171875, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "As soon as Lyle sent his ball on the way to the hole it never looked for a moment as if it was going to miss. Lyle immediately raised his arms to the air, beginning a jig of delight on the final green and embracing his caddie Dave Musgrove in the immediate aftermath of his triumph. His winning birdie was the first time since Arnold Palmer in 1960 that a man had reached the last requiring a birdie to win and achieve this feat, an indication if any was needed of the prestigious company Lyle was now joining.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.444767951965332, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "Lyle's father Alex had been with his son every step of the way, and was probably the proudest man at Augusta as Larry Mize presented Lyle with his green jacket. \"I have always dreamed of winning here and now I have. What a moment. It's unbelievable. I feel simply great,\" an elated Lyle said in one of his many interviews after his second major win. He faced his struggles along the way, but contained enough mental strength in his locker to drag himself across the line. And who could ever forget that masterful bunker shot at 18 that ultimately proved the difference in the end? 'Yankee Doodle Sandy' trumpeted the Mirror headline, as British sports fans delighted in such an historic moment, which would turn out to be the first of four consecutive wins by a Brit at Augusta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.304058074951172, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "The year would continue to provide much joy for Lyle; he won the British Masters at Woburn and rounded off his year nicely by winning the World Matchplay at Wentworth, after being a losing finalist four times previously . Lyle, aged 30, appeared to have the golfing world in the palm of his hand during his marvellous year but such is the fickle nature of the sport that he would never scale such heights again. His form would dip so dramatically that he missed the cut while defending his Masters title in 1989, and failed to even make the Ryder Cup team that successfully retained the trophy at the Belfry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.813638687133789, "source": "search", "title": "Remembering Sandy Lyle's victory in the 1988 Masters at ..." }, { "answer": "Lyle", "passage": "David Feherty won the first BMW International Open in 1989 and to date, no-one has managed to defend the title. Six Major Champions have lifted the trophy: Paul Azinger (1990 and 1992), Sandy Lyle (1991), John Daly (2001), Martin Kaymer (2008), Danny Willett (2012), Ernie Els (2013). Azinger and Thomas Bjørn (2000 and 2002) are the only multiple winners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.610780715942383, "source": "search", "title": "BMW International Open: the lowdown - European Tour" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history - Nov 22, 1986 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": 8.580911636352539, "rough_score": 7.524514675140381, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. “I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,” Tyson told his manager after the fight, “and I’m going to be the oldest.”", "precise_score": 9.963232040405273, "rough_score": 8.136212348937988, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson Becomes the Youngest Heavyweight Champion in History | World History Project", "precise_score": 9.295459747314453, "rough_score": 9.143440246582031, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson Becomes the Youngest Heavyweight Champion in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson Becomes the Youngest Heavyweight Champion in History", "precise_score": 9.148459434509277, "rough_score": 8.889008522033691, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson Becomes the Youngest Heavyweight Champion in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "On November 22, 1986, 20-year-old Mike Tyson knocks out 33-year-old Trevor Berbick in just five minutes and 35 seconds to become the youngest titleholder ever. \"I’m the youngest heavyweight boxing champion in history,\" Tyson told his manager after the fight, \"and I’m going to be the oldest.\"", "precise_score": 9.9000825881958, "rough_score": 8.149364471435547, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson Becomes the Youngest Heavyweight Champion in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Following the fight a great interview took place with both Hughie and Tyson Fury. Hughie stated that he wanted to become the youngest ever heavyweight world champion beating Mike Tyson’s record of 20 years and four months.", "precise_score": 9.409626007080078, "rough_score": 9.189006805419922, "source": "search", "title": "Could Hughie Fury become the youngest heavyweight champion ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression. Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts where they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts. Marvin Hagler was known for his hard \"chin\", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents. Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit. The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269085884094238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Notable in-fighters include Julio César Chávez, Miguel Cotto, Joe Frazier, Danny García, Mike Tyson, Manny Pacquiao, Saúl Álvarez, Rocky Marciano, Jack Dempsey, Wayne McCullough, Gerry Penalosa, Harry Greb, David Tua, Ricky Hatton and Gennady Golovkin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156844139099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "** At the same time, the lead foot pivots clockwise, turning the left heel outwards. Upon contact, the hook's circular path ends abruptly and the lead hand is pulled quickly back into the guard position. A hook may also target the lower body and this technique is sometimes called the \"rip\" to distinguish it from the conventional hook to the head. The hook may also be thrown with the rear hand. Notable left hookers include Joe Frazier , Roy Jones Jr. and Mike Tyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481457710266113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "* Slip – Slipping rotates the body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply rotates the hips and shoulders. This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to \"slip\" past. Muhammad Ali was famous for extremely fast and close slips, as was an early Mike Tyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33371353149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "* Bob and weave – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer \"weaves\" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the outside\". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the inside\". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10214614868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of fame; the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) and the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF), with the IBHOF being the more widely recognized boxing hall of fame. In 2013, The Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas opened in Las Vegas, NV founded by Steve Lott, former assistant manager for Mike Tyson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.017227172851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas features the $75 million ESPN Classic Sports fight film and tape library and radio broadcast collection. The collection includes the fights of all the great champions including: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, George Foreman, Roberto Duran, Marvin Hagler, Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Joe Frazier, Rocky Marciano and Sugar Ray Robinson. It is this exclusive fight film library that will separate the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas from the other halls of fame which do not have rights to any video of their sports. The inaugural inductees included Muhammad Ali, Henry Armstrong, Tony Canzoneri, Ezzard Charles, Julio Cesar Chavez Sr., Jack Dempsey, Roberto Duran, Joe Louis, and Sugar Ray Robinson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.093489646911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.340431213378906, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.340431213378906, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.340431213378906, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Source: “Mike Tyson becomes the youngest heavyweight champ in history,” The History Channel website, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mike-tyson-becomes-the-youngest-heavyweight-champ-in-history (accessed Nov 19, 2010). Added by: Colin Harris", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.452188968658447, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson Becomes the Youngest Heavyweight Champion in ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "July 20, 2013 - Boxing News - Tagged: Lennox Lewis , Mike Tyson , Muhammed Ali - 1 comment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18199348449707, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Greatest Heavyweights Of All Time | First Class Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "6. Mike Tyson – 50-6-2NC, 44 KO’s", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18448543548584, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Greatest Heavyweights Of All Time | First Class Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Holyfield is a two time undisputed world champion in both the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions. He also won a bronze medal in the 1984 Olympics in the light heavyweight division. Holyfield holds notable victories over, George Foreman, Riddick Bowe and Mike Tyson (twice). The second being the infamous ‘Bite Fight’.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3383550643920898, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Greatest Heavyweights Of All Time | First Class Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Lewis dominated the heavyweight division in the 1990’s, and is the last undisputed heavyweight champion. Lewis stopped Donovan Ruddock in October 1992 to become ranked number one with the WBC. He was then declared WBC champion in the December 1992 after then champion Riddick Bowe refused to fight Lewis. Only ever losing two fights, Lewis avenged both these losses by knockout. He holds notable victories over great fighters like – Evander Holyfield, Mike Tyson and reigning WBC champion Vitali Klitschko.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0561816692352295, "source": "search", "title": "Top 10 Greatest Heavyweights Of All Time | First Class Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Fury said to The Sun : “I’ve got plenty of time. I’m young, improving every single fight and I will beat Mike Tyson’s record as the youngest heavyweight world champion.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.439096450805664, "source": "search", "title": "Could Hughie Fury become the youngest heavyweight champion ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441454887390137, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28368091583252, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Name: Mike Tyson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396071434020996, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Michael Gerard Tyson", "passage": "Birth Name: Michael Gerard Tyson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254133224487305, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Mike Tyson's World Tour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004352569580078, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "\"Mike Tyson's World Tour,\" a series of four-round exhibitions bouts, was announced on September 28, 2006. Tyson said he anticipated taking the show to Europe, Asia and the Middle East. \"Mike Tyson's World Tour\" was shades of the 1930's exhibition tour by former World Heavyweight Champion Jack Dempsey .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9612503051757812, "source": "search", "title": "Mike Tyson - BoxRec - BoxRec Boxing Records" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "1986 - Mike Tyson vs Trevor Berbick (Wins WBC Heavyweight Title) - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.366343975067139, "source": "search", "title": "1986 - Mike Tyson vs Trevor Berbick (Wins WBC Heavyweight ..." }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "1986 - Mike Tyson vs Trevor Berbick (Wins WBC Heavyweight Title)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.0702104568481445, "source": "search", "title": "1986 - Mike Tyson vs Trevor Berbick (Wins WBC Heavyweight ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "No completely reusable orbital launch system is currently in use. The closest example was the partially reusable Space Shuttle. The orbiter, which included the Space Shuttle main engines, and the two solid rocket boosters, were reused after several months of refitting work for each launch. The external tank and launch vehicle load frame were discarded after each flight. However, several at least partially reusable systems are currently under development, such as the Falcon 9 full thrust (first stage).", "precise_score": 0.06629379093647003, "rough_score": 2.8155570030212402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The late 1960s saw the start of the Space Shuttle design process. From an initial multitude of ideas a two-stage reusable VTHL design was pushed forward that eventually resulted in a reusable orbiter payload spacecraft and reusable solid rocket boosters.", "precise_score": 1.9913678169250488, "rough_score": 1.9343719482421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft", "precise_score": 9.563339233398438, "rough_score": 9.210675239562988, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft", "precise_score": 9.563339233398438, "rough_score": 9.210675239562988, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The US space shuttle, first launched in 1981, was the world's first reusable spacecraft. NASA ran the programme of 135 manned missions. Mission control was located at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, while the shuttles themselves launched from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.", "precise_score": 9.360830307006836, "rough_score": 9.046548843383789, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever", "precise_score": 7.988897323608398, "rough_score": 7.274083614349365, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever", "precise_score": 7.988897323608398, "rough_score": 7.274083614349365, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "NASA's space shuttle was the world's first reusable spacecraft. It launched like a rocket, and returned to Earth like a glider. It was designed to carry large payloads — such as satellites — into orbit and bring them back, if necessary, for repairs.", "precise_score": 9.77047061920166, "rough_score": 9.590662956237793, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Since 1981, NASA space shuttles have been rocketing from the Florida coast into Earth orbit. The five orbiters — Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour — have flown more than 130 times, carrying over 350 people into space and travelling more than half a billion miles, more than enough to reach Jupiter. Designed to return to Earth and land like a giant glider, the shuttle was the world's first reusable space vehicle. More than all of that, though, the shuttle program expanded the limits of human achievement and broadened our understanding of our world.", "precise_score": 6.677781581878662, "rough_score": 4.375195026397705, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - The Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "When the space shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), rocketed off the launch pad for the first time in 1981, it became the world’s first reusable spacecraft to carry humans into orbit. Over the thirty-year course of the space shuttle program, the shuttles and their crews assembled parts of the International Space Station, deployed and serviced the Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory, repaired and re-launched satellites, sent probes to Venus and Jupiter, and more.", "precise_score": 9.544692993164062, "rough_score": 8.99700927734375, "source": "search", "title": "OV-105 \"Endeavour\" | California Science Center" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The next major era in human spaceflight began in April 1981, with the maiden voyage of the space shuttle Columbia, the world’s first reusable spacecraft. The space shuttle was approved as an initiative by President Nixon in 1972. At the program’s peak, four shuttle orbiters, each capable of carrying large satellites (payloads of up to 50,000 pounds) both to and from orbit and of helping to assemble component parts of the International Space Station, were in service.", "precise_score": 7.991061210632324, "rough_score": 7.5592169761657715, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle demonstrated that a spacecraft could take off vertically and glide to an unpowered airplane-like landing, with crews of five to seven astronauts. While the space shuttle goals of low cost and routine access to space were not met, what was officially called the Space Transportation System (STS) amassed several significant accomplishments. Among them were more than a score of commercial satellites deployed prior to the Challenger accident in 1986; the placement in orbit of major scientific missions including Galileo, Magellan, and Chandra, and the launching and servicing missions of the Hubble Space Telescope; Spacelab and SPACEHAB missions with their material, microgravity and life sciences experiments; deployment of the Tracking and Data Relay System (TDRS) constellation; and numerous flights in support of the Mir and International Space Station. Humanity’s first attempt to build and operate a reusable spacecraft was an impressive achievement in itself.", "precise_score": 3.971844434738159, "rough_score": 2.464264154434204, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The external tank and the launch vehicle load frame were discarded, and the parts that were reusable took a 10,000-person group nine months to refurbish for flight. So the space shuttle ended up costing a billion dollars per flight. Early studies from 1980 and 1982 proposed in-space uses for the tank to be re-used in space for various applications[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940004970_1994004970.pdf NASA-CR-195281, \"Utilization of the external tanks of the space transportation system\"] but NASA never pursued those options beyond the proposal stage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.779435634613037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The 21st century saw rising costs and teething problems lead to the cancellation of both X-33 and X-34. Then the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and another grounding of the fleet. The Shuttle design was now over 20 years old and in need of replacement. Meanwhile, the military EELV program churned out a new generation of better expendables. The commercial satellite market is depressed due to a glut of cheap expendable rockets and there is a dearth of satellite payloads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110514640808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Concepts such as lifting bodies attempt to deal with the somewhat conflicting issues of reentry, hypersonic and subsonic flight; as does the delta wing shape of the Space Shuttle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239949226379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "* Space Shuttle (partially reusable, retired)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7903192043304443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "* X-30 NASP, X-33 and VentureStar proposed SSTO replacement for the Space Shuttle, cancelled in 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.446660041809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Reusable launch system" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle was initially used to deploy satellites in orbit; to carry scientific experiments such as Spacelab , a modular arrangement of experiments installed in the shuttle's cargo bay; and to carry out military missions. As the program matured, the space shuttle also has been used to service and repair the International Space Station , orbiting satellites and to retrieve and return to the earth previously deployed spacecraft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.302812576293945, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle carried a wide range of equipment, known as the payload, into space, ranging from communication, military, and astronomical satellites; space experiments for studying the apparent weightlessness (called 'microgravity') experienced aboard a shuttle flight; and human experimental facilities. Often NASA collaborated with other countries by allowing them to use shuttle cargo space for special projects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.529573440551758, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle was designed to leave the earth as a vertically launched rocket weighing up to 2.0 million kg (4.5 million lb.) with 3 million kg (7 million lb.) of thrust from its multiple propulsion systems. The orbiter segment returned from space-withstanding the intense heat when entering the earth's atmosphere. Flown by the shuttle crew much like an aircraft, the shuttle would lands horizontally on a conventional airport runway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947379112243652, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle's cargo bay was adaptable to hundreds of tasks. Large enough to accommodate a tour bus at 18 by 4.6 m (60 by 15 ft), the cargo bay carried satellites, spacecraft, and scientific laboratories for the modular Spacelab system to and from the earth's orbit. It also was a workstation for astronauts to repair satellites, a foundation from which to erect space structures, and a storage area for satellites retrieved from space to be returned to the earth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7177734375, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The two SRBs, with their combined thrust of some 2.6 million kg (about 5.8 million lb), provided most of the power for the first two minutes of flight. The SRBs took the space shuttle to an altitude of 45 km (28 mi) and a speed of 4973 km/hr (3094 mph) before they separated and fell back into the ocean to be retrieved, refurbished, and prepared for another flight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422807693481445, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "After the boosters fell away, the three main engines continued to provide thrust. These engines were clustered at the rear end of the orbiter and had a combined thrust of almost 540,000 kg (almost 1.2 million lb). The space shuttle's liquid-propellant engines were the world's first reusable rocket engines. They fired for only eight minutes for each flight, just until the shuttle reached orbit, and were designed to operate for 55 flights. The engines were very large - 4.2 m (14 ft) long and 2.4 m (8 ft) in diameter at the wide end of the cone-shaped nozzle at the rear of the orbiter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2458443641662598, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Another propulsion system took over once the space shuttle's main engines shut down as the ship approached the altitude at which it would begin orbiting around the earth, known as the orbital insertion point. Two orbital manoeuvring system (OMS) engines, mounted on either side of the aft fuselage, provided thrust for major orbital changes. For more exacting maneuvers in orbit, 44 small rocket engines (known as the reaction control system), clustered on the shuttle's nose and on either side of the tail, were used. They were proven indispensable in performing the shuttle's important work of retrieving, launching, and repairing satellites in orbit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.594409942626953, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The giant, cylindrical, external fuel tank, with a length of 47 m (154 ft) and a diameter of 8.4 m (27.5 ft), was the largest single piece of the space shuttle. It fueled the orbiter's three main engines. During launch, the external tank also acted as a support for the orbiter and SRBs to which it was attached.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729982376098633, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Made from aluminum alloys, the space shuttle's external fuel tank was the only part of the launch vehicle that was not reused. After its 1.99 million litres (526,000 gal) of fuel were consumed during the first 8.5 minutes of flight, the external tank was jettisoned from the orbiter and broke up in the upper atmosphere, its pieces falling into remote ocean waters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67591667175293, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "On January 28, 1986, millions of television viewers all over the world watched in horror as the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded less than two minutes after its launch. It was totally destroyed, and all seven crew members were killed. One of the crew, Christa McAuliffe, was a teacher who had intended to conduct lessons from space. An inquiry into the disaster found that the seal between two sections of a booster rocket had failed, causing a gas leak, which then ignited. The Shuttle Program was grounded for nearly three years after the accident while its safety was improved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.467480659484863, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "NASA shuttle", "passage": "On January 16, 2003, the fate of the Shuttle Columbia was sealed savagely. During takeoff, a piece of insulated foam broke loose from the external tank and struck the underside of the orbiter�s left wing, causing damage that broke apart the orbiter upon its reentry on February 1. Caught in a big explosion that trailed across the daylight sky of the southern U.S., the seven astronauts were killed instantly, among them Ilan Ramon, the first Israeli to fly aboard a NASA Shuttle. The remaining Shuttles were kept away from the launch pad for a long time before resuming their normal routines; in the meantime, America and the world took time off to mourn their lost heroes and investigate the accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.150051593780518, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle, the world's first reusable spacecraft" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The first space shuttle mission, STS-1, launched on April 12, 1981, aboard the orbiter Columbia. The last shuttle to fly was Atlantis on the STS-135 mission in July 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.821074485778809, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System, was made up of three main components [Infographic: NASA's Space Shuttle — From Top to Bottom ]:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.859926223754883, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The 15-story, rust-colored External Tank was the only shuttle component that was not reused. It fed more than 500,000 gallons of fuel — liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen — to the shuttle's main engines during launch. The tank was also the \"backbone\" of the space shuttle structure. It provided support for the rocket boosters and orbiter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080005645751953, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Space shuttles were used to deploy numerous satellites into orbit, including the Hubble Space Telescope. Using shuttles for this type of task meant a mission could put a satellite into orbit while performing other tasks ranging from student science projects and professional science experiments to ferrying supplies and crew members to and from the space station.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.253443717956543, "source": "search", "title": "Space Shuttle: The First Reusable Spacecraft | The Most ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "NASA - The Space Shuttle", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.911873817443848, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - The Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "For an entire generation, the space shuttle was NASA. We've watched a parade of firsts -- Sally Ride, Guy Bluford, Kathy Sullivan, John Glenn and others. We've seen astronauts float free, and launch and repair spacecraft like Hubble which have fundamentally changed our understanding of the universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.734940230846405, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - The Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Thanks to its soft landing capability, and various other design decisions, the Dragon V2 will be fully reusable. Musk says it can be rapidly reused up to 10 times (basically just refilling the fuel tanks), and then it needs to be serviced properly (probably to check the heat shielding and other components that are stressed during atmospheric reentry). The only other spacecraft that has been reusable is the Space Shuttle. The Soyuz capsule, the current way of shuttling astronauts to and from the ISS, is thrown away after every use. By making the Dragon V2 reusable, rather than having to send up a brand new spacecraft every time, the total launch cost is massively reduced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6195240616798401, "source": "search", "title": "SpaceX unveils Dragon V2, the world’s first commercial ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "SpaceX’s Dragon V2 will compete with a bunch other private companies, including Boeing, Blue Origin, and Sierra Nevada, for a lucrative “space taxi” Commercial Crew Program contract from NASA. Since the Space Shuttle was retired , NASA has had to rely on Russia to get to and from the ISS, which obviously isn’t ideal , even without the Ukraine/Crimea tensions — and it’s also very expensive, at around $63 million per seat. The total launch cost for Dragon V2 is expected to be around $140 million, or $20 million per seat. The first CCP flight will occur sometime in 2017, if everything goes to plan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60761833190918, "source": "search", "title": "SpaceX unveils Dragon V2, the world’s first commercial ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Space shuttle Columbia launches on mission STS-107, January 16, 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098064422607422, "source": "search", "title": "Columbia: First Shuttle in Space" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Media attention in particular focused on the new system of tiles covering the shuttle, which NASA had struggled with in early days, according to a NASA history on developing the space shuttle. Happily, Columbia came back safely. Several more test flights ran between 1981 and 1982. This included perhaps the most dramatic landing of the shuttle program, STS-3.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69775104522705, "source": "search", "title": "Columbia: First Shuttle in Space" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Brief History of the Space Shuttle Program", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276302337646484, "source": "search", "title": "OV-105 \"Endeavour\" | California Science Center" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Five different orbiters flew into space as part of the program—Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour—for a total of 135 missions. Counted together, the space shuttles have carried 355 people, flown over 500 million miles, and spent over 1,300 days in orbit. Space shuttles docked with Russia’s Mir space station nine times, and with the International Space Station more than 35 times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923652648925781, "source": "search", "title": "OV-105 \"Endeavour\" | California Science Center" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle was actually made up of several separate components. What people usually call the “shuttle” is actually the orbiter—the part of the shuttle that held the crew and the cargo, officially called the payloads. The main engines are part of the orbiter. In addition to the orbiter, each shuttle “stack” included two solid rocket boosters and an external tank. All the components were reusable except for the external tank, which by design burned up in the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean following each launch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.178891658782959, "source": "search", "title": "OV-105 \"Endeavour\" | California Science Center" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Built to replace space shuttle Challenger, Endeavour was the final orbiter to join the shuttle fleet. Many newer features were added to Endeavour during construction, such as updated steering mechanisms, upgraded plumbing and electrical connections to allow for longer missions, and a drag chute that reduced wear and tear on the shuttle's brakes and tires. Many of the innovations that were developed for Endeavour were added later to the other shuttles in the fleet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041044235229492, "source": "search", "title": "OV-105 \"Endeavour\" | California Science Center" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "During 1970s and 1980s, the USSR developed a winged spacecraft known as Buran (Snowstorm) designed to serve as a \"parallel\" response to the perceived military threat from the US Space Shuttle. The Buran development was conducted within the Reusable Space System program, or MKS, which included the winged orbiter itself and the Energia heavy-lift vehicle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7026932239532471, "source": "search", "title": "Reusable spacecraft - Anatoly Zak" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "First Space Shuttle Launched - HISTORY.com Audio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.474563598632812, "source": "search", "title": "First Space Shuttle Launched - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "First Space Shuttle Launched", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18844223022461, "source": "search", "title": "First Space Shuttle Launched - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "First Space Shuttle Launched", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18844223022461, "source": "search", "title": "First Space Shuttle Launched - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "First Space Shuttle Launched", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.18844223022461, "source": "search", "title": "First Space Shuttle Launched - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Currently, logistics for the ISS is supported by the space shuttle, and Russian Progress and Soyuz vehicles. Future logistics/resupply missions will also be provided by the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) and Japan’s H-II Transfer Vehicle (HT). NASA’s Orion crew exploration vehicle (CEV) and commercial systems supplied to the space agency in a unique procurement called Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Demonstration (COTS) for space station crew and cargo transportation services also will support ISS logistics in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068717002868652, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The space shuttle and International Space Station were low Earth orbit projects, and many longed for the days of more distant destinations. They pointed out that after traversing a quarter million miles to the moon and back eight times from 1968-1972, in all the years afterward humans traveled no further than 386 miles from their home planet – during the Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission of STS-82 in 1997. They longed to return to the moon and go onto Mars. They were given hope when President George H.W. Bush announced his Space Exploration Initiative in 1989 on the 20th anniversary of the first moon landing. But projected costs and political realities spelled doom for this venture within two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.256420135498047, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Attempts to observe the sun beyond Earth orbit are more recent. Ulysses, known before launch as the International Solar Polar Mission, was deployed in October 1990 from the space shuttle Discovery. It was a joint mission of NASA and the European Space Agency designed to gain a new perspective of the sun by viewing its polar regions. Making use of a gravity assist from Jupiter, Ulysses passed the sun’s south pole in 1994 and its north pole a year later. It repeated these passes in 2000 and 2001, and did so again in 2006 and 2007. With the first pass of Ulysses, scientists discovered unknown complexities of the sun and its surroundings, including different speeds of the solar wind. Ulysses – named after Homer’s Greek adventurer – did not carry imaging instruments, and focused on the sun’s environment rather than its surface. Fifteen years after launch, the spacecraft remains in good health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.450336456298828, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "NASA’s life sciences program also carried out a variety of successful missions in space, beginning with the Biosatellite program in 1967. The biosatellites carried frog eggs, amoeba, bacteria, planets and mice, and collected data regarding the effects of zero gravity on life. Beginning in 1975, the United States also cooperated for 20 years with the Soviet Union’s Cosmos/Bion missions. Life sciences research also took place on human spaceflight missions. Europe’s Spacelab, a pressurized module flown on the space shuttle, made possible several dedicated life sciences missions during the 1990s. Space life sciences research is also planned aboard the International Space Station, particularly as it applies to long-term human missions to the moon and Mars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.795416831970215, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "NASA had inherited a variety of wind tunnel facilities from its NACA centers, many of them constructed during World War II at Ames, Lewis and Langley. Each wind tunnel had its own characteristics, depending on the size of the aircraft or models being tested, and whether they were being tested at subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds. By the dawn of the Space Age, hypersonic tunnels were constructed with their own unique characteristics and capabilities. Wind tunnels were also used to test the atmospheric dynamics of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo capsules, and eventually the space shuttle. They continue to be a vital tool for aeronautics research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332560539245605, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "In the area of real flight testing, from its beginning NASA assumed responsibility for the X-15 hypersonic aircraft, capable of speeds exceeding Mach 6 (4,500 miles per hour) at altitudes of 67 miles, reaching the very edge of space. Between 1959 and 1968, three X-15 aircraft completed 199 flights, and contributed greatly to knowledge about hypersonic aerodynamics and structures eventually needed for spaceflight, including the space shuttle. The X-15 was air-launched by B-29s, B-50s, and eventually B-52s. Its “control room,” located at the NASA (now Dryden) Flight Research Center in the California desert, advanced from a portable van to a more formal permanent room that later served as the model for the famous mission control at Johnson Space Center. Synergies between aeronautics and human spaceflight also appeared in other ways; today it is a little-known fact that Neil Armstrong began as an X-15 pilot working for NACA, and that eight other X-15 pilots flew high enough to be qualified as astronauts according to U.S. standards (50 miles). Many other astronauts were test pilots on other high-performance aircraft. NASA also cooperated with the Air Force in the 1960s on the X-20 Dyna-Soar program, which was designed to fly humans into orbit. The program was eventually cancelled, but the ideal of winged spacecraft never died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9905366897583, "source": "search", "title": "NASA - 50 Years of NASA History" }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "The Next Space Shuttle: Hybrid Engines Make Runway-To-Orbit Missions A Reality", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489709854125977, "source": "search", "title": "The Next Space Shuttle: Hybrid Engines Make Runway-To ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "Bond's Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (Sabre)—part chemical rocket, part jet engine—will make Skylon possible. Sabre has the unique ability to use oxygen in the air rather than from external liquid-oxygen tanks like those on the space shuttle. Strapped to a spacecraft, engines of this breed would eliminate the need for expendable boosters, which make launching people and things into space slow and expensive. \"The Skylon could be ready to head back to space within two days of landing,\" says Mark Hempsell, future-programs director at Reaction Engines. By comparison, the space shuttle, which required an external fuel tank and two rocket boosters, took about two months to turn around (due to damage incurred during launch and splashdown) and cost $100 million. Citing Skylon's simplicity, Hempsell estimates a mission could cost as little as $10 million. That price would even undercut the $50 million sum that private spaceflight company SpaceX plans to charge to launch cargo on its two-stage Falcon 9 rocket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.490742683410645, "source": "search", "title": "The Next Space Shuttle: Hybrid Engines Make Runway-To ..." }, { "answer": "Space Shuttle", "passage": "NASA and Lockheed Martin, meanwhile, had their own plans for a fully reusable spacecraft, the VentureStar, intended as an affordable replacement for the partially reusable space shuttle. The VentureStar demonstrator, called X-33 (which graced the cover of this magazine in 1996), was a squat, triangular rocket that would take off vertically and glide back to Earth just as the shuttle did. Eliminating the expendable rockets needed to boost the shuttle into space could theoretically reduce the cost of launches from $10,000 per pound to $1,000 per pound. But by 2001, after sinking more than $1 billion into the project, the agency pulled the plug, citing repeated technical setbacks and ballooning costs. \"We backed off because we felt it was better to focus our efforts on other, less costly ways to get payloads to orbit,\" says Dan Dumbacher, NASA's deputy associate administrator for exploration systems development, who spent two years working on the X-33.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6252110004425049, "source": "search", "title": "The Next Space Shuttle: Hybrid Engines Make Runway-To ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Patricia Highsmith (January 19, 1921 – February 4, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer, known for her psychological thrillers, which led to more than two dozen film adaptations. Her first novel, Strangers on a Train, has been adapted for stage and screen numerous times, notably by Alfred Hitchcock in 1951. Highsmith wrote 22 novels, including her series of five novels with Tom Ripley as protagonist, and many short stories. Michael Dirda observed, \"Europeans honored her as a psychological novelist, part of an existentialist tradition represented by her own favorite writers, in particular Dostoyevsky, Conrad, Kafka, Gide, and Camus.\"", "precise_score": 9.869404792785645, "rough_score": 10.200429916381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Born in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1921, Patricia Highsmith spent much of her adult life in Switzerland and France. She was educated at Barnard College, where she studied English, Latin, and Greek. Her first novel, Strangers on a Train , published initially in 1950, proved to be a major commercial success and was filmed by Alfred Hitchcock. Despite this early recognition, Highsmith was unappreciated in the United States for the entire length of her career.", "precise_score": 9.229631423950195, "rough_score": 8.78603744506836, "source": "search", "title": "Patricia Highsmith | Choose Your Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Patricia Highsmith (Jan. 19, 1921 - Feb. 5, 1995) was an American writer whose tales of gentlemen murderers and psychological intrigue were often explorations of her own obsessions. Among her 22 books, she is best known for \"Strangers on a Train,\" which Alfred Hitchcock made into a movie in 1951, and \"The Talented Mr. Ripley,\" made into a film with Matt Damon and Jude Law in 1999. Both novels feature sociopaths and murder.", "precise_score": 7.4748735427856445, "rough_score": 8.275632858276367, "source": "search", "title": "Patricia Highsmith - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "            Patricia Highsmith=s first novel, Strangers on a Train was, as the world knows, adapted by Raymond Chandler, a writer of hard boiled detective stories with a much higher profile than Highsmith would ever have, or want, and filmed by Alfred Hitchcock, who had a higher profile than anybody. The movie is about a weirdo named Bruno, superbly played by Robert Walker, who has the bright idea of switching murders, that is, having a stranger kill your wife while you kill his mother. Since the police are always looking for motives, they=ll never catch you. Well, Bruno carries out his part of the bargain, but Farley Granger balks at killing Bruno=s mother. And so it goes. Chandler and Hitchcock got all the credit for the famous film, but no one ever thought to look at the novel, which had a double bind. Suppose that both murderers actually did carry out the bargain. What then?", "precise_score": 8.347331047058105, "rough_score": 8.642614364624023, "source": "search", "title": "Patricia Highsmith - Southeastern Louisiana University" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "During her stay at the Yaddo artist's colony in 1948, Highsmith met writer Marc Brandel (the son of J.D. Beresford) and entered into a short-lived relationship with him. While she was working on Strangers on a Train, he convinced her to visit him in Provincetown, Massachusetts, where he introduced her to painter Ann Smith, and the two became involved. After Smith left Provincetown, Highsmith felt she was \"in prison\" with Brandel and told him she was leaving. \"[B]ecause of that I have to sleep with him, and only the fact that it is the last night strengthens me to bear it.\" Highsmith, who had never been sexually exclusive with Brandel, resented having sex with him. Highsmith temporarily broke off the relationship with Brandel and continued to be involved with several women; reuniting after the well-received publication of his new novel. Beginning November 30, 1948, and continuing for the next six months, Highsmith underwent psychoanalysis in an effort \"to regularize herself sexually\" so she could marry Brandel. The analysis was brought to a stop by Highsmith, after which she ended her relationship with Brandel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.92567777633667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "She left her estate, worth an estimated $3 million, and the promise of any future royalties to the Yaddo colony, where she spent two months in 1948 writing the draft of Strangers on a Train. Patricia Highsmith bequeathed her literary estate to the Swiss Literary Archives at the Swiss National Library in Bern, Switzerland. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5542523860931396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Highsmith's first novel was Strangers on a Train, published in 1950. The book proved modestly successful when it was published in 1950. Alfred Hitchcock's 1951 film adaptation of the novel strengthened Highsmith's reputation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.756497859954834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "* 1951 : Edgar Award nominee: for best first novel, for Strangers on a Train", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.533589839935303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "*Strangers on a Train (1950)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220013618469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "* 1951. Strangers on a Train was adapted for a film of the same name directed by Alfred Hitchcock.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044121742248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "* 1996. Strangers on a Train was adapted for television, entitled Once You Meet a Stranger. The gender of the two lead characters was changed from male to female.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064801216125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patricia Highsmith" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Filmmakers have been strip-mining her novels for decades, unable except in three or four instances to crack her codes. Even the masterpiece Alfred Hitchcock made of her own masterpiece, Strangers On a Train, couldn't quite face the quintessential Highsmith Situation: two men bound together by a stalker-like fixation which always involves a murderous, implicitly homoerotic fantasy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.942291259765625, "source": "search", "title": "10 Best Patricia Highsmith Books - Publishers Weekly" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "1. Strangers on a Train (1950) - This remarkable debut novel takes Pat's double-indemnifying nugget–strangers who agree to exchange murders and \"get away with it\"–and settles it on Guy Haines, a brilliant architect whose moody purity invites corruption, and Charles Bruno, a psychopathic, subliterate mastermind who yearns to join him. In their tranced, mutual, psychological seduction, these Terrible Twins vacate their characters, mingle their identities, and misdirect their pursuers in as thorough an anatomy of guilt as can be found in modern literature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.716751098632812, "source": "search", "title": "10 Best Patricia Highsmith Books - Publishers Weekly" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Her first suspense novel 'Strangers on a Train' published in 1950 was an immediate success with public and critics alike. The novel has been adapted for the screen three times, most notably by Alfred Hitchcock in 1951.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.431607246398926, "source": "search", "title": "Patricia Highsmith (Author of The Talented Mr. Ripley)" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "Patricia Highsmith was born on January 19, 1921 in Fort Worth, Texas, USA as Mary Patricia Plangman. She was a writer, known for The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), Carol (2015) and Strangers on a Train (1951). She died on February 4, 1995 in Locarno, Switzerland. See full bio »", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.783656120300293, "source": "search", "title": "Patricia Highsmith - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "in 1942 and shortly thereafter became a writer for the comic book series Black Terror. Highsmith's first novel Strangers on a Train was first published in 1950, and in 1951 Alfred Hitchcock adapted the work for the screen, which helped Highsmith gain literary renown. Highsmith is most known for the Ripley novels, about a young sexually ambiguous man, named Tom Ripley, who has murderous delusions of grandeur. The first and most famous of these is The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955), which was awarded both the Grand Prix de Littérature Policière and the Edgar Allan Poe Scroll by the Mystery Writers of America. In 1963 Highsmith relocated to", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.0247015953063965, "source": "search", "title": "Patricia Highsmith - Grove Atlantic" }, { "answer": "Strangers On A Train", "passage": "In 1952 Highsmith, barely 30, perhaps startled by the wayward success of her first novel Strangers on a Train (conferring instant stardom when the Hitchcock movie followed a year later), had good reason to be edgy about the reception The Price of Salt would receive. “Those were the days when gay bars were a dark door somewhere in Manhattan, where people wanting to go to a certain bar got off the subway a station before or after the convenient one, lest they were suspected of being homosexual,” she wrote, in a postscript to the novel, many years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.115594863891602, "source": "search", "title": "Carol: the women behind Patricia Highsmith's lesbian novel ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "According to Mix’s press agent, the star was a genuine cowboy and swaggering hero of the Wild West: He was born in Texas; fought in the Spanish-American War, the Boxer Rebellion and the Boer War; and served as a sheriff in Kansas, a U.S. marshal in Oklahoma and a Texas Ranger. In fact, Mix was born in Driftwood, Pennsylvania; deserted the Army in 1902; and was a drum major in the Oklahoma Territorial Cavalry band when he went off to Hollywood in 1909.", "precise_score": 3.671665906906128, "rough_score": 3.059671401977539, "source": "search", "title": "Silent-film star Tom Mix dies in Arizona car wreck ..." }, { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "Mix had been one of the biggest silent movies stars in Hollywood during the 1920s, appearing in more than 300 westerns and making as much as $10,000 a week. Unlike most of the actors appearing in westerns, Mix (whose full name was Thomas Hezikah Mix) had actually worked as a cowboy, served as a soldier during the Spanish-American War, and been a Texas Ranger, so he brought a wealth of real experience to his fictional cowboy characters.", "precise_score": 2.126932144165039, "rough_score": -1.2339664697647095, "source": "search", "title": "The Cowboy actor Tom Mix dies in an Arizona car accident ..." }, { "answer": "Spanish–American War", "passage": "In April 1898, during the Spanish–American War, he enlisted in the Army under the name Thomas E. (Edwin) Mix. His unit never went overseas, and Mix later failed to return for duty after an extended furlough when he married Grace I. Allin on July 18, 1902. Mix was listed as AWOL on November 4, 1902, but was never court-martialed nor apparently even discharged. His marriage to Allin was annulled after one year. In 1905, Mix married Kitty Jewel Perinne, but this marriage also ended within a year. He next married Olive Stokes on January 10, 1909, in Medora, North Dakota. On July 13, 1912, Olive gave birth to their daughter Ruth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.581942558288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom Mix" }, { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "Despite stories to the contrary, he was not a member of President Theodore Roosevelt 's Rough Riders in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8990478515625, "source": "search", "title": "Tom Mix - Biography - IMDb" }, { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "Mix was born Thomas Hezikiah Mix into a relatively poor logging family in Mix Run, Pennsylvania, about 40 miles (60 km) north of State College, Pennsylvania. When he enlisted in the Army in April 1898, he registered as Thomas E. Mix. He served in a heavy artillery unit during the Spanish-American War. He re-enlisted in 1901, but failed to return to duty after a 1902 extended furlough when he married Grace I. Allin on July 18th. Mix was listed as AWOL on November 4, 1902, yet he was never court martialed or -- apparently -- even properly discharged. His marriage was annulled a year later. In 1905, Tom Mix married Kitty Jewel Perinne but this too ended within a year and in 1907 he married Olive Stokes with whom he had a daughter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.441521644592285, "source": "search", "title": "A SHORT GUIDE TO GREAT WESTERN COWBOY FILM STAR TOM MIX | eBay" }, { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "Tom’s “enhanced” resume included the notion that he was born in 1880 in El Paso, Texas, and exploits fighting the Spanish-American War in Cuba with Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, riding with the Texas Rangers, and the like. Tom actually rode in Roosevelt’s inaugural parade in a group of about 50 horsemen, some of whom included actual Rough Riders — but that was as close as he ever came to the group. At least one newspaper obituary would claim that he had served in the Boxer Rebellion and the Boer war in addition to the Spanish-American War, was sheriff of Montgomery County, Kansas, and Washington County, Oklahoma, a U.S. Marshal in eastern Oklahoma, and a Texas Ranger to boot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.658373832702637, "source": "search", "title": "Tom Mix - Page 2 of 3 - Guns of the Old West" }, { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "Between the tall tales Tom told and what the studio system perpetuated about him, it was difficult to know truth from fiction. Depending on whose version you believe, he served as a scout in the Spanish-American War where he was severely wounded (shot in the mouth, in fact, which explained his crooked smile), and was also a non-combatant horse wrangler who witnessed the final battles of the Boer Wars in South Africa. The truth is, much as he wanted to see the perceived glory of battle, he never left the states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4095796346664429, "source": "search", "title": "KEEPING THE OLD WEST ALIVE…TOM MIX STYLE" }, { "answer": "SPanish-american war", "passage": "MILLER: Mix claims to have fought in the Boar War in the - in the, you know, in the Boxer Rebellion, the Spanish-American War. You know, he claimed to be a Texas Ranger; he wasn't. In my files here of Mix, I have a drawing that Mix one time made showing 23 wounds that he'd received on his body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.893787860870361, "source": "search", "title": "Where a Cowboy Film Star Made His Last Stand : NPR" } ]

[ { "answer": "12", "passage": "A Jew living in the Hungarian countryside in March 1944 had a less than 10% chance of surviving the following 12 months. In Budapest, a Jew's chance of survival of the same 12 months was about 50%. Although from 1943, the BBC Polish Service was broadcasting about the exterminations, the BBC Hungarian Service had not mentioned Jews at all. After the German invasion in March 1944, the Hungarian Service did then broadcast warnings, But by then it was too late. However, according to Professor Cesarani, although Jews who survived the deportations claimed that they had not been informed by their leaders, that no one had told them, there's plenty of evidence that the Hungarian Jews could have known. But most of the Jews did not believe that the Holocaust might happen in Hungary: \"This might be happening in Galicia to Polish Jews, but this can’t happen in our very cultivated Hungarian state.\" ", "precise_score": 0.34429097175598145, "rough_score": -2.907768964767456, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The first transports to Auschwitz began in early May 1944 and continued even as Soviet troops approached. The Hungarian government was solely in charge of the Jews' transportation up to the northern border. The Hungarian commander of the Kassa (Košice) railroad station meticulously recorded the trains heading to Auschwitz with their place of departure and the number of people inside them. The first train went through Kassa on May 14. On a typical day, there were three or four trains, with between 3,000 and 4,000 people on each train, for a total of approximately 12,000 Jews delivered to the extermination facilities each day. There were 109 trains during these 33 days through June 16. (There were days when there were as many as six trains.) Between June 25 and 29, there were 10 trains, then an additional 18 trains on July 5–9. The 138th recorded train (with the 400,426th victim) heading to Auschwitz via Kassa was on July 20. Another 10 trains were sent to Auschwitz via other routes (24,000+ people) (the first two left Budapest and Topolya on April 29 and arrived at Auschwitz on May 2), while 7 trains with 20,787 people went to Strasshof between June 25 and 28 (2 each from Debrecen, Szeged and Baja, 1 from Szolnok). The unique Kastner train left for Bergen-Belsen with 1,685 people on June 30.", "precise_score": -3.705137252807617, "rough_score": -3.9615674018859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "For most of this time period, 12,000 Jews were delivered to Auschwitz in a typical day, among them the future writer and Nobel Prize-winner Elie Wiesel, at age 15. Photographs taken at Auschwitz were found after the war showing the arrival of Jews from Hungary at the camp. ", "precise_score": -2.2963619232177734, "rough_score": 0.17172065377235413, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Rudolf Israel Kastner (1906–1957) was a Jewish-Hungarian journalist and lawyer who became known for his actions during the Holocaust in Hungary. He was one of the leaders of the Va'adat Ezrah Vehatzalah (Aid and Rescue Committee or Vaada), a small Jewish group in Budapest which helped Jewish refugees escape from Nazi-occupied territory into Hungary during World War II, and helped them escape after Hungary itself was invaded on 19 March 1944. Between May and July 1944, Hungary's Jews were being deported to the gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau at the rate of 12,000 people a day—for \"resettlement,\" as the Nazis said. Kastner negotiated with Adolf Eichmann and Kurt Becher, both senior SS officers, to allow 1,685 of them to leave instead for Switzerland on what became known as the Kastner train, in exchange for money, gold, and diamonds. After the war, he wrote a letter of recommendation for Becher.", "precise_score": -3.3362579345703125, "rough_score": -3.4453909397125244, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Writing in Latin, Richard of Devizes, a 12th-century monk, was the first to use in his Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi (1192) the term \"holocaustum\". Thomas Browne employed the word \"holocaust\" in his philosophical Discourse Urn Burial in 1658 and for centuries, the word was used in English to denote massacres. Since the 1960s, the term has come to be used by scholars and popular writers to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews. The television mini-series Holocaust is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978. ", "precise_score": -3.712639093399048, "rough_score": -3.3640427589416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Himmler ordered the start of the deportations on 19 July 1942, and three days later, on 22 July, the deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto began; over the next 52 days, until 12 September 300,000 people from Warsaw alone were transported in freight trains to the Treblinka extermination camp. Many other ghettos were completely depopulated.", "precise_score": -2.9499614238739014, "rough_score": -5.094979286193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "In his 1992 monograph Ordinary Men, the Holocaust historian Christopher Browning examined the deeds of German Reserve Police Battalion 101 of the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police), used to commit massacres and round-ups of Jews as well as mass deportations to the Nazi death camps. The members of the battalion were middle-aged men of working-class background from Hamburg, who were too old for regular military duty. They were given no special training for genocide and at first, the commander gave his men the choice of opting out of direct participation in murder of 1,500 Jews from Józefów if they found it too unpleasant. The majority chose not to exercise that option; fewer than 12 men, out of a battalion of 500 did so on that occasion. Influenced by postwar Milgram experiment on obedience, Browning argued that the men of the battalion killed out of peer pressure, not blood-lust.", "precise_score": -5.164684772491455, "rough_score": -3.256255865097046, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The actions taken against ethnic Poles were not on the scale of the genocide of the Jews. Most Polish Jews (perhaps 90% of their pre-war population) perished during the Holocaust, while most Christian Poles survived the brutal German occupation. Between 1.8 and 2.1 million non-Jewish Polish citizens perished in German hands during the course of the war, about four-fifths of whom were ethnic Poles with the remaining fifth being ethnic minorities of Ukrainians and Belarusians, the vast majority of them civilians. At least 200,000 of these victims died in concentration camps with about 146,000 being killed in Auschwitz. Many others died as a result of general massacres such as in the Warsaw Uprising where between 120,000 and 200,000 civilians were killed.. [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm Review by Jessica Jager].", "precise_score": -1.9520151615142822, "rough_score": -4.0737175941467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Holocaust refers to the state-sponsored murder of millions of Jews by Nazi Germany. The Holocaust lasted for 12 years; people were imprisoned in camps as early as 1933 and it lasted until the end o... Read More »", "precise_score": 8.112966537475586, "rough_score": 7.6236467361450195, "source": "search", "title": "How Many Years Did the Holocaust Last | uk.QACollections.com" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered in a process resembling a large-scale industrial operation. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as the events of D-Day (June 6, 1944) and a Soviet offensive the same month spelled the beginning of the end for Germany in the war, a large proportion of Hungary’s Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz, and as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day.", "precise_score": -3.1604371070861816, "rough_score": -4.179480075836182, "source": "search", "title": "The Holocaust - World War II - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Jews have a long history in the country now known as Hungary, with some records even predating the 895 AD Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin by over 600 years. An early example of punitive measures began during the reign of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290), when it was decreed that every Jew should wear a piece of red cloth. During the time of the Black Death (1349), Jews were expelled from the country. King Ladislaus II (1490–1516) burned Jews at the stake, many being executed at Nagyszombat (Trnava) in 1494, on suspicion of ritual murder. As the lord of Bösing (Pezinok) was in debt to the Jews, a blood accusation was brought against these creditors in 1529. A law promulgated by the Imperial Diet of 1645 stated that Jews were excluded from the privileges of the country, that they were unbelievers, and had no conscience. When imperial troops recaptured Buda in 1686, most Jewish residents were massacred. Their fate was not improved under the reign of Leopold's son, Charles III (1711–1740). During the reign of Queen Maria Theresa (1740–1780), the Jews were expelled from Buda (1746). Joseph II (1780–1790) wiped out the decrees that had oppressed the Jews for centuries. The emancipation of the Jews was granted by the national assembly in 1849.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.504323482513428, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The Jews of Hungary were fairly well integrated into Hungarian society by the time of the First World War. By the early 20th century, the community had grown to constitute 5% of Hungary's total population and 23% of the population of the capital, Budapest. Jews became prominent in science, the arts and business. Resentment of this Jewish trend of success was widespread. Anti-Jewish policies grew more repressive in the interwar period as Hungary's leaders, who remained committed to regaining the lost territories of \"Greater Hungary\", chose to align themselves (albeit warily) with the fascist governments of Germany and Italy – the international actors most likely to stand behind Hungary's claims. Starting in 1938, Hungary under Miklós Horthy passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germany's Nürnberg Laws. The vast majority of Jews who were deported were massacred in Kameniec-Podolsk (Kamianets-Podilskyi). In the massacres of Újvidék (Novi Sad) and villages nearby, 2,550–2,850 Serbs, 700–1,250 Jews and 60–130 others were murdered by the Hungarian Army and \"Csendőrség\" (Gendarmerie) in January 1942. A Jew living in the Hungarian countryside in March 1944 had a less than 10% chance of surviving the following 12 months. In Budapest, a Jew's chance of survival of the same 12 months was about 50%. Jews from the Hungarian provinces outside Budapest and its suburbs were rounded up. The first transports to Auschwitz began in early May 1944 and continued even as Soviet troops approached. During the last years of World War II, they suffered severely, with over 600,000 being killed (within Hungary's 1943 borders) between 1941 and 1945, mainly through deportation to Nazi German-run extermination camps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.285462379455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "During the reign of King Andrew II (1205–1235) there were Jewish Chamberlains and mint-, salt-, and tax-officials. The nobles of the country, however, induced the king, in his Golden Bull (1222), to deprive the Jews of these high offices. When Andrew needed money in 1226, he farmed the royal revenues to Jews, which gave ground for much complaint. The pope (Pope Honorius III) thereupon excommunicated him, until, in 1233, he promised the papal ambassadors on oath that he would enforce the decrees of the Golden Bull directed against the Jews and the Saracens (by this time, the papacy had changed, and the Pope was now Pope Gregory IX; would cause both peoples to be distinguished from Christians by means of badges; and would forbid both Jews and Saracens to buy or to keep Christian slaves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561582565307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The year 1240 was the closing one of the fifth millennium of the Jewish era. At that time the Jews were expecting the advent of their Messiah. The Mongol invasion in 1241 seemed to conform to expectation, as Jewish imagination expected the happy Messianic period to be ushered in by the war of Gog and Magog. Béla IV (1235–1270) appointed a Jewish man named Henul to the office of court chamberlain – the Jewish Teka had filled this office under Andrew II); and Wölfel and his sons Altmann and Nickel held the castle at Komárom with its domains in pawn. Béla also entrusted the Jews with the mint; and Hebrew coins of this period are still found in Hungary. In 1251 a privilegium was granted by Béla to his Jewish subjects which was essentially the same as that granted by Duke Frederick II the Quarrelsome to the Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit the conditions of Hungary. This privilegium remained in force down to the Battle of Mohács (1526).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.742484092712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "At the Synod of Buda (1279), held in the reign of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290), it was decreed, in the presence of the papal ambassador, that every Jew appearing in public should wear on the left side of his upper garment a piece of red cloth; that any Christian transacting business with a Jew not so marked, or living in a house or on land together with any Jew, should be refused admittance to the Church services; and that a Christian entrusting any office to a Jew should be excommunicated. Andrew III (1291–1301), the last king of the Árpád dynasty, declared, in the privilegium granted by him to the community of Posonium (Bratislava), that the Jews in that city should enjoy all the liberties of citizens.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846399307250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The Hungarian Jews finally applied to the German Emperor Maximilian for protection. On the occasion of the marriage of Louis II and the archduchess Maria (1512), the emperor, with the consent of Ladislaus, took the prefect, Jacob Mendel of Buda, together with his family and all the other Hungarian Jews, under his protection, according to them all the rights enjoyed by his other subjects. Under Ladislaus' successor, Louis II (1516–1526), persecution of the Jews was a common occurrence. The bitter feeling against them was in part augmented by the fact that the baptized Emeric Szerencsés, the deputy treasurer, embezzled the public funds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68210220336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "After the restoration of peace the Jews were expelled from many cities that feared their competition; thus Esztergom expelled them in 1712, on the ground that the city which had given birth to St. Stephen must not be desecrated by them. But the Jews living in the country, on the estates of their landlords, were generally left alone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873394966125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "* 1263: Farkas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248939514160156, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "According to the 1910 census, the number of Jews was 911,227, or 4.99% of the 18,264,533 people living in Hungary (In addition, there were 21,231 Jews in the autonomous Croatia-Slavonia). This was a 28.7% increase in absolute terms since the 1890 census, and a 0.3% increase (from 4.7%) in the overall population of Hungary. At the time, the Jewish natural growth rate was higher than the Christian (although the difference had been narrowing), but so was the emigration rate, mainly to the United States. (The total emigration from Austria-Hungary to the U.S. in 1881-1912 was 3,688,000 people, including 324,000 Jews (8.78%). In the 1880-1913 period, a total of 2,019,000 people emigrated from Hungary to the US. Thus, an estimated 177,000 Jews emigrated from Hungary to the US during this total period.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.463984966278076, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "*Nagykanizsa 12.7% N, Győr 12.6% Nx, Gyöngyös 12.6% Qx, Zalaegerszeg 12.4% N, Szepesváralja (Spišské Podhradie SL) 12.4%,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49866771697998, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "In several towns, the number of Jews exceeded 1,000, but their ratio in the local population was less than 5.0%. These towns included Szabadka (Subotica) Nx with 3539 Jewish residents (3.7%), Kecskemét 2022 (3.0%), Békéscsaba 1970 (4.6%), Fiume (Rijeka IT) 1696 (3.4%), Hódmezővásárhely 1381 (2.2%), Zenta(Senta) * 1328 (4.5%), Nagybecskerek (Зрењанин, Zrenjanin) 1232 (4.7%), Cegléd 1121 (3.3%), Karcag 1077 (4.7%), Kiskunfélegyháza 1051 (3.0%), and Jászberény with 1017 (3.4%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.455175399780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "*Levelek 12.9%, Ólubló (Stará Ľubovňa SL) 12.8%, Jánosháza 12.7%, Nyírbogát 12.7%, Élesd (Aleşd) 12.7%, Vaján (Vojany) 12.6%, Vitka (now part of Vásárosnamény) 12.5%,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501516342163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "*Jármi 12.4%, Rahó (Rakhiv) 12.3%, Mándok 12.3%, Vágbeszterce (Považská Bystrica SL) 12.3%, Szamossályi 12.2%, Nyírtass 12.2% *{Tosh}, Csaroda 12.1%, Gergelyi 12.1%, Berettyóújfalu 12.1%, Nyírmeggyes 12.0%,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505260467529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "*Máramaros 18.4%, Bereg 14.2%, Ugocsa 12.9%, Ung 10.9%", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487116813659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Seven of the thirteen Nobel prize winners born in Hungary are Jewish. In sports, 55.6% of the individual gold medal winners of Hungary at the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1912 were Jewish. This number dropped to 17.6% in the interwar period of 1924-1936.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.314715385437012, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Starting in 1938, Hungary under Miklós Horthy passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germany's Nuremberg Laws. The first, promulgated on May 29, 1938, restricted the number of Jews in each commercial enterprise, in the press, among physicians, engineers and lawyers to twenty percent. The second anti-Jewish law (May 5, 1939), for the first time, defined Jews racially: people with 2, 3 or 4 Jewish-born grandparents were declared Jewish. Their employment in government at any level was forbidden, they could not be editors at newspapers, their numbers were restricted to six per cent among theater and movie actors, physicians, lawyers and engineers. Private companies were forbidden to employ more than 12% Jews. 250,000 Hungarian Jews lost their income. Most of them lost their right to vote as well: before the second Jewish law, about 31% of the Jewish population of Borsod county (Miskolc excluded), 2496 people had this right. At the next elections, less than a month after this new anti-Jewish legislation, only 38 privileged Jews could vote. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.655721187591553, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "It is not clear whether the 10,000–20,000 Jewish refugees (from Poland and elsewhere) were counted in the January 1941 census. They and anyone who could not prove legal residency since 1850, about 20,000 people, were deported to southern Poland and either abandoned there or were handed over to the Germans between July 15 and August 12, 1941. In practice, the Hungarians deported many people whose families had lived in the area for generations. In some cases, applications for residency permits were allowed to pile up without action by Hungarian officials until after the deportations had been carried out. The vast majority of those deported were massacred in Kameniec-Podolsk (Kamianets-Podilskyi) at the end of August. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.224053382873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "SS Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, whose duties included supervising the extermination of Jews, set up his staff in the Majestic Hotel and proceeded rapidly in rounding up Jews from the Hungarian provinces outside Budapest and its suburbs. The Yellow Star and Ghettoization laws, and deportation, were accomplished in less than 8 weeks with the enthusiastic help of the Hungarian authorities, particularly the gendarmerie (csendőrség). The plan was to use 45 cattle cars per train, 4 trains a day, to deport 12,000 Jews to Auschwitz every day from the countryside, starting in mid-May; this was to be followed by the deportation of Jews of Budapest from about July 15.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.204690933227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "At the end of World War II, only 140,000 Jews remained in Hungary, down from 750,000 in 1941. The difficult economic situation coupled with the lingering anti-Semitic attitude of the population prompted a wave of migration. Between 1945 and 1949, 40,000-50,000 Jews left Hungary for Israel(30,000-35,000) and Western countries(15,000-20,000) People of Jewish origin dominated the post-war Communist regime until 1952-53 when many were removed in a series of purges.Stanley Rothman and S. Robert Lichter, Roots of radicalism: Jews, Christians, and the Left (1996) page 89. During its first years, the regime's top membership and secret police were almost entirely Jewish, albeit naturally anti-religious. Leaders like Mátyás Rákosi, Ernő Gerő and Peter Gabor repudiated Judaism and were strict atheists per Communist doctrine. They even sometimes expressed anti-Semitic attitudes themselves. Indeed, under Communist rule from 1948 to 1988, Zionism was outlawed and Jewish observance was curtailed. Moreover, members of the upper class, Jews and Christians alike, were expelled from the cities to the provinces for 6–12 months in the early 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.240224838256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Most estimates about the number of Jews in Hungary range from 50,000 to 150,000; intermarriage rates are around 60%. (On the other hand, only 12,871 people declared Jewish religion in the census of 2001). Hungary boasts a number of synagogues, including the Dohány Street Synagogue, which is the second largest synagogue in the world. Jewish education is well organized: there are three Jewish high schools (Lauder Javne, Wesselényi and Anna Frank). Hungary is also home to the Budapest University of Jewish Studies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.145171165466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "During 2011, 1,014,682 taxpayers of Hungary gave 1% of their 2010 taxes to religious denominations. The Jewish denominations received money from 7,849 taxpayers (0.77%): 6,001 people offered money to the Neologs, 1,120 to Chabad, 435 to the two Reform communities and 290 to the Orthodox communities. Two [three] years later, 6,835 [7,277] people gave 1% of their 2012 [2013] taxes to the Neologs, 1,551 [1,520] to Chabad and 286 [270] to the orthodox community. The reform communities were not allowed to get money from the taxes, since they became not officially recognized in 2011. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642541885375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the Jews in Hungary" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "In a speech before the Reichstag in 1895, völkisch leader Hermann Ahlwardt called Jews \"predators\" and \"cholera bacilli\" who should be \"exterminated\" for the good of the German people. In his best-selling 1912 book Wenn ich der Kaiser wär (If I were the Kaiser), Heinrich Class, leader of the völkisch group Alldeutscher Verband, urged that all German Jews be stripped of their German citizenship and be reduced to Fremdenrecht (alien status). Class also urged that Jews should be excluded from all aspects of German life, forbidden to own land, hold public office, or participate in journalism, banking, and the liberal professions. Class defined a Jew as anyone who was a member of the Jewish religion on the day the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 or anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.544323921203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "During the era of the German Empire, völkisch notions and pseudo-scientific racism had become commonplace and were accepted throughout Germany, with the educated professional classes of the country, in particular, adopting an ideology of human inequality. Though the völkisch parties were defeated in the 1912 Reichstag elections, being all but wiped out, antisemitism was incorporated into the platforms of the mainstream political parties. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party; NSDAP) was founded in 1920 as an offshoot of the völkisch movement and adopted their antisemitism. In a 1986 essay, German historian Hans Mommsen wrote about the situation in post–First World War Germany that:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149764060974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "twelve", "passage": "Although Hitler never wrote that he would exterminate the Jews, he was open about his hatred of them. Although the origin and first expression of Hitler's anti-Semitism remain a matter of debate. Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna. In Mein Kampf, he announced his intention of removing them from Germany's political, intellectual, and cultural life. From the early 1920s Hitler linked the Jews with bacteria and that they should be dealt with in exactly the same way; in August 1920 he said that resolving \"racial tuberculosis\" would be solved by the removal of the \"causal agent, the Jew\". In Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote: \"The nationalization of our masses will succeed only when, aside from all the positive struggle for the soul of our people, their international poisoners are exterminated.\" Hitler with the idea of poisoning the poisoners suggested: \"If at the beginning of the War and during the War twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the people had been held under poison gas, as happened to hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers in the field, the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain\". Hitler had by now viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine and proclaimed he was fighting against \"Jewish Marxism\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.343116760253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "On 28 September 1939, Germany gained control over the Lublin area through the German-Soviet agreement in exchange for Lithuania. According to the Nisko Plan, they set up the Lublin-Lipowa Reservation in the area. The reservation was designated by Adolf Eichmann, who was assigned the task of removing all Jews from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. They shipped the first Jews to Lublin on 18October 1939. The first train loads consisted of Jews deported from Austria and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. By 30January 1940, a total of 78,000 Jews had been deported to Lublin from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. On 12 and 13 February 1940, the Pomeranian Jews were deported to the Lublin reservation, resulting in Pomeranian Gauleiter Franz Schwede-Coburg to be the first to declare his Gau (country subdivision) judenrein (\"free of Jews\"). On 24 March 1940 Göring put the Nisko Plan on hold, and abandoned it entirely by the end of April. By the time the Nisko Plan was stopped, the total number of Jews who had been transported to Nisko had reached 95,000, many of whom had died from starvation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.584752082824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Some camps tattooed prisoners with an identification number on arrival. Those fit for work were dispatched for 12- to 14-hour shifts. Roll calls before and after could sometimes last for hours; prisoners regularly died of exposure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096158981323242, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest, with 380,000 people; the Łódź Ghetto was second, holding 160,000. They were, in effect, immensely crowded prisons serving as instruments of \"slow, passive murder.\". Though the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30% of Warsaw's population, it occupied only 2.4% of the city's area, averaging 9.2 people per room.[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005413 \"Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto\"]. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.448426246643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "According to Otto Ohlendorf at his trial, \"the Einsatzgruppen had the mission to protect the rear of the troops by killing the Jews, Gypsies, Communist functionaries, active Communists, and all persons who would endanger the security.\" In practice, their victims were nearly all defenseless Jewish civilians (not a single Einsatzgruppe member was killed in action during these operations). By December 1941, the four Einsatzgruppen had killed, respectively, 125,000, 45,000, 75,000, and 55,000 people—a total of 300,000 people—mainly by shooting or with hand grenades at mass-killing sites outside the major towns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375738143920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Head of the OKW, Field-Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, in an order on 12 September 1941, declared:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34228801727295, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "A study conducted in 2012 established that in Berlin alone there were 3,000 camps of various functions, another 1,300 were in Hamburg and its co-researcher concluded that it is unlikely that the German population could avoid knowing about the persecution considering such prevalence. Robert Gellately has argued that the German civilian population were, by and large, aware of what was happening. According to Gellately, the government openly announced the conspiracy through the media and civilians were aware of its every aspect except for the use of gas chambers. In contrast, some historical evidence indicates that the vast majority of Holocaust victims, prior to their deportation to concentration camps, were either unaware of the fate that awaited them or were in denial; they honestly believed that they were to be resettled. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.370063304901123, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Refusing to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or to serve in the military, roughly 12,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were forced to wear a purple triangle and were placed in camps where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. Between 2,500 and 5,000 were killed. Historian Detlef Garbe, director of Hamburg's Neuengamme Memorial, writes that \"no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109469413757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "In 1988, West Germany allocated another $125 million for reparations.[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/reparations.html Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations], Jewish Virtual Library. In 1999, many German industries such as Deutsche Bank, Siemens or BMW faced lawsuits for their role in the forced labour during World War II. In order to dismiss these lawsuits, Germany agreed to raise $5 billion of which Jewish forced laborers still alive could apply to receive a lump sum payment of between $2,500 and $7,500. In 2012, Germany agreed to pay a new reparation of €772 million as a result of negotiations with Israel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.750955104827881, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Holocaust" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Though Nazis tried to keep the death campaigns a secret, it was no possible due to high death tolls. Most of the eyewitness of the German atrocities approached the allied governments, but they failed to respond. And these governments were harshly criticized about their disability to act against such mass slaughter. The allied governments fail to take any action as they completely concentrated on the war in the hands and general disbelief on such atrocities happening on such a huge scale. Similar to large industrial operation over 2 million people killed at a camp of Auschwitz alone. A huge population of non-Jews and Jews were found working in the labor camp in this place. While Jews were gassed, the other population lost their lives due to disease or starvation. During 1944 in summer months even on the D-Day of World War II which spelled the end of Germany the Jews not spared from killing. About 12,000 Jews killed per day by deporting huge population to Auschwitz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.990599155426025, "source": "search", "title": "The Dreadful Days: How Long Did The Holocaust Last?" }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "Source: From Moses Schulstein’s (Moishe Shulstein’s) poem “I Saw a Mountain,” translated by Beatrice Stadtler and Mindele Wajsman in From Holocaust to New Life, edited by Michael Berenbaum (New York: The American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors, 1985), p. 121.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6666765213012695, "source": "search", "title": "Frequently Asked Questions — United States Holocaust ..." }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "The Museum is 161 feet wide, 312 feet long, 91 feet tall, and 265,000 square feet in size. The Permanent Exhibition occupies 36,000 square feet on three floors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.391875267028809, "source": "search", "title": "Frequently Asked Questions — United States Holocaust ..." }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "12. How many people have visited the Museum?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383035659790039, "source": "search", "title": "Frequently Asked Questions — United States Holocaust ..." }, { "answer": "12", "passage": "12% were from outside the United States", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541099548339844, "source": "search", "title": "Frequently Asked Questions — United States Holocaust ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "* Chester Tate (Robert Mandan)—A wealthy stock broker and Jessica's constantly philandering husband. According to Benson (and nearly everyone else) he will \"jump on anything that breathes!\" He had an affair with his secretary named Claire and another woman named Pigeon. It was also later revealed that he had an affair with his wife's sister, Mary, and was the father of Danny Dallas. Chester and Jessica separate in Season 3 and divorce in Season 4. Although Chester later falls in love with Eunice's friend Annie, and marries her, he still loves Jessica enough to duel for her honor.", "precise_score": -10.329585075378418, "rough_score": -10.4912748336792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In addition to the religious protest, Soap also faced substantial pre-broadcast criticism from the International Union of Gay Athletes and the National Gay Task Force, both of which were concerned about the way the gay character Jodie Dallas and his professional football player lover would be portrayed.", "precise_score": -5.269433975219727, "rough_score": -9.096916198730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Although the uproar against Soap died down shortly after its premiere, the program continued to remain somewhat controversial, often generating additional criticism for its relatively frank depictions of homosexuals, racial and ethnic minorities, the mentally ill as well as its treatment of other taboo topics such as social class, marital infidelity, impotence, incest, sexual harassment, rape, student-teacher sexual relationships, kidnapping, organized crime, and new age cults. Much of the criticism focused on the openly gay character of Jodie Dallas (Billy Crystal). Soap was among the earliest American prime time series to include an openly gay character who was a major part of the series. Social conservatives opposed the character on religious grounds, while some gay rights activists were also upset with the character of Jodie, arguing that certain story developments reinforced negative stereotypes, e.g. his desire to have a sex change operation, or represented a desire to change or downplay his sexual orientation.", "precise_score": -6.455562114715576, "rough_score": -9.243576049804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "\"Who shot J.R.?\" is an advertising catchphrase that American network CBS created in 1980 to promote the television series Dallas. It referred to the mystery surrounding a murder attempt against the character J.R. Ewing in \"A House Divided\", the show's third-season finale, which was not resolved until a fourth-season episode that aired eight months later.", "precise_score": 1.8296483755111694, "rough_score": -4.574614524841309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who shot J.R.?" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "The \"Who shot J.R.?\" storyline was spoofed in the February 21, 1981 episode of Saturday Night Live, which was guest-hosted by Dallas star Charlene Tilton. The episode, sometimes referred to as \"Who Shot C.R.?\", provided several cast members with various motivations to hate co-star Charles Rocket, who is shot in the episode. At the end of the episode, Rocket made the notorious ad-libbed comment \"I'd like to know who the fuck did it.\" ", "precise_score": 3.2002902030944824, "rough_score": -4.041230201721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who shot J.R.?" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In Larry Hagman's final episode of the 2012 sequel, Dallas, which aired on March 4, 2013, J.R. was shot again, this time fatally. In the 2013 Season 2 finale it was revealed that J.R. asked Steve \"Bum\" Jones to shoot him so his 'masterpiece' could play out, framing Cliff Barnes for his murder. The main reason he had himself killed was because doctors told J.R. that he had only days to live; he was dying from cancer. In his letter to Bobby he reveals all of this and that he wanted to die helping his family end the Ewing/Barnes feud once and for all. As J.R.'s son John Ross said \"The only person that could take down J.R.—was J.R.\"", "precise_score": -2.7225701808929443, "rough_score": -6.368871212005615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who shot J.R.?" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas was not. however. initially produced as a serial. It was conceived as a noncontinuing drama. \"I had hoped we’d be able to serialize after we got a hold.\" says David jacobs. Dallas’s creator. Indeed, the show changed to its present serialized form after about ten episodes of its first official season in the fall of 1978. As a result, the early episodes of Dallas presented story lines that had no relationship to each other - one week Bobby is kidnapped and shot, yet the next week he has no bandages. \"My favorite one of those,” says executive producer Philip Capice. \"is the one where suddenly Pam has an ex-", "precise_score": -8.4842529296875, "rough_score": -9.789642333984375, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "“In its form, Dallas is a kind of soap opera\" says Larry Hagman, known the world over as “But let me tell you something. Soap opera is damn good. I worked almost three years on The Edge of Night. It was done live and provided marvelous training for actors. Soap operas provide fine acting performances, and they’re damned hard too. I consider Dallas drama—turgid drama, sometimes, but it's always interesting with the major characters bouncing around. The show’s fine when it revolves around several themes. People say that it’s sexy and trashy. If you call screwing your wife’s sister sexy, then perhaps it is. To me, it’s just all in the family\"", "precise_score": -7.9232072830200195, "rough_score": -7.773697376251221, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas was originally shot entirely on location in Dallas , Texas . Later, most interiors for the show were shot at the MGM studios in Hollywood . Exteriors were shot at the Southfork Ranch in Parker, Texas , and other parts of Dallas, until 1989 , when rising production costs led to all production being located in California.", "precise_score": -9.956767082214355, "rough_score": -10.798359870910645, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas wasn't an instant hit and gradually picked up an audience. It wasn't until its 1979-1980 season cliffhanger when JR was shot that the show was catapulted into a worldwide phenonmen. \"This show had a long climb up hill, there were five shows produced which we called the mini series, each show quite different than the other\" explains Steve Kanaly \"They were opposite heavy competition , a major show about Fred Astaire, another about the Holocaust. The who was originally on a Sunday night and did not have any audience until the 5th show. It was 12th in the week on the very last show. If it had not been for the 5th show there would have been no audience. So then there was what is called a half order, your picked up but not for a whole season but for twelve shows. We go down to Texas and start filming again, at the end of that 12 we are on the air but we are not getting good numbers. The network is not in a hurry to buy the next half, then we go home and think its all over but been nice. The next day Leonard Katzman rings and says the order went through. The next year again they did not buy a full season . So we are struggling, this is a show that isn't going any place fast, then in the second part of the second year it starts to pick up audience and at the end of that season there was a two part show where Jock was on trial for murder when they discovered some bone buried on Southfork, largely a court room drama, then at that point the network comes and says \"do you think you can give us another couple of shows\". The writers and producers are scrambling, it took them many days then finally someone said \"why don't we just shoot the s.o.b.\", \"well who's gonna shoot him?\" , \"we don't have to decide\" . So it was this fluke, after a season of planned episodes that set the show on fire.\"", "precise_score": -0.7618961930274963, "rough_score": -7.621798515319824, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "The \"Who Done It?\" episode of \"Dallas\" that revealed \" Who shot J.R.? \", the famous 1980 cliffhanger , received the highest domestic ratings at that point with over 90 million American viewers tuning in for the answer. The last episode of M*A*S*H in 1983 finally beat the ratings; however, internationally \"Dallas\" still holds the record for the highest rated episode with nearly 360 million viewers tuning in to see who shot J.R.", "precise_score": 3.360658884048462, "rough_score": -4.762897491455078, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Produced by Leonard Katzman , the \"Dallas\" television series was one of the first to be distributed globally. \"Dallas\" was eventually translated and dubbed into 67 languages in over 90 countries, a record that to this day still stands for an American television series.", "precise_score": -10.00259017944336, "rough_score": -9.923715591430664, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "The soapy, backstabbing machinations of Dallas oil magnate J.R. Ewing and his family.", "precise_score": -6.755217552185059, "rough_score": -6.830869674682617, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Search for \" Dallas \" on Amazon.com", "precise_score": -10.151467323303223, "rough_score": -9.924026489257812, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Popular evening 'soap-opera' style television drama. The show was set in Dallas and chronicled the exploits of wealthy Texas oil millionaires. Many of the plots revolved around shady business dealings and dysfunctional family dynamics. Written by Tad Dibbern <[email protected]>", "precise_score": -8.7052583694458, "rough_score": -10.468240737915039, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "What was meant by the creators of \"DALLAS\" to be a five act drama TV show with the troublesome marriage between Bobby Ewing and Pamela Barnes in center, grows to be the major series of the 80's. (The response from the viewers after some episodes were so good that the producers called for an extension.)", "precise_score": -10.003253936767578, "rough_score": -10.581341743469238, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "\"The Jock Ewing Years\" are/were DALLAS at it's best. Jim Davis was the Brando of the Ewings, without doubt. The plot of the whole show was more centered and interesting while he was present. The screen writers re-grouped the three sons of an oil-mafia matriarch, surly in a \"godfather\" style. Late Larry Hagman (R.I.P) was the senior son J.R, the natural heir of the throne. Always thinking business, besides the hunger for women as a pleasure. Stone cold and calculating, he smashed every fly that came around him trying to steal his limelight.", "precise_score": -10.395849227905273, "rough_score": -9.709080696105957, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. and April continue their quiet search for Jack. Sue Ellen shuts down her Los Angeles lingerie operation but finds a new \"Valentine Girl\" for the Dallas store. Christopher and John Ross play a potentially deadly game. Ray considers playing dirty in his divorce suit with Donna. Sue Ellen and J.R. renew their love for each other. Sue Ellen receives shocking news, Jamie is dead.", "precise_score": -10.555550575256348, "rough_score": -10.791510581970215, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Sue Ellen tells J.R. she \"changed her mind about revenge.\" Sue Ellen meets Don Lockwood (Ian McShane) and gradually reveals the plot of her movie. Sue Ellen wants to use Lucy's help in her movie. J.R. torpedoes Bobby and Cliff's business deal. A drunk Cliff appears at April's place. Cally and John Ross don't get along. Lucy tells Don Lockwoood her memories of how J.R. harassed her mother Valene. Tommy McKay (J.Eddie Peck) returns and moves in with his father and Tracey. John Ross has an accident in the pool and is saved by Cally. Cally gets impatient with John Ross' attitude. Sue Ellen plans to make J.R. the laughing stock of Dallas with her movie about their marriage.", "precise_score": -10.113957405090332, "rough_score": -10.11784839630127, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Bobby joins J.R. and Cally on their honeymoon as they all travel to Salzburg, Austria. J.R. and Bobby plan Ewing Oil strategy to beat Carter McKay. J.R., Bobby, and Cally \"accidentally\" meet Chick and Bunny Harvard (David Healy, Kathryn Leigh Scott) who turn out to be working for McKay. Bobby is surprised by April Stevens who comes to Salzburg to talk to him. Carter McKay tells the Ewing brothers he wants to make peace. Back in Dallas, Clayton suffers memory loss after an injury. Afton likes \"the new Cliff.\" Cliff meets Afton's daughter Pamela Rebecca Cooper (Jenna Pangburn). Sue Ellen learns that casting and the script for her movie are finished and shooting is about to begin. In Austria, J.R. and Bobby meet Rolf Brundin (Gunnar Hellstrom) who tells them he wants to buy Ewing Oil.", "precise_score": -9.723289489746094, "rough_score": -10.42365837097168, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "JR and Stephanie have lunch [instead of dinner] and have another round of the battle of the sexes. James and Cally spend the day together, frustrating JR yet again in his attempts to mold his marriage. James advises Cally to hang tough and not let JR dominate her life. Serena Wald returns to Dallas and tells JR that she's moved back to Dallas. The predictable \"business lunch\" at the Singletree ensues, and JR decides that enough is enough and it's time for a change. Heading back to the office, he uses a marker to mask out the \"Ewing\" from Cally's signature on his portrait.", "precise_score": -7.580336570739746, "rough_score": -10.461313247680664, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Michelle comes home and finds JR in her apartment with a briefcase and his \"you're leaving town\" ultimatum to keep her away from James. JR reveals James' intention to marry her, which makes her resolve to stick it out in Dallas and refuse his offer. Unfortunately, the next day, James tells Michelle that he only told JR about getting married to ruffle his feathers. Another predictable argument [I've been saying this a lot lately] ensues and yet another breakup occurs.", "precise_score": -6.791243076324463, "rough_score": -9.379679679870605, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cut to Jason, the new little brother. He's a greedy land developer in Dallas who plowed Southfork into the ground and built housing estates on the land. Cut to Sue Ellen, who's become a successful soap actress on the hit series \"Top of the World\". She dismisses her agent for making a bad career move, and she's married to Nicholas Pearce. Much to JR's chagrin, she's gotten by fine without him. Cut to Bobby. He's a compulsive gambler in Las Vegas, divorced from Annie Ewing, with three kids. Annie, picking up the kids from the park, reminds Bobby he's way behind in his support payments. Bobby promises to get the money somehow. JR can't believe it the way things have turned out for him. Adam tells him that without JR to butt heads with, Bobby become an aimless drifter, bereft of purpose after Ewing Oil collapsed. Cut to Kristin. She meets a man in a hotel, posing as a call girl. Suddenly she whips out a badge and tells her prey that she's an undercover cop. Actually, it turns out she's a very good con artist who goes after high-ranking officials, who would rather pay her off than have the world know their secrets.", "precise_score": -3.987853765487671, "rough_score": -6.820674896240234, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "JR begins the story by talking about \"The Early Years\" of Dallas to someone who wants to write a book about Jock and Digger way back in the old days. The action cuts to Armistice Day, 1951, at the Ewing Barbecue. While Ellie and Jock attend to their guests, JR spends time in the hayloft with a pretty young thing named Mary Lou. Maggie Barnes arrives to the barbecue with her young niece Pamela and a mouthy Cliff. A drunken Willard 'Digger' Barnes wanders through the crowd with a gun, which he points at Jock Ewing. A shot is fired...", "precise_score": -3.4772610664367676, "rough_score": -7.582613945007324, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas: War of the Ewings\" begins with a scene of Bobby Ewing in the shower. He turns arounds and says 'Good morning'. The same scene from thirteen years ago, when Pam woke up from her \"dream\". Sue Ellen Ewing steps into the shower with him and gives him a kiss... it's then turns out, that it's is actually J.R. Ewing's bad dream. Sue Ellen comes in to his room and wakes him up, reminding him that they're planning to have lunch.", "precise_score": -8.744168281555176, "rough_score": -10.32956314086914, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Mary's family, the Campbells, are working-class, and as the series begins, her son Danny Dallas (Ted Wass), a product of her first marriage to Johnny Dallas, is a junior gangster-in-training. Danny is told to kill his stepfather, Burt Campbell (Richard Mulligan), Mary's current husband, who, Danny is told, murdered his father Johnny, who was also a mobster. It is later revealed that Danny's father was killed by Burt in self-defense. Danny refuses to kill Burt and goes on the run from the Mob in a variety of disguises. This eventually ends when Elaine Lefkowitz (played by Dinah Manoff in one of her earliest roles), the spoiled daughter of the Mob Boss (played by Sorrell Booke), falls in love with Danny and stops her father, who then tells Danny he will have to marry Elaine or he will kill him. In the fourth season, it is revealed that Chester is Danny's true father, the product of a secret affair between him and Mary before his marriage to Jessica. Mary's other son, Jodie (Billy Crystal, in an early role), is gay, having a secret affair with a famous professional quarterback, and contemplating a sex-change operation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076497077941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "* Mary Campbell (née Gatling, previously Dallas) (Cathryn Damon)—The sister of Jessica Tate and one of the two main characters of the show. Down-to-earth, sensual and much brighter than her sister, she provides a comic foil to her sister's spaced-out antics. At the start of the series she is married to her second husband, building contractor Burt Campbell. Her first husband, Johnny Dallas, was a mobster who (unknown to Mary) was killed by Burt in self-defense. Eventually, she has a baby with \"alien\" Burt, and by the series' end has slowly become an alcoholic, as no one else (besides Chuck and Bob) sees the baby manifesting alien-esque qualities, such as being able to fly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07435417175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "* Danny Dallas (Ted Wass)—Mary Campbell's eldest son. Sweet-natured, good-looking but not particularly bright, he is a low-level gangster due to his late father's membership, not due to any aptitude or desire of his own. He is given the task of killing his stepfather Burt, but can't bring himself to, and as a result spends most of Season 1 on the run, popping up in ludicrous disguises. It is widely assumed that he is the son of Mary's first husband Johnny Dallas but in later episodes it is revealed that his real father is Chester Tate (born from an illicit affair Chester had with his mother, Mary). He is very protective of his younger half-brother Jodie, but is initially in denial about Jodie's homosexuality. Danny is forced to marry Elaine, the mob boss's daughter who would later be kidnapped and murdered. Danny later gets involved in a series of failed relationships, including a girlfriend of one of Elaine's kidnappers, an African-American woman, a prostitute, and Chester's new wife, Annie. He also becomes Burt's enthusiastic but inept deputy sheriff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038923263549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "* Jodie Dallas (Billy Crystal)—The son of Mary Campbell and her first husband Johnny Dallas. An openly gay man, he shares his mother's common sense and pleasant temperament. He at first is dating a closeted football player but later fathers a daughter (Wendy) with Carol, an attorney who seduces him after meeting at his aunt Jessica's murder trial. After Carol runs off to join the rodeo, Wendy is left with Jodie, triggering a custody battle and a kidnapping. The series ends with Jodie believing himself to be an old Jewish man named Julius Kassendorf due to a failed hypnotherapy session.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303577423095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "* Judge Betty Small (Rae Allen)—judge presides over the Carol David/Jodie Dallas custody case, who formerly had a strong rivalry with Mallu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322040557861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Soap (TV series)" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Production for the 1980–81 season began in June 1980, but Hagman—who had begun the show in a secondary role but now was the star—refused to film the show without a raise. He returned to work ten days later with a new contract that paid him $100,000 per episode and royalties from J.R. Ewing merchandise. Viewers had to wait an additional two months to find out the answer to the famous question, however, as a strike by the Writers Guild of America began in July that delayed the production of most new network shows by eight weeks. During the delay, CBS showed early Dallas episodes featuring J.R. Ewing, helping the show's many new fans better understand his character.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387846946716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Who shot J.R.?" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series with Larry Hagman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466547966003418, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Introduction to the TV series Dallas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.511661529541016, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "It was a Sunday night, April 2nd 1978, that TV history changed forever when a new five part mini series made its debut on CBS. That show was Dallas, created by David Jacobs and went on to become the most sucessful show in the history of television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433568000793457, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas producers assume that their viewer is a regular who has either seen all the episodes or has caught up on the news through a friend. There is no reviewing of the situation in a new episode (in syndication a narrator explains the previous episode", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421043395996094, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas was the first show to combine the scope of a mini-series with the big ideas of life—themes such as good vs. evil and brother vs. brother. Set in the big state of Texas—where life is lived in the fast lane, where everything is bigger and badder than anywhere else—the breadth of the show made viewers realize that Romeo and Juliet had at long last come to Giant. Victoria Principal credits the 1956 movie Giant as the inspiration for Dallas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435349464416504, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Creator David Jacobs originally created and came up with an idea for the series Knots Landing, but CBS wanted a glitzy \"saga-like\" show. Jacobs therefore created Dallas, a series about a wealthy family in the oil business. When Dallas proved to be a hit, CBS reconsidered Jacobs' original idea and turned Knots Landing into a spin-off of Dallas in late 1979.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105489730834961, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas originally aired on Saturday nights when it debuted as a regular series. Within a month, the show was moved to Sunday nights, where it would stay until halfway through the season, when it took a Friday-night slot. Dallas remained on Fridays until the show ended in 1991, alternating between 10 p.m. and 9 p.m. airings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.549509048461914, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "The original mini series is now termed as season one on the Dallas DVD releases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505034446716309, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas the official website dedicated to the hit tv series ..." }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4301118850708, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Gary and Valene Ewing, relatives of the Ewing clan of Dallas, arrive in Knots Landing to make a new home for themselves. However, scheming Abby Fairgate-Cunningham later breaks up their marriage when she seduces Gary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401384353637695, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas: J.R. Returns (TV Movie 1996)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394855499267578, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Years after J.R. Ewing lost Ewing Oil and apparently committed suicide, we learn that he is alive and well. He returns to Dallas, and plots to bring his family back together, and regain control of Ewing Oil from arch-enemy Cliff Barnes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3060941696167, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "When the DALLAS show was released over here on DVD in a \"two season per year-plan\" in the early 00's, It was time to take the trip all over again. During a six year period, I consistently dug deeply into it season by season during free time, and enjoyed it to the fullest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19621467590332, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas (TV Series 1978–1991) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490826606750488, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas - TV.com" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In the ranks of prime-time dramas, this was one of the biggest. Dallas, the saga of the Ewing Family, began as a five part mini-series in 1978. Throughout its thirteen seasons, many actors passed through the gates of Southfork. In the late 1960's, Peyton Place was a nighttime serial drama success-a novelty at the time. But since then, no P.M. show had caught the soap opera crowd's attention… until Dallas. The show first went on the air for a five week run in early 1978, and then fell into a Saturday nighttime slot later that year. Ratings were fair, but they were nothing compared to when the show moved to Friday nights, when the ratings well didn't run dry for a long, long time. The Ewing family lived at the sprawling South Fork ranch, in hoity-toity Braddock County just outside Dallas. Like any good power family, there was a matriarch and patriarch, and three sons- this core group, their extensive romantic relations, and the Barnes clan of rival oilers were all Jacobs needed to create a self-contained histrionic world of intrigue, dysfunction and passion. Borrowing from Romeo and Juliet, the youngest Ewing boy, Bobby, fell for a beautiful Barnes girl. And with a nod to the biblical Cain and Abel, Bobby and older brother J.R. didn't exactly play nice with each other like you might expect brothers to. Whereas J.R. was nearly a hundred percent scoundrel, Bobby had discernable streaks of honesty and integrity…but that patented Ewing viciousness certainly reared its head once in a while. The South Fork ranch housed Jock and Miss Ellie, the king and queen of South Fork, J.R. and long-suffering wife Sue Ellen, and Bobby and Pamela…though why they all lived under one roof demands a little poetic license, because money certainly wasn't a problem, and it wasn't like there was a whole lot of binding inter-family harmony. Here's just a taste of the drama devices that ensued: insane asylums, car accidents, affairs, illegitimate children, gunfights, fistfights, catfights, lies, drinking problems (both real and imagined), poufy 80's hairstyles for the ladies and best of all, notorious season finale cliffhangers. The most famous, of course, came at the end of the 1979-80 season, when a mysterious late-night intruder shot J.R. in the chest while he was toiling away at the office one night. The resulting \"Who Shot J.R.?\" publicity raced around the globe, because by that time, Dallas was an international hit in just about every developed country in the world. Odds on the shooter's identity were figured, bets were placed, and theories were construed– since there were about fifteen possible candidates, fans and pundits were kept very busy indeed. Don't read the next part of this sentence if you want to remain one of the few of-age humans who doesn't know whodunit… it was Kristin, J.R.'s scorned sister-in-law and recent romantic entanglement. Dallas was conceived as a show that had plenty of sex and romance for the female audiences, and a lot of cowboy posturing and business intrigue for the male viewers. The formula worked, because by the early 1980's, it was one of the most popular shows in TV history. There were magazine covers galore, a spin-off named Knots Landing about Gary, the middle Ewing son who wasn't seen or heard from much during proceedings at South Fork, and primetime serialization imitators like Dynasty and Falcon Crest. So for the show that kicked off the nighttime drama trend that's status quo today, we tip those ten-gallon hats and breathe a secret sigh of relief that J.R. was just a fictional character who couldn't manipulate us in real life. Because let's be honest, that guy could have taken most of us down. CBS Broadcast History: April 2, 1978- April 30, 1978----Sundays----10:00-11:00 P.M. September 23, 1978- October 14, 1978----Saturdays----10:00-11:00 P.M. October 15, 1978- January 14, 1979----Sundays----10:00-11:00 P.M. January 26, 1979- November 27, 1981----Fridays----10:00-11:00 P.M. December 4, 1981- May 17, 1985----Fridays----9:00-10:00 P.M. September 27, 1985- May 16, 1986----Fridays----9:00-10:00 P.M. September 26, 1986- May 13, 1988----Fridays----9:00-10:00 P.M. October 28, 1988- March 9, 1990----Fridays----9:00-10:00 P.M. March 16, 1990- May 11, 1990----Fridays----10:00-11:00 P.M. November 2, 1990- December 21, 1990----Fridays----10:00-11:00 P.M. January 4, 1991- May 3, 1991----Fridays----9:00-10:00 P.M.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.131220817565918, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas - TV.com" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas TV series episode guide", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53093147277832, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON TWO 1978-79", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.551856994628906, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Ed Haynes shows up in Dallas, causing conflict in Bobby and Pam's marriage. Pam was married to Ed, something she failed to tell Bobby. Ed tracks down Digger, and gets him drinking, using some of the info from the old man in his con. J.R., of course, uses the opportunity to stick it, again, to Pam. Ed was in the Vietnam war when Pam got the divorce, and claimed he never got the divorce papers, and claims that he and Pam are still married. Once Bobby and Pam are on to the scam, they convince Haynes that Pam was kicked out of the Ewing family, at the same time, Bobby tracks down Hayne's partner, and gets his hands on a copy of the annulment papers. Both men leave town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298805236816406, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Bobby Ewing decides a new venture in is order. His old buddy Guzzler Bennett returns to Dallas, and wants Bobby to join him in the construction business. Hitch is, they want to bid a shopping mall on Southfork. Ellie wants no part of a shopping center on Southfork, and J.R. has that land in mind for future oil drilling. Guzzler's selfish ways also put a strain on Bobby's relationship with Pam. Bobby is out of luck all the way around on this one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42192554473877, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Sue Ellen's mother and sister arrive in Dallas, and just in the nick of time. Sue Ellen catches J.R. with another woman, and moves in with her family. She also hooks up again with Cliff for support. J.R. is not happy, but finally decides he wants his wife home, even if the baby she is carrying is not his!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33603286743164, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Jock is getting tired of being treated like an invalid. J.R. uses his father heart attack to keep him out of Ewing Oil. Ellie attempts to keep all stress out his life. When Julie Grey, Jock's former secretary arrives back in Dallas, Jock is thrilled to spend a lot of time with her. She does not treat him like the family, and two renew their relationship. Fearing Jock is having an affair with Julie, he tells his mother. Ellie tries to stop what is going on, but Jock leaves to see Julie. He gives her an expensive gift, and says that it will have to be a going away present. Once Jock leaves, J.R. shows up at Julie's door. Julie promises to keep causing trouble for J.R., but he tells her not to count on it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34741497039795, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Writer: Camille Marchetta Director: Leonard Katzman Guest star: Jeanna Michaels (Connie), Meg Gallagher (Louella), Sherril Lynn Rettino (Jackie Dougan) , Ellen Greer (Dr. Krane), Peter Horton (Wayne), Steffen Zacharias, Ed Kenney, Chad M. Roche, Michael Griswold, Nicholas Shields, Merry Elkins, John Moser, Dawn Jeffory (Annie Driscoll) NOTE: Rating: 35/55 14.1/27 Dallas producer Leonard Katztman's sister Sheril Lynn Katzman begins appearing as Jackie in the episode. She played Jackie throughout the shows run.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22237491607666, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON THREE 1979-80", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524574279785156, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cliff Barnes flies his father, Digger, to Dallas to show him how he's getting even with the Ewings. But Digger's sudden medical problem places a cloud over Cliff, Pam, and even Sue Ellen's new baby. A doctor's examination discloses that Digger has a genetic disorder that has not only been passed to his children, Pam and Cliff, but also to their offspring, which could prove fatal to John Ewing III if Cliff is actually the father, as he firmly believes. Kristin Shepard, Sue Ellen's younger sister, comes to town.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41428279876709, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Ellie's sadness on the occasion of her missing son Gary's birthday quickly changes to jubilation when she learns he and Valene are both back in Dallas and plan to be re- married. Ellie plans to keep the news of the wedding a secret from J.R., who's on a business trip with Kristin, but Sue Ellen delights in giving him the news. She also tells Rudy Millington, Kristin's boyfriend, where to find her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399053573608398, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. keeps pressuring Alan Beam to marry Lucy very soon. Cliff resigns from the OLM to run in the elections for Congress but J.R.'s intrigue is a success and Cliff runs out of campaign money all of a sudden. For the moment, he is finished professionally and has nowhere to go. Bobby feels sorry for Cliff and decides to do some job hunting for him. This provokes a furious reaction from J.R. Jock frustrated J.R.'s plans for Lucy and Alan by offering Alan a legal partnership in Dallas. Now J.R. tries to stop the marriage because there's no longer anything in it for him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324421882629395, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON FOUR 1980-81", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560277938842773, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "The police question Cliff and JR who accuse each other of murdering Kristin: Cliff says he figures JR pushed her over the balcony into the pool; JR says he walked out on to the balcony and saw Cliff trying to drown her. In light of the fact that the balcony railing is broken, the police decide to take both JR and Cliff in for questioning. Bobby arrives and JR tells him that Pam took John Ross to Abilene as he and Cliff are taken away. Sheriff Washburn arrives and tells JR that the Dallas ADA has told him about the deal that was cut when Kristin admitted to shooting him [see Episode 59 for details] and he figures that JR had the best motive for wanting Kristin dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.813764572143555, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "JR tells Jock that he has a new plan: he'll get the Farlows to throw Sue Ellen off the Southern Cross by blocking all of the oil shipments to their refineries. He gets Phyllis and Sly to drop everything and get him appointments to see all of the the Fallows suppliers. JR manages to get three of Clayton's suppliers to agree to his plan. Bobby gets the police to search for Pam. They search for hours but don't find her until somebody finally spots her on top of a tall building, preparing to jump. Bobby quickly arrives at the scene, blocks a fire engine and a police car, and heads up to get her. He tries to talk her away from the edge of the roof, but she takes a step closer and starts screaming. Bobby manages to grab her just in time and takes her to Dallas Memorial Bobby receives a letter with a picture of Kristin and her baby. He is contacted by the sender, who says he has more information for sale, if Bobby wants it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139128684997559, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. continues to shower Sue Ellen with attention and she accepts his invitation to dinner at Southfork. The family is delighted to see Sue Ellen back at the ranch, although she is becoming aware of how sick her relationship with her former husband really is. J.R. has Ray arrested and then is able to persuade him to sign over his voting shares. Bobby and Pam are delighted at the results of the adoption hearing for Christopher, and Ray and Donna discuss divorce. Lucy tries to reason with Roger but his reaction indicates how obsessed he has become over J.R.'s niece. Cliff discovers J.R.'s plot to get him out of Dallas and in an confrontation tells J.R. that he intends to marry Sue Ellen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254314422607422, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. is riding high with Cliff crushed, Bobby on the ropes, Clayton out of the way, and Sue Ellen accepting his attention. Cliff Barnes despairs after his mother asks him to resign from Wentworth Tool and Dye because of his misuse funds although Afton declares her love for him and tries to convince him that together, they can beat J.R. At the same time, J.R. 's discovery of Christopher's birth has Bobby intimidated, even as Bobby undergoes the ordeal of the investigation into Farraday's underworld connections. Ray intercedes in Donna and Ellie's feud and is instrumental in getting Miss Ellie to face the reality of Jock's life and death. Mitch decides to leave Dallas and Lucy, while a smug J.R. takes Sue Ellen to Southfork for a visit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116665840148926, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON SIX 1982-83", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.578149795532227, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. is granted his oil variance and begins full production on his wells, while Walt Driscoll has to flee Dallas when news of the variance leaks out. The oil cartel cannot understand why J.R. is pumping to capacity when there is a glut of oil in the market. Sue Ellen asks Clayton if he will give her away at her wedding to J.R. Miss Ellie tries to make peace with Rebecca, but Rebecca wants vengeance against the Ewings. Bobby and J.R. are not pleased when Miss Ellie brings Frank Crutcher to dinner. Ray tells Mickey to either straighten out or else. Cliff lashes out at Pam for helping Bobby win the Canadian deal. Holly confronts J.R. about his pumping at full capacity. Donna discusses dismantling the OLM, now that Walt Driscoll has proved how corrupt it is.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271666526794434, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In the aftermath of the court's ruling on Jock's will, Miss Ellie escapes from the tension at Southfork with a trip to Galveston, where she runs into an irate Clayton. He is still smoldering from J.R.'s use of Sue Ellen to get his excess crude refined at Clayton's refinery. Cliff contrives to get a political carrot dangled in front of J.R. to get him out of Dallas. The cartel accedes to Bobby's demands for his share of the Wellington field. Bobby discovers energy commission member, George Hicks has ties with J.R. Holly gets to know the real J.R. Ewing and they both use threats to establish a new working relationship with each other. Mark pays a surprise visit to Pam at her studio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249150276184082, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Bobby and Pam are the target of one another's plotting which puts a greater strain on their relationship. With Katherine pursuing Bobby and Mark pursuing Pam, the separated pair find it difficult to reach each other. Miss Ellie finds that helping Clayton find a new home in Dallas after the sale of the Southern Cross is satisfying, much to the dismay of J.R. J.R.'s budding popularity makes Donna and Ray realize that the outcome of his and Bobby's race for Ewing Oil could affect Dave Culver's future in the Senate. Holly again goes to Bobby for advice. Lucy and Mickey reach an understanding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328658103942871, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R.'s Cuban deal sets up a string of events involving Bobby, Pam, Sue Ellen, and Holly. Bobby's illusions about the even race he is having with J.R. for Ewing Oil is shattered by a box of Cuban cigars. Bobby finds out that Pam is in France with Mark, where they are discovered by friends from Dallas. Ray confesses to Aunt Lil that Jock was his father. Afton defends Cliff and orders Katherine out of their house. Miss Ellie is concerned about Clayton's and Sue Ellen's relationship and is not sure she believes Clayton's explanation. Sue Ellen makes a devastating discovery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.176015853881836, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON SEVEN 1983-84", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507091522216797, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Afton tells Pam that Katherine must have set up the whole thing, as there are too many restaurants in Dallas for it to be a coincidence. J.R. pays off a driller for having sabotaged Bobby's Canadian oil wells. J.R. later tells a hooker, Serena, that he has no intention of dividing the company with Bobby when the final audit comes through. Lucy tells Mickey that she loves him despite his paralysis and will stand by him and see he doesn't give up on himself. Pam and Bobby's divorce is made final by a judge in court. Pam is present, but Bobby is not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306323051452637, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cliff is mad to learn that Pam left Dallas without saying where she's going. Ellie and Clayton go on a cruise to the Mediterranean. Katherine makes a scene during an angry exchange with Bobby. J.R. reveals the setup on offshore drilling to a completely stunned Cliff. Edgar Randolph reappears in Dallas vowing revenge on J.R. Cliff throws Afton out of the apartment. J.R. reveals his scheme to frame Peter Richards, and he blackmails Sue Ellen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327091217041016, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON 8 1984-85", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550888061523438, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Afton discovers Bobby's body in J.R.'s office and calls an ambulance. J.R. gets a call from the hospital after Bobby's shooting. J.R. is not worried when Ray tells him that Randolph is back in Dallas. J.R. soon realizes that he was the target, not Bobby. Cliff learns that he has struck oil. Katherine is in shock when she hears Bobby is recovering. Bobby is left blind by the bullet wound. Marilee is angry at J.R. because he talked her out of partnering with Cliff. Randolph tries to shoot J.R. but misses. Bobby and J.R. realize that the killer is still at large.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.893928527832031, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. plans to reunite Pam and Bobby, hoping that she would no longer side with Cliff in the lawsuit. J.R. is upset when he sees Mandy giving her phone number to someone. While viewing a tape from Veronica's flight, Bobby, Ray and Norman notice a man slipping her a mickey. J.R. agrees to meet a man who says he has valuable information about the Ewing Oil lawsuit, but he wants 10 percent of Ewing Oil in return for the information. J.R. tells Sue Ellen that she is a born loser which only makes Sue Ellen more determined to survive in the marriage. Cliff gives Jamie an engagement ring. Lucy receives an answer to her letter from Mitch. Jenna's case is re-opened. Jamie's brother Jack comes to Dallas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275989532470703, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON NINE 1985-86", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566276550292969, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Pam and Mark are married at Mark’s home. Moments before the ceremony, Ellie tells Pam how much she loves her. All the Ewings and Barneses turn out for the family event. Donna and Ray have finally adopted Tony. Jack refuses to reconsider staying in Dallas, but promises Jamie that she will get to keep his snazzy sportscar while he is off in parts unknown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376020431518555, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON TEN 1986-87", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.546087265014648, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "An angry Clayton goes on a manhunt. Miss Ellie seeks the aid of her sons in calming her furious husband. J.R., confident that the Middle East situation is at rest, learns some frightening news concerning B.D. Calhoun. Donna returns to Dallas with a decision about her marriage to Ray. Jeremy Wendell approaches Cliff with a devious business proposition", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314508438110352, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Miss Ellie is distraught over the fate of both Clayton and Ewing Oil. J.R. desperately scrambles to defend himself and the company against the justice department charges. Jeremy Wendell continues to coerce Alfred and Mrs. Scottfield into cooperating against the Ewings. Mandy reveals the true reason for her return to Dallas. Bobby unexpectedly bumps into a very expectant Jenna. Senator Dowling agrees to help Bobby investigate the chances of saving Ewing Oil. Pam attempts to serve warning to Cliff about the impending demise of Ewing Oil, but he is wary of her loyalties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356950759887695, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON ELEVEN 1987-88", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541687965393066, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Christopher runs away from Southfork to Dallas Memorial Hospital. Pam makes very slow progress in her medical condition. Charlie has problems with kids at school because of Jenna living with Ray. Clayton is fed up with Ellie telling him to rest and relax. He doesn't want to be treated like an invalid. J.R. meets Wilson Cryder. Charlie pressures Ray to marry Jenna. Bobby confronts Katherine Wentworth at the hospital. Christopher feels left out because he's adopted. J.R. meets Casey Denault (Andrew Stevens). Dandy shows up at Cliff's office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386176109313965, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Bobby tries to determine why and how Pam disappeared from the hospital. Cliff is upset with Bobby for not having turned Katherine to the police. Nicholas Pearce has big plans for Valentine's Lingerie. J.R. is happy with Casey Denault's services. Bobby and Cliff suspect Katherine in Pam's disappearance and they hire a detective. Serena Ward reappears in Dallas and asks J.R. to help her friend. Pam leaves a farewell letter for Bobby and Christopher", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.299317359924316, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "258. LAST TANGO IN DALLAS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485210418701172, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "272. MALICE IN DALLAS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308967590332031, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "J.R. sets his sights on the beautiful and innocent Laurel Ellis. Clayton's arrest for murder provides J.R. with ammunition to lure Laurel into his stable of conquests. In their effort to win back Ewing Oil, Kay introduces Bobby to a powerful senator. Clayton and Ellie face the prying eyes of Dallas. Ray gets an unexpected visitor. Kimberly and Styles appeal to Cliff for help in their fight against J.R.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09288215637207, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Ray gets wounded by a psychotic Connie. Sly is upset by the way J.R. fired Casey. Cliff vows revenge on J.R. using Jeremy Wendell. Jenna returns from Paris. Nicholas Pearce supports Sue Ellen in her fight for John Ross. J.R. wins a temporary advantage over Sue Ellen and her court order to get John Ross. April throws a surprise party for Cliff. Bobby gets a conditional right to use the Ewing Oil name again. Kay doesn't want to leave Washington to come to Dallas. J.R. moves out of Southfork after finding out about Clayton's co-ownership of the ranch. Ray tells Jenna about his affair with Connie. Lucy returns to Southfork from Atlanta. April and Cliff sign a partnership with Casey. Lucy complains to Miss Ellie about her marriage to Mitch. J.R. tells John Ross he wants to buy another ranch. J.R. has a surprise for Jeremy Wendell concerning his recently acquired gas field.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249725341796875, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Clayton asks J.R. to turn John Ross over to Sue Ellen. Sue Ellen and Pearce search for John Ross. After Ray's affair with Connie, he and Jenna wonder how it will affect their marriage. Casey meets Lucy and they date. Jenna confides in Miss Ellie about her marital problem. J.R. gets the Ewing property back from Jeremy Wendell but Bobby rebuffs his offer to work together again. Jenna decides to give Ray another chance. Jordan Lee tells Cliff that he saw Pam. Ray and Jenna leave Dallas. Pearce gets killed in a confrontation with J.R. Sue Ellen fires three shots at J.R.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174718856811523, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON TWELVE 1988-89", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.566240310668945, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In Haleyville, J.R. promises his new wife Cally to take her to Southfork if she helps him get in touch with the Ewings. The oil community shows disbelief at the news that J.R. is out of oil deals and Cliff Barnes is part of Ewing Oil. J.R. runs away from Haleyville. Bobby gets romantically involved with Tracey Lawton. Ellie angrily confronts McKay about the range war. After returning to Dallas, J.R. is shocked to find Cliff at Ewing Oil. McKay plots to have Ewing ranch hands abandon Southfork. Miss Ellie vows to stay at Southfork despite the escalating range war with McKay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384957313537598, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Tommy McKay recovers from the beating he got from Bobby. Jordan Lee sells his company to Carter McKay. Sue Ellen takes a look at actors who will play J.R. in her movie. Tommy leaves town. Bobby visits April at the hospital. Bobby meets Gustav Helstorm. Cally is very understanding about J.R.'s work style. Carter McKay blames Bobby for what happened to his son. Lucy helps Sue Ellen in the casting sessions. J.R. blackmails Gustav to get information on the European deal. Afton Cooper (Audrey Landers) reappears in Dallas and Cliff looks her up. Tracey Lawton leaves Dallas to look for Tommy and she says good-bye to Bobby. Cliff decides to stay in Dallas because of Afton but J.R., Bobby, and Cally leave for Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304159164428711, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Bobby and J.R. refuse to sell Ewing Oil to Brundin and they suspect that Carter McKay is behind the scheme. Brundin and McKay plan new strategy after the Ewings' refusal. Bobby and J.R. wonder if Chick and Bunny Harvard could be spies for McKay. J.R. is too physically exhausted to keep up with Cally. Back in Dallas, Clayton's memory problems continue and he wants to go to the Southern Cross ranch. Cliff tries to give Afton an engagement ring. Sue Ellen is concerned about how Miss Ellie will react when she learns about J.R.'s affair with Kristin. Don Lockwood tells Sue Ellen that she reminds him of his late wife. Afton tells Cliff to stay away from Pamela Rebecca. In Vienna, J.R. unexpectedly runs into Vanessa Beaumont (Gayle Hunnicutt).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279675483703613, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In Vienna, J.R. spends time with Vanessa Beaumont, the only woman to break his heart, but he refuses to make love to her. Carter McKay asks April Stevens to talk Bobby out of the Brundin deal. April goes to bed with Bobby. Back in Dallas, Cliff hires detective Dave Wallace (Ron Canada) to find out whether Pamela Rebecca Cooper is his daughter. Sue Ellen spends time with John Ross and Don Lockwood but John Ross is incredibly rude to Don. Sue Ellen tells Don she needs him in her life. Miss Ellie finds Clayton at the grave of his first wife Amy. In Vienna, J.R. and Bobby strike a deal with Brundin but they get a strange warning from Vanessa who tells them that they must go to Moscow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154117584228516, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "In Vienna, Cally questions J.R. about Vanessa and she warns him that she'll never share him with another woman. J.R. and Bobby go to Moscow where they are told that Brundin and his cartel are frontmen for OPEC. Back in Dallas, Lucy, Christopher, Sue Ellen, and Miss Ellie try to help Clayton cope with his memory problem. Cliff admires Afton's singing and he wants to make a commitment to her. Sue Ellen finds it painful to relive her life while making her movie. Cliff thinks that he's Pamela Rebecca's father. Cliff learns that Afton left Dallas. Don Lockwood gets an offer for a movie overseas. In Vienna, Cally meets Vanessa who says good-bye to J.R. Bobby, J.R., Cally, and April leave Europe for Dallas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160675048828125, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "After their return to Dallas, April and Bobby try to keep their European romance going. Cliff goes to Baton Rouge, Louisiana and gets duped by Afton's former husband Harrison Van Buren, III (Andrew Prine). Sue Ellen agrees to move to England with Don Lockwood but John Ross stays in Dallas. Weststar employees give Carter McKay a big welcome upon his return from Vienna. April gets scary, crank phone calls and Bobby decides to take her to Southfork. Bobby suspects that Tommy McKay is making trouble again and he confronts Carter about it. Sue Ellen tells Cally that she'll have to fight for her identity in her marriage. Miss Ellie gets a birthday card addressed to Jock with a mysterious key inside. Sue Ellen gives J.R. a taste of what her ultimate revenge on him could be like -- a movie that will make J.R. \"the laughing stock of Texas.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125469207763672, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON THIRTEEN 1989-90", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54253101348877, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cliff returns to Dallas and talks to Dave Wallace about what happened in Louisiana, and he is advised to just be patient until Afton surfaces again. Bobby tells Cliff he's going to have to decide whether he's really committed to Ewing Oil or not. Van Buren is traced to Charleston, South Carolina and Cliff and Wallace head out to talk to him again. They find he's in jail and so they'll have to wait another day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36782169342041, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "That evening, Bobby is surprised to find a very nattily dressed Tommy McKay at the office, who shows him that he just got off a plane from Orlando a few hours ago and so could not possible have been making the threatening phone calls. He claims that he just got out of rehab and is clean and sober. He says he just wants a fresh start in Dallas and intends to stay away from April and the Ewings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384726524353027, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Rolf Brundin comes to Dallas to give Weststar a check for part of the OPEC deal. There are still hard feelings about the way the deal was handled, and Tommy seems even more upset than Carter about it. Tommy checks in with a rehab counselor and assures him that he's in no further need of help because he's devoted himself to his work with his father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422830581665039, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Ellie returns to Dallas and enlists the aid of all of the Ewing secretaries to check up on Ewing Oil records. Nothing is found, so JR suggests that she talk to Punk Anderson or Jordan Lee. Jordan Lee remembers that Jock's first strike came at a place called Pride, Texas. April learns from Bobby that Michelle came to see him. They discuss the Ewing Oil executives and April drops some hints that both JR and Cliff are off limits, piquing her interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14763069152832, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Rose Daniels [AAAH!] comes back to Dallas [wearing the WORST outfit I've seen since Pam woke up] and comes to visit Carter in his office. She tells him that she's started a beauty shop with the money he loaned her. He invites her to stay at the ranch with him, and she gratefully accepts. That evening, Carter takes her to dinner with Tommy, who seems to resent her return into his father's life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383915901184082, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "There's worrisome news in Dallas - Bobby Ewing hasn't exploded, to Tommy's dismay; and a tropical storm endangers JR's tanker. JR figures he might have to buy Marilee Stone's company, despite the high price. Cally worries about Marilee's habit of chasing after every man in her sights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982787132263184, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "As JR and Cally head out to enjoy a Sunday together, they are surprised to see a limousine pull up, bringing Vanessa Beaumont to Southfork. She says she's come to Dallas to collect her son.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.972750663757324, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "James returns to his room to find his mother there and Vanessa wonders whether James has informed JR that he's his biological father. James says he hasn't, but is considering moving to Dallas permanently, despite his mother's apprehension about it. Cally is forced to miss lunch with Vanessa because of her tea with Mrs. Evander.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099873542785645, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Vanessa comes to Southfork which initiates a shouting match with the vulnerable Cally. Cally tells her that if she really's not out to cause trouble, she should take her son and leave Dallas. Vanessa counters that the ball is in Cally's court, because JR will listen to her. JR gets miffed at Cally's whining when he returns home the next morning after a long night and tells her that he can't deal with her insecurity right now. James advises Vanessa that she is really the woman that JR wants and she should stay in Dallas to make him see it. She declines but he insists that he wants to stick around.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080322265625, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "James tries to fit in to life at Southfork and gets a short introduction about JR's past from Lucy. He also worries about what's going to happen when John Ross arrives at Southfork later that day. After coming home, John Ross is a bit perturbed at having to stay home while James heads off with JR to Ewing Oil. April brings Michelle's heaps of clothes over to Cliff's place and says she doesn't want to have anything more to do with either of them. Clayton and Ellie return to Dallas and are harassed by a reporter until the Ox summons his strength and threatens the guy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286567687988281, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cally comes over to Cliff's place to confront Michelle, who lies and tells her point-blank that she most definitely is sleeping with JR - just like nearly every other woman in Dallas has. Cally next heads over to Ewing Oil but finds JR to be Austin - which Michelle claimed was her next destination. She leaves just as Kay Lloyd arrives. Kay tells Bobby that the Justice Department is considering revoking Ewing Oil's charter because of the accident. Meanwhile, Cally heads over to Alex's apartment and says she's planning her revenge on JR.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059343338012695, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "April returns to Dallas and finds Bobby in a meeting with Kay. The three of them have dinner with Dave Culver and April's left out of the political talk. They confirm that Ewing Oil will likely be out of business if Cliff finds them to be mostly responsible. April drinks her way through the night and back at her apartment, she wonders why things are so difficult for them when he seems so relaxed with Kay. She tells him she wants some time apart until he decides that she's the one he really wants. Later, Bobby and Kay discuss how her presence is disrupting his love life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411877632141113, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cally's bluesy guitar plays in the background as she is tended to by paramedics. JR seethes as Lucy admits that she told Cally where the sleeping pills were but later is distraught after seeing the shape his wife is in. Cally explains that the whole thing was accident because she didn't understand the nuances of pharmacology. She wonders whether JR would allow Alex Barton to return to Dallas and JR says he got the governor to pass an ordinance against bad teeth, though he encourages her to continue painting. Later, Lucy tells Cally she just bought an art gallery and so her career is back on track.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01202392578125, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Carter McKay heads to Follett, Texas to find Rose and bring her to Dallas to be his wife. After their wedding night, Carter tells Rose he needs her help to try and defuse the tanker crisis - by using her body. Rose is righteously upset that Carter would ask her to do such a thing, but he says that he feels his back is against the wall. The next day, Cliff is accosted by Rose at a bar and after some small talk, he's convinced to accompany her to a hotel room. During a business confab the next day, Carter shows Cliff a tape of him with Rose, and reveals that the young woman is now his wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280414581298828, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "April tells Michelle that she's lost her enthusiasm since the break-up with Bobby, and is considering leaving Dallas. Michelle counsels her to forget her troubles and ensures her that she'll get the property they need within a week. Michelle visits Carter and calls in her favor - she asks him to convince Inagaki to sell to her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362910270690918, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Blackie is brought to Dallas for the celebration of the new strike, which Bobby foregoes in order to see Jeanne. During a dance, he also has memories of the night with April in Salzburg. He heads over to April's place afterwards, and in a bizarre twist, he asks her for a little bit more time to settle what he terms \"unfinished business\". She tells him she doesn't feel she has any more time to spare for him and is sick of dealing with his hang-ups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.967774391174316, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "April talks to old friends about how wacky her life in Dallas has been, and how things are so hectic there. She seems to become more and more convinced that moving back home is the right thing. She and Bobby have dinner with a couple of her friends and get a close look at smalltown married life with kids.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504863739013672, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Bobby confronts Amy Stevens about making life way too comfortable for April. They have some relatively meaningless conversation in which Amy is disappointingly made to accept his argument. Bobby tells April he feels he's done all he can and he's decided to head back to Dallas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364992141723633, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "April arrives at the airport too late to stop Bobby from boarding his plane back to Dallas. She confides her confused feelings in her mother and tells her that she's worried about not having Bobby's undivided love. Amy reminds her that life isn't always a bowl of cherries and she shouldn't remain alone any longer. Bobby decides to take Christopher to Paris to get away from it all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432721138000488, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Clayton returns home with armed security and learns from a newscast that Atticus was found on a deserted island and on his way back to Dallas. Atticus tears up his will after hearing about his friends' deaths. The Farlows are still suspicious, of course. At a dinner at the Oil Baron's Club that night, Atticus tells McKay that he intends to continue his takeover bid of Weststar. While Debbie is distracted, Clayton's drink gets a few drops of liquid from an eyedropper. Atticus ends up taking the drink and keels over, dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426005363464355, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "JR gets used to life at the sanitarium and does his best to keep away from the wacky inmates - except for a tough guy named Morrissey, who seems to have a chip on his shoulder. That night, JR tries to get into to the ladies' ward to see Jessica but is stopped by Morrissey, who says that the area is his turf and starts strangling JR. The guards break up the fight and JR explains the incident away by claiming he just got lost. Cally moves into April's apartment and tells James she wants to take JR's money and go back to Haleyville to raise her child. Scheming James convinces her to see a divorce lawyer first, to see if she can do some more hurt to JR. She agrees after sending him to get some tomato juice and shaved ice. Cliff tries to convinces Liz Adams to stay with him in Dallas so that they can run her company together, and is so hyped about the idea that he gets Liz an apartment which looks a lot like Michelle's. At the Oil Baron's Club, the new dynamic duo meet up with the McKays and introductions are made - but Carter and Liz don't seem to need them. Since no one is at the office any more, Sly gets bored and tells James about an envelope which JR left with her in case he was not heard from within five days. James tries to convince Sly to cough it up, but she says she has a duty to her boss. However, she does agree to a date. James comes back to the office later that night with Cally and she types up a letter from JR to Sly which tells her that he has gone on an extended vacation and left James in charge of everything. The sanitarium has a first-graders' dance for the inmates to relieve some of their pent-up stress. JR finds the aloof Jessica there and she recognizes him as they chat for a while. JR is quickly snatched away by a wacky woman named Anita, whom he tries to convince to allow him to get into the women's area. She agrees to do it if JR will take care of her womanly needs. James and Sly go on a date to a cowboy bar. While Sly excuses herself to the bathroom, James slips a little something extra in her beer. The next day, JR sees the resident psychiatrist and feeds him the psychobabble that the doctor was expecting to hear about his tough childhood and marriages. The doctor tells JR that Anita is a psychotic nymphomaniac who has a habit of killing her lovers. Despite his previous failures, JR manages to get to the women's ward again that night and a hand pulls him through the door.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999671936035156, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS SEASON FOURTEEN 1990-91", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.579943656921387, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Cut back to Gary. Valene visits his office and they meet for the first time, clearly liking each other. Cut back to Southfork. JR tells Adam he doesn't like what he sees, but Adam retorts that no one said he had to like it. Adam walks on the pool water over to JR and tells him that if he doesn't think things are better off without him, that he should shoot himself. JR declines, concerned about Bobby. Cut back to Bobby, who comes home to a screeching showgirl girlfriend with a pathetic fake Long Island accent who tells him that creditors are after him. Bobby goes to see Carter McKay. Carter was fired by Jeremy Wendell, who, without JR to get in his way, was able to concentrate on building up Weststar. Carter ended up working in Johnny Dancer's operation as a casino boss. Bobby owes him $ 50,000 and Carter gives him two days to come up with the money. Cut to Cally, living in a marriage to Eb, arranged by her brothers. Eb makes OJ Simpson look like an honorary member of the National Organization of Women. One night when Eb has a bad day and threatens to get violent with the kids, Cally grabs a shotgun and kills him. Thanks to Haleyville justice, Cally goes to jail for life. Cut to Cliff. He's got the perfect aristocratic family. His son's going to Harvard law school, his daughter's having a coming out party - and just when things couldn't appear worse to JR, it turns out Cliff is the Vice President of the United States - and the President just had a stroke. Cut back to Bobby. He calls Bootsie, Jason's wife, and asks her to tell Jason he's coming to Dallas. Bobby's apartment is now empty, cleaned out by the showgirl. Cut to Ray, who works odd jobs to earn a living. Because of Jock's untimely death, he never found out who his real father was. After a nasty fall at a Ewing Rodeo, he has chronic back problems and is forced to work hard at menial tasks. But he's got a great family who loves him and he considers himself the luckiest guy in the world. Cut back to Jason and Bobby. Jason doesn't want to lend Bobby anything, and gives him a lot of abuse. Bootsie tries to seduce Bobby, but he turns her down. Bootsie tells him that Jason's got cash stashed away and Bobby 'borrows' $ 50,000. He gives Annie half, and then he offers McKay $ 25,000. When McKay demands the rest of the money, Bobby tells him he has $ 75,000 left in the briefcase [which he doesn't] and offers McKay double or nothing. McKay is hesitant, but his pride takes over. The game is one card out of the deck: Bobby picks the five of diamonds and things look very bad. To JR's relief, McKay picks the two of spades and loses. Adam tells JR that Bobby will blow it all that night. Cut back to Southfork. Adam tells JR he's not from heaven, and JR wakes up as if from a dream. Adam appears in the mirror, dressed in red, exhorting JR once again to pull the trigger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.994772911071777, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS THE EARLY YEARS MOVIE", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52222728729248, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS THE EARLY YEARS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516768455505371, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "The prostitute from a few nights ago tells Jock that Jason and Newman are conspiring to turn on the sharecroppers at the meeting to finalize the agreement. Jock warns Ed Porter, who changes the venue of the meeting from the local church to the oil field. In the end it makes little difference because the Sheriff shows up with a dozen KKK hoods, including Newman. Jock leads the assembled throng out of the field house. As torches are lit, one of the hoods falls off of his horse and starts a wildfire which spreads amongst the nearby wells. Most of the hoods crash and burn, and Jock rips into Jason for his stupid greed. The next morning, before he leaves town, Jason tries to explain that he figured they wouldn't have won a court battle so he sold out to Newman. Jock refuses to buy his argument and is still angered at the betrayal, but he shakes Jason's hand for Nancy's sake. A dude from Petrolux Oil comes by and offers to buy their oil leases - and pay the sharecroppers handsomely - to prevent any future trouble in the area. A triumphant Jock and Digger take their fortune and buy up some more oil leases. They then head back to Southfork with Sam Culver and his wife for Thanksgiving dinner. Digger gets predictably drunk and again professes his love for Ellie - but this time she feels the same way. Digger passes out and Jock comes by to collect him. Jock tells Ellie that he knows she just wants Digger now that he's a success, in order to save her daddy's ranch. He also tells her to find a dress that fits better, because she obviously stuffed hers in anticipation of Digger's visit. Jock takes Digger back to their hotel and says he plans to help him win Ellie's heart - unless he messes it up, in which case he considers Ellie fair game. He pours out all of Digger's booze which causes him to go ballistic because it's Sunday the next day and there's no booze to be had. Jock tries to smarten him up and tell him to lay off in order to keep his chance to make a life with Ellie, but Digger goes into another tirade and says he wants out of the partnership. He tosses a coin and Jock calls it correctly. Jock tells Sam he intends to give Digger his rightful share of the proceeds from the wells. Ellie visits a dead-to-the world Digger at the hotel and is told by Jock that she'll have to sell herself to someone else in order to save her daddy's ranch, which earns him a vicious slap. Ellie returns home to learn that Aaron had a heart attack. She later visits Jock again to apologize, and after another brief argument about whether it's a buyer's or seller's market, Ellie realizes she doesn't have much of a choice in the matter and we have a five-minute love scene. Ellie visits her father, who's recuperating in the hospital, and tells him that she's been seeing Jock rather than Willard. She heads out to the oil fields to find Jock and tells him that she's pregnant. Ellie expects him to marry her but he hedges on it. Figuring he's just a trifling weasel, Ellie spits at him. With a heavy heart, Jock goes back to visit Amanda to tell her that he has to divorce her. Amanda, of course, has no idea what he's talking about. Jock promises her he'll always take care of her. Then he returns to Southfork with flowers for his bride-to-be. Meanwhile, Digger wanders around the fields and roads nearby, singing \"Yellow Rose of Texas\". Cut back to 1951. Digger blathers to his fellow oil workers about how Jock robbed him blind. Aaron and Jock visit him and try to convince him to take the piece of Southfork that Aaron wanted to give him but Digger refuses to take it. He does offer to let Jock buy it from him for $ 1000, and Jock realizes that he's beyond anyone's help. Cut back to the 1951 Barbecue. Seth's son Ben Foster tells Jock he should have Digger locked up, but Jock reminds him that without Digger, Ben wouldn't be a successful Dallas lawyer. Cut back to earlier that day. Digger's boss tells him to deliver some samples in a hurry, so he cuts across Southfork.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309179306030273, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "Dallas War of the Ewings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521780967712402, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" }, { "answer": "Dallas", "passage": "DALLAS WAR OF THE EWINGS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521780967712402, "source": "search", "title": "Dallas TV series episode guide" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bjorn Borg", "passage": "* Broke Bjorn Borg's professional era record of 41 consecutive wins on grass (now stands at 54) en route to winning his fourth successive Wimbledon title. Later became the first man to win Wimbledon-U.S. Open double three years in a row.", "precise_score": 4.107111930847168, "rough_score": 1.1198375225067139, "source": "search", "title": "FACTBOX-Tennis-Wimbledon champion Roger Federer | Reuters" }, { "answer": "Bjorn Borg", "passage": "* Equalled Bjorn Borg's record of five consecutive Wimbledon titles, beating Nadal for the second successive year to lie three titles shy of Pete Sampras's record of 14 grand slam victories.", "precise_score": 3.805950403213501, "rough_score": 4.186792850494385, "source": "search", "title": "FACTBOX-Tennis-Wimbledon champion Roger Federer | Reuters" }, { "answer": "Björn Borg", "passage": "For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke that begins on the left side of their body, continues across their body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side of their body. It can be executed with either one hand or with both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the forehand. For most of the 20th century, the backhand was performed with one hand, using either an eastern or a continental grip. The first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians Vivian McGrath and John Bromwich, but they were lonely exceptions. The two-handed grip gained popularity in the 1970s as Björn Borg, Chris Evert, Jimmy Connors, and later Mats Wilander and Marat Safin used it to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the world's best players, including Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.067017555236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennis" }, { "answer": "Björn Borg", "passage": "* Björn Borg (11)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855463981628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennis" }, { "answer": "Björn Borg", "passage": "During the open era, first Rod Laver and then more recently Björn Borg and Pete Sampras were regarded by many of their contemporaries as among the greatest ever. Andre Agassi, the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles tennis (followed by Rafael Nadal), has been called the best service returner in the history of the game. He is the first man to win slams on all modern surfaces (previous holders of all slams played in an era of grass and clay only), and is regarded by a number of critics and fellow players to be among the greatest players of all time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.035850524902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tennis" }, { "answer": "Bjorn Borg", "passage": "They said that he couldn't win Wimbledon, and certainly not by playing resolutely pinned to the baseline. But Andre Agassi wasn't having that. Defeating Goran Ivanisevic 6-7(8), 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4 for the Wimbledon title, the Las Vegan erased the stigma of his previous Grand Slam failures, becoming the first back-of-the-court player to win the title since Bjorn Borg, and the first American to win Wimbledon since John McEnroe in 1984.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8436037302017212, "source": "search", "title": "History - 1990s - The Championships, Wimbledon 2016 ..." }, { "answer": "Bjorn Borg", "passage": "* Won his 10th grand slam title after defeating Fernando Gonzalez in the 2007 Australian Open final, becoming the first man in the professional era to win three consecutive majors twice in his career and the first man since Bjorn Borg to win a grand slam without losing a set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.003050327301025, "source": "search", "title": "FACTBOX-Tennis-Wimbledon champion Roger Federer | Reuters" }, { "answer": "Bjorn Borg", "passage": "Federer, who lost to Nadal in the 2007 French Open final less than a month ago, equalled Swede Bjorn Borg's record of five straight Wimbledon titles. Borg was men singles champions at the All England Club between 1976 and 1980. Borg attended the match and met with Federer afterwards to offer his congratulations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4675312042236328, "source": "search", "title": "Federer wins fifth Wimbledon title - Wikinews, the free ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "In the fall of 1989, Mielke was said to have played a role in the ouster by the ruling Communist Party's Politburo of Erich Honecker, the head of the party and the state.At a critical moment at a meeting of the Politburo, of which Mielke was a full member for 13 years, he took out an old , Stasi dossier that said Honecker collaborated with the Gestapo when he was a political prisoner of the Nazis in the Brandenburg penitentiary during World War II. He put the file on the table and that, said participants, helped to sway the vote against Honecker, who was replaced by Egon Krenz.", "precise_score": 5.680048942565918, "rough_score": 6.44504976272583, "source": "search", "title": "Erich Mielke, Former Chief of Stasi, Dead at 92" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "Just 11 days after marking 40 years of the GDR, Honecker was forced to step down as Communist party leader and head of state, replaced by Egon Krenz. The East German state was living on borrowed time.", "precise_score": 8.694220542907715, "rough_score": 7.406094074249268, "source": "search", "title": "Oct. 7, 1989: How 'Gorbi' Spoiled East Germany's 40th ..." }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "After a crisis meeting of the Politburo on 10–11 October 1989, Honecker's planned state visit to Denmark was cancelled and, despite his resistance, at the insistence of the regime's number-two man, Egon Krenz, a public statement was issued that called for \"suggestions for attractive socialism\". Over the following days Krenz worked to secure himself the support of the military and the Stasi and arranged a meeting between Gorbachev and Politburo member Harry Tisch, who was in Moscow, to inform the Kremlin about the now-planned removal of Honecker; Gorbachev reportedly wished them good luck. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5226519107818604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Erich Honecker" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "The sitting of the SED Central Committee planned for the end of November 1989 was pulled forward a week, with the most urgent item on the agenda now being the composition of the Politburo. Krenz and Mielke attempted by telephone on the night of 16 October to win other Politburo members over to remove Honecker. At the beginning of the session on 17 October, Honecker asked his routine question of “Are there any suggestions for the agenda?” Stoph replied, \"Please, General Secretary, Erich, I propose that a new item be placed on the agenda. It is the release of Erich Honecker as General Secretary and the election of Egon Krenz in his place.\" Honecker reportedly calmly responded: \"Well, then I open the debate\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.23384909331798553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Erich Honecker" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "In 1989, following widespread public anger over the faking of results of local government elections that spring, many citizens applied for exit visas or left the country contrary to GDR laws. In August 1989 Hungary removed its border restrictions and unsealed its border, and more than 13,000 people left East Germany by crossing the border via Czechoslovakia into Hungary and then on to Austria and West Germany. Many others demonstrated against the ruling party, especially in the city of Leipzig. Kurt Masur, the conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, led local negotiations with the government and held town meetings in the concert hall. The demonstrations eventually led Erich Honecker to resign in October, and he was replaced by a slightly more moderate communist, Egon Krenz. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.451913833618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "East Germany" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "On 17 October 1989, Mielke and the rest of the GDR's Politburo met to follow Gorbachev's demand, voiced in August, for Erich Honecker be relieved of duty as General Secretary of the SED and Premier of East Germany. Suspecting that Honecker's personal bodyguards might try to arrest the members of the Central Committee when they met to vote Honecker out in favour of Egon Krenz, Mielke saw to it that Stasi agents were stationed near the meeting room. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.810525894165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Erich Mielke" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "Manfred Gerlach served from 6 December 1989 until March 1990 as the head of state of East Germany, the German Democratic Republic (GDR). He had replaced the last Communist to hold the post, Egon Krenz, who had only held it from 24 October.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.076554298400879, "source": "search", "title": "Manfred Gerlach: Last head of state of East Germany ..." }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "As the reform movement spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe, mass demonstrations against the East German government erupted, most prominently in Leipzig—the first of several demonstrations which took place on Monday night across the country. In response, an elite paratroop unit was dispatched to Leipzig—almost certainly on Honecker's orders, since he was commander-in-chief of the army. A bloodbath was only averted when local party officials themselves ordered the troops to pull back. In the following week, Honecker faced a torrent of criticism. This gave his Politburo comrades the impulse they needed to replace him, with Gorbachev's tacit approval. On 18 October 1989, they voted to oust Honecker and replace him with Egon Krenz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6334154605865479, "source": "search", "title": "Erich Honecker - nekropole.info" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "In the late 1980s Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika , reforms to liberalize communism. Honecker and the East German government, however, refused to implement similar reforms in the DDR. [2] As the reform movement spread across Central and Eastern Europe there were demonstrations against the East German government. The biggest were the 1989 Monday demonstrations in the city of Leipzig . The other leaders of the DDR decided to get rid of Honecker, and forced him to resign on 18 October 1989. Egon Krenz took over instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.546045303344727, "source": "search", "title": "Erich Honecker Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com" }, { "answer": "Egon Krenz", "passage": "Indeed, the presence of a leading member of the East German politburo, Egon Krenz, at the Chinese celebrations in Beijing on Oct. 2 had served to increase these fears. \"In the struggles of our time, the GDR and China stand side by side,\" Krenz had said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842839241027832, "source": "search", "title": "Oct. 7, 1989: How 'Gorbi' Spoiled East Germany's 40th ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Guy Bush", "passage": "In 1935, Babe Ruth was forty years old, in poor physical shape, and playing out the string with the Boston Braves. On May 25, 1935, with the team on a road trip and playing at Forbes File in Pittsburgh, Ruth hammered three home runs and a single, driving in six runs. The last, off pitcher Guy Bush, was the 714th of Ruth’s career and the first ball ever to be hit completely over Forbes Field’s right-field roof (added to the ballpark in 1925). Thanks to Hollywood, many people believe that was Ruth’s final Major League game—circling the bases in triumph one last time before going into the dugout, entering the clubhouse, and calling it a career. The scene, undoubtedly, provides a storybook conclusion to a fabled tale. Wouldst that it was true; but regrettably, it is not. Maybe Ruth should have called it a career at that point, but perhaps sensing that the old magic was back, he hung around for one more game.", "precise_score": 7.439101219177246, "rough_score": 7.500912189483643, "source": "search", "title": "The Babe's Last Game | Philadelphia Athletics" }, { "answer": "Guy Bush", "passage": "The Yankees faced the Cubs, McCarthy's former team, in the 1932 World Series. There was bad blood between the two teams as the Yankees resented the Cubs only awarding half a World Series share to Mark Koenig, a former Yankee. The games at Yankee Stadium had not been sellouts; both were won by the home team, with Ruth collecting two singles, but scoring four runs as he was walked four times by the Cubs pitchers. In Chicago, Ruth was resentful at the hostile crowds that met the Yankees's train and jeered them at the hotel. The crowd for Game Three included New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate for president, who sat with Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. Many in the crowd threw lemons at Ruth, a sign of derision, and others (as well as the Cubs themselves) shouted abuse at Ruth and other Yankees. They were briefly silenced when Ruth hit a three-run home run off Charlie Root in the first inning, but soon revived, and the Cubs tied the score at 4–4 in the fourth inning. When Ruth came to the plate in the top of the fifth, the Chicago crowd and players, led by pitcher Guy Bush, were screaming insults at Ruth. With the count at two balls and one strike, Ruth gestured, possibly in the direction of center field, and after the next pitch (a strike), may have pointed there with one hand. Ruth hit the fifth pitch over the center field fence; estimates were that it traveled nearly 500 ft. Whether or not Ruth intended to indicate where he planned to (and did) hit the ball, the incident has gone down in legend as Babe Ruth's called shot. The Yankees won Game Three, and the following day clinched the Series with another victory. During that game, Bush hit Ruth on the arm with a pitch, causing words to be exchanged and provoking a game-winning Yankee rally. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.420332908630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "answer": "Guy Bush", "passage": "Ruth played in the third game of the Pittsburgh series on May 25, 1935, and added one more tale to his playing legend. Ruth went 4-for-4, including three home runs, though the Braves lost the game 11–7. The last two were off Ruth's old Cubs nemesis, Guy Bush. The final home run, both of the game and of Ruth's career, sailed over the upper deck in right field and out of the ballpark, the first time anyone had hit a fair ball completely out of Forbes Field. Ruth was urged to make this his last game, but he had given his word to Fuchs and played in Cincinnati and Philadelphia. The first game of the doubleheader in Philadelphia—the Braves lost both—was his final major league appearance. On June 2, after an argument with Fuchs, Ruth retired. He finished 1935 with a .181 average—easily his worst as a full-time position player—and the final six of his 714 home runs. The Braves, 10–27 when Ruth left, finished 38–115, at .248 the worst winning percentage in modern National League history. Insolvent like his team, Fuchs gave up control of the Braves before the end of the season; the National League took over the franchise at the end of the year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.339095592498779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Babe Ruth" }, { "answer": "Guy Bush", "passage": "Pirate manager Pie Traynor started Red Lucas. The righty was in trouble before all of the recorded 10,000 in attendance had settled into their seats on a chilly Saturday afternoon. Boston shortstop Billy Urbanski walked and advanced to second on a sacrifice by second baseman Les Mallon, bringing up Ruth, slugging a paltry .305. But the Babe, seeing yet another new National League pitcher, responded with some of his old-time pizazz and lofted career home run No. 712 into the right field stands to give the Braves a quick 2-0 edge. After Berger and first baseman Randy Moore both singled, Traynor yanked Lucas in favor of National League veteran Guy Bush, now toiling for Pittsburgh after 12 seasons with the Cubs. Bush induced a double-play grounder off the bat of left fielder Sheriff Lee to end the inning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6913559436798096, "source": "search", "title": "May 25, 1935: Ruth smashes 3 homers in final hurrah ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "* When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs, the plan was quickly labeled \"Star Wars\", implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Reagan's acting career. According to Frances FitzGerald, Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he \"thought the name was not so bad.\"; \"'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'\" This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an \"evil empire\".", "precise_score": 3.982480049133301, "rough_score": -2.4088289737701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Wars" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan's Star Wars", "precise_score": 2.6621828079223633, "rough_score": 0.39733344316482544, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan's Star Wars | Cold War: A Brief History | History ..." }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "On March 23, 1983, President Reagan proposed the creation of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), an ambitious project that would construct a space-based anti-missile system. This program was immediately dubbed \"Star Wars.\"", "precise_score": 3.8868513107299805, "rough_score": 0.22408783435821533, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan's Star Wars | Cold War: A Brief History | History ..." }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as Star Wars, was a program first initiated on March 23, 1983 under President Ronald Reagan. The intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union. With the tension of the Cold War looming overhead, the Strategic Defense Initiative was the United States’ response to possible nuclear attacks from afar. Although the program seemed to have no negative consequences, there were concerns brought up about the program “contravening” the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks years before. For this reason, in conjunction with budgetary constraints, the Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately set aside.", "precise_score": 4.3290605545043945, "rough_score": 3.1196274757385254, "source": "search", "title": "Star Wars - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars", "precise_score": 5.4730610847473145, "rough_score": -0.239004984498024, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars | History Today" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "On March 23, 1983, in what later became known as his \"Star Wars\" speech, President Ronald Reagan announces his plans to develop an anti-missile capability to counter the threat of Soviet ballistic missiles and to make these nuclear weapons \"impotent and obsolete.\"", "precise_score": 5.215813159942627, "rough_score": 1.7585062980651855, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\" - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition. Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22416877746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Barack Obama has been elected to a second term, and will complete his term on 20 January 2017, if he does not die or resign before that date. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651983261108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "As many presidents live for many years after leaving office, several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries, some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document, such as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. The graves are viewable by the general public visiting these libraries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052982330322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan's Star Wars | Cold War: A Brief History | History of the Atomic Age | atomicarchive.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8342485427856445, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan's Star Wars | Cold War: A Brief History | History ..." }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars | History Today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1698811054229736, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars | History Today" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Cold War USA Cultural , Military Ronald Reagan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.17235279083252, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars | History Today" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Peter Kramer tells how the popularity of the sci-fi epic proved timely for Ronald Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132345199584961, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars | History Today" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "This claim was confirmed by articles in Time, Newsweek, the New Yorker and the New York Times which stated that the film was'part of the culture' and its 'lessons' about good and evil, humanity and technology, hubris and redemption were 'a very powerful force indeed'. These publications noted that contemporary mass media are full of references to the film and that many words and phrases from it have entered into everyday language, but they mentioned Ronald Reagan's appropriation of the Star Wars term 'evil empire' only in passing, and none of them pointed out that for several years in the mid-1980s the film's title had been identified with the former President's missile defence programme. When other publications did discuss this connection, they incorrectly assumed that it was Reagan himself who had attached the term 'Star Wars' to the programme. With popular memory so unreliable, it is timely to look back at the origins of Reagan's missile defence programme and its association with Star Wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.311896324157715, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan and Star Wars | History Today" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Ronald Reagan's \"Star Wars\" Speech (Complete Text), March 23, 1983 /Candide's Notebooks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.78214693069458, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan's Star Wars Speech - Pierre Tristam" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Ronald Reagan's \"Star Wars\" Speech (Complete Text)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0241522789001465, "source": "search", "title": "Ronald Reagan's Star Wars Speech - Pierre Tristam" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev have failed to reach agreement at a disarmament summit in Reykjavik.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.638306617736816, "source": "search", "title": "1986: Reykjavik summit ends in failure - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "But the talks finally stalled over President Reagan's refusal to abandon his Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383560180664062, "source": "search", "title": "1986: Reykjavik summit ends in failure - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "After the summit, Mr Gorbachev said that he had told President Reagan, \"We are missing an historic chance. Never had our positions been so close together.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92116928100586, "source": "search", "title": "1986: Reykjavik summit ends in failure - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Before flying back to Washington, President Reagan said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765453338623047, "source": "search", "title": "1986: Reykjavik summit ends in failure - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517242431640625, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "When Reagan became President he had only one well-defined foreign policy goal: containing the Soviet Union, or the \"evil empire\" as he once referred to it. He primarily wanted to stop the USSR from growing larger (as it tried to do when it invaded Afghanistan in 1979) and to keep other non-Communist countries from becoming Communist. He disliked the decade-long Detente begun by President Nixon and continued by President Ford intended to ease relations with the Soviets. Reagan firmly believed that the USSR was using Détente and the SALT talks to take advantage of the United States. The \"window of vulnerability\" was fast approaching, Reagan insisted, when Moscow would be able to launch a preemptive first strike against Washington and destroy the US nuclear defensive systems.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.383297443389893, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "For this reason, Reagan reasoned that the US needed to prepare its military defense systems for this onslaught. He believed that only through military preparedness could the world achieve a stable peace. His Secretaries of State, General Alexander Haig and George Schultz, as well as his Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, among others, assisted Reagan in developing this Cold War strategy. During Reagan's two administrations, the US military increased to unprecedented peacetime levels. The administration also spent billions of dollars on defense contracts to research and develop new weapons and military technology. The military increased production of nuclear arms and deployed them throughout the Western world. The exorbitant amount of money Reagan spent on defense contributed to the enormous national deficit during the 1980s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.238765716552734, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "The most notorious of the programs Reagan invested in was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), more commonly known as the Star Wars program in reference to the popular 1980s science fiction film trilogy. The SDI was designed to be a national defense network of missiles that could target and destroy any incoming enemy missiles before they reached the United States. Unfortunately, Star Wars was mostly a fantasy–prototypes of the seek-and- destroy technology often failed the trial runs miserably. Worse still, SDI's estimated price tag totaled nearly $1 trillion dollars, a figure that concerned many Democrats and American citizens during a decade of recession. Many Americans also feared that Reagan's conservative, Cold War ideology would only lead to war. In 1982, 800,000 Americans rallied in New York City to press the administration to stop creating more nuclear weapons. Reagan denounced these protestors as peace-loving \"doves\" and continued developing the US weapons arsenal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7999892234802246, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan couldn't ignore these \"doves\" completely, however. The political cost of ignoring millions of Americans was too great, especially for a first term president possibly seeking reelection. To appease those who disliked his defense programs, Reagan initiated START, or the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, with the Soviet Union in mid 1982. Not surprisingly, these talks quickly failed because the language of the talks demanded that the USSR significantly reduce its nuclear arsenal, but allow the US to continue building its arsenal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.254894256591797, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "For the first time since the beginning of the Cold War, a Soviet leader approached the United States to seriously discuss a possible peace. This initiative took the Reagan administration completely by surprise, but Reagan quickly responded in kind. Numerous summits between top Soviet and American officials were held during Reagan's second term. Eventually, even Gorbechev and President Reagan themselves sat together in both Washington and Moscow on a number of occasions to hammer out agreements. Many concessions were made on both sides: in 1987 Gorbechev agreed to withdraw most of its nuclear arsenal and troops from the Soviet-controlled states in Eastern Europe and to withdraw from Afghanistan while Reagan eventually abandoned his Star Wars plans and agreed to reduce the number of American nuclear weapons. Gorbechev initiated so many reforms that within three or four years after Reagan left office, the Soviet Union collapsed and disintegrated into individual states, effectively ending the Cold War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.971187591552734, "source": "search", "title": "SparkNotes: Ronald Reagan: Foreign Policy: 1981–1989" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\" - HISTORY.com Audio", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0808329582214355, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\" - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8147194385528564, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\" - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8147194385528564, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\" - HISTORY.com Audio" }, { "answer": "Reagan", "passage": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8147194385528564, "source": "search", "title": "Reagan Announces \"Star Wars\" - HISTORY.com Audio" } ]

[ { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On 26 April 1986, a reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded, resulting in the Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. This was the only accident to receive the highest possible rating of 7 by the International Nuclear Event Scale, indicating a \"major accident\", until the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011. At the time of the accident, 7 million people lived in the contaminated territories, including 2.2 million in Ukraine.", "precise_score": 6.529786586761475, "rough_score": 6.765164852142334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ukraine" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Significant natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination in the north-east from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Recycling toxic household waste is still in its infancy in Ukraine. ", "precise_score": 1.8328633308410645, "rough_score": 3.8956186771392822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ukraine" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": 2.471705198287964, "rough_score": 3.83164381980896, "source": "search", "title": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl", "precise_score": -1.9666210412979126, "rough_score": -4.351733684539795, "source": "search", "title": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On this day in 1986, the world’s worst nuclear accident to date occurs at the Chernobyl nuclear plant near Kiev in Ukraine. The full toll from this disaster is still being tallied, but experts believe that thousands of people died and as many as 70,000 suffered severe poisoning. In addition, a large area of land may not be livable for as much as 150 years. The 18-mile radius around Chernobyl was home to almost 150,000 people who had to be permanently relocated.", "precise_score": 7.565859794616699, "rough_score": 7.750927448272705, "source": "search", "title": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Soviet Union built the Chernobyl plant, which had four 1,000-megawatt reactors, in the town of Pripyat. At the time of the explosion, it was one of the largest and oldest nuclear power plants in the world. The explosion and subsequent meltdown of one reactor was a catastrophic event that directly affected hundreds of thousands of people. Still, the Soviet government kept its own people and the rest of the world in the dark about the accident until days later.", "precise_score": -1.5538616180419922, "rough_score": -4.1143693923950195, "source": "search", "title": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl a nuclear power plant in Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators b . It was a direct consequence of Cold War isolation and the resulting lack of any safety culture.", "precise_score": 6.786197662353516, "rough_score": 6.150176048278809, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl Power Complex , lying about 130 km north of Kiev, Ukraine, and about 20 km south of the border with Belarus, consisted of four nuclear reactors of the RBMK-1000 design (see information page on RBMK Reactors ), units 1 and 2 being constructed between 1970 and 1977, while units 3 and 4 of the same design were completed in 1983. Two more RBMK reactors were under construction at the site at the time of the accident. To the southeast of the plant, an artificial lake of some 22 square kilometres, situated beside the river Pripyat, a tributary of the Dniepr, was constructed to provide cooling water for the reactors.", "precise_score": 0.48931631445884705, "rough_score": 2.6231894493103027, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chornobyl", "passage": "This area of Ukraine is described as Belarussian-type woodland with a low population density. About 3 km away from the reactor, in the new city, Pripyat, there were 49,000 inhabitants. The old town of Chornobyl, which had a population of 12,500, is about 15 km to the southeast of the complex. Within a 30 km radius of the power plant, the total population was between 115,000 and 135,000.", "precise_score": -1.1088804006576538, "rough_score": -5.960853099822998, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "It is estimated that all of the xenon gas, about half of the iodine and caesium, and at least 5% of the remaining radioactive material in the Chernobyl 4 reactor core (which had 192 tonnes of fuel) was released in the accident. Most of the released material was deposited close by as dust and debris, but the lighter material was carried by wind over Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and to some extent over Scandinavia and Europe.", "precise_score": -3.67849063873291, "rough_score": -6.424528121948242, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "When it was announced in 1995 that the two operating reactors at Chernobyl would be closed by 2000, a memorandum of understanding was signed by Ukraine and G7 nations to progress this, but its implementation was conspicuously delayed. Alternative generating capacity was needed, either gas-fired, which has ongoing fuel cost and supply implications, or nuclear, by completing Khmelnitski unit 2 and Rovno unit 4 ('K2R4') in Ukraine. Construction of these was halted in 1989 but then resumed, and both reactors came on line late in 2004, financed by Ukraine rather than international grants as expected on the basis of Chernobyl's closure.", "precise_score": -2.784419536590576, "rough_score": -2.7337629795074463, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "After the last Chernobyl reactor shut down in December 2000, in mid-2001 a new enterprise, SSE ChNPP was set up to take over management of the site and decommissioning from Energoatom. (Its remit includes eventual decommissioning of all Ukraine nuclear plants.)", "precise_score": -2.742417812347412, "rough_score": -4.051769733428955, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "b. Much has been made of the role of the operators in the Chernobyl accident. The 1986 Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident (INSAG-1) of the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA's) International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group accepted the view of the Soviet experts that \"the accident was caused by a remarkable range of human errors and violations of operating rules in combination with specific reactor features which compounded and amplified the effects of the errors and led to the reactivity excursion.\" In particular, according to the INSAG-1 report: \"The operators deliberately and in violation of rules withdrew most control and safety rods from the core and switched off some important safety systems.\"", "precise_score": -5.245453357696533, "rough_score": -6.23005485534668, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl. Chernobyl Disaster. This video is of the Chernobyl Nuclear disaster Accident. This is a CIA video on the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine. The Chernobyl Nuclear disaster was a nuclear accident which took place on Aprol 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear power plant in Ukraine. It was controlled by the former Soviet Union aka Russia. The explosion and fire released radiation into the atmosphere. Then it spread over Russia and Europe. The Chernobyl disasters the worst nuclear power plant accident ever. The effects of the Chernobyl Nuclear accident are cancer and deformities that are unknown. The Chernobyl explosion also caused mutations. The mutations are life changing and affect all forms of life. The mutations in humans is unclear for now.Plants and animals were mutate that were near the Chernobyl explosion. Video from October 25, 2011. There was a movie made about the Chernobyl Disaster. The movie is called the Chernobyl Diaries. The movie is based on the real account of Chernobyl. The Blu Ray movie is scary and entertaining to watch. But the Chernobyl Diaries movie is science fiction. The Chernobyl Disaster was the worst nuclear power plant explosion in world history.", "precise_score": 6.23649787902832, "rough_score": 5.724738597869873, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Disaster - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times", "precise_score": -1.5620503425598145, "rough_score": -2.448092222213745, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986)", "precise_score": -0.7960233688354492, "rough_score": -2.1054866313934326, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "News about Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986), including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More", "precise_score": -1.2914646863937378, "rough_score": -5.336787700653076, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "At 1:23 a.m. on April 26, 1986, the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl power station erupted in a volcano of deadly radioactivity that rained on adjacent farms and towns, on Byelorussia, the Ukraine, then on Poland, Scandinavia and beyond. Within days, the name Chernobyl became a synonym for the potential horrors of nuclear power.", "precise_score": 6.83754825592041, "rough_score": 6.365139007568359, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In April 1986, workers and engineers scrambled to keep the Chernobyl nuclear power plant’s molten radioactive uranium from burrowing into the earth — the so-called China syndrome. A Soviet physicist on the scene devised a makeshift solution for containing remnants of the liquefied core. (The physicist, Leonid A. Bolshov, has become the director of the Institute for Nuclear Safety and Development, formed in 1988 in the wake of that disaster.)", "precise_score": -0.8291481733322144, "rough_score": -1.89631986618042, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On April 26, 1986, a sudden surge of power during a reactor systems test destroyed Unit 4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former Soviet Union. The accident and the fire that followed released massive amounts of radioactive material into the environment.", "precise_score": 7.218301773071289, "rough_score": 7.295395851135254, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Emergency crews responding to the accident used helicopters to pour sand and boron on the reactor debris. The sand was to stop the fire and additional releases of radioactive material; the boron was to prevent additional nuclear reactions. A few weeks after the accident, the crews completely covered the damaged unit in a temporary concrete structure, called the \"sarcophagus,\" to limit further release of radioactive material. The Soviet government also cut down and buried about a square mile of pine forest near the plant to reduce radioactive contamination at and near the site. Chernobyl's three other reactors were subsequently restarted but all eventually shut down for good, with the last reactor closing in 1999. The Soviet nuclear power authorities presented their initial accident report to an International Atomic Energy Agency meeting in Vienna, Austria, in August 1986.", "precise_score": -3.009695053100586, "rough_score": -5.840300559997559, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl accident contaminated wide areas of Belarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine inhabited by millions of residents. Agencies such as the World Health Organization have been concerned about radiation exposure to people evacuated from these areas. The majority of the five million residents living in contaminated areas, however, received very small radiation doses comparable to natural background levels (0.1 rem per year). (UNSCEAR 2008, pg. 124-25) Today the available evidence does not strongly connect the accident to radiation-induced increases of leukemia or solid cancer, other than thyroid cancer. Many children and adolescents in the area in 1986 drank milk contaminated with radioactive iodine, which delivered substantial doses to their thyroid glands. To date, about 6,000 thyroid cancer cases have been detected among these children. Ninety-nine percent of these children were successfully treated; 15 children and adolescents in the three countries died from thyroid cancer by 2005. The available evidence does not show any effect on the number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, delivery complications, stillbirths or overall health of children among the families living in the most contaminated areas. (UNSCEAR 2008, pg. 65)", "precise_score": 0.09723152220249176, "rough_score": -4.306822299957275, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On the accident's 10th anniversary, the Ukraine formally established the Chernobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radio-ecology in the town of Slavutych. The center provides technical support to Ukraine's nuclear power industry, the academic community and nuclear regulators.", "precise_score": 3.712787389755249, "rough_score": 1.9211750030517578, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Soviet authorities started the concrete sarcophagus to cover the destroyed Chernobyl reactor in May 1986 and completed the extremely challenging job six months later. Officials considered the sarcophagus a temporary fix to filter radiation out of the gases from the destroyed reactor before the gas was released to the environment. After several years, experts became concerned that the high radiation levels could affect the stability of the sarcophagus.", "precise_score": -5.759129047393799, "rough_score": -5.386678695678711, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In the early morning hours of April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (formerly part of the Soviet Union) exploded, creating what has been described as the worst nuclear disaster the world has ever seen.", "precise_score": 7.945278167724609, "rough_score": 7.234350681304932, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Located about 81 miles (130 km) north of the city of Kiev, Ukraine, and about 12 miles (20 km) south of the border with Belarus, the four reactors at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were designed and built during the 1970s and 1980s. A manmade reservoir, roughly 8.5 square miles (22 sq. km) in size and fed by the Pripyat River, was created to provide cooling water for the reactor.", "precise_score": 0.6578245759010315, "rough_score": 0.5073124170303345, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chornobyl", "passage": "The nearest town to the power plant was the newly built city of Pripyat, which housed almost 50,000 people in 1986, according to the World Nuclear Association . A smaller town, Chornobyl, was home to about 12,000 residents. The remainder of the region was primarily farms and woodland.", "precise_score": -1.7233632802963257, "rough_score": -5.643331527709961, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Built in the late 1970s about 65 miles north of Kiev in the Ukraine, the Chernobyl plant was one of the largest and oldest nuclear power plants in the world. The explosion and subsequent meltdown that occurred there in April 1986 would claim thousands of lives, cause countless birth defects and unleash a thyroid cancer epidemic on the region. However, it would take years for the full story behind the catastrophe to emerge. A bungled experiment at one of the facility’s four reactors created a sudden power surge, which in turn led to a series of blasts that blew the 1,000-ton steel top off of the reactor. A lethal cloud of radioactive material gathered over the nearby town of Pripyat—which was not evacuated until 36 hours after the explosion—before wafting over large parts of Europe. Soviet officials tried to keep the disaster under wraps, but on April 28 Swedish radiation monitoring stations located more than 800 miles from Chernobyl reported radiation levels 40 percent higher than normal.", "precise_score": 7.155954360961914, "rough_score": 8.202568054199219, "source": "search", "title": "History's Worst Nuclear Disasters - History in the Headlines" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On April 26, 1986, a major accident occurred at Unit 4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former USSR.", "precise_score": 7.886277198791504, "rough_score": 7.04072380065918, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On May 9, workers began encasing the reactor in concrete. Later, Hans Blix of the International Atomic Energy Agency confirmed that approximately 200 people were directly exposed and that 31 had died immediately at Chernobyl. The clean-up effort and the general radioactive exposure in the region, however, would prove to be even more deadly. Some reports estimate that as many as 4,000 clean-up workers died from radiation poisoning. Birth defects among people living in the area have increased dramatically. Thyroid cancer has increased tenfold in Ukraine since the accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.883475303649902, "source": "search", "title": "Nuclear explosion at Chernobyl - Apr 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster - World Nuclear Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.649645805358887, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Accident 1986", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366682052612305, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.815195560455322, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38017463684082, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Resettlement of areas from which people were relocated is ongoing. In 2011 Chernobyl was officially declared a tourist attraction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412477493286133, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The accident destroyed the Chernobyl 4 reactor, killing 30 operators and firemen within three months and several further deaths later. One person was killed immediately and a second died in hospital soon after as a result of injuries received. Another person is reported to have died at the time from a coronary thrombosis c . Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was originally diagnosed in 237 people on-site and involved with the clean-up and it was later confirmed in 134 cases. Of these, 28 people died as a result of ARS within a few weeks of the accident. Nineteen more subsequently died between 1987 and 2004 but their deaths cannot necessarily be attributed to radiation exposure d . Nobody off-site suffered from acute radiation effects although a large proportion of childhood thyroid cancers diagnosed since the accident is likely to be due to intake of radioactive iodine fallout d . Furthermore, large areas of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and beyond were contaminated in varying degrees. See also sections below and  Chernobyl Accident Appendix 2: Health Impacts .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.501091003417969, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl disaster was a unique event and the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power where radiation-related fatalities occurred e . However, the design of the reactor is unique and in that respect the accident is thus of little relevance to the rest of the nuclear industry outside the then Eastern Bloc. However, it led to major changes in safety culture and in industry cooperation, particularly between East and West before the end of the Soviet Union. Former President Gorbachev said that the Chernobyl accident was a more important factor in the fall of the Soviet Union than Perestroika – his program of liberal reform.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.875340461730957, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl site and plant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453861236572266, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "One of the most important characteristics of the RBMK reactor is that it it can possess a 'positive void coefficient', where an increase in steam bubbles ('voids') is accompanied by an increase in core reactivity (see information page on RBMK Reactors ). As steam production in the fuel channels increases, the neutrons that would have been absorbed by the denser water now produce increased fission in the fuel. There are other components that contribute to the overall power coefficient of reactivity, but the void coefficient is the dominant one in RBMK reactors. The void coefficient depends on the composition of the core – a new RBMK core will have a negative void coefficient. However, at the time of the accident at Chernobyl 4, the reactor's fuel burn-up, control rod configuration and power level led to a positive void coefficient large enough to overwhelm all other influences on the power coefficient.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.935724258422852, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The 1986 Chernobyl accident", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.595640182495117, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On 25 April, prior to a routine shutdown, the reactor crew at Chernobyl 4 began preparing for a test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps following a loss of main electrical power supply. This test had been carried out at Chernobyl the previous year, but the power from the turbine ran down too rapidly, so new voltage regulator designs were to be tested.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3930082321167, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "A series of operator actions, including the disabling of automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the attempted test early on 26 April. By the time that the operator moved to shut down the reactor, the reactor was in an extremely unstable condition. A peculiarity of the design of the control rods caused a dramatic power surge as they were inserted into the reactor (see Chernobyl Accident Appendix 1: Sequence of Events ).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170437812805176, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The damaged Chernobyl unit 4 reactor building", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2920560836792, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Immediate impact of the Chernobyl accident", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445219039916992, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Environmental and health effects of the Chernobyl accident", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525551795959473, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Several organisations have reported on the impacts of the Chernobyl accident, but all have had problems assessing the significance of their observations because of the lack of reliable public health information before 1986.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958418846130371, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In February 2003, the IAEA established the Chernobyl Forum, in cooperation with seven other UN organisations as well as the competent authorities of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. In April 2005, the reports prepared by two expert groups – \"Environment\", coordinated by the IAEA, and \"Health\", coordinated by WHO – were intensively discussed by the Forum and eventually approved by consensus. The conclusions of this 2005 Chernobyl Forum study (revised version published 2006 i ) are in line with earlier expert studies, notably the UNSCEAR 2000 report j which said that \"apart from this [thyroid cancer] increase, there is no evidence of a major public health impact attributable to radiation exposure 14 years after the accident. There is no scientific evidence of increases in overall cancer incidence or mortality or in non-malignant disorders that could be related to radiation exposure.\" As yet there is little evidence of any increase in leukaemia, even among clean-up workers where it might be most expected. However, these workers – where high doses may have been received – remain at increased risk of cancer in the long term. Apart from these, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) says that \"the great majority of the population is not likely to experience serious health consequences as a result of radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Many other health problems have been noted in the populations that are not related to radiation exposure.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.877581596374512, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl Forum report says that people in the area have suffered a paralysing fatalism due to myths and misperceptions about the threat of radiation, which has contributed to a culture of chronic dependency. Some \"took on the role of invalids.\" Mental health coupled with smoking and alcohol abuse is a very much greater problem than radiation, but worst of all at the time was the underlying level of health and nutrition. Apart from the initial 116,000, relocations of people were very traumatic and did little to reduce radiation exposure, which was low anyway. Psycho-social effects among those affected by the accident are similar to those arising from other major disasters such as earthquakes, floods and fires.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271581649780273, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Some exaggerated figures have been published regarding the death toll attributable to the Chernobyl disaster. A publication by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 6 lent support to these. However, the Chairman of UNSCEAR made it clear that \"this report is full of unsubstantiated statements that have no support in scientific assessments\" k , and the Chernobyl Forum report also repudiates them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419981002807617, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "UNSCEAR in 2011 concludes: In summary, the effects of the Chernobyl accident are many and varied. Early deterministic effects can be attributed to radiation with a high degree of certainty, while for other medical conditions, radiation almost certainly was not the cause. In between, there was a wide spectrum of conditions. It is necessary to evaluate carefully each specific condition and the surrounding circumstances before attributing a cause. 5  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429847717285156, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Progressive closure of the Chernobyl plant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517191886901855, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In the early 1990s, some US$400 million was spent on improvements to the remaining reactors at Chernobyl, considerably enhancing their safety. Energy shortages necessitated the continued operation of one of them (unit 3) until December 2000. (Unit 2 was shut down after a turbine hall fire in 1991, and unit 1 at the end of 1997.) Almost 6000 people worked at the plant every day, and their radiation dose has been within internationally accepted limits. A small team of scientists works within the wrecked reactor building itself, inside the shelter l .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446493148803711, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46619987487793, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "See Chernobyl website for details.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.538779258728027, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl unit 4 is now enclosed in a large concrete shelter which was erected quickly (by October 1986) to allow continuing operation of the other reactors at the plant. However, the structure is neither strong nor durable. The international Shelter Implementation Plan in the 1990s involved raising money for remedial work including removal of the fuel-containing materials. Some major work on the shelter was carried out in 1998 and 1999. About 200 tonnes of highly radioactive material remains deep within it, and this poses an environmental hazard until it is better contained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.518111228942871, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl Shelter Fund, set up in 1997, had received €864 million from international donors by early 2011 towards this project and previous work. It and the Nuclear Safety Account (NSA), set up in 1993, are managed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The total cost of the new shelter was in 2011 estimated to be €1.5 billion. In November 2014 the EBRD said the overall €2.15 billion Shelter Implementation Plan including the NSC had received contributions from 43 governments but still had a funding shortfall of €615 million. The following month the EBRD made an additional contribution of €350 million in anticipation of a €165 million contribution by the G7/European Commission, which was confirmed in April 2015. This left a balance of €100 million to come from non-G7 donors, and €15 million of this was confirmed in April 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.319303512573242, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl New Safe Confinement under construction and before being moved into place (Image: EBRD)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506258010864258, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Funding other Chernobyl work", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.565064430236816, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Nuclear Safety Account (NSA), had received €321 million by early 2011 for Chernobyl decommissioning and also for projects in other ex-Soviet countries. At Chernobyl it funds the construction of used fuel and waste storage (notably ISF-2, see below) and decommissioning units 1-3. In April 2016 the European Commission pledged €20 million to the NSA, the largest part of €45 million expected from the G7 and the European Commission. A further €40 million is expected from the EBRD in May 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.273065567016602, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In total, the European Commission has committed around €730 million so far to Chernobyl projects in four ways. First, €550 million for assistance projects, out of which €470 million were channelled through international funds, and €80 million implemented directly by the European Commission. Secondly, power generation support of €65 million. Thirdly, €15 million for social projects. And finally, €100 million for research projects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492456436157227, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl used fuel: ISF-1 & ISF-2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5838041305542, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Holtec International became the contractor in September 2007 for new interim spent nuclear fuel storage facility (ISF-2 or SNF SF-2) for the state-owned Chernobyl NPP. Design approval and funding from the EBRD's Nuclear Safety Account (NSA) was confirmed in October 2010, and the final €87.5 million of €400 million cost was pledged in April 2016.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.169700622558594, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "* According to Holtec: “Unique features of the Chernobyl dry storage facility include the world's largest 'hot cell' for dismembering the conjugated RBMK fuel assembly and a (Holtec patented) forced gas dehydrator designed to run on nitrogen.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462981224060059, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Other Chernobyl radwastes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505358695983887, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Non-Chernobyl used fuel", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.5592622756958, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Central Spent Fuel Storage Facility (CSFSF) Project for Ukraine’s VVER reactors is being built by Holtec International within the Chernobyl exclusion area, between the resettled villages Staraya Krasnitsa, Buryakovka, Chistogalovka and Stechanka, southeast of Chernobyl and not far from ISF-2. This will not take any Chernobyl fuel, though it will become a part of the common spent nuclear fuel management complex of the state-owned company Chernobyl NPP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.734692096710205, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In July 2010, the Belarus government announced that it had decided to settle back thousands of people in the 'contaminated areas' covered by the Chernobyl fallout, from which 24 years ago they and their forbears were hastily relocated. Compared with the list of contaminated areas in 2005, some 211 villages and hamlets had been reclassified with fewer restrictions on resettlement. The decision by the Belarus Council of Ministers resulted in a new national program over 2011-15 and up to 2020 to alleviate the Chernobyl impact and return the areas to normal use with minimal restrictions. The focus of the project is on the development of economic and industrial potential of the Gomel and Mogilev regions from which 137,000 people were relocated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.024616241455078, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Belarus government decision was an important political landmark in an ongoing process. Studies reviewed by UNSCEAR show that the Chernobyl disaster caused little risk for the general population. A UN Development Program report in 2002 said that much of the aid and effort applied to mitigate the effects of the Chernobyl accident did more harm than good, and it seems that this, along with the Chernobyl Forum report, finally persuaded the Belarus authorities. In 2004 President Lukashenko announced a priority to repopulate much of the Chernobyl-affected regions of Belarus, and then in 2009 he said that he “wants to repopulate Chernobyl’s zone quickly”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.704651832580566, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In 2011 Chernobyl was officially declared a tourist attraction, with many visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487740516662598, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "What has been learned from the Chernobyl disaster?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45553970336914, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Leaving aside the verdict of history on its role in melting the Soviet 'Iron Curtain', some very tangible practical benefits have resulted from the Chernobyl accident. The main ones concern reactor safety, notably in eastern Europe. (The US Three Mile Island accident in 1979 had a significant effect on Western reactor design and operating procedures. While that reactor was destroyed, all radioactivity was contained – as designed – and there were no deaths or injuries.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2060651779174805, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Modifications have been made to overcome deficiencies in all the RBMK reactors still operating. In these, originally the nuclear chain reaction and power output could increase if cooling water were lost or turned to steam, in contrast to most Western designs. It was this effect which led to the uncontrolled power surge that led to the destruction of Chernobyl 4 (see Positive void coefficient section in the information page on RBMK Reactors ). All of the RBMK reactors have now been modified by changes in the control rods, adding neutron absorbers and consequently increasing the fuel enrichment from 1.8 to 2.4% U-235, making them very much more stable at low power (see Post accident changes to the RBMK section in the information page on RBMK Reactors ). Automatic shut-down mechanisms now operate faster, and other safety mechanisms have been improved. Automated inspection equipment has also been installed. A repetition of the 1986 Chernobyl accident is now virtually impossible, according to a German nuclear safety agency report 7 .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.575872421264648, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Many other international programmes were initiated following Chernobyl. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safety review projects for each particular type of Soviet reactor are noteworthy, bringing together operators and Western engineers to focus on safety improvements. These initiatives are backed by funding arrangements. The Nuclear Safety Assistance Coordination Centre database lists Western aid totalling almost US$1 billion for more than 700 safety-related projects in former Eastern Bloc countries. The Convention on Nuclear Safety adopted in Vienna in June 1994 is another outcome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.083564758300781, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl Forum report said that some seven million people are now receiving or eligible for benefits as 'Chernobyl victims', which means that resources are not targeting the needy few percent of them. Remedying this presents daunting political problems however.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569067001342773, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "a. Chernobyl is the well-known Russian name for the site; Chornobyl is preferred by Ukraine. [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519522666931152, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "However, the IAEA's 1992 INSAG-7 report, The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1, was less critical of the operators, with the emphasis shifted towards \"the contributions of particular design features, including the design of the control rods and safety systems, and arrangements for presenting important safety information to the operators. The accident is now seen to have been the result of the concurrence of the following major factors: specific physical characteristics of the reactor; specific design features of the reactor control elements; and the fact that the reactor was brought to a state not specified by procedures or investigated by an independent safety body. Most importantly, the physical characteristics of the reactor made possible its unstable behaviour.\" But the report goes on to say that the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group \"remains of the opinion that critical actions of the operators were most ill judged. As pointed out in INSAG-1, the human factor has still to be considered as a major element in causing the accident.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54733657836914, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In what is referred to as his Testament – which was published soon after his suicide two years after the accident – Valery Legasov, who had led the Soviet delegation to the IAEA Post-Accident Review Meeting, wrote: \"After I had visited Chernobyl NPP I came to the conclusion that the accident was the inevitable apotheosis of the economic system which had been developed in the USSR over many decades. Neglect by the scientific management and the designers was everywhere with no attention being paid to the condition of instruments or of equipment... When one considers the chain of events leading up to the Chernobyl accident, why one person behaved in such a way and why another person behaved in another etc, it is impossible to find a single culprit, a single initiator of events, because it was like a closed circle.\" [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143999099731445, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "c. The initial death toll was officially given as two initial deaths plus 28 from acute radiation syndrome. One further victim, due to coronary thrombosis, is widely reported, but does not appear on official lists of the initial deaths. The 2006 report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group \"Health\", Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes , states: \"The Chernobyl accident caused the deaths of 30 power plant employees and firemen within a few days or weeks (including 28 deaths that were due to radiation exposure).\" [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335134506225586, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "d. Apart from the initial 31 deaths (two from the explosions, one reportedly from coronary thrombosis – see Note c above – and 28 firemen and plant personnel from acute radiation syndrome), the number of deaths resulting from the accident is unclear and a subject of considerable controversy. According to the 2006 report of the UN Chernobyl Forum's 'Health' Expert Group 1 : \"The actual number of deaths caused by this accident is unlikely ever to be precisely known.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.657071113586426, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "On the number of deaths due to acute radiation syndrome (ARS), the Expert Group report states: \"Among the 134 emergency workers involved in the immediate mitigation of the Chernobyl accident, severely exposed workers and fireman during the first days, 28 persons died in 1986 due to ARS, and 19 more persons died in 1987-2004 from different causes. Among the general population affected by the Chernobyl radioactive fallout, the much lower exposures meant that ARS cases did not occur.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.376026153564453, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "f. Although most reports on the Chernobyl accident refer to a number of graphite fires, it is highly unlikely that the graphite itself burned. According to the General Atomics website ( http://gt-mhr.ga.com/safety.php ): \"It is often incorrectly assumed that the combustion behavior of graphite is similar to that of charcoal and coal. Numerous tests and calculations have shown that it is virtually impossible to burn high-purity, nuclear-grade graphites.\" On Chernobyl, the same source states: \"Graphite played little or no role in the progression or consequences of the accident. The red glow observed during the Chernobyl accident was the expected color of luminescence for graphite at 700°C and not a large-scale graphite fire, as some have incorrectly assumed.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854799270629883, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "g. The International Chernobyl Project, 1990-91 - Assessment of Radiological Consequences and Evaluation of Protective Measures, Summary Brochure , published by the International Atomic Energy Agency, reports that, in June 1989, the World Health Organization (WHO) sent a team of experts to help address the health impacts of radioactive contamination resulting from the accident. One of the conclusions from this mission was that \"scientists who are not well versed in radiation effects have attributed various biological and health effects to radiation exposure. These changes cannot be attributed to radiation exposure, especially when the normal incidence is unknown, and are much more likely to be due to psychological factors and stress. Attributing these effects to radiation not only increases the psychological pressure in the population and provokes additional stress-related health problems, it also undermines confidence in the competence of the radiation specialists.\" [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.264147758483887, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "h. Image taken from page 31 of The International Chernobyl Project Technical Report , Assessment of Radiological Consequences and Evaluation of Protective Measures, Report by an International Advisory Committee, IAEA, 1991 (ISBN: 9201291914) [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425271034240723, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "i. A 55-page summary version the revised report, Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine , The Chernobyl Forum: 2003–2005, Second revised version, as well as the Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group “Environment” and the Report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group “Health” are available from the IAEA's webpage for the Chernobyl Forum ( http://www-ns.iaea.org/meetings/rw-summaries/chernobyl_forum.htm ) and the World Health Organization's webpage on Ionizing radiation ( http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/chernobyl/en/index1.html ) [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042819023132324, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "j. The United Nations Scientific Commission on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) is the UN body with a mandate from the General Assembly to assess and report levels and health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl accident , Annex J to Volume II of the 2000 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Report to the General Assembly, is available at the UNSCEAR 2000 Report Vol. II webpage (www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html). It is also available (along with other reports) on the webpage for UNSCEAR's assessments of the radiation effects of The Chernobyl accident (www.unscear.org/unscear/en/chernobyl.html). The conclusions from Annex J of the UNSCEAR 2000 report are in Chernobyl Accident Appendix: Health Impacts [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2609224319458, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "l. A reinforced concrete casing was built around the ruined reactor building over the seven months following the accident. This shelter – often referred to as the sarcophagus – was intended to contain the remaining fuel and act as a radiation shield. As it was designed for a lifetime of around 20 to 30 years, as well as being hastily constructed, a second shelter – known as the New Safe Confinement – with a 100-year design lifetime is planned to be placed over the existing structure. See also ASE keeps the lid on Chernobyl , World Nuclear News (19 August 2008). [ Back ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612698554992676, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impacts - 2002 Update of Chernobyl: Ten Years On , OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (2002). This is also available as an HTML version", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108031272888184, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Zbigniew Jaworowski, Lessons of Chernobyl with particular reference to thyroid cancer, Australasian Radiation Protection Society Newsletter No. 30 (April 2004). The same article appeared in Executive Intelligence Review (EIR), Volume 31, Number 18 (7 May 2004) . An extended version of this paper was published as Radiation folly , Chapter 4 of Environment & Health: Myths & Realities , Edited by Kendra Okonski and Julian Morris, International Policy Press (a division of International Policy Network), June 2004 (ISBN 1905041004). See also Chernobyl Accident Appendix 2: Health Impacts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423952102661133, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The chernobyl.info website www.chernobyl.info – out of date but some useful information", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504180908203125, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Forum information on IAEA website", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.553248405456543, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Mikhail Balonov, The Chernobyl Forum: Major Findings and Recommendations , presented at the Public Information Materials Exchange meeting held in Vienna, Austria on 12-16 February 2006", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313262939453125, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "European Centre of Technological Safety's Chernobyl website ( www.tesec-int.org/Chernobyl ) and its webpage on Sarcophagus and Decommissioning of the Chernobyl NPP", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51615047454834, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Legacy website ( www.chernobyllegacy.com )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.554498672485352, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl 25th anniversary, Frequently Asked Questions , World Health Organization (23 April 2011)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526571273803711, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Accident 1986 - World Nuclear Association" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Disaster - YouTube", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45921802520752, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Disaster - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl Disaster", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377445220947266, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Disaster - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Buy Blu Ray Movie of Chernobyl Diaries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556025505065918, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Disaster - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Untold legends and myths have grown around Chernobyl. There are the heroes, the firemen who battled the first inferno and whose corpses still emit potent radiation from the grave, or the hundreds of thousands who labored in the deadly rays to entomb the reactor. There are the villains, too, the Communist bureaucrats who lied and covered up, who sent their children from Kiev while ordering the city to march in the deadly dust on May Day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.398244857788086, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "For 18 miles around the hulking \"sarcophagus\" at Chernobyl, barbed wire encloses a \"forbidden zone.\" Signs at the guarded gate warn that eating any fruit growing wild within is forbidden. Only those who serve the dead reactor and its three functioning neighbors can pass beyond.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310234069824219, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "A quarter century later, Chernobyl remains the radiation calamity by which all subsequent nuclear accidents will be measured. Core-catchers are now a design feature of the newest reactors that Russia’s state-owned nuclear power company, Rosatom, is selling around the world. That includes a contract the company signed with Belarus in March 2011, even as radioactive steam was rising from Japan's Fukushima Daiichi plant, where three nuclears reactors partially melted down in the wake of a magnitude 9.0 earthquake on March 11.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.560247898101807, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986) - The New York Times" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "NRC: Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679088592529297, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Home > NRC Library > Document Collections > Fact Sheets > Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142621994018555, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.647430419921875, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl History (Video)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4778470993042, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl accident's severe radiation effects killed 28 of the site's 600 workers in the first four months after the event. Another 106 workers received high enough doses to cause acute radiation sickness. Two workers died within hours of the reactor explosion from non-radiological causes. Another 200,000 cleanup workers in 1986 and 1987 received doses of between 1 and 100 rem (The average annual radiation dose for a U.S. citizen is about .6 rem). Chernobyl cleanup activities eventually required about 600,000 workers, although only a small fraction of these workers were exposed to elevated levels of radiation. Government agencies continue to monitor cleanup and recovery workers' health. (UNSCEAR 2008, pg. 47, 58, 107, and 119)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.287219047546387, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Experts conclude some cancer deaths may eventually be attributed to Chernobyl over the lifetime of the emergency workers, evacuees and residents living in the most contaminated areas. These health effects are far lower than initial speculations of tens of thousands of radiation-related deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355888366699219, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The NRC continues to conclude that many factors protect U.S. reactors against the combination of lapses that led to the accident at Chernobyl. Differences in plant design, broader safe shutdown capabilities and strong structures to hold in radioactive materials all help ensure U.S. reactors can keep the public safe. When the NRC reviews new information it takes into account possible major accidents; these reviews consider whether safety requirements should be enhanced to ensure ongoing protection of the public and the environment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.296923637390137, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The NRC's post-Chernobyl assessment emphasized the importance of several concepts, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517966270446777, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The post-Chernobyl assessment also examined whether changes were needed to NRC regulations or guidance on accidents involving control of the chain reaction, accidents when the reactor is at low or zero power, operator training, and emergency planning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333608627319336, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The NRC's Chernobyl response included three major phases: (1) determining the facts of the accident, (2) assessing the accident's implications for regulating U.S. commercial nuclear power plants, and (3) conducting longer-term studies suggested by the assessment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17947769165039, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The NRC published the second phase's results in April 1989 as NUREG-1251, \"Implications of the Accident at Chernobyl for Safety Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Power Plants in the United States.\" The agency concluded that the lessons learned from Chernobyl fell short of requiring immediate changes in the NRC's regulations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.485217094421387, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The NRC published its Chernobyl follow-up studies for U.S. reactors in June 1992 as NUREG-1422. While that report closed out the immediate Chernobyl follow-up research program, some topics continue to receive attention through the NRC's normal activities. For example, the NRC continues to examine Chernobyl's aftermath for lessons on decontaminating structures and land, as well as how people are returned to formerly contaminated areas. The NRC considers the Chernobyl experience a valuable piece of information for considering reactor safety issues in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108712196350098, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl reactors, called RBMKs, were high-powered reactors that used graphite to help maintain the chain reaction and cooled the reactor cores with water. When the accident occurred the Soviet Union was using 17 RBMKs and Lithuania was using two. Since the accident, the other three Chernobyl reactors, an additional Russian RMBK and both Lithuanian RBMKs have permanently shut down.  Chernobyl's Unit 2 was shut down in 1991 after a serious turbine building fire; Unit 1 was closed in November 1996; and Unit 3 was closed in December 1999, as promised by Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma. In Lithuania, Ignalina Unit 1 was shut down in December 2004 and Unit 2 in 2009 as a condition of the country joining the European Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.725478172302246, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Closing Chernobyl's reactors required a combined effort from the world's seven largest economies (the G-7), the European Commission and Ukraine. This effort supported such things as short-term safety upgrades at Chernobyl Unit 3, decommissioning the entire Chernobyl site, developing ways to address shutdown impacts on workers and their families, and identifying investments needed to meet Ukraine's future electrical power needs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.083965301513672, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In 1997, the G-7, the European Commission and Ukraine agreed to jointly fund the Chernobyl Shelter Implementation Plan to help Ukraine transform the existing sarcophagus into a stable and environmentally safe system. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development manages funding for the plan, which will protect workers, the nearby population and the environment for decades from the very large amounts of radioactive material still in the sarcophagus. The existing sarcophagus was stabilized before work began in late 2006 to replace it with a new safe shelter. The new confinement design includes an arch-shaped steel structure, which will slide across the existing sarcophagus via rails. This new structure is designed to last at least 100 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.095497131347656, "source": "search", "title": "Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573796272277832, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573796272277832, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The expolsion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is among the worst nuclear accidents the world has ever witnessed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.455159187316895, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Even after many years of scientific research and government investigation, there are still many unanswered questions about the Chernobyl accident — especially regarding the long-term health impacts that the massive radiation leak will have on those who were exposed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305293083190918, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Where is Chernobyl?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438511848449707, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The Chernobyl plant used four Soviet-designed RBMK-1000 nuclear reactors — a design that's now universally recognized as inherently flawed. RBMK reactors use enriched U-235 uranium fuel to heat water, creating steam that drives the reactors' turbines and generates electricity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79969596862793, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The day before the Chernobyl nuclear disaster , plant operators were preparing for a one-time shutdown to perform routine maintenance on reactor number 4. In violation of safety regulations, operators disabled plant equipment including the automatic shutdown mechanisms, according to the U.N. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354683876037598, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Twenty-eight of the workers at Chernobyl died in the four months following the accident, according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), including some heroic workers who knew they were exposing themselves to deadly levels of radiation in order to secure the facility from further radiation leaks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33209228515625, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Within three months of the Chernobyl accident, a total of 31 people died from radiation exposure or other direct effects of the disaster, according to the NRC, UNSCEAR and other sources. More than 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer may eventually be linked to radiation exposure in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, though the precise number of cases that are directly caused by the Chernobyl accident is difficult (if not impossible) to ascertain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.519805908203125, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Surprisingly, the overall rate of cancer deaths and other health effects related to Chernobyl's radiation leak is lower than was initially feared. \"The majority of the five million residents living in contaminated areas … received very small radiation doses comparable to natural background levels (0.1 rem per year),\" according to an NRC report. \"Today the available evidence does not strongly connect the accident to radiation-induced increases of leukemia or solid cancer, other than thyroid cancer.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10349178314209, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Some experts have claimed that unsubstantiated fear of radiation poisoning led to greater suffering than the actual disaster. For example, many doctors throughout Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union advised pregnant women to undergo abortions to avoid bearing children with birth defects or other disorders, though the actual level of radiation exposure these women experienced were too low to cause any problems. Even the United Nations published a report on the effects of the Chernobyl accident that was so \"full of unsubstantiated statements that have no support in scientific assessments,\" according to the chairman of UNSCEAR, that it was eventually dismissed by most authorities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184139251708984, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Dead forest at the Chernobyl site.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41129207611084, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Shortly after the radiation leaks from Chernobyl occurred, the trees in the woodlands surrounding the plant were killed by high levels of radiation. This region came to be known as the \"Red Forest\" because the dead trees turned a bright ginger color. The trees were eventually bulldozed and buried in trenches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964837074279785, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Despite the contamination of the site — and the inherent risks in operating a reactor with serious design flaws — the Chernobyl nuclear plant continued operation for many years, until its last reactor was shut down in December of 2000. The plant, the ghost towns of Pripyat and Chernobyl, and a large area surrounding the plant known as the \"zone of alienation\" are largely off-limits to humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.956969261169434, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl today", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46619987487793, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The region today is widely known as one of the world's most unique wildlife sanctuaries. Thriving populations of wolves, deer, lynx, beaver, eagles, boar, elk, bears and other animals have been documented in the dense woodlands that now surround the silent plant. Only a handful of radiation effects, such as stunted trees growing in the zone of highest radiation and animals with high levels of cesium-137 in their bodies, are known to occur. [ Infographic: Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster 25 Years Later ]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.567532539367676, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "But that's not to suggest that the area has returned to normal, or will at any point in the near future. Because of the long-lived radiation in the region surrounding the former Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the area won't be safe for human habitation for at least 20,000 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.20897388458252, "source": "search", "title": "Chernobyl: Facts About the Nuclear Disaster - Live Science" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "The earthquake that shook Japan on March 11, 2011, stirred up a devastating tsunami that blasted coastal cities with walls of water, shifted the Earth’s axis and has been blamed for thousands of deaths. It also triggered what many are calling the worst disaster of its kind since the incident at Chernobyl, a virtual byword for the risks that come with harnessing nuclear energy. As experts scramble to stem the mounting crisis in Japan, we take a look at four of the most devastating nuclear accidents to date.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.123553276062012, "source": "search", "title": "History's Worst Nuclear Disasters - History in the Headlines" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Chernobyl (April 26, 1986)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61042308807373, "source": "search", "title": "History's Worst Nuclear Disasters - History in the Headlines" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "In the opening days of the crisis, 32 people died at Chernobyl and dozens more suffered radiation burns. The radiation that escaped into the atmosphere–equivalent to several times that produced by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki–contaminated millions of acres of forest and farmland. The full human toll from the calamity is still being tallied, but experts believe that thousands of people died and as many as 70,000 suffered severe poisoning. In addition, a large area of land may not be livable for as much as 150 years, including the 18-mile radius around Chernobyl–home to some 150,000 people who had to be permanently relocated. In 2000, the last working reactors at Chernobyl were shut down and the plant was officially closed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.784318923950195, "source": "search", "title": "History's Worst Nuclear Disasters - History in the Headlines" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Discover what exactly caused the catastrophic explosion at the Chernobyl plant, how the clean up was conducted at huge human cost, and the current state of the site.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47952651977539, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Construction of the sarcophagus (cover) over the destroyed Chernobyl reactor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09958553314209, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "31 workers died shortly afterwards. A total of between 600,000 and 800,000 men were involved in the clean-up operations in Chernobyl up to 1989. Of these men, 300,000 received radiation doses 500 times the limit for the public over one year. Today, the ones who still survive are still suffering from the damage to their health.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82306957244873, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "How many of them have died to date from the disaster is a controversial question. According to government agencies in the three former Soviet States affected, about 25,000 \"liquidators\" have so far died. Estimates provided by the liquidator associations in the three countries are well in excess of the official figures. The Chernobyl Forum's 2005 Report, on the other hand, attributes a far lower number of liquidator deaths to the reactor disaster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138760566711426, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Three years after the nuclear accident, the Soviet government halted construction of the fifth and sixth reactor units at the Chernobyl nuclear power complex. After prolonged international negotiations, the entire complex was closed on 12 December 2000, 14 years after the accident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.634561538696289, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" }, { "answer": "Chernobyl", "passage": "Scientists predict that the next nuclear catastrophe in the scale of Chernobyl will be in Chernobyl itself, due to the fragile status of its protective shield.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.195487976074219, "source": "search", "title": "What happened in Chernobyl? | Greenpeace International" } ]

[ { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat ( ' Egyptian; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970.", "precise_score": 8.964343070983887, "rough_score": 9.046733856201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu al-Kum, al-Minufiyah, Egypt to a poor Nubian family, one of 13 brothers and sisters. One of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action during the October War of 1973. His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat was an Upper Egyptian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was a Sudanese from her father. Thus, he faced insults by his Arab opponents in Egypt for not looking \"Egyptian enough\" and \"Nasser's black poodle.\"", "precise_score": 1.575056791305542, "rough_score": 5.089074611663818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "During the Second World War he was imprisoned by the British for his efforts to obtain help from the Axis Powers in expelling the occupying British forces. Anwar Sadat was active in many political movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, the fascist Young Egypt, the pro-palace Iron Guard of Egypt, and the secret military group called the Free Officers. Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the military coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which overthrew King Farouk on 23 July of that year. Sadat was assigned to announce the news of the revolution to the Egyptian people over the radio networks.", "precise_score": 0.7693654298782349, "rough_score": 3.4047043323516846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the Camp David Accords (1978), a series of meetings between Egypt and Israel facilitated by US President Jimmy Carter. Both Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for creating the treaty. In his acceptance speech, Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis:", "precise_score": 0.7608678340911865, "rough_score": 7.092014312744141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, mortally wounding the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA). Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers.", "precise_score": 7.107510566711426, "rough_score": 5.551111698150635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 - NY Daily News", "precise_score": 8.341506958007812, "rough_score": 7.692583084106445, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Mohammed Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981", "precise_score": 8.558015823364258, "rough_score": 8.180658340454102, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981", "precise_score": 8.689366340637207, "rough_score": 8.123392105102539, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In this Oct. 6, 1981 photo, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is seen on the reviewing stand during a military parade just before soldiers opened fire from a truck during the parade killing Sadat.", "precise_score": 6.4049248695373535, "rough_score": 6.712670803070068, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Photograph dated November 21, 1977 of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (c) as he meets with Golda Meir (l) and Shimon Peres (r) of the Alignment faction in the Knesset, during Sadat's historic visit to Jerusalem.", "precise_score": 2.4174916744232178, "rough_score": 6.890364646911621, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, left, U.S. President Jimmy Carter, center, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin clasp hands on the north lawn of the White House March 26, 1979, as they completed signing of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.", "precise_score": 2.407285690307617, "rough_score": 6.514626979827881, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and US President Jimmy Carter confer in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington prior to the peace treaty signing on March 26, 1979.", "precise_score": 2.1940841674804688, "rough_score": 6.556643962860107, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Nick Charles: With those shots, life ended for Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, the architect of the peace treaty between his country and Israel and the man considered to be America's closest ally in the Arab world. It was October 6th, a hot, sunny day. Sadat, dressed in the uniform of the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, was reviewing a military parade in a Cairo suburb. The parade had been going on for about two hours when the attackers struck. They apparently timed their assault to coincide with an aerial show by a squadron of jetfighters performing maneuvers. As officials in the reviewing stand looked to the skies above, a military vehicle traveling by the reviewing stand suddenly stopped. Four men jumped out and headed towards Sadat, throwing hand grenades and opening up with machinegun fire. Security guards fired back, but it was too late: Sadat had already been hit five times. He was rushed to a military hospital, but even the best Egyptian surgeons were unable to save him. He died on the operating table two hours later, and it was several more hours before the Egyptian Government confirmed his death.", "precise_score": 3.6415741443634033, "rough_score": 4.846036911010742, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated", "precise_score": 6.427728176116943, "rough_score": 3.9672513008117676, "source": "search", "title": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Anwar Sadat, in full Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, Sadat also spelled Sādāt, el-Sadat also spelled al-Sadat (born December 25, 1918, Mīt Abū al Kawm, Al-Minūfiyyah governorate, Egypt —died October 6, 1981, Cairo ), Egyptian army officer and politician who was president of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination in 1981. He initiated serious peace negotiations with Israel , an achievement for which he shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for Peace with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin . Under their leadership, Egypt and Israel made peace with each other in 1979.", "precise_score": 9.246940612792969, "rough_score": 8.976700782775879, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Sadat graduated from the Cairo Military Academy in 1938. During World War II he plotted to expel the British from Egypt with the help of the Germans. The British arrested and imprisoned him in 1942, but he escaped two years later. In 1946 Sadat was arrested after being implicated in the assassination of pro-British minister Amīn ʿUthmān; he was imprisoned until his acquittal in 1948. In 1950 he joined Gamal Abdel Nasser ’s Free Officers organization; he participated in its armed coup against the Egyptian monarchy in 1952 and supported Nasser’s election to the presidency in 1956. Sadat held various high offices that led to his serving in the vice presidency (1964–66, 1969–70). He became acting president upon Nasser’s death, on September 28, 1970, and was elected president in a plebiscite on October 15.", "precise_score": 2.2577672004699707, "rough_score": 3.5432558059692383, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sadat addressing the Knesset, November 20, 1977.", "precise_score": -0.1859341859817505, "rough_score": 3.5635619163513184, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Islamic extremists assassinate Anwar Sadat, the president of Egypt, as he reviews troops on the anniversary of the Yom Kippur War. Led by Khaled el Islambouli, a lieutenant in the Egyptian army with connections to the terrorist group Takfir Wal-Hajira, the terrorists, all wearing army uniforms, stopped in front of the reviewing stand and fired shots and threw grenades into a crowd of Egyptian government officials. Sadat, who was shot four times, died two hours later. Ten other people also died in the attack.", "precise_score": 3.5401058197021484, "rough_score": 4.390992641448975, "source": "search", "title": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Islamic extremists assassinate Anwar Sadat, the president of Egypt, as he reviews troops on the anniversary of the Yom Kippur War. Led by Khaled el Islambouli, a lieutenant in the Egyptian army with connections to the terrorist group Takfir Wal-Hajira, the terrorists, all wearing army uniforms, stopped in front of the reviewing stand and fired shots and threw grenades into a crowd of Egyptian government officials. Sadat, who was shot four times, died two hours later. Ten other people also died in the attack.", "precise_score": 3.5401058197021484, "rough_score": 4.390992641448975, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider Arab World. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty; this won him and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate. Though reaction to the treaty—which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,[http://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm Peace with Israel] it was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and leftists in particular, who felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a Palestinian state. With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states. His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5520382523536682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938 and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to Sudan (Egypt and Sudan were one country at the time). There, he met Gamal Abdel Nasser, and along with several other junior officers they formed the secret Free Officers, a movement committed to freeing Egypt and Sudan from British domination, and royal corruption.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266526222229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Some of the major events of the Sadat's presidency were his \"Corrective Revolution\" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David peace treaty with Israel, the \"opening up\" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.24881196022033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Shortly after taking office, Sadat shocked many Egyptians by dismissing and imprisoning two of the most powerful figures in the regime, Vice President Ali Sabri, who had close ties with Soviet officials, and Sharawy Gomaa, the Interior Minister, who controlled the secret police. Sadat's rising popularity would accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police, expelled Soviet military from the country and reformed the Egyptian army for a renewed confrontation with Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.004754066467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "On 6 October 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Sadat launched the October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War (and less commonly as the Ramadan War), a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, and the Syrian Golan Heights in an attempt to retake these respective Egyptian and Syrian territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the initial stages of the war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement (Operation Badr, also known as The Crossing) was the Egyptian military's advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula after penetrating and largely destroying the Bar Lev Line. This line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.099740505218506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "As the war progressed, three divisions of the Israeli army led by General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal, trying to encircle first the Egyptian Second Army, and, when this failed, the Egyptian Third Army. Prompted by an agreement between the United States of America, and the Soviet Union, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 on 22 October 1973, calling for an immediate ceasefire. Although agreed upon, the ceasefire was immediately broken. Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, cancelled an official meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen to travel to Egypt where he tried to persuade Sadat to sign a peace treaty. During Kosygin's two-day long stay it is unknown if he and Sadat ever met in person. The Israeli military then continued their drive to encircle the Egyptian army. The encirclement was completed on 24 October, three days after the ceasefire was broken. This development prompted superpower tension, but a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on 25 October to end the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Damascus and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Cairo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.542629241943359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was known as the \"Hero of the Crossing\". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. His new peace policy led to the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the Israeli government. The first of these agreements was signed on 18 January 1974, and the second on 4 September 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.73414421081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Let us put an end to wars, let us reshape life on the solid basis of equity and truth. And it is this call, which reflected the will of the Egyptian people, of the great majority of the Arab and Israeli peoples, and indeed of millions of men, women, and children around the world that you are today honoring. And these hundreds of millions will judge to what extent every responsible leader in the Middle East has responded to the hopes of mankind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35172176361084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab country to officially recognize Israel. The peace agreement between Egypt and Israel has remained in effect since the treaty was signed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400084495544434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The treaty was extremely unpopular in most of the Arab World and the wider Muslim World. His predecessor Nasser had made Egypt an icon of Arab nationalism, an ideology that appeared to be sidelined by an Egyptian orientation following the 1973 war (see Egypt). The neighboring Arab countries believed that in signing the accords, Sadat had put Egypt's interests ahead of Arab unity, betraying Nasser's pan-Arabism, and destroyed the vision of a united \"Arab front\" for the support of the Palestinians against the \"Zionist Entity\". However, Sadat decided early on that peace is the solution. Sadat's shift towards a strategic relationship with the US was also seen as a betrayal by many Arabs. In the United States his peace moves gained him popularity among some Evangelical circles. He was awarded the Prince of Peace Award by Pat Robertson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.185807704925537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In 1979, the Arab League suspended Egypt in the wake of the Egyptian–Israel peace agreement, and the League moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Arab League member states believed in the elimination of the \"Zionist Entity\" and Israel at that time. It was not until 1989 that the League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to Cairo. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in phases, completing its withdrawal from the entire territory except the town of Taba by 25 April 1982 (withdrawal from which did not occur until 1989). The improved relations Egypt gained with the West through the Camp David Accords soon gave the country resilient economic growth. By 1980, however, Egypt's strained relations with the Arab World would result in a period of rapid inflation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.993818283081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The relationship between Iran and Egypt had fallen into open hostility during Gamal Abdel Nasser's presidency. Following his death in 1970, President Sadat turned this around quickly into an open and close friendship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.019282579421997, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Overnight, the Egyptian and Iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies into fast friends. The relationship between Cairo and Tehran became so friendly that the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, called Sadat his \"dear brother\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.845484256744385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "After the 1973 war with Israel, Iran assumed a leading role in cleaning up and reactivating the blocked Suez Canal with heavy investment. The country also facilitated the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied Sinai Peninsula by promising to substitute the loss of the oil to the Israelis with free Iranian oil if they withdrew from the Egyptian oil wells in western Sinai.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67153549194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "All these added more to the personal friendship between Sadat and the Shah of Iran. (The Shah's first wife was Princess Fawzia of Egypt. She was the eldest daughter of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I) and his second wife Nazli Sabri.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.380746841430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "After his overthrow, the deposed Shah spent the last months of his life in exile in Egypt. When the Shah died, Sadat ordered that he be given a state funeral and be interred at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, the resting place of Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha, his mother Khushyar Hanim, and numerous other members of the royal family of Egypt and Sudan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.531964063644409, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures. Though Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, it has been said that he was assassinated \"at the peak\" of his unpopularity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3477100133895874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Earlier in his presidency, Islamists had benefited from the 'rectification revolution' and the release from prison of activists jailed under Nasser but Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad. According to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright, the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch \"a complete overthrow of the existing order\" in Egypt. Chief strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose \"plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing—he expected—a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.7919416427612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Jihad members, but also the Coptic Pope and other Coptic clergy, intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes. All non-government press was banned as well. The round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who would succeed in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.318807601928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Despite these facts, the nephew of the late president, Talaat Sadat, claimed that the assassination was an international conspiracy. On 31 October 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel, he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved: \"No one from the special personal protection group of the late president fired a single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial,\" he said. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3443002700805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In 1983, Sadat, a miniseries based on the life of Anwar Sadat, aired on US television with Oscar-winning actor Louis Gossett, Jr. in the title role. The film was promptly banned by the Egyptian government, as were all other movies produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures, over allegations of historical inaccuracies. A civil lawsuit was brought by Egypt's artists' and film unions against Columbia Pictures and the film's directors, producers and scriptwriters before a court in Cairo, but was dismissed; the court held, \"the distortions and the slanders found in the film took place outside the country,\" so that \"the crimes were not within the Egyptian courts' jurisdiction.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3925061225891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Western authors attributed the film's poor reception to racism – Gossett being African American – in the Egyptian government or Egypt in general.Benjamin P. Bowser, Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective (Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations, Volume 13), (Sage Publications, Inc: 1995), p. 108[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36065673828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "F40F1FF63C5F0C718CDDAB0894DC484D81 Upset by 'Sadat,' Egypt Bars Columbia Films] Either way, one Western source wrote that Sadat's portrayal by Gossett \"bothered race-conscious Egyptians and wouldn't have pleased [the deceased] Sadat\". – The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.845098495483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayyam El Sadat (English: Days of Sadat) was released in Egyptian cinemas. This movie, by contrast, was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki's greatest performance to date. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8408966064453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The BBC also produced a film on Sadat titled \"Why Was Cairo Calm?\". Film director and blogger Adam Curtis summarizes the documentary: \"It tells the story of Sadat's presidency—and how the American TV networks created a fantasy vision of him as a wise democratic leader who had opened up the Egyptian economy to the free market, and was loved by his people for making peace for Israel. As the film shows—this was a complete illusion.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.928055286407471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The young Sadat is a major character in Ken Follett's thriller The Key to Rebecca, taking place in World War II Cairo. Sadat, at the time a young officer in the Egyptian Army and involved in anti-British revolutionary activities, is presented quite sympathetically; his willingness to cooperate with German spies is clearly shown to derive from his wish to find allies against British domination of his country, rather than from support of Nazi ideology. Some of the scenes in the book, such as Sadat's arrest by the British, closely follow the information provided in Sadat's own autobiography.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.08284330368042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Anwar Sadat" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt () is the head of state of Egypt. Under the various iterations of the Constitution of Egypt, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105887413024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The first president of Egypt was Muhammad Naguib, one of the leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. He took office on 18 June 1953, the day on which the constitutional monarchy of Egypt was overthrown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.723675727844238, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Hosni Mubarak, who held office from 14 October 1981 until 11 February 2011, was forced to resign following calls for his removal from office. On 10 February 2011 Mubarak transferred presidential powers to then-Vice President Omar Suleiman, briefly making Suleiman de facto president. Following Mubarak's resignation, the position of President of Egypt was officially vacated and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, assumed executive control of the state. On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as President of Egypt, having won the 2012 Egyptian presidential election on 24 June. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.622311115264893, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Egyptian Constitution has had various forms since its 1953 change to become a republic. Under the 1980 amendments of the 1971 Egyptian Constitution, the president of the republic was elected indirectly in a two-stage system unique to Egypt. The People’s Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, nominated one of a number of candidates for presidency. The presidential candidate required at least a two-thirds majority in the People’s Assembly in order to proceed to the second stage of the elections, in which the candidate was confirmed by popular plebiscite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.692004203796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "As required by the amendment, the law will be submitted to the Supreme Constitutional Court to opine on its constitutionality. This establishes an important precedent in Egypt’s legal tradition, by which the Supreme Constitutional Court shall have the right of prior review of national legislation to decide on its compatibility with the Constitution. This differs from the practice thus far by which the review process undertaken by the Court on national legislation was done by judicial review subsequent to the passage of legislation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.569609642028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Under the system created by the 1980 constitutional amendments, the president is the pre-eminent executive figure, who names the Prime Minister of Egypt. During martial law, the president also anoints deans of faculties and majors, and can also enlist or oust people in the private sector. Egypt had been under martial law since 1981. After the revolution in 2011 - 2012, the martial law was suspended.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.378952980041504, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Article 141 of the Egyptian Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become president. The president of the republic should: be an Egyptian citizen, be born to Egyptian parents (never having dual nationality), have participated in the military or be exempted from it and cannot be less than 40 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224797248840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Additional requirements were provisioned in Article 142 of the Egyptian constitution concerning candidates for the president's office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454575538635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser submitted his resignation after the overwhelming Egyptian defeat in 1967 war with Israel, before returning to office after mass demonstrations by the Egyptian public. President Mubarak also resigned on 11 February 2011 after eighteen days of protest against his regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.782922744750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Presidency in Egypt controls 8 presidential residences in addition to other presidential guest houses. Egypt's official residence and office of the president is Heliopolis Palace in Cairo. Other presidential palaces include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126148223876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of Egypt" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "He managed it partly because, as ruler of Egypt, he also was the unelected but traditional chief spokesman for the world, and partly because of his own enigmatic, pragmatic and visionary policies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1110200881958, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "He veered politically, too, turning first West, then East, then West again in his quest for the economic and political help that Egypt needed so desperately. At the end, he was firmly committed to the West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30706787109375, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "It was the ultimate irony of his life because, as a young man, Sadat was an avowed terrorist who fought to drive the British from Egypt and who, in 1973, stood on the banks of the Suez Canal to hurl his armies into battle against Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.631016731262207, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "EGY", "passage": "Some critics said it was all part of his image-polishing strategy - and in a way it was - but others credited the influence of his half-English second wife, Jihan. In any case, he obviously had come a long way on a short time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457259178161621, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Foreigners were captivated by him. He spoke fluent English, German and Farsi (the language of Iran) and read avidly, everything from classical Islamic literature to Zane Grey. He quoted Abraham Lincoln and Karl Marx, and his tastes ranged from spicy Egyptian dishes to French cuisine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214767456054688, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "What thwarted the national unity and prosperity that Sadat sought were the age-old curses that run through Egypt as surely as the Nile itself - poverty, hunger, disease and ignorance. His domestic policies could not overcome them, and many critics said he turned to international affairs to compensate for that failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.044312477111816, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "When Anwar was 6, his father landes what Egyptians considered that most valuable of employment - a civil service job - and moved to Cairo, where he worked as a clerk in a military hospital. Anwar attended a religious elementary school, where he became an admirer of Mahatma Gandhi, the preacher of passive resistance, and in 1936, at age 18, he entered the state’s Military Academy. One of his classmates was Gamal Abdel Nasser.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.127965927124023, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "He had become, along with Nasser, a junior officer in the Egyptian army, but he also spent much time concocting plots. Once, his intrigues with German spies in Cairo were betrayed by a belly dancer. Sadat was court-martialed, kicked out of the army and sent to prison in Upper Egypt. he was 24 years old.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.771224021911621, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "(Later, enemies would charge that Sadat was pro-Nazi. By all accounts, however, he was simply an implacable foe of British rule in Egypt. In keeping with an old Arab saying, “The enemy of my enemy is my friend,” Sadat apparently tried to use the Germans as much as they tried to use him.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853423118591309, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "It was during this time that he turned outright terror, bungling an attempt to assassinate pro-British politicians. After the assassinate several prominent Egyptian politician in 1945, however, Sadat was arrested and held for 2 ½ years before going on trial on charges of helping plot the murder. He was acquitted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.054040908813477, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "As a reward for his role in ousting the king, Nasser named Sadat to various government positions, none with any real power, and finally made him one of Egypt’s four vice presidents. He was a vice president when Nasser, whose radio speeches to the Arab masses inflamed the emotions of the Middle East, died of a heart attack Oct. 20, 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7800829410552979, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Sadat, to the surprise of many outsiders, succeeded Nasser. Insiders believed he was a stand-in, holding the fort until a “real” leader emerged. Sadat, however, quickly began consolidating his grip and within three years was the undisputed master of Egypt. He already had crushed at least one plot against him and expelled the Soviets, among them 15,000 troops - another irony because earlier he had lived one block from the Soviet ambassador and, according to gossip in Cairo, was so close to the ambassador that their homes were linked by a tunnel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.967514753341675, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Israel was a problem he inherited. Nasser had agreed to a ceasefire in his “war of attrition” with Israel, over Sadat’s objections, but when Nasser died, the new president agreed to continue the ceasefire until March 1971. It lapsed, and as the month went by, amid much militant rhetoric, Egyptians began to joke about the battle with Israel that never came.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8675791025161743, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Then came Oct. 6, 1973, when Sadat ordered troops into action, the strike that launched the Yom Kippur War. For the first time, Egyptians felt a sense of pride. And Anwar Sadat was, at last, a genuine national hero. He dismissed his usual strong security guard to ride in an open car through Cairo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.506058931350708, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat, president of Egypt, is assassinated in 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Most of the attackers were killed or captured. A former Egyptian Chief of Staff and head of the Independent Organization for the Liberalization of Egypt and an archenemy of Sadat's Middle East policies claimed responsibility for the attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.821261405944824, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "In Beirut, Palestinian guerrillas celebrated Sadat's death by firing their weapons in the air; but other world leaders expressed shock, dismay and sadness. Former President Jimmy Carter called Sadat a bold and courageous man. When word of Sadat's death reached the White House, President Reagan expressed his feeling about the Egyptian leader …", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1137166023254395, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Nick Charles: Sadat was something of a maverick in the sphere of world diplomacy. He stunned both Arabs and Israelis by his determined pursuit of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The groundwork for that treaty was laid in early September of 1978 at Camp David, Maryland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.116319417953491, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Because of the violent way in which Sadat died, his funeral was almost one without mourners. World leaders who came to Egypt to pay last respects were under heavy security, and the police completely excluded the common people of Cairo from the funeral ceremony, a ceremony that began on the grounds of the Monte Hospital, where Sadat's family gathered for a brief prayer service, and ended at Egypt's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Following a 21-gun salute, Sadat was laid to rest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.754238128662109, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "With Sadat gone, there was speculation over whether U.S.-Egyptian relation would change. Sadat was a key in the Middle East negotiations. Early indications were that the new Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak, would follow in the shadow of Sadat, but without his power and charisma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.268312454223633, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat Killed - 1981 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "BBC ON THIS DAY | 6 | 1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9464118480682373, "source": "search", "title": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "President Sadat of Egypt has died after being shot by gunmen who opened fire as he watched an aerial display at a military parade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3421391248703003, "source": "search", "title": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The Egyptian authorities have declared a state of emergency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.435375213623047, "source": "search", "title": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "He had taken the salute, laid a wreath and was watching a display from the Egyptian Air Force when two grenades exploded.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32748794555664, "source": "search", "title": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "A group calling itself the Independent Organisation for the Liberation of Egypt says it carried out the attack but the claim has not been verified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448637008666992, "source": "search", "title": "1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated - BBC News" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6005577445030212, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "president of Egypt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933246612548828, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "It was in foreign affairs that Sadat made his most dramatic efforts. Feeling that the Soviet Union gave him inadequate support in Egypt’s continuing confrontation with Israel, he expelled thousands of Soviet technicians and advisers from the country in 1972. In addition, Egyptian peace overtures toward Israel were initiated early in Sadat’s presidency, when he made known his willingness to reach a peaceful settlement if Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula (captured by that country in the Six-Day [June] War of 1967). Following the failure of this initiative , Sadat launched a military attack in coordination with Syria to retake the territory, sparking the Yom Kippur (October) War of 1973. The Egyptian army achieved a tactical surprise in its attack on the Israeli-held territory, and, though Israel successfully counterattacked, Sadat emerged from the war with greatly enhanced prestige as the first Arab leader to have actually retaken some territory from Israel. (See Arab-Israeli wars .)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1630761623382568, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "After the war, Sadat began to work toward peace in the Middle East . He made a historic visit to Israel (November 19–20, 1977), during which he traveled to Jerusalem to place his plan for a peace settlement before the Israeli Knesset (parliament). This initiated a series of diplomatic efforts that Sadat continued despite strong opposition from most of the Arab world and the Soviet Union. U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter mediated the negotiations between Sadat and Begin that resulted in the Camp David Accords (September 17, 1978), a preliminary peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978, and their continued political negotiations resulted in the signing on March 26, 1979, of a treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel—the first between the latter and any Arab country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.20463573932647705, "source": "search", "title": "Anwar Sadat | president of Egypt | Britannica.com" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.499052047729492, "source": "search", "title": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Despite Sadat’s incredible public service record for Egypt (he was instrumental in winning the nation its independence and democratizing it), his controversial peace negotiation with Israel in 1977-78, for which he and Menachem Begin won the Nobel Peace Prize, made him a target of Islamic extremists across the Middle East. Sadat had also angered many by allowing the ailing Shah of Iran to die in Egypt rather than be returned to Iran to stand trial for his crimes against the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.37776196002960205, "source": "search", "title": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.499052047729492, "source": "search", "title": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.499052047729492, "source": "search", "title": "October 06, 1981 : The president of Egypt is assassinated" }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 - HISTORY.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.323206424713135, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The president of Egypt is assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640265464782715, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The president of Egypt is assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640265464782715, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "The president of Egypt is assassinated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640265464782715, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." }, { "answer": "Egypt", "passage": "Despite Sadat’s incredible public service record for Egypt (he was instrumental in winning the nation its independence and democratizing it), his controversial peace negotiation with Israel in 1977-78, for which he and Menachem Begin won the Nobel Peace Prize, made him a target of Islamic extremists across the Middle East. Sadat had also angered many by allowing the ailing Shah of Iran to die in Egypt rather than be returned to Iran to stand trial for his crimes against the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.37776196002960205, "source": "search", "title": "The president of Egypt is assassinated - Oct 06, 1981 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Thriller is the sixth studio album by American singer Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on November 30, 1982, as the follow-up to Jackson's critically and commercially successful 1979 album Off the Wall. Thriller explores similar genres to those of Off the Wall, including pop, post-disco, rock and funk. Recording sessions took place on April to November 1982 at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles with a production budget of $750,000, assisted by producer Quincy Jones.", "precise_score": 10.465127944946289, "rough_score": 8.291919708251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thriller (Michael Jackson album)" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In 1982 Michael Jackson released the world's largest selling album of all time, Thriller. This album produced 7 hit singles, breaking yet again more records, and went on to sell over 50 million copies worldwide. Michael was keen to use music video or short films as he called them to promote his singles from the album. He worked with the best directors and producers, using the latest technology and special effects for the hit song Billie Jean. The short film Thriller used the latest make-up artists technolgy combined with fantastic dancing and choreography, to produce a 14 minute video, with a start, a middle and an ending. So successful was this video that The making of Michael Jackson's Thriller became the world's largest selling home video combined with soaring album sales. In 1983 Michael performed the now legendary moonwalk for the first time on the 'Motown 25 years' anniversary show. This performance alone set Michael undoubtable into the realm of a superstar. In 1984 Michael won a record breaking 8 Grammy awards in one night. The awards were for his work on the Thriller album and his work on the narrative for the ET Storybook.", "precise_score": 9.019472122192383, "rough_score": 8.511463165283203, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "As a result of the surge in sales of the album Thriller, millions also purchased albums by other artists. Cash box magazine dubbed Michael Jackson ‘the saviour of the record business” and Michael was credited for increasing interest in music, particularly black music. Revenues for record sales were at their highest since 1978 and Michael was also mentioned for increasing CBS record sales profits by a whopping 101% in 1983 alone.", "precise_score": 3.785414457321167, "rough_score": 1.6362903118133545, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On January 16th, 1984, Michael Jackson attended the 11th Annual American Music Awards. He won 8 awards, including “Favourite Male Pop/Rock Artist”, “Favourite Pop/Rock Album” for Thriller, “Favourite Soul/R&B Album” for Thriller as well as the Award of Merit.", "precise_score": 0.2893812358379364, "rough_score": -0.8260563611984253, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "The Thriller campaign was officially shut down in 1984 and continued to sell a staggering amount of copies. By the end of 1984, Thriller had sold 33 million copies. Michael Jackson was inducted into the Guinness Book of World records as having the biggest-selling album of all time.", "precise_score": 2.4292492866516113, "rough_score": 4.453338146209717, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed the World | Billboard", "precise_score": 3.369081497192383, "rough_score": -1.3767417669296265, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed the World", "precise_score": 3.5668880939483643, "rough_score": -0.7249115705490112, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "When executives of CBS Records went about the business of preparing for the November 30 release of Michael Jackson 's \"Thriller\" in the fall of 1982, they knew they had on their hands a terrific album by one of the biggest superstars in the music industry. But they were also a bit concerned, since the timing of Jackson's follow-up to his mega-selling 1979 album \"Off The Wall\" could not have seemed worse.", "precise_score": 9.158976554870605, "rough_score": 6.02961540222168, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Enter Michael Jackson. By the time he delivered \"Thriller\" to CBS's Epic label in 1982, Jackson had been one of the top recording stars in the world for over a dozen years, both with and without his brothers. However, his most recent album, the mega-hit \"Off The Wall,\" which spawned four Top 10 singles, had been released in 1979, a year when 40% of the songs that reached the Top 3 on the Hot 100 were by black artists, before the wall separating black and white music on the radio arose.", "precise_score": 8.268783569335938, "rough_score": 6.783715724945068, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In the age of \"Thriller,\" black music made a resounding comeback on the pop charts. If 1982 was the genre's low point in terms of pop success, by 1985 more than one third of all the hits on the Billboard Hot 100 were of urban radio origin. Even Prince's \"1999\" single, shut out of pop radio upon its initial release in 1982, was re-launched in mid-1983 and off the back of its belated MTV exposure became a huge pop radio success the second time around.  Thus, in a way few historians appreciate, the Michael Jackson/MTV team proved itself a remarkably progressive force, helping to reintegrate a fragmented popular culture at the dawn of the Reagan era. Black music was back at the center at the mainstream, and to this day it has never again been pushed from the spotlight.", "precise_score": 3.5685830116271973, "rough_score": 4.641540050506592, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller", "precise_score": 5.846815586090088, "rough_score": 0.4896729588508606, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller", "precise_score": 5.846815586090088, "rough_score": 0.4896729588508606, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller", "precise_score": 5.846815586090088, "rough_score": 0.4896729588508606, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson accepts an award from CBS and The Guinness Book Of World Records celebrating 'Thriller' as the largest-selling album of all time (25 million) February 7, 1984 at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Natural History in New York City.  (Photo by Yvonne Hemsey/Getty Images)", "precise_score": 4.085587024688721, "rough_score": -1.9043797254562378, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On November 30, 1982, 24-year-old singer Michael Jackson released his album Thriller, which, in addition to the title track of the same name, included such popular singles as “Beat It,” “Billie Jean,” and “Wanna Be Startin’ Somethin’.”  Thriller remains the best-selling album of all time and has sold over 104 million copies to date; 65 million of those copies were within the United States.", "precise_score": 10.20882511138916, "rough_score": 8.561564445495605, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Prior to the release of Thriller, Michael Jackson released five other albums.  His first major commercial success was the 1979 album, Off the Wall.  This was his first collaboration with Quincy Jones, who would later produce the Thriller album.  Although the album generated four number-one hits, Jackson felt that he had the capability of achieving even greater commercial success.", "precise_score": 6.587772369384766, "rough_score": 6.664299964904785, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Despite the Thriller album being hugely popular, it didn’t become iconic until Michael Jackson released his “Thriller” music video. Wanting the video to be spectacular, Jackson hired John Landis (the director of Blues Brothers, Trading Places, and An American Werewolf in London) to direct it.", "precise_score": 5.874937057495117, "rough_score": 1.2542428970336914, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "A brief documentary, entitled The Making of Michael Jackson’s Thriller was also released to showcase the effort that went into the making of the music video.  The video itself became the first music video added to the Library of Congress’ National Film Registry.  The entire Thriller album was added to the Library’s National Recording Registry, a spot reserved for albums of significant cultural value.", "precise_score": 5.37695837020874, "rough_score": -1.0958627462387085, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "It’s hard to believe now, but when Michael Jackson’s Thriller was released in the UK in time for Christmas 1982, there was an initial sense of misfire. In choosing the album's most lacklustre track, The Girl Is Mine, as its lead single, the postcard delivered was mildly disappointing. The playful duet with Paul McCartney , chosen no doubt to emulate the success McCartney had had earlier the same year with Stevie Wonder on Ebony and Ivory, was simply not what the listeners were expecting. It reached number eight on the UK chart, and the album sold well, but certainly not in the manner that the man who’d delivered Off the Wall should have done.", "precise_score": 8.368245124816895, "rough_score": 6.383471488952637, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Music - Review of Michael Jackson - Thriller" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson Thriller Album", "precise_score": 4.613888263702393, "rough_score": 3.405961751937866, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller album - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Thriller Album As an adult solo artist Michael Jackson set his sights as high as possible and dreamed of creating the best selling album in the world.", "precise_score": 4.92468786239624, "rough_score": 2.87510085105896, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller album - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Songs recorded by Jackson for consideration included \"Carousel\" (written by Michael Sembello), \"Got the Hots\" (written by Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones), \"Nite Line\" (written by Glen Ballard), \"Trouble\" (aka \"She's Trouble\", written by Terry Britten, Bill Livsey and Sue Shifrin) and \"Hot Street\" (written by Rod Temperton and aka \"Slapstick\"). Jackson also cut a version of \"Starlight\". Demos of all these songs exist and have leaked onto the internet. \"Carousel\", \"Got the Hots\" and \"Hot Street\" were completed, but left off the final version of the album. A short clip of \"Carousel\" appeared as a bonus track on the 2001 reissue of the album; the full version was later released on iTunes in 2013 as part of The Ultimate Fan Extras Collection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.444098472595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thriller (Michael Jackson album)" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Blender described Jackson as the \"late 20th century's preeminent pop icon\", while The New York Times gave the opinion that he was a \"musical phenomenon\" and that \"in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else\". Jackson changed the way the industry functioned: both as an artistic persona and as a financial, profitable entity. His attorney John Branca observed that Jackson achieved the highest royalty rate in the music industry to that point: approximately $2 for each album sold. As a result, Jackson earned record-breaking profits from compact disc sales and from the sale of copies of the documentary, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller, produced by Jackson and John Landis. Funded by MTV, the film sold over 350,000 copies in its first few months. In a market then driven by singles, Thriller raised the significance of albums, yet its multiple hit singles changed perceived notions as to the number of successful singles that could be taken from an individual album. The era saw the arrival of novelties like the Michael Jackson doll, that appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12. Thriller retains a position in American culture; biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli explains, \"At some point, Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.971121788024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thriller (Michael Jackson album)" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "* Michael Jackson – co-producer (All tracks), lead vocals (All tracks), drum case beater (track 5), bathroom stomp board (1), background vocals (1, 4–6), handclaps (8), vocal arrangements (1, 3, 5–6), rhythm arrangements (1, 5–6), horn arrangements (1), synthesizer arrangements (6)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.730993270874023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thriller (Michael Jackson album)" }, { "answer": "Michael Joseph Jackson", "passage": "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actor. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.24255084991455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Joseph Jackson", "passage": "Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958. He was the eighth of ten children in a working class African-American family living in a two-bedroom house on Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city and a part of the Chicago metropolitan area. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, but worked part-time at Sears to support the family. Michael's father, Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U.S. Steel. Joe also performed on guitar with a local rhythm and blues band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's household income. Michael grew up with three sisters (Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet) and five brothers (Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy). A sixth brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885098457336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe. In 2003, Joe acknowledged that he regularly whipped him as a boy. Joe was also said to have verbally abused his son, often saying that he had a \"fat nose\". Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success. In an interview with Martin Bashir for the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson recalled that Joe often sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that \"if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18032455444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties such as dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12. Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that \"Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple.\" In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform. Time described Jackson's influence at that point as \"star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too\". The New York Times wrote that \"in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8630642890930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On March 25, 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for a live performance taped at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium for Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, an NBC television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an estimated audience of viewers, and featured the Jacksons and other Motown stars. The show is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of \"Billie Jean\", which earned Jackson his first Emmy nomination. Wearing a distinctive black-sequined jacket and a golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years earlier. Jackson originally turned down the invitation to perform at the show, believing he had been doing too much television at the time; however, at the request of Berry Gordy, Jackson agreed to perform in exchange for time to do a solo performance. According to Rolling Stone reporter Mikal Gilmore, \"There are times when you know you are hearing or seeing something extraordinary...that came that night.\" Jackson's performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and the Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show. Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote: \"The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing.\" Berry Gordy said of the performance, \"from the first beat of Billie Jean, I was mesmerized, and when he did his iconic moonwalk, I was shocked, it was magic, Michael Jackson went into orbit, and never came down.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985568046569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi commercial overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry, a BBDO ad agency executive, and Alan Pottasch, Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. During a simulated concert before a full house of fans, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire, causing second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars and had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California. Its Michael Jackson Burn Center is named in his honor. Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising. Jackson signed a second agreement with Pepsi in the late 1980s for a reported $10 million. The second campaign had a global reach of more than 20 countries and would provide financial support for Jackson's Bad album and 1987–88 world tour. Although Jackson had endorsements and advertising deals with other companies, such as LA Gear, Suzuki, and Sony, none were as significant as his deals with Pepsi, which later signed other music stars such as Britney Spears and Beyoncé to promote its products. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.065170288085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Wacko Jacko", "passage": "Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself. When Jackson bought a chimpanzee named Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality. It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the \"Elephant Man\") and, although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story. Although he initially saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently, the media began fabricating stories. These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname \"Wacko Jacko\", which Jackson came to despise. Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.597635269165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, \"I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight,\" people would say, \"Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273591041564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated. The album produced seven successful singles in the U.S., five of which (\"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller. As of 2012, the album had sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide. Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for \"Leave Me Alone\" in 1989. In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the U.S., the first album to top in 25 countries, and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and 1988. In 1988, \"Bad\" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.716871976852417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In 1988, Jackson released his only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies. He wrote about his childhood, the Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered. He also wrote about his changing facial appearance, attributing it to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting. Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list. Jackson released a film, Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films starring Jackson and Joe Pesci. Due to financial issues, the film was only released theatrically in Germany; in other markets it was released direct-to-video. It debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.020813941955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In February 1993, Jackson was given the \"Living Legend Award\" at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. \"Black or White\" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. \"Jam\" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song. The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single (\"Remember the Time\"), and was the first to win the International Artist Award of Excellence, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.398032188415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Joseph Jackson Jr", "passage": "HIStory was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour, beginning on September 7, 1996, and ending on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in five continents, 35 countries and 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed a total of , becoming Jackson's most successful tour in terms of audience figures. During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so. Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998. The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson received full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170970916748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, and additional funds for the children of Guatemala. Later that month, Jackson organized a series of \"Michael Jackson & Friends\" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli, and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO. From August 1999 through 2000, he lived in New York City at 4 East 74th Street. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286507606506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark Jackson's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, NSYNC, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists. The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song \"What More Can I Give\" as the finale. Due to contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts, later edited into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration broadcast in November 2001, Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.3466796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century. In the same year, his third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed \"Blanket\") was born. The mother's identity was not announced, but Jackson said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm. On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his infant son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, prompting widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it \"a terrible mistake\". In November 2003, Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the U.S., the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.254277229309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around nearly everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the \"baby-dangling incident\" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson. In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90196704864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children. In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson had working on, or who had paid for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548352241516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's first posthumous song released entirely by his estate was \"This Is It\", which he had co-written in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the setlists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals, Michael Jackson's This Is It, was released. Despite a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest-grossing documentary or concert film of all time, with earnings of more than worldwide. Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits. The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of \"This Is It\" appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the film, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits and a spoken-word poem, \"Planet Earth\". At the 2009 American Music Awards, Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.580831050872803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief. The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages. Google initially believed that the millions of search requests meant their search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at PDT (22:15 UTC). The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history. AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a \"seminal moment in internet history ... We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth.\" Around 15% of Twitter posts (5,000 tweets per minute) reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke, compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year. Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal. MTV and BET aired marathons of Jackson's music videos. Jackson specials aired on television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene to the June 26 episode in which one character tells another about the news. MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate his work, airing hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980612754821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On November 4, 2010, Sony announced the first postumous album, Michael, released on December 14, with the promotional single, \"Breaking News\", released to radio on November 8. Sony Music reportedly paid the Jackson estate for the deal, plus royalties, making it the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history. Video game developer Ubisoft announced a dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season, Michael Jackson: The Experience; it is among the first games to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 respectively. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.65196704864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas. The 90-minute $57-million production will combine Jackson's music and choreography with the Cirque's artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists. The tour was written and directed by Jamie King and centers on Jackson's \"inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked.\" On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson's original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes. A second, larger and more theatrical Cirque show, Michael Jackson: One, designed for residency at the Mandalay Bay resort in Las Vegas, was announced on February 21, 2013. This show, also produced, written and directed by King, began its run on May 23, 2013 in a newly renovated theater to critical and commercial success. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079608917236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In April 2011, billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham Football Club and Jackson's longtime friend, unveiled a statue of Michael Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage. Fulham fans were bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club. Al Fayed defended the statue and told the fans to \"go to hell\" if they did not appreciate it. The statue was removed in September 2013 and moved to the National Football Museum in Manchester in May 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31973648071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In 2012, in an attempt to end public family feuding, Jackson's brother Jermaine Jackson retracted his signature on a public letter criticizing executors of Michael Jackson's estate and his mother's advisers concerning the legitimacy of his brother's will. T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson's children after false reports surfaced of Katherine Jackson going missing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279621124267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Cha'mone", "passage": "A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of \"come on\", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled \"c'mon\", \"cha'mone\", or \"shamone\", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him. The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, \"he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth\" and he had a \"wretched tone\". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to \"smooth\" vocals. When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed \"exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies\". Nelson George wrote: \"The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist\". Cultural critic Joseph Vogel notes that Jackson had a \"distinctive styles is his ability to convey emotion without the use of language: there are his trademark gulps, grunts, gasps, cries, exclamations; he also frequently scats or twists and contorts words until they are barely discernible.\" Neil McCormick notes that Jackson's unorthodox singing style \"was original and utterly distinctive, from his almost ethereal falsetto to his soft, sweet mid-tones; his fluid, seamless control of often very fast moving series of notes; his percussive yet still melodic outbursts, ululations and interjections (from those spooky \"tee-hee-hees\" to grunts and wails). Unusually for someone coming from a black American soul tradition, he did not often sing straight, unadorned ballads, though when he did (from 'Ben' to 'She's Out of My Life') the effect was of a powerful simplicity and truth.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.714195251464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "\"Earth Song\" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video, which gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow. Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.775588989257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "At Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009, Motown founder Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson \"the greatest entertainer that ever lived\". In a June 28, 2009 Baltimore Sun article titled \"7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World\", Jill Rosen wrote that Jackson's legacy was \"as enduring as it is multi-faceted\", influencing fields including sound, dance, fashion, music videos and celebrity. On December 19, 2014, the British Council of Cultural Relations named Jackson's life one of the 80 most important cultural moments of the 20th century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.931952476501465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of the Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award. He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other halls of fame, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as a Jackson 5 member) in 1999 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. In 2014, Jackson was inducted into the second class of inductees to the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame; his father Joe Jackson accepted on his behalf. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.102725982666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone), including for the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time, 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (including the \"Artist of the Century\" and \"Artist of the 1980s\"), —more than any artist—13 number-one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era —and estimated sales of over 400 million records worldwide, which makes him one of the best-selling artists of all time. On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a \"moment of significance\" saying, \"Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It.\" Michael Jackson also received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55044937133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "It is estimated that Michael Jackson earned about $750 million in his lifetime. Sales of his recordings through Sony's music unit earned him an estimated $300 million in royalties. He may have also earned an additional $400 million from concerts, music publishing (including his share of the Beatles catalog) endorsements, merchandising and music videos. Estimating how much of these earnings Jackson was able to personally pocket is difficult because one has to account for taxes, recording costs and production costs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357735633850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On July 26, 2013, the executors of the Estate of Michael Jackson filed a petition in the United States Tax Court as a result of a dispute with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) over U.S. federal estate taxes imposed on the value of Jackson's Estate at the time of his death. The executors of the Estate claim that the Estate was worth about $7 million. The IRS asserts that the Estate was worth over $1.1 billion, and that over $700 million in federal estate taxes (including penalties) are due. The parties have been ordered to submit a status report to the Court on settlement negotiations by November 2, 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.563681602478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "*Michael Jackson's Ghosts (1997)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87877082824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "*Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2379150390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "*Michael Jackson: The Last Photo Shoot (2014)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.177132606506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "*Michael Jackson's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall (2016)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231191635131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Wanna be startin' somethin' (Michael Jackson)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313114166259766, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "The girl is mine (duet with Paul McCartney) (Michael Jackson)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265743255615234, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Beat it (Luke & Eddie) (Michael Jackson)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.095338821411133, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Billie Jean (Michael Jackson)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12471866607666, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "o Someone In The Dark (Never before available on a Michael Jackson solo album)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.436772346496582, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "o Billie Jean (Michael Jackson's original demo recording)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522056579589844, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "o A segment from the Michael Jackson & Vincent Price voice over session from Thriller (including Vincent Price reading the never before heard 2nd verse)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.576190948486328, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson: guitar, arranger, sound effects, vocals, handclapping, producer, vocal arrangement, horn arrangements, rhythm arrangements", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84887409210205, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller (1982) - Steve Lukather Official Website" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson Thriller Era", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.907572269439697, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "At this time, MTV (or Music Television) rarely played black artists on their daily rotation. Michael Jackson was one of the first to get played on the station and the first to get played in “heavy rotation” (i.e. several times a day) with the video for ‘Billie Jean” . MTV started “heavy rotation” for the “Billie Jean” music video in March 1983. The video for ‘Beat It” would follow this trend. Many in the music industry have commented that it was Michael’s breakthrough with the channel that started other black artists’ music videos being played on MTV and also bolstered the station’s popularity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.87598991394043, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "While “Billie Jean” was still at the top of the charts, the album’s third single was released; “Beat It”, on March 5, 1983. The short film for “Beat It” was paid for and conceptualised by Michael Jackson himself. It was directed by Bob Giraldi and co-choreographed by Michael Jackson and Michael Peters. The cast included 100 members of real street gangs and cost an estimated $150,000. “Beat It” became number one the week after its release and Michael Jackson became the first black artist to have the number one album and single simultaneously in the US and the UK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.428441524505615, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On March 25th 1983, Michael performed on the television show: Motown 25: Yesterday, Today and Forever. The show would not air until May 16th 1983. Approximately 47 million viewers tuned into the show to watch the many Motown acts perform as well as a special performance by Michael Jackson and his brothers; the original cast of the Jackson Five plus Randy . After an emotional performance of a medley of Motown hits with his brothers, Michael stole the spotlight with his incredible solo performance of ‘Billie Jean” . During the electrifying performance, Michael debuted his now signature dance move: the moonwalk. The performance received an overwhelming response from the live audience and viewers all over the world. Some say that this was the performance of Michael Jackson’s career and it would launch him into super-stardom over night. Through the medium of television, Michael had confirmed his position as an incredible entertainer among his fans and also reached millions of people who had never experienced Michael Jackson’s talent as a singer and dancer. The performance sparked a new interest in the album Thriller and millions rushed to the store to purchase it. Michael’s Motown 25 performance was nominated for an Emmy award for “Best Individual Performance on a Variety or Music Program”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.36082935333252, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "The short film and single “Thriller” was released on 2nd December 1983. For the 14 minute short film, John Landis was hired to direct and Rick Baker for special effects make up. The film cost an estimated $1 million of Michael’s own money. To re-coup some of the budget costs, John Landis negotiated a deal with Showtime, MTV and Vestron to fund a 60 minute documentary on the making of the short film. Making Michael Jackson’s Thriller was aired in 1984 and sold on video tape. It became the biggest selling music video of all time, with estimated sales of 9 million as of 2006.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.278938055038452, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "On January 27, 1984, Michael was burned on the back of his head while filming a commercial with his brothers for the Pepsi Corporation. The magnesium smoke bombs used for the commercial were to blame; being only two feet away from either side of Michael’s head. A spark from one of the bombs set Michael’s hair alight and resulted in second and third degree burns his scalp. As a result of the incident and news coverage, both Pepsi and Michael’s sales soared. Pepsi paid Michael Jackson $1.5 million, which he immediately donated to a burn centre created in his name and honour. Two subsequent Pepsi commercials were debuted at the Grammy awards ceremony in 1984.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.958749771118164, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "By 1986, the song had sold in excess of 7.5 million copies and raised $8 million dollars for famine relief. The song went on to win three Grammy Awards: “Song of the Year”, “Record of the Year” and “Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group”. It also won two American Music Awards: “Award of Appreciation” for Michael Jackson and “Song of the Year”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780113220214844, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In March 1985, Michael Jackson topped off an incredible era when he purchased ATV Music Publishing Company for $47.5 million. ATV’s music catalogue included the rights to more than 4000 songs, including 251 of The Beatles’ compositions. This purchase made Michael Jackson one of the top music publishers in the world and proved Michael to be a successful and savvy businessman at the age of 26.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789200782775879, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson: the Magic and the Madness by J. Randy Tarraborelli", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886534690856934, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson The Man In The Mirror by Todd Gold", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230708122253418, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson The Golden Touch by Paul Honeyford", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257493019104004, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson by Gordon Matthews", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.075876235961914, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson & The Jacksons Live on Tour in ’84 by Philip Kamin & Peter Goddard", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196002006530762, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "MichaelJackson", "passage": "Article written solely for allmichaeljackson.com by Marni Carlsson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195634841918945, "source": "search", "title": "Thriller Era, 1982- 1984 - ALL MICHAEL JACKSON. com" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Thriller - Michael Jackson | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.312126636505127, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson’s album ‘Thriller’ - AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197488784790039, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson’s album ‘Thriller’ - AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Off the Wall was a massive success, spawning four Top Ten hits (two of them number ones), but nothing could have prepared Michael Jackson for Thriller . Nobody could have prepared anybody for the success of Thriller , since the magnitude of its success was simply unimaginable -- an album that sold 40 million copies in its initial chart run, with seven of its nine tracks reaching the Top Ten (for the record, the terrific \"Baby Be Mine\" and the pretty good ballad \"The Lady in My Life\" are not like the others). This was a record that had something for everybody, building on the basic blueprint of Off the Wall by adding harder funk, hard rock, softer ballads, and smoother soul -- expanding the approach to have something for every audience. That alone would have given the album a good shot at a huge audience, but it also arrived precisely when MTV was reaching its ascendancy, and Jackson helped the network by being not just its first superstar, but first black star as much as the network helped him. This all would have made it a success (and its success, in turn, served as a new standard for success), but it stayed on the charts, turning out singles, for nearly two years because it was really, really good. True, it wasn't as tight as Off the Wall -- and the ridiculous, late-night house-of-horrors title track is the prime culprit, arriving in the middle of the record and sucking out its momentum -- but those one or two cuts don't detract from a phenomenal set of music. It's calculated, to be sure, but the chutzpah of those calculations (before this, nobody would even have thought to bring in metal virtuoso Eddie Van Halen to play on a disco cut) is outdone by their success. This is where a song as gentle and lovely as \"Human Nature\" coexists comfortably with the tough, scared \"Beat It,\" the sweet schmaltz of the Paul McCartney duet \"The Girl Is Mine,\" and the frizzy funk of \"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing).\" And, although this is an undeniably fun record, the paranoia is already creeping in, manifesting itself in the record's two best songs: \"Billie Jean,\" where a woman claims Michael is the father of her child, and the delirious \"Wanna Be Startin' Something,\" the freshest funk on the album, but the most claustrophobic, scariest track Jackson ever recorded. These give the record its anchor and are part of the reason why the record is more than just a phenomenon. The other reason, of course, is that much of this is just simply great music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.980907917022705, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson’s album ‘Thriller’ - AllMusic" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson: His Life in Photos", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306313514709473, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "As a visual art form, music video is naturally suited to choreography. Yet with the exception of Toni Basil's \"Mickey\" clip from the previous fall, there really hadn't been any accomplished dancing featured in videos shown on MTV. This was largely due to the fact that the music business hadn't in recent years nurtured artists who could dance-even the stars of disco music weren't consummate dancers themselves. All that would eventually change after \"Thriller,\" with the coming of Madonna, Michael's sister Janet, and Paula Abdul, among others. But in the meantime, Michael Jackson had the MTV dance-floor to himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.157651901245117, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Featuring Jackson's videos for \"Billie Jean\" and two weeks later for \"Beat It\" widened the video-clip channel's appeal as much as airplay on MTV widened the appeal of Michael Jackson. MTV was already at the white-hot center of the pop universe, but it was only when they added Michael Jackson that they found their real star.  The idea of the hottest pop star in the world being shown on TV throughout the day-between the two clips, you didn't need to sit in front of your TV for very long to catch Michael on MTV-made the network even more talked-about than before. New viewers watched MTV because they'd heard how great the Michael Jackson videos were; at the same time, MTVs core audience was blown away by videos featuring a type of music they weren't supposed to like-except it turned out they did. To use a modern term to describe what was happening back then, MTV and Michael Jackson made each other go viral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098882675170898, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Jackson's second MTV video, for \"Beat It,\" was yet another master stroke, incorporating live sound effects, real L.A. street gang members and the mass choreographed dancing which would become a signature part of Jackson's videos. The \"Billie Jean\" video had been a revelation because it showcased the brilliance of Jackson's performance. \"Beat It\" did that too, but it also set a new standard of production for music video itself, and in fact it became the more popular and acclaimed video of the two, despite the fact that \"Billie Jean\" was a bigger hit song. \"Beat It\" also represented another step in Jackson's master plan to appeal across all musical boundaries, with its rock feel and Eddie van Halen guitar solo. It achieved that goal, being played on rock radio stations and earning Jackson yet another category of fans that would not otherwise have gravitated to his music (In this regard Michael Jackson was actually beaten to the punch by his older brother Jermaine, who featured the new wave band Devo on his 1982 hit \"Let Me Tickle Your Fancy,\" which had also garnered some rock airplay) .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.556928634643555, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Then, just when it didn't seem possible that Jackson could get any bigger, he did. On May 16th, with \"Beat It\" at No. 1 and \"Billie Jean\" still in the Top 10, Michael debuted the moonwalk on the Motown 25th Anniversary TV special on NBC. Drawn by a desire to see Michael Jackson's first performance on a stage since the release of \"Thriller,\" 47 million Americans tuned in, many of whom did not yet have cable television and thus could not see Jackson's videos on MTV. The performance Jackson gave that night hurled his career even further into the stratosphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.954401969909668, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "But \"Thriller's\" legacy goes far beyond its own sales and awards accomplishments. Once MTV found success with Michael Jackson, videos by other black performers quickly appeared on the playlist. This development single-handedly forced pop radio to reintroduce black music into its mix: After all, pop fans, now accustomed to seeing black artists and white artists on the same video channel, came to expect the same mix of music on pop radio. It was impossible to keep the various fragments of the audience isolated from one another any longer. Mass-appeal Top 40 radio itself made a big comeback due to this seismic shift. Beginning in early 1983 in Philadelphia, and rapidly spreading through the country, one or more FM stations in every city switched to Top 40 and many rose to the top of the ratings playing the mix of music made popular by MTV-young rock and urban hits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.118293285369873, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "For all its record-setting accomplishments, the thing which never ceases to amaze me is that Michael Jackson pulled off what is perhaps the rarest trick in any field: After more than a decade of being an absolutely huge superstar, top of his field, sure-thing Hall of Famer, etc., he somehow found an extra gear and suddenly transcended mere superstardom, redefining the very notion of how big someone in his field could be. Try imagining J.K. Rowling suddenly coming out with a series of books that were so much better and more popular than the Harry Potter books that they rendered them a mere footnote to her career and you'll get the idea of what Michael Jackson accomplished with \"Thriller.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.693792343139648, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Predictably, the death of Michael Jackson caused a lamentation about the impossibility of anyone ever doing it again.  Shortly after Jackson's death The New York Times editorialized: \"Fame on the the level Mr. Jackson has achieved is all but impossible for pop culture heroes today, and quite likely it will never be possible again.\" The similarity of these remarks to Newsweek's 1982 incorrect prediction is uncanny. The notion that never again will the conditions be right for a truly mass, sustainable musical moment is myopic, to say the least.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.034966468811035, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' at 30: How One Album Changed ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson: The Early Years", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.075350761413574, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "At age five, Michael Jackson broke onto the music scene as a member of the family group, “The Jackson Five.”  He was the group’s youngest, baby-faced member and stole the hearts of Americans of all races. By age eleven, he was the group’s lead singer on many of their popular Motown-produced tracks, including “ABC,” “I Want You Back,” and “I’ll Be There.”  In 1971, 13-year-old Michael Jackson also began a successful solo career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998909950256348, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "The songs were just part of the Thriller craze. On March 25, 1983, Michael Jackson first introduced his famous dance move, the Moonwalk, while singing “Billie Jean” for the taped, Motown’s 25th Anniversary TV special.  The Moonwalk itself became a sensation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.383476972579956, "source": "search", "title": "Michael Jackson Releases Thriller - About.com Education" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Beat It | Michael Jackson Official Site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473852157592773, "source": "search", "title": "Beat It | Michael Jackson Official Site" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Michael Jackson’s short film for “Beat It” was the second of three short films produced for recordings from Thriller, which continues its reign as the biggest selling album of all time with worldwide sales in excess of 105 million as of June 1, 2016 and in December, 2015 became the first ever album to be awarded triple diamond status by the RIAA for US sales alone. The “Beat It” single reached No. 1 in six countries in the spring of 1983, including three consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100—becoming the fifth-highest selling single in America that same year. Alongside “Billie Jean,” “Beat It” gave Michael two songs in the Top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time, a rare feat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0385148525238037, "source": "search", "title": "Beat It | Michael Jackson Official Site" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In Michael Jackson’s New York Times obituary, the singer is credited with selling a hundred million copies of his most popular album, “Thriller”—and with selling an “estimated” seven hundred and fifty million records worldwide over his career. In a new book on Jackson, “Untouchable,” the writer Randall Sullivan repeats the hundred-million figure for “Thriller.” And earlier this year, fan sites were a buzzing with the news that the Michael Jackson estate had “confirmed” that Jackson had sold a total of a billion records.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.118719100952148, "source": "search", "title": "Did “Thriller” Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies? - The ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "1. Michael Jackson, “Thriller”: 66,200,000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.812606334686279, "source": "search", "title": "Did “Thriller” Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies? - The ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "11. Michael Jackson, “Bad”: 34,700,000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4243745803833, "source": "search", "title": "Did “Thriller” Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies? - The ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "23. Michael Jackson, “Dangerous”: 30,200,000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444587707519531, "source": "search", "title": "Did “Thriller” Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies? - The ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "In the golden age of the nineties, some local acts reached sales of three or four million in China, like their “local Michael Jackson” Jacky Cheung, with “The Goodbye Kiss” (arguably the best-selling album ever in continental Asia), and around two million in India, but those are the best-selling albums ever there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.581809043884277, "source": "search", "title": "Did “Thriller” Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies? - The ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Bill Wyman, who recently wrote about Michael Jackson for the magazine , is the former arts editor of Salon.com and National Public Radio.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218746185302734, "source": "search", "title": "Did “Thriller” Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies? - The ..." }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "BBC - Music - Review of Michael Jackson - Thriller", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.19500732421875, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Music - Review of Michael Jackson - Thriller" }, { "answer": "Michael Jackson", "passage": "Love it or hate it, Thriller is pop's great, immovable Everest. Marketing departments realised that more and more singles could be pulled from a record to prolong its shelf life, and Michael Jackson became the King of Pop with the whole of the recording industry at his investiture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.535982131958008, "source": "search", "title": "BBC - Music - Review of Michael Jackson - Thriller" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": ", Mihail Sergeevič Gorbačëv, IPA : [mʲɪxʌˈil sʲɪrˈgʲejɪvʲɪʨ gərbʌˈʨof], commonly written as Mikhail Gorbachev; born March 2 , 1931 ) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. His attempts at reform helped to end the Cold War , and also ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and dissolved the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.", "precise_score": -10.146743774414062, "rough_score": -10.626556396484375, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in the village of Privolnoye near Stavropol , the son of a Russian agricultural mechanic Sergey Gorbachyov and Maria Pantelyeva. [1] He faced a tough childhood under the totalitarian leadership of Josef Stalin ; his grandparents were deported for being wealthy farmers known as kulaks [ citation needed ]. He lived through World War II , during which, starting in August 1942, German troops occupied Stavropol . Although they would leave by February 1943, the occupation increased the hardship of the community and left a deep impression on the young Gorbachev. [1] From 1946 through 1950, he worked during the summers as an assistant combine harvester operator at the collective farms in his area. [1] He would take an increasing part in promoting peasant labour, which he describes as \"very hard\" because of enforced state quotas and taxes on private plots. Furthermore, as peasants were not issued passports, their only opportunity to leave their peasant existence was through enlisting in 'orgnabor' (organised recruitment) labour projects, which prompts Gorbachev to ask \"what difference was there between this life and serfdom?\". [2]", "precise_score": -11.168563842773438, "rough_score": -10.703014373779297, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Despite the hardship of his background, Gorbachev excelled in the fields and in the classroom. He was considered the most intelligent in his class [ citation needed ], with a particular interest in history and math. After he left school he helped his father harvest a record crop on his collective farm . So, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour , aged just 16 (1947). It was rare for someone his age to be given such an honour. It was almost certainly this award, coupled with his intelligence that helped secure his place at Moscow University , where he studied law from September 1950. [1] Gorbachev may never have intended to practice law however, but simply have seen it as preparation for working in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). He became a candidate member of the Party that same year. [1] While living in Moscow, he met his future wife, Raisa Maksimovna Titarenko . [1] They married on the 25th September 1953 and moved to Gorbachev's home region of Stavropol in southern Russia when he graduated in June 1955, where he immersed himself in party work. [1] Upon graduating, he briefly worked in the Prokuratura (Soviet State Procuracy) before transferring to the Komsomol , or Communist Union of Youth. He served as First Secretary of the Stavropol City Komsomol Committee from September, 1956, later moving up to the Stavropol Krai (regional) Komsomol Committee, where he worked as Second Secretary from April 1958 and as First Secretary from March 1961. [1] Raisa would give birth to their first child, a daughter, Irina, on 6th January 1957. [2]", "precise_score": -6.398055076599121, "rough_score": -6.365682601928711, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "He attended the important XXIInd CPSU Party Congress in October 1961, where Khrushchev announced a plan to move to a communist society within 20 years and surpass the US in per capita production. Gorbachev was promoted to Head of the Department of Party Organs in the Stavropol Agricultural Kraikom in 1963. [1] By 1966, at age 35, he obtained a correspondence degree as an agronomist-economist from the Agricultural Institute. [1] His career moved forward rapidly - in 1970, he was appointed First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, becoming one of the youngest provincial party chief in the Soviet Union. [1] In this position he helped to reorganize the collective farms, improve workers' living conditions, expand the size of their private plots, and give them a greater voice in planning. [1] His work was evidently effective, because he was made a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1971. In 1972, he headed a Soviet delegation to Belgium , [1] and two years later, in 1974, he was made a Representative to the Supreme Soviet , and Chairman of the Standing Commission on Youth Affairs. He was subsequently appointed to the Central Committee Secretariat for Agriculture in 1978, replacing Fyodor Kulakov, who had backed his rise to power, after Kulakov died of a heart attack. [1] [2]", "precise_score": -11.24579906463623, "rough_score": -10.718914031982422, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1979, Gorbachev was promoted to the Politburo (first as a candidate member before receiving full membership in 1980). There, he received the patronage of Yuri Andropov , head of the KGB and also a native of Stavropol , and was promoted during Andropov's brief time as leader of the Party before Andropov's death in 1984. With responsibility over personnel, working together with Andropov, 20 percent of the top echelon of government ministers and regional governors were replaced, often with younger men. During this time Grigory Romanov , Nikolai Ryzhkov , and Yegor Ligachev were elevated, the latter two working closely with Gorbachev, Ryzhkov on economics, Ligachev on personnel. He was also close to Konstantin Chernenko , Andropov's successor, serving as second secretary. [3]", "precise_score": -10.940919876098633, "rough_score": -10.343940734863281, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Hard-liners in the Soviet leadership, calling themselves the ' State Emergency Committee ', launched the August Coup in 1991 in an attempt to remove Gorbachev from power and prevent the signing of the new union treaty. During this time, Gorbachev spent three days (August 19 to 21) under house arrest at a dacha in the Crimea before being freed and restored to power. However, upon his return, Gorbachev found that neither union nor Russian power structures heeded his commands as support had swung over to Yeltsin, whose defiance had led to the coup's collapse. Furthermore, Gorbachev was forced to fire large numbers of his Politburo and, in several cases, arrest them. Those arrested for high treason included the \" Gang of Eight \" that had led the coup, including Kryuchkov , Yazov and Yanayev . Pugo and Akhromeyev committed suicide. Most of these men had been former allies of Gorbachev's or promoted by him, which drew fresh criticism. [2]", "precise_score": -11.071123123168945, "rough_score": -10.758393287658691, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Ronald Reagan , Nancy Reagan , Raisa Gorbachyova and Mikhail Gorbachev December 8 , 1987 , after the signing of the INF Treaty .", "precise_score": -3.725215196609497, "rough_score": -6.491850852966309, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev’s wife Raisa visit to Britain to watch Cats revealed | History | News | Daily Express", "precise_score": 1.724702000617981, "rough_score": -5.695809841156006, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev’s wife Raisa visit to Britain to watch ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "AN INTERPRETER called Miss Horner provided a detailed insight into Mikhail Gorbachev’s wife Raisa when the pair made their first visit to the UK in 1984.", "precise_score": 3.834024429321289, "rough_score": 2.5386948585510254, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev’s wife Raisa visit to Britain to watch ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Raisa Gorbachev made her first visit to the UK in 1984 with Mikhail Gorbachev", "precise_score": -1.6935800313949585, "rough_score": -5.684113502502441, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev’s wife Raisa visit to Britain to watch ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Notes written to help Mrs Thatcher understand Mr Gorbachev, soon to be leader of the Soviet Union, describe how, when not discussing Marx, Raisa spent £750 on a pair of gold earrings at Mappin & Webb.", "precise_score": -1.598501443862915, "rough_score": -6.277537822723389, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev’s wife Raisa visit to Britain to watch ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First Lady, Dies", "precise_score": -2.2779312133789062, "rough_score": -8.090926170349121, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Raisa Gorbachev, 67, whose stylish, forceful and glamorous performance as the wife of the last Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, made her a lightning rod for attacks on her husband's programs of economic and political reform, died yesterday of leukemia at University Hospital in Muenster, Germany.", "precise_score": 5.312148094177246, "rough_score": 4.0337629318237305, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Upon learning of Raisa Gorbachev's death, President Clinton, in a statement issued by the White House, said, \"The example she set, through her help for child victims of leukemia and through her own courageous struggle against this terrible disease, was an inspiration to people everywhere.\"", "precise_score": -2.1558992862701416, "rough_score": -7.9212260246276855, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev was a presence in her husband's life in a way that was unprecedented in the Soviet experience. She appeared with him in public at home and abroad, served as his eyes and ears on her travels and was one of his closest advisers. Her activities were readily accepted in the West, but they were the subject of much criticism in the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -9.723876953125, "rough_score": -10.46285343170166, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "She was practiced in diplomacy, but she created a minor furor in 1987 during a summit between her husband and President Reagan. After touring the White House with Nancy Reagan, Raisa Gorbachev described it as \"an official house. I would say that humanly speaking, a human being would like to live in a regular house. This is like a museum.\"", "precise_score": -0.5909197330474854, "rough_score": -5.582949161529541, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In any case, it was a long way from Gorbachev's humble origins. She was born Raisa Maksimova Titorenky on Jan. 5, 1932, in the village of Rubtsovsk, Siberia. She grew up in various parts of the Soviet Union, where her father was a railroad engineer.", "precise_score": -2.3436009883880615, "rough_score": -6.706048011779785, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "The next year, they moved to Stavropol, a provincial capital in the Caucasus, her husband's native region. Mikhail Gorbachev began his climb through the bureaucracies of the Communist Party and the Soviet state.", "precise_score": -10.520249366760254, "rough_score": -10.805588722229004, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "To start with, as Gorbachev observed in his memoirs, Soviet society \"did not have a tradition of according the First Lady a special status.\" No wife of a previous Soviet leader, not even Nadezhda Krupskaya, the aggressively ideological wife of Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the Soviet state, had sought to function as a first lady in the modern sense.", "precise_score": -5.564716339111328, "rough_score": -9.735682487487793, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Raisa Gorbachev had many supporters as she found her own way, but there were raised eyebrows in one quarter or another about almost everything she did. Some of the criticism was personal, but much of it came from opponents of perestroika (economic reform) and glasnost (openness), the centerpieces of her husband's policies.", "precise_score": 0.1287694275379181, "rough_score": -2.317164421081543, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Although Mikhail Gorbachev never identified his wife as an adviser in public statements in Moscow, it was widely known that he had done so abroad. By his own account, he relied on her observations of conditions she observed in her travels around the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -8.448657989501953, "rough_score": -9.779404640197754, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Raisa Gorbachev's clothes -- of a variety, quality and quantity not available to ordinary Soviet citizens -- were another source of criticism, as was her manner. She was said to be imperious.", "precise_score": -2.709686040878296, "rough_score": -7.841703414916992, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "While at college, Gorbachev became a full member of the Communist Party in 1952. Also at college, Gorbachev met and fell in love with Raisa Titorenko, who was another student at the university. In 1953, the two married and in 1957 their only child was born - a daughter named Irina.", "precise_score": -1.501697301864624, "rough_score": -5.065317630767822, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "After Gorbachev graduated, he and Raisa moved back to the Stavropol Territory where Gorbachev got a job with the Komsomol in 1955.", "precise_score": -2.994088888168335, "rough_score": -7.617213726043701, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1978, Gorbachev, age 47, was appointed as the secretary of agriculture on the Central Committee. This new position brought Gorbachev and Raisa back to Moscow and thrust Gorbachev into national politics.", "precise_score": -5.230103969573975, "rough_score": -8.348196029663086, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev was born in 1931 to a poor farming family in southwest Russia.  His life revolved around working on the farms of Stavropol until he went to college in 1952. Graduating college with a law degree allowed Gorbachev to escape the peasant lifestyle many Soviets were accustomed to during communist rule. In 1953, Joseph Stalin died, giving young leaders in the Communist Party a chance to climb the party ladder. In 1955, Gorbachev graduated from Moscow University and was immediately appointed First Secretary of the Kosomol Territorial Committee.  The Kosomol was the Communist Youth Organization, thus being appointed as the leader of the group was a high honor due to this organization’s vital role in the Communist Party.  This further enhanced Gorbachev’s résumé and, in 1960, he was appointed as the top regional official of Stavropol’s Kosomol.  In 1961, Gorbachev was appointed as the delegate of Stavropol and a year later was appointed as a top official in Stavropol, responsible for all farming, industrial, and administrative positions in the region.  Gorbachev wanted to gain more experience in his field, so he studied at the Stavropol Agricultural Institute and graduated with a degree in agriculture economy.  Gorbachev was appointed First Secretary of the Stavropol territory in 1970 and began a series of food production programs that made him a shining leader in the Communist Party.  In this position, Gorbachev governed 2.4 million people. For the next 15 years, he was recognized by other party leaders and was eventually elected to the Soviet Parliament.", "precise_score": -10.979935646057129, "rough_score": -10.811407089233398, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Lyudmila traveled to Hamburg in 1997 for four days and spent most of her time shopping. Pietsch said Lyudmila was angry that her husband, apparently aware of the uproar over credit cards allegedly issued to the Boris Yeltsin family, had not given her a credit card. \"I will never be like Raisa Gorbachev,\" Lyudmila said.", "precise_score": -2.3738138675689697, "rough_score": -7.204965591430664, "source": "search", "title": "Lyudmila Putina Once Called Her Husband a Vampire" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522164344787598, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455291748046875, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev in one-on-one discussions with U.S. President Ronald Reagan .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33241081237793, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Upon the death of Konstantin Chernenko, Mikhail Gorbachev, at age 54, was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party on 11 March 1985 , defeating Grigory Romanov who was considered the other favourite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27269172668457, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Domestically, Gorbachev implemented economic reforms that he hoped would improve living standards and worker productivity as part of his perestroika program. However, many of his reforms were considered radical at the time by orthodox apparatchiks in the Soviet government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33548641204834, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1985, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet economy was stalled and that reorganization was needed. Initially, his reforms were called \" uskoreniye \" (acceleration) but later the terms \" glasnost \"(liberalization, opening up) and \" perestroika \" (reconstruction) became much more popular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83028793334961, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev was not operating within a vacuum. Although the Brezhnev era is usually thought of as one of economic stagnation, a number of economic experiments (particularly in the organisation of business enterprises, and partnerships with Western companies) did take place. A number of reformist ideas were discussed by technocratic-minded managers, who often used the facilities of the Young Communist League as discussion forums. The so-called 'Komsomol Generation' would prove to be Gorbachev's most receptive audience, and the nursery of many post-communist businessmen and politicians, particularly in the Baltic States .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215679168701172, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "After becoming General Secretary, Gorbachev proposed a \"vague programme of reform\", which was adopted at the April Plenum of the Central Committee . [2] He made a speech in May in Leningrad advocating widespread reforms. The reforms began in personnel changes; the most notable change was the replacement of Andrei Gromyko with Eduard Shevardnadze as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gromyko , disparaged as 'Mr. Nyet' in the West, had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs and was considered an 'old thinker'. Robert D. English notes that, despite Shevardnadze's diplomatic inexperience, Gorbachev \"shared with him an outlook\" and experience in managing an agricultural region of the Soviet Union (Georgia), which meant that both had weak links to the power military-industrial complex . [4]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.049089431762695, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The first major reform programme introduced under Gorbachev was the 1985 alcohol reform, which was designed to fight wide-spread alcoholism in the Soviet Union . Prices of vodka , wine and beer were raised, and their sales were restricted. People who were caught drunk at work or in public were prosecuted. Drinking on long-distance trains and in public places was banned. Many famous wineries were destroyed. Scenes of alcohol consumption were cut out from the movies. The reform did not have any significant effect on alcoholism in the country, but economically it was a serious blow to the state budget (a loss of approximately 100 billion rubles according to Alexander Yakovlev ) after alcohol production migrated to the black market economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249155044555664, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Perestroika and its attendant radical reforms were enunciated at the XXVIIth Party Congress between February and March 1986. Nonetheless, many found the pace of reform too slow. Many historians, including Robert D. English, have explained this by the rapid estrangement of the 'New Thinkers' and conservatives in the Soviet elite; conservatives deliberately blocked the process of change. This was exposed in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster . As English states, Gorbachev and his allies were \"misinformed by the military-industrial complex\" and \"betrayed\" by conservatives, who blocked information concerning the incident and thus delayed an official response. [4] Jack F. Matlock Jr. stresses that Gorbachev told the authorities to give \"full information\" but the \"Soviet bureaucracy blocked the flow\". [5] This brought international ire for the Soviets and many blamed Gorbachev. Despite this, English suggests that there was a \"positive fallout\" to Chernobyl , as Gorbachev and his fellow reformers received an increased impetus for domestic and international reform. [4]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125070571899414, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Domestic changes continued apace. In a bombshell speech during Armenian SSR's Central Committee Plenum of the Communist Party the young First Secretary of Armenia's Hrazdan Regional Communist Party, Hayk Kotanjian, criticised rampant corruption in the Armenian communist party highest echelons implicating Armenian SSR Communist Party First Secretary Karen Demirchian and called for the latter's resignation. Symbolically, exiled intellectual Andrei Sakharov was invited to return to Moscow by Gorbachev in December 1986 after six years exiled in Gorky . During the same month, however, signs of the nationalities problem that would haunt the later years of the Soviet Union surfaced as riots occurred in Kazakhstan after Dinmukhamed Kunayev was replaced as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061039924621582, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The Central Committee Plenum in January 1987 would see the crystallisation of Gorbachev's political reforms, including proposals for multi-candidate elections and the appointment of non-Party members to government positions. He also first raised the idea of expanding co-operatives at the plenum. Later that year, May would be a month of crisis. In an incredible incident, a young West German, Mathias Rust , managed to fly a plane into Moscow and land near Red Square without being stopped. This massively embarrassed the military and Gorbachev made sweeping personnel changes, beginning at the top, where he appointed Dmitry Yazov as Minister of Defence. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.969306945800781, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Economic reforms took up much of the rest of 1987, as a new law giving enterprises more independence was passed in June and Gorbachev released a book, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, in November, elucidating his main ideas for reform. Nevertheless, at the same time, the personal and professional acrimony between Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin increased; after Yeltsin criticised Gorbachev and others at the October Plenum, he was replaced as First Secretary of the Moscow Gorkom Party. This move only temporarily removed Yeltsin's influence. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159761428833008, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Time magazine cover of January 4, 1988 featuring Gorbachev as Man of the Year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407201766967773, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "1988 would see Gorbachev's introduction of glasnost , which gave new freedoms to the people, such as a greater freedom of speech. This was a radical change, as control of speech and suppression of government criticism had previously been a central part of the Soviet system. The press became far less controlled, and thousands of political prisoners and many dissidents were released. Gorbachev's goal in undertaking glasnost was to pressure conservatives within the CPSU who opposed his policies of economic restructuring, and he also hoped that through different ranges of openness, debate and participation, the Soviet people would support his reform initiatives. At the same time, he opened himself and his reforms up for more public criticism, evident in Nina Andreyeva's critical letter in a March edition of Sovetskaya Rossiya . [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.073441505432129, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The Law on Cooperatives enacted in May 1988 was perhaps the most radical of the economic reforms during the early part of the Gorbachev era. For the first time since Vladimir Lenin 's New Economic Policy , the law permitted private ownership of businesses in the services, manufacturing, and foreign-trade sectors. The law initially imposed high taxes and employment restrictions, but these were later revised to avoid discouraging private-sector activity. Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene. It should be noted that some of the SSRs ignored these restrictions. In Estonia , for example, co-operatives were permitted to cater to the needs of foreign visitors and forge partnerships with foreign companies. The large 'All-Union' industrial organisations started to be restructured. Aeroflot , for example, was split into a number of independent enterprises, some of which became the nucleus for future independent airlines. These newly autonomous business organisations were encouraged to seek foreign investment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3043212890625, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In June 1988, at the CPSU's XIXth Party Conference, Gorbachev launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the government apparatus. He proposed a new executive in the form of a presidential system, as well as a new legislative element, to be called the Congress of People's Deputies . [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171443939208984, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Elections to the Congress of People's Deputies were held throughout the Soviet Union in March and April 1989. On March 15 , 1990 , Gorbachev was elected as the first executive President of the Soviet Union [2] with 59% of the Deputies' votes being an unopposed candidate. The Congress met for the first time on the 25th May. Their first task was to elect representatives from Congress to sit on the Supreme Soviet . Nonetheless, the Congress posed problems for Gorbachev - its sessions were televised, airing more criticism and encouraging people to expect evermore rapid reform. In the elections, many Party candidates were defeated. Furthermore, Yeltsin was elected in Moscow and returned to political prominence to become an increasingly vocal critic of Gorbachev. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343350410461426, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The rest of 1989 was taken up by the increasingly problematic nationalities question and the dramatic collapse of the Eastern Bloc . Despite international detente reaching unprecedented levels, with the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan completed in January and US-Soviet talks continuing between Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush , domestic reforms were suffering from increasing divergence between reformists, who criticised the pace of change, and conservatives, who criticised the extent of change. Gorbachev states that he tried to find the centre ground between both groups, but this would draw more criticism towards him. [2] The story from this point on moves away from reforms and becomes one of the nationalities question and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307825088500977, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "While Gorbachev's political initiatives were positive for freedom and democracy in the Soviet Union and its Eastern bloc allies, the economic policy of his government gradually brought the country close to disaster. By the end of the 1980s, severe shortages of basic food supplies ( meat , sugar ) led to the reintroduction of the war-time system of distribution using food cards that limited each citizen to a certain amount of product per month. Compared to 1985, the state deficit grew from 0 to 109 billion rubles; gold funds decreased from 2,000 to 200 tons; and external debt grew from 0 to 120 billion dollars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086429595947266, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Furthermore, the democratization of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had irreparably undermined the power of the CPSU and Gorbachev himself. Gorbachev's relaxation of censorship and attempts to create more political openness had the unintended effect of re-awakening long-suppressed nationalist and anti-Russian feelings in the Soviet republics . Calls for greater independence from Moscow's rule grew louder, especially in the Baltic republics of Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia , which had been annexed into the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1940. Nationalist feeling also took hold in the Soviet republics of Georgia , Ukraine , Armenia and Azerbaijan . Gorbachev had unleashed a force that would ultimately destroy the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102087020874023, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Glasnost hastened the development of the nationalities problem. Violence erupted in Nagorno-Karabakh - an Armenian-populated enclave within Azerbaijani SSR - between February and April, when Armenians living in the area began a new wave of protests for the arbitrary transfer of the historically Armenian region from Armenia to Azerbaijan in 1920 upon Joseph Stalin's decision. Armenians were also protesting against the underdevelopment and deteriorating living conditions in the Armenian-populated areas of Azerbaijan. In retaliation, Armenians were massacred in Sumgait , Azerbaijan . A temporary solution imposed by Gorbachev from Moscow did not last, as fresh trouble arose in Nagorno-Karabakh between June and July. Turmoil would once again return in December, this time in Armenia itself, when the Leninakan Earthquake hit the region on December 7th. Poor local infrastructure magnified the hazard and some 25,000 people died. [2] Gorbachev was forced to break off his trip to the United States and cancel his planned travels to Cuba and Britain. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240350723266602, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Elections to the Congress of People's Deputies , which took place throughout the Soviet Union in March and April 1989, returned many pro-independence republicans, as many CPSU candidates were rejected. The televised Congress debates allowed the dissemination of pro-independence propositions. Indeed, 1989 would see numerous nationalistic expressions protests. Initiated by the Baltic States in January, laws were passed in most non-Russian republics giving symbolic precedence for the republican language over Russian. April would see violent crackdown of nationalist demonstration by the Soviet troops in Tbilisi , Georgia . There would be further bloody protests in Uzbekistan in June, where Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks clashed in Fergana. Apart from this violence, three major events that altered the face of the nationalities issue occurred in 1989. Firstly, Estonia and Lithuania officially declared their sovereignty in May, followed by Latvia in July (the Communist Party of Lithuania would also declare its independence from the CPSU in December). This brought the Union and the republics into clear confrontation and would form a precedent for other republics. Following this, in July, on the eve of the anniversary of the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact , it was formally revealed that the treaty did indeed include a plan for the annexation of the Baltic States to the Soviet Union (as happened in World War Two) and the division of Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's unsavoury past was exposed and gave impetus to the nationalists within the Baltic States who could now even more legitimately claim that they were subject to oppression from Moscow. Finally, the Eastern Bloc collapsed spectacularly in 1989, raising hopes that Gorbachev would extend his non-interventionist doctrine to the internal workings of the Soviet Union. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069127082824707, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Soon after, the CPSU , which had already lost much of its control, began to lose even more power as Gorbachev deepened political reform. The February Central Committee Plenum advocated multi-party elections; local elections held between February and March returned a large amount of pro-independence candidates. The Congress of People's Deputies then amended the Soviet Constitution in March, removing Article 6, which guaranteed the monopoly of the CPSU . The process of political reform was therefore coming from above and below, and was gaining a momentum that would augment republican nationalism. Soon after the constitutional amendment, Lithuania declared independence and elected Vytautas Landbergis as President. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312970161437988, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "On March 15th, Gorbachev himself was elected as the first and only President of the Soviet Union by the Congress of People's Deputies and chose a Presidential Council of 15 politicians. Gorbachev was essentially creating his own political support base independent of CPSU conservatives and radical reformers. The new Executive was designed to be a powerful position to guide the spiralling reform process, and the Supreme Soviet and Congress of People's Deputies had already given Gorbachev increasingly presidential powers in February. This would be again a source of criticism from reformers. Despite the apparent increase in Gorbachev's power, he was unable to stop the process of nationalistic assertion. Further embarrassing facts about Soviet history were revealed in April, when the government admitted that the NKVD had carried out the infamous Katyn Massacre of Polish army officers during World War II ; previously, the Soviets had blamed the Nazis . More significantly for Gorbachev's position, Boris Yeltsin was reaching a new level of prominence, as he was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR in May, effectively making him the de jure leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Problems for Gorbachev would once more come from the Russian parliament in June, when it declared the precedence of Russian laws over All-Union level legislation. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026969909667969, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev's personal position continued changing. At XXVIIIth CPSU Congress in July, Gorbachev was re-elected General Secretary but this position was now completely independent of Soviet government, and the Politburo had no say in the ruling of the country. Gorbachev further reduced Party power in the same month, when he issued a decree abolishing Party control of all areas of the media and broadcasting. At the same time, Gorbachev was working to consolidate his Presidential position, culminating in the Supreme Soviet granting him special powers to rule by decree in September in order to pass a much needed economic plan for transition to the market. However, the Supreme Soviet could not agree on which programme to adopt. Gorbachev pressed on with political reform - his proposal for setting up a new Soviet government, with a Soviet of the Federation consisting of representatives from all 15 republics, was passed through the Supreme Soviet in November. In December, Gorbachev was once more granted increasing executive power by the Supreme Soviet , arguing that such moves were necessary to counter \"the dark forces of nationalism\". Such moves led to Eduard Shevardnadze's resignation; Gorbachev's former ally warned of an impending dictatorship. This move was a serious blow to Gorbachev personally and to his efforts for reform. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059576988220215, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Meanwhile, Gorbachev was losing further ground to nationalists. October 1990 saw the founding of DemoRossiya , the Russian nationalist party; a few days later, both Ukraine and Russia declared their laws completely sovereign over Soviet level laws. The 'war of laws' had become an open battle, with the Supreme Soviet refusing to recognise the actions of the two republics. Gorbachev would publish the draft of a new union treaty in November - which envisioned a continued union called the Union of Sovereign Soviet Republics - but, going into 1991, the actions of Gorbachev were steadily being overtaken by the centrifugal secessionist forces. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085970878601074, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "January and February would see a new level of turmoil in the Batlic States. On January 10, 1991 Gorbachev issued an ultimatum-like request addressing the Lithuanian Supreme Council demanding the restoration of the validity of the constitution of the Soviet Union in Lithuania and the revoking of all anti-constitutional laws. In his Memoirs, Gorbachev asserts that, on January 12th, he convened the Council of the Federation and political measures to prevent bloodshed were agreed, including sending representatives of the Council of the Federation on a \"fact-finding mission\" to Vilnius. However, before the delegation arrived, the local branches of the KGB and armed forces had worked together to seize the TV tower in Vilnius; Gorbachev asked the heads of these power industries if they had approved such action, and there is no evidence that they, or Gorbachev, ever approved this move. Gorbachev cites documents found in the RSFSR Prokuratura after the August Coup, which only mentioned that \"some 'authorities'\" had sanctioned the actions. [2] A book called Alpha - the KGB's Top Secret Unit also suggests that a \"KGB operation co-ordinated with the military\" was undertaken by the KGB Alpha Group . [6] Archie Brown , in The Gorbachev Factor, uses the memoirs of many people around Gorbachev and in the upper echelons of the Soviet political landscape, to implicate General Valentin Varennikov , a member of the August coup plotters, and General Viktor Achalov , another August coup conspirator and later a putschist against Yeltsin in 1993. These persons were characterized as individuals \"who were prepared to remove Gorbachev from his presidential office unconstitutionally\" and \"were more than capable of using unauthorised violence against nationalist separatists some months earlier\". Brown criticises Gorbachev for \"a conscious tilt in the direction of the conservative forces he was trying to keep within an increasingly fragile... coalition\" who would later betray him; he also criticises Gorbachev \"for his tougher line and heightened rhetoric against the Lithuanians in the days preceding the attack and for his slowness in condemning the killings\" but notes that Gorbachev did not approve any action and was seeking political solutions. [7]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864276885986328, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "As a result of continued violence, at least 14 civilians were killed and more than 600 injured from January 11th-13th, 1991 in Vilnius , Lithuania. The strong Western reaction and the actions of Russian democratic forces put the president and government of the Soviet Union into an awkward situation, as news of support for Lithuanians from Western democracies started to appear. Further problems surfaced in Riga , Latvia, on the 20th and 21st January, where OMON (special Ministry of the Interior) troops killed 4 people. Brown suggests that Gorbachev's response this time was better, condemning the rogue action, sending his condolences and suggesting that secession could take place if it went through the procedures outlined in the Soviet constitution. According to Gorbachev's aide, Shakhnazarov (quoted by Brown ), Gorbachev was finally beginning to accept the inevitability of losing the Baltic States , although he would try all political means to preserve the Union. Brown believes that this put him in \"imminent danger\" of being overthrown by hard-liners against the secession. [7]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189237594604492, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev thus continued to draw up a new treaty of union which would have created a truly voluntary federation in an increasingly democratised Soviet Union. The new treaty was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, who needed the economic power and markets of the Soviet Union to prosper. However, the more radical reformists, such as Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin , were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required and were more than happy to contemplate the disintegration of the Soviet Union if that was required to achieve their aims. Nevertheless, a referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held in March (with a referendum in Russia on the creation of a presidency), which returned an average of 76.4% in the 9 republics where it was taken, with a turn-out of 80% of the adult population. [7] Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Armenia , Georgia and Moldova did not participate. Following this, an April meeting at Novo-Ogarevo between Gorbachev and the heads of the 9 republics issued a statement on speeding up the creation of a new Union treaty. Meanwhile, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of the Russian Federation by 57.3% of the vote (with a turnout of 74%). [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270176887512207, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev accused Boris Yeltsin , his old rival and Russia 's first post-Soviet president, of tearing the country apart out of a desire to advance his own personal interests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.338848114013672, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Between the last day of the coup and September 22nd, Estonia , Latvia , Ukraine , Belarus , Moldavia , Georgia, Azerbaijan , Kirgizia , Uzbekistan , Tajikstan and Armenia declared their independence. Simultaneously, Boris Yeltsin ordered the CPSU to suspend its activities on the territory of Russia and closed the Central Committee building at Staraya Ploschad . Symbolically, the Russian flag now flew beside the Soviet flag at the Kremlin . In light of these circumstances, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary of the CPSU on August 24th and advised the Central Committee to dissolve itself. Gorbachev's hopes of a new Union were further hit when the Congress of People's Deputies dissolved itself on September 5th. Though Gorbachev and the representatives of 8 republics (excluding Azerbaijan , Georgia, Moldavia , Ukraine and the Baltic States ) signed an agreement on forming a new economic community on 18 October, events were overtaking Gorbachev. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259138107299805, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The final blow to Gorbachev's vision was effectively dealt by a Ukrainian referendum on December 1st, where the Ukrainian people voted for independence. The Presidents of Russia , Ukraine and Belarus met in Belovezh Forest, near Minsk , Belarus , on December 8th, founding the Commonwealth of Independent States and declaring the end of the Soviet Union in the Belavezha Accords . Gorbachev was presented with a fait accompli and reluctantly agreed with Yeltsin , on December 17th, to dissolve the Soviet Union . Gorbachev resigned on Christmas Day and the Soviet Union ceased to exist on the 1st January 1992. Gorbachev suffered the indignity of Yeltsin taking over his office on December 27th. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276991844177246, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev had aimed to maintain the CPSU as a united party but move it in the direction of social democracy . The inherent contradictions in this approach - praising Lenin , admiring Sweden 's social model and seeking to maintain the annexation of the Baltic states by military force - were difficult enough. But when the CPSU was proscribed after the August coup , Gorbachev was left with no effective power base beyond the armed forces. In the end Yeltsin won them around with promises of more money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171919822692871, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "New thinking", "passage": "[ edit ] 'New Thinking' Abroad", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484228134155273, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In contrast to his controversial domestic reforms, Gorbachev was largely hailed in the West for his 'New Thinking' in foreign affairs. During his tenure, he sought to improve relations and trade with the West by reducing Cold War tensions. He established close relationships with several Western leaders, such as West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl , U.S. President Ronald Reagan , and Margaret Thatcher - who famously remarked: \"I like Mr Gorbachev - we can do business together\". [8]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031976699829102, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev understood the link between achieving international detente and domestic reform and thus began extending 'New Thinking' abroad immediately. On April 8 , 1985 , he announced the suspension of the deployment of SS-20s in Europe as a move towards resolving intermediate-range nuclear weapons (INF) issues. Later that year, in September, Gorbachev proposed that the Soviets and Americans both cut their nuclear arsenals in half. He went to France on his first trip abroad as Soviet leader in October. November saw the Geneva Summit between Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan - though no concrete agreement was made, Gorbachev and Reagan struck a personal relationship and decided to hold further meetings. [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.981893539428711, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "January 1986 would see Gorbachev make his boldest international move so far, when he announced his proposal for the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe and his strategy for eliminating all nuclear weapons by the year 2000 (often referred to as the 'January Proposal'). He also began the process of withdrawing troops from Afghanistan and Mongolia on the 28th July. [2] Nonetheless, many observers, such as Jack F. Matlock Jr. (despite generally praising Gorbachev as well as Reagan), have criticised Gorbachev for taking too long to achieve withdrawal from the Afghanistan War , citing it as an example of lingering elements of 'old thinking' in Gorbachev. [5]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171285629272461, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "On October 11 , 1986 , Gorbachev and Reagan met in Reykjavík , Iceland to discuss reducing intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. To the immense surprise of both men's advisors, the two agreed in principle to removing INF systems from Europe and to equal global limits of 100 INF missile warheads. Incredibly, they also essentially agreed in principle to eliminate all nuclear weapons in 10 years (by 1996), instead of by the year 2000 as in Gorbachev's original outline. [5] Continuing trust issues, particularly over reciprocity and Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) , meant that the summit is often regarded as a failure for not producing a concrete agreement immediately, or for leading to a staged elimination of nuclear weapons. In the long term, nevertheless, this would culminate in the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in 1987, after Gorbachev had proposed this elimination on 22nd July 1987 (and it was subsequently agreed on in Geneva on the 24th November). [2]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.107301712036133, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In February 1988, Gorbachev announced the full withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. The withdrawal was completed the following year, although the civil war continued as the Mujahedin pushed to overthrow the pro-Soviet Najibullah regime. An estimated 15,000 Soviets were killed between 1979 and 1989 as a result of the Afghanistan War .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312362670898438, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Also during 1988, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet Union would abandon the Brezhnev Doctrine , and allow the Eastern bloc nations to determine their own internal affairs. Jokingly dubbed the \" Sinatra Doctrine \" by Gorbachev's Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov , this policy of non-intervention in the affairs of the other Warsaw Pact states proved to be the most momentous of Gorbachev's foreign policy reforms. Moscow's abrogation of the Brezhnev Doctrine led to a string of revolutions in Eastern Europe throughout 1989, in which Communism collapsed. With the exception of Romania , the popular upheavals against the pro-Soviet Communist regimes were all peaceful ones. (See Revolutions of 1989 )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196216583251953, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "It is unlikely that Gorbachev ever intended for the complete dismantling of Communism in the Warsaw Pact countries. Rather, it is far more probable that he intended merely to throw his support behind progressive Communists eager to implement perestroika and glasnost in their own countries. Nevertheless, the loosening of Soviet hegemony over Eastern Europe effectively ended the Cold War , and for this, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 15 , 1990 .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292296409606934, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev founded the Gorbachev Foundation ( http://www.gorby.ru/en/default.asp ) in 1992. In 1993, he also founded Green Cross International , with which he was one of three major sponsors of the Earth Charter . He also became a member of the Club of Rome .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28891372680664, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "1995 saw Gorbachev receive an Honorary Doctorate from Durham University for his contribution to \"the cause of political tolerance and an end to cold war-style confrontation\". [9]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345147132873535, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1996, Gorbachev re-ran for President in Russia, but only received half of 1% of the vote, most likely due to animosity following the Soviet Union 's collapse. While on a pre-election tour at that time he was given a punch in the face by an unknown man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344962120056152, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev with Russia's second president, Vladimir Putin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432778358459473, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1997, Gorbachev starred in a Pizza Hut commercial made for the USA to raise money for the Perestroika Archives .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453272819519043, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "On November 26 , 2001 , Gorbachev also founded the Social Democratic Party of Russia —which is a union between several Russian social democrat parties. He resigned as party leader in May 2004 over a disagreement with the party's chairman over the direction taken in the December 2003 election campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091315269470215, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In early 2004, Gorbachev moved to trademark his famous port wine birthmark , after a vodka company featured the mark on labels of one of their drinks to capitalize on its fame. The company now no longer uses the trademark. [10]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325687408447266, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In June 2004, Gorbachev represented Russia at the funeral of Ronald Reagan .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355010986328125, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In September 2004, following Chechen militant attacks across Russia, President Vladimir Putin launched an initiative to replace the election of regional governors with a system whereby they would be directly appointed by the President and approved by regional legislatures. Gorbachev, together with Boris Yeltsin , criticized Putin's actions as a step away from democracy. [11]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368958473205566, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 2005, Gorbachev was awarded the Point Alpha Prize for his role in supporting German reunification . He also received an honorary Doctorate from the University of Münster . [12]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342723846435547, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In November 2006, Gorbachev was admitted to a hospital in Germany after he reported that he was not feeling well. He had an operation on a blood vessel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25841236114502, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev is obviously well regarded in the West for having ended the Cold War. In Germany, for example, he is acclaimed for allowing German reunification to proceed. However, in Russia, his reputation is very low because he is perceived to have brought about the collapse of the country and is held responsible for the economic misery that followed. He was also blamed for weakened Russia after collapse of the Soviet Union. Boris himself was aware of the same. He regretted the fact that his own people didnot love him. Nevertheless, polls indicate that a majority of Russians are pleased with the result of the individual aims of perestroika, Gorbachev's chief legislative legacy, and the greater political freedom that came about as a result [ citation needed ].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242181777954102, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The war in Afghanistan had been going on since the late 1970's, draining Soviet resources. This took a huge toll on the Union's ability to keep order. Furthermore, some insist that armament buildups in the West also prompted likewise military expenditures that, when added to the expenditures in Afghanistan, could not be maintained. The Soviet economy infrastructure was in serious trouble by 1985 (when Gorbachev took office) and these events had a huge impact on Gorbachev's decisions to liberalize. In the end, these attempts to \"open\" and restructure the Soviet Union proved to be a failure. The Soviet Union lost influence in its European satellite nations and then broke apart, ending a nearly 50 year stalemate between East and West.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253395080566406, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In the West, Gorbachev was colloquially known as 'Gorby', in part because of a perception that he was less austere than his predecessors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180120468139648, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The ё letter is often replaced by е in writing, hence Gorbachev is a common English transliteration even though it's universally pronounced as Gorbachyov.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449973106384277, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1987, Gorbachev acknowledged that his liberalizing policies of glasnost and perestroika owed a great deal to Alexander Dubček 's \"socialism with a human face\". When asked what the difference was between the Prague Spring and his own reforms, Gorbachev replied, \"Nineteen years\". [13]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09825325012207, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1989, during an official visit to China during the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square , shortly before the imposition of martial law in Beijing, Gorbachev was asked for his opinion on the Great Wall of China : \"It's a very beautiful work\", he replied, \"but there are already too many walls between people\". A journalist asked him, \"would you like the Berlin Wall to be taken down?\" Gorbachev replied very seriously, \"Why not?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346314430236816, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev was baptized in the Russian Orthodox church as a child. He campaigned for establishment of freedom of religion laws in the former Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348170280456543, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev has also expressed pantheistic views, saying, in an interview with the magazine Resurgence, \"Nature is my god.\" [14]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39968204498291, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "At the end of a November 1996 interview on CSPAN's Booknotes, Gorbachev described his plans for future books. He made the following reference to God: \"I don't know how many years God will be giving me, [or] what his plans are.\". [15]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343011856079102, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev is the most famous person in modern times with visible naevus flammeus . The crimson birthmark on the top of his bald head was the source of much satire among critics and cartoonists. (Among his official photos there was at least one on which this birthmark was removed.) Contrary to some accounts, it is not rosacea .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274547576904297, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev led the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991, first as general secretary of the Communist Party and then as president of the Soviet Union. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, survived an attempted coup by communist conservatives in 1991 and resigned the presidency at the end of that year when the Soviet Union voted itself out of existence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116142272949219, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The Gorbachevs were beneficiaries of the Soviet system, but they were also keenly aware of the stagnation and contradictions that were such a prominent part of daily life. Moreover, their families had firsthand experience of the terror visited by Josef Stalin -- a grandfather of each had disappeared into the Gulag during purges in the 1930s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1430025100708, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "\"We were bound first by our marriage, but also by our common views of life,\" Mikhail Gorbachev wrote in his memoirs. \"We both preached the principle of equality.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.219189643859863, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The Gorbachevs were sometimes compared to Nicholas II and Alexandra, the last czar and czarina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29964542388916, "source": "search", "title": "Washingtonpost.com: Raisa Gorbachev, Last Soviet First ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the Soviet Union", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463143348693848, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455291748046875, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455291748046875, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Picture of President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev signing the INF Treaty in the East Room of the White House. (December 8, 1987).  Picture courtesy the U.S. National Archives & Records Administration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.381864547729492, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Who Was Mikhail Gorbachev?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491927146911621, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev was the last General Secretary of the Soviet Union. He brought about massive economic, social, and political changes and helped bring an end to both the Soviet Union and the Cold War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312728881835938, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Also Known As: Gorby, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374777793884277, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev's Childhood", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399456024169922, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev was born in the small village of Privolnoye (in the Stavropol Territory) to Sergei and Maria Panteleyvna Gorbachev. His parents and his grandparents had all been peasant farmers before Joseph Stalin's collectivization program. With all farms owned by the government, Gorbachev's father went to work as a driver of a combine-harvester.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242807388305664, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev was ten years old when the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. His father was drafted into the Soviet military and Gorbachev spent four years living in a war-torn country. (Gorbachev's father survived the war.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297118186950684, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev was an excellent student in school and worked hard helping his father with the combine after school and during the summers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.378814697265625, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Overview of Gorbachev and Russia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482291221618652, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "At age 14, Gorbachev joined the Komsomol (the Communist League of Youth) and became an active member.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132735252380371, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Rather than attend a local university, Gorbachev applied to the prestigious Moscow State University and was accepted. In 1950, Gorbachev traveled to Moscow to study law. It was at college where Gorbachev perfected his speaking and debating skills, which became a major asset to his political career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331433296203613, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "The Beginning of Gorbachev's Political Career", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368972778320312, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In Stavropol, Gorbachev quickly rose up in the ranks of the Komsomol and then obtained a position in the Communist Party. Gorbachev received promotion after promotion until in 1970 he reached the highest position in the territory, first secretary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242073059082031, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev in National Politics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.492456436157227, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Once again, Gorbachev quickly rose up in the ranks and by 1980, he had become the youngest member of the Politburo (the executive committee of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858043670654297, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Having worked closely with General Secretary Yuri Andropov, Gorbachev felt that he was ready to become General Secretary. However, when Andropov died in office, Gorbachev lost the bid for office to Konstantin Chernenko. But when Chernenko died in office just 13 months later, Gorbachev, only 54 years old, became the leader of the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20202350616455, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "General Secretary Gorbachev Presents Reforms", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.470715522766113, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "On March 11, 1985, Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Strongly believing that the Soviet Union needed massive liberalization in order to revitalize both the Soviet economy and society, Gorbachev immediately began implementing reforms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.368252754211426, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev also opened the door to allow Soviet citizens to travel, cracked down on alcohol abuse, and pushed for the use of computers and technology. He also released many political prisoners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.475860595703125, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev Ends Arms Race", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.562196731567383, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "As the United States was developing the new Star Wars program, Gorbachev realized that the Soviet Union's economy was seriously suffering from the excessive spending on nuclear weapons. To end the arms race, Gorbachev met several times with U.S. President Ronald Reagan .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369436264038086, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "At first, the meetings stagnated because trust between the two countries had been missing since the end of World War II . Eventually, however, Gorbachev and Reagan were able to work out a deal where not only would their countries stop making new nuclear weapons, but they would actually eliminate many that they had accumulated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280438423156738, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Although Gorbachev's economic, social, and political reforms as well as his warm, honest, friendly, open demeanor won him accolades from around the world, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, he was criticized by many within the Soviet Union. For some, his reforms had been too big and too fast; for others, his reforms had been too small and too slow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.144723892211914, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Most importantly, however, was that Gorbachev's reforms did not revitalize the Soviet Union's economy. On the contrary, the economy took a severe downturn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379467964172363, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "With the falling of the Soviet empire, Gorbachev helped establish a new system of government, including the establishment of a president and the end of the Communist Party's monopoly as a political party. However, for many, Gorbachev was going too far.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30555248260498, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "From August 19-21, 1991, a group of hard-liners of the Communist Party attempted a coup and put Gorbachev under house arrest. The unsuccessful coup proved the end of both the Communist Party and the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350415229797363, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Facing pressures from other groups who wanted more democratization, Gorbachev resigned his post as president of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991, a day before the Soviet Union officially dissolved .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334847450256348, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In the two decades since his resignation, Gorbachev has remained active. In January 1992, he established and became president of the Gorbachev Foundation, which analyzes the changing social, economic, and political changes happening in Russia and works to promote humanistic ideals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.079070091247559, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1993, Gorbachev founded and became president of the environmental organization called Green Cross International.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887303352355957, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "In 1996, Gorbachev did make one final bid for the presidency of Russia, but he only received a little over one percent of the vote.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341796875, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Last General Secretary of the ..." }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455291748046875, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev continued to rise in ranks until 1989, when he was elected as the Executive President of the Soviet Union.  His presidency was at the height of the Cold War and he believed the war was the product of mistrust between the United States and the Soviet Union.  He initiated Glasnost, a program that began to give more rights back to the people.  Glasnost, or “openness,” eventually encouraged general openness with other nations in the Cold War.  Gorbachev’s famous quote, “I detest lies,” sums up the purpose and honesty of the Russians for Glasnost. The period of Glasnost eventually ended the Cold War, which was symbolized by the tearing down of the Berlin Wall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158568382263184, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Gorbachev", "passage": "Gorbachev’s second famous program was Perestroika.  Known as the “dismantling” of Soviet Communism, this program fixed economic, social, and political problems.  Perestroika’s main goal was to make the Soviet Union more Americanized by allowing more choice and freedom to the public. Glasnost, Perestroika, and the ending of the Cold War all contributed to the downfall of communism which had lasted nearly 80 years. Due to his peace-keeping efforts, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.  In 1991 Gorbachev was overthrown by a coup led by Boris Yeltsin and was forced to step down from the presidency. Since then, Gorbachev has written books on world and Russian politics, ran for president of Russia, and has headed numerous international organizations such as the Gorbachev Foundation, Green Cross International, and the Civic Forum movement.  He now lives in Moscow and remains active in the Russian political sphere.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03357982635498, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "\"Mikhail Gorbachev.\" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 May. 2010 < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238982/Mikhail-Gorbachev >.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417445182800293, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "\"Mikhail Gorbachev.\" Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2010. Advameg, Inc, 2010. Web. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/Gi-He/Gorbachev-Mikhail.html >.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445453643798828, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" }, { "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "passage": "The Nobel Foundation, . \"Mikhail Gorbachev.\" Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize, 2010. Web. 30 Apr 2010. < http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1990/gorbachev-bio.html >.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406524658203125, "source": "search", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev - The Cold War Museum" } ]

[ { "answer": "August", "passage": "In August 1990, Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait. After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States led a coalition to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, in what became known as the Gulf War. On 26 February 1991, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces. As they retreated, Iraqi forces carried out a scorched earth policy by setting oil wells on fire. During the Iraqi occupation, more than 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed. In addition, more than 600 Kuwaitis went missing during Iraq's occupation, approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq.", "precise_score": 9.194332122802734, "rough_score": 8.632489204406738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kuwait" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Four days after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, on August 6, 1990, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 661, imposing comprehensive sanctions on Iraq and creating a committee to monitor them.", "precise_score": 8.927165031433105, "rough_score": 8.461734771728516, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq & Kuwait - CSUN" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait | GulfNews.com", "precise_score": 9.884735107421875, "rough_score": 8.849733352661133, "source": "search", "title": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait | GulfNews.com" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait", "precise_score": 10.143624305725098, "rough_score": 9.31815242767334, "source": "search", "title": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait | GulfNews.com" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait", "precise_score": 10.143624305725098, "rough_score": 9.31815242767334, "source": "search", "title": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait | GulfNews.com" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In August 1990, Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. This subsequently led to military intervention by United States-led forces in the First Gulf War. The coalition forces proceeded with a bombing campaign targeting military targets and then launched a 100-hour-long ground assault against Iraqi forces in Southern Iraq and those occupying Kuwait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.3651704788208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On 11 August, Iraq's highest court ruled that PM Maliki's bloc is biggest in parliament, meaning Maliki could stay Prime Minister. By 13 August, however, the Iraqi president had tasked Haider al-Abadi with forming a new government, and the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and some Iraqi politicians expressed their wish for a new leadership in Iraq, for example from Haider al-Abadi. Maliki on 14 August stepped down as PM, to support Mr al-Abadi and to \"safeguard the high interests of the country\". The US government welcomed this as \"another major step forward\" in uniting Iraq. On September 9, 2014, Haider al-Abadi had formed a new government and became the new prime minister. Intermittent conflict between Sunni, Shiite and Kurdish factions has led to increasing debate about the splitting of Iraq into three autonomous regions, including Kurdistan in the northeast, a Sunnistan in the west and a Shiastan in the southeast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.731595993041992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In 2010, according to the Failed States Index, Iraq was the world's seventh most politically unstable country. The concentration of power in the hands of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and growing pressure on the opposition led to growing concern about the future of political rights in Iraq. Nevertheless, progress was made and the country had risen to 11th place by 2013. In August 2014 al-Maliki's reign came to an end. He announced on 14 August 2014 he would stand aside so Haider Al-Abadi, who had been nominated just days earlier by newly installed President Fuad Masum, could take over. Until that point al-Maliki had clung to power even asking the federal court to veto the president's nomination describing it as a violation of the constitution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.746118068695068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "* In August 2009, two American firms reached a deal with the Iraqi Government to build Basra Sports City, a new sports complex. Basra Sports City will be the venue for the 2014 Gulf Cup of Nations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.362767219543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In October 1998, removing the Hussein regime became official U.S. foreign policy with enactment of the Iraq Liberation Act. Enacted following the expulsion of UN weapons inspectors the preceding August (after some had been accused of spying for the U.S.), the act provided $97 million for Iraqi \"democratic opposition organizations\" to \"establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq.\" This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687, which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change. One month after the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act, the U.S. and UK launched a bombardment campaign of Iraq called Operation Desert Fox. The campaign's express rationale was to hamper Saddam Hussein's government's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but U.S. intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Hussein's grip on power. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.35872960090637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "2003 invasion of Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "While there had been some earlier talk of action against Iraq, the Bush administration waited until September 2002 to call for action, with White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card saying, \"From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August.\" Bush began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September 2002 address to the UN Security Council. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.500263214111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "2003 invasion of Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "The amount of ordnance dropped on Iraqi positions by Coalition aircraft in 2001 and 2002 was less than in 1999 and 2000 which was during the Clinton administration. This information has been used to attempt to refute the theory that the Bush administration had already decided to go to war against Iraq before coming to office and that the bombing during 2001 and 2002 was laying the groundwork for the eventual invasion in 2003. However, information obtained by the UK Liberal Democrats showed that the UK dropped twice as many bombs on Iraq in the second half of 2002 as they did during the whole of 2001. The tonnage of UK bombs dropped increased from 0 in March 2002 and 0.3 in April 2002 to between 7 and 14 tons per month in May–August, reaching a pre-war peak of 54.6 tons in September – before Congress' 11 October authorization of the invasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.433279275894165, "source": "wiki", "title": "2003 invasion of Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Besides arguing that Iraq was not the top strategic priority in the war on terrorism or in the Middle East, critics of the war also suggested that it could potentially destabilize the surrounding region. Prominent among such critics was Brent Scowcroft, who served as National Security Advisor to George H. W. Bush. In a 15 August 2002 Wall Street Journal editorial entitled \"Don't attack Saddam\", Scowcroft wrote that, \"Possibly the most dire consequences would be the effect in the region ... there would be an explosion of outrage against us ... the results could well destabilize Arab regimes\", and, \"could even swell the ranks of the terrorists.\" In an October 2015 CNN interview with Fareed Zakaria, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair apologized for his 'mistakes' over Iraq War and admitted there were 'elements of truth' to the view that the invasion helped promote the rise of ISIS. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.426283836364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "2003 invasion of Iraq" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In the early hours of August 2, 1990, more than 100,000 Iraqi troops moved tanks, helicopters and trucks across the border into Kuwait. Iraq maintained the world’s fourth–largest military and had mobilized an overwhelming invading force. Within an hour, they reached Kuwait City, and by daybreak, Iraqi tanks were attacking Dasman Palace, the royal residence. The emir had already fled into the Saudi desert, but his private guard and his younger half–brother, Sheik Faud al–Ahmad al–Sabah, had stayed behind to defend their home. The sheik was shot and killed, and according to an Iraqi soldier who deserted after the assault, his body was placed in front of a tank and run over.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.123317241668701, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq invaded Kuwait - PBS" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "At about 2 a.m. local time, Iraqi forces invade Kuwait, Iraq’s tiny, oil-rich neighbor. Kuwait’s defense forces were rapidly overwhelmed, and those that were not destroyed retreated to Saudi Arabia. The emir of Kuwait, his family, and other government leaders fled to Saudi Arabia, and within hours Kuwait City had been captured and the Iraqis had established a provincial government. By annexing Kuwait, Iraq gained control of 20 percent of the world’s oil reserves and, for the first time, a substantial coastline on the Persian Gulf. The same day, the United Nations Security Council unanimously denounced the invasion and demanded Iraq’s immediate withdrawal from Kuwait. On August 6, the Security Council imposed a worldwide ban on trade with Iraq.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9189965724945068, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq invades Kuwait - Aug 02, 1990 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On August 9, Operation Desert Shield, the American defense of Saudi Arabia, began as U.S. forces raced to the Persian Gulf. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, built up his occupying army in Kuwait to about 300,000 troops. On November 29, the U.N. Security Council passed a resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq if it failed to withdraw by January 15, 1991. Hussein refused to withdraw his forces from Kuwait, which he had established as a province of Iraq, and some 700,000 allied troops, primarily American, gathered in the Middle East to enforce the deadline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.758358478546143, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq invades Kuwait - Aug 02, 1990 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Navah Bekhor Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990? On 2nd August 1990, Iraqi troops crossed the Kuwaiti border in a declaration of war. In order to identify the motivations behind this invasion of Kuwait it is important to address both the events that led to the invasion and the more general issues such as the political and economic climate in the Arab world. It has been argued that the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait is deeply rooted in the action taken by the colonial powers directly after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, in that by defining the boundaries of the region arbitrarily they produced a fertile ground for conflict that was to remain tense throughout the century. In particular are the economic disputes between the two regions that I will address later in this essay. In addition the very nature of Saddam Hussein's personality, which has often been characterized by his intense paranoia and controlling nature could also be regarded as a contributing factor in the decision to invade. There is also the argument that Iraq invaded Kuwait because it believed it could do so without intervention from the western powers. Saddam Hussein misjudged the importance of the region to the west to his own detriment. I will now refer to the particular or the direct causes of the decision taken by Saddam Hussein to invade Kuwait in 1990. In order to identify the root of the conflict I will begin by addressing the way in which the boundaries of the Middle East were determined and to what extent these decisions have affected the conflict. ...read more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.027275085449219, "source": "search", "title": "Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990? - University Social ..." }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "10.  Hussein therefore began to think about using his armed forces to insist upon resolution of the border and monetary disputes.  He threatened to do so about a year before the August 2nd invasion at OPEC and Arab League meetings; hence the now famous meetings with Robert Dole and other US senators[5] in April, 1990 and April Glaspie in July, 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1205670833587646, "source": "search", "title": "Why Did Iraq Invade Kuwait - mu" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "In mid-July, 1979, Saddam replaced Al Bakr as president of Iraq. He reportedly uncovered a conspiracy against his government with the result that twenty-one high government and Baath Party officials were executed. The armed forces and the Baath Party were purged and there were widespread arrests. A short time later, in August 1979 a general amnesty was announced that resulted in the release of Kurdish prisoners, members of the Iraqi Communist Party, and others. However, Amnesty International reported continual human rights abuses from that period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5395963191986084, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq & Kuwait - CSUN" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait and quickly gained control of the country. The United States, along with the United Nations, demanded the immediate withdrawal of Iraqi forces. Attempts by Iraq to negotiate withdrawal were rebuffed by the United States. U.S. military forces in the region had already rehearsed battle plans to repel an Iraqi invasion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.397073745727539, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq & Kuwait - CSUN" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "\"Several United States Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) documents clearly and thoroughly prove, in the words of one author, \"beyond a doubt that, contrary to the Geneva Convention, the U.S. government intentionally used sanctions against Iraq to degrade the country's water supply after the Gulf War. The United States knew the cost that civilian Iraqis, mostly children, would pay, and it went ahead anyway\" (The Progressive, August 2001).\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.656225204467773, "source": "search", "title": "Iraq & Kuwait - CSUN" }, { "answer": "August", "passage": "Published: 17:16 August 1, 2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100980758666992, "source": "search", "title": "August 2, 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait | GulfNews.com" } ]

[ { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "It was not just her record 20?Wimbledon titles, six of them in the singles between 1966 and 1975, that King will be remembered for. She was the foremost pioneer of women's professional tennis in the 1960s and 1970s, bringing a new athleticism to the female game and campaigning for fair rewards in return. To which end she played in the infamous 'Battle of the Sexes' in Houston, Texas, in 1973, when, as the reigning Wimbledon champion, she lost in three straight sets to Bobby Riggs, the 1939 men's victor at the All England Club. Having won the doubles on her first visit to SW19 as a teenager in 1961, she was nearly 36 years old at the time of her last success at the Championships in 1979 – partnering Martina Navratilova, who would later equal King's number of Wimbledon crowns. A less-heralded achievement was becoming the first woman to win at Wimbledon wearing glasses.", "precise_score": 3.2270736694335938, "rough_score": 7.439033508300781, "source": "search", "title": "Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "There can be no disputing Martina Navratilova's supremacy at the All England Club. The joint-record holder with Billie Jean King of a total of 20 Wimbledon titles in singles, doubles and mixed doubles, she is unmatched in singles with nine victories. Having won the singles title in 1978 and 1979 and then another six victories in a row up to 1987 – when she defeated Germany's Steffi Graf to equal the American Helen Wills Moody's record of eight singles titles – she finally went past the record in 1990, in what was to be her final Wimbledon singles title, when she was almost 34 ??years old. Her longevity in doubles was even greater, spanning 17 years to 2003, when her victory in the mixed doubles made her, at 46 years 261 days, the oldest Wimbledon champion. It was possible only because she took physical fitness in tennis to new levels. And yet it could have been very different after her defection from Czechoslovakia to the US during the Cold War, as she initially showed such a passion for American junk food that she put on weight alarmingly. Turning that around proved to be the making of her.", "precise_score": 3.357114315032959, "rough_score": 6.099799156188965, "source": "search", "title": "Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "Talking about making history is now a good time to mention Roger Federer? He's aiming to become the first man to win eight Wimbledon singles titles. Martina Navratilova leads the pack with nine titles in the women's game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.119219779968262, "source": "search", "title": "Live Blog - The Championships, Wimbledon 2016 - Official ..." }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "Do you think Serena Williams was happily humming \"21 today, 21 today\" when she woke up this morning? The American world No.1 is chasing a 21st Grand Slam title on the Wimbledon grass in what will be her 25th Grand Slam final. If Serena wins today she will also lift the Venus Rosewater Dish for a sixth time - putting her third on the all-time list behind Steffi Graf and Martina Navratilova.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.654644727706909, "source": "search", "title": "Live Blog - The Championships, Wimbledon 2016 - Official ..." }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "The darling of the centre court, Chris Evert (or Chris Evert-Lloyd after her marriage to British player John Lloyd) was in many ways the polar opposite of her great rival Martina Navratilova . By 1988, Evert must have been sick and tired of Navratilova's reign at Wimbledon, losing five times in their singles clashes during the 1980s – including three finals and two semis. In any other era she would have added plenty of titles to her CV. Even when Evert did manage to get one over on Navratilova in the 1980 semi-final, she then proceeded to lose the final to Evonne Goolagong Cawley. How unfair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.6459896564483643, "source": "search", "title": "The A-Z of Wimbledon in the 1980s | Sport | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "Boris Becker's win in 1985 as a 17-year-old unseeded player was a breath of fresh air to the sport, and he proved it was no fluke, as he successfully defended his title. Peter Doohan would do for Becker in 1987, but German hopes were carried all the way to the women's final, where an 18-year-old Steffi Graf narrowly lost to Martina Navratilova.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8093061447143555, "source": "search", "title": "The A-Z of Wimbledon in the 1980s | Sport | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "For a period of domination in one event, look no further than Martina Navratilova at Wimbledon. A winner of six consecutive singles finals between 1982-87, twice runner-up, and two-time semi-finalist, the decade belonged to the left-hander from Czechoslovakia (who became a US citizen in 1981). She also found time to win five women's doubles titles with Pam Shriver, and a mixed doubles with Paul McNamee. I was much more of a Chris Evert fan, but with hindsight and a little more maturity, you can only admire and fully respect the relentless nature of Navratilova's desire for Wimbledon titles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.993906021118164, "source": "search", "title": "The A-Z of Wimbledon in the 1980s | Sport | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.253645896911621, "source": "search", "title": "Wimbledon - Tennis Topics - ESPN" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "Steffi Graf was to win a total of seven Wimbledon singles titles up to 1996, but none would surpass her first. In 1988 she dethroned Martina Navratilova at the All England Club on the way to collecting all four major championships in a calendar year. And she then added a victory at the Seoul Olympics to produce a unique Golden grand slam. An added bonus that year was her success in the Wimbledon doubles with Gabriela Sabatini, of Argentina, for her only major title in that version of the game. In 1989 the then German supremacy in tennis was underlined with Wimbledon wins for both Graf and Boris Becker. Graf went on to collect a remarkable 22 grand slam singles crowns before marrying Andre Agassi in a rare match-up of Wimbledon champions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.964988708496094, "source": "search", "title": "Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Martina Navratilova", "passage": "Martina Navratilova", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950247764587402, "source": "search", "title": "Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 - Telegraph" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Robert Nesta \"Bob\" Marley, OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican reggae singer, songwriter, musician, and guitarist who achieved international fame and acclaim. Starting out in 1963 with the group The Wailers, he forged a distinctive songwriting and vocal style that would later resonate with audiences worldwide. The Wailers would go on to release some of the earliest reggae records with producer Lee \"Scratch\" Perry. ", "precise_score": 3.4013915061950684, "rough_score": 1.4522936344146729, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "On 3 December 1976, two days before \"Smile Jamaica\", a free concert organised by the Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm. The attempt on his life was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, \"The people who are trying to make this world worse aren't taking a day off. How can I?\" The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding. ", "precise_score": 0.01008465513586998, "rough_score": 0.1290162056684494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "While Marley was flying home from Germany to Jamaica, his vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, he was taken to the hospital for immediate medical attention. Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981 at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami (now University of Miami Hospital) at the age of 36. The spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son Ziggy were \"Money can't buy life.\" ", "precise_score": 7.924026966094971, "rough_score": 7.1620707511901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer performed together as The Wailers throughout this period, coming into their own as a group just as reggae became the dominant sound in Jamaica. Thanks to the international reach of Island Records, the Wailers came to the world’s attention in the early 1970s via their albums Catch a Fire (1972) and Burnin’ (1973). Eric Clapton spread the group’s name even wider by recording a pop-friendly version of “I Shot The Sheriff” from the latter album. With the departure of Tosh and Wailer in 1974, Marley took center stage in the group, and by the late 70s he had turned out a string of albums— Exodus (1977), featuring “Jamming,” “Waiting In Vain” and “One Love/People Get Ready;” Kaya (1978), featuring “Is This Love” and “Sun Is Shining”; and Uprising (1980), featuring “Could You Be Loved” and “Redemption Song.”", "precise_score": -1.271886944770813, "rough_score": 2.4670474529266357, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies - May 11, 1981 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican history | Music | The Guardian", "precise_score": 3.4141783714294434, "rough_score": 0.0039014965295791626, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican history", "precise_score": 3.657355308532715, "rough_score": 3.5155208110809326, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley died from cancer in a Miami hospital on May 11, 1981. He helped popularize Jamaican music, from ska to reggae .", "precise_score": 5.8564863204956055, "rough_score": 6.072608470916748, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "JEFFREY BROWN: Welcome again to Art Beat. I’m Jeffrey Brown. Today marks the 30th anniversary of the death of music legend Bob Marley. The Jamaican reggae star died young in 1981. He was just 36. He died from cancer, and he left behind a legacy that reaches across musical genres, ages and around the world. Joining me today on the phone is David Burnett. He’s a photojournalist who was sent to Jamaica in 1976 by Time magazine to profile Marley and helped to introduce him to an American audience. A year later, Rolling Stones sent Burnett to cover Marley’s “Exodus” tour, covering everything from concerts to quiet down time. His portfolio, “Soul Rebel: An Intimate Portrait of Bob Marley,” is collected into a book and published in 2009. Welcome to you.", "precise_score": 5.2966413497924805, "rough_score": 4.358952522277832, "source": "search", "title": "30 Years After Bob Marley's Death | PBS NewsHour" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Cedella Booker, 81, the mother of Jamaican music legend Bob Marley who wrote two biographies of her famous son and recorded two albums, \"Awake Zion!\" and \"Smilin' Island of Song,\" died in her sleep April 8 at her Miami home, apparently of natural causes, a family spokesman said. Booker, a Jamaica native, was 18 when she married Norval Marley, a British man 32 years her senior. Their son brought Jamaican reggae music to global prominence, becoming its international image. Bob Marley died in Miami of a brain tumor in 1981 at age 36. Booker's survivors include several grandchildren, among them Ziggy Marley, who won four Grammys with the Melody Makers, a band that included his brother Stephen and sisters Sharon and Cedella.", "precise_score": 7.541079044342041, "rough_score": 7.970818042755127, "source": "search", "title": "Articles about Bob Marley by Date - Page 3 - latimes" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Though the Wailers were popular in Jamaica, it was not until the group signed with Chris Blackwell's Island Records in the early Seventies that they found an international audience. Their first recordings for Island, Catch a Fire (1973) and Burnin' (1973), were hard-hitting albums full of what critic Robert Christgau called Marley's \"melodic propaganda.\" The latter contained \"I Shot the Sheriff.\" Reggae aficionado Eric Clapton's version of the song went to #1 in 1974, which further carried the name of Marley and the Wailers beyond their Jamaican home base.", "precise_score": -1.6923969984054565, "rough_score": 1.3113408088684082, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "So influential a cultural icon had Marley become on his home island by the mid-Seventies that Time magazine proclaimed, \"He rivals the government as a political force.\" On December 5, 1976, Marley was scheduled to give a free \"Smile Jamaica\" concert, aimed at reducing tensions between warring political factions. Two days before the scheduled concert, he and his entourage were attacked by gunman. Though Bob and Rita Marley were grazed by bullets, they electrified a crowd of 80,000 people when both took to the stage with the Wailers on the 5th - a gesture of survival that only heightened Marley's legend. It further galvanized his political outlook, resulting in the most militant albums of his career: Exodus, Survival and Uprising.", "precise_score": 2.502027750015259, "rough_score": 6.043218612670898, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Given the violent culture that he survived and transcended, Marley's death seems almost cruelly flukish. In 1977, surgeons removed part of a toe that had been injured in a soccer game, upon which a cancerous growth was found. This led to the discovery of spreading cancer in 1980, after Marley collapsed while jogging in Central Park, that claimed his life less than a year later. Though he died prematurely at age 36, the heartbeat reggae rhythms of the enormous body of music that Bob Marley left behind have endured. Moreover, Jamaica itself has been transformed by his charismatic personality and musical output. Marley was buried on the island with full state honors on May 21, 1981. In a crowning irony, given the reviled status that Rastafarians and their music had once suffered at the hands of the Jamaican government, Marley's pacifist reggae anthem, \"One Love,\" was adapted as a theme song by the Jamaican Tourist Board. Meanwhile, Marley's music continues to find an audience. With sales of more than 10 million in the U.S. alone, Legend - a best-of spanning the Island Records years (1972-1981) - remains the best-selling album by a Jamaican artist and the best-selling reggae album in history.", "precise_score": 6.303700923919678, "rough_score": 4.974245071411133, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Reggae's most transcendent and iconic figure, Bob Marley was the first Jamaican artist to achieve international superstardom, in the process introducing the music of his native island nation to the far-flung corners of the globe. Marley's music gave voice to the day-to-day struggles of the Jamaican experience, vividly capturing not only the plight of the country's impoverished and oppressed but also the devout spirituality that remains their source of strength. His songs of faith, devotion, and revolution created a legacy that continues to live on not only through the music of his extended family but also through generations of artists the world over touched by his genius.", "precise_score": -0.18341383337974548, "rough_score": 1.0809805393218994, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "As great as Marley's fame had grown outside of Jamaica, at home he was viewed as a figure of almost mystical proportions, a poet and prophet whose every word had the nation's collective ear. His power was perceived as a threat in some quarters, and on December 3, 1976, he was wounded in an assassination attempt; the ordeal forced Marley to leave Jamaica for over a year. 1977's Exodus was his biggest record to date, generating the hits \"Jamming,\" \"Waiting in Vain,\" and \"One Love/People Get Ready\"; Kaya was another smash, highlighted by the gorgeous \"Is This Love\" and \"Satisfy My Soul.\" Another classic live date, Babylon by Bus, preceded the release of 1979's Survival. 1980 loomed as Marley's biggest year yet, kicked off by a concert in the newly liberated Zimbabwe; a tour of the U.S. was announced, but while jogging in New York's Central Park he collapsed, and it was discovered he suffered from cancer that had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Uprising was the final album released in Marley's lifetime -- he died May 11, 1981, at age 36.", "precise_score": 2.6772546768188477, "rough_score": 3.690626859664917, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Reggae's most transcendent and iconic figure, Bob Marley was the first Jamaican artist to achieve international superstardom, in the process introducing the music of his native island nation to the far-flung corners of the globe.", "precise_score": 0.4311414659023285, "rough_score": 1.838758111000061, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "As great as Marley's fame had grown outside of Jamaica, at home he was viewed as a figure of almost mystical proportions, a poet and prophet whose every word had the nation's collective ear. His power was perceived as a threat in some quarters, and on December 3, 1976, he was wounded in an assassination attempt; the ordeal forced Marley to leave Jamaica for over a year. 1977's Exodus was his biggest record to date, generating the hits \"Jamming,\" \"Waiting in Vain,\" and \"One Love/People Get Ready\"; Kaya was another smash, highlighted by the gorgeous \"Is This Love\" and \"Satisfy My Soul.\" Another classic live date, Babylon by Bus, preceded the release of 1979's Survival. 1980 loomed as Marley's biggest year yet, kicked off by a concert in the newly liberated Zimbabwe; a tour of the U.S. was announced, but while jogging in New York's Central Park he collapsed, and it was discovered he suffered from cancer that had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Uprising was the final album released in Marley's lifetime -- he died May 11, 1981, at age 36.", "precise_score": 2.6772546768188477, "rough_score": 3.690626859664917, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma in 1977, Marley died on 11 May 1981 in Miami at the age of 36. He was a committed Rastafari who infused his music with a sense of spirituality. He is considered one of the most influential musicians of all time and credited with popularizing reggae music around the world, as well as serving as a symbol of Jamaican culture and identity. Marley has also evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of mediums.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.23667997121810913, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Robert Nesta Marley was born on the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley (1885–1955) and Cedella Booker (1926–2008). Norval Marley was a white Jamaican originally from Sussex, England, whose family claimed Syrian Jewish origins. Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines; at the time of his marriage to Cedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Though Bob Marley was named Nesta Robert Marley, a Jamaican passport official would later reverse his first and middle names. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away. Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at the age of 70. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6971518993377686, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley and Neville Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer) had been childhood friends in Nine Mile. They had started to play music together while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School. Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Kingston. Cedella Booker and Thadeus Livingston (Bunny Wailer's father) had a daughter together whom they named Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. Now that Marley and Livingston were living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the latest R&B from American radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica, and the new Ska music. The move to Trenchtown was proving to be fortuitous, and Marley soon found himself in a vocal group with Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Beverley Kelso and Junior Braithwaite. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, resided on 3rd St., and his singing partner Roy Wilson had been raised by the grandmother of Junior Braithwaite. Higgs and Wilson would rehearse at the back of the houses between 2nd and 3rd Streets, and it wasn't long before Marley (now residing on 2nd St), Junior Braithwaite and the others were congregating around this successful duo. Marley and the others didn't play any instruments at this time, and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs was glad to help them develop their vocal harmonies, although more importantly, he had started to teach Marley how to play guitar—thereby creating the bedrock that would later allow Marley to construct some of the biggest-selling reggae songs in the history of the genre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.846460819244385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called The Teenagers. They later changed the name to The Wailing Rudeboys, then to The Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to The Wailers. Their single \"Simmer Down\" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican #1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies. The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger \"It Hurts To Be Alone\"), the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.71445369720459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Though raised as a Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.Moskowitz, David Vlado (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, p. 16. ISBN 0-275-98935-6, ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks. The Rastafari proscription against cutting hair is based on the biblical Samson, who as a Nazirite, was expected to make certain religious vows, including the ritual treatment of his hair as described in Chapter Six of the Book of Numbers:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.467662811279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise The Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs \"should never be released on an album ... they were just demos for record companies to listen to\". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for Kai Winding's \"Time Is on My Side\" (covered by the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix. A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the American charts. According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on \"Stay With Me\" and \"the slow love song style of 1960's artists\" on \"Splish for My Splash\". An artist yet to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.923283100128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with American soul singer Johnny Nash. While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 to record an album. Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognized the elements needed to snare the rock audience: \"I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image.\" The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston which resulted in the album Catch a Fire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2122318744659424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Primarily recorded on an eight-track Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create \"more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm\", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7023286819458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it didn't make Marley a star, but received a positive critical reception. It was followed later that year by the album Burnin' which included the song \"I Shot the Sheriff\". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it. Clapton was suitably impressed and chose to record a cover version of \"I Shot the Sheriff\" which became his first US hit since \"Layla\" two years earlier and reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974. Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound on Catch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.350861549377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as \"Bob Marley & The Wailers\". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl \"Wya\" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin \"Seeco\" Patterson on percussion. The \"I Threes\", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, \"No Woman, No Cry\", from the Natty Dread album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0974626541137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long \"recovery and writing\" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.653507947921753, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for fifty-six consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: \"Exodus\", \"Waiting in Vain\", \"Jamming\", and \"One Love\" (a rendition of Curtis Mayfield's hit, \"People Get Ready\"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis. In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party), joined each other on stage and shook hands. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.257073402404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions; it includes \"Redemption Song\" and \"Forever Loving Jah\". Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit \"Buffalo Soldier\" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.2572861909866333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Shortly afterwards, Marley's health deteriorated as the cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was cancelled and Marley sought treatment at the Bavarian clinic of Josef Issels, where he received a controversial type of cancer therapy (Issels treatment) partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After fighting the cancer without success for eight months Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4055562019348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley received a state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his red Gibson Les Paul (some accounts say it was a Fender Stratocaster). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0098538398742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "On 21 May 1981, Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, declaring:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.89762282371521, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley was a member for some years of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. Bob Marley became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. He once gave the following response, which was typical, to a question put to him during a recorded interview:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.377878189086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley married Alpharita Constantia \"Rita\" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. Marley had a number of children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The Bob Marley official website acknowledges eleven children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7123565673828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Aside from music, football played a major role throughout his life. As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, growing up he followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star player Pelé. Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s made the Jamaican international footballer Allan “Skill” Cole his tour manager. He told a journalist, “If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.464011192321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "* February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honour, the Jamaican Order of Merit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73766803741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James' novel A Brief History of Seven Killings, a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.886486053466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bob Marley" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Nesta Robert Marley was born on February 6, 1945, in rural St. Ann Parish, Jamaica, the son of a middle-aged white Jamaican Marine officer and an 18-year-old black Jamaican girl. At the age of nine, Marley moved to Trench Town, a tough West Kingston ghetto where he would meet and befriend Neville “Bunny” Livingston (later Bunny Wailer) and Peter McIntosh (later Peter Tosh) and drop out of school at age 14 to make music. Jamaica at the time was entering a period of incredible musical creativity. As transistor radios became available on an island then served only by a staid, BBC-style national radio station, the music of America suddenly became accessible via stateside radio stations. From a mix of New Orleans-style rhythm and blues and indigenous, African-influenced musical traditions arose first ska, then rock steady—precursor styles to reggae, which did not take shape as a recognizable style of its own until the late 1960s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.493480682373047, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies - May 11, 1981 - HISTORY.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley, internationally acclaimed Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter, infused his music with Rastafarian teachings and poitical messages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.346618175506592, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley and the group which he led - the Wailers - were acclaimed for their fiery brand of reggae, a heavily political and religious blend of rock and pop music that originate in Jamaica. The music espouses the teachings of Rastafarianism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.57238483428955, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley recorded with the Wailing Wailers in the 1960s. Their single \"Simmer Down\" became a Jamaican  #1 in 1964.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.624656677246094, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The politcal nature of Bob Marley's career and music had made him a target. In 1976, two days before \"Smile Jamaica\" concert, he and his family were assaulted but he played regardless.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.251389503479004, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The statue of Bob Marley stands in Kingston, Jamaica to honor his memory. It stand next to the National Staduim on Arthur Wint Drive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.117546081542969, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley was born in Jamaica in 1945, the son of an English army captain and a Jamaican woman. He made his first record, a single, “One Cup of Coffee,” in 1962, after Jimmy Cliff introduced him to a local promoter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.074695587158203, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The Wailers were formed two years later. Their first record, “Simmer Down,” written by Marley, was a hit in Jamaica.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.271915435791016, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley dies from cancer in 1981 - NY Daily News" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Richard Williams was at Bob Marley's funeral 30 years ago in Jamaica. He recalls an extraordinary carnival of music, prayer and full Rasta pageantry", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3847198486328125, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "On the night of his death, on 11 May, I had gone to the Island Records studios in an old church in Notting Hill, west London, where Aswad had been cutting tracks in the very basement studio where Bob had completed Catch A Fire, his breakthrough album, nine years earlier. But it was long after midnight, and the musicians had gone home after watching the tributes to the dead man hurriedly assembled by the British TV networks. The only people left were a caretaker and one of Aswad's roadcrew, both Jamaicans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7309155464172363, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "In Jamaica , everyone claimed to be Bob's friend. \"Sure I knew him,\" the cab driver who picked me up at Norman Manley Airport said. \"He smoked the herb of life.\" And he passed his spliff over his shoulder to his friend in the back seat, a uniformed policeman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.525836944580078, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The casket was carried into the hall on the shoulders of a score of white-jacketed guards of the Jamaica Defence Force. Inside and out in the street, a powerful public address system blasted out Bob's records, while in the surrounding avenues the hawkers of badges, posters, soft drinks and ganja worked the large numbers of people who had arrived without invitations and were prepared, if they could not get in, to listen to the ceremony as it was relayed by the loudspeakers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971941947937012, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "\"Babylon system is a vampire,\" Bob's voice wailed as the coffin was deposited on a trestle table in the middle of the broad stage and covered with two flags, the green, gold and black of Jamaica and the red, green and gold of Ethiopia. The decorations were the work of Neville Garrick, the creator of all the Wailers' album cover art from 1976's Rastaman Vibration to 1980's Uprising. The balconies were open to the public, and filled up quickly, but on the floor the rows of chairs were marked with signs: Family, Government, Press, Twelve Tribes of Israel, Musicians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.414963722229004, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The Rastafarians, in particular, still saw Manley as a friend of the oppressed, and there was an obvious contrast with the polite but tepid response accorded to Seaga, who hurried to his seat surrounded by uniformed guards. The governor-general of Jamaica, Sir Florizel Glasspole , ON, GCMG, CD, the Queen of England's official representative, arrived from his residence, the palatial Devon House, to provide an appropriate symbol of the island's colonial history, a living reminder that the ancestors of most of those present had been brought from Africa four centuries earlier to form the world's only entirely slave-based economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841291427612305, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Then, to the delight of the Rastas in the balcony, it was the turn of the dreadlocked Allan \"Skill\" Cole, Jamaica's finest footballer and one of the dead man's closest friends. Cole was wearing the raiment of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, a popular sub-sect of Rastafari founded in Jamaica in the late 1960s and with whom Marley had long been associated; his inclusion in the proceedings had been tolerated by the Ethiopian elders, to whom the Rasta doctrines represented a form of heresy, only under protest. He had been scheduled to read from Psalm 68, which bears the subtitle \"To the chief musician, a psalm or song of David\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.731281280517578, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The archbishop, clearly annoyed, recovered his composure in time to read the Beatitudes – \"Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven\" – and to lead the Lord's Prayer before Seaga delivered a eulogy memorable only for its closing benediction: \"May his soul,\" intoned the man in the dark business suit, \"rest in the arms of Jah Rastafari.\" Even the Twelve Tribes could scarce forbear to cheer this explicit recognition of their usually ignored presence within Jamaican society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37322998046875, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The archbishop's address contained an implicit rebuke of Skill Cole in a direct address to the Rastas in the hall. Why advocate repatriation to Africa, he demanded, when it would profit them more to work together for a better life in Jamaica? \"Jah!\" they shouted in defiance as he spoke. \"Rastafari!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46287727355957, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "As the cortege left Kingston, it passed by the house at 56 Hope Road whose walls still bore the scars from the bullets that narrowly failed to kill Marley in a politically motivated attack in 1976. On South Camp Road, outside the Alpha Boys School, where many of Jamaica's finest musicians had been taught to play by an inspiring teacher named Ruben Delgado, pupils sang \"No Woman, No Cry\" as the procession headed towards Marcus Garvey Drive and out of the city on the road towards Spanish Town .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.523436546325684, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican ..." }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "He was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in February of 1981. He went to Germany to see a cancer specialist, and on his way to Jamaica, he stopped in Miami to receive emergency medical care. He died at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital on May 11, 1981, at the age of 36.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.599309921264648, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley has been called a visionary, a Third World superstar, and a revolutionary artist. He was all this and more, and brought Jamaican music to the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.268294334411621, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Jamaican Music", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445385932922363, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Ska is a type of music which originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s. It combines Jamaican folk music, calypso, American jazz, and rhythm and blues. It has a walking bass line with rhythms on the upbeat, rather than the downbeat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118794441223145, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "He was born Nesta Robert Marley on February 6th, 1945, in a small village in Jamaica. When he started going to school, he also began reading palms and telling the villagers their future. His father took him to live in Kingston, and a year later, his mother brought him back home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.862035751342773, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "In the next few years, there were more members added to the band, and soon the name was changed to The Wailing Rudeboys,\" then to \"The Wailing Wailers,\" and finally, \"The Wailers.” Their first single, “Simmer Down” rose to number one on Jamaica’s JBC Radio chart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370940208435059, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "In 1967 The Wailers recorded over 80 songs, and in 1971, they released “Soul Rebels” that was their first song to be released outside of Jamaica. The Wailers’ first album, “Catch a Fire” was released in 1973, as was their next album, “Burnin,’” which included the song “Get Up, Stand Up.” In 1974, The Wailers disbanded and Bob found other musicians to continue. He saw more hits in 1975, and in 1976, he relocated his family to England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.429876327514648, "source": "search", "title": "How Did Bob Marley Die? - Biography - YourDictionary" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "DAVID BURNETT: I have a 25-year-old daughter, and of course she’s always giving me that, Oh dad, how can you not know something? But in fact in 1976 the whole world of reggae was pretty unknown to a North American audience. You had to have either spent time in London or in Jamaica to understand what reggae was about. And it’s true, I spent the first few days — we were in Ocho Rios with some people from the music business and a couple of other bands, and the interesting thing was all along the way everybody that we ran into would say, Well, when are you going to see Bob? As if that was the one thing that you had to do on a trip like this.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.86539077758789, "source": "search", "title": "30 Years After Bob Marley's Death | PBS NewsHour" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "JEFFREY BROWN: This, as you say, came from a very distinctive scene and situation in Jamaica. As you said, you met other musicians along the way, but tell us about the time and place, where he was living and kind of creating this music?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314988136291504, "source": "search", "title": "30 Years After Bob Marley's Death | PBS NewsHour" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "DAVID BURNETT: His compound was, as I recall, it was some kind of post-colonial housing, some nice, big, airy rooms with windows and a lot of breezes and fans and very simple, though. Unadorned. It was not so much a showplace or a showcase as it was just a very comfy place to be. I think that to me really kind of reflected what he was about. He was somebody who had very strong opinions, but he was pretty cool about them. I never saw him get angry or anything. It was just a very cool discussion, and we went through politics and talking about the injustice of what was going on then in Jamaican politics and how music related to that. A couple of years ago I actually got back in touch with Dave DeVoss, the writer, and I said, You don’t by any chance happen to have that audio cassette from our interview with Bob Marley, do you? And he just kind of laughed and he said, You know, I probably did another 20 or 30 interviews. And those days that’s what everybody did. You had your one cassette. Nobody archived their cassettes. And I just feel bad, because I know that to be able to just sort of sit down and play that couple of hours back would be wonderful, and it would be a whole other side of Bob that people I’m sure would have enjoyed hearing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.69703483581543, "source": "search", "title": "30 Years After Bob Marley's Death | PBS NewsHour" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "THE international audience at Jamaica's annual Reggae Sumfest -- the weeklong summer festival considered the creme de la creme of reggae shows -- is a handy public opinion poll. The popularity of an artist is commensurate with the number of lighters raised during his or her performance. And at this year's show, one artist sparked fire like no other. Granted, that artist had the benefit of a noteworthy name: Damian Robert Nesta Marley, the youngest of Bob's sons. (He's even known as \"Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.460383415222168, "source": "search", "title": "Articles about Bob Marley by Date - Page 3 - latimes" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Bob Marley was reggae's foremost practitioner and emissary, embodying its spirit and spreading its gospel to all corners of the globe. His extraordinary body of work embraces the stylistic spectrum of modern Jamaican music - from ska to rock steady to reggae - while carrying the music to another level as a social force with universal appeal. Few others changed the musical and cultural landscape as profoundly as he. As Robert Palmer wrote in a tribute to Marley upon his induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, \"No one in rock and roll has left a musical legacy that matters more or one that matters in such fundamental ways.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1955366134643555, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "There's no question that reggae is legitimately part of the larger culture of rock and roll, partaking of its full heritage of social forces and stylistic influences. In Marley's own words, \"Reggae music, soul music, rock music - every song is a sign.\" Marley's own particular symbolism derived from his beliefs as a Rastafarian - a sect that revered Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (a.k.a. Ras Tafari) as a living god who would lead oppressed blacks back to an African homeland - and his firsthand knowledge of the deprivations of the Jamaican ghettos. His lyrics mixed religious mysticism with calls for political uprising, and Marley delivered them in a passionate, declamatory voice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.606773376464844, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Reggae's loping, hypnotic rhythms carried an unmistakable signature that rose to the fore of the music scene in the Seventies, largely through the recorded work of Marley and the Wailers on the Island and Tuff Gong labels. Such albums as Natty Dread and Rastaman Vibration endure as reggae milestones that gave a voice to the poor and disfranchised citizens of Jamaica and, by extension, the world. In so doing, he also instilled them with pride and dignity in their heritage, however sorrowful the realities of their daily existence. Moreover, Marley's reggae anthems provided rhythmic uplift that induced what Marley called \"positive vibrations\" in all who heard it. Regardless of how you heard it - political music suitable for dancing, or dance music with a potent political subtext – Marley's music was a powerful potion for troubled times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.165318965911865, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley was born on Jamaica to a young black mother and an older white father. A precocious musician, a teenaged Marley formed a vocal trio in 1963 with friends Neville \"Bunny\" O'Riley Livingston (later Bunny Wailer) and Peter McIntosh (later Peter Tosh). The group members had grown up in Trench Town, a ghetto neighborhood of Kingston, listening to rhythm and blues on American radio stations. They heard such R&B mainstays as Ray Charles, the Drifters, Fats Domino and Curtis Mayfield. They took the name the Wailing Wailers (shortened to the Wailers) because they were ghetto sufferers who'd been born \"wailing.\" As practicing Rastas, they grew their hair in dreadlocks and smoked ganja (marijuana), believing it to be a sacred herb that brought enlightenment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.542360305786133, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "The Wailers recorded prolifically for small Jamaican labels throughout the Sixties, during which time ska – Jamaican dance music that drew from African rhythms and New Orleans R&B – was the hot sound. The Wailers had their first hit in 1963 with \"Simmer Down,\" and they went on to record 30 sides in the \"rude boy\" ska style for Jamaican soundman Coxsone Dodd's Studio One. By this time, Marley's preoccupations were taking a spiritual turn, and Jamaican music itself was changing from the bouncy ska beat to the more sensual rhythms of rock steady. An association with Jamaican producer Lee Perry resulted in some of the Wailers' memorable recordings, including \"Soul Rebel\" and \"Duppy Conqueror,\" and the albums Soul Rebel and Soul Revolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.769447326660156, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "He was particularly moved throughout his career by the gulf between haves and have-nots, a culture of oppression that was particularly glaring in his poverty- and crime-ridden Jamaican homeland. \"We should all come together and creative music and love, but [there] is too much poverty,\" Marley told writer Timothy White in 1976. \"The most intelligent people [are] the poorest people...[but] people don't get no time to feel and spend [their] intelligence...The intelligent and innocent are poor, are crumbled and get brutalized. Daily.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.461254119873047, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | rhino.com" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Robert Nesta Marley was born February 6, 1945, in rural St. Ann's Parish, Jamaica; the son of a middle-aged white father and teenaged black mother, he left home at 14 to pursue a music career in Kingston, becoming a pupil of local singer and devout Rastafarian Joe Higgs. He cut his first single, \"Judge Not,\" in 1962 for Leslie Kong, severing ties with the famed producer soon after over a monetary dispute. In 1963 Marley teamed with fellow singers Peter Tosh, Bunny Livingston, Junior Braithwaite, Beverly Kelso, and Cherry Smith to form the vocal group the Teenagers; later rechristened the Wailing Rudeboys and later simply the Wailers, they signed on with producer Coxsone Dodd's legendary Studio One and recorded their debut, \"I'm Still Waiting.\" When Braithwaite and Smith exited the Wailers, Marley assumed lead vocal duties, and in early 1964 the group's follow-up, \"Simmer Down,\" topped the Jamaican charts. A series of singles including \"Let Him Go (Rude Boy Get Gail),\" \"Dancing Shoes,\" \"Jerk in Time,\" \"Who Feels It Knows It,\" and \"What Am I to Do\" followed, and in all, the Wailers recorded some 70 tracks for Dodd before disbanding in 1966. On February 10 of that year, Marley married Rita Anderson, a singer in the group the Soulettes; she later enjoyed success as a member of the vocal trio the I-Threes. Marley then spent the better part of the year working in a factory in Newark, DE, the home of his mother since 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.11382532119751, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Upon returning to Jamaica that October, Marley re-formed the Wailers with Livingston and Tosh, releasing \"Bend Down Low\" on their own short-lived Wail 'N' Soul 'M label; at this time all three members began devoting themselves to the teachings of the Rastafari faith, a cornerstone of Marley's life and music until his death. Beginning in 1968, the Wailers recorded a wealth of new material for producer Danny Sims before teaming the following year with producer Lee \"Scratch\" Perry; backed by Perry's house band, the Upsetters, the trio cut a number of classics, including \"My Cup,\" \"Duppy Conqueror,\" \"Soul Almighty,\" and \"Small Axe,\" which fused powerful vocals, ingenious rhythms, and visionary production to lay the groundwork for much of the Jamaican music in their wake. Upsetters bassist Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett and his drummer brother Carlton soon joined the Wailers full-time, and in 1971 the group founded another independent label, Tuff Gong, releasing a handful of singles before signing to Chris Blackwell's Island Records a year later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.949380397796631, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "1973's Catch a Fire, the Wailers' Island debut, was the first of their albums released outside of Jamaica, and immediately earned worldwide acclaim; the follow-up, Burnin', launched the track \"I Shot the Sheriff,\" a Top Ten hit for Eric Clapton in 1974. With the Wailers poised for stardom, however, both Livingston and Tosh quit the group to pursue solo careers; Marley then brought in the I-Threes, which in addition to Rita Marley consisted of singers Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt. The new lineup proceeded to tour the world prior to releasing their 1975 breakthrough album Natty Dread, scoring their first U.K. Top 40 hit with the classic \"No Woman, No Cry.\" Sellout shows at the London Lyceum, where Marley played to racially mixed crowds, yielded the superb Live! later that year, and with the success of 1976's Rastaman Vibration, which hit the Top Ten in the U.S., it became increasingly clear that his music had carved its own niche within the pop mainstream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2849924564361572, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley | New Music And Songs | MTV" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Marley's music gave voice to the day-to-day struggles of the Jamaican experience, vividly capturing not only the plight of the country's impoverished and oppressed but also the devout spirituality that remains their source of strength. His songs of faith, devotion, and revolution created a legacy that continues to live on not only through the music of his extended family but also through generations of artists the world over touched by his genius.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61944580078125, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Robert Nesta Marley was born February 6, 1945, in rural St. Ann's Parish, Jamaica; the son of a middle-aged white father and teenaged black mother, he left home at 14 to pursue a music career in Kingston, becoming a pupil of local singer and devout Rastafarian Joe Higgs . He cut his first single, \"Judge Not,\" in 1962 for Leslie Kong, severing ties with the famed producer soon after over a monetary dispute. In 1963 Marley teamed with fellow singers Peter Tosh , Bunny Livingston, Junior Braithwaite, Beverly Kelso, and Cherry Smith to form the vocal group the Teenagers; later rechristened the Wailing Rudeboys and later simply the Wailers , they signed on with producer Coxsone Dodd's legendary Studio One and recorded their debut, \"I'm Still Waiting.\" When Braithwaite and Smith exited the Wailers , Marley assumed lead vocal duties, and in early 1964 the group's follow-up, \"Simmer Down,\" topped the Jamaican charts. A series of singles including \"Let Him Go (Rude Boy Get Gail),\" \"Dancing Shoes,\" \"Jerk in Time,\" \"Who Feels It Knows It,\" and \"What Am I to Do\" followed, and in all, the Wailers recorded some 70 tracks for Dodd before disbanding in 1966. On February 10 of that year, Marley married Rita Anderson , a singer in the group the Soulettes; she later enjoyed success as a member of the vocal trio the I-Threes. Marley then spent the better part of the year working in a factory in Newark, DE, the home of his mother since 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.11382532119751, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "Upon returning to Jamaica that October, Marley re-formed the Wailers with Livingston and Tosh , releasing \"Bend Down Low\" on their own short-lived Wail 'N' Soul 'M label; at this time all three members began devoting themselves to the teachings of the Rastafari faith, a cornerstone of Marley's life and music until his death. Beginning in 1968, the Wailers recorded a wealth of new material for producer Danny Sims before teaming the following year with producer Lee \"Scratch\" Perry ; backed by Perry 's house band, the Upsetters , the trio cut a number of classics, including \"My Cup,\" \"Duppy Conqueror,\" \"Soul Almighty,\" and \"Small Axe,\" which fused powerful vocals, ingenious rhythms, and visionary production to lay the groundwork for much of the Jamaican music in their wake. Upsetters bassist Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett and his drummer brother Carlton soon joined the Wailers full-time, and in 1971 the group founded another independent label, Tuff Gong , releasing a handful of singles before signing to Chris Blackwell's Island Records a year later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.949380397796631, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify" }, { "answer": "Jamaica", "passage": "1973's Catch a Fire, the Wailers ' Island debut, was the first of their albums released outside of Jamaica, and immediately earned worldwide acclaim; the follow-up, Burnin', launched the track \"I Shot the Sheriff,\" a Top Ten hit for Eric Clapton in 1974. With the Wailers poised for stardom, however, both Livingston and Tosh quit the group to pursue solo careers; Marley then brought in the I-Threes, which in addition to Rita Marley consisted of singers Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt . The new lineup proceeded to tour the world prior to releasing their 1975 breakthrough album Natty Dread, scoring their first U.K. Top 40 hit with the classic \"No Woman, No Cry.\" Sellout shows at the London Lyceum, where Marley played to racially mixed crowds, yielded the superb Live! later that year, and with the success of 1976's Rastaman Vibration, which hit the Top Ten in the U.S., it became increasingly clear that his music had carved its own niche within the pop mainstream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2849924564361572, "source": "search", "title": "Bob Marley & The Wailers — Listen for free on Spotify" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The Elephant Man is a 1980 American film about Joseph Merrick (whom the script calls John Merrick), a severely deformed man in 19th century London. The film was directed by David Lynch and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. It was produced by Jonathan Sanger.", "precise_score": 8.328432083129883, "rough_score": 8.783246994018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The Elephant Man was nominated for eight Academy Awards, tying with Raging Bull at the 53rd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Actor in a Leading Role (John Hurt), Art Direction-Set Decoration (Stuart Craig, Robert Cartwright, Hugh Scaife), Costume Design, Director, Film Editing, Music: Original Score, and Writing: Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. However, the film did not win any.", "precise_score": 7.029242515563965, "rough_score": 8.21711254119873, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The Elephant Man (1980), was directed by David Lynch and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. Certificate PG, running time: 124 minutes.", "precise_score": 7.5876007080078125, "rough_score": 8.450214385986328, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man, review - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The Elephant Man was nominated for eight Oscars (it failed to win a single one) including best actor for John Hurt, who played the cruelly misformed John Merrick. Hurt lost out to Robert De Niro for Raging Bull.", "precise_score": 8.009943008422852, "rough_score": 8.057902336120605, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man, review - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "John Hurt , the actor who portrays the Joseph Merrick, the Elephant Man, played the role without pay. Upon being interviewed for the part, informed of the story, he told the producers, \"Don't tell my agent, but I will do this role for nothing.\"", "precise_score": 8.998241424560547, "rough_score": 9.034552574157715, "source": "search", "title": "Behind The Scenes of The Elephant Man Movie. - Fast Rewind" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "* John Hurt as John Merrick - (Actually named Joseph Merrick) An intelligent, friendly and kind-hearted man who is feared by most people in his society because of his severe deformity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.422268867492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "For his second feature and first studio film albeit independently financed, David Lynch furnished the musical direction and sound design. Lynch tried to design the make-up himself too, but the design didn't work. Lynch referred to that episode as one of the 'darkest moments of my life\". The makeup, now supervised by Christopher Tucker, was directly designed from casts of Merrick’s body, which had been kept in the Royal London Hospital’s private museum. The makeup took seven to eight hours to apply each day and two hours to delicately remove. John Hurt would arrive on set at 5am and shoot his scenes from noon until 10pm. When Hurt was having his first experiences with the inconveniences of applying make-up and having to perform with it, he called his wife saying \"I think they finally managed to make me hate acting.\" Because of the strain on the actor, he worked alternate days. Lynch originally wanted Jack Nance for the title character. \"But it just wasn't in the cards,\" Lynch says; the role went to John Hurt after Brooks, Lynch and Sanger saw his performance in \"The Naked Civil Servant\" as Quentin Crisp.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.005590438842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The Elephant Man was met with critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 90% rating, based on 41 reviews, with an average score of 8.4/10. The site's consensus reads, \"David Lynch's relatively straight second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassion and restraint in treating its subject, and features outstanding performances by John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 7.312187671661377, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Vincent Canby wrote: “Mr. Hurt is truly remarkable. It can’t be easy to act under such a heavy mask... the physical production is beautiful, especially Freddie Francis’s black-and-white photography.” Roger Ebert gave 2/4 stars, writing: “I kept asking myself what the film was really trying to say about the human condition as reflected by John Merrick, and I kept drawing blanks.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.79139232635498, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "It did win the BAFTA Award for Best Film, as well as other BAFTA Awards for Best Actor (John Hurt) and Best Production Design, and was nominated for four others: Direction, Screenplay, Cinematography and Editing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.693113327026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "There have been many releases of the film on both VHS and DVD. The version released as part of the David Lynch Lime Green Box includes several interviews with John Hurt and David Lynch and a Joseph Merrick documentary. This material is also available on the exclusive treatment on the European market as part of Optimum Releasing’s StudioCanal Collection. The film has only been released on Blu-ray Disc in the UK, however this disc will play in both Region A and B players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634942054748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The Jam's former bassist Bruce Foxton was inspired strongly by the film, and in response wrote the song \"Freak\" with the single's cover even making a reference to the film. Produced by the multiple-award winning Steve Lillywhite., and released as a single it became his biggest hit to date, and remains his only Top 40 hit. Actor Bradley Cooper credits watching the movie with his father as a child as his inspiration to become an actor. Cooper played the character on Broadway in 2013. British TV presenter and frequent Ricky Gervais collaborator, Karl Pilkington has often cited it as his favourite film. Pilkington's love for the film brought many new features to his various podcasts and radio shows, made with Gervais and Stephen Merchant. Rock band The Mars Volta pays homage to The Elephant Man by having singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala dressed as John Hurts version of the Elephant Man in mask and hat in the video for their song \"Goliath.\" 1990s animated TV show The Critic also references the scene in Lynch's movie where the Elephant Man is shown to the room of surgeons by having film critic Jay Sherman being displayed as an obese youth being exhibited. In the La Jay episode of The Critic, the Elephant Man is seen driving a sports car with two women mocking Jay Sherman as \"a freak.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3024715185165405, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Elephant Man (film)" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "David Lynch is a remarkable director and The Elephant Man is a remarkable film. Inspired by a true story in the streets of London during the Victorian Age, the film is based entirely around the life of John Merrick (John Hurt), an individual dubbed by his `owner' Bytes (Freddie Jones) and others as 'The Elephant Man' because of his hideous deformities. With this film, Lynch grasps his audience and stretches them to a new parallel of an emotionally capturing film. And what makes this so daunting and so intriguing is the fact that 'The Elephant Man' is a true story, no part of it is fictional. Anthony Hopkins plays Dr. Frederick Treves, the man who somewhat saves John from those who persecute him for being a freak, being a `monster.' A story of human triumph could never be so remarkable as that of The Elephant Man. Lynch takes The Elephant Man to a new level of technical aspiration with a dark, dank setting shot completely in black and white. This film is amazing and would undoubtedly be just okay any other way. The black and white adds to the story in a way that touches the audience much deeper and much more personal. Not to mention stunning performances and dialogue by all cast, `David Lynch's portrait of John 'The Elephant Man' Merrick stands as one of the best biographies on film.' Literary critic Leslie Fiedler maintains that freaks stir `both supernatural terror and natural sympathies' because they `challenge conventional boundaries between male and female, sexed and sexless, animal and human, large and small, self and other.' In this very interesting and moving film, we are challenged to clarify our values in regard to `very special people.' However, in one powerful scene of tension and curiosity, John Merrick screams out, `I am not an animal! I am a human being! I.am.a man!' This particular sequence, I believe, is incredible and it ties in with the whole focus of the film itself, human dignity and emotion. David Lynch is known for some pretty twisted films, and yet, The Elephant Man is not that twisted at all. Even though his audience views John Merrick as not the average person because of his medical condition, the story is cherished because of how it is put onto the big screen. Compared to his other films such as Blue Velvet and Eraserhead, The Elephant Man is more surreal in terms of what Lynch was going for. Lynch does a magnificent job in portraying his version of The Elephant Man, and many people along with critics alike agree. I can easily rate The Elephant Man with four stars because David Lynch deserves no less. The Elephant Man is a classic, a striking and devastating film depicting the account of John Merrick's search for a dignified and normal life. I would definitely recommend this film to those in search of a wonderful story about one man's conquest to a regular life. Dr. Treves' account with John not only presents him with respect and normalcy, but also takes him as far as an uplifting scene where upon John states `my life is full because I know I am loved.' With such an inspirational and true story, David Lynch puts on a film that should be loved by many, if not all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.818632125854492, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man (1980) - IMDb" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "John Hurt gives a memorable performance as John Merrick, the Victorian man who was put in a freak show and called The Elephant Man", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.091622352600098, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man, review - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Hurt is brilliant as Merrick, projecting in his anguished eyes and mournful body language a humanity past the makeup that embodies so convincingly the pain of Merrick, the original \"elephant man,\" whose rare disease was exploited by the people running a Victorian freak show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.856079578399658, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man, review - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Director David Lynch later said: \"I cannot say enough good things about John Hurt. What he did is just glorious. His character is so fantastic. It’s a human-being thing; your heart just goes out to him for what he went through.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.447478294372559, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man, review - Telegraph" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Take away all the famous names in this work and you'd still be left with the story of a very human soul tormentingly imprisoned in a lump of his own hideous flesh. The big names then do the story well: Lynch controls his usual antics to deliver understatement (a shock in itself), Hopkins as the well meaning doctor who actually uses the animal just like everyone until he realizes his mistake, Bancroft is no embarassment, Gielgud and Hiller are the rocks the story rests on ... but Hurt, as the man himself, is exemplary. Well, Hurt and the makeup guy. Look for the tea scene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.944021224975586, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man (1980) - Rotten Tomatoes - Movie Trailers" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "David Lynch's The Elephant Man is a surreal masterwork about the life of John Merrick who was a several deformed man. Beautifully shot in glorious Black & White, David Lynch captures a certain atmosphere with this picture, one that acts as part of the story to elevate the dramatic tone of the experience. Anthony Hopkins is phenomenal as Frederick Treves a sympathetic doctor who tries to help Merrick. This is a superb film that showcases the kindness of the human nature. This is a terrific drama that will certainly please cinema buffs. The acting of John Hurt is spectacular as John Merrick and considering how difficult his performances must have been, he definitely did deserve an Oscar of some kind. Unfortunately this stunning picture would only be nominated and come out empty handed. Everything about this film is beautiful, the cinematography immaculate, and the choice to shoot this in Black & White brings out the subtle qualities of this true story. David Lynch, who previously directed the surrealistic psychological horror film Eraserhead, crafts something unique with The Elephant Man, and he goes deep into the cruelty of humanity and also brings out the best in human nature as well. This is not a film for everyone, but if you're looking for a compelling real life drama, then give this one a shot. With Anthony Hopkins and John Hurt's performances alone, The Elephant Man stands as one of the best films of 1980's. This is filmmaking at its best and David Lynch has made his masterpiece with this one. With a strong cast and terrific storytelling, this is a marvelous film that is moving, poignant and simply unforgettable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.163273334503174, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man (1980) - Rotten Tomatoes - Movie Trailers" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Go behind the scenes and learn what went on during the making of the 1980 Drama movie starring Anthony Hopkins, John Hurt , Anne Bancroft et al.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.711015701293945, "source": "search", "title": "Behind The Scenes of The Elephant Man Movie. - Fast Rewind" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Following the death of the real John Merrick, parts of his body were preserved for medical science to study. Some internal organs were kept in jars, and plastic casts were taken of his head, an arm and a foot. Although the organs were destroyed by German air raids during the second world war, the casts survived and were kept at the London Hospital. The makeup for John Hurt who played Merrick in the film, was designed from those casts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.423754692077637, "source": "search", "title": "Behind The Scenes of The Elephant Man Movie. - Fast Rewind" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The most famous scene from the film. Directed by one of the greatest directors, David Lynch. John Merrick (The Elephant Man) and Dr. Treves are played by two of the greatest actors, John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 8.034806251525879, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man - Train Station Scene - YouTube" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Director David Lynch, working from a screenplay based upon a book by Dr. Treves himself, takes modest artistic liberties with the history of Joseph Merrick (called John in the film after the error propagated by Treves). Central to the film is the painstakingly accurate prosthetic makeup by Christopher Tucker, who worked from a plaster death cast from the London Hospital, as well as from period photographs, to completely transform actor John Hurt into Joseph Merrick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.212296009063721, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man - Discovery and Innovation" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "The film's technical credits are adequate. John Hurt is very good as Merrick, somehow projecting a humanity past the disfiguring makeup, and Anthony Hopkins is correctly aloof and yet venal as the doctor. The direction, by David (Eraserhead) Lynch, is com-petent, although he gives us an inexcusable opening scene in which Merrick's mother is trampled or scared by elephants or raped_who knows?_and an equally idiotic closing scene in which Merrick becomes the Star Child from 2001, or something.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7855727672576904, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man Movie Review (1980) | Roger Ebert" }, { "answer": "Hurt", "passage": "Basically, one of the saddest films ever, and one of David Lynch 's few non-\" omgwhaththehellis thisaaaaaaaaaI'mscared \" movies, depicting Joseph (here called John, and played by John Hurt ) Merrick's struggle to leave an abusive circus sideshow, while meeting Dr. Frederick Treves ( Anthony Hopkins ), who takes him out of that place and gets him into the London Hospital, where he—being an educated and kind person but still with the outward appearance of a freak—becomes the focus of London's attention, raising the question: is Merrick just moving from one circus to another?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.28089714050293, "source": "search", "title": "The Elephant Man (Film) - TV Tropes" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico City was the host for the Olympic Games in 1968 and FIFA World Cup in 1970. The city was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale on 19th September 1985 at 07.19 am. It resulted in the deaths of around 5,000 people leaving around 90,000 people homeless. Mexico city again experienced an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 after 36 hours. However, it hosted the FIFA World Cup again in 1986 showing a rapid recovery.", "precise_score": 7.145431995391846, "rough_score": 7.784501075744629, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "FILE - In this Dec. 13, 1985 file photo, Mexico's former President Miguel de la Madrid, second from right, stands with leaders of the the 1986 World Cup Soccer Organizing Committee in Mexico City. Mexico's President Felipe Calderon announced on twitter on April 1, 2012 that Miguel de la Madrid has died at age 77. From left to right are president of FIFA Dr. Joao Havelange, Guillermo J. Canedo, president of the Mexico 86 World Cup Organizing Committee, Dr. Hermann Neuberger, vice president of FIFA, and the man at right is unidentified. (AP Photo, File)", "precise_score": -0.6084619164466858, "rough_score": -4.160655975341797, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "MEXICO CITY (AP) — Former President Miguel de la Madrid, who led Mexico from 1982 to 1988 during an economic crisis and a devastating earthquake, died Sunday at age 77, the government said.", "precise_score": -3.9139628410339355, "rough_score": -0.6090800166130066, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Some critics also see De la Madrid as the leader who was slow to react to Mexico's devastating magnitude-8 earthquake in 1985, which killed an estimated 9,000 people and flattened parts of the capital.", "precise_score": 1.7921887636184692, "rough_score": -3.914825677871704, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid's lack of political experience sometimes cost him dearly. When big earthquakes hit on Sept. 19 and 20, 1985, devastated Mexico City residents ignored government appeals to stay in their homes and instead formed impromptu rescue brigades that rushed to collapsed buildings to save lives, with little official help. De la Madrid's scarce public appearances fed the public outrage.", "precise_score": 2.7652885913848877, "rough_score": -2.0546464920043945, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Jeers and catcalls from frustrated Mexicans showered down on the president when he appeared at the World Cup soccer games Mexico hosted in 1986.", "precise_score": 1.5877436399459839, "rough_score": -4.707956790924072, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Miguel de la Madrid inside the presidential palace. He was attacked for his poor handling of the Mexico City earthquake in 1985. Photograph: © Diego Goldberg/Sygma/Corbis", "precise_score": -0.10938678681850433, "rough_score": -5.217251300811768, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "From his shakeup of the national economy when he took power in 1982 to the crisis that accompanied his departure six years later, by way of a devastating earthquake in the middle of his term, Miguel de la Madrid's spell as president of Mexico was nothing if not eventful. But De la Madrid, who has died aged 77 after a long illness, gained a rather grey reputation in those difficult times, epitomised by his emotionless face as he was loudly booed at the opening of the World Cup in the Azteca Stadium in 1986. \"He is an intelligent and prepared man,\" Julio Scherer wrote in his book The Presidents, \"but depth and passion are missing.\"", "precise_score": -0.03772265836596489, "rough_score": 2.2776241302490234, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid dramatically mishandled the aftermath of the 1985 earthquake that devastated Mexico City and killed thousands. While his government played down the tragedy, an energised civil society sprang into action. Rescue brigades were formed to fill the vacuum left by the state, inspiring a social movement that demanded political change.", "precise_score": 2.9160680770874023, "rough_score": 2.6628332138061523, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide", "precise_score": 0.8967964053153992, "rough_score": -3.961031675338745, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Canada, United States and Mexico showed interest and placed officially a bid. On May 20 1983 in Zurich, the Exco voted unanimously for Mexico, which was allowed to host the 1986 World Cup for the 2nd time. Their first World Cup was hosted in 1970. Mexico became the first country in World Cup history to have hosted a World Cup twice.", "precise_score": 3.217623710632324, "rough_score": 1.3000974655151367, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "On September 19 1985 8 months before the World Cup, a severe earthquake occurred in Mexico City creating immense damage in several cities. This event created doubt whether Mexico would be able to continue with the preparations, as was the case with Chile, the host country of the 1962 World Cup. The stadiums however, were not damaged and Mexico was still able to go forward with the preparations and finished on time.", "precise_score": 6.866041660308838, "rough_score": 6.280645370483398, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "As was introduced in the 1982 World Cup, Mexico ‘86 would consist of 24 countries. 2 of them Mexico (host country) and Italy (previous World Cup winner) were automatically qualified.", "precise_score": -4.231384754180908, "rough_score": -6.360681056976318, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "12 stadiums were used in 11 host cities. In Mexico ’70, only 5 host cities and 5 stadiums were used. All the stadiums used in the 1970 World Cup were used in this tournament. In the 1986 World Cup 2 stadiums were used in Mexico City: Estadio Azteca and Estadio Olímpico. Estadio Azteca has the honour of being the first and only stadium so far to have hosted a World Cup Final twice.", "precise_score": 1.9214584827423096, "rough_score": -4.925599098205566, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico coincidentally reached the Quarter-Finals in the 1970 and 1986 World Cup only: when Mexico was the host country", "precise_score": 1.8348028659820557, "rough_score": -1.3693162202835083, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "FILE - In this Dec. 13, 1985 file photo, Mexico's former President Miguel de la Madrid, second from right, stands with leaders of the the 1986 World Cup Soccer Organizing Committee in Mexico City. Mexico's President Felipe Calderon announced on twitter on April 1, 2012 that Miguel de la Madrid has died at age 77. From left to right are president of FIFA Dr. Joao Havelange, Guillermo J. Canedo, president of the Mexico 86 World Cup Organizing Committee, Dr. Hermann Neuberger, vice president of FIFA, and the man at right is unidentified. (AP Photo, File)", "precise_score": -0.6084619164466858, "rough_score": -4.160655975341797, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "MEXICO CITY (AP) — Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado, who led Mexico from 1982 to 1988 during economic crisis and a devasting earthquake, died Sunday at age 77, President Felipe Calderon announced on his Twitter account.", "precise_score": -5.442477703094482, "rough_score": -3.5516841411590576, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid's lack of political experience sometimes cost him dearly. When big earthquakes hit on Sept. 19 and 20, 1985, devastated Mexico City residents ignored government appeals to stay in their homes and instead formed impromptu rescue brigades that rushed to collapsed buildings to save lives, with little official help. De la Madrid's scarce public appearances fed the public outrage.", "precise_score": 2.7652885913848877, "rough_score": -2.0546464920043945, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Jeers and catcalls from frustrated Mexicans showered down on the president when he appeared at the World Cup soccer games Mexico hosted in 1986.", "precise_score": 1.5877436399459839, "rough_score": -4.707956790924072, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Soccer is Mexico’s pagan religion for all social classes, both the powerful and the powerless, Yet, the politicization of soccer by Mexican politicians has not always succeeded. President Miguel de la Madrid inaugurated the 1986 World Cup, but as Duncan Tucker explains, “the audio engineers in the Estadio Azteca had to turn up his microphone in an attempt to drown out eight minutes of booing from the crowd.” Mexicans were extremely angry as a result of de la Madrid’s tepid response to the major earthquake that devastated Mexico City in 1985.", "precise_score": 6.115386962890625, "rough_score": 2.296309232711792, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico’s best World Cup results included reaching the quarterfinals in the 1970 and 1986 World Cups, both of which were held on Mexican soil. The hosting of the World Cup reflects the geopolitical imbalance of world politics, as few countries can host World Cup events. Mexico used the World Cups in 1970 and 1986 to win international favor and achieve an aura of advanced modernization in the eyes of domestic and international audiences. Writing in a 1992 issue of Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, the sports historian Joseph Arbena argued that soccer has been utilized by political elites in order to build the nation from within and gain respect and legitimacy from without.", "precise_score": 1.0855257511138916, "rough_score": -1.2148120403289795, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "La Ilusión Nacional (The National Illusion) is the title of a 2014 film by Mexican director Olallo Rubio . It does not dispute Arbena’s aforementioned thesis, but highlights the gap between the religious-like hopes surrounding the national soccer team and its less than satisfactory performances at World Cup tournaments. Mexico has qualified for every World Cup tournament since 1994, but never reached beyond the second round since the 1986 World Cup. Rubio traces the history of fanatical support for the “national religion” from El Tri’s (named after Mexico’s tricolor flag composed of green, white and red) first appearance in an international tournament at the 1928 Olympic Games to the spectacular victory over Brazil in the final of the London 2012 Olympics.", "precise_score": -4.615362644195557, "rough_score": -6.257491111755371, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The upcoming World Cup will the first to take place in the entire continent of Africa but there are several countries that have already held the tournament more that once, such as Italy, France and Germany. The first team to earn the honour of hosting the World Cup finals twice, however, was Mexico and the story of how this came to pass is as much a story of the politics of FIFA as it is of the qualities of Mexico when it comes to hosting the finals of the tournament. The truth of the matter is that the hosts of the 1986 World Cup finals should have been Colombia.", "precise_score": 1.6612646579742432, "rough_score": -5.308955192565918, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The Colombian bid had been the brain-child of the country’s president, Misael Pastrana Borrero. Pastrana had come to power as the result of a later discredited election during the summer of 1970 as a political conservative, and his grand schemes for his country were not untypical for the era. He envisaged huge construction projects as being the key to Colombia’s prosperity, and the World Cup certainly sat as part of that. With Uruguay, Brazil, Chile and Mexico having already hosted the tournament and Argentina pencilled in for 1978, why shouldn’t it be Colombia in 1986? This would be his legacy to the country.", "precise_score": -1.6653368473052979, "rough_score": -6.385157108306885, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Even congressional support, however, would have been unlikely to be enough to win the bid for Kissinger. With the benefit of hindsight, there were two primary reasons why the 1986 World Cup was awarded to Mexico. Firstly, FIFA’s relationship with the United States Soccer Federation was at best described as fractious. In 1981, FIFA had threatened to outlaw the NASL and suspend the USSF (who had supported their league) over fundamental changes to the laws of the games that the NASL had introduced, such as a thirty-five yard offside line and using shoot-outs to decide drawn matches. The NASL never fully implemented the changes to the game that FIFA had demanded, but when the 1986 World Cup became suddenly became available again, FIFA found that revenge is a dish often best served cold.", "precise_score": -0.5917690396308899, "rough_score": -5.328264236450195, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "So it was that Mexico held its second World Cup finals in sixteen years, and the hideous earthquake that struck Mexico City in September 1985 gave a moral angle to the tournament that it hadn’t previously held. Miraculously, the stadia all semmed to survive and Mexico 86 went ahead, with lunchtime kick-offs under a blazing sun for the benefit of European television audiences, from which Televisa profited massively. Two months after the Mexico City earthquake, a volcano caused a landslide that hit the Colombian region of Armero, killing 20,000 people – twice as many people as had been killed in the Mexico City earthquake. Six weeks later, the Supreme Palace of Justice in Bogota was seized by the M-19 guerilla group – eleven of the country’s Supreme Court Justices were amongst over one hundred people killed in the subsequent army raid.", "precise_score": 5.173539638519287, "rough_score": 4.849171161651611, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "FILE - In this Dec. 13, 1985 file photo, former Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid applauds during the opening of the newly constructed press center for the 1986 World Cup soccer tournament in downtown Mexico City. De la Madrid, who led Mexico from 1982 to 1988, died Sunday April 1, 2012 at age 77, Mexico's President Felipe Calderon announced on his Twitter account.  (AP)", "precise_score": 1.7216312885284424, "rough_score": -1.3097068071365356, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "MEXICO CITY –  Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado, who led Mexico from 1982 to 1988 during economic crisis and a devasting earthquake, died Sunday at age 77, President Felipe Calderon announced on his Twitter account.", "precise_score": -5.262908458709717, "rough_score": -4.261148452758789, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid's lack of political experience sometimes cost him dearly. When big earthquakes hit on Sept. 19 and 20, 1985, devastated Mexico City residents ignored government appeals to stay in their homes and instead formed impromptu rescue brigades that rushed to collapsed buildings to save lives, with little official help. De la Madrid's scarce public appearances fed the public outrage.", "precise_score": 2.7652885913848877, "rough_score": -2.0546464920043945, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Jeers and catcalls from frustrated Mexicans showered down on the president when he appeared at the World Cup soccer games Mexico hosted in 1986.", "precise_score": 1.5877436399459839, "rough_score": -4.707956790924072, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico City History | Culture | Religion | MexicoCity.com", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449085235595703, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387767791748047, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The land of Mexico City has been inhabitated for over 7000 years with the first tribes travelling from Central Europe around 5000 to 300 B.C. Some of the tribes in Mexico City settled around the slopes of mount Benacantil on which today stands the castle of Santa Barbara. The highlight of this mountain was that it wos close to the sea, but yet offered securoty from invaders due to its height. According to some historians, the Iberians (native Spanish) secured the hilltop by fortifying it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08468246459961, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The Nahua Aztec or Mexica tribe established Mexico City on 18th March 1325 and it became the capital of a sophisticated growing empire. It was originally located on a small island but because of its rapid growth, the city was forced to build artificial islands and a series of canals to absorb the growth of the metropolis. Rulers like Izcoatl, Moctezuma I, Axayacatl, Tizoc, Ahyuizotl, and Moctezuma II and their groups of eagle-warriors and jaguar-warriors led the city successfully with a pre-Colombian civilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627523422241211, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes entered the area. He acquired the city on 13th August 1521 and in 1524, it was rebuilt as the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain. It was the political and cultural centre of Mexico and the administration of Guatemala, Yucatan, Cuba, Florida and Philippines was carried out from the city. The baroque Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Guadalupe were built during this period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332053184509277, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The area was under the Spanish rule and when Napoleon acquired Spain in 1808, the people of Mexico started to act for the self-rule under a Catholic priest named Father Miguel de Hidalgo Y Costilla. He led an armed revolution in 1810. This war of independence ended as Mexico became the host of the first ruler of the Mexican Empire, Agustin de Iturbide and the nation became a republic in March 1823. Then in 1824, the new government was established, the Mexican Federal District by the signing of their new constitution. The two-year war with the United States ended in 1848, after losing half of the country to the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077067375183105, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Benito Juarez led the War of Reform which lasted from 1858 to 1861 and he captured the city in 1867. However, in 1871, Porfirio Diaz succeeded to overthrow the government and then the city was under the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz for three decades. During this period the French influence was forced out of Mexico City. The gold Angel of Independence was built under his administration to celebrate the first centenary of the beginning of the War of Independence. In February 1913, Mexico City suffered from the Decena Tragica, a battle between Francisco I. Madero's forces and Felix Diaz's, which destroyed many parts of the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.210648536682129, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The post-revolutionary government reinforced the importance of the city. In the late 20th century, Mexico City experienced most of its growth in population. In 1950, the city had a population of around 3 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897016525268555, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The city continued its recovery and growth during the 1990s. Today, Mexico City has a remodeled World Trade Center Mexico, a skyscraper like Torre Mayor, the tallest building in Latin America. The city is ranked 8th among North America’s Top Ten Major Cities. It is one of the major economic and cultural centers with an international importance ranking 4th in Economic Potential and 4th as the Most Cost Effective city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.404040336608887, "source": "search", "title": "Mexico History - Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Mexico" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426164627075195, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426164627075195, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid was the first in a string of presidents who pulled Mexico away from a state-dominated economy and toward free trade by bringing the country into the precursor to the World Trade Organization and by privatizing hundreds of government businesses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209709167480469, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "President Felipe Calderon called De la Madrid \"a Mexican with a profound commitment to the country\" in a statement confirming his death Sunday. The cause of death was not revealed, but the former president had been hospitalized in Mexico City with respiratory problems since Dec. 17.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076783180236816, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "His term was a grim time for most Mexicans, a six-year hangover after a spending binge by a previous government that was convinced soaring oil prices would never fall. When they did, the buying power of Mexican salaries was slashed in half as inflation chewed up paychecks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48132610321045, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Manuel Bartlett, who was interior secretary during De la Madrid's administration, told Mexican broadcaster Televisa that the former president served \"during one of the most difficult periods in the history of Mexico, a real collapse of the national economy.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078766822814941, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid, seen as a discrete and respectful man, pulled Mexico back from economic collapse during his presidency, but left it with a political crisis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827956199645996, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Mexican historian Enrique Krauze said De la Madrid's biggest failure was that he refused to accept the democratic transition Mexicans sought and got more than a decade later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383952140808105, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The government's handling of the election to replace De la Madrid caused a political scandal that later helped topple the political system that dominated Mexico for most of the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449432373046875, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "\"There was this nationalist posturing of not accepting international aid when it was clear that Mexico needed it,\" Krauze said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440483093261719, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid also launched a historic free-market transformation of Mexico's economy. He sold off about 750 of the 1,155 companies the government had owned when he took office and helped Mexico develop into a global industrial power, although one overwhelmingly dependent on the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332194328308105, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "\"The presidency of Miguel de la Madrid was very difficult,\" former President Carlos Salinas told reporters at his wake Sunday. \"What Mexico has changed for good in the past 25 years, started with De la Madrid.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352143287658691, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Born on Dec. 12, 1934, to a prominent family in the western city of Colima, de la Madrid earned a degree from the National Autonomous University's law school, a spawning ground of Mexican politicians, and later earned a master's degree in public administration at Harvard University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332608222961426, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "In the pro-forma vote that followed, De la Madrid won more than 75 percent of the vote. It was the last time that the result of a Mexican presidential election could be seen as inevitable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501518249511719, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid fumbled again when that opposition roused the strongest challenge yet to the party that had held an ironclad grip on Mexico for six decades. The 1988 presidential election bid by leftist Cuauhtemoc Cardenas was so strong the results were in doubt as the votes were being counted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009415626525879, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "The government stopped reporting vote returns for a long period and then de la Madrid declared his own hand-picked successor Salinas the victor without formal results, leading many Mexicans to assume fraud had been committed. The ballots, never recounted, were burned three years afterward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2789306640625, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid himself claimed some small share of credit for overseeing Mexico's move to democracy. Some early reforms came under his leadership, and he shocked party faithful when he predicted a time, \"as Mexican society matures, when the opposition will share in the government.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429980278015137, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "But if Mexico's authoritarian system bent during his term, he did not break it. Opposition parties were allowed to win a few city mayoral races, but a ruling party victory for governorship of Baja California state was widely seen as fixed, and officials refused to accept clear opposition wins in some cities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246809959411621, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Relations with the U.S., always crucial for any Mexican leader, were mixed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340592384338379, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid personally got along well with President Ronald Reagan, but the two governments disagreed sharply over Central America, particularly Nicaragua, where Mexico was viewed by administration officials as perhaps the most stalwart noncommunist backer of the leftist Sandinista government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180996894836426, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico also sometimes irritated the U.S. with its shared leadership of the so-called Contadora Group of Latin American nations, which contributed to ending Central America's civil wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395834922790527, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Relations with Washington also were damaged when a U.S. drug agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was kidnapped, tortured and killed in Mexico in 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.365033149719238, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "U.S. officials accused several high-ranking Mexican officials of collaborating with traffickers who killed Camarena, though a Mexican judge sentenced drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero to 40 years in prison for his role in the Camarena slaying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453298568725586, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "In an interview with The Associated Press before leaving office, De la Madrid said that the challenge of living next to such a wealthy and complicated country had fed Mexico's sense of nationalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401209831237793, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "He shook up Mexico's political class, however, when he gave a radio interview in 2009 accusing successor Salinas of stealing from a secret government fund and of turning a blind eye when his brother Raul Salinas profited from government contracts and contacts with drug traffickers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463030815124512, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "One of his five children, Enrique, has served in Mexico's congress and as director of the government farm finance bank, Financiera Rural. He also is survived by his wife, Paloma Cordero, and several grandchildren.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384705543518066, "source": "search", "title": "Ex-Mexican President De la Madrid dies at age 77 - Yahoo" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "President of Mexico who tried to tackle the state-led economy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456623077392578, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid was born into an old political family in the western city of Colima that had lost much of its influence in the Mexican revolution, then re-established itself as solid middle-class. His father, a well-known lawyer, was murdered in his office when Miguel was a child, prompting his mother to move the family to Mexico City. At the time the capital was convulsed by political turmoil as the Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI), established in 1929 as the National Revolutionary party, consolidated its hold on the presidency. The one-party regime lasted until 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793538093566895, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "De la Madrid promised a \"moral renovation\" that prioritised the recuperation of economic stability. This took on a grim form for most Mexicans as the new president slashed public spending, increased taxes and kept wages low. He also began to open up the country's closed, state-led economy to the private sector and the world. The combination helped begin to balance the books, but stripped the regime of the resources that had enabled it to keep a lid on popular discontent at the lack of democracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.319134712219238, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "He then followed the PRI-era tradition, in which former presidents faded from public life, until he caused a storm in a 2009 interview for saying he had \"made a mistake\" by picking Salinas to replace him. Salinas had become one of Mexico's most machiavellian, colourful and hated presidents. De la Madrid accused him of corruption, but a few days after the broadcast he retracted the charges, saying they were the product of \"a state of health that means I cannot adequately process dialogue or questions\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208582878112793, "source": "search", "title": "Miguel de la Madrid obituary | World news | The Guardian" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "11 host cities in Mexico", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.824812889099121, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "1 place for North/Central America and Caribbean excluding Mexico was allocated to country Canada which qualified for the first time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372880935668945, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Although Mexico ’86 contained 24 teams just like in Spain ‘82, the format introduced new features. The round-robin 2nd round which was introduced in the 1974 World Cup has been replaced with a different format. It is the Round of 16 that makes its introduction in this World Cup. This is the start of the knockout phase, meaning if you lose, you’re out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.501644134521484, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "After the Round of 16, the winning team advanced to the Quarter-Finals. The last time the Quarter-Finals stage was played was back in Mexico ’70. After the Quarter-Finals the teams had to play the Semi-Finals before reaching the Final, or in the pessimistic case the match for the third place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102245330810547, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The 6 seed countries were Mexico, Italy, West Germany, Poland, France and Brazil. They were kept apart from each other and were placed in different groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376537322998047, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The following 11 cities and 12 stadiums were used in Mexico:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.249480247497559, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Argentina was the only group A country which have won 2 matches. Therefore they easily advanced to the next round. The match against Italy was the only match Argentina didn’t win in this successful World Cup. Italian striker Alessandro Altobelli scored a penalty which resulted in a 1-0 score. Diego Maradona who was going to steal the show in Mexico ’86, scored the equalizer 28 minutes later. Both countries advanced including Bulgaria which didn’t win any matches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846010208129883, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Belgium – Mexico 1-2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468805313110352, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Estadio Azteca, Mexico City – attendance: 110,000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950201988220215, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "This was the first win of the tournament for Mexico. Like Argentina, Mexico won 2 matches and drew 1 match. In the match against Belgium, Mexican players Fernando Quirarte and Hugo Sánchez scored the first 2 goals. Striker Erwin Vandenbergh scored for Belgium. Belgium ended up on the 3rd place but advanced to the next round. Although it appeared to be unlikely at first, Belgium would go far in this tournament with a great goalkeeper Jean-Marie Pfaff. Mexico, for a 2nd time in history, advanced to the next round as well together with Paraguay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321572303771973, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico – Bulgaria 2-0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374205589294434, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Estadio Azteca, Mexico City – attendance: 114,580", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079229354858398, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico the number 1 of Group B was to strong for Bulgaria. The first goal scored by Mexico was a beauty. Midfielder Manuel Negrete scored this classic goal with a spectacular scissors-kick. The goal boosted up Mexico’s confidence. In the 2nd half Raúl Servín scored the final goal. Bulgaria which finished 3rd in group A was eliminated without having won any matches in this tournament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274847030639648, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Estadio Azteca, Mexico City – attendance: 114,580", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079229354858398, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "West Germany won the penalty shootout against Mexico and encountered France. In the 1982 World Cup they played against each other, where the shocking foul on Patrick Battiston occurrd by goalkeeper Harald Schumacher. They both shook hands before this match. Andreas Brehme scored early in the match resulting in 0-1 score. This remained for the majority of the 2nd half of the match. France was trying hard to score the 1-1, but  Rudi Völler’s goal ensured West Germany would enter the Final for a 2nd time in a row.  As in the 1982 World Cup, France lost to West Germany. For a 2nd time in a row, France had to play the match for the third place.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.908958435058594, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Estadio Azteca, Mexico City – attendance: 114,500", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.920437812805176, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "As in the previous World Cup, West Germany reached a World Cup Final again. Before reaching the knockout stage, they lost, won and drew a match. In the Quarter-Final against Mexico, a penalty shootout needed to be won in order to reach the Semi-Final.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.044462203979492, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "On the 29th of June, in the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City with an attendance of 114,600 the Final was ready to start. the Final started with an opening goal by Argentinian player Jose Luis Brown (23′).That was the only goal scored in the first half. This changed completely in the 2nd half. 11 minutes after the 2nd half started, Argentinian Jorge Valdano scored the 2-0. But of course West Germany wouldn’t be West Germany if nothing surprising would happen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85513687133789, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The previous mascot of the 1970 World Cup in Mexico was Juanito, a little boy. This time a different mascot had to be created. As in Spain ’82, FIFA introduced a character that itself is related to the host country’s culture. This time it was a jalapeño pepper named Pique. The jalapeño pepper is a common ingredient in the Mexican hot cuisine to create spicy dishes. Pique’s name comes from picante which is Spanish for spicy peppers and sauces. Pique wears a moustache and the flat part of a sombrero since his head completes the sombrero form. Although Mexico is using green shirts, Pique contains a red shirt and white shorts to match Mexico’s colours. A green shirt would simply be hard to differentiate. As with other mascots, Pique is shown with a football. As with the latest mascots, the football is not the Azteca but the famous 1970 World Cup match ball Telstar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.36114501953125, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico is the first country to have hosted a World Cup twice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.184961795806885, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Italian player Alessandro Altobelli who scored the last 1982 World Cup goal in the Final, scored the opening goal of Mexico ’86 against Bulgaria ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.687703132629395, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "In this World Cup the phenomenon Mexican wave appeared for the first time, which became popular worldwide after many people outside North America saw this on the screen, and therefore referred the phenomenon as Mexican Wave. See below an example:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.282550811767578, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup 1986 in Mexico - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438027381896973, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.438027381896973, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "During his presidency, De la Madrid pulled Mexico back from economic collapse but left it with a political crisis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024724960327148, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "His term from 1982 to 1988 was a grim time for most Mexicans, a six-year hangover after spending binge by the previous government that was convinced soaring oil prices would never fall. When they did, the buying power of Mexican salaries was slashed in half as inflation chewed up paychecks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815396308898926, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "A magnitude-8.1 earthquake killed an estimated 9,000 people and flattened parts of the capital. A fiery explosion at a government gas facility killed more than 500 people on the outskirts of Mexico City. The government's handling of the election to replace de la Madrid caused a political scandal that later helped topple the political system that dominated Mexico for most of the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.680577278137207, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid also launched a historic free-market transformation of Mexico's economy. He sold off about 750 of the 1,155 companies the government had owned when he took office and signed international free-trade treaties that paved the way for the North American Free Trade Agreement and helped Mexico develop into a global industrial power, although one overwhelmingly dependent on the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313508987426758, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Born on Dec. 12, 1934, to a prominent family in the western city of Colima, de la Madrid earned a degree from the National Autonomous University's law school, a spawning ground of Mexican politicians, and later earned a master's degree in public administration at Harvard University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332608222961426, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "In the pro-forma vote that followed, de la Madrid won more than 75 percent of the vote. It was the last time that the result of a Mexican presidential election could be seen as inevitable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501518249511719, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid fumbled again when that opposition roused the strongest challenge yet to the party that had held an ironclad grip on Mexico for six decades. The 1988 presidential election bid by leftist Cuauhtemoc Cardenas was so strong the results were in doubt as the votes were being counted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009415626525879, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "The government stopped reporting vote returns for a long period and then de la Madrid declared his own hand-picked successor Carlos Salinas the victor without formal results, leading many Mexicans to assume fraud had been committed. The ballots, never recounted, were burned three years afterward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284793853759766, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid himself claimed some small share of credit for overseeing Mexico's move to democracy. Some early reforms came under his leadership, and he shocked party faithful when he predicted a time, \"as Mexican society matures, when the opposition will share in the government.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429980278015137, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "But if Mexico's authoritarian system bent during his term, he did not break it. Opposition parties were allowed to win a few city mayoral races, but an ruling party victory for governorship of Baja California state was widely seen as fixed, and officials refused to accept clear opposition wins in some cities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236906051635742, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Relations with the U.S., always crucial for any Mexican leader, were mixed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340592384338379, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid personally got along well with President Ronald Reagan, but the two governments disagreed sharply over Central America, particularly Nicaragua, where Mexico was viewed by administration officials as perhaps the most stalwart noncommunist backer of the leftist Sandinista government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180996894836426, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico also sometimes irritated the U.S. with its shared leadership of the so-called Contadora Group of Latin American nations, which contributed to ending Central America's civil wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395834922790527, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Relations with Washington also were damaged when a U.S. drug agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was kidnapped, tortured and killed in Mexico in 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.365033149719238, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "U.S. officials accused several high-ranking Mexican officials of collaborating with traffickers who killed Camarena, though a Mexican judge sentenced drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero to 40 years in prison for his role in the Camarena slaying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453298568725586, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "In an interview with The Associated Press before leaving office, de la Madrid said that the challenge of living next to such a wealthy and complicated country had fed Mexico's sense of nationalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401209831237793, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "He shook up Mexico's political class, however, when he gave a radio interview in 2009 accusing Salinas of stealing from a secret government fund and of turning a blind eye when his brother Raul Salinas profited from government contracts and contacts with drug traffickers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474405288696289, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "One of his five children, Enrique, has served in Mexico's congress and as director of the government farm finance bank, Financiera Rural. He also is survived by his wife, Paloma Cordero, and several grandchildren.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384705543518066, "source": "search", "title": "Mexican president: De la Madrid dead at age 77 - yahoo.com" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Fans of Mexico’s soccer team gather at the Angel of Independence monument to celebrate their team’s 2-1 victory over Brazil and winning of the gold medal for men’s soccer at the London 2012 Summer Olympics in Mexico City on Aug. 11, 2012. (Marco Ugarte/AP)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14281177520752, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "This is the third post in our  series  on politics, political science and the World Cup. Here are posts 1  and 2 . The next set of posts will look at soccer, culture and identity in specific countries, starting with Mexico.  Tamir Bar-On  is a professor in the Department of International Relations and Humanities at the Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, Mexico. He is the author of “ The World Through Soccer: The Cultural Impact of a Global Sport .”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338537216186523, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "The great Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes once told an interviewer asking him about soccer, “If you want to talk about soccer, go talk to Juan Villoro .” According to Mexican intellectual Juan Villoro’s “ Dios es redondo ” (“God is round”), soccer is not merely a Mexican national passion, but rather a “secular religion.” In his new book “ Balón dividido ” (“Divided ball”), Villoro insists that soccer fans are superstitious and even religious, while soccer constitutes “a system of faith and beliefs.” Even if our team is losing 3-0, we still believe in “miracles,” argues Villoro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356097221374512, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Legendary Mexican international soccer heroes, from Hugo Sánchez to contemporary stars such as Javier Hernández and Giovani dos Santos , are Mexico’s “gods” and they play (or played) for us in pagan “temples,” sometimes on Sundays. Mexican national soccer teams often qualify for World Cup competitions, but have never fulfilled the country’s expectations. As a result, Mexico looked to individual “gods” to carry the banner of the nation abroad. Antonio Carbajal , a Mexican goalkeeper who played in five World Cups from 1950 to 1966, is a national legend because he is the only goalkeeper to play in five World Cups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.890917778015137, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexican artist Manuel Mancilla agrees with Villoro’s assessment of soccer as a Mexican pagan religion. Mancilla’s paintings include “Juego de los dioses” (Game of the gods) and “Dioses del estadio” (Gods of the stadium). For Mancilla, soccer is a secular religion and its practitioners and fans experience the divine. One of his most beautiful paintings is called “La chilena de Chac-mool,” an ancient pre-Columbian figure performing the difficult “bicycle kick” maneuver. Chilena connotes bicycle kick, while Chac-mool refers to a form of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican sculpture showing a reclining figure with its head facing ninety degrees from the front, supporting itself on its elbows and holding a bowl or a disk upon its stomach. The figures first appeared in the Valley of Mexico among the Aztecs and the northern Yucatán Peninsula in the ninth century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282734870910645, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "“Chac Mool” is also the title of a short story written by Carlos Fuentes. When Mexico defeated Panama in a key World Cup qualifier at the fabled Estadio Azteca in 2013, the game-winning goal was scored courtesy of a spectacular Raúl Jiménez chilena. On the night of the goal, Manuel Mancilla sent Raúl Jiménez the image of his “La chilena de Chac-mool” through Facebook and the star forward responded with a “like.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645591735839844, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "A secular religion needs its temples and flock of believers. Soccer stadiums are “sacred sites” or “temples,” as Desmond Morris pointed out in his 1981 classic “ The Soccer Tribe .” The soccer “temples” fulfill key human functions such as the need for belonging and the power of the group, argued Morris. Indeed, famous Mexican side Club Deportivo Guadalajara, more popularly known as “Chivas,” is nicknamed Rebaño Sagrado (Sacred Flock). Devoted Mexican believers of the national team need to visit Santa Úrsula (Saint Ursula), a large suburb in Mexico City. It is the site of Estadio Azteca and home to the Mexican national soccer team and Club América. It is the world’s third largest stadium. Azteca hosted two World Cups, in 1970 and 1986. Those two World Cup finals included the two greatest soccer “gods” the game has ever seen: Pelé and Maradona. In a soccer correspondence with the Argentinean writer Martín Caparrós, Juan Villoro asserted that a soccer match “without people is like a baptism without a child.” At the 1986 World Cup, Mexico played all of its first round matches at the Estadio Azteca: A 2-1 victory against Belgium in front of 110,000 fans; a 1-1 draw versus Paraguay witnessed by 114,000; and a 1-0 win against Iraq seen by 103,000. According to the University of California-Riverside English Professor and feminist cultural critic Jennifer Doyle , faith in the women’s game was evident when more than 100,000 fans attended the final of the unofficial women’s World Cup in 1971 at the Estadio Azteca. Denmark defeated Mexico 3-0. Contrary to FIFA’s claims, it is the largest crowd to ever attend a women’s soccer game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.344352722167969, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Successive Mexican presidents have used soccer to distract the population from deep-seated corruption, decades of one-party Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) rule until 2000, extreme poverty, or the violence of the “war on drugs.” In 1988, Carlos Salinas de Gortari won Mexico’s presidential election through massive voting fraud. In the same year, the Mexican Football Federation was found guilty of fielding overage players in a CONCACAF U-20 tournament. FIFA banned Mexico from all international competitions for two years, thus excluding the national team from the 1990 World Cup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.50635051727295, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexican intellectuals and some coaches realize that the pagan religion cannot always be neatly exploited for political purposes. As Fausto Pretelin Muñoz de Cote , a Mexican professor at the prestigious Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México notes, “soccer cannot create miracles.” When Mexico won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympic Games, the Mexican coach Luis Fernando Tena was deliberately sanguine in a post-match television interview: The victory “gave Mexicans joy,” but it could not change the realities of the thousands of dead in a “war on drugs,” or the biting poverty of many of his compatriots. Mexico is the 14th biggest economy in the world and second largest in Latin America. Yet, in 2013 Mexico’s government estimated that 33 per cent of its population lives in conditions of moderate poverty and another 9 per cent experiences extreme poverty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162701606750488, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico barely qualified for the 2014 World Cup. It required two emphatic victories against New Zealand in order to seal its passage to Brazil. Thus, the current national mood is that Mexico will not go past the first round of the World Cup, or it will be defeated in the second round against superior opponents such as Spain or Holland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.873310089111328, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Yet the national mood is also one of a rising power in Latin America and perhaps the world. Mexico is a G-20 member, but also has a growing economy and a population of 120 million. Alejandro Magos , a blogger for Global Brief , argues that Mexico will surprise at the World Cup because “the opportunities to beat its regional rivals on its own turf is too good to be missed.” Mexico and Brazil will clash on and off the field this year and beyond, as the two states “assert their strategic, social, and economic primacy among Latin American states,” writes Magos. Mexico and Brazil will meet in the first round of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.96590518951416, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico’s 2012 Olympic Gold medal victory, as well as the World Cup triumphs of the U-17 national team in 2005 and 2011, might spur Mexico’s players to supersede the pessimism of the national illusion and perhaps make history in Brazil. Mexico can count on the passion of its fans, which see the game as a secular religion and believe in miracles. Miracles on the pitch could, in turn, promote Mexico’s national renewal. Yet, whether they win, draw, or lose, El Tri is central to the national faith. As one popular saying states in relation to the long-suffering fans of Guadalajara-based Atlas, “I support Atlas, no matter if they lose.” This saying could have easily been in reference to El Tri’s devoted fans. The story of the Mexican national soccer team is the tale of a ceaseless devotion to a pagan faith.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.982142448425293, "source": "search", "title": "El Tri: A pagan religion for all - The Washington Post" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "This created what could have been regarded as a crisis for FIFA, but one man’s crisis is another man’s opportunity and for Joao Havelange, this was an opportunity. Initially, four nations – the United States of America, Brazil, Canada and Mexico – put themselves forward to host the tournament, but Brazil soon dropped out, leaving only the Americans, Canadians and Mexicans to battle it out. In an extraordinary “vote”, which wasn’t so much a vote as an instruction from FIFA’s executive committee on which way to vote, every single vote went to Mexico. But why should this be? It is possible to argue that Canada, a country that hadn’t in 1983 ever qualified for a World Cup finals presented a weak bid, but the USA? If any federation was likely to present a strong case, it would surely be the Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.249335289001465, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Former President Richard Nixon’s Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had been the chair of the North American Soccer League’s Board of Governors since 1977, and the case that he put forward was a strong one. The NASL was past its peak by 1983, but hosting a World Cup would bring the world’s game to its most lucrative audience. Pele and Franz Beckenbauer spoke out in favour of the bid. The American sporting infrastructure could hand FIFA a massive tournament. Congress, however, refused to give governmental support for the American bid and almost quickly as it had been conceived, it was over when the tournament was handed to Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6115241050720215, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "The second reason was to do with the commercial affairs of FIFA. Guillermo Cañedo had been the president of Club America in Mexico City and was also the head of Televisa, the Mexican media conglomerate, which owned the club, as well as two other Mexican clubs, Necaxa and Atlante. He was also a FIFA vice-president, and he promised a World Cup that would provide a template for the way that the tournament is still run today. Official partners were brought in and ticket prices increased. Crowds for some group matches shrank as locals were priced out. It made some people very wealthy, and the appeal to FIFA was obvious. In addition to this, playing the tournament in Mexico appeased potential anger from the South American confederation, CONMEBOL. It played to a gallery that Havelange could use to cement his worldview upon the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.074910163879395, "source": "search", "title": "World Cup Tales: Colombia 1986 - Twohundredpercent" }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies | Fox News", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542566299438477, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.530043601989746, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "During his presidency, De la Madrid pulled Mexico back from economic collapse but left it with a political crisis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.024724960327148, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "His term from 1982 to 1988 was a grim time for most Mexicans, a six-year hangover after spending binge by the previous government that was convinced soaring oil prices would never fall. When they did, the buying power of Mexican salaries was slashed in half as inflation chewed up paychecks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815396308898926, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "A magnitude-8.1 earthquake killed an estimated 9,000 people and flattened parts of the capital. A fiery explosion at a government gas facility killed more than 500 people on the outskirts of Mexico City. The government's handling of the election to replace de la Madrid caused a political scandal that later helped topple the political system that dominated Mexico for most of the 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.680577278137207, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid also launched a historic free-market transformation of Mexico's economy. He sold off about 750 of the 1,155 companies the government had owned when he took office and signed international free-trade treaties that paved the way for the North American Free Trade Agreement and helped Mexico develop into a global industrial power, although one overwhelmingly dependent on the United States .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313508987426758, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Born on Dec. 12, 1934, to a prominent family in the western city of Colima, de la Madrid earned a degree from the National Autonomous University's law school, a spawning ground of Mexican politicians, and later earned a master's degree in public administration at Harvard University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332608222961426, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "In the pro-forma vote that followed, de la Madrid won more than 75 percent of the vote. It was the last time that the result of a Mexican presidential election could be seen as inevitable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501518249511719, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid fumbled again when that opposition roused the strongest challenge yet to the party that had held an ironclad grip on Mexico for six decades. The 1988 presidential election bid by leftist Cuauhtemoc Cardenas was so strong the results were in doubt as the votes were being counted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009415626525879, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "The government stopped reporting vote returns for a long period and then de la Madrid declared his own hand-picked successor Carlos Salinas the victor without formal results, leading many Mexicans to assume fraud had been committed. The ballots, never recounted, were burned three years afterward.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284793853759766, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid himself claimed some small share of credit for overseeing Mexico's move to democracy. Some early reforms came under his leadership, and he shocked party faithful when he predicted a time, \"as Mexican society matures, when the opposition will share in the government.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429980278015137, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "But if Mexico's authoritarian system bent during his term, he did not break it. Opposition parties were allowed to win a few city mayoral races, but an ruling party victory for governorship of Baja California state was widely seen as fixed, and officials refused to accept clear opposition wins in some cities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236906051635742, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "Relations with the U.S., always crucial for any Mexican leader, were mixed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340592384338379, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "De la Madrid personally got along well with President Ronald Reagan , but the two governments disagreed sharply over Central America, particularly Nicaragua , where Mexico was viewed by administration officials as perhaps the most stalwart noncommunist backer of the leftist Sandinista government.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180996894836426, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Mexico also sometimes irritated the U.S. with its shared leadership of the so-called Contadora Group of Latin American nations, which contributed to ending Central America's civil wars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395834922790527, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "Relations with Washington also were damaged when a U.S. drug agent, Enrique Camarena Salazar, was kidnapped, tortured and killed in Mexico in 1985.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.365033149719238, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexic", "passage": "U.S. officials accused several high-ranking Mexican officials of collaborating with traffickers who killed Camarena, though a Mexican judge sentenced drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero to 40 years in prison for his role in the Camarena slaying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453298568725586, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "In an interview with The Associated Press before leaving office, de la Madrid said that the challenge of living next to such a wealthy and complicated country had fed Mexico's sense of nationalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401209831237793, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "He shook up Mexico's political class, however, when he gave a radio interview in 2009 accusing Salinas of stealing from a secret government fund and of turning a blind eye when his brother Raul Salinas profited from government contracts and contacts with drug traffickers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.474405288696289, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." }, { "answer": "Mexico", "passage": "One of his five children, Enrique, has served in Mexico's congress and as director of the government farm finance bank, Financiera Rural. He also is survived by his wife, Paloma Cordero, and several grandchildren.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384705543518066, "source": "search", "title": "Former Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado dies ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Hahn's death did not stop his public acclamation. Proposals were made at different times, first in 1971 by American chemists, that the newly synthesized element no. 105 should be named hahnium in Hahn's honor; in 1997 the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) named it dubnium, after the Russian research center in Dubna (see element naming controversy). Although element 108 was given the name hassium by its officially-recognized German discoverers in 1992, a 1994 IUPAC committee recommended that it be named hahnium (Hn), in spite of the long-standing convention to give the discoverer the right to suggest a name. This recommendation was not adopted, following protests from the German discoverers, and the name hassium (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997. ", "precise_score": 6.637662887573242, "rough_score": 6.931683540344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Otto Hahn" }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna proposed naming element 105 nielsbohrium (Ns) after Niels Bohr, while the University of California, Berkeley suggested the name hahnium (Ha) in honor of Otto Hahn. ", "precise_score": 7.531772613525391, "rough_score": 6.495613098144531, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of chemical elements naming controversies" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Another disputed discovery between Russian and US scientists. The Russian scientists proposed nielsbohrium, after the Danish scientist Niels Bohr, whereas the US scientists proposed hahnium after German chemist Otto Hahn. The dispute wasn’t resolved until 1997, when dubnium was agreed on as a compromise name, after Dubna in Russia.", "precise_score": 4.939209938049316, "rough_score": 5.574304103851318, "source": "search", "title": "A Periodic Table of Rejected Element Names - Compound Interest" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "hahnium (105) – Otto Hahn (Dubnium, named for Dubna in Russia, is the IUPAC-accepted name for element 105)", "precise_score": 5.648085117340088, "rough_score": 6.0982866287231445, "source": "search", "title": "Elements Named for People - Element Eponyms" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Proposals were made at different times, first in 1971 by American chemists, that the newly synthesized element no. 105 should be named Hahnium in Hahn's honor, although in 1997 the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) finally named it Dubnium, after the Russian research center in Dubna (see Element naming controversy). The intention is, however, that element no. 108, Hassium should be renamed Hahnium in the future. In addition, in 1964 the only European and one of the world's three nuclear-powered civilian ships, the freighter NS Otto Hahn, was named in his honor. In 1959 there were the opening ceremonies of the \"Otto Hahn Institute\" in Mainz and the \"Hahn Meitner Institute for Nuclear Research (HMI)\" in Berlin. There are craters on Mars and moon, and the asteroid No. 19126 \"Ottohahn\" named in his honor, as well as the \"Otto Hahn Prize\" of both the German Chemical and Physical Societies, the \"Otto Hahn Medal\" of the Max Planck Society and the \"Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold\" of the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin.", "precise_score": 7.255537986755371, "rough_score": 7.918021202087402, "source": "search", "title": "Otto Hahn - New World Encyclopedia" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Element 105 has a similarly awkward history. While it was first announced by the Dubna scientists in 1970, the Berkeley group claimed to have identified it a year earlier. The Soviet group had not proposed a name, so the Berkeley group named it “hahnium” after Otto Hahn. However, in 1997, panel members of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics suggested that element 105 be called “dubnium,” in honor of the Joint Institute for Research in Dubna, Russia. Although the name “hahnium” is still used by some, the rules for naming new elements prevent it from ever being officially appropriated into the periodic table. In any case, as the the Russian and American groups raced to claim new elements, their analytical and synthetic techniques improved. Many of the techniques they developed are now widely used in the field of radiomedicine.", "precise_score": 6.779144287109375, "rough_score": 7.131752967834473, "source": "search", "title": "An Elementary Problem - The Berkeley Science Review" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Hahn's death did not stop his public acclamation. Proposals were made at different times, first in 1971 by American chemists, that the newly synthesized element no. 105 should be named hahnium in Hahn's honor; in 1997 the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) named it dubnium , after the Russian research center in Dubna (see element naming controversy ). Although element 108 was given the name hassium by its officially-recognized German discoverers in 1992, a 1994 IUPAC committee recommended that it be named hahnium (Hn), [54] in spite of the long-standing convention to give the discoverer the right to suggest a name. This recommendation was not adopted, following protests from the German discoverers, and the name hassium (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997. [55]", "precise_score": 6.355783939361572, "rough_score": 6.8640265464782715, "source": "search", "title": "Otto Hahn | Open Access articles | Open Access journals ..." }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "Element 105", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799518585205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of chemical elements naming controversies" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "IUPAC recommended that element 105 be named dubnium, after Dubna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9649658203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of chemical elements naming controversies" }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "Some suggested the name nielsbohrium (Ns), in honor of Niels Bohr (this was separate from the proposal of the same name for element 105). IUPAC adopted unnilseptium (Uns) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named bohrium (Bh), also in honor of Niels Bohr but using his surname only. While this conforms to the names of other elements honoring individuals where only the surname is taken, it was opposed by many who were concerned that it could be confused with boron. Despite this, the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6064690351486206, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of chemical elements naming controversies" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Element 105: Nielsbohrium (Dubnium)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.727831840515137, "source": "search", "title": "A Periodic Table of Rejected Element Names - Compound Interest" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537192344665527, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Chemistry in its element: dubnium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105053901672363, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "In the days of the Cold War, America and Russia rivalled each other in all sorts of ways. Never mind thermonuclear bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles to deliver them, they competed in putting men and women into space; who could win the most medals in the Olympic Games; and in making new chemical elements. In the case of element 105, the controversy went on for nearly 30 years and was part of the so-called 'Transfermium Wars', when no blood was spilt but a great deal of ink was.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884300231933594, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "In 1968, the Soviet team bombarded an americium-243 target with neon-22 and claimed to have made isotopes of mass 260 or 261 of element 105. First round to Russia. Two years later, the Berkeley group reported bombarding californium 249 with nitrogen-15, and claimed they had made an isotope of element 105 of mass 260 with a half life of around 1.5 seconds. They showed its alpha-decay product was element 103, lawrencium. They gave it the name hahnium, after Otto Hahn, who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of nuclear fission. Lise Meitner, a collaborator of Hahn, who had predicted fission, did not get even a mention from the Nobel committee, but more on this later. Also in 1970, the Russians reported more results, with more convincing data. They named it nielsbohrium, after the Danish physicist who was awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physics for his researches on atomic structure and radiation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.9201931953430176, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Unnilpentium", "passage": "As time went on, studies from both laboratories continued, and evidence mounted that element 105 resembled niobium and tantalum, being a member of a 6d transition series. In 1986, the Transfermium Working Group was set up to determine firstly, the criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognised and secondly to apply these criteria to the discovery of the transfermium elements. For the time being, in view of the conflicting claims, they kicked for touch and proposed a temporary name of unnilpentium (symbol Unp) while they decided who had synthesised and characterised this element. In 1994, they suggested the name joliotium (Jl), after the French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie, but this did not find acceptance. Finally in 1997, the working group recognised that both Berkeley and Dubna had made 'significant contributions' to the discovery of elements 104 and 105, and said that since the Berkeley contributions were recognised in the names of elements 104 and 106 (rutherfordium and seaborgium), element 105 should be given the name dubnium, symbol Db, after the town the Russian scientists came from.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.597602367401123, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Although only a few atoms have ever been made, we know a bit about the chemistry of dubnium. We think that its aqua ion adopts the +5 oxidation state, as the dubnium aqua ion is adsorbed onto glass from solution, just like niobium and tantalum above it in Group 5 - but unlike +3 and +4 ions of lanthanide and actinide metals. Attempts to form fluoride complexes in solution suggest that Db resembles niobium more than tantalum. Chemists have also made some chlorides and bromides, though they may possibly have been studying oxyhalides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483583450317383, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "Element 105 has had five names in total, being reinvented almost as often as Madonna.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639406204223633, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "So all is fair in the world of chemistry, kind of. That was Uppingham School's Simon Cotton bringing us the competitive discovery of dubnium. Now, staying with the transactinides, and the much deserved recognition of Lise Meitner; next week, we discover the chemistry of meitnerium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.338850498199463, "source": "search", "title": "Dubnium - Element information, properties and uses ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global | The Guardian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462798118591309, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Element of the week: dubnium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436087608337402, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "This week, we meet the element, dubnium, which has the atomic symbol, Db and the atomic number, 105. It was named in honour of where it was first synthesised, Dubna, which lies north of Moscow in the former Soviet Union. Although it was first synthesised in the 1967, it wasn't formally named until 1997.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.82619857788086, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Dubnium is a synthetic transactinide compound with a fleeting half-life that can only be found in the laboratory. Although no one has ever seen this element, it is thought to be a solid (pale silvery-grey?) metal at room temperature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397381782531738, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Dubnium was first created by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) by bombarding americium -243 with neon -22 ions to create an isotope of element 105.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.694206237792969, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Unnilpentium", "passage": "The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) then stepped in and tried to to resolve the issue in 1994. Originally, this element went by the temporary name unnilpentium (Unp), then IUPAC proposed yet another name, joliotium (Jl), after the French physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie (that name had originally been proposed by Soviet team for element 102, which later was named nobelium ). This solution did accomplish one thing: it made everyone angry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6839418411254883, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Thirteen isotopes of dubnium are known so far, and three more are predicted to exist. The most stable isotope is dubnium-268, with a half-life just over 32 hours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858977317810059, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "Here's our favourite chemistry professor, telling us that no one (including himself) knows much about the ephemeral element that is now known as dubnium:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954841613769531, "source": "search", "title": "Element of the week: dubnium | @GrrlScientist | Global ..." }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "dubnium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423882484436035, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "..... Click the link for more information.  Dubnium-268, the most stable istotope, has a half-life of 1.2 days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44202709197998, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "In 1968 a Soviet team led by G. N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna announced the discovery of element 105. They claimed that in 1967 they had isolated isotopes with mass numbers 260 and 261 and half-lives half-life,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.744261741638184, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "..... Click the link for more information.  of 0.1 sec and 3 sec, respectively, by bombarding americium-243 atoms with neon-22 ions. In 1970 the same team announced that by using the same americium and neon isotopes but a different detection technique they had created an isotope of element 105 with mass number 261 and a half-life of 2 sec; they suggested that element 105 be named nielsbohrium to honor the Danish physicist Niels Bohr Bohr, Niels Henrik David", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.849672317504883, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "..... Click the link for more information. . In 1970, an American research team led by A. Ghiorso at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced that, while they had been unable to confirm the Dubna group's results, they had synthesized an isotope of element 105 by another route. They bombarded californium-249 atoms with nitrogen-15 ions to create an isotope with mass number 260 and a half-life of 1.6 sec. Disputing the Soviet claim of discovery, the Americans suggested the name hahnium to honor the German chemist and physicist Otto Hahn Hahn, Otto", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.291568756103516, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "An international committee set up to resolve such disputes decided in 1992 that the Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery. The syntheses of at least nine isotopes of dubnium, with half-lives ranging from 1.2 sec (Db-259) to 34 sec (Db-262), have been confirmed. In 1994 a committee of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), convened to resolve naming disputes for the transactinide elements transactinide elements", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786378860473633, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Element 105", "passage": "..... Click the link for more information. , recommended that element 105 be named joliotium, symbol Jl, after the French physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie Joliot-Curie", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.396439552307129, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" }, { "answer": "Dubnium", "passage": "..... Click the link for more information. . In 1997 the name dubnium was accepted internationally for element 105, in recognition of the pioneering work done at the Dubna laboratory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33772087097168, "source": "search", "title": "Unp | Article about Unp by The Free Dictionary" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "On 9 May 2008, Hezbollah and Amal forces, sparked by a government declaration that Hezbollah's communications network was illegal, seized western Beirut, leading to the 2008 conflict in Lebanon. The Lebanese government denounced the violence as a coup attempt. At least 62 people died in the resulting clashes between pro-government and opposition militias. On 21 May 2008, the signing of the Doha Agreement ended the fighting. As part of the accord, which ended 18 months of political paralysis, Michel Suleiman became president and a national unity government was established, granting a veto to the opposition. The agreement was a victory for opposition forces, as the government caved in to all their main demands. ", "precise_score": -4.196583271026611, "rough_score": -5.2950873374938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lebanon" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "In early January 2011, the national unity government collapsed due to growing tensions stemming from the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, which was expected to indict Hezbollah members for the Hariri assassination. The parliament elected Najib Mikati, the candidate for the Hezbollah-led March 8 Alliance, Prime Minister of Lebanon, making him responsible for forming a new government. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah insists that Israel was responsible for the assassination of Hariri. A report leaked by the Al-Akhbar newspaper in November 2010 stated that Hezbollah has drafted plans for a takeover of the country in the event that the Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues an indictment against its members. ", "precise_score": -6.017630577087402, "rough_score": -6.015442371368408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lebanon" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "But under the cover of darkness on Monday last week, he returned to Lebanon offering forgiveness and reconciliation to his captors, a quarter of a century after he was kidnapped and tortured by associates of the militant group Hezbollah.", "precise_score": -2.7771284580230713, "rough_score": -5.751409530639648, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "During the meeting Mr Moussawi denied Hezbollah was responsible for his kidnapping.", "precise_score": -0.14743205904960632, "rough_score": -5.2616071701049805, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "His reconciliation was an attempt to highlight the plight of Christians who have been forced to flee their homeland by the civil war in Syria. Hezbollah has forged an unlikely alliance with the Free Patriotic Movement, Lebanon's largest Christian party.", "precise_score": -5.590766906738281, "rough_score": -7.470947265625, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Hizballah is an Islamic movement founded after the Israeli military seizure of Lebanon in 1982, which resulted in the formation of Islamic resistance units committed to the liberation of the occupied territories and the ejection of Israeli forces. Hizbollah was established in 1982 during the Lebanon War when a group of Lebanese Shi'ite Muslims declared themselves to be the \"Party of God\" (Hizb Allah, which is clear in Hizbollah but progressively less so in Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah). Upon the realization that the IDF was entrenching itself in south Lebanon, and influenced and assisted by 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon, Hizballah cells began developing with the immediate desire to resist the Israeli invasion. Hizbollah began establishing its base in Lebanon in 1982 and has expanded and strengthened ever since, primarily due to its wave of suicide bombings and foreign support by Iran and Syria.", "precise_score": -4.024281978607178, "rough_score": -6.560133934020996, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Formed in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, this Lebanon-based radical Shia group takes its ideological inspiration from the Iranian revolution and the teachings of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. The Majlis al-Shura, or Consultative Council, is the group's highest governing body and is led by Secretary General Hasan Nasrallah. Hizballah is dedicated to liberating Jerusalem and eliminating Israel, and has formally advocated ultimate establishment of Islamic rule in Lebanon. Nonetheless, Hizballah has actively participated in Lebanon's political system since 1992. This radical Shia is dedicated to creation of Iranian-style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. It is strongly anti-Western and anti-Israeli.", "precise_score": -8.398458480834961, "rough_score": -7.2601447105407715, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Between the spring of 1983 to the summer of 1985 the Hizballah launched an unprecedented wave of suicide bombings which included an attack on the US embassy and at a US Marine base in Beirut. Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck bombing of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy Annex in Beirut in September 1984. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. The group also attacked the Israeli Embassy in Argentina in 1992.", "precise_score": 1.7515931129455566, "rough_score": -1.9491900205612183, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The kidnapping of Israeli troops by Hizballah came in the wake of a similar incident less than a month before, on June 25th, 2006, when Palestinian militants forcibly captured an Israeli soldier to use as leverage for bargaining with the Israeli government. The last time Hizballah carried out a similar operation against Israel was in October of 2000, when 3 Israeli soldiers were abducted by the Lebanese militants. All three victims died either by execution or wounds sustained during their capture. Their bodies were returned to Israel in exchange for the release of several Arab prisoners.", "precise_score": -2.223971366882324, "rough_score": -6.581714630126953, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The 12 July 2006 attack resulted in immediate retaliation by the Israeli military, which responded to the hostilities against their troops and citizens by bombing roads, bridges, and power plants inside Lebanon. The specific targeting of al-Manar, the Hizballah controlled television station, and the Lebanese international airport as well as the blockading of Lebanon's sea ports was an attempt to force the return of the captured Israeli troops and place greater pressure on Hizballah. These retaliatory actions by Israel resulted in the deaths of dozens of Lebanese civilians and threats of further rocket attacks by Hizballah.", "precise_score": -6.220215797424316, "rough_score": -7.5053791999816895, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Formed in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, this Lebanon-based radical Shia group takes its ideological inspiration from the Iranian revolution and the teachings of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. The Majlis al-Shura, or Consultative Council, is the group's highest governing body and is led by Secretary General Hasan Nasrallah. Hizballah is dedicated to liberating Jerusalem and eliminating Israel, and has formally advocated ultimate establishment of Islamic rule in Lebanon. Nonetheless, Hizballah has actively participated in Lebanon's political system since 1992. Hizballah is closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran but has the capability and willingness to act independently. Though Hizballah does not share the Syrian regime's secular orientation, the group has been a strong ally in helping Syria advance its political objectives in the region.", "precise_score": -9.294034004211426, "rough_score": -7.678847789764404, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US and anti-Israeli terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck bombings of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in 1983 and the US Embassy annex in Beirut in 1984. Three members of Hizballah, 'Imad Mughniyah, Hasan Izz-al-Din, and Ali Atwa, are on the FBI's list of 22 Most Wanted Terrorists for the 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847 during which a US Navy diver was murdered. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of Americans and other Westerners in Lebanon in the 1980s. Hizballah also attacked the Israeli Embassy in Argentina in 1992 and the Israeli cultural center in Buenos Aires in 1994. In 2000, Hizballah operatives captured three Israeli soldiers in the Shab'a Farms and kidnapped an Israeli noncombatant.", "precise_score": 0.01818156987428665, "rough_score": -0.5939204096794128, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Beginning in the mid-1990s, Turkish Hizballah, which is unrelated to Lebanese Hizballah, expanded its target base and modus operandi from killing PKK militants to conducting low-level bombings against liquor stores, bordellos, and other establishments the organization considered \"anti-Islamic.\" In January 2000, Turkish security forces killed Huseyin Velioglu, the leader of Turkish Hizballah, in a shootout at a safe house in Istanbul. The incident sparked a year-long series of counterterrorist operations against the group that resulted in the detention of some 2,000 individuals; authorities arrested several hundred of those on criminal charges. At the same time, police recovered nearly 70 bodies of Turkish and Kurdish businessmen and journalists that Turkish Hizballah had tortured and brutally murdered during the mid-to-late 1990s. The group began targeting official Turkish interests in January 2001, when its operatives assassinated the Diyarbakir police chief in the group's most sophisticated operation to date. Turkish Hizballah did not conduct a major operation in 2003 or 2004 and probably is focusing on recruitment, fundraising, and reorganization.", "precise_score": -8.847521781921387, "rough_score": -7.242473125457764, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "The president assembled his national security team to devise a plan of military action. The planned target was the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, which housed Iranian Revolutionary Guards believed to be training Hezbollah fighters. Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger aborted the mission, reportedly because of his concerns that it would harm U.S. relations with other Arab nations. Instead, President Reagan ordered the battleship USS New Jersey, stationed off the coast of Lebanon, to the hills near Beirut. The move was seen as largely ineffective.", "precise_score": -8.433655738830566, "rough_score": -7.36674165725708, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "In Aukar, northeast of Beirut, a truck bomb exploded outside the U.S. Embassy annex killing 24 people, two of whom were U.S. military personnel. According to the U.S. State Department's 1999 report on terrorist organizations, elements of Hezbollah are \"known or suspected to have been involved\" in the bombing.", "precise_score": -6.888837814331055, "rough_score": -7.544576644897461, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "President Reagan and the CIA called off covert operations when Lebanese intelligence operatives -- some allegedly trained by the U.S. -- set off a car bomb on March 8, 1985, in an attempted murder of Sheik Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, the Shiite Muslim cleric who some believed to be the spiritual leader of Hezbollah. Over 80 people were killed in the attack near a Beirut mosque. Fadlallah survived.", "precise_score": -7.092296600341797, "rough_score": -7.527857303619385, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "TWA Flight 847 was hijacked en route from Athens to Rome and forced to land in Beirut, Lebanon, where the hijackers held the plane for 17 days. They demanded the release of the Kuwait 17 as well as the release of 700 fellow Shiite Muslim prisoners held in Israeli prisons and in prisons in southern Lebanon run by the Israeli-backed South Lebanon Army. When these demands weren't met, hostage Robert Dean Stethem, a U.S. Navy diver, was shot and his body dumped on the airport tarmac. U.S. sources implicated Hezbollah.", "precise_score": -1.1873615980148315, "rough_score": -7.018691062927246, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Syrian rebels say the man they seized in Damascus was fighting for the Syrian government on behalf of Lebanon's Shia Hezbollah movement.", "precise_score": -3.589560031890869, "rough_score": -6.224090099334717, "source": "search", "title": "Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar and Kuwait urge Lebanon exodus ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "(VIDEO) Hizbullah leader Sheikh Nasrallah makes first public appearance following kidnapping of two IDF soldiers, to deliver victorious speech. �This is day of loyalty to Samir Quntar and rest of the Lebanese prisoners in Israel,' he says. IDF shells Lebanon by land, air and sea", "precise_score": -1.8192946910858154, "rough_score": -6.138701915740967, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Hizballah is an Islamic movement founded after the Israeli military seizure of Lebanon in 1982, which resulted in the formation of Islamic resistance units committed to the liberation of the occupied territories and the ejection of Israeli forces. Hizbollah was established in 1982 during the Lebanon War when a group of Lebanese Shi'ite Muslims declared themselves to be the \"Party of God\" (Hizb Allah, which is clear in Hizbollah but progressively less so in Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah). Upon the realization that the IDF was entrenching itself in south Lebanon, and influenced and assisted by 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon, Hizballah cells began developing with the immediate desire to resist the Israeli invasion. Hizbollah began establishing its base in Lebanon in 1982 and has expanded and strengthened ever since, primarily due to its wave of suicide bombings and foreign support by Iran and Syria.", "precise_score": -4.024281978607178, "rough_score": -6.560133934020996, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Formed in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, this Lebanon-based radical Shia group takes its ideological inspiration from the Iranian revolution and the teachings of the late Ayatollah Khomeini. The Majlis al-Shura, or Consultative Council, is the group's highest governing body and is led by Secretary General Hasan Nasrallah. Hizballah is dedicated to liberating Jerusalem and eliminating Israel, and has formally advocated ultimate establishment of Islamic rule in Lebanon. Nonetheless, Hizballah has actively participated in Lebanon's political system since 1992. This radical Shia is dedicated to creation of Iranian-style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. It is strongly anti-Western and anti-Israeli.", "precise_score": -8.398458480834961, "rough_score": -7.2601447105407715, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Between the spring of 1983 to the summer of 1985 the Hizballah launched an unprecedented wave of suicide bombings which included an attack on the US embassy and at a US Marine base in Beirut. Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck bombing of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy Annex in Beirut in September 1984. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. The group also attacked the Israeli Embassy in Argentina in 1992.", "precise_score": 1.7515931129455566, "rough_score": -1.9491900205612183, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The kidnapping of Israeli troops by Hizballah came in the wake of a similar incident less than a month before, on June 25th, 2006, when Palestinian militants forcibly captured an Israeli soldier to use as leverage for bargaining with the Israeli government. The last time Hizballah carried out a similar operation against Israel was in October of 2000, when 3 Israeli soldiers were abducted by the Lebanese militants. All three victims died either by execution or wounds sustained during their capture. Their bodies were returned to Israel in exchange for the release of several Arab prisoners.", "precise_score": -2.223971366882324, "rough_score": -6.581714630126953, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The 12 July 2006 attack resulted in immediate retaliation by the Israeli military, which responded to the hostilities against their troops and citizens by bombing roads, bridges, and power plants inside Lebanon. The specific targeting of al-Manar, the Hizballah controlled television station, and the Lebanese international airport as well as the blockading of Lebanon's sea ports was an attempt to force the return of the captured Israeli troops and place greater pressure on Hizballah. These retaliatory actions by Israel resulted in the deaths of dozens of Lebanese civilians and threats of further rocket attacks by Hizballah.", "precise_score": -6.220215797424316, "rough_score": -7.5053791999816895, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched a series of rocket attacks and raids into Israeli territory, where they killed three Israeli soldiers and captured a further two. Israel responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon, and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon, resulting in the 2006 Lebanon War. The conflict was officially ended by the UNSC Resolution 1701 on 14 August 2006, which ordered a ceasefire. Some 1,191 Lebanese and 160 Israelis were killed in the conflict. Beirut's southern suburb was heavily damaged by Israeli airstrikes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.779874801635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lebanon" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his peace with Hezbollah | The Independent", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905223846435547, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his peace with Hezbollah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.948558807373047, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Mr Waite, now 73, held talks with Ammar Moussawi, Hezbollah's senior foreign affairs official. It was his first time in the area since 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.69243049621582, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "At about 10pm he was taken to a secret location in the city's suburbs, with the meeting held at about 11pm. He said the rendezvous had been confirmed only at the last moment, which was \"often how Hezbollah works\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837268829345703, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "\"My first reason for the visit is to say the past is the past,\" Mr Waite told Mr Moussawi, surrounded by Hezbollah flags. He added: \"Let us leave it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260405540466309, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "He communicated with other hostages in the cell next door by tapping on the wall using a rudimentary code. Mr Waite conceded that last week's meeting was not without \"a degree of risk\", but that he had to \"trust\" in Hezbollah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.363901138305664, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "\"I would remind such accusers that Hezbollah has grown into a fully-fledged political party with seats in Lebanon's parliament and is now in a unique position to work for peace in the region,\" he said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.595099449157715, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Mr Waite asked Hezbollah to provide assistance and aid to Christian refugees in the weeks before Christmas. He said: \"It is my view that Hezbollah can do itself a great deal of good at Christmas, the Christian festival, by perhaps doing something to give some support to the refugees who are in this country.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020363807678223, "source": "search", "title": "Twenty years after he was freed, Terry Waite makes his ..." }, { "answer": "Party of God", "passage": "Hizballah (Party of God)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37490463256836, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Party of God", "passage": "Party of God", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307751655578613, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "passage": "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379851341247559, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Revolutionary Justice Organization", "passage": "Revolutionary Justice Organization", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364083290100098, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "A very important factor that developed Hizballah was the establishment of the Islamic Revolution in Iran that was led by the Imam Khomeini. This revolution consolidated new concepts in the field of Islamic thought mainly the concept of Willayat Al-Faqih. The revolution also generalized Islamic expressions against the west such as arrogance, the great Satan, hypocrites and the oppressed. Due to that it was only normal for the ideological doctrine in Iran to take root in Lebanon. This tie was very quickly translated on the ground by direct support from the Islamic Republic of Iran through its revolutionary guards and then to Hizballah that was resisting the Israeli occupation. This religious and ideological tie between Hizballah and Iran following the revolution with its stance towards the Zionist entity had a great effect on releasing vital material and moral support to Hizballah. Hizballah's ideological ideals sees no legitimacy for the existence of Israel, a matter that elevates the contradictions to the level of existence. And the conflict becomes one of legitimacy that is based on religious ideals. The seed of resistance is also deep in the ideological beliefs of Hizballah, a belief that found its way for expression against the occupation of Lebanon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.868983268737793, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "Once established as a militia, Hizbollah received acclaim and legitimacy in Lebanon and throughout the Muslim world by fighting against IDF and SLA troops. In fact, since 1988 Hizbollah replaced Amal (the other prominent Shi'ite organization in Lebanon) as the predominant force due to its activity against Israel. Over the years Hizbollah military operations have grown to include attacking IDF and SLA outposts, ambushing convoys, laying explosive devices booby-trapping cars, and launching long range mortar shells and Katyusha rockets at IDF outposts and into Israel proper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.358630180358887, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "On 07 February 2000 Prime Minister and Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered the IDF to act, in accordance with the decisions of the Political-Security Cabinet, against terrorist and Lebanese infrastructure targets. The Political-Security Cabinet's decisions were in response to the serious escalation in Hizballah operations against the IDF and SLA, operations which are based in Lebanese villages - a violation of the \"Grapes of Wrath\" understandings. These operations were being neither prevented by the Lebanese government nor restrained by Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94256591796875, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The organization was very active against Israel during its stay in Lebanese territory, and since the IDF's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000 it began focusing on increasing and expanding its activities within Israel with the aim of carrying out \"quality\" attacks in Israeli territory, thus disrupting any attempt at dialogue and any opportunity to return to the peace process. This became evident during earlier attempts to hold negotiations with regard to a 'hudna' (ceasefire), when Hizballah operators encouraged attacks aimed at causing these contacts to fail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347273826599121, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "On Saturday morning, 7 October 2000, an armed and frenzied mob, numbering in the hundreds, attacked the border fence from Lebanese territory, immediately followed by heavy shelling of Israeli border positions by Hizballah terrorist elements from Lebanese territory, using explosives, rocket-propelled grenades, Sager missiles and border shells. During the course of this aggression, three Israeli soldiers were kidnapped by a Hizballah unit which had entered Israeli territory for this purpose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517083168029785, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Since 2003 it has been possible to see a trend of increasing cooperation between Hizballah in Lebanon and operational entities among the other Palestinian terrorist organizations, with the accent on Tanzim, Islamic Jihad, Hamas and the Popular Front. This cooperation is particularly evident between Hizballah and the Tanzim and in practice, in recent months Hizballah has served as a kind of \"external command\" for most of the Tanzim organizations in the territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.044004440307617, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hizballah, admitted for the first time in public the existence of a Hizballah unit responsible for activities with the Palestinians. He said this on Almanar television on July 19, 2004, after the death of Ghaleb Awaleh, a senior Hizballah terrorist: \". the fallen Ghaleb Awaleh is like the fallen Ali Salah, from the group which dedicated its life in recent years to helping our brothers in conquered Palestine. We do not wish to conceal the truth. We declare it and glory in it. Ghaleb Awaleh today has fallen on the Palestine road. He is a Jerusalem martyr. He is an Al Aksa Mosque martyr. He is a martyr in the fight against the Zionist enterprise. and we will not to abandon this fight and have never abandoned it. We are in a position where we will fight openly and we will fight clandestinely.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270378112792969, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah's methods of controlling terrorist organizations in the territories are similar to those characteristic of the involvement of the command centers of Palestinian terrorist organizations abroad (Hamas and Islamic Jihad) in the actions of their organizations inside the country. Striking in this framework are the instructions to carry out mass murder attacks within Israeli territory, mediation between terrorists at the different centers of action, the large-scale transfer of money, and finally, coordination of the effort to upgrade the terrorist capabilities of the organizations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.263433456420898, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The most significant remaining armed group in Lebanon is Hizballah, which the Government refers to, not as a Lebanese militia, but as a \"national resistance group\". Hizballah seeks to defend Lebanon from Israel and the removal of Israeli forces from Lebanese soil, namely, the Shab'a farms. Lebanon maintains that the Shab'a farms are Lebanese territory, not Syrian. In the Secretary-General's report of 16 June 2000, however, he confirmed that Israel has fulfilled the requirements of Security Council resolutions 425 and 426 to \"withdraw its forces from all Lebanese territory\". The Council endorsed that conclusion on 18 June 2000 in a presidential statement. Notwithstanding the Lebanese Government's position that the Shab'a farms area lies within Lebanon, the Government has confirmed that it would respect the Blue Line as identified by the United Nations. The Council has called on Lebanon to respect fully its line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.293268203735352, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 (02 September 2004) called for the \"disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias\". The Government of Lebanon is responsible for the disbanding and disarming of the militias, including Hizballah, and preventing the flow of armaments and other military equipment to the militias, including Hizballah, from Syria, Iran, and other external sources. Lebanon basically rejected Resolution 1559, and by early 2005 this presented the risk of Israeli retaliation against vital Lebanese infrastructure to force action to disarm Hizballah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.222289085388184, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "A heavy exchange of fire between Hizbollah and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) across the Blue Line took place on 21 November 2005, surpassing any activity level since Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000. The exchange began with heavy Hizbollah mortar and rocket fire from a number of locations against several IDF positions close to the Blue Line in the eastern sector of the UNIFIL area of operation. Simultaneously, a large group of Hizbollah fighters infiltrated Ghajar village and launched an assault on the Mayor's office and the IDF position inside the village, south of the Blue Line, which was vacant at the time. The ensuing Israeli retaliation was heavy and included aerial bombing. The exchange of fire subsequently spread all along the Blue Line and lasted for over nine hours. Around 800 artillery, tank and mortar rounds and rockets were exchanged. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) dropped at least 30 aerial bombs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370548248291016, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "In a written report to the Security Council 18 April 2006, Secretary-General Kofi Annan called on Syria and Iran to stop interfering in Lebanon. The report, which was written by the secretary-general's special envoy Terje Roed-Larsen, said that Hizballah, the Lebanese militant group, \"maintains close ties, with frequent contacts and regular communication\" with Syria and Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.243499755859375, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "On July 12, 2006 members of Hizballah infiltrated the Lebanese-Israeli border near Shtula, an Israeli farming village, and claimed responsibility for an ambush conducted on two Israeli Army Hummvees. The attack resulted in the capture of two Israeli soldiers and the deaths of three others. Five more Israeli soldiers were killed in the ensuing pursuit of Hizballah members into Lebanese territory. The combined capture of two soldiers and the deaths of 8 others; was considered the worst loss for Israeli military forces in more than four years. Hizballah also claimed responsibility for two separate Katyusha rocket attacks on Israeli towns resulting in the death of 1 civilian and the injury of 25 others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.095845222473145, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Up to 10,000 Hezbollah militiamen are estimated to have been fighting in Syria at any one time. By November 2015 Hezbollah fighters increased in numbers on the front lines in northern Syria, aiding the military of President Bashar al-Assad against rebel forces and Islamic State militants. The presence of the Lebanon-based Hezbollah had grown noticeably in Syria since Russia began its air campaign in late September 2015 in support of the Assad government. Hezbollah casualty figures in October showed a steady increase in battle deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.939987182617188, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "In the ongoing battle for Aleppo, Syria�s largest city, Tehran-backed Hezbollah fighters have reportedly taken a key role alongside Iranian forces in support of the Syrian regime. Hezbollah is preoccupied in other battles as well, including in northern Hama and a smaller involvement in Quneitra.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.843677520751953, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Since the beginning of the crisis in Syria, Hezbollah had not been very open about the scale of its involvement, but its leader, Hassan Nasrallah, has occasionally referred to siding with the Syrian government as a strategic need and a religious duty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.012068748474121, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Hezbollah lent support to Assad�s regime from the start of the civil war with small numbers of fighters but committed heavily when the war dragged on to do all it could militarily to save Syria�s strongman, a member of the Alawite minority sect, an offshoot of Shia Islam. Hezbollah fighters were schooled from a young age to submit to strict military discipline and are nurtured in a culture of martyrdom, believing that God sanctions their struggles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.510089874267578, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Many Lebanese Shi�ites doubted the wisdom of the involvement in Syria. When young Lebanese Shi�ite fighters started to return in body bags in 2014, some supporters, especially those in southern Lebanon, questioned why Hezbollah was fighting in Syria, arguing the real enemy is Israel. But a series of jihadist bombings in Shi�ite strongholds of Beirut and suicide bombings in the Bekaa Valley changed that � the critics fell back into line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05606460571289, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "�The Islamic State has been a saving grace for Hezbollah�s recruitment efforts,� said Matthew Levitt, director of the Stein Program on Counterterrorism and Intelligence at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and author of the book �Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God.� Until the bombings and the rise of the Islamic State, �there was a lot of backlash to Hezbollah,� he adds. �Hezbollah is seen as the only one capable of defending Shi�ites from the onslaught of the radical Sunnis.�", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.007462501525879, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "By early 2016 there was increasing concern that Hezbollah is getting valuable battlefield experience in Syria, especially when it comes to large-scale, coordinated offensive operations, something the Shi�ite militia had little knowledge of before. That practical experience could be of use in any subsequent conflict with Israel. Hezbollah commanders acknowledge the benefits. Hezbollah has been in the vanguard of large assaults on Syrian rebels and not just along the border in Qalamoun and Quneitra but also further afield around Aleppo in northern Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.006348609924316, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "There was always a fair amount of synergy between the Iranians and Hezbollah in terms of tactics, command-and-control and training. The missions they were involved with in Syria were different from what they had been working on with Iranian revolutionary guards in the context of strategic competition with the Israelis. So in Syria, Hezbollah had to become somewhat masterful in counter-insurgency.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.447514533996582, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Hezbollah has also learned to coordinate with other other irregular militias that have come from as far away as Afghanistan. And Israel�s arch-enemy has become used to working with the Russian military � calling in airstrikes and liaising when it comes to intelligence and reconnaissance. Hezbollah is learning to use more sophisticated equipment, and it is getting more battlefield experience for its fighters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890867233276367, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "The State Department's 1993 report on international terrorism lists Hizbollah's \"strength\" at several thousand. Hizbollah sources assert that the organization has about 5,000-10,000 fighters. Other sources report that Hizbollah's militia consists of a core of about 300-400 fighters, which can be expanded to up to 3,000 within several hours if a battle with Israel develops. These reserves presumably are called in from Hizbollah strongholds in Lebanon, including the Bekaa Valley and Beirut's southern suburbs. The number of members involved in combat activity in southern Lebanon is under 1,000. But it has many activists and moral supporters. After the Israeli withdrawal Hizballah reduced the number of full time fighters to about 500, though estimates range from 300 to 1,200. There are also several thousand reserves, but these lack training or experience.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.353960990905762, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "Hizbollah's militia is a light force, equipped with small arms, such as automatic rifles, mortars, rocket-propelled grenades, and Katyusha rockets, which it occasionally has fired on towns in northern Israel. Hizbollah forces are shown on television conducting military parades in Beirut, which often include tanks and armored personnel carriers that may have been captured from the Lebanese army or purchased from Palestinian guerrillas or other sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.003026008605957, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah was established by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards who came to Lebanon during the 1982 \"Peace for Galilee\" war, as part of the policy of exporting the Islamic revolution. It receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria. Published reports that Iran provides hundreds million dollars of aid annually are probably exaggerated. Iran probably provides financial assistance and military assistance worth about $25-50 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.595133781433105, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah is closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran but has the capability and willingness to act independently. Closely allied with, and often directed by Iran, it may have conducted operations that were not approved by Tehran. Though Hizballah does not share the Syrian regime's secular orientation, the group has been a strong ally in helping Syria advance its political objectives in the region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437433242797852, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The \"Martyr's Charity\" (Bonyad-e Shahid) supplied charitable funds for the families of suicide bombers. In 2001, Paraguayan police searched the home of Hizballah operative Sobhi Mahmoud Fayad in the the Tri-Border Area where Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay meet. Police found receipts from the Martyr's Organization totaling more than $3.5 million for donations Fayad sent, though authorities believed Fayad had sent over $50 million to Hizballah since 1995.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99493408203125, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Besides operating a worldwide network of fundraisers, funds are also raised through so-called 'charity funds.' Some of these are extremist Islamic institutions that, while not directly connected to Hizballah, support it, albeit marginally, in view of their radical Islamic orientation. While some of these funds undoubtedly pay for Hizballah's military and terrorist operations, other funds enable the group to provide its members with day jobs, to drape itself in a veil of legitimacy, and to build grassroots support among not only Shi'a, but also Sunni and Christian Lebanese. In March 2005, Hizballah organized a large demonstration to protest American and other international pressure on Syria to completely withdraw from Lebanon. Syria did subsequently withdraw its military and intelligence forces. The Syrian withdrawal may have left a vacuum for Iran to expand its influence in Lebanon and on Hizballah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.314347267150879, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "In Israel's view, Hizballah's activities are part of Iran's overall policy with regard to Israel, which is to fan the flames of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and initiate terrorist activities against Israel, despite the fact that Hizballah is a Lebanese organization consisting entirely of terrorists from Lebanon, with no national connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In view of Iran's interest in smudging its fingerprints with regard to direct control over internal terrorist activities, Hizballah's status is significant as Iran's front-line operative arm against Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.018397331237793, "source": "search", "title": "Hizballah / Hizbollah / Hizbullah / Hezbollah – Party of God" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "In the last year, numerous public accusations suggest Iran and Hizballah are providing support to al-Aqsa elements, but the extent of external influence on al-Aqsa as a whole is not clear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226676940917969, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416393280029297, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Party of God", "passage": "a.k.a. Party of God, Islamic Jihad, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656637191772461, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah also provides guidance and financial and operational support for Palestinian extremist groups engaged in terrorist operations in Israel and the occupied territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767556190490723, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "In 2004, Hizballah launched an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that left Lebanese airspace and flew over the Israeli town of Nahariya before crashing into Lebanese territorial waters. Ten days prior to the event, the Hizballah Secretary General said Hizballah would come up with new measures to counter Israeli Air Force violations of Lebanese airspace. Hizballah also continued launching small scale attacks across the Israeli border, resulting in the deaths of several Israeli soldiers. In March 2004, Hizballah and HAMAS signed an agreement to increase joint efforts to perpetrate attacks against Israel. In late 2004, Hizballah's al-Manar television station, based in Beirut with an estimated ten million viewers worldwide, was prohibited from broadcasting in France. Al-Manar was placed on the Terrorist Exclusion List (TEL) in the United States, which led to its removal from the program offerings of its main cable service provider, and made it more difficult for al-Manar associates and affiliates to operate in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.474133491516113, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Receives financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran, and diplomatic, political, and logistical support from Syria. Hizballah also receives funding from charitable donations and business interests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158317565917969, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Turkish Hizballah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489447593688965, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Turkish Hizballah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.489447593688965, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Turkish Hizballah is a Kurdish Sunni Islamic terrorist organization that arose in the early 1980s in response to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)'s secularist approach of establishing an independent Kurdistan. Turkish Hizballah spent its first 10 years fighting the PKK, accusing the group of atrocities against Muslims in southeastern Turkey, where Turkish Hizballah seeks to establish an independent Islamic state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527329444885254, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "It is widely believed that Turkey's security apparatus originally backed Turkish Hizballah to help the Turkish Government combat the PKK. Alternative views are that the Turkish Government turned a blind eye to Turkish Hizballah's activities because its primary targets were PKK members and supporters, or that the Government simply had to prioritize scarce resources and was unable to wage war on both groups simultaneously. Allegations of collusion have never been laid to rest, and the Government of Turkey continues to issue denials. Turkish Hizballah also is suspected of having ties with Iran, although there is not sufficient evidence to establish a link.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103914260864258, "source": "search", "title": "Chapter 6 -- Terrorist Groups - U.S. Department of State" }, { "answer": "Party of God", "passage": "Hizballah (Party of God)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37490463256836, "source": "search", "title": "(K) Appendix B: Background Information on Terrorist Groups" }, { "answer": "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "passage": "a.k.a. Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55127239227295, "source": "search", "title": "(K) Appendix B: Background Information on Terrorist Groups" }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Reagan administration officials said that the attack was carried out by Hezbollah operatives, a Lebanese militant Islamic group whose anti-U.S. sentiments were sparked in part by the revolution in Iran. The Hezbollah operatives who carried out the attack on the embassy reportedly were receiving financial and logistical support from both Iran and Syria. [For more on how and why Iran and Syria were helping to direct attacks on the U.S., see FRONTLINE's interviews with Robert Oakley and Robert C. McFarlane .]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.03557300567627, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "In his September 2001 FRONTLINE interview, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger said the U.S. still lacks \"actual knowledge of who did the bombing\" of the Marine barracks. But it suspected Hezbollah, believed to be supported in part by Iran and Syria. Hezbollah denied its involvement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985811233520508, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "The U.S. military took no action in retaliation. In Kuwait, 17 people were arrested and convicted for participating in the attacks. One of those convicted was Mustafa Youssef Badreddin, a cousin and brother-in-law of one of Hezbollah's senior officers, Imad Mughniyah. After a six-week trial in Kuwait, Badreddin was sentenced to death for his role in the bombings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.742709159851074, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "U.S. officials believed that the Iranian-backed Hezbollah was behind most of the kidnappings and the Reagan administration devised a covert plan. Iran was desperately running out of military supplies in its war with Iraq, but Congress had banned the sale of American arms to countries like Iran that sponsored terrorism. Reagan was advised that a bargain could be struck -- secret arms sales to Iran, hostages back to the U.S. The plan, when it was revealed to the public, was decried as a failure and anathema to the U.S. policy of refusing to negotiate with terrorists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.087993621826172, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Iran arrested the hijackers, saying they would be brought to trail. But the trial never took place, and the hijackers were allowed to leave the country. There was no U.S. military response. The State Department announced a $250,000 reward for information leading to the arrests of those involved in the hijacking. Later press reports linked Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyah to the hijackings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62619686126709, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Imad Mughniyah, a senior officer with Hezbollah, was secretly indicted for the TWA hijacking in 1987, along with three others. One of those indicted, Mohammed Ali Hamadei, was arrested in Frankfurt, Germany. In 1989 he was convicted in a German court and sentenced to life in prison. [Editor's Note: Imad Mugniyah remained at large and on the FBI's Most Wanted List for 19 years, until he was killed in a car bombing in Damascus, Syria on Feb. 12, 2008.]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.64991569519043, "source": "search", "title": "Terrorist Attacks On Americans, 1979-1988 | Target America ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "A video of Hassan Salim al-Meqdad was released by his captors on Tuesday in which the captive, surrounded by three masked gunmen, says he was one of 1,500 Hezbollah fighters who arrived in Syria in early August. The statement was dismissed by his family - the al-Meqdad clan - as a lie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.66161060333252, "source": "search", "title": "Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar and Kuwait urge Lebanon exodus ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away\" proclaims day of loyalty\" to child killer Samir Kuntar as prisoner release demand - Militant Islam Monitor - Militant Islam Monitor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.021007537841797, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Militant Islam Monitor > Articles > Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away\" proclaims day of loyalty\" to child killer Samir Kuntar as prisoner release demand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.243239402770996, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away\" proclaims day of loyalty\" to child killer Samir Kuntar as prisoner release demand", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.271099090576172, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "VIDEO - Secretary General of Hizbullah, Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, termed the Wednesday kidnapping of two IDF soldiers along the northern border by members of his terrorist organization, \"The promise that was kept.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.142797470092773, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "The kidnapping itself occurred in the morning hours. Under heavy shelling, that \"lit up\" the whole region, RPG missiles were fired towards IDF stations. Tracks, blood stains and a breach in the fence were found on the scene. Shortly thereafter, Hizbullah announced that it was holding two Israeli soldiers hostage, who had been transported to a secure location and who would only be released � together with Gilad Shalit � in a large-scale prisoner exchange.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.463993072509766, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "passage": "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379851341247559, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Revolutionary Justice Organization", "passage": "Revolutionary Justice Organization", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364083290100098, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "A very important factor that developed Hizballah was the establishment of the Islamic Revolution in Iran that was led by the Imam Khomeini. This revolution consolidated new concepts in the field of Islamic thought mainly the concept of Willayat Al-Faqih. The revolution also generalized Islamic expressions against the west such as arrogance, the great Satan, hypocrites and the oppressed. Due to that it was only normal for the ideological doctrine in Iran to take root in Lebanon. This tie was very quickly translated on the ground by direct support from the Islamic Republic of Iran through its revolutionary guards and then to Hizballah that was resisting the Israeli occupation. This religious and ideological tie between Hizballah and Iran following the revolution with its stance towards the Zionist entity had a great effect on releasing vital material and moral support to Hizballah. Hizballah's ideological ideals sees no legitimacy for the existence of Israel, a matter that elevates the contradictions to the level of existence. And the conflict becomes one of legitimacy that is based on religious ideals. The seed of resistance is also deep in the ideological beliefs of Hizballah, a belief that found its way for expression against the occupation of Lebanon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.868983268737793, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "Once established as a militia, Hizbollah received acclaim and legitimacy in Lebanon and throughout the Muslim world by fighting against IDF and SLA troops. In fact, since 1988 Hizbollah replaced Amal (the other prominent Shi'ite organization in Lebanon) as the predominant force due to its activity against Israel. Over the years Hizbollah military operations have grown to include attacking IDF and SLA outposts, ambushing convoys, laying explosive devices booby-trapping cars, and launching long range mortar shells and Katyusha rockets at IDF outposts and into Israel proper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.358630180358887, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "On 07 February 2000 Prime Minister and Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered the IDF to act, in accordance with the decisions of the Political-Security Cabinet, against terrorist and Lebanese infrastructure targets. The Political-Security Cabinet's decisions were in response to the serious escalation in Hizballah operations against the IDF and SLA, operations which are based in Lebanese villages - a violation of the \"Grapes of Wrath\" understandings. These operations were being neither prevented by the Lebanese government nor restrained by Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94256591796875, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The organization was very active against Israel during its stay in Lebanese territory, and since the IDF's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000 it began focusing on increasing and expanding its activities within Israel with the aim of carrying out \"quality\" attacks in Israeli territory, thus disrupting any attempt at dialogue and any opportunity to return to the peace process. This became evident during earlier attempts to hold negotiations with regard to a 'hudna' (ceasefire), when Hizballah operators encouraged attacks aimed at causing these contacts to fail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.347273826599121, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "On Saturday morning, 7 October 2000, an armed and frenzied mob, numbering in the hundreds, attacked the border fence from Lebanese territory, immediately followed by heavy shelling of Israeli border positions by Hizballah terrorist elements from Lebanese territory, using explosives, rocket-propelled grenades, Sager missiles and border shells. During the course of this aggression, three Israeli soldiers were kidnapped by a Hizballah unit which had entered Israeli territory for this purpose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517083168029785, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Since 2003 it has been possible to see a trend of increasing cooperation between Hizballah in Lebanon and operational entities among the other Palestinian terrorist organizations, with the accent on Tanzim, Islamic Jihad, Hamas and the Popular Front. This cooperation is particularly evident between Hizballah and the Tanzim and in practice, in recent months Hizballah has served as a kind of \"external command\" for most of the Tanzim organizations in the territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.044004440307617, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hizballah, admitted for the first time in public the existence of a Hizballah unit responsible for activities with the Palestinians. He said this on Almanar television on July 19, 2004, after the death of Ghaleb Awaleh, a senior Hizballah terrorist: \"� the fallen Ghaleb Awaleh is like the fallen Ali Salah, from the group which dedicated its life in recent years to helping our brothers in conquered Palestine. We do not wish to conceal the truth. We declare it and glory in it. Ghaleb Awaleh today has fallen on the Palestine road. He is a Jerusalem martyr. He is an Al Aksa Mosque martyr. He is a martyr in the fight against the Zionist enterprise� and we will not to abandon this fight and have never abandoned it. We are in a position where we will fight openly and we will fight clandestinely.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.26949405670166, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah's methods of controlling terrorist organizations in the territories are similar to those characteristic of the involvement of the command centers of Palestinian terrorist organizations abroad (Hamas and Islamic Jihad) in the actions of their organizations inside the country. Striking in this framework are the instructions to carry out mass murder attacks within Israeli territory, mediation between terrorists at the different centers of action, the large-scale transfer of money, and finally, coordination of the effort to upgrade the terrorist capabilities of the organizations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.263433456420898, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The most significant remaining armed group in Lebanon is Hizballah, which the Government refers to, not as a Lebanese militia, but as a \"national resistance group\". Hizballah seeks to defend Lebanon from Israel and the removal of Israeli forces from Lebanese soil, namely, the Shab'a farms. Lebanon maintains that the Shab'a farms are Lebanese territory, not Syrian. In the Secretary-General's report of 16 June 2000, however, he confirmed that Israel has fulfilled the requirements of Security Council resolutions 425 and 426 to \"withdraw its forces from all Lebanese territory\". The Council endorsed that conclusion on 18 June 2000 in a presidential statement. Notwithstanding the Lebanese Government's position that the Shab'a farms area lies within Lebanon, the Government has confirmed that it would respect the Blue Line as identified by the United Nations. The Council has called on Lebanon to respect fully its line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.293268203735352, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 (02 September 2004) called for the \"disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias\". The Government of Lebanon is responsible for the disbanding and disarming of the militias, including Hizballah, and preventing the flow of armaments and other military equipment to the militias, including Hizballah, from Syria, Iran, and other external sources. Lebanon basically rejected Resolution 1559, and by early 2005 this presented the risk of Israeli retaliation against vital Lebanese infrastructure to force action to disarm Hizballah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.222289085388184, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "A heavy exchange of fire between Hizbollah and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) across the Blue Line took place on 21 November 2005, surpassing any activity level since Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000. The exchange began with heavy Hizbollah mortar and rocket fire from a number of locations against several IDF positions close to the Blue Line in the eastern sector of the UNIFIL area of operation. Simultaneously, a large group of Hizbollah fighters infiltrated Ghajar village and launched an assault on the Mayor's office and the IDF position inside the village, south of the Blue Line, which was vacant at the time. The ensuing Israeli retaliation was heavy and included aerial bombing. The exchange of fire subsequently spread all along the Blue Line and lasted for over nine hours. Around 800 artillery, tank and mortar rounds and rockets were exchanged. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) dropped at least 30 aerial bombs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370548248291016, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "In a written report to the Security Council 18 April 2006, Secretary-General Kofi Annan called on Syria and Iran to stop interfering in Lebanon. The report, which was written by the secretary-general's special envoy Terje Roed-Larsen, said that Hizballah, the Lebanese militant group, \"maintains close ties, with frequent contacts and regular communication\" with Syria and Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.243499755859375, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "On July 12, 2006 members of Hizballah infiltrated the Lebanese-Israeli border near Shtula, an Israeli farming village, and claimed responsibility for an ambush conducted on two Israeli Army Hummvees. The attack resulted in the capture of two Israeli soldiers and the deaths of three others. Five more Israeli soldiers were killed in the ensuing pursuit of Hizballah members into Lebanese territory. The combined capture of two soldiers and the deaths of 8 others; was considered the worst loss for Israeli military forces in more than four years. Hizballah also claimed responsibility for two separate Katyusha rocket attacks on Israeli towns resulting in the death of 1 civilian and the injury of 25 others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.095845222473145, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbolla", "passage": "The State Department's 1993 report on international terrorism lists Hizbollah's \"strength\" at several thousand. Hizbollah sources assert that the organization has about 5,000-10,000 fighters. Other sources report that Hizbollah's militia consists of a core of about 300-400 fighters, which can be expanded to up to 3,000 within several hours if a battle with Israel develops. These reserves presumably are called in from Hizbollah strongholds in Lebanon, including the Bekaa Valley and Beirut's southern suburbs. The number of members involved in combat activity in southern Lebanon is under 1,000. But it has many activists and moral supporters. After the Israeli withdrawal Hizballah reduced the number of full time fighters to about 500, though estimates range from 300 to 1,200. There are also several thousand reserves, but these lack training or experience. Hizbollah's militia is a light force, equipped with small arms, such as automatic rifles, mortars, rocket-propelled grenades, and Katyusha rockets, which it occasionally has fired on towns in northern Israel. Hizbollah forces are shown on television conducting military parades in Beirut, which often include tanks and armored personnel carriers that may have been captured from the Lebanese army or purchased from Palestinian guerrillas or other sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.104572296142578, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah was established by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards who came to Lebanon during the 1982 \"Peace for Galilee\" war, as part of the policy of exporting the Islamic revolution. It receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria. Published reports that Iran provides hundreds million dollars of aid annually are probably exaggerated. Iran probably provides financial assistance and military assistance worth about $25-50 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.595133781433105, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Hizballah is closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran but has the capability and willingness to act independently. Closely allied with, and often directed by Iran, it may have conducted operations that were not approved by Tehran. Though Hizballah does not share the Syrian regime's secular orientation, the group has been a strong ally in helping Syria advance its political objectives in the region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437433242797852, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "The \"Martyr's Charity\" (Bonyad-e Shahid) supplied charitable funds for the families of suicide bombers. In 2001, Paraguayan police searched the home of Hizballah operative Sobhi Mahmoud Fayad in the the Tri-Border Area where Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay meet. Police found receipts from the Martyr's Organization totaling more than $3.5 million for donations Fayad sent, though authorities believed Fayad had sent over $50 million to Hizballah since 1995.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99493408203125, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "Besides operating a worldwide network of fundraisers, funds are also raised through so-called �charity funds.' Some of these are extremist Islamic institutions that, while not directly connected to Hizballah, support it, albeit marginally, in view of their radical Islamic orientation. While some of these funds undoubtedly pay for Hizballah's military and terrorist operations, other funds enable the group to provide its members with day jobs, to drape itself in a veil of legitimacy, and to build grassroots support among not only Shi'a, but also Sunni and Christian Lebanese. In March 2005, Hizballah organized a large demonstration to protest American and other international pressure on Syria to completely withdraw from Lebanon. Syria did subsequently withdraw its military and intelligence forces. The Syrian withdrawal may have left a vacuum for Iran to expand its influence in Lebanon and on Hizballah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.390220642089844, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizballa", "passage": "In Israel's view, Hizballah's activities are part of Iran's overall policy with regard to Israel, which is to fan the flames of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and initiate terrorist activities against Israel, despite the fact that Hizballah is a Lebanese organization consisting entirely of terrorists from Lebanon, with no national connection to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In view of Iran's interest in smudging its fingerprints with regard to direct control over internal terrorist activities, Hizballah's status is significant as Iran's front-line operative arm against Israel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.018397331237793, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hezbollah", "passage": "MIM: Hezbollah's spiritual leader Husayn Fadlallah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.943744659423828, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "Role: Spiritual Leader of the Lebanese Hizbullah (Party of God)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999338150024414, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "Since 1985, I have been president of the Lebanese council of Hizbullah. In that capacity, I helped draft the Lebanese Islamic Constitution, which was inspired by the model cast by my friend Baqir al-Sadr in Najaf in 1979. In addition to drafting the constitution, I provide authoritative opinions, advice, and decisions for Hizbullah members and Islamists everywhere, as we prepare for a full Islamic revolution. Such a revolution will lead to an Islamic economy and social structure. Despite my influence, however, I do not participate directly with political or military affairs any longer. Instead, I have assumed the unofficial role of spiritual leader for the party, serving as a highly influential beacon of Islamic truth for all the oppressed peoples of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.045709609985352, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "The Hizbullah has also cultivated allies from a wide array of groups, including the Islamic Resistance Movement, Jund Allah, the Hussein Suicide Squad, al Dawa, Holy Warriors for Freedom, The Organization of the Oppressed of the Earth, Islamic Amal, and Revolutionary Justice Organization. Together, we fight for an Islamic nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.493175506591797, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." }, { "answer": "Hizbulla", "passage": "In addition, as articulated in the Hizbullah's covenant, also known as the open letter, we consider all the downtrodden people of the world to be our allies. Whether they are Muslim or not, we believe that they will discover a path to freedom through Islamic principles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009395599365234, "source": "search", "title": "Hezbollah: kidnapped Israeli soldiers \" far away ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "The rejection of the League of Nations treaty in 1919 marked the dominance of isolationism from world organizations in American foreign policy. Despite Roosevelt's Wilsonian background, he and Secretary of State Cordell Hull acted with great care not to provoke isolationist sentiment. Roosevelt's \"bombshell\" message to the world monetary conference in 1933 effectively ended any major efforts by the world powers to collaborate on ending the worldwide depression, and allowed Roosevelt a free hand in economic policy. Roosevelt was a lifelong free-trader and anti-imperialist. Ending European colonialism was one of his objectives.", "precise_score": -0.06417883932590485, "rough_score": -1.7046068906784058, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "The two-term tradition had been an unwritten rule (until the 22nd Amendment after Roosevelt's presidency) since George Washington declined to run for a third term in 1796. Both Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt were attacked for trying to obtain a third non-consecutive term. Roosevelt systematically undercut prominent Democrats who were angling for the nomination, including Vice President John Nance Garner and two cabinet members, Secretary of State Cordell Hull and James Farley, Roosevelt's campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, the Postmaster General and the Democratic Party chairman. Roosevelt moved the convention to Chicago where he had strong support from the city machine (which controlled the auditorium sound system). At the convention the opposition was poorly organized, but Farley had packed the galleries. Roosevelt sent a message saying that he would not run unless he was drafted, and that the delegates were free to vote for anyone. The delegates were stunned; then the loudspeaker screamed \"We want Roosevelt... The world wants Roosevelt!\" The delegates went wild and he was nominated by 946 to 147 on the first ballot. The tactic employed by Roosevelt was not entirely successful, as his goal had been to be drafted by acclamation. The new vice-presidential nominee was Henry Agard Wallace, a liberal intellectual who was Secretary of Agriculture.", "precise_score": -2.7611448764801025, "rough_score": -1.5314106941223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 - July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. He is known as the longest-serving Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during much of World War II. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the \"Father of the United Nations\". ", "precise_score": 5.460816860198975, "rough_score": 8.986536979675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull was appointed Secretary of State by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 4, 1933, and served until November 20, 1944. Hull holds the distinction of being the longest-serving U.S. Secretary of State.", "precise_score": 8.513846397399902, "rough_score": 8.892101287841797, "source": "search", "title": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull resigned as Secretary for health reasons on November 30, 1944, but served as a delegate to the United Nations Conference in San Francisco in 1945. He died in Washington, D.C., on July 23, 1955.", "precise_score": -3.8227639198303223, "rough_score": -5.296477317810059, "source": "search", "title": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull was one of the greatest statesmen of the 20th Century with absolutely no apparent reason to tell this story unless it was true, especially at a time when stories of flying saucers and their alien drivers had not yet become part of our culture. Hull was elected U.S. Senator 1931-1937, as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and became the Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1933, the longest in American history until 1944, when he resigned because of ill health. He was also offered the Vice Presidency and in 1945, Cordell Hull won the 1945 Nobel Prize for Peace.", "precise_score": 3.7291438579559326, "rough_score": 2.445960760116577, "source": "search", "title": "FDR's Secretary of State and the Alien Bodies (1939 ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "After the election, Roosevelt refused Hoover's requests for a meeting to develop a joint program to stop the downward spiral and calm investors, claiming publicly it would tie his hands, and that Hoover had all the power to act if necessary. Unofficially, he told reporters that \"it is not my baby\". The economy spiraled downward until the banking system began a complete nationwide shutdown as Hoover's term ended. In February 1933, Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt. Giuseppe Zangara, who expressed a \"hate for all rulers,\" attempted to shoot Roosevelt. He shot and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak who was sitting alongside Roosevelt, but his attempt to murder Roosevelt failed when an alert spectator, Lillian Cross, hit his arm with her purse and deflected the bullet. Roosevelt leaned heavily on his \"Brain Trust\" of academic advisers, especially Raymond Moley, when designing his policies; he offered cabinet positions to numerous candidates, but some declined. The cabinet member with the strongest independent base was Cordell Hull at State. William Hartman Woodin – at Treasury – was soon replaced by the much more powerful Henry Morgenthau, Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.368391990661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, Tennessee, which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee, but was then part of Overton County. He was the son of Elizabeth (née Riley) and William Pascal Hull. He became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party at the age of 19.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427275657653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "In 1945, Cordell Hull was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for \"co-initiating the United Nations\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865921020507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "There is now a Cordell Hull Museum located near his birthplace in Byrdstown, Tennessee, which houses his papers and other memorabilia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473258018493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull pursued the \"Good Neighbor Policy\" with Latin American nations, which has been credited with preventing Nazi subterfuge in that region. Hull and Roosevelt also maintained relations with Vichy France, which Hull credits with allowing General Henri Giraud's forces to join allied forces in the North African campaign against Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148265838623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": ". . . there were two conversations on the subject between (Secretary of the Treasury) Morgenthau and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. In the first, 3:17 PM on 5 June 1939, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the passengers could not legally be issued U.S. tourist visas as they had no return addresses. Furthermore, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the issue at hand was between the Cuban government and the passengers. The U.S., in effect, had no role. In the second conversation at 3:54 PM on June 6, 1939, Morgenthau said they did not know where the ship was and he inquired whether it was \"proper to have the Coast Guard look for it\". Hull responded by saying that he didn't see any reason why it could not. Hull then informed him that he did not think that Morgenthau would want the search for the ship to get into the newspapers. Morgenthau said. \"Oh no. No, no. They would just—oh, they might send a plane to do patrol work. There would be nothing in the papers.\" Hull responded, \"Oh, that would be all right.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957005500793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "In a similar incident, American Jews sought to raise money to prevent the mass murder of Romanian Jews. However, \"In wartime, in order to send money out of the United States, two government agencies had to sign a simple release- the Treasury Department under Henry Morgenthau and the State Department under Secretary Cordell Hull. Morgenthau signed immediately. The State Department delayed, delayed, and delayed, as more Jews were dying in the Transnistria camps.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986076354980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Hull's memory is preserved by Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland River near Carthage, Tennessee. The dam impounds Cordell Hull Lake, covering approximately 12,000 acres (49 km2).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556185722351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "His law school, Cumberland School of Law, continues to honor him with a Cordell Hull Speaker's Forum and the pictured Moot Court Room.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478216171264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park, near Byrdstown, Tennessee, was established in 1997 to preserve Hull's birthplace and various personal effects Hull had donated to the citizens of Pickett County, including his Nobel Peace Prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385856628417969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "A segment of Kentucky highway routes 90, 63, and 163, from Interstate 65 at Mammoth Cave National Park south to the Tennessee State Line, is named \"Cordell Hull Highway\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505586624145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "The Shoreline School District in Shoreline, Washington, formerly had a Cordell Hull Middle School; it was renamed in the mid-1990s to Meridian Park Elementary, after a renovation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541635513305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "The Cordell Hull State Office Building. Located at the base of Capital Hill, Nashville, Tennessee, is a secure 10 story building that contains the offices of Attorney General, Health and Child Services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491476058959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (formerly the Old Executive Office Building) in Washington, DC, next to the White House, contains the ornately decorated \"Cordell Hull Room\" on the second floor, which is used for meetings. The room was Cordell Hull's office when he served as U.S. Secretary of State.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59762954711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "* There was a very small chain of hotels named after him (which he allegedly owned or co-owned) in Middle Tennessee and Southern Kentucky, one of which was the Cordell Hull Hotel in downtown Gallatin, Tennessee, which c. 1971 was used to house the first-ever classes of the new Volunteer State Community College while the campus was being built. This was one of the hotel's last official uses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427164077758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cordell Hull" }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the Historian", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445706367492676, "source": "search", "title": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456226348876953, "source": "search", "title": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Cordell Hull (1871–1955)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375850677490234, "source": "search", "title": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull, 47th Secretary of State", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.451468467712402, "source": "search", "title": "Cordell Hull - People - Department History - Office of the ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull saw Aliens in Glass Containers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47878646850586, "source": "search", "title": "FDR's Secretary of State and the Alien Bodies (1939 ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "William E. Jones writes, \"I thought your readers should be aware of the Cordell Hull story that alien artifacts were in our hands in 1939.\" In early December of 1999 the Center of UFO Studies received a letter from the daughter of the Reverend Turner Hamilton Holt: \"Today I want to share some knowledge that has been, by request, kept secret in our family since sometime in World War II. This concerns something my father was shown by his cousin Cordell Hull, the Secretary of State under Franklin Roosevelt. Snip, my father, who was young, brilliant, and sound of mind, told us this story because he didn't want the information to be lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.653730869293213, "source": "search", "title": "FDR's Secretary of State and the Alien Bodies (1939 ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Cordell Hull", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40433120727539, "source": "search", "title": "FDR's Secretary of State and the Alien Bodies (1939 ..." }, { "answer": "Cordell Hull", "passage": "Barbara A. Wolamin, \"the curator U.S. Capitol building,\" chuckled a bit after being told the story. She said, \"She had never heard about these creatures being stored at the Capitol, but she did confirm there was a sub-basement that was divided into storage rooms back then. She said that the building had been significantly changed over the years, so in a small way, part of Reverend Holt's story checked out. After Cordell Hull left government service he wrote his memoirs in a two-volume book set.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427361488342285, "source": "search", "title": "FDR's Secretary of State and the Alien Bodies (1939 ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban? – National Geographic Society (blogs)", "precise_score": -4.240151882171631, "rough_score": -8.24107837677002, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I care a lot about elephants. It makes me extremely angry that people kill them for their ivory. But it also frustrates me when I see apparently well-meaning campaigns aimed at policies and actions that will only increase elephant poaching for ivory.", "precise_score": -6.597016334533691, "rough_score": -5.150521278381348, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I am convinced that attempts to completely restrict all ivory sales, both domestic and international, and the campaign to destroy all ivory stockpiles—even the historical collection kept by the British royal family—are backfiring tragically on elephants. Already these restrictions have resulted in skyrocketing ivory prices, which along with other factors has spurred an elephant-killing spree. Sadly, as long as these factors remain in place, this will continue.", "precise_score": -6.405486583709717, "rough_score": -8.440919876098633, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I believe in empirical evidence to test policies and actions. The policy to test since 1990 is the ban on the international trade in ivory.", "precise_score": -7.427578926086426, "rough_score": -8.02829647064209, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In the early years after the ban, ivory market activity and raw ivory prices dropped almost everywhere data are available. It appeared that the ban was initially successful in reducing illegal ivory trading. I thought myself that this was the case until I analyzed what had actually occurred leading up to and following the 1990 ban implementation.", "precise_score": -7.364564418792725, "rough_score": -6.7853569984436035, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Hong Kong and Japan in the 1980s were the biggest importers and manufacturers of raw ivory. They were probably also the biggest buyers of poached tusks. As calls for more controls on ivory trade escalated in the 1980s, and CITES imposed a quota system on raw ivory exports, elephant poaching increased. With increased poaching, calls began for a total ban on ivory trade from Africa, which could be achieved by listing the African elephant on CITES Appendix I.", "precise_score": -2.069972515106201, "rough_score": -2.535747528076172, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "No one, to my knowledge, has ever truly determined the drivers of the increased poaching. Not enough research was conducted on ivory markets in the 1980s to be certain, but reports of huge raw ivory stockpiles in Hong Kong in 1989 (665 tons) and Japan (unquantified, but in the 1980s more than 2,500 tons were imported) lead to one conclusion: They were stockpiling. Why? Because a future supply of ivory was uncertain, and increasingly it looked like a ban was on the way.", "precise_score": -3.057015895843506, "rough_score": -2.5345163345336914, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Tragically, the rising calls for an ivory trade ban increased poaching because East Asian dealers and factories decided to stockpile for future use. The two fed each other in a positive feedback loop—increased poaching, increased calls for control, leading to more poaching to stockpile, ad infinitum until the ban.", "precise_score": -5.407135009765625, "rough_score": -7.183592796325684, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The credo of the ivory ban proponents has been that the 2008 CITES-approved ivory sale to Japan and China was the cause of the spike in consumer demand, which set off the current elephant poaching crisis. The insinuation was that a regular legal ivory trade would be even more disastrous.", "precise_score": -3.369429588317871, "rough_score": -5.859939098358154, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "We need to appreciate that the high poaching rates and corrupt ivory trafficking networks described by Bennett were created under an ivory ban regime. The two one-off sales were blips that had little effect, as both the Elephant Trade Information (ETIS)  and MIKE concluded after extensive analysis. I concluded the same when analyzing the 1999 one-off sale.", "precise_score": -3.941725969314575, "rough_score": -3.4072980880737305, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Even with the downturn in consumer demand for carved ivory in China, the increased speculator demand for raw ivory is driving horrifying rates of elephant poaching.", "precise_score": -4.831515789031982, "rough_score": -7.776263236999512, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Tom Milliken, who manages ETIS, was recently quoted as saying , “Just looking at large-scale ivory seizures, 2013 represents the highest quantity of ivory seized in 25 years of data going back to 1989.” More than 51 metric tons (57 U.S. tons) of ivory were seized in 2013! This is empirical evidence that the CITES ivory ban and stockpile destruction are bad policy.", "precise_score": -4.764281749725342, "rough_score": -7.944986343383789, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The high price of ivory is driving elephant massacres all across Africa. Speculators encourage this because greater scarcity of elephants and ivory means higher prices in future.", "precise_score": -3.1044719219207764, "rough_score": -4.847351551055908, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephants cannot survive the continued ivory trade ban and “Stop Ivory.” They can thrive with legal trade.", "precise_score": -2.927967071533203, "rough_score": -8.31011962890625, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Now, rhino horn, along with pangolin scales, tiger bones, and ivory are being kept as collectibles.", "precise_score": -7.6191325187683105, "rough_score": -8.050760269165039, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The problem is that elephants and rhinos exist throughout the African continent, making the “product” available in multiple countries, and each country has its own stance on stockpiling. So while Mozambique destroys ivory, directly across the border in Zimbabwe the country stores it, awaiting an opportunity to sell. This creates mixed messages and a lack of unity.", "precise_score": -6.212765693664551, "rough_score": -6.089312553405762, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It is the belief of some that by CITES issuing these sales of horn or ivory, it fans the flames and results in a poaching spike, sending elephant and rhino populations into a tailspin. Afterall how can we  allow LEGAL one-off sales of a product AND simultaneously strive at reducing demand for the same product? Confusing to say the least.", "precise_score": -5.820504188537598, "rough_score": -6.640651226043701, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It is very discouraging having to fight the battle to save elephants once again. The 1989 ban helped elephants to recover in most parts of Africa. Now even in Amboseli we’re losing elephants to ivory poachers for the first time in many years. The sale of any ivory–legal or not–is creating demand. No one needs ivory. It is a beautiful substance, but the only ones who need it are elephants.", "precise_score": 3.2600317001342773, "rough_score": 5.2653045654296875, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To read more about the fight to ban ivory and save elephants: Born Free Foundation ", "precise_score": -4.569007873535156, "rough_score": -7.196642875671387, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“Available evidence indicates that Mozambican nationals constitute the highest number of foreign arrests for poaching in South Africa. Organized crime syndicates based in Mozambique are driving large-scale illegal trade in rhino horn and elephant ivory”", "precise_score": -7.135019779205322, "rough_score": -6.997810363769531, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Dan Stiles is a serious field researcher, so his article deserves serious review. However his essay “Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?” is both confused and confusing—he leads with the idea that he will be guided by the evidential truth, then proceeds to advance a series of his own largely unsupported opinions—and the crux of his argument contains the seed of its own destruction. ", "precise_score": -5.482729434967041, "rough_score": -7.253969192504883, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "He strongly endorses campaigns to reduce the demand for ivory, telling us that demand for ivory is an evil which is driving the killing of elephants and that he would never like to own ivory himself, but in the same breath states that the only salvation for elephants is to institute a legal trade. There is an inherent contradiction between these two policies, which he has evidently not understood. Any trade at all promotes demand and results in killing elephants.  A domestic ivory trade ban is not only about stopping ivory commerce: it is also the strongest possible endorsement of demand reduction that a government can make. To make some ivory legal and the rest illegal is a failed policy that only confuses the public, and has had disastrous consequences.", "precise_score": -5.558285713195801, "rough_score": -5.930373191833496, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Dr. Stiles’s premise that Hong Kong and Japan were stockpiling ivory in the 1980s because a “ban was on the way” is a rewriting of history. CITES started the ivory quota system in 1985 because illegal killing of elephants was unsustainable, true. But even in 1987 none of the relevant institutional bodies was considering a closure of the trade. In late 1988, when Cynthia Moss and I began a public awareness campaign with the African Wildlife Foundation, we had to argue against a leading conservation organization whose opinion was still that the ivory trade was “good” for elephants.", "precise_score": -4.925908088684082, "rough_score": -1.7441370487213135, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It was only in 1989, when our “ only elephants should wear ivory ” campaign was in full swing, the Ivory Trade Review Group had compiled its report, Richard Leakey had persuaded President Moi to burn Kenya’s stockpile , and moratoria on trading in ivory fell into place, that a ban looked possible. I know this as I worked with the Tanzanian authorities to compile the Appendix I proposal and was among a small delegation that traveled to Japan and Hong Kong in July 1989 to discuss a possible closure of trade with government officials, ivory traders, and carvers and to try to get them on board. ", "precise_score": -1.0757293701171875, "rough_score": 0.5984811186790466, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Likewise, the increase in poaching began after populations were down-listed to Appendix II, discussions about stockpiles and trade were renewed, AND the storyline from the media had swung from one of slaughter to one of human-elephant conflict. The message to potential buyers had changed. It would seem that Stiles does not understand the drivers of fashion in light of his arguments for driving down demand for ivory through public awareness (targeting the “Walmart” mass market) while promoting a “Versace” type high-end trade. The masses aspire to what the wealthy purchase. It is not possible to promote trade with one hand and stigmatize it with the other.", "precise_score": -8.341320991516113, "rough_score": -8.060335159301758, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Lack of data is accompanied by lack of rigor: the effects of the 1999 one-off sale can only be reasonably measured by comparing against some point after the 1989 ban, not before, as Stiles does. The fact that the ivory carving industry in China, Taiwan, and Japan had lower activity levels in 2003 compared to those before 1989 only shows that the ban had an important dislocation effect on the industry (especially true in the case of Japan where—as Stiles himself showed in his 2003 survey with Martin—annual consumption dropped from 300 to 15 tons a year).", "precise_score": -4.6628546714782715, "rough_score": -4.178776741027832, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Careless errors over the start date of calls for a ban on African elephant ivory trade, a lack of understanding of why commodities like ivory and rhino horn are stockpiled, no consideration of the difference between information gathered undercover and that given to tourists, coupled with wild assumptions about how “legal” ivory prices could be kept low in China, provide a very shaky foundation for the construction of Dr. Stiles’s argument. As with any analysis, the quality of what you get out depends on the quality of what you put in.", "precise_score": -3.6853597164154053, "rough_score": -4.8007988929748535, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Applying economic paradigms to biological systems with little understanding of biological data is as dangerous as doing the reverse. Stiles asserts that the initial ban on ivory not only failed to curtail demand but actually increased it in parts of Asia, such as Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar, where elephant populations supposedly decreased by two-thirds in the decade following the ban, implying a causal link.", "precise_score": -1.938847303390503, "rough_score": -5.403354644775391, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It’s as difficult to argue that the ban resulted in the decline of elephants in Asia as it is to demonstrate that two one-off sales caused the poaching epidemic. First, Asian elephants were largely wiped out in their native ranges owing to profligate ivory hunting and active eradication programs during the colonial era , then, more recently, by habitat loss. Hence they were already largely in decline in many parts of the world. Small, fragmented populations can decline at an accelerated pace once they are below a critical threshold, and it’s possible these populations were already past the brink.", "precise_score": -3.442657709121704, "rough_score": -0.7623636722564697, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It’s unclear how much of the decline occurred within the last two decades, given that proper population estimates for most countries did not, and still do not, exist. But it’s indeed possible that the ban on ivory did not eliminate demand overnight, that hunters turned to the remote, hidden, and poorly managed Asian populations when the highly visible African populations were protected with greater effort. African forest elephants have been similarly hard hit. Human and ecological systems respond with time lags .", "precise_score": -4.598353862762451, "rough_score": -7.001298904418945, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I believe Congolese ivory was the first major movement of poached ivory following the 1989 ban, and it opened the gates and led the way to an expansion of illegal killing now surging through East Africa (a lot of Congolese ivory went out through Ugandan businessmen, and there was even an ivory futures market). ", "precise_score": -1.5528794527053833, "rough_score": -5.634701251983643, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The hotly contested issue of growing elephant populations and culling as a management tool asks the question: Are we being prepared for “pro-use” in line with our government lobbying hard for reopening the international ivory and rhino horn trades in 2016 ?", "precise_score": -6.787778854370117, "rough_score": -6.4183268547058105, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Ivory is produced in complex ecosystems by living elephants growing and reproducing at slow rates; this low productivity cannot be boosted to meet even a modest rise in demand, making elephants particularly poised on the edge of over-exploitation. Treated as a product, ivory is not an isolated commodity but is only one of a great many wild animal and plant products that are exploited and traded on a vast scale, mainly in criminal networks with no monitoring of quantities or supply chains. Such networks and syndicates can easily undercut government efforts at protection and management of elephants and their ivory, because their overheads are much lower, and they have no qualms about sourcing their commodity directly from local criminals, corrupt officials, or even militias and terrorists. Stockpiling, price inflation or deflation, and unsustainable off-take may all occur without any way of outsiders knowing. Consumers of ivory are largely unaware that ivory must come from dead elephants, or that many populations are threatened with elimination by their demand.", "precise_score": -7.568212985992432, "rough_score": -6.164962291717529, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Despite what Stiles claims, factors affecting demand for ivory have been studied. In an econometric analysis of Japanese demand prior to the 1989 ban , E.J. Milner-Gulland showed that rising average income, and thus ability to pay, was the key factor. This conclusion offers a compelling parallel with the rising incomes and demand in China today. In addition, the attitudes of both middlemen and consumers are very likely to be affected by signals of possible changes in the supply of ivory: the possibility of one-off stockpile sales or of the eventual opening of a legal market in 25 years’ time are both positive signals to traders and consumers that ivory is still (at least potentially) for sale, as are public destructions of ivory that it is not. Specific surges or drops in demand may therefore be difficult to attribute directly to the events themselves because they may have complicated effects on human perceptions. It is clear, however, that positive signals will support interest in ivory, while negative signals and well-targeted campaigns will cause it to drop. Urgent efforts in the latter approach, to reduce and eventually end demand for ivory, are the only sure means for saving elephants from extinction.", "precise_score": -2.5877766609191895, "rough_score": -0.058137353509664536, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Although Dr. Stiles’s reasoning seems plausible at first sight, his main assumption that legal ivory can be provided in sufficient quantities and in a timely manner to satisfy demand is problematic. Production of ivory is likely to decrease in the future while demand will stay high, or go up, at least under the current circumstances. Regardless of illegal killing, it is probable that elephant populations will decline in most of Africa (southern Africa may be an exception to this, although see above comments by the Lindens about rhinos) because of habitat loss, rapidly increasing human populations in elephant range countries, and increasing human-elephant conflicts. Civil strife may further push elephants toward local extinctions in certain countries, as was the case in many parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Furthermore, elephant reproduction rates are too low to sustain a market of high demand.", "precise_score": -5.182677745819092, "rough_score": -4.553677082061768, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The dominant pro-trade position rests on the assertion that ivory bans create scarcity and drive up price, fueling demand by speculators. It follows from this law of supply and demand that the extinction of a species would be perversely desirable since commodities derived from it would then be indefinitely valuable; the serious speculators not only know this quite well but are probably betting on it.", "precise_score": -5.893986225128174, "rough_score": -6.975646495819092, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "My worry is that opening up the ivory market by allowing (Asian) countries to trade in African elephant ivory will have a very negative effect on Asian elephants. And given that Asian elephants are more rare and are in an even more precarious situation than African elephants, there is less room for error. The Asian elephants happen to live in some of the most corrupt countries in the world, and when African elephant ivory is allowed to be traded throughout Asia, I can easily see a parallel flow emerging of Asian elephant ivory into the now legal ivory trade. I cannot see a way how this can be stopped once the market opens up. Even if the wholesale price of ivory drops significantly following legal sales, as predicted by Stiles, I reckon still enough money can be made from the sale of ivory to make poaching of Asian elephants worthwhile, especially when it becomes easier and less risky to trade Asian elephant ivory.", "precise_score": -9.418292999267578, "rough_score": -8.422033309936523, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "2)    That there must be much greater penalties imposed, and better enforcement of already existing laws, to prevent elephant poaching and the illegal trade in ivory.", "precise_score": -6.420004844665527, "rough_score": -8.2085542678833, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Pro-traders assert that the only way to safeguard wild elephants is to satisfy market demand through legal ivory sales. This is based on the faulty assumption that demand reduction programs are not effective in the short term. However strong evidence illustrates that demand reduction programs can play a fundamental role in shifting attitudes of populations, business leaders, and governments in a relatively short period.", "precise_score": -9.578719139099121, "rough_score": -8.421113967895508, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Strong evidence suggests that Chinese attitudes about ivory are quickly shifting as a result of these and other campaigns. After seeing these types of messages, 68 percent of respondents said they would never buy ivory again. In another survey 94 percent of respondents indicated support for a ban on ivory sales to save elephants. Online news articles on the ivory trade, and China’s role, have gone viral in China, reaching millions. Top Chinese business leaders have publicly pledged to never purchase, own, or gift ivory. It took less than six months for local NGOs to successfully lobby Hong Kong leaders to burn the city’s 30-ton ivory stockpile and to convince the city’s three largest ivory retailers to stop selling ivory.", "precise_score": -5.944425106048584, "rough_score": -8.058721542358398, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "And the Chinese government, while it could and should do more, is taking real action. In 2012, China banned auctions of parts and products made from endangered wildlife, including elephants. This year, China made it illegal to knowingly purchase or consume poached wildlife. In January, the government burned six tons of illegal ivory. Beijing has stepped up aid to African governments battling poachers and increased efforts to educate Chinese migrant workers in Africa. It has increased enforcement efforts, making more arrests in China while also participating in successful international operations to crack down on the illegal wildlife trade.", "precise_score": -5.965206146240234, "rough_score": -6.21779727935791, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephants in Amboseli, Kenya, generate more tourism dollars every year than would be generated by a one-off sale of all their ivory. Numbers of tourists to Africa from China and the Far East are increasing , all of which emphasizes that the tourism sector is not only sustainable but also a growing source of economic revenue for Africa that is much less susceptible to corruption and over-exploitation.", "precise_score": -7.8019866943359375, "rough_score": -7.796965599060059, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Selling ivory and rhino horn stockpiles worth tens of millions of dollars becomes very tempting, making justifications for legalization more and more attractive. This money could fund anti-poaching units, fences, drones, motion sensors, community-based conservation projects, elephant and rhino sanctuaries, awareness campaigns, films… everything we dreamed we would need to stop this killing. As the clock ticks, more and more elephants are shot dead. Panic.", "precise_score": -6.632636070251465, "rough_score": -7.518956661224365, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For two decades, TRAFFIC’s Tom Milliken has tracked the illicit ivory trade that has led to the continued slaughter of Africa’s elephants. In an interview with Yale Environment 360 , Milliken talks about the recent increase in ivory seizures and the criminal gangs that supply Asia’s black market for ivory.", "precise_score": -3.23215913772583, "rough_score": -5.041892051696777, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Last year was the worst year for ivory seizures since an international ivory ban went into effect in 1989. During 2011, authorities seized more than 23 tons of ivory, which represented about 2,500 individual elephants killed.", "precise_score": 0.5548839569091797, "rough_score": -1.6016473770141602, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Yale Environment 360: Last year was arguably the worst for large-scale elephant seizures since the ivory ban in 1989, with the seizure of more than 23 tons of elephant tusks. Did you see this crisis coming?", "precise_score": 0.7609662413597107, "rough_score": -1.0754629373550415, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban", "precise_score": -1.7589412927627563, "rough_score": -5.850429534912109, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban", "precise_score": -1.7589412927627563, "rough_score": -5.850429534912109, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?", "precise_score": -4.0930304527282715, "rough_score": -7.490936756134033, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I care a lot about elephants. It makes me extremely angry that people kill them for their ivory. But it also frustrates me when I see apparently well-meaning campaigns aimed at policies and actions that will only increase elephant poaching for ivory.", "precise_score": -6.597016334533691, "rough_score": -5.150521278381348, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I am convinced that attempts to completely restrict all ivory sales, both domestic and international, and the campaign to destroy all ivory stockpiles—even the historical collection kept by the British royal family—are backfiring tragically on elephants. Already these restrictions have resulted in skyrocketing ivory prices, which along with other factors has spurred an elephant-killing spree. Sadly, as long as these factors remain in place, this will continue.", "precise_score": -6.405486583709717, "rough_score": -8.440919876098633, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I believe in empirical evidence to test policies and actions. The policy to test since 1990 is the ban on the international trade in ivory.", "precise_score": -7.427578926086426, "rough_score": -8.02829647064209, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In the early years after the ban,  ivory market activity  and raw ivory prices dropped almost everywhere data are available. It appeared that the ban was initially successful in reducing illegal ivory trading. I thought myself that this was the case until I analyzed what had actually occurred leading up to and following the 1990 ban implementation.", "precise_score": -7.364564418792725, "rough_score": -6.7853569984436035, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Hong Kong and Japan in the 1980s were the biggest importers and manufacturers of raw ivory. They were probably also the biggest buyers of poached tusks. As calls for more controls on ivory trade escalated in the 1980s, and CITES imposed a quota system on raw ivory exports, elephant poaching increased. With increased poaching, calls began for a total ban on ivory trade from Africa, which could be achieved by listing the African elephant on CITES Appendix I.", "precise_score": -2.069972515106201, "rough_score": -2.535747528076172, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "No one, to my knowledge, has ever truly determined the drivers of the increased poaching. Not enough research was conducted on ivory markets in the 1980s to be certain, but reports of huge raw ivory stockpiles  in Hong Kong in 1989 (665 tons) and Japan (unquantified, but in the 1980s more than 2,500 tons were imported) lead to one conclusion: They were stockpiling. Why? Because a future supply of ivory was uncertain, and increasingly it looked like a ban was on the way.", "precise_score": -3.057015895843506, "rough_score": -2.5345163345336914, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Tragically, the rising calls for an ivory trade ban increased poaching because East Asian dealers and factories decided to stockpile for future use. The two fed each other in a positive feedback loop—increased poaching, increased calls for control, leading to more poaching to stockpile, ad infinitum until the ban.", "precise_score": -5.407135009765625, "rough_score": -7.183592796325684, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The credo of the ivory ban proponents has been that the 2008 CITES-approved ivory sale to Japan and China was the cause of the spike in consumer demand, which set off the current elephant poaching crisis. The insinuation was that a regular legal ivory trade would be even more disastrous.", "precise_score": -3.369429588317871, "rough_score": -5.859939098358154, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "We need to appreciate that the high poaching rates and corrupt ivory trafficking networks described by Bennett were created under an ivory ban regime. The two one-off sales were blips that had little effect, as both the  Elephant Trade Information (ETIS)   and  MIKE  concluded after extensive analysis.  I concluded  the same when analyzing the 1999 one-off sale.", "precise_score": -3.941725969314575, "rough_score": -3.4072980880737305, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Even with the downturn in consumer demand for carved ivory in China, the increased speculator demand for raw ivory is driving horrifying rates of elephant poaching.", "precise_score": -4.831515789031982, "rough_score": -7.776263236999512, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Tom Milliken, who manages ETIS, was recently  quoted as saying , “Just looking at large-scale ivory seizures, 2013 represents the highest quantity of ivory seized in 25 years of data going back to 1989.” More than 51 metric tons (57 U.S. tons) of ivory were seized in 2013! This is empirical evidence that the CITES ivory ban and stockpile destruction are bad policy.", "precise_score": -4.764281749725342, "rough_score": -7.944986343383789, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The high price of ivory is driving elephant massacres all across Africa. Speculators encourage this because greater scarcity of elephants and ivory means higher prices in future.", "precise_score": -3.1044719219207764, "rough_score": -4.847351551055908, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephants cannot survive the continued ivory trade ban and “Stop Ivory.” They can thrive with legal trade.", "precise_score": -2.927967071533203, "rough_score": -8.31011962890625, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Hong Kong shops need government-issued licences to sell certain types of ivory, including products carved before the 1989 ban, ivory from the tusks of extinct mammoths, and ivory bought from government stockpile sales in southern Africa.", "precise_score": -3.821322441101074, "rough_score": -8.317066192626953, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The bank also presented its 10-year strategy to demonstrate possible linkages and support through the core priority areas. During discussion on resource mobilisation, it suggested that innovative financing was an option to pursue in the face of scarce resources and increasing needs to fight elephant poaching and the illegal ivory trade.", "precise_score": -7.978621006011963, "rough_score": -7.657125473022461, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Rising demand for elephant ivory and rhino horns – especially in East Asia – has led to an epidemic of poaching across the whole African continent.", "precise_score": -2.845283031463623, "rough_score": 0.526753306388855, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Germany joined the U.S., China and 27 other nations that agreed to raise efforts to protect elephants in Africa by cracking down on poaching and the trade of ivory.", "precise_score": -5.36351203918457, "rough_score": -8.307666778564453, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Actor Jackie Chan is helping to campaign against ivory hunting by throwing his support behind a documentary examining the slaying of elephants and rhinos for their tusks and horns.", "precise_score": -7.074548721313477, "rough_score": -7.575197696685791, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Three recent reports of international trading of wild animals highlight the severity of this issue. In Nepal, police arrested 14 alleged rhinoceros poachers; in Hong Kong elephant tusks worth 740,000 euros ($1 million) were seized from a shipment from Africa and in Kenya, customs found more than 1,600 ivory pieces hidden in sesame seeds.", "precise_score": -5.938285827636719, "rough_score": -7.468802452087402, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For example, an elephant is killed every eleven hours. The rhino in particular is under a poaching red alert currently. In the past eight months in Africa alone, 635 rhinos have been slaughtered for their Ivory tusks.", "precise_score": -6.017573356628418, "rough_score": -8.152395248413086, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It’s open season on elephants in Africa. In 2012 poachers killed 35,000 elephants—that’s nearly 96 per day, part of an illegal killing spree that has seen the number of African elephants plummet by 76% since 1980. The targets are the elephants’ tusks, made of ivory that can be shipped abroad and sold for more than $1,000 per pound in rapidly growing Asian markets. Wildlife trafficking is valued at $7-$10 billion a year, making it the fifth most lucrative illegal activity after the drug trade, human trafficking, oil theft and counterfeiting. And because the penalties for poaching tend to be far more weaker than the punishment for trading drugs or people, it’s become an attractive business for criminal syndicates and terrorist groups alike. “Poaching has become an enormous problem and one of the most profitable criminal activities there is,” says Peter Seligmann, the CEO of Conservation International. “It’s destabilizing to nations, it’s a threat to security forces and it’s a serious loss for local economies that depend on wildlife.” The illegal wildlife trade is blood money at its bloodiest.", "precise_score": -7.604334354400635, "rough_score": -5.432830810546875, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This isn’t the first time wide scale poaching threatened ivory-carrying species like the African elephant and the even-rarer rhino—the 1980s were marked by the bloody “Ivory Wars” that only came to an end in 1989 when the members of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) voted to ban the sale of ivory altogether. Ivory jewelry became taboo in much of the world, which reduced the demand and the killing. Elephant and rhino numbers were able to recover.", "precise_score": 1.0885493755340576, "rough_score": 3.425963878631592, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "But the tremendous economic growth in Asian nations like China has created a new and massive class of consumers who have the money to buy ivory. And with the demand growing, criminal syndicates have moved into ensure the supply. That means more dead elephants and rhinos—South Africa alone has been on a pace to lose almost 1,000 rhinos this year, which would be a huge increase from the less than 20 rhinos that were poached annually on average between 2000 and 2008. “If you look at the number of new consumers in China who have enough disposable income to buy ivory jewelry and you look at the number of elephants left, you can see that if everyone in that demographic bought a kilo of ivory, there’s be no elephants left,” says Azzedine Downes, the president of IFAW.", "precise_score": -3.5179805755615234, "rough_score": -0.4547269940376282, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It’s bad enough that poachers are hunting elephants, rhinos and other threatened species to death. But wildlife trafficking has also become an international security issue. There’s evidence that militant groups like al-Shabaab, the al-Qaeda-backed Somali terrorist group responsible for the devastating attack on a Nairobi shopping mall last week, are funded partially by the illegal wildlife trade. Ivory is an ideal substance for criminals to trade—it’s portable and valuable, its origin can easily be erased and the criminal penalties for poaching rarely amount to more than a small fine. As the militants have moved in, poaching has gotten more sophisticated and bloodier. African wildlife agencies that were used to policing local hunters are now involved in a “low-level form of counterinsurgency,” as Ian J. Saunders put it in a report this year for the International Conservation Caucus Foundation. There’s a cost in lives—at least 1,000 park rangers have been killed in the line of duty over the past 10 years. “People look at elephants as capital on the hoof,” says Patrick Bergin, the CEO of AWF. “The poachers might have night-vision goggles, and the rangers don’t even have proper rain gear.”", "precise_score": -4.704063415527344, "rough_score": -2.488699436187744, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A: Ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07876968383789, "source": "search", "title": "Do you know...? - Anti-MyFoxDetroit" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "PART ONE: Here I respond to Christina Russo ’s in-depth examination, published in National Geographic News, of one of the more incendiary questions discussed in wildlife conservation circles: Should there be a legal trade in elephant ivory? I discuss some inaccuracies and misconceptions commonly held by ivory trade ban proponents that were quoted in Russo’s article. Following (PART TWO), I lay out for the first time elements that would be included in a legal trade. The outcome, I believe, will be a significant reduction of elephant killing for ivory.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.22736644744873, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If high consumer demand had been the cause of the increased poaching, the stockpiles would not have existed. The raw ivory would have been processed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931053161621094, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "After the CITES ban, demand fell in the West owing to all the negative publicity related to buying ivory that accompanied the run-up to the ban. East Asia’s largest ivory export market withered. East Asia was left with huge ivory stockpiles and falling demand. Prices fell, ivory market activity slumped. The ban seemed to be working.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.902332305908203, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The period 1990-92 was critical for planning for future predictable occurrences. One: As the stockpiles dwindled, East Asian ivory factories would eventually begin looking for new raw ivory. Two: By 1990, the economic reforms made by China’s “paramount leader” Deng Xiaoping were well apparent. China would become an important part of the ivory demand equation. Three: With the trade ban in place, the ivory could only be obtained from poaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.916182518005371, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "By 1990 it was apparent that China would become an important part of the ivory demand equation because of economic growth and liberalization. The vertical red line indicates the start of the ivory trade ban. (Graph courtesy of Wikipedia).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.562714576721191, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If conservationists had been proactive, they would have planned for these three predictable occurrences, but they did not. Esmond Martin and I carried out a series of ivory investigations in Africa and Asia between 1999 and 2003. We noted , “… in parts of Central and West Africa there appears to have been a slow revival since the mid-1990s.” In South East Asia we found , in part, “Unfortunately, it appears that demand for ivory has remained steady or increased in some places in Asia since the mid-1990s, stimulating elephant poaching.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.072542190551758, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "However, after the CITES-authorized 1999 sales from southern Africa to Japan, the ivory market decline continued in China, Taiwan, and Japan. All the indicators—ivory prices, numbers of factories, craftsmen, outlets, etc.—had dropped from pre-1989 levels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.064672470092773, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“These statistics illustrate very well indeed that the ivory industry of Japan since the late 1980s has experienced a massive decline,” and “probably the most surprising finding of this survey was the unexpectedly small size of the local market in China,” said Martin and Stiles in 2003: The Ivory Markets of East Asia report.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811938285827637, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Esmond Martin and I could find no signs of this.  We wrote: “Ivory industry business personnel in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan did not believe that the 1999 southern African ivory auctions had a significant effect on either internal or external ivory demand.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548800468444824, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In 2002 half-empty shelves showed that the ivory industry was moribund in China, but there was still ivory being manufactured 12 years after the ban from newly poached tusks. The 1999 CITES-approved sale to Japan had changed nothing. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.198625564575195, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If CITES Parties and conservationists had seized the opportunity to establish a well-designed legal raw ivory trade regime in the early 1990s when demand was low, the poaching rise we have witnessed over the past 20 years could have been avoided.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.795387268066406, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Esmond Martin and Lucy Vigne assessed Japan’s ivory market in late 2009 and concluded that “The golden days of ivory carving in Japan have ended.” The market had continued its precipitous downward spiral seen in 2002. There were fewer carvers, outlets, and items seen for sale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115704536437988, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "These findings did not prevent EIA’s Allan Thornton proclaiming falsely in Russo’s article that “Japan is back in the ivory business,” implying it had been reinvigorated because of the 2008 sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18978214263916, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "However, consumer demand for ivory did rise in China, beginning in about 2004 and surging in 2006. It took a Chinese student researcher from Yale University to discover what prompted the rise in ivory interest in China. Yufang Gao spent two days visiting with me in Kenya and explaining his ideas , which I found original and stimulating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.308708190917969, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Gao was not satisfied with the common explanation that the rise in ivory demand was driven by the CITES approved one-off sale in 2008. He learned that in 2002 the Chinese government started to put traditional culture preservation on the agenda, and in 2005 the government launched a number of initiatives in association with UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624883651733398, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In 2006 ivory carving was designated as a national intangible cultural heritage. This State recognition enhanced the cultural value of ivory carving, raising its value in the eyes of consumers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098039627075195, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "From 2002 to 2006 the Chinese government promoted ivory carving as an intangible cultural heritage, which raised its value and desirability in the eyes of the public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792412757873535, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The second and the most important driver of worked ivory demand was a boom in arts investment, especially after the global economic crisis that began in 2007. As real estate and stock markets tumbled, a large amount of capital from individuals and professional investment companies started to enter the art market. Along with ancient Chinese paintings, jades, and porcelains, carved ivory was touted as a profitable investment. Media coverage about the astronomical prices of auctioned ivory greatly boosted the perceived economic value of ivory products, new or old, which led to an explosion of ivory demand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73564338684082, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Ivory art for investment took off in 2009 and peaked at the end of 2011, mirroring elephant poaching data produced by the Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770503044128418, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Between 2009 and 2011 wealthy Chinese consumers flocked to buy ivory artworks as an investment, stimulating demand. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14822006225586, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It was these cultural and investment factors, and not the 2008 one-off ivory sale, which stimulated consumer interest in worked ivory in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897334098815918, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Recent information suggests that consumer demand has been falling since 2012, supported by research carried out in China by Kirsten Conrad and Brendan Moyle in 2013 and 2014 . “The factories are actually using up tusks slower than the total allocations (13.78 tons out of 18). If demand had taken off in the way many are claiming, then we’d expect to see these numbers trending up to match,” said Brendan Moyle . Some factories were even selling raw ivory because they didn’t need it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138816833496094, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If the investment craze for carved ivory was tapering off, why was elephant poaching still going full speed ahead?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554823875427246, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Ivory factories in China did not even use all of the tusks they were allocated by the government. Moyle found that the 2012-13 weight of raw ivory processed fell by more than 50 percent from 2011-12 (the production cycle is July-July), indicating a drop in consumer demand. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10960865020752, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It was not only Chinese consumer interest in carved ivory that sparked the poaching crisis beginning in 2008-09. Investors, a.k.a. speculators, also became interested in raw ivory—tusks. After anti-trade NGOs succeeded in forcing a nine-year moratorium on proposals for future legal ivory sales from southern Africa at the CITES Conference of the Parties in 2007, unscrupulous ivory dealers saw that there was even more money to be made from poached tusks, because uncertainty of supply fuels speculation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463054656982422, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "CITES, thanks to anti-trade NGOs, had provided traffickers with a windfall. Just as China ivory factories thought that they would be receiving a continued supply of legal tusks through repeated CITES-approved sales, their hopes were dashed . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939785957336426, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "We are now back to a situation somewhat like the 1980s, where East Asian dealers and factories are buying all of the poached ivory they can. The positive feedback loop, with calls for more restrictions leading to more stockpiling and more poaching are once again feeding one another. But instead of Hong Kong and Japan, now it’s China that is buying most of the poached ivory. And instead of stockpiling ivory for future use, some of the biggest buyers are hoarding tusks for future sale, when they expect to make a killing as increasing tusk scarcity continues to force prices ever higher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766539573669434, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The “ Stop Ivory ” campaign, which aims to close all ivory markets and destroy all stockpiles, is creating a perception of ivory scarcity. The well-publicized new round of ivory stockpile destructions beginning in Kenya in 2011 and running up to the present in the Philippines, the USA, China, Hong Kong, and other places has turned perception into reality. Close to 70 tons of ivory has been destroyed, equaling the legal annual quota in China over 12 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.522774696350098, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The Price of Illegal Raw Ivory in China Has Skyrocketed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326552391052246, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Speculators are attracted to a 280 percent return on investment in less than four years. If the ivory is purchased in Africa, profits are much higher. Chinese ivory traffickers are flocking to the Zambian countryside, Dar es-Salaam, Kinshasa, and dozens of other places in Africa where tusks can be bought from poachers and middlemen for as little as $50 per kilogram. What speculator can resist buying a commodity at $50 a kilogram and selling it for $2,100 a kilogram? That’s a 4,200 percent profit! In reality, of course, with all of the expenses and an average buying price of about $150 a kilogram, profit might be “only” 1,000 percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759529113769531, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The opportunity for enormous profits has prompted high-level African politicians, military officers, and police commanders to muscle into the trafficking networks. Corruption of the kind described by Liz Bennett in her recent essay in Conservation Biology is now common. The corruption is a result of the CITES ivory trade ban and is strengthened by the campaign to “Stop Ivory.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.906760215759277, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If China could receive 40-50 tons and Japan 10-15 tons of legal raw ivory annually, the speculators would be put out of business, most ivory factory owners would cease buying poached tusks, raw ivory prices would plummet, and elephant poaching would become much less profitable, greatly reducing the incentive to poach. Uncertainty and speculation would cease.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409374237060547, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This quantity of ivory could be supplied from a combination of existing African stockpiles, natural elephant mortality and “problem” animal control. Many people are unaware that large numbers of elephants are killed legally every year in human-elephant conflict situations. Not a single elephant life would have to be sacrificed for this legal, regulated trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.323990821838379, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephant killing would not cease entirely, because there are other drivers such as human-elephant conflict, meat, and African ivory markets. But even a 50 percent reduction in poaching rates would be worth it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84698486328125, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Is the goal to stop elephant killing, or stop ivory? I’m for the first one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.946063995361328, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "With a legal raw ivory trade, elephants can thrive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.911247253417969, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "There are measures that can be taken to avoid corruption and laundering of the type described in Elizabeth Bennett’s Conservation Biology essay. She described the problems associated with the current illegal system and applied them to an assumed legal ivory trade. Her assumptions were faulty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108882904052734, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The legal system would need to achieve three essential outcomes: (1) ivory factory owners no longer buy poached tusks, (2) ivory consumer demand is driven down to meet available legal supply, and (3) the current black market ivory factories and outlets in China are either brought into the legal system or put out of business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154227256774902, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I mention only China in outcome 3 because China is the elephant in the room, so to speak. With 1.4 billion people and an economy that will soon be the largest in the world, coupled with a cultural desire for ivory, the Chinese control the fate of elephants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.206215858459473, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If these three outcomes can be achieved, all of the concerns about corruption and leakage of illegal ivory into the legal supply chain outlined in Bennett’s essay can be avoided. I will explain why.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044219970703125, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "(1) Ivory factory owners, whether they be a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) in China or privately owned, have the same basic objectives—make a profit and stay in business. If a legal business achieves those two objectives better than an illegal one, the rational owner or manager will choose the legal option. So if legal raw ivory can be provided in sufficient quantity at predictable times at an acceptable price, there will be no incentive to buy higher risk illegal ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230355262756348, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In addition, there are advantages that legal raw ivory in China offers: It is much cheaper than illegal, and legal supply is predictable, while illegal supply because of seizures is not. The only reason an illegal market operates at all is the lack of sufficient legal supply, which is controlled by the government at 5-6 tons a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966861724853516, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If 40-50 tons of legal raw ivory could be supplied a year, all of the currently illegal factories could be drawn into the legal system by the offer of low-risk, high-gain legal ivory. They would not need to buy illegal ivory, eliminating the motivation to launder (i.e. buy illegal and mix with the legal).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743511199951172, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The reduction in demand for illegal ivory would drive its price down to a level that would become unattractive for most traffickers, which would lower poaching and quash speculative buying and stockpiling. Who would stockpile a commodity whose price is falling?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96558666229248, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Currently, the Chinese government is selling legal raw ivory at about $600 a kilogram on average to registered ivory factories, according to Moyle and Conrad. Illegal factories are paying an average of $2,100 a kilogram according to Martin and Vigne, and Gao found that secondary raw ivory dealing on the Internet reached prices up to $2,800 a kilogram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232528686523438, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "(2) Consumer demand can be driven down in two ways, one of them already succeeding in China and Japan—price. The main reason consumer demand started falling in 2012 in China is that carved ivory prices reached a limit few consumers were willing to pay. I believe this was intentional in the legal market and coincidentally necessary in the illegal market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978425979614258, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Because of the very small quotas of raw ivory rationed to legal factories, they opted to produce low quantity, high quality, high price items—mainly elaborate figurines, carved or polished tusks, and extravagant composite pieces. Only the wealthy could afford to buy them. The huge profit per item compensated for the low volume.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97176742553711, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Because of low legal raw ivory supply, legal ivory factories in China pursue a strategy of producing mostly low volume, highly priced items. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267407417297363, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The illegal market sector is forced to charge higher prices than in 2010 because the raw ivory they use has gone up in cost so much recently, currently to more than $2,000 a kilogram. Because they have to sell in high volume, they manufacture mostly the smaller, less expensive items such as diminutive, lower quality figurines, jewelry, name seal blanks, chopsticks, and other knick-knacks. They are not able to produce the high quality items the legal sector does because, with a few exceptions perhaps, the master craftsmen work in the legal sector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975706100463867, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It is Versace versus Wal-Mart applied to ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379989624023438, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To drive overall ivory consumption down, the entire ivory market must be shifted more toward the Versace model.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14307975769043, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This is where the second way to drive consumer demand down comes in—campaigns of the type WildAid, Save the Elephants, African Wildlife Foundation, and others have launched. Create awareness about the harm buying ivory causes to elephants. Target especially jewelry and other items that are seen in public, create stigma associated with wearing or using ivory items, as was done with fur. Combined with high prices, stigma could lower demand considerably for ivory bracelets, necklaces, cigarette holders, and so on produced in the black market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.312885284423828, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "3) In a sustained, legal ivory trade system the Chinese government is crucial to achieve the outcome of doing away with the black market. The traditional carrot- and-stick approach can be used to entice the illegal factories to register and join the legal, regulated system. They can be offered a quota of legal ivory annually at relatively low cost. The owner and employees of any unregistered factories found operating after a certain date would suffer severe penalties. Why would a factory owner choose to take the risk of staying in the black market when low-cost, legal ivory was on offer?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146450996398926, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For the system above to work, it depends on there being enough legal raw ivory available to bring a high proportion of illegal ivory factories on board the legal boat, and being able to satisfy consumer demand reasonably well. A small amount of residual illegal activity is to be expected, but the overall objective of significantly reducing elephant poaching can be achieved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860321044921875, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A document submitted at the 65th CITES Standing Committee meeting in July this year stated that the “current African ivory stockpiles contain at least 800 [metric tons] of ivory… The true figure, however, may be considerably higher than that.” There are many complications involving what quantity would be legal to trade and which countries would meet CITES criteria to enable them to trade, but it is apparent that there’s a lot of ivory sitting in storerooms in Africa that is being wasted. It could be used to save elephant lives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.292900085449219, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Kathleen Gobush produced the results of a lengthy study carried out for Save the Elephants last year that included estimates of how much ivory accumulates annually from natural mortality. Her methodology would yield 38 tons annually at a 4 percent natural mortality rate from only 12 African countries, where data were good enough to run her model. If problem animal control (PAC) ivory were added, the quantity would be much larger. She found that 44-67 percent of the legal ivory sold by the four southern African countries in 2008 derived from PAC ivory, and the remainder from natural deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.495647430419922, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "While no exact figure can be put at present on how much ivory would be available from stockpiles, natural mortality and PAC combined, I am confident that a minimum of 60 tons of legal ivory could be exported from Africa annually for at least ten years, without a single poached tusk needed. During this ten-year period, intense demand-reduction campaigns can be mounted so that renewable resource ivory from natural deaths and PAC can supply demand sustainably.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085179328918457, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The cheaper legal raw ivory should not translate to cheaper worked ivory, however. This could stimulate consumer demand. I would recommend that a “conservation tax” be applied to worked ivory to keep prices up, dampening demand. The revenues could be dedicated to conservation projects in Africa and awareness campaigns in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221359252929688, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To prevent cheaper raw ivory translating to cheaper worked ivory, which would raise consumer demand, a conservation tax could be applied to keep prices high. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111827850341797, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Legal ivory stockpile quantities would be reported annually to CITES, as currently required. A country not reporting would not be eligible to sell its ivory. Every eligible country would be subject to periodic independent monitoring of its stockpile in a manner to be determined by CITES.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360063552856445, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "CITES would supervise sales annually or semiannually following procedures established for the one-off sales. The significant difference being that now buyers would be confident that they’d know when, where, and how much ivory will be available in future. Uncertainty and speculation will be eliminated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344649314880371, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The ivory will be shipped in sealed containers directly from African government storerooms to Asian government receiving points in the purchasing countries for storage and distribution. This will cut out all of the points subject to corruption and laundering mentioned in the Bennett essay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272656440734863, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If this type of system can be established, I foresee that many African countries that currently export their ivory illegally, often with government involvement, will see the advantages of cleaning up their act so that they can qualify to enter the legal trade regime. Why take the risk of smuggling illegal ivory that is subject to confiscation when it can be sold legally, risk-free? The advantages will become increasingly apparent as poached ivory prices plummet with legal trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0596342086792, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“No Good Reason Why Anyone Needs Ivory”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39224624633789, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I agree completely with Beth Allgood’s sentiments expressed in Russo’s feature: There’s no good reason why anyone needs ivory. But not everyone feels the way Beth and I do, and we have to face reality. Some people want ivory. I do not see the attempt to ban all ivory succeeding better than allowing the limited, legal raw ivory trade described here. Closing the legal ivory market in China will only drive the master carvers and others into the illegal sector. The black market is already illegal, how much more illegal can it become with a total ban? It will carry on and even expand, fostering crime, corruption, and continued elephant killing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.168304443359375, "source": "search", "title": "OPINION: Can Elephants Survive a Continued Ivory Trade Ban?" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The actions of our current President included an almost total ban on ivory trade in the US, forming an US Wildlife Trafficking Alliance, and incorporating wildlife trafficking laws into the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership)enabling more enforceable laws on countries who heavily trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55982494354248, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In addition, proposals to grant legal trade in ivory and/or horn in Namibia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland were denied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223471641540527, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It’s just too easy to get a gun in Africa. Aside from leaky stockpiles of seized weapons, there are plenty of other ways for poachers to get guns. Wealthy Sudanese businessmen have been known to provide guns, night vision goggles, and other equipment to poaching teams, the survey researchers were told. Sometimes it’s the military itself using state-issued guns to do the illegal killing. And there are plenty of people willing to trade guns for ivory. A 2015 National Geographic investigation found support for the claim that Sudan’s military trades guns to the brutal Lord’s Resistance Army in exchange for ivory, and other armed groups in Central Africa are also suspected to be trading ivory for guns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152369499206543, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For groups like Boko Haram, Al-Shabaab, Al-Qaeda, *up to 40% of the organizational funding for weapons, training, basic supplies and operational costs; come from ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153789520263672, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "These groups are often the “middle men” along the chain of trade. Paying poachers less than $100 usd to do the dirty work, they gain approximately $2000/kilo in the sale of the ivory. Rhino horn is also a valued commodity for the terrorists, at a whopping $65000/kilo on the black market. An easy cash flow with little risk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.147918701171875, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Endangered species have become the new collectible. According to John R Platt ,  as more collectors have entered the market, killing endangered species has grown increasingly profitable. Ivory wholesale prices, for example, have shot up from $564 per kilogram in 2006 to at least $2,100 today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.31831169128418, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Helmeted hornbills, from Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, are so rare, numbers are not quantified. Their beaks worth more than ivory. photo: Asian Species Action Partnership", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964710235595703, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I spoke to Chinese visitors who were astounded to see these mountains of ivory. After explaining where the tusks come from and the burn they agreed to pose with a tusk. It’s raw form is not beautiful or shiny; it is smelly, dirty and has hack marks on it. I explained why. At first she had no words. she just stared at the stacks. Then she called her friend and said, “I will tell Chinese people not to buy ivory”.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218927383422852, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This was the experience of Paula Kahumbu, conservationist and CEO of Wildlife Direct , discussing Kenya’s upcoming ivory burn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221514701843262, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The largest burn in history: 106 tonnes of ivory, 10,000 dead elephants (or to put in in perspective a 30 mile train of elephants trunk to tail) will be destroyed April 30th in Kenya", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.935022354125977, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In addition, proposals to grant legal trade in ivory and/or horn in Namibia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland were denied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.223471641540527, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In 2008 South Africa initiated a one-off sale of stored ivory. This brief sale, though legal, renewed interest and increased demand within the Chinese culture. Ivory prices skyrocketed, but the “legal supply” was exhausted. Immediately following this sale, according to CITES, “record levels of ivory were seized and sustained throughout the period 2009 to 2011.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676178932189941, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In January of 2014 and May of 2015 China destroyed ivory in a public crush. Yet China officially sanctions 36 ivory-carving workshops. Every year they assign a quota of 5 to 6 tons of “legal” ivory to the carving industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162454605102539, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In fact according to the Environmental Investigation Agency, when you talk to the ivory dealers they say that amount of allocation only lasts one month. And so the other 11 months is illegal ivory. In an undercover investigation, the carvers admit “at least 90% of the ivory in China is illegal.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170620918273926, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "One of 36 ivory carving factories in China. photo: Brent Stirton", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427501678466797, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "#6 Corruption is rampant not only in South Africa, but in so much having to do with rhino horn. IF trade were legalized, WHO is trusted to police the system? Even during the time ivory was allowed legally in a one-off sale, there was corruption and selling of illegal ivory. ( see AWF Ivory )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.162842750549316, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "That is the dilemma for African countries with ivory stockpiles. It’s a polarizing debate. Destruction eliminates any and all possibility at corruption, it will not find its way back on the market and it sends a clear message ivory NOT attached to the animal has no value.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.909751892089844, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "But the other side believes saving and selling the ivory allows the money to be rolled back over into conservation efforts for the animals, and the communities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080718040466309, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Selling Ivory Funds Communities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480633735656738, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa have a stock and sell take on ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050613403320312, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Namibia  Minister of Environment and Tourism Pohamba Shifeta has said destroying the ivory and horn goes against government policy. Instead the stock is auctioned off to other interested countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228909492492676, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "While Botswana states it is “out of the question” to sell rhino horn, they’ve just announced they will seek permission to sell their ivory stockpile after the 10 years moratorium with CITES has expired in 2018.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454438209533691, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": " Destroy Ivory, Stop Poaching", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.201027870178223, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi and Ethiopia have all held public burns/crushes to destroy their stockpiles of horn and ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88936996459961, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) spokesman Paul Udoto says the illegal ivory has no economic value to them, saying that “the selling is what has brought us to the state of poaching that we are in.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945172309875488, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Kenya burned 15 tonnes of ivory in March. President Kenyatta has vowed the entire stockpile will be burned this year. AFP photo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.151480674743652, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "As long as ivory is valued as a commodity, every tusker is at risk from poachers, and only where anti-poaching efforts are sufficient will elephants survive. Anti-poaching costs money and lives. Banning the ivory trade has been the single-most effective and economical way to slow the loss of elephants across their whole range – not just where they can be protected by anti-poaching units. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.596306800842285, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In 2008 South Africa initiated a one-off sale of stored ivory. This brief sale, though legal, renewed interest and increased demand within the Chinese culture. Ivory prices skyrocketed, but the “legal supply” was exhausted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.581774711608887, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Immediately following this sale, according to CITES, “record levels of ivory were seized and sustained throughout the period 2009 to 2011.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.102088928222656, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In addition to confusing consumers, the IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare) conducted a survey that clearly showed that illegal ivory can be laundered freely through the legal market. In fact illegal trade activity often took place in legal facilities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88017463684082, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The same is true for ivory and horn. It is virtually impossible to distinguish the difference between “legal” or “old” ivory and “illegal” or “poached” ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369096755981445, "source": "search", "title": "CITES | Fight for Rhinos" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts Respond to Arguments Supporting Legalization of the Ivory Trade – National Geographic Society (blogs)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07669448852539, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Rewriting History to Promote Versace-Only-Ivory-Chic – Dr. Joyce Poole, Co-Director, ElephantVoices ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886248588562012, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Furthermore, it was not the ban on international trade per se that drove down the illegal killing in the early 1990s; rather it was the ban, together with public awareness campaigns, that strove to stigmatize the buying, selling, and wearing of ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.493069648742676, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles’s essay about the drivers of ivory markets is inconsistent, unsupported, and misleading. The reasoning is the usual: Poaching is driven by scarcity, and any attempt to reduce supply only undermines regulation. The difference with other pro-trade proposals is the prominent role of speculative stockpiling. Although his article highlights important forces acting along the supply chain, Dr. Stiles’s claims on the drivers of ivory markets are simple conjectures lacking data about market conditions or knowledge about market dynamics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46507453918457, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To support the claim that stockpiling, and not demand, drives poaching one should show that ivory stocks accumulated beyond reasonable expectations on demand. Stiles not only assumes (wrongly) that stockpiling is always speculative and independent of demand but also fails to show any hard figures other than single time-points on stocks. The truth is that no one really knows the size of market demand or the dimensions of illegal stocks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252410888671875, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The “empirical argument” that Stiles makes about Japan stockpiling ivory to await the economic emergence of China is flawed on multiple points. Would this argument also apply to the vast volume of minerals and timber that China is extracting from Africa? Would this problem have simply not arisen if Japan had stockpiled these commodities for an economic rainy day? I think not!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146493911743164, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If there was no ivory trade, then the ivory carvers could retrain in any of the multiple industries that epitomize the Far-Eastern economic boom. If all else fails, they could carve stone or wood: The Inuit carvers of Nunavut work almost exclusively in granite, despite access to walrus tusks and caribou antlers. Their work is ultimately more valuable and aesthetically pleasing, as it reflects their lifestyle and an inherent desire to see it preserved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08731460571289, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "An ivory carving can be viewed as little more than a gaudy trinket from an illegally dead elephant stolen from another continent and another culture. I see very little to value aesthetically or morally in artworks created from illegally poached sentient animals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805481910705566, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A new wave of contemporary Chinese artists are currently exhibiting their work at the U.K.’s largest ever exhibition of contemporary art from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong ; they’re using artistic media other than ivory, such as brass, wood, porcelain, paint, video, flags, paper, and street lights, according to Ian Youngs, Arts reporter for BBC news. Ultimately, innovative artists in China do not need ivory to create art. Ethical buyers and dealers should have no need to tarnish their reputations by dealing in blood ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362845420837402, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "One-off Sales Did Not Stem Demand for Illegal Ivory – Dan Bucknell and Charlie Mayhew, Tusk Trust", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311999320983887, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The reasons that we’re still having this debate are threefold. First, there is great expertise and years of experience on both sides of the argument, which has become further clouded by emotions and politics. Second, there are so many variables associated with the trade in ivory— whether legal or illegal—that it has become too difficult to disentangle causation from correlation. Third, despite numerous attempts to identify an analogous market to back up the arguments on either side (including narcotics, minerals, timber, numerous other wildlife products, etc.), the variables are again too great for one to model the outcome of any decisions with any certainty. The only thing we can say with any certainty is that if there is no demand for ivory at all, there will be no market, and no illegal killing of elephants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78665828704834, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "There have been many drivers behind the surge in ivory poaching, and it’s again difficult to pinpoint any single key driver. As well as those that Dan Stiles has mentioned, the economic growth and burgeoning middle-class with disposable incomes in China and the increased business links between China and African elephant range states are also key factors. Proponents of the pro-trade argument have gone to great lengths in their efforts to disprove a link between the 2008 one-off ivory sale and the increase in the illegal ivory trade, and vice versa. Other factors are involved, but whatever the case, the one-off sale certainly did nothing to stem the demand for illegal ivory, and it created confusion in the consumer market as to whether ivory was legal or illegal, allowing organized crime to take full advantage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.890467643737793, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "More of the Same Again? It’s Time to Stop Putting a Price Tag on Ivory and Turn the Tide Against Wildlife Crime – Shruti Suresh, Wildlife Campaigner and Lawyer, Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270331382751465, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles argues that “more of the same” would not be successful in reducing poaching—i.e., a ban on trade in ivory has been tried and has not worked. This is based on an invalid assumption that there has been a perpetual ivory ban that has been effectively implemented, when in fact there is a thriving legal domestic market for ivory in China which also happens to be the primary destination country for illegal ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246719360351562, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles’s solution of solving the elephant poaching crisis by allowing China and Japan to purchase approximately 65 tons of legal raw ivory annually is naïve and ignores the overwhelming evidence obtained during recent years, which has confirmed the failure of a legal trade in ivory to curb the illicit trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.138381004333496, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) has more than 30 years of experience in investigating and exposing the international illicit trade in ivory. EIA undercover investigators have encountered a range of players across the ivory trade chain—from poachers and smugglers in Africa to ivory dealers and retailers in China. These undercover investigations have yielded rich insights into the driving factors of the trade and the perceptions of criminals involved in it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942534446716309, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For example, EIA investigations have confirmed that the legal sale of stockpiled ivory to China and Japan in 2008 failed to either reduce the price of ivory or curb the illicit ivory trade in China. Instead we found that the retail price of legal ivory represented a massive mark-up and that the control system to regulate legal ivory was a failure to such an extent that the perception of both legal and illegal traders was that up to 90 percent of the ivory available on the market came from illegal sources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044839859008789, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the internationally renowned expert in fighting drug trafficking and international crime, has advised that an unequivocal ban on trade in ivory would have a positive impact in combating the illicit trade in ivory: “The trade in illicit ivory is only lucrative because there is a parallel licit supply, and ivory can be sold and used openly. Ivory would lose much of its marketability if buying it were unequivocally an illegal act, or if ownership of these status goods had to be concealed.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.70359992980957, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The CITES Secretariat has reported that, “Because China allows internal ivory trade under a control system that was previously vetted through a CITES process, the ongoing flow of large volumes of illegal ivory to China suggests that such ivory may be moving into legal ivory trade channels.” There is no doubt that the legal ivory trade has provided an avenue for laundering of illegal ivory and has in this manner certainly exacerbated the illegal trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95881175994873, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles also ignores the implications of the serious level of criminality and the role of organized criminal networks in the ivory trade and instead wrongly assumes that wildlife laws and other related laws are being effectively enforced to implement the ivory trade ban.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.362701416015625, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In the 1980s, EIA documented the role of the Poon family, a sophisticated and organized transnational criminal network engaged in trafficking ivory from Africa via the Middle East to East Asia. More than a decade later, EIA’s analysis of individuals and companies implicated in the world’s largest ivory seizure, in Singapore in 2002, revealed that members of the Poon network were still involved in the illegal ivory trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861289978027344, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To this day, none of the key players involved in the 2002 seizure have been prosecuted. There is thus a widespread lack of effective criminal justice response against ivory trafficking, and we need to be focusing on fixing these underlying problems instead of contemplating a parallel legal trade system that would complicate enforcement even further.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997682571411133, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles suggests that allowing China and Japan to purchase legal ivory would greatly reduce the profitability of the trade and demand for ivory. With any legal trade, however, comes the rational desire to maximize profit and increase demand. This inevitably leads to associated marketing practices to expand demand and also the market for these products. For example, recent EIA investigations into a parallel legal trade in skins of captive tigers in China found the taxidermy industry to be actively promoting the use of tiger skin rugs as luxury home décor. Needless to say, this parallel legal trade has not stopped the poaching of wild tigers and instead presents a mechanism for laundering wild tiger skins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.76449966430664, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "We’ve tried a commercial legal trade in ivory, and it was a colossal failure. Let’s not try more of the same again. Now is the time to stop putting a price tag on ivory and start valuing it more on elephants in the wild.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24921989440918, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If at all, this example only illustrates the difficulty of protecting cryptic species irrespective of the legal status of the ivory trade. Similarly, the response to the one-off sales may not have been immediate but propagated with time-lags, making arguments based on correlations (or lack thereof) from two data points somewhat of a speculative exercise, irrespective of the direction of the claims.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.871706008911133, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "One fact that keeps coming back to me is that long before the current upsurge in illegal ivory trafficking across the rest of the continent, colossal amounts of ivory (even by today’s standards) were leaving DRC . This was more than a decade ago, starting after 2002, but especially 2004-05. There were still a lot of elephants to be killed then.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64314079284668, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Where was the demand? China, Japan. Stiles’s article suggests Asia. But the easy movement of all that ivory (no one was arrested despite the documentation of illegal operatives) set the stage for the creation of exporting rackets in Mombasa and elsewhere over the next decade that remain to plague us today. They all got their start on the easy take and low arrest rates following the looting of Congo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086118698120117, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Rhino Horn and Ivory Trade—Already a Done Deal in South Africa? – Jabu Linden, Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo, South Africa, and Bibi Linden, Zoology, University of Venda, Limpopo, South Africa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168846130371094, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles’s economic argument for the ivory trade is very worrying, given the lack of capacity to enforce regulation by the countries involved. Living in South Africa, we are witnessing a similar approach developing under the Environmental Affairs Minister, Edna Molewa, regarding rhino horn trade. Our ministry is clearly “pro-use” in its developing policies, but has the consultation really been open enough ?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.50141716003418, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Daniel Stiles has underestimated the market manipulation role of the Chinese authorities. As long as the state controls the distribution of the legally imported raw ivory, favoring some businesses and at the expense of others, the “discriminated” ivory factory owners would have only one choice, i.e., to seek illegal ivory as a way to break or resist the unfair and unequal distribution system. Quantity of supply does not end illegal ivory purchase if the supply is distributed unequally or discriminately. It’s important to remember that the rising demand for ivory in China is caused not by supply uncertainty but by distribution inequality (state owned enterprises or other privileged private enterprises favored over others). And the rise of the ivory carving business is not a result of concern over supply uncertainty but reform of the state-owned enterprises, which led to the rise of private ivory carving businesses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.518599510192871, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles’s argument is built around a few idiosyncrasies of “the” ivory market, which he thinks the conservationists got wrong. He may be correct, but getting these details right won’t make the ivory trade sustainable. Furthermore, his hope for “a shift toward the Versace model” (from the “WalMart Model”) is, in a word, fanciful. Not even in the United States do we have the capacity to manage such a transition. How could we possibly expect to orchestrate this kind of control across numerous developing countries in Africa and Asia—and to do it in time to save elephants—when we haven’t accomplished it in the United States? ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54704761505127, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The analysis offered by Daniel Stiles and other trade proponents may be appealing, on its surface, because of its apparent simplicity. In their view, free trading by rational consumers in open markets for a readily available commodity will automatically find a satisfactory, stable equilibrium where everybody wins—people wanting ivory trinkets, carvers and middlemen supplying them, African governments desiring income from ivory sales for national treasuries or conservation, elephants themselves. In this ideal world where the market solves all problems on its own, what could be better?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.965805053710938, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Stiles makes assumptions about sustaining a 50-60 ton international trade in ivory based on natural mortality, the one-off and individual shooting of so-called problem animals, and culls that are few and far between for ethical and ecological reasons. Our data from Amboseli, a well-protected site in southern Kenya, can provide a baseline for estimates of natural mortality, and these data do not support Stiles’s claim for a sustainable trade based on naturally dying elephants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.305676460266113, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The average losses owing to natural mortality are only 3.5 percent in a population of ~1000 individuals, so the rate of acquisition of tusks will be incredibly slow. Again, on average in any year, most (53 percent) natural deaths are among calves under two, who lack tusks. Animals prior to reproductive age, also with small tusks, typically make up another 16 percent of deaths. In total, the proportion of non-“harvestable” individuals is more than two-thirds of natural deaths. Individuals in the age classes likely to produce tusks for trade (>30 years of age) represent just over 10 percent of natural deaths. And since elephants clearly do not frequent elephant graveyards when they are ill or injured, finding this small number of naturally occurring tusks in vast roadless areas, for example the Okavango of Botswana or the forested areas of southern Tanzania (where counts of elephants have high error margins), would be logistically challenging and extremely costly (all carcasses detected and then reached by “harvesters”). These figures suggest that the returns on natural or found “ivory” would be unlikely to generate sufficient returns (60-200 tons) to control the international trade in the costly regulated and policed fashion suggested by the proponents of trade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12995719909668, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The level of Asian demand for ivory is often set at whatever volume best fits the argument attempting to be made, when in reality it is not known. The model of annual ivory accumulation to which Stiles refers in fact estimated annual ivory accumulation to be as low as 9.5 tons per annum across Africa, depending on the assumptions and population numbers applied, the latter of which have certainly declined in recent years. The found or pick up rate of tusks is one critical parameter that would need careful ground-truthing to accurately predict accumulation, not to mention an assurance that stock leakage or theft issues would not be a problem. From quotas to permits to stock storage to government-issued ivory identification cards, the global community has not demonstrated it can “utilize” elephants without significantly harming them. How many more awkward attempts can the species endure? How many more must it endure?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.090664863586426, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "On the other hand, it is unlikely that demand would decrease if an ivory market persists. On the contrary, in China, which is now the biggest market, increasing purchasing power means that more people will be able to buy ivory. It is a dangerous assumption that (legal) ivory production will keep up with rising demand. This will lead to increased ivory prices and stimulate the illegal circuit. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.362787246704102, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Sustaining a market of ivory justifies the use of it as a non-essential luxury, art, or investment item and will make it very difficult to fundamentally change consumer attitudes. We should not assume that attitudes in Asia will not change over time. They did for many animal products (e.g. fur) in Europe in the past, and in general, habits and culture in Asia are changing fast. People are often not aware of the dire consequences of their consumption of ivory for both animals and people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088357925415039, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "At most, putting more legal ivory to the market might bring a temporary relief through its impact on price, but in the long term it is not a solution, and it may worsen the problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928342819213867, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I also doubt that a complete leak-proof system of legal ivory trade can be established. Corruption is rife in many ivory-producing countries , and there is no guarantee that this will improve in the future. Many countries in Africa, for example in central Africa, also have little capacity to monitor a controlled trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021749496459961, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "On the customer side, it may be difficult to keep strict control on the proposed mechanism of sales. The Chinese government stockpiled ivory to drive up prices with the last one-off sale. Who says that this would not happen in the future, especially if more countries would be able to sell?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330180168151855, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Even if the three-part plan were somehow achieved with any degree of success, it is far from guaranteed that poaching levels would drop to a negligible “residual” level. Carved ivory prices would remain high, they would still be perceived as investments, there would still be some demand (perhaps even increased demand, since those who would not purchase illegal ivory may choose to purchase ivory perceived as legal), levels of fraud would rise, and very likely poaching would continue or escalate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897357940673828, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Under a total ban, the price for any ivory object would be zero. This is because an item cannot be viewed as a symbol of status or a worthy investment if it is illegal to be caught selling it. The burden of distinguishing legal from illegal products is removed from governments as much as consumers. One reason demand persists is that there continues to be this debate offering hope of limited trade. There is less room for corruption or speculation if the product cannot openly be traded in any form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.422821044921875, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Dan Stiles sets out three essential outcomes—or criteria—for there to be a legal ivory trade system in place. It would be extremely difficult to meet these criteria within the time frame required, and they’re based on too many assumptions about the scale of demand—which can’t be modeled with any certainty—and whether that could be supplied legally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234878540039062, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Potential for Legal Ivory Supply Not Robust – Dr. John Hart, Directeur Scientifique et Technique, Fondation Lukuru, Projet Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2), Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207613945007324, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I question the potential for elephant populations to supply 50-60 tons (or more?) of legal ivory annually (mortality and culls). I see elephant range shrinking and elephant populations dropping very fast. Major elephant populations are being depleted in a matter of a few years (for example, the latest survey from Selous, in Tanzania, has the landscape holding just 13,000 elephants ). I am not so sure the potential for “legal” ivory supply will remain robust. Ultimately (and maybe even soon) human-elephant conflict will be the dominant determinant of elephant killing and elephant range….and guess who is winning!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.515424728393555, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In any case, very little of this legal tonnage (if legal trade is to happen) can now come from DR Congo. We are down, by best guess, to 7,500 elephants total, at most, for the country and still dropping. Many other countries in central and East Africa will follow Congo in watching their elephant populations collapse in a twinkling of the eye. The ivory might not be there for long.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098563194274902, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "While the world focuses on elephant poaching in Africa, horrible though it is, in the debate the fate of the Asian elephant is ignored (it is not mentioned once by Stiles). We may not see photographs of Asian elephants lying slaughtered in the open fields, but of course they do suffer from poaching to supply demand for ivory just as their African brethren.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.846211433410645, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The basic fact that Stiles and other proponents of trade in ivory always fail to acknowledge is that the ivory trade has always been deeply corrupt, and there are no examples of sustainable use of wildlife for any species larger than a cow. The economic reasons for this are simple: The population growth rate of anything larger than a cow is always less than the growth rate of the money supply (interest rate at the bank). If you want your finances to grow at a maximum rate, then there is no point conserving big animals. You will make a larger profit if you kill everything you can, sell the ivory, put the money in the bank, and live off the interest. This is exactly what the whaling industry did, essentially what fisheries do, and this underlies the corruption of ivory and undermines the argument that there should be a trade in ivory to save elephants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76168441772461, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "1)    That awareness campaigns are required to reduce demand for ivory, whether illegal or legal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.30627727508545, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Tusk Trust is firmly against the re-opening of any legal trade in ivory, as there are too many uncertainties and the risks to elephant populations are far too great.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.055684089660645, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I do agree with Dr. Stiles that post-1989 the opportunity to end ivory trade was missed, but the thing that then prevented CITES closing the loopholes of stockpiles and legal sales of ivory through which poached ivory flows is exactly what he’s doing now: keeping alive the prospect of reopening a “regulated trade,” as he does here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.495442390441895, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Just as with climate change, whatever the evidence, it only takes one or two naysayers to give political cover to avoid the needed action. His economic analysis and misuse of the word “demand” is particularly frustrating. From a demand reduction point of view, his approach is disastrous, sending the wrong message to consumers (“it’s okay to buy ivory”) who don’t know how to tell legal from illegal ivory. You can’t say, ‘Don’t buy,’ on one hand and ‘Go ahead, buy it,’ on the other, without confusing people—but that’s what he proposes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101892471313477, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Similar impacts are possible in the ivory trade. Wild Aid reaches a billion Chinese a week with their ivory demand reduction message, “When the buying stops, the killing can, too.” The International Fund for Animal Welfare’s (IFAW) “ Mom, I got teeth” campaign , which depicts a baby elephant telling his mother about his tusks, was seen by 75 percent of urban Chinese. The ad was also incorporated into official college entrance exams in Zhejiang, reaching a key audience : youth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.276748657226562, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The two sides of the ivory and broader wildlife trade debate could stop reprocessing their positions and opt for a new, more ethical way forward rooted in our shared hominin history and experience seeing hundreds of species decline from our over-exploitation and anthropocentrism . We increasingly know the limits of our ecological interventions and technical ability to manipulate the natural world; it is beyond time to apply the precautionary principle to trade in elephants and ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.81142520904541, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The legalization of the ivory trade is beyond justification. Pro-trade arguments are rooted in the misguided application of economic theory to marketplaces we don’t understand and are too dynamic to control. In Africa there is growing support for legalization owing to the dire situation of what I call desperate, under-resourced “balance sheet conservationists.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047334671020508, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Pro-trade lobbyists use justifications like the protection of cultural heritage, driving down raw ivory prices to suppress poaching and market speculation, and supplying market demand with ivory from stockpiles, culled elephants, natural death, and problem animals. Clean and simple…Let me get this right: Ivory traders buy the ivory for less from government and charge the consumer the same amount to control market demand? Maybe I’m not getting this right? Ok. Ivory traders buy it for less and sell it for less, but the consumer market does not react? Are some people born wanting ivory products, and others will never want them? How do we know how many people will want legal ivory products in five years or even next year?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.086651802062988, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Surely to control consumer demand, we need to make ivory unattainably expensive? Or do ivory traders already restrict growth in demand because carved products are already so expensive? So, let me get this right: Ivory traders are assured of making more money from a guaranteed legal supply. How do we know that killing or culling up to 15,000 elephants every year to supply 50-65 tons of legal raw ivory to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia will satisfy demand? Suddenly human-wildlife conflict becomes a profitable business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.078010559082031, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The “Great Work” of Africa, of the peoples of Africa, is the grand primordial landscapes that remain—places like the Serengeti, Okavango, and Congo. Our majestic elephant herds, vast migrations, prides of lion, gentle gorillas, and screaming chimpanzees are at the heart of it. This is what makes us proud to be Africans, and the world envious of what we have. There are better ways of funding conservation than selling ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088521957397461, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": " Download a pdf of this post:  24 Experts Oppose Legalized Ivory Trade", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427167892456055, "source": "search", "title": "Opinion: Irrelevant, Illogical, and Illegal–24 Experts ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by Christina M. Russo: Yale Environment 360", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.176840782165527, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In the Illegal Ivory Trade", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182962417602539, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "At the forefront of efforts to track this grim data is Tom Milliken, the elephant expert for TRAFFIC , the group that monitors the international trade in wildlife under CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). In that role, the U.S.-born Milliken tracks and analyzes data related to the ivory trade and attempts to raise awareness of the importance of preserving one of Africa’s most iconic species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904677391052246, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken, who has lived in Africa since 1991, attributes the latest spike in ivory seizures to a seemingly insatiable demand for ivory in Asia and the increasingly sophisticated network of criminal gangs that are feeding the market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.661446571350098, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In an interview with Yale Environment 360 contributor Christina Russo , Milliken talked about the factors leading to the continued slaughter of elephants and about the lack of strong law enforcement against ivory traffickers. “The fact that nobody is ever arrested, and there are no prison sentences,” he said of cases where ivory is seized, “just sends them right back into the bush to accumulate more ivory faster because they want to make up for what they just lost.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42781925201416, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Tom Milliken: In one sense, yes. I’ve been running a database, the Elephant Trade Information System [ETIS] for CITES, as the monitoring system for illegal trade. And in every analysis that we’ve done since 2004, illegal trade in ivory has been escalating. The last time we did a major assessment, in 2009, it was escalating at a rate faster and greater than we had seen previously... And there’s nothing that has occurred over the last two years that gives me any hope that things are getting better.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.071212768554688, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Looking at large-scale ivory seizures in 2011, it’s going off the charts. There were just 13 seizures that generated over 23 tons of ivory. Now, by the time I work in another 800 or 900 seizure cases from the year, it is very likely to show a huge uptick, and that is what I’m really concerned about.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132450103759766, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: No, not necessarily. Because ivory is not a perishable commodity, it can be stored for a long, long time. And sometimes the seizures that are being made don’t represent recently killed elephants, but a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.457879066467285, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The value and price of ivory is up because China is paying more for ivory than other countries were.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361430168151855, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "stockpile that has been under lock and key. In many African countries, corruption is certainly an element in this trade; In any number of countries, government stocks of ivory suddenly go missing and end up in trade. Thailand has seized tons of ivory in the last few years. But I have been told by government officials that at least 100 tusks that were in the possession of customs have gone missing, which probably means it was sold on to the market and back in trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170555114746094, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "e360: How much is ivory worth on the black market right now?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441000938415527, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: Well, it’s a question I can’t really answer. Researchers are told stuff, but we are not able to validate it in a real way because nobody is making purchases. But I think the value and price of ivory is up because China is paying more for ivory than other countries were.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34394359588623, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A TRAFFIC program officer inspects seized ivory in Malaysia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408743858337402, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "started targeting certain flights, targeting certain types of cargo that are coming into ports in containers for scanning and enhanced law-enforcement evaluation. In Kenya, where we are seeing an uptick in ivory seizures, they have started using sniffer dogs at Nairobi International airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336734771728516, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "We at TRAFFIC have done hundreds of training events all over the world in various languages in the last ten years to sensitize people to ivory trade. I think sometimes this pays dividends. Malaysia, for example, had not made a single ivory seizure since about 2004, if I’m not mistaken. We did a training exercise there last year, and within months, they started seizing and made four or five dramatic seizures of ivory .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212223052978516, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: Well, first of all, I think these large-scale ivory seizures [involve] organized crime. These large-scale [operations] require an awful lot of money and organized planning to be able to connect producers with induced markets... So it’s not surprising that people aren’t arrested, in a sense, because in container shipping you get layers and layers of people between you and the shipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175219535827637, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Obviously these criminal syndicates lose an awful lot of money because their cargo has been interdicted. But the fact that nobody is ever arrested — and there are no prison sentences — just sends them right back into the bush to accumulate more ivory faster because they want to make up for what they just lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833747863769531, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "e360: Why is ivory so desired in China?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422401428222656, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: Ivory, historically, was a substance from which Chinese artisans would produce magnificent sculptures. But these offerings were only available to the imperial court and the aristocracy in different Chinese dynasties, and perhaps exceedingly wealthy business people. Now, with the phenomenal economic growth that China has experienced, you have more disposable income, more wealth distributed through the population than ever before. So even middle-class people are able to own pieces of ivory. And ivory confers status.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837992668151855, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "e360: So if you apply the “follow the money” adage to the ivory trade, who exactly is benefiting most?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420187950134277, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: Yes, that is very true. Particularly the “white guy” poachers in South Africa are exceedingly high-tech. The other end of the spectrum are indigent pygmies in Central Africa, where someone gives them a gun and says, “If you come back with ivory tusks, I’ll buy a bag of mealie meal for your family and maybe some clothes for your children.” So this guy goes off, hunts elephants, and hands over the gun and the tusks, and basically gets food. So poaching occurs at a lot of different scales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486807823181152, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "after Idi Amin. And on their way out, they went back to Tanzania through the national parks of Uganda and pretty much just decimated the herds there and took the ivory home... The whole infrastructure of a park can be lost. The law enforcement capabilities and everything can be turned upside down. And people, researchers and elephant conservationists, have to move out or risk being killed. And generally they move out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519786834716797, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: Well the problems in Asia are different than Africa. A big difference is that with Asian elephants, only the males really have ivory. Females have little tiny tushes but they are not really commercially valuable. So that is number one: Your yield of ivory is very, very different.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.254350662231445, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "And because of selective hunting in the ivory trade through millennia, you have a very high instance of tusklessness amongst Asian male elephants. This is obviously an adaptive survival [characteristic]. The net result is that there is very little ivory yield from Asian elephants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.347368240356445, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "India, China, and Vietnam — a country that has 87 million people now — it’s not surprising they have only 150 elephants left. Most elephants are in small pockets... And these islands of elephants are increasingly surrounded and cut off by human development and human population. Most elephant killing is not for ivory; it’s for conflict. It’s elephants in your fields, or elephants threatening your children on the way to school.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.235708236694336, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: I came to Africa just at the end of the worst elephant carnage that Africa had seen since the turn of the century. The big-game hunting had all stopped by the later part of the 19th Century... But after World War II it started again. And really from the mid-70s through the ‘80s, that was the heyday of the ivory trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.024828910827637, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Thailand is running the world’s largest unregulated ivory market with impunity.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342041969299316, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "These syndicates I talk about, this organized crime, this is Asian-run/African-based organized crime. And this is a phenomenon we haven’t witnessed before in the history of Africa. You have seen your European and Middle Eastern entrepreneurs set up and trade ivory at different times in the history of Africa. But this is the first time, in a wholesale way, where you have Asian traders who are highly organized, who are in almost every country where you find elephants, who are actively involved in the procurement of ivory and its shipment to Asian destinations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.737982749938965, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Milliken: Well, for almost every elephant that is killed in Africa its ivory is ending up in one of two places: China or Thailand. China, I think, is engaged. China is seizing ivory and doing lots of good things — but they have to do a lot more. And they definitely need to be aggressively involved on the African continent with their citizens here, promoting a zero tolerance of involvement in ivory trade and other endangered species trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607571601867676, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I think they need to complement that by making law-enforcement officers available to African colleagues, so that when Chinese nationals are arrested here in Africa with ivory, the interrogation and the review of cell phones and computer documents and correspondence can be done by law-enforcement professionals who live and work in the Chinese language... I think so much intelligence information is lost because no one in Africa has the ability to understand what it is they have just seized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292041778564453, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "With Thailand, the government is dragging its feet. The government may seize something before it comes into the country, but the name of the game in Thailand is: Get the ivory into the country and then our government won’t ever touch it... When you go into the marketplace, ivory is found in abundance. We do these surveys and we’ll identify around 25,000 ivory products for sale in a single survey!... Thailand is running the world’s largest unregulated ivory market with impunity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22062873840332, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I think the CITES parties and the U.S. government could call out Thailand and say, “Look, CITES is very specific about what needs to be in place if you’re allowing domestic trade in ivory. And Thailand doesn’t meet any of the criteria.”...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275914192199707, "source": "search", "title": "Monitoring A Grim Rise In the Illegal Ivory Trade by ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Corruption, speculation and the high price of ivory make the ivory ban unworkable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42643928527832, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "PART ONE: Here I respond to  Christina Russo ’s in-depth examination, published in National Geographic News, of one of the more incendiary questions discussed in wildlife conservation circles: Should there be a legal trade in elephant ivory? I discuss some inaccuracies and misconceptions commonly held by ivory trade ban proponents that were quoted in Russo’s article. Following (PART TWO), I lay out for the first time elements that would be included in a legal trade. The outcome, I believe, will be a significant reduction of elephant killing for ivory.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.22736644744873, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If high consumer demand had been the cause of the increased poaching, the stockpiles would not have existed. The raw ivory would have been processed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.931053161621094, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "After the CITES ban, demand fell in the West owing to all the negative publicity related to buying ivory that accompanied the run-up to the ban. East Asia’s largest ivory export market withered. East Asia was left with huge ivory stockpiles and falling demand. Prices fell, ivory market activity slumped. The ban seemed to be working.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.902332305908203, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The period 1990-92 was critical for planning for future predictable occurrences. One: As the stockpiles dwindled, East Asian ivory factories would eventually begin looking for new raw ivory. Two: By 1990, the economic reforms made by China’s “paramount leader” Deng Xiaoping were well apparent. China would become an important part of the ivory demand equation. Three: With the trade ban in place, the ivory could only be obtained from poaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.916182518005371, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "By 1990 it was apparent that China would become an important part of the ivory demand equation because of economic growth and liberalization. The vertical red line indicates the start of the ivory trade ban. (Graph courtesy of Wikipedia).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.562714576721191, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If conservationists had been proactive, they would have planned for these three predictable occurrences, but they did not. Esmond Martin and I carried out a series of ivory investigations in Africa and Asia between 1999 and 2003.  We noted , “… in parts of Central and West Africa there appears to have been a slow revival since the mid-1990s.” In South East Asia  we found , in part, “Unfortunately, it appears that demand for ivory has remained steady or increased in some places in Asia since the mid-1990s, stimulating elephant poaching.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.072542190551758, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "However, after the CITES-authorized 1999 sales from southern Africa to Japan, the ivory market decline continued in China, Taiwan, and Japan. All the indicators—ivory prices, numbers of factories, craftsmen, outlets, etc.—had dropped from pre-1989 levels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.064672470092773, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“These statistics illustrate very well indeed that the ivory industry of Japan since the late 1980s has experienced a massive decline,” and “probably the most surprising finding of this survey was the unexpectedly small size of the local market in China,” said Martin and Stiles in 2003:  The Ivory Markets of East Asia  report.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811938285827637, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Esmond Martin and I could find no signs of this.  We wrote: “Ivory industry business personnel in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan did not believe that the 1999 southern African ivory auctions had a significant effect on either internal or external ivory demand.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548800468444824, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In 2002 half-empty shelves showed that the ivory industry was moribund in China, but there was still ivory being manufactured 12 years after the ban from newly poached tusks. The 1999 CITES-approved sale to Japan had changed nothing. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.198625564575195, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If CITES Parties and conservationists had seized the opportunity to establish a well-designed legal raw ivory trade regime in the early 1990s when demand was low, the poaching rise we have witnessed over the past 20 years could have been avoided.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.795387268066406, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Esmond Martin and Lucy Vigne assessed Japan’s ivory market in late 2009 and  concluded that “The golden days of ivory carving in Japan have ended.” The market had continued its precipitous downward spiral seen in 2002. There were fewer carvers, outlets, and items seen for sale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115704536437988, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "These findings did not prevent EIA’s Allan Thornton proclaiming falsely in Russo’s article that “Japan is back in the ivory business,” implying it had been reinvigorated because of the 2008 sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18978214263916, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "However, consumer demand for ivory did rise in China, beginning in about 2004 and surging in 2006. It took a Chinese student researcher from Yale University to discover what prompted the rise in ivory interest in China. Yufang Gao spent two days visiting with me in Kenya and  explaining his ideas , which I found original and stimulating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.308708190917969, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Gao  was not satisfied with the common explanation that the rise in ivory demand was driven by the CITES approved one-off sale in 2008. He learned that in 2002 the Chinese government started to put traditional culture preservation on the agenda, and in 2005 the government launched a number of initiatives in association with UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624883651733398, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In 2006 ivory carving was designated as a national intangible cultural heritage. This State recognition enhanced the cultural value of ivory carving, raising its value in the eyes of consumers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.098039627075195, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "From 2002 to 2006 the Chinese government promoted ivory carving as an intangible cultural heritage, which raised its value and desirability in the eyes of the public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792412757873535, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The second and the most important driver of worked ivory demand was a boom in arts investment, especially after the  global economic crisis  that began in 2007. As real estate and stock markets tumbled, a large amount of capital from individuals and professional investment companies started to enter the art market. Along with ancient Chinese paintings, jades, and porcelains, carved ivory was touted as a profitable investment. Media coverage about the astronomical prices of auctioned ivory greatly boosted the perceived economic value of ivory products, new or old, which led to an explosion of ivory demand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73564338684082, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Ivory art for investment took off in 2009 and peaked at the end of 2011, mirroring elephant poaching data  produced by the Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770503044128418, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Between 2009 and 2011 wealthy Chinese consumers flocked to buy ivory artworks as an investment, stimulating demand. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14822006225586, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It was these cultural and investment factors, and not the 2008 one-off ivory sale, which stimulated consumer interest in worked ivory in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897334098815918, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Recent information suggests that consumer demand has been falling since 2012, supported by research carried out in China by Kirsten Conrad and Brendan Moyle in  2013  and  2014 . “The factories are actually using up tusks slower than the total allocations (13.78 tons out of 18). If demand had taken off in the way many are claiming, then we’d expect to see these numbers trending up to match,”  said Brendan Moyle . Some factories were even selling raw ivory because they didn’t need it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138816833496094, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If the investment craze for carved ivory was tapering off, why was elephant poaching still going full speed ahead?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.554823875427246, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Ivory factories in China did not even use all of the tusks they were allocated by the government. Moyle found that the 2012-13 weight of raw ivory processed fell by more than 50 percent from 2011-12 (the production cycle is July-July), indicating a drop in consumer demand. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10960865020752, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It was not only Chinese consumer interest in carved ivory that sparked the poaching crisis beginning in 2008-09. Investors, a.k.a. speculators, also became interested in raw ivory—tusks. After anti-trade NGOs succeeded in forcing a  nine-year moratorium on proposals  for future legal ivory sales from southern Africa at the CITES Conference of the Parties in 2007, unscrupulous ivory dealers saw that there was even more money to be made from poached tusks, because uncertainty of supply fuels speculation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.463054656982422, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "CITES, thanks to anti-trade NGOs, had provided traffickers with a windfall. Just as China ivory factories thought that they would be receiving a continued supply of legal tusks through repeated CITES-approved sales,  their hopes were dashed . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.939785957336426, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "We are now back to a situation somewhat like the 1980s, where East Asian dealers and factories are buying all of the poached ivory they can. The positive feedback loop, with calls for more restrictions leading to more stockpiling and more poaching are once again feeding one another. But instead of Hong Kong and Japan, now it’s China that is buying most of the poached ivory. And instead of stockpiling ivory for future use, some of the biggest buyers are hoarding tusks for future sale, when they expect to make a killing as increasing tusk scarcity continues to force prices ever higher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766539573669434, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The “ Stop Ivory ” campaign, which aims to close all ivory markets and destroy all stockpiles, is creating a perception of ivory scarcity. The well-publicized new round of ivory stockpile destructions beginning in Kenya in 2011 and running up to the present in the Philippines, the USA, China, Hong Kong, and other places has turned perception into reality. Close to 70 tons of ivory has been destroyed, equaling the legal annual quota in China over 12 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.522774696350098, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The Price of Illegal Raw Ivory in China Has Skyrocketed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326552391052246, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Speculators are attracted to a 280 percent return on investment in less than four years. If the ivory is purchased in Africa, profits are much higher. Chinese ivory traffickers are flocking to the Zambian countryside, Dar es-Salaam, Kinshasa, and dozens of other places in Africa where tusks can be bought from poachers and middlemen for as little as $50 per kilogram. What speculator can resist buying a commodity at $50 a kilogram and selling it for $2,100 a kilogram? That’s a 4,200 percent profit! In reality, of course, with all of the expenses and an average buying price of about $150 a kilogram, profit might be “only” 1,000 percent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759529113769531, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The opportunity for enormous profits has prompted high-level African politicians, military officers, and police commanders to muscle into the trafficking networks. Corruption of the kind described by Liz Bennett in her  recent essay in Conservation Biology  is now common. The corruption is a result of the CITES ivory trade ban and is strengthened by the campaign to “Stop Ivory.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.906760215759277, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If China could receive 40-50 tons and Japan 10-15 tons of legal raw ivory annually, the speculators would be put out of business, most ivory factory owners would cease buying poached tusks, raw ivory prices would plummet, and elephant poaching would become much less profitable, greatly reducing the incentive to poach. Uncertainty and speculation would cease.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409374237060547, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This quantity of ivory could be supplied from a combination of existing African stockpiles, natural elephant mortality and “problem” animal control. Many people are unaware that large numbers of elephants are killed legally every year in human-elephant conflict situations. Not a single elephant life would have to be sacrificed for this legal, regulated trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.323990821838379, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Elephant killing would not cease entirely, because there are other drivers such as human-elephant conflict, meat, and African ivory markets. But even a 50 percent reduction in poaching rates would be worth it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.84698486328125, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Is the goal to stop elephant killing, or stop ivory? I’m for the first one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.946063995361328, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "With a legal raw ivory trade, elephants can thrive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.911247253417969, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "There are measures that can be taken to avoid corruption and laundering of the type described in Elizabeth Bennett’s Conservation Biology  essay. She described the problems associated with the current illegal system and applied them to an assumed legal ivory trade. Her assumptions were faulty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108882904052734, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The legal system would need to achieve three essential outcomes: (1) ivory factory owners no longer buy poached tusks, (2) ivory consumer demand is driven down to meet available legal supply, and (3) the current black market ivory factories and outlets in China are either brought into the legal system or put out of business.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154227256774902, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I mention only China in outcome 3 because China is the elephant in the room, so to speak. With 1.4 billion people and an economy that will soon be the largest in the world, coupled with a cultural desire for ivory, the Chinese control the fate of elephants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.206215858459473, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If these three outcomes can be achieved, all of the concerns about corruption and leakage of illegal ivory into the legal supply chain outlined in Bennett’s essay can be avoided. I will explain why.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.044219970703125, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "(1) Ivory factory owners, whether they be a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) in China or privately owned, have the same basic objectives—make a profit and stay in business. If a legal business achieves those two objectives better than an illegal one, the rational owner or manager will choose the legal option. So if legal raw ivory can be provided in sufficient quantity at predictable times at an acceptable price, there will be no incentive to buy higher risk illegal ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230355262756348, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In addition, there are advantages that legal raw ivory in China offers: It is much cheaper than illegal, and legal supply is predictable, while illegal supply because of seizures is not. The only reason an illegal market operates at all is the lack of sufficient legal supply, which is controlled by the government at 5-6 tons a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966861724853516, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If 40-50 tons of legal raw ivory could be supplied a year, all of the currently illegal factories could be drawn into the legal system by the offer of low-risk, high-gain legal ivory. They would not need to buy illegal ivory, eliminating the motivation to launder (i.e. buy illegal and mix with the legal).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.743511199951172, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The reduction in demand for illegal ivory would drive its price down to a level that would become unattractive for most traffickers, which would lower poaching and quash speculative buying and stockpiling. Who would stockpile a commodity whose price is falling?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96558666229248, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Currently, the Chinese government is selling legal raw ivory at about $600 a kilogram on average to registered ivory factories, according to Moyle and Conrad. Illegal factories are paying an average of $2,100 a kilogram according to Martin and Vigne, and Gao found that secondary raw ivory dealing on the Internet reached prices up to $2,800 a kilogram.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232528686523438, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "(2) Consumer demand can be driven down in two ways, one of them already succeeding in China and Japan—price. The main reason consumer demand started falling in 2012 in China is that carved ivory prices reached a limit few consumers were willing to pay. I believe this was intentional in the legal market and coincidentally necessary in the illegal market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.978425979614258, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Because of the very small quotas of raw ivory rationed to legal factories, they opted to produce low quantity, high quality, high price items—mainly elaborate figurines, carved or polished tusks, and extravagant composite pieces. Only the wealthy could afford to buy them. The huge profit per item compensated for the low volume.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97176742553711, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Because of low legal raw ivory supply, legal ivory factories in China pursue a strategy of producing mostly low volume, highly priced items. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267407417297363, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The illegal market sector is forced to charge higher prices than in 2010 because the raw ivory they use has gone up in cost so much recently, currently to more than $2,000 a kilogram. Because they have to sell in high volume, they manufacture mostly the smaller, less expensive items such as diminutive, lower quality figurines, jewelry, name seal blanks, chopsticks, and other knick-knacks. They are not able to produce the high quality items the legal sector does because, with a few exceptions perhaps, the master craftsmen work in the legal sector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975706100463867, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "It is Versace versus Wal-Mart applied to ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379989624023438, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To drive overall ivory consumption down, the entire ivory market must be shifted more toward the Versace model.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14307975769043, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This is where the second way to drive consumer demand down comes in—campaigns of the type WildAid, Save the Elephants, African Wildlife Foundation, and others have launched. Create awareness about the harm buying ivory causes to elephants. Target especially jewelry and other items that are seen in public, create stigma associated with wearing or using ivory items, as was done with fur. Combined with high prices, stigma could lower demand considerably for ivory bracelets, necklaces, cigarette holders, and so on produced in the black market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.312885284423828, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "3) In a sustained, legal ivory trade system the Chinese government is crucial to achieve the outcome of doing away with the black market. The traditional carrot- and-stick approach can be used to entice the illegal factories to register and join the legal, regulated system. They can be offered a quota of legal ivory annually at relatively low cost. The owner and employees of any unregistered factories found operating after a certain date would suffer severe penalties. Why would a factory owner choose to take the risk of staying in the black market when low-cost, legal ivory was on offer?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146450996398926, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For the system above to work, it depends on there being enough legal raw ivory available to bring a high proportion of illegal ivory factories on board the legal boat, and being able to satisfy consumer demand reasonably well. A small amount of residual illegal activity is to be expected, but the overall objective of significantly reducing elephant poaching can be achieved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860321044921875, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A  document  submitted at the 65th CITES Standing Committee meeting in July this year stated that the “current African ivory stockpiles contain at least 800 [metric tons] of ivory… The true figure, however, may be considerably higher than that.” There are many complications involving what quantity would be legal to trade and which countries would meet CITES criteria to enable them to trade, but it is apparent that there’s a lot of ivory sitting in storerooms in Africa that is being wasted. It could be used to save elephant lives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.292900085449219, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Kathleen Gobush produced the results of a lengthy study carried out for Save the Elephants last year that included estimates of how much ivory accumulates annually from natural mortality. Her methodology would yield 38 tons annually at a 4 percent natural mortality rate from only 12 African countries, where data were good enough to run her model. If problem animal control (PAC) ivory were added, the quantity would be much larger. She found that 44-67 percent of the legal ivory sold by the four southern African countries in 2008 derived from PAC ivory, and the remainder from natural deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.495647430419922, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "While no exact figure can be put at present on how much ivory would be available from stockpiles, natural mortality and PAC combined, I am confident that a minimum of 60 tons of legal ivory could be exported from Africa annually for at least ten years, without a single poached tusk needed. During this ten-year period, intense demand-reduction campaigns can be mounted so that renewable resource ivory from natural deaths and PAC can supply demand sustainably.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085179328918457, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The cheaper legal raw ivory should not translate to cheaper worked ivory, however. This could stimulate consumer demand. I would recommend that a “conservation tax” be applied to worked ivory to keep prices up, dampening demand. The revenues could be dedicated to conservation projects in Africa and awareness campaigns in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221359252929688, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "To prevent cheaper raw ivory translating to cheaper worked ivory, which would raise consumer demand, a conservation tax could be applied to keep prices high. Photograph by Daniel Stiles", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111827850341797, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Legal ivory stockpile quantities would be reported annually to CITES, as currently required. A country not reporting would not be eligible to sell its ivory. Every eligible country would be subject to periodic independent monitoring of its stockpile in a manner to be determined by CITES.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360063552856445, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "CITES would supervise sales annually or semiannually following procedures established for the one-off sales. The significant difference being that now buyers would be confident that they’d know when, where, and how much ivory will be available in future. Uncertainty and speculation will be eliminated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344649314880371, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The ivory will be shipped in sealed containers directly from African government storerooms to Asian government receiving points in the purchasing countries for storage and distribution. This will cut out all of the points subject to corruption and laundering mentioned in the Bennett essay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.272656440734863, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "If this type of system can be established, I foresee that many African countries that currently export their ivory illegally, often with government involvement, will see the advantages of cleaning up their act so that they can qualify to enter the legal trade regime. Why take the risk of smuggling illegal ivory that is subject to confiscation when it can be sold legally, risk-free? The advantages will become increasingly apparent as poached ivory prices plummet with legal trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0596342086792, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“No Good Reason Why Anyone Needs Ivory”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39224624633789, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "I agree completely with Beth Allgood’s sentiments expressed in Russo’s commentary: There’s no good reason why anyone needs ivory. But not everyone feels the way Beth and I do, and we have to face reality. Some people want ivory. I do not see the attempt to ban all ivory succeeding better than allowing the limited, legal raw ivory trade described here. Closing the legal ivory market in China will only drive the master carvers and others into the illegal sector. The black market is already illegal, how much more illegal can it become with a total ban? It will carry on and even expand, fostering crime, corruption, and continued elephant killing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.145105361938477, "source": "search", "title": "Elephants Cannot Survive Ivory Ban - Elephant Protection" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The price of elephant tusks in Hong Kong has shot up by more than fiftyfold in the past decade, raising concerns that the legal trade is fuelling demand for poached ivory and driving some African elephant populations towards extinction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.768353462219238, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A 65kg pair of mounted tusks is on sale for HK$15 million at Chinese Arts and Crafts in Wan Chai. A smaller pair weighing about 40kg is offered for HK$8.2 million. That is equivalent to a per-kilogram price of between HK$205,000 and HK$230,770. In 2002, a major report on the ivory trade found that a 78kg pair of elephant tusks could be bought in Hong Kong for just HK$250,000 - less than one fiftieth of the price of the smaller pair of tusks on sale at the mainland-owned Wan Chai store.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.996715545654297, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The sky-high ivory price compares with an average HK$1,220 per kilogram fetched when 102 tonnes of stockpiled ivory was controversially sold to China and Japan by four African countries in 2008. That sale - approved by CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) - was the last legal sale of an ivory stockpile globally after a worldwide ban was imposed in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.221565246582031, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Staff at branches of Chinese Arts and Crafts said buyers were snapping up ivory not only for display but as an investment, as its value was rising at a rate of 20 per cent a year. \"There is no more ivory, so the price is going up and up,\" said a saleswoman at the Pacific Place branch of the chain, where a 116cm antique tusk is on sale for HK$1.9 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.139501571655273, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Grace Ge Gabriel, Asia regional director for the International Fund for Animal Welfare, said the legal ivory trade in Hong Kong was exacerbating the illegal trade in poached and smuggled ivory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965617179870605, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "\"The legal ivory trade not only provides cover for smuggled ivory to be laundered. It also gives consumers the impression that buying ivory is OK and stimulates more people's desire to buy,\" she said. \"Moreover, compared with the astronomical price of ivory in China … the price one pays to buy ivory in Africa is so much cheaper. If one smuggles ivory into China and sells it under the cover of the legal market, the profit margin could be very high.\" More....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1513671875, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“Over the last two decades, wildlife crime has developed into a multi-billion-dollar industry and is now considered to be the fifth largest international criminal activity after narcotics, counterfeiting, illicit trafficking of humans and oil,” says AfDB in the aftermath of its participation at last week’s emergency summit on illegal ivory trade in Gaborone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999918937683105, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The summit was attended by ministers and delegates from 30 participating countries, including elephant range states such as Gabon, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Niger, Zambia and Ivory Coast; transit states such as Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia; and ivory destination states including China and Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.19589614868164, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The Bank was invited to participate in an emergency summit addressing the problems of the illegal ivory trade on December 2-4 by the Government of Botswana and the IUCN in Gaborone, Botswana. The Summit focused on the dynamics of the entire ivory value chain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064504623413086, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "President Seretse Khama Ian Khama of Botswana opened the summit, in the presence of Ministers and delegates from 30 participating countries, including elephant range states such as Gabon, Kenya, Uganda, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Niger, Zambia and Ivory Coast; transit states such as Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia; and ivory destination states including China and Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.001456260681152, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The objectives of the summit were to raise awareness at the highest political level about the dimensions of the poaching crisis and the current dynamic of the ivory illegal trade. During the summit, 14 action measures, to halt and reverse the trend in illegal killing of elephants and the illegal ivory trade in ivory were discussed for implementation by the end of 2014. The measures are considered to be urgent (Urgent Measures) and require commitment from the high-level political representatives at the African Elephant Summit. The Urgent Measures are related to legislation and regulation; national-level enforcement (capacity); international enforcement and collaboration; and outreach and public awareness. The Urgent Measures document was signed by Zimbabwe, Somalia, Zambia, Germany, the United States, United Kingdom, Botswana and IUCN. More....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82597827911377, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Yesterday (Tuesday) saw several African elephant range states as well as a number of ivory transit and consumer states at the African Elephant Summit in Gaborone, Botswana unanimously adopt 14 “ urgent measures PDF, to halt and reverse the trend in illegal killing of elephants and the illegal ivory trade“.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56057071685791, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "“Particularly commendable was his call on ending consumption, increasing fines for traffickers in France tenfold, the proposed cooperation with African customs organizations, the destruction of its seized ivory stock, and the harmonization of legal deterrents,” Huijbregts explained.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.565686225891113, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "According to data at the beginning of the Elephant Summit in Gabarone, Botswana, on Monday, 22,000 elephants were killed in Africa in 2012, out of a remaining population of around 500,000. Major ivory seizures in 2013 are, now at 41 tons, already a record high since measures began.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.597185134887695, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The countries agreed on 14 measures to protect the animals after meeting in Botswana’s capital, Gaborone, this week. The steps include classifying poaching as a serious crime, strengthening cross-border law-enforcement and reining in demand for ivory in Asia with information campaigns, the German Environment Ministry said today in an e-mailed statement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068559646606445, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A fifth of Africa’s elephants may be wiped out in the next decade if poaching continues at its current pace, with about 22,000 killed last year, according to a Dec. 2 statement from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and two wildlife-trade monitors. The animals, poached for their ivory tusks, are listed as “vulnerable” on the IUCN’s Red List .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.191932678222656, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Nations that took part in the Gaborone summit included those where the animals live, ivory-trade transit countries including Malaysia and the Philippines , and nations with high demand for ivory such as China and Thailand, the ministry said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243773460388184, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Recent events and news have shown Zimbabwe for what it really is, a major regional and international hub for elephant poaching and ivory smuggling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652026176452637, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Conservation groups in the country have called upon the government to investigate the possible links of politicians and influential businessmen to an international ivory smuggling ring operating in Zimbabwe. As reported by SW Radio Africa, Johnny Rodrigues, the head of the Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force, said the recent discovery of elephant carcasses killed by cyanide in Hwange National Park shows that there is a sophisticated group of people involved in poaching.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.100629806518555, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Ivory and rhino horn are continuously shipped out through the porous South African and Mozambican borders. Some of the ivory from Zimbabwe has been intercepted at international airports abroad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.047652244567871, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "In October 2013, for the first time, Chinese journalists worked with African journalists on an undercover investigation into the Chinese connection with ivory and rhino horns market in South Africa. They visited the Bruma flea market and nearby New Chinatown in eastern Johannesburg. As reported on Wildlife Extra News, a Zimbabwean who works in a craft shop says most of the rhino horns and ivory they are selling comes from his home country. More....", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.237468719482422, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "A statement from Chan, reads, \"Everyone should dispel the myths that ivory jewellery and carvings are made from tusks that have fallen off the elephant or from elephants that have died of natural causes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522275924682617, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Hong Kong action superstar Jackie Chan has joined the fight against the slaughter of elephants for ivory products by throwing his support behind the Canada-Germany co-production Gambling on Extinction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.282248497009277, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The documentary, from Real to Reel Productions and German partner a&o buero filmproduktion, investigates the illegal trade of wildlife products, including ivory, rhino horn and tiger parts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185440063476562, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "\"Everyone should dispel the myths that ivory jewelry and carvings are made from tusks that have fallen off the elephant or from elephants that have died of natural causes,\" Chan said in a statement issued on Friday by the film's producers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26861572265625, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "For Jams Leape, head of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), poaching is a deadly spiral of crime. \"Elephants are being poached; their ivory is sold and in the end that finances the purchase of weapons,\" he told DW in an interview.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.955428123474121, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Conservation groups in the country have called upon the government to investigate the possible links of politicians and influential businessmen to an international ivory smuggling ring operating in Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12432861328125, "source": "search", "title": "Animal Poaching News - No Animal Poaching" }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "Part of the problem is that the good guys have long been outgunned by the bad guys. Rangers in African nations are often poorly equipped compared to syndicate-backed hunters with night-vision goggles and high-powered rifles. But a new commitment that will be announced later this morning at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) summit in New York may begin to balance the fight. An alliance of conservation groups—including CI, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) and the International Fund for Animal Welfare—will come together with a number of African nations to improve anti-poaching efforts on the ground, disrupt international trafficking networks—and perhaps most importantly, work to cool the feverish demand for ivory products in the rising consumer nations of Asia. “We have a proposed strategy to stop the killing, stop the trafficking and stop the demand,” says Cristian Samper, the president of WCS. “We need to step up the game.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627106666564941, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "The funds that are part of the commitment announced at CGI will be used to support governments in Africa—including Botswana, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Kenya, South Sudan, Malawi and Uganda—in anti-poaching efforts at 50 priority elephant sites, hiring and supporting another 3,100 park guards. On the trafficking side, money will go to strengthen intelligence networks and toughen the laughably light penalties for poaching and trading. There’s also an agreement to try to raise an additional $70 million over the next three years to further the fight. The partners behind the agreement will also work together to reduce the demand for ivory in consuming countries, in part by trying to highlight the connection between ivory products and wildlife slaughter. “A lot fewer people would buy an ivory trinket if they knew it required slaughtering a magnificent animal,” says Carter Roberts, the president and CEO of WWF.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.550000190734863, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "That might sound like a tall order, but there’s already progress being made. Earlier this year the Thai Prime Minister Thai Yingluck Shinawatra announced that her country—a major ivory consumer—would begin the legislative process of ending the ivory trade. In China, the retired basketball star Yao Ming has worked to raise awareness in his home country about the bloody consequences of wildlife trafficking, just as he’s done with shark-fin soup , which leads to the slaughter of millions of sharks each year. Change is possible—in an interview with TIME, Chelsea Clinton, who’s now the vice chair of the Clinton Foundation and who helped put together the commitment, noted that the popularity of pianos in middle-class homes in the 19th century led at the time to a huge uptick in the killing of elephants, whose tusks were used to make ivory keys. When consumers began to become aware of the slaughter, they pushed piano companies to find new materials to make their keys. “You can change the demand dynamics,” she says.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.82497501373291, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." }, { "answer": "Ivory", "passage": "This is a key moment in the fight against wildlife trafficking. On one hand, poaching might be as bad as it has ever been, adding a mortal threat to species that already face habitat loss, disease and climate change. On the other hand, the growing awareness that wildlife trafficking is becoming an international security issue—one connected to terrorism—mean that more resources will be devoted to fighting it. When she was Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton made wildlife trafficking a priority in part because, as she noted in a 2012 meeting , it has “serious implications for the security and prosperity of people around the world.” On a visit to Africa earlier this year, President Obama announced an executive order to combat trafficking, and established a task force on the subject. “This is a security issue because of how closely ivory trafficking is linked to destabilizing forces in central and west Africa,” says Chelsea Clinton. “It’s also a conservation and development issue. I know I don’t want my children to grow up in a world without elephants.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31482982635498, "source": "search", "title": "A Commitment to Fight the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah, Duchess of York (Sarah Margaret; née Ferguson; born 15 October 1959) is a British writer, charity patron, public speaker, film producer and television personality. Sarah is often referred to by the nickname \"Fergie\". She is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is the younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Barrantes (née Wright). Sarah has two daughters, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York. They are respectively seventh and eighth in line to succeed their grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of 16 independent Commonwealth realms.", "precise_score": 5.809123516082764, "rough_score": 7.903320789337158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In 1993, the Duchess founded Children in Crisis a children’s charity focused on education and grant making to international programs. The Duchess serves as Founder and Life President. In 2003, the Duchess joined The American Cancer Society at a congressional briefing. Sarah, Duchess of York, was a founding supporter of the American Cancer Society's Great American Weigh In, an annual campaign (modelled after the Society's Great American Smoke Out) aimed at raising awareness of the link between excess weight and cancer. In 2006, the Duchess established [http://www.sarafergusonfoundation.org The Sarah Ferguson Foundation] based in Toronto, which derives funds from Sarah's commercial work and private donations with the aim of supporting charities internationally that serve children and families in dire need. Included under this umbrella organisation is her patronage of several British charities, including Mental Disability Rights International, the Teenage Cancer Trust, Tommy's, and the Motor Neurone Disease Association. In 2008, the Duchess became patron of Humanitas, a charity focused on providing children with education, healthcare and family support In 2010, the Duchess became a supporter of The Mullany Fund, whose aim is to support British students wishing to study medicine or physiotherapy. In 2011, the Duchess became the global ambassador for Not For Sale, a charity focused on human slavery. In 2013, the Duchess, along with her former husband, the Duke of York and their daughters, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie, founded Key To Freedom, a business structure for women in vulnerable situations in India who can sell their wares through the British retailer Topshop. In 2014, the Duchess was appointed an ambassador for the Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London. In 2015, the Duchess revealed her special connection with polo when she attended as a chief guest of HVR BARODA CUP in New Delhi, India. ", "precise_score": 4.066596984863281, "rough_score": 6.229220390319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Upon marriage, Sarah became Her Royal Highness The Princess Andrew, Duchess of York, Countess of Inverness, Baroness Killyleagh. ", "precise_score": 3.9847474098205566, "rough_score": 5.999622344970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson is the ex-wife of Britain's Prince Andrew and is also a children's book author and film producer.", "precise_score": 5.378491401672363, "rough_score": 7.344629287719727, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson - Duchess - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Duchess of weight loss! Fergie, formally known as the Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson, has shed 50 pounds in just five months. The royal and former Weight Watchers brand ambassador, who was formerly married to Prince Andrew and has been vocal about her struggle with her weight for years, debuted her slimmed-down bod in an exclusive spread with Hello! magazine .", "precise_score": 3.5881919860839844, "rough_score": 6.968275547027588, "source": "search", "title": "Duchess Sarah Ferguson Debuts Slim Figure After Losing 50 ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah Ferguson, Britain's Duchess of York, finds herself in tabloid trouble _ again | Fox News", "precise_score": 5.168663024902344, "rough_score": 6.91948127746582, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson, Britain's Duchess of York, finds herself ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah Ferguson, Britain's Duchess of York, finds herself in tabloid trouble _ again", "precise_score": 5.405671119689941, "rough_score": 7.145085334777832, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson, Britain's Duchess of York, finds herself ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "LONDON –  LONDON (AP) — Sarah Ferguson was once considered a lively spark, just the thing to brighten up Britain's staid royal family when she married Prince Andrew and became Duchess of York.", "precise_score": 7.7647318840026855, "rough_score": 8.508809089660645, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson, Britain's Duchess of York, finds herself ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson shows off slimmed-down look after years of weight woes - Mirror Online", "precise_score": 1.6597322225570679, "rough_score": 6.563731670379639, "source": "search", "title": "Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson shows off slimmed ... - mirror" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson shows off slimmed-down look after years of weight woes", "precise_score": 2.0072214603424072, "rough_score": 6.906519889831543, "source": "search", "title": "Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson shows off slimmed ... - mirror" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah, Duchess of York (Sarah Margaret; née Ferguson; born 15 October 1959) is a British charity patron, spokesperson, writer, film producer, television personality and member of the British Royal Family . She is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York , to whom she was married from 1986 to 1996. She is often popularly referred to as \"Fergie\", a common nickname for people named Ferguson.", "precise_score": 6.246323585510254, "rough_score": 8.595373153686523, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "2006, Sarah, Duchess of York, established The Sarah Ferguson Foundation based in Toronto, which derives funds from Sarah's commercial work and private donations with the aim of supporting charities internationally that serve children and families in dire need. Included under this umbrella organization is her patronage of several British charities, including Mental Disability Rights International, the Teenage Cancer Trust, and the Motor Neurone Disease Association.", "precise_score": 5.052272319793701, "rough_score": 7.681956768035889, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "After securing the Queen's permission (which was required by a British law, the Royal Marriages Act 1772, for children of the monarch), Andrew and Sarah were married in Westminster Abbey on 23 July 1986. The Queen bestowed the title Duke of York upon Prince Andrew, and as his new wife Sarah automatically assumed her husband's royal and ducal status and became Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.4445762634277344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "By 1991, the marriage was in trouble, and the couple had drifted apart. While her husband was away on naval or royal duties, the Duchess was frequently seen in the company of other men, notably Texan multimillionaire Steve Wyatt. The Duke and Duchess of York finally announced their separation on 19 March 1993. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.369115829467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "By her divorce on 30 May 1996, she retained the style Her Royal Highness with the style of other divorced peeresses, eliminating the preface \"The\" before \"Duchess of York\". However, in accordance with letters patent issued in August 1996 regulating post-divorce royal titles, Sarah ceased being a Royal Highness, as she was no longer married to the Duke of York. Her current name, thus, is Sarah, Duchess of York. Should she marry again, Sarah would lose the use of the style of \"Duchess of York\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.692354679107666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Since the divorce, Sarah still attends some functions with her daughters, such as the investiture of the Duke of York into the Royal Victorian Order, on which occasions she is afforded the courtesy of treatment as a member of the Royal Family. The Lord Chamberlain's Diamond Jubilee Guidelines mention the Duchess specifically as being a member of the Royal Family in her own right.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1322147846221924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Until 2004, the Duke of York and his former wife shared the family's home, Sunninghill Park in Berkshire. That year, the Duke moved to the refurbished Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park, previously the home of his grandmother, who resided there until her death in 2002. In 2007, the Duchess rented the neighbouring Dolphin House; a fire at Dolphin House in 2008 caused her to vacate the premises and move into Royal Lodge with her former husband.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.244403839111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In 2015, the Duchess assumed residence in Verbier, Switzerland, where she and the Duke of York own a chalet. She also maintains a rented apartment in Eaton Square in London and a room at Royal Lodge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.304780006408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In March 2011, it was reported that Jeffrey Epstein had helped the Duchess avoid bankruptcy by paying off some of her debts. The payments were reportedly made after intervention from the Duke of York. In the summer of 2011, Finding Sarah aired on the OWN network. One episode of the U.S.-filmed reality series depicted Sarah meeting with Suze Orman, the internationally-known financial advisor, receiving from Orman a strict lecture and practical advice on how to resolve her financial issues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3286246061325073, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "** In May 1998, Sarah appeared as herself in the fourth season finale of the television show Friends. She was credited as \"Sarah, The Duchess of York\". Her scene with Matt LeBlanc was filmed on location outside Westminster Abbey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8588683605194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "* The 2006 title of R&B/Hip Hop singer Stacy \"Fergie\" Ferguson's debut album, The Dutchess (dutchess is a variant spelling of duchess dating to the 17th century ) was a reference to the fact that the two are associated with the same surname. According to various media outlets, the Duchess of York called Fergie after the release of her album and remarked: \"Fergie, it's Fergie... Now that you've done this, you have to sing at a concert for my foundation, 'Children in Crisis'.\" Fergie agreed and committed to charity concerts in London and New York City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.6321287155151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "* In November 2006, Sarah was honoured for her AIDS campaigning at the New York AIDS Film Festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107726097106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "*23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.273770809173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "*30 May 1996 – 21 August 1996: Her Royal Highness Sarah, Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.385030746459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "*21 August 1996 – present: Sarah, Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2927331924438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Immediately after her divorce she retained the style Her Royal Highness; however on 21 August 1996, letters patent were issued which removed the style from divorced former wives of princes. She remained titled Sarah, Duchess of York in keeping with the standard form of address for former wives of peers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.97172474861145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "She has aristocratic ancestry, being the great great-granddaughter of the 6th Duke of Buccleuch, a great-granddaughter of the 8th Viscount Powerscourt and a direct descendant of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn and of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire making her a distant cousin of her ex-husband Prince Andrew, Duke of York and also of Diana, Princess of Wales. Her paternal grandmother was Marian Montagu Douglas Scott, a first cousin of Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, who married Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, an uncle of Queen Elizabeth II. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.332409858703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "** 2001, Reinventing Yourself with the Duchess of York ISBN 978-1439146194", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.725333213806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley was born at Hovingham Hall, Yorkshire, and was the only daughter of Sir William Arthington Worsley, 4th Bt., and his wife, Joyce Morgan Brunner, daughter of Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet and granddaughter of Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet, the founder of Brunner Mond, which later became ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries). She is a descendant of Oliver Cromwell. Worsley was christened at All Saints' Church, Hovingham on 2 April 1933. Her godparents were: Sir Felix Brunner, 3rd Baronet (her maternal uncle); Major Sir Digby Lawson, 2nd Baronet; Mrs Arthur Colegate (her paternal aunt); and Mrs Ronald Fife. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.214887619018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katharine, Duchess of Kent" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "She was educated at Queen Margaret's School, York and at Runton Hill School in North Norfolk. At school she was introduced to music, and was taught to play the piano, organ and violin, which she still plays today. The Duchess has stated her admiration for the late cellist Jacqueline du Pré in the documentary by Christopher Nupen called 'Who is Jacqueline du Pré?' She later worked for some time in a children's home in York and worked at a nursery school in London. She failed to gain admission to the Royal Academy of Music but followed her brothers to Oxford, where they were at the University, to study at Miss Hubler's Finishing School, 22 Merton Street, devoting much of her time to music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7521183490753174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katharine, Duchess of Kent" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "On 8 June 1961, she married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the eldest son of Prince George, Duke of Kent, and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, at York Minster. Guests included actors Noël Coward and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. as well as members of the British, Greek, Danish, Norwegian, Yugoslavian, Romanian and Spanish royal families. The bride's gown was designed by John Cavanagh, and she wore a diamond bandeau tiara lent by her mother-in-law. After her marriage she was styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.514038562774658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katharine, Duchess of Kent" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "* Colonel-in-Chief, of The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235730171203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katharine, Duchess of Kent" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "* Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, of Yorkshire Volunteers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524435043334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katharine, Duchess of Kent" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.779057025909424, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson - Duchess - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In 1985, Sarah met Prince Andrew, the Duke of York. The couple married the following year in Westminster Abbey and had two children, Beatrice and Eugenie. Dubbed \"Fergie\" by the press, Sarah was often criticized for her extravagant lifestyle and outspoken manner. Marriage trouble began to plague the couple, which is often attributed to Prince Andrew's long trips away while serving in the Royal Navy. In 1992, the couple separated, eventually divorcing in 1996 but continuing to live together in separate living quarters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.24897575378418, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson - Duchess - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The Duchess of York hosted her own short-lived talk show and appeared in a string of commercials during the 1990s for Weight Watchers. She is the author of an autobiography, some dieting guides and several children's books.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.818253517150879, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson - Duchess - Biography.com" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Even queens have to forgive and forget -- or so the rumor mill is saying. Sarah Ferguson , Duchess of York, was invited back to Queen Elizabeth II 's summer castle last weekend, raising more than a few questions as to why the disgraced royal would be back in the monarch's good graces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.992326259613037, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson’s Balmoral visit sparks wedding rumors for ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The Duchess of York is spending the weekend with the Queen at Balmoral after being accepted back into the fold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.732659816741943, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah Ferguson flies in from the cold as Queen invites her ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The Duchess of York was spurred into action after reaching the same weight as when she was pregnant with Princess Beatrice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.028668403625488, "source": "search", "title": "Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson shows off slimmed ... - mirror" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Has Fergie been let back into the fold? Duchess of York heads to Balmoral after landing at Aberdeen airport | Daily Mail Online", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.151155471801758, "source": "search", "title": "Has Fergie been let back into the fold? Duchess of York ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Has Fergie been let back into the fold? Duchess of York heads to Balmoral after landing at Aberdeen airport", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.867491722106934, "source": "search", "title": "Has Fergie been let back into the fold? Duchess of York ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The once disgraced Duchess of York has flown to Balmoral to spend the weekend with the Queen, it has today been revealed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.154603004455566, "source": "search", "title": "Has Fergie been let back into the fold? Duchess of York ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Back in the fold: The once disgraced Duchess of York flew to Balmoral to spend the weekend with the Queen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.981947898864746, "source": "search", "title": "Has Fergie been let back into the fold? Duchess of York ..." }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah, Duchess of York | Royalty Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8575456142425537, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah, Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.367452144622803, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "The Duchess is the younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Barrantes (née Wright), both now deceased. Her children, Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York , are respectively fifth and sixth in the line of succession to the thrones of 16 independent Commonwealth realm states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.238842964172363, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "After securing the Queen's permission (which is required by a British law, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 , for children of the monarch) Andrew and Sarah were married in Westminster Abbey on 23 July 1986. The Queen bestowed the title Duke of York upon Prince Andrew, and as his new wife Sarah automatically assumed her husband's royal and ducal status and became Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York. With her marriage, she attained the rank of Princess of the United Kingdom , which was lost upon her divorce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8244783878326416, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "By 1991, the marriage was in trouble, and the couple had drifted apart. While her husband was away on naval or royal duties, the Duchess was frequently seen in the company of other men, notably Texan multimillionaire Steve Wyatt. Prince Andrew and the Duchess of York finally announced their separation on 19 March 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.179561614990234, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Until 2004, the Duke of York and his former wife shared the family’s home, Sunninghill Park in Berkshire. That same year, the Duke moved to the refurbished Royal Lodge , previously the home of his grandmother , who resided there until her death in 2002. In 2007, the Duchess rented Dolphin House , and became next door neighbors with her ex-husband. In 2008, a fire broke out at Dolphin House causing Sarah to vacate the premises and move into Royal Lodge with her former husband, the Duke of York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2901949882507324, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "In March 2011 it was reported that Jeffrey Epstein had helped the Duchess avoid bankruptcy by paying off some of her debts. The payments were reportedly made after intervention from the Duke of York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.56700325012207, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "2003, she joined the American Cancer Society at a congressional briefing. Sarah, Duchess of York, was a founding supporter of The American Cancer Society’s Great American Weigh In, an annual campaign (modeled after the Society’s Great American Smoke Out) aimed at raising awareness of the link between excess weight and cancer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3322745561599731, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "2004, Sarah, Duchess of York, was named the official spokesperson of SOS Children's Villages - USA; she is no longer affiliated with this charity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8059144616127014, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "2005, Sarah, Duchess of York, was named a global ambassador for Ronald McDonald House; she is no longer affiliated with this charity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4246429204940796, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.45737886428833, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "30 May 1996 – 21 August 1996: Her Royal Highness Sarah, Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2434070110321045, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "21 August 1996 – present: Sarah, Duchess of York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.285350799560547, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Sarah's full title during her marriage was: Her Royal Highness The Princess Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Duchess of York, Countess of Inverness, Baroness Killyleagh.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.699013352394104, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" }, { "answer": "York", "passage": "Immediately after her divorce she retained the style Her Royal Highness ; however on 21 August 1996 letters patent were issued which removed the title from divorced former wives of princes. She remained titled Sarah, Duchess of York in keeping with the standard form of address for former wives of peers. After divorce she was no longer a British princess but remained a duchess .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5759565830230713, "source": "search", "title": "Sarah, Duchess of York - Royalty Wiki - Wikia" } ]

[ { "answer": "China", "passage": "Tiananmen Square is a large city square in the centre of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen (\"Gate of Heavenly Peace\") located to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City. The square contains the Monument to the People's Heroes, the Great Hall of the People, the National Museum of China, and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in the square on October 1, 1949; the anniversary of this event is still observed there. Tiananmen Square is within the top ten largest city squares in the world (440,500 m2 – 880×500 m or 109 acres – 960×550 yd). It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history.", "precise_score": 3.9737510681152344, "rough_score": 2.3910696506500244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Outside China, the square is best known for the Tiananmen Square Massacre, an armed suppression of a pro-democracy movement in June 1989. ", "precise_score": 3.9482414722442627, "rough_score": 5.683156490325928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In 1954, the Gate of China was demolished, allowing for the enlargement of the square. In November 1958, a major expansion of Tiananmen Square started, which was completed after only 11 months, in August 1959. This followed the vision of Mao Zedong to make the square the largest and most spectacular in the world, and intended to hold over 500,000 people. In that process, a large number of residential buildings and other structures have been demolished. On its southern edge, the Monument to the People's Heroes has been erected. Concomitantly, as part of the Ten Great Buildings constructed between 1958–59 to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the Great Hall of the People and the Revolutionary History Museum (now the National Museum of China) were erected on the western and eastern sides of the square.", "precise_score": 0.8497791290283203, "rough_score": -1.5505214929580688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Image:200401-beijing-tianan-square-overview.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Panorama image map of Tiananmen Square from the north atop Tiananmen's gate tower, showing the Square beyond Chang'an Avenue, with the Monument to the People's Heroes and Mao Zedong Mausoleum at background center, the National Museum of China to the left and Great Hall of the People to the right. (mouse over for labels)", "precise_score": -0.3955586552619934, "rough_score": -0.48620784282684326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Used as a massive meeting place since its creation, its flatness is contrasted by the 38-metre (125 ft) high Monument to the People's Heroes, and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. The square lies between two ancient, massive gates: the Tian'anmen to the north and the Zhengyangmen (better known as Qianmen) to the south. Along the west side of the square is the Great Hall of the People. Along the east side is the National Museum of China (dedicated to Chinese history predating 1919). Chang'an Avenue, which is used for parades, lies between the Tian'anmen and the square. Trees line the east and west edges of the Square, but the square itself is open, with neither trees nor benches. The square is lit with large lamp posts which are fitted with video cameras. It is heavily monitored by uniformed and plain-clothes police officers.", "precise_score": 0.27080100774765015, "rough_score": -0.36970433592796326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Perhaps the most notable events are protests during the May Fourth Movement in 1919, the proclamation of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949, the Tiananmen Square protests in 1976 after the death of Zhou Enlai, and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, which resulted in military suppression and the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands, of civilian protestors. One of the most famous images that appears during these protests was when a man stood in front of a line of moving tanks and refused to move, which was captured on Chang'an Avenue near the square.", "precise_score": 0.987994909286499, "rough_score": 0.31198111176490784, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Other notable events include annual mass military displays on each anniversary of the 1949 proclamation until 1 October 1959; the 1984 military parade for the 35th anniversary of the People's Republic of China which coincided with the ascendancy of Deng Xiaoping; military displays and parades on the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China in 1999; the Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident in 2001; military displays and parades on the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China in 2009, and an incident in 2013 involving a vehicle that plowed into pedestrians.", "precise_score": -1.4158836603164673, "rough_score": -2.844114065170288, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In English, the terms Tiananmen Square Massacre, Tiananmen Square Protests or Tiananmen Square Crackdown are often used to describe the series of events. However, much of the violence did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square in the city of Beijing near the Muxidi area. The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact they occurred in many cities throughout China. (Examples include Chengdu from the account of Louisa Lim's People's Republic of Amnesia). ", "precise_score": 3.4062418937683105, "rough_score": 3.4570491313934326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Small spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on April 15 around Monument to the People's Heroes at Tiananmen Square. On the same day, many students at Peking University (PKU) and Tsinghua University erected shrines, and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion. Organized student gatherings also began on a small scale in Xi'an and Shanghai on April 16. On April 17, students at the China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) made a large wreath to commemorate Hu Yaobang. Its laying-party was on April 17 and a larger-than-expected crowd assembled. At five p.m., 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the Great Hall of the People, near Tiananmen Square, to mourn Hu. The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds giving public orations commemorating Hu and discussing social problems. However, it was soon deemed obstructive to the operation of the Great Hall, so police intervened and attempted to disperse the students by persuasion.", "precise_score": -1.5644112825393677, "rough_score": -1.9098765850067139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "On June 1, Li Peng issued a report titled \"On the True Nature of the Turmoil\", which was circulated to every member of the Politburo. The report aimed to persuade the Politburo of the necessity and legality of clearing Tiananmen Square by referring to the protestors as terrorists and counterrevolutionaries. The report stated that turmoil was continuing to grow, the students had no plans to leave, and they were gaining popular support. Further justification for martial law came in the form of a report submitted by the Ministry of State Security (MSS) to the party leadership, which emphasized the infiltration of bourgeois liberalism into China and the negative effect that the West – particularly the United States – had on the students. The MSS expressed its belief that American forces had intervened in the student movement in hopes of overthrowing the Communist Party. The report created a sense of urgency within the party, and provided justification for military action. In conjunction with the plan to clear the Square by force, the Politburo received word from the martial law troops headquarters stating that the troops were ready to help stabilize the capital, and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil. ", "precise_score": -0.9143702387809753, "rough_score": -1.662501335144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The USC U.S.-China Institute's Assignment: China series includes a segment on American media coverage of the protests and their suppression. Tiananmen Square features interviews with correspondents for the Associated Press and United Press International, the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, the Voice of America, ABC, CBS, and CNN. ", "precise_score": -0.346908301115036, "rough_score": 0.7613970041275024, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "The prc", "passage": "In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen square protests led to fears that the PRC would renege on its commitments under one country, two systems following the impending handover in 1997. In response, Governor Chris Patten attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, which led to friction with Beijing. For many Hong Kongers, Tiananmen served as a turning point for when they lost trust in the Beijing government. The event, coupled with general uncertainty over the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty, led to a sizeable exodus of Hong Kong people to Western countries such as Canada and Australia prior to 1997. The British government's attempt to stem the exodus led to the instigation of the British Nationality Selection Scheme to grant full British citizenship to some Hong Kongers.", "precise_score": 3.1029512882232666, "rough_score": 1.0687212944030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In Hong Kong, the events of Tiananmen in 1989 – perhaps to a greater degree than anywhere else outside of mainland China – have become permanently etched in the public consciousness. The events continue to have a strong impact on perceptions of China, its government, attitudes towards democracy, and the extent to which Hong Kong'ers should identify as \"Chinese\". The events of June 4 are seen as emblematic of the Chinese 'brand' of authoritarianism and is prominently discussed in Hong Kong's political circles, often in relation to democratic reform in Hong Kong and the territory's relationship with Beijing. Academic studies indicate that those who supported the rehabilitation of the Tiananmen Square movement had a tendency to support democratization in the territory as well as the election of pro-democracy parties. ", "precise_score": 0.6347571015357971, "rough_score": -1.2462360858917236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to the PRC, put in place as a result of the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests, remains in place today. The PRC has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from EU members. Since 2004, China has portrayed the ban as \"outdated\", and damaging to China-EU relations. In early 2004, French President Jacques Chirac spearheaded a movement within the EU to lift the ban, which was supported by German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. However, the passing of the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China in March 2005 increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, damaging attempts to lift the ban, and several EU Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban. Moreover, Schröder's successor Angela Merkel opposed lifting the ban. Members of the U.S. Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the EU if the latter lifted the ban. The UK also opposed the lifting of the embargo when it took charge of the EU presidency in July 2005. The election of José Manuel Barroso as European Commission President also made a lifting of the ban more difficult, because Barroso is a critic of China's human rights record. ", "precise_score": -1.3894225358963013, "rough_score": -2.364121913909912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Communist Party of China (CPC) forbids discussion of the Tiananmen Square protests, and has taken measures to block or censor related information. Textbooks have little, if any, information related to the protests. ", "precise_score": 0.8788222670555115, "rough_score": -1.702557921409607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Public memory of the Tiananmen Square protests has been suppressed by the authorities since 1989. Print media containing reference to the protests must be consistent with the government’s version of events. Currently, many Chinese citizens are reluctant to speak about the protests because of potential repercussions. Many young people born after 1980 are completely unfamiliar with the events and are apathetic about politics while older intellectuals no longer aspire for political change and instead focus on economic issues. Youth in China are generally unaware of the events that took place, of the symbols such as tank man, or of the significance of the date June 4 itself. The entire surface of Tiananmen Square was later resurfaced, to remove evidence of blood stains left there after the crackdown. The mood in the square today is muted and solemn, with visitors required to pass through an underground security checkpoint to enter the square, although this is an easier process than in the average airport security station. There are a few Revolutionary Peoples Army soldiers standing watch near the southern end of the square, some apparently in their teens, but they do not interact with passersby.", "precise_score": 1.0674303770065308, "rough_score": -0.3152514398097992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "The prc", "passage": "In April 2006, the PBS series Frontline produced an episode titled The Tank Man, which examined his role in the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and the change that has overtaken the PRC economically and politically since.", "precise_score": -2.652379035949707, "rough_score": 0.2525739073753357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "On June 3, 2009 the BBC aired the documentary Kate Adie returns to Tiananmen, in which documented reporter Kate Adie's return to China, where she recalls the events she witnessed in 1989. ", "precise_score": -2.714564323425293, "rough_score": -2.514679431915283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In February 2011, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, in response to an uprising in Benghazi against his rule, held up China's 1989 military assault on Tiananmen Square as an example of how to deal with popular unrest.[http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-26/world/35271880_1_anti-gaddafi-post-gaddafi-moammar-gaddafi Andrew Higgins, \"For China, relations with Libya a balancing act\" Washington Post] August 26, 2011 Chinese media censored Gaddafi's reference to Tiananmen Square.", "precise_score": 1.4583525657653809, "rough_score": 1.4023146629333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The savagery of the Chinese government’s attack shocked both its allies and Cold War enemies. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declared that he was saddened by the events in China. He said he hoped that the government would adopt his own domestic reform program and begin to democratize the Chinese political system. In the United States, editorialists and members of Congress denounced the Tiananmen Square massacre and pressed for President George Bush to punish the Chinese government. A little more than three weeks later, the U.S. Congress voted to impose economic sanctions against the People’s Republic of China in response to the brutal violation of human rights.", "precise_score": 1.2027628421783447, "rough_score": -1.515650749206543, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square massacre takes place - Jun 04, 1989 ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Feuerwerker said the military's move on Tiananmen Square will have \"enormous implications\" on the reform movement in China.", "precise_score": 1.4815019369125366, "rough_score": -1.367618203163147, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Chinese army crackdown in and around Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989 had an enormous effect on the course of U.S.-China relations. The deaths of democracy protesters resulted in U.S. sanctions, suspensions of high-level contacts, and a halt in the transfer of military technology. The controversy continues to this day, as demonstrated by the reaction of many concerning President Clinton's decision to appear in the square with Chinese leaders during his June 1998 trip to China.", "precise_score": 4.052101135253906, "rough_score": 1.2977879047393799, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In China, a state with significant curbs on free expression, demonstrators have often seized upon politically tolerable causes--such as anti-Japanese sentiment or the commemoration of a popular Chinese leader--as vehicles to gather together and express their dissatisfaction with the policies of the Chinese government. Document 1 , a U.S. embassy cable, suggests possible meanings of a tepid anti-Japanese demonstration in Tiananmen Square following a Sino-Japanese volleyball game on November 20, 1985. Embassy officials note that perhaps \"someone wanted to stir up trouble to embarrass the authorities,\" and that \"the semi-holiday atmosphere among the students at the square ... points to a lack of fear of retribution.\"", "precise_score": 0.12096740305423737, "rough_score": -2.864072561264038, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the day-to-day crisis atmosphere faded, the U.S. sought to come to a precise understanding of the events and determine how they would affect China's future and U.S.-Chinese relations. Reports based on the accounts of eyewitnesses ( Document 30 and Document 31 ) represent an effort by the American Embassy in Beijing to provide a concise description of the events that led up to the deaths at Tiananmen Square and to \"set the record straight.\" Document 31 is based on the eyewitness accounts of embassy officials, western reporters and diplomats, and U.S. students present on or near Tiananmen Square. In its introduction it notes that while civilian casualties probably did not reach the figure of 3,000 used in some press accounts, \"they surely far outnumbered official figures.\" The body of the cable consists of three parts: a précis of events, an analysis of the extent and causes of military and civilian casualties, and a chronology of developments from 3 p.m. on June 3 to shortly after noon on June 4. A final note states that \"Sporadic killing continued at least through Wednesday, June 6.\"", "precise_score": 0.9208757877349854, "rough_score": -0.8570743203163147, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In the months preceding the ten-year anniversary of the Tiananmen Square demonstrations Chinese government and party officials have reexamined and often revised the official version of the military crackdown. In April 1999, Zhu Muzhi, the president of the China Society for Human Rights Studies (a government think tank) observed that, \"If the way we handled the Tiananmen crisis was incorrect, we would not have today�s prosperity. China would be in chaos. The people would have risen and resisted the government.\" He added that, \"At that time, the police were poorly equipped ... They had never witnessed such large-scale protests ... They did not have rubber bullets then nor gas masks... The only weapons they had were their guns.\" 12", "precise_score": 0.7907423377037048, "rough_score": 3.165957450866699, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "PRC", "passage": "Two days after the crackdown, this report from the U.S. Embassy stated that a western military attaché had told the U.S. military representative that one PLA unit, the 27th Army, \"was responsible for most of the death and destruction at Tiananmen Square on June 3.\" The 27th, the cable notes, was commanded by the nephew of PRC President Yang Shangkun, a noted hardliner, and was even accused of killing \"soldiers from other units run over by the 27th APC's and tanks.\" The document also indicates that a large contingent of soldiers from the 27th had taken up position on a highway overpass, \"and seem poised for attack by other PLA units.\"", "precise_score": -0.5824189186096191, "rough_score": -0.8951327204704285, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the World Saw China's Totalitarianism in Action | VICE News", "precise_score": 1.3022884130477905, "rough_score": 0.6035059094429016, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the World Saw China's Totalitarianism in Action", "precise_score": 1.7215545177459717, "rough_score": 1.4078824520111084, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Now, 25 years later, it’s easy to say what the Tiananmen Square demonstrations meant for many outside China. It framed the little most of us knew about the country, cementing, or perhaps creating, the image of China as a totalitarian country where people lack personal freedom.", "precise_score": 3.529524803161621, "rough_score": 4.388326644897461, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Another problem with focusing on Tiananmen is that while it was both the literal and symbolic center of the protest movement, this has tended to obscure what was happening in the rest of the country. Protests and demonstrations took place in most major cities, and the ripples of these spread even wider, to places like Fuling, a town on the banks of the Yangtze River in southwest China, more than a 1,000-mile drive from the capital.", "precise_score": 0.6350701451301575, "rough_score": 0.49297982454299927, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "A quarter of a century later, what significance do the Tiananmen Square demonstrations have for people in China? For those who were personally involved, or whose friends and family members were arrested, injured or killed, the anniversary is a date they solemnly mark, either in private or through coded references on social media (any direct references to “Tiananmen Square” or “June 4” are deleted). But though it is an overstatement to say that Tiananmen has been “forgotten” in China, its almost total absence from the media, the Chinese internet, and public discussion means that for most the demonstrations are probably seldom thought of.", "precise_score": 1.4937138557434082, "rough_score": 2.4932773113250732, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In the preceding weeks, China, and Beijing in particular, had witnessed extraordinary events. A student occupation of Tiananmen Square became the focus for a rising working class movement. Independent Workers' Autonomous Federations were active in numbers of cities. From May 20 the movement continued in defiance of martial law and the central government was divided and paralysed.", "precise_score": 2.3121590614318848, "rough_score": 3.0426077842712402, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "However there is no historical or factual substance to the claims that the Tiananmen Square massacre was the result of a confrontation between a communist government and a pro-capitalist movement. They can only be made by ignoring both the true nature of the Stalinist regime that ruled China and the complex character and demands of the movement that developed in China through the month of May 1989.", "precise_score": 4.03494119644165, "rough_score": 3.6970577239990234, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Once it was clear the Stalinist regime had stabilised the political situation, the demonstration that it would pursue its market reforms by utilising the most repressive measures against the working class was positively welcomed in the émigré Chinese business community and the major corporate boardrooms around the globe. Tiananmen Square was like a global advertisement for investment—in China, no opposition to exploitation and oppression is tolerated.", "precise_score": 1.8898067474365234, "rough_score": 0.05091339722275734, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The world media captured the 1989 protests and crackdown in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. But across China, similar protests were taking place. Students in the southwest city of Chengdu began their own hunger strike in Tianfu Square several days after their Beijing counterparts. The photographer of this image — and several below — asked not to be identified because of current ties with China. Courtesy of the owner via Louisa Lim hide caption", "precise_score": 1.5929661989212036, "rough_score": 2.493835687637329, "source": "search", "title": "After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The world media captured the 1989 protests and crackdown in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. But across China, similar protests were taking place. Students in the southwest city of Chengdu began their own hunger strike in Tianfu Square several days after their Beijing counterparts. The photographer of this image — and several below — asked not to be identified because of current ties with China.", "precise_score": 1.7818005084991455, "rough_score": 2.7859017848968506, "source": "search", "title": "After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten ..." }, { "answer": "PRoC", "passage": "Students occupied Chengdu's Tianfu Square, camping at the base of its 100-foot-tall Chairman Mao statue and proudly proclaiming it to be a \"Little Tiananmen.\" The initial move by police to clear protesters from Tianfu Square on the morning of June 4 went ahead relatively peacefully.", "precise_score": -1.018265962600708, "rough_score": -0.9399303197860718, "source": "search", "title": "After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Near the centre of the square stood the \"Great Ming Gate\", the southern gate to the Imperial City, renamed \"Great Qing Gate\" during the Qing dynasty, and \"Gate of China\" during the Republican era. Unlike the other gates in Beijing, such as the Tiananmen and the Zhengyangmen, this was a purely ceremonial gateway, with three arches but no ramparts, similar in style to the ceremonial gateways found in the Ming tombs. This gate had a special status as the \"Gate of the Nation\", as can be seen from its successive names. It normally remained closed, except when the Emperor passed through. Commoner traffic was diverted to side gates at the western and eastern ends of the square, respectively. Because of this diversion in traffic, a busy marketplace, called \"Chess Grid Streets\", was developed in the big, fenced square to the south of this gate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9634435176849365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The year after Mao's death in 1976, a mausoleum was built near the site of the former Gate of China, on the main north-south axis of the square. In connection with this project, the square was further increased in size to become fully rectangular and being able to accommodate 600,000 persons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999661445617676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "poly 148 187 471 188 472 219 267 247 150 241 National Museum of China", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022237777709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "File:NationalMuseumofChinapic1.jpg|National Museum of China on the east side of the Square", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.1573486328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "File:Kaiguodadian.jpg|Students attending the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17977523803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Set against a backdrop of rapid economic and social changes in post Mao-era China, the protests reflected anxieties about the country's future in the popular consciousness and among the political elite. The reforms of the 1980s had led a nascent market economy which benefited some groups but seriously disaffected others; the one-party political system also faced a challenge of legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation. The students drew upon Western-inspired ideals and called for democracy, greater accountability, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech, though they were loosely organized and their goals varied. At the height of the protests, about a million people assembled in the Square.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.647789001464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the protests developed, the authorities veered back and forth between conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student-led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country and the protests spread to some 400 cities. Ultimately, China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and other party elders believed the protests to be a political threat, and resolved to use force. Party authorities declared martial law on May 20, and mobilized as many as 300,000 troops to Beijing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.596597671508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Chinese government was widely condemned internationally for the use of force. Western countries imposed economic sanctions and arms embargoes. The Chinese government initially condemned the protests as a counter-revolutionary riot. In the aftermath of the crackdown, the government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, suppressed other protests around China, expelled foreign journalists and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press. The police and internal security forces were strengthened. Officials deemed sympathetic to the protests were demoted or purged. More broadly, the suppression temporarily halted the policies of liberalization in the 1980s. Considered a watershed event, the protests also set the limits on political expression in China well into the 21st century. Its memory is widely associated with questioning the legitimacy of Communist Party rule, and remains one of the most sensitive and most widely censored political topics on mainland China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8378400802612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Outside mainland China, and among circles critical of the crackdown within mainland China, it is commonly referred to in Chinese as June Fourth Massacre () and June Fourth Crackdown (). To bypass internet censorship in China, which uniformly considers all the above-mentioned names too 'Sensitive' for search engines and public forums, alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the Internet, such as May 35th, VIIV (Roman numerals for 6 and 4) and \"Eight Squared\" (i.e., 82 = 64). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.461673736572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The government of the People's Republic of China have used numerous names for the event since 1989, gradually reducing the intensity of terminology applied. As the events were unfolding, it was labelled a \"counterrevolutionary riot\", which was later changed to simply \"riot\", followed by \"political storm\", and finally the leadership settled on the more neutralized phrase \"political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989\", which it uses to this day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.673059463500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Cultural Revolution ended with chairman Mao Zedong's death in 1976. The movement, spearheaded by Mao, caused severe damage to the country's economic and social fabric. The country was mired in poverty as economic production slowed or stopped. Political ideology was paramount in the lives of ordinary people as well as the inner workings of the Communist Party itself. At the Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978, Deng Xiaoping emerged as China's leader. Deng launched a comprehensive program to reform the Chinese economy. Within the span of several years, the direction of the country had shifted in its entirety. The focus on ideological purity was gone, replaced by a full-on drive to achieve material prosperity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.488921165466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Following the 1988 Beidaihe meeting, the party leadership under Deng agreed to a transition to a market-based pricing system. News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals, buying and hoarding all over China. The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks, but its impact was pronounced for a much longer period of time. Inflation soared. Official indices report a Consumer Price Index increase of 30% in Beijing between 1987–88, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods.Vogel, E. 600–01 Moreover, in the new market economy, unprofitable state-owned enterprises were pressured to cut costs. The \"iron rice bowl\", i.e., job security and a host of social benefits that come with it, ranging from medical care to subsidized housing, were at risk for a vast segment of the population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.952223777770996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In mid-1986, astrophysics professor Fang Lizhi, who had returned from a tenure at Princeton University, began a personal tour around universities in China, speaking about liberty, human rights, and separation of powers. Fang was part of a wider undercurrent within the elite intellectual community that China's poverty and underdevelopment as well as the disaster of the Cultural Revolution was the direct result of an authoritarian political system and the rigid planned economy that came with it. The view that political reform was the only answer to China's on-going problems gained widespread appeal amongst students, as Fang's recorded speeches became widely circulated all over the country.Standoff at Tiananmen (2009). Eddie Cheng. p. 33 In response, Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was blindly worshipping Western lifestyles, capitalism, and multi-party systems, while undermining China's socialist ideology, traditional values, and the party's leadership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.907473087310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Zhao's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing. On April 24, Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing and mayor Chen Xitong to gauge the situation at the Square. The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis, and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China's political system and major party leaders, including Deng Xiaoping. In Zhao's absence, the PSC agreed that firm action against protesters must be taken. On the morning of April 25, President Yang Shangkun and Premier Li Peng met with Deng at the latter's residence. Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate 'warning' must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations.Vogel, E. pp.603–6 The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests from the leadership, and highlighted Deng's having 'final say' on important issues. Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high-level Communist Party officials in an effort to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.449934959411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The students remained in the Square during the Gorbachev visit; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. The Sino-Soviet summit, the first of its kind in some thirty years, marked the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations, and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China's leaders. That the smooth proceedings of this event had been derailed by the student movement embarrassed the leadership on the global stage, and drove many moderates in government onto a more 'hardliner' path. The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the Great Hall of the People amidst the backdrop of commotion and protest in the Square. When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May, Zhao told the Soviet leader, and by extension the international press, that Deng was still the 'paramount authority' in China. Deng felt that this remark was Zhao's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement to him. The statement marked a decisive split between the country's two most senior leaders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.885168075561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The hunger strike galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country. Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity on 17–18 May. These included PLA personnel, police officers, and lower party officials.Zhao, D. p. 171 Many grassroots Party and Youth League organizations, as well as government-sponsored labour unions, encouraged their membership to demonstrate. In addition, several of China's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng in support of students. The Chinese Red Cross issued a special notice and sent in a large number of personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the Square. After the departure of Mikhail Gorbachev, many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests, giving the movement international spotlight. Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.382805347442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In Hong Kong, on 27 May, over 300,000 people gathered at Happy Valley Racecourse for a gathering called \"Democratic songs dedicated for China\"(). Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing. The following day, a procession of 1.5 million people, one fourth of Hong Kong's population, led by Martin Lee, Szeto Wah and other organization leaders, paraded through Hong Kong Island. Across the world, especially where ethnic-Chinese lived, people gathered and protested. Many governments, including those of the United States and Japan, issued travel warnings to China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.157929420471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "PRoC", "passage": "Some of the students and professors persuaded others still sitting on the lower tiers of the Monument to get up and leave, while soldiers beat them with clubs and gunbutts and prodded them with bayonets. Witnesses heard bursts of gunfire. At about 5:10 am, the students began to leave the Monument. They linked hands and marched through a corridor to the southeast, though some departed through the north. Those who refused to leave were beaten by soldiers and ordered to join the departing procession. Having removed the students from the square, soldiers were ordered to relinquish their ammunition, after which they were allowed a short reprieve from 7:00 am to 9:00 am. The soldiers were then ordered to clear the square of all debris left over from the student occupation. The debris was either piled and burnt on the square, or placed in large plastic bags that were then airlifted away by military helicopters. After the cleanup of the square was completed the troops stationed at The Great Hall of the People remained confined within for the next nine days. During this time the soldiers were left to sleep on the floors and fed a single packet of instant noodles split between three men daily. Officers apparently suffered no such deprivation, and were served regular meals apart from their troops. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.475720405578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Wu Renhua of the Chinese Alliance for Democracy, an overseas group agitating for democratic reform in China, said that he was only able to verify and identify 15 military deaths. Wu asserts that if deaths from events unrelated to demonstrators were removed from the count, only seven deaths among military personnel may be counted as those \"killed in action\" fighting protestors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.738679885864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (PSC). Hu Qili, another PSC member who opposed the martial law but abstained from voting, was also removed from the committee. He was, however, able to retain his party membership, and after \"changing his opinion\", was reassigned as deputy minister in the Ministry for Machinery and Electronics Industry. Another reform-minded Chinese leader, Wan Li, was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at Beijing Capital Airport upon returning from his shortened trip abroad; the authorities declared his detention to be on health grounds. When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally \"changed his opinion\" he, like Qiao Shi, was transferred to a different position with equal rank but a mostly ceremonial role. Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.234150886535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Jiang Zemin, then Party Secretary of Shanghai, was promoted to CPC general secretary. Jiang's decisive actions in Shanghai involving the World Economic Herald and his having prevented deadly violence in the city won him support from party elders in Beijing. Having put the new leadership team in place and recognising his weakened position, Deng Xiaoping himself also bowed out of the party leadership—at least officially—by resigning his last leadership position as Chairman of the Central Military Commission later that year. He kept a low profile until 1992. According to diplomatic cables de-classified by Canada, the then Swiss ambassador informed Canadian diplomats in confidence that over several months following the massacre, \"every member of the Politburo Standing Committee has approached him about transferring very significant amounts of money to Swiss bank accounts\".[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11372052/Fresh-details-of-savage-Tiananmen-massacre-emerge-in-embassy-cables.html Fresh details of 'savage' Tiananmen massacre emerge in embassy cables - Telegraph]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.303644180297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The suppression on June 4 marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China, and media workers—both foreign and domestic—faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown. State media reports in the immediate aftermath were sympathetic to the students. As a result, those responsible were all later removed from their posts. Two news anchors Xue Fei and Du Xian, who reported this event on June 4 in the daily Xinwen Lianbo broadcast on China Central Television were fired because they displayed sad emotions. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of former foreign minister Wu Xueqian was removed from the English Program Department of Chinese Radio International, ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters. Editors and other staff at People's Daily, including director Qian Liren and Editor-in-Chief Tan Wenrui, were also sacked because of reports in the paper which were sympathetic towards the protesters. Several editors were arrested.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.573721408843994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Chinese government's response was widely denounced, particularly by Western governments and media. Criticism came from both Western and Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and some west Asian and Latin American countries. Notably, many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests; the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China, and to offer political empathy for the events.[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/places-20-years-apart/470938/0 Places 20 years apart – column by C. Raja Mohan], The Indian Express, June 4, 2009 Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, among others, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests. Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe, America, the Middle East and Asia.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525948524475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "4308,858040&dq Troubles in China provoke protests], Spokane Chronicle, June 7, 1989, page A8", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901626586914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "There was a significant impact on the Chinese economy after the incident. Foreign loans to China were suspended by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and foreign governments; tourism revenue decreased from US$2.2 billion to US$1.8 billion; foreign direct investment commitments were cancelled and there was a rise in defense spending from 8.6% in 1986, to 15.5% in 1990, reversing a previous 10 year decline. Chinese Premier Li Peng visited the United Nations Security Council on January 31, 1992, and argued that the economic and arms embargoes on China were a violation of national sovereignty. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.270060539245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Among the student leaders, Wang Dan and Zhao Changqing were arrested. As a lesser figure in the demonstrations, Zhao was released after six months in prison. However, he was once again incarcerated for continuing to petition for political reform in China. Wang Dan was sent to prison, then allowed to emigrate to the United States in 1998 on the grounds of medical parole. He eventually received a PhD from Harvard University and went on to teach modern Chinese history at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Wu'erkaixi fled to Taiwan and has since become a political commentator on Taiwanese national radio. Chai Ling fled to France, and then went on to the United States to study at Princeton and Harvard. She then founded an IT start-up company and a non-profit organization called \"All Girls Allowed\", which addresses issues such as women's rights and female infanticide in China. Li Lu became an investment banker and venture capitalist on Wall Street, started his own hedge fund and became a business partner to Charlie Munger of Berkshire Hathaway, partly through human rights contacts was acquainted with as a result of his involvement at Tiananmen Square. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9191131591796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "The prc", "passage": "There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997. Many Hong Kongers see the continued protests as a symbol of the territory's autonomy and freedom from the interference from Beijing on political issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.851471900939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Impact on China's national image ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076735496520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Chinese government drew widespread condemnation for its suppression of the protests. In its immediate aftermath, China seemed well on its way to becoming a pariah state, increasingly isolated on the international stage. This was a significant setback for the leadership, who had courted international investment for much of the 1980s as the country emerged from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping and the core leadership, however, vowed to continue economic liberalization policies after 1989. From there on, China would work domestically as well as internationally to reshape its national image from that of a repressive regime to a benign global economic and military partner. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.573110580444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the party departed from the orthodox communism it was founded upon, much of its attention was focused on the cultivation of nationalism as an alternative ideology. This policy largely succeeded in tying the party's legitimacy to China's \"national pride\", turning public opinions in its favour. This is perhaps most prominently seen in May 1999, when NATO bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. The bombings saw an outpouring of nationalist sentiment and increased support for the party as the foremost advocate of China's national interest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.920515060424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Facing global condemnation for their handling of the protests in 1989, China has endeavored to demonstrate its willingness to participate in international economic and defense institutions in order to secure investment for continued economic reforms. Before the end of 1991, China normalized ties with the Russian government's newly elected president, Boris Yeltsin. The PRC also welcomed Taiwanese business as a replacement for Western investment. Further, China expedited negotiations with the World Trade Organization as well as established relations with Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, and others in 1992. Regarding defense alignments, the government signed The Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992, The Convention on Chemical Weapons in 1993, and The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996. Whereas China had been a member of just 30 international organizations in 1986, this membership increased to over 50 by 1997. Finally, while China was a net recipient of aid throughout the 1980s, its growing economic and military role transformed it into a provider of aid, with $100 million given to Thailand in 1997 alone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.343402862548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Furthermore, the government has successfully promoted China as an attractive destination for investment by emphasizing the country's skilled workers, comparatively lower wages, established infrastructure, and sizeable consumer base. Increased foreign investment in the country led many world leaders to believe that by constructively engaging China in the global marketplace, political reforms would inevitably follow. At the same time, the explosion of commercial interest in the country opened the way for multinational corporations to turn a blind eye to politics and human rights in favour of \"doing business.\" Since then, Western leaders who were previously critical of China have generally paid lip service to the legacy of Tiananmen, but the substance of bilateral relationships focus on business and trade interests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.378046989440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In addition, the European Parliament has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to the PRC. Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body. The arms embargo has limited China's options from where it may seek military hardware. Among the sources that were sought included the former Soviet bloc that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the Sino-Soviet split. Other willing suppliers have previously included Israel and South Africa, but American pressure has restricted this co-operation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046416282653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Censorship in China ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.684520721435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "While public discussion of the events have become a social taboo, private discussions continue to take place despite frequent interference and harassment from the authorities. Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo remained in China to speak out about Tiananmen in the 1990s despite offers of asylum; he faced constant surveillance. Zhang Xianling and Ding Zilin, mothers of victims who lost their lives in 1989, founded the Tiananmen Mothers organization and were particularly outspoken on the humanitarian aspects of the subject. The authorities mobilize security forces, including members of the People's Armed Police, every year on June 4 to prevent public displays of remembrance, with especially 'beefed up' security forces for major anniversaries such as the 20th anniversary in 2009 and the 25th anniversary in 2014. Journalists have been frequently denied entry to the Square on anniversaries. In addition, the authorities are known to have detained foreign journalists and increase surveillance on prominent human rights activists during this time of year. Being the latest victim, Citizen Du Yanlin arrested in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 2015, facing secret sentencing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.994352102279663, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Internet searches of 'June 4' or 'Tiananmen Square' return censored results or result in temporarily severed server connections. Specific web pages with select keywords are censored, while other websites, such as those of overseas Chinese democracy movements, are blocked wholesale. The censorship, however, has been inconsistent—with many sites being blocked, unblocked, and re-blocked over the years, including YouTube, Wikipedia, and Flickr. In addition, the policy is much more stringent with Chinese-language sites than foreign-language ones. Social media censorship is more stringent during anniversaries; even oblique references to the protests are usually deleted within hours. In January 2006, Google agreed to censor their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects considered 'sensitive' by the authorities. Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2627182006835938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Committee Against Torture met for its forty-first session from November 3–21, 2008 to consider reports submitted by member states under article 19 of the Convention. The Committee found that China's response to the 1989 Democracy movement was worrying. The Committee was concerned that despite the multiple requests by relatives of people \"killed, arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression\", there was a lack of investigations into these matters. It was also concerned with the failure of the Chinese Government to inform families of the fate of relatives involved, and it regretted that those responsible for the use of excessive force have not \"faced any sanction, administrative or criminal.\" The Committee recommended that:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405362129211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "Chinese PR", "passage": "Since Tiananmen, the iconic \"tank man\" image has become a worldwide symbol for civil disobedience. What happened to the \"Tank Man\" following the demonstration is not known. Some say he was pulled away and went into hiding, others say he was executed by the authorities. Time Magazine dubbed him The Unknown Rebel and later named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. In an interview with U.S. media, then Chinese President Jiang Zemin said he did not think the man was killed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.276015043258667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "Chinese PR", "passage": "* \"Shiny Happy People\" by R.E.M. is supposedly an ironic reference to a piece of roughly translated Chinese propaganda regarding the massacre, two years before the song was released. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.909974098205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "A turning point for China", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106830596923828, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Tommy Wong, 65, who moved to Detroit from China in 1940, said he had been closely following the plight of the students in Beijing, hoping the students could force the Communists out of power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.311695098876953, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "And China's image will take a beating on the international scene, as foreign governments will likely come out in opposition to the violence, he added.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766829490661621, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "\"It is a very bad event,\" he said. \"I don't know what the outcome will be, but I'm quite worried about it. China will never be the same again, that is Lisa Chow, 21, who was born in the United States but whose parents are from Hong Kong, said she was surprised at the news of the crackdown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615978240966797, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Da'an Pan hasn't lived in China for almost two years, but he takes the government's assault on protesting students in Beijing personally.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770423889160156, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "\"I am proud of the students. They brought out what the people sought. All of China wants democracy,\" said Ken Tang, 30, of Gates, whose parents were born in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697787284851074, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Dr. Satina Chang, who was born of Chinese parents in Malaysia, said, \"There is a saying in China that if you don't have gray hair they won't listen to you.\" Real change in China, Chang said, depends on how long it takes for younger, more moderate party leaders to move into important positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75674057006836, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Zhong Chen, 31, a graduate of Beijing Medical College, also does not think the crackdown means an end to the democracy movement in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.579203605651855, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "By Sunday - after hours without live footage for U.S. viewers - the networks arranged to get pictures out of China via Asian satellite outlets. ABC broke in twice with half-hour updates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261594772338867, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "ABC's Peter Jennings flew back from London on the Concorde Sunday morning to anchor a special, Worlds In Crisis, Sunday night examining developments in China and in Iran, rocked by the Ayatollah Khomeini's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.914606094360352, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "NBC's Tom Brokaw anchored a special: China In Crisis. CBS's 60 Minutes had a special report, with Mike Wallace introducing Dan Rather.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936634063720703, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "All network morning shows scrapped their formats late Sunday and planned to devote nearly all of today's shows to the news from China and Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476730346679688, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "\"It's like having a front seat on the French Revolution,\" said Laurence Tisch, head of CBS Inc. \"We have 70 people in China for this.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140380859375, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Time and Newsweek switched to cover stories on China as their midnight Saturday deadlines neared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207682609558105, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "BEIJING — Parts of China's capital city now look like a war zone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.348331451416016, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Further on, at the Zhongnanhai complex where China's leaders live, a line of tanks was positioned protectively across the road, the tourist said.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.567497253417969, "source": "search", "title": "From 1989: 'War zone' in Tiananmen Square - USA TODAY" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "China and the United States: From Hostility to Engagement, 1960-1998", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.034846305847168, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Washington, D.C., June 1, 1999 – The relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China over the fifty years since the PRC was established on October 1, 1949 has been extraordinarily complex. Several years ago the National Security Archive initiated a project to shed more light on U.S.-China relations. The purpose was to obtain critical documentation on key aspects of the U.S.-Chinese relationship, with a focus on the years 1969 to the present. Through Freedom of Information Act requests, collection of relevant publications, and archival research, the Archive has amassed a collection of more than 15,000 pages of previously classified documentation on U.S.-China interaction on foreign policy issues, the U.S.-PRC military relationship, the growing economic relationship between the two countries, as well as documents related to the several issues that divide the countries to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22643756866455, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In June 1999, the Archive will publish on microfiche with a detailed, item-level printed index, these extraordinary documents, which include policy and research studies, intelligence estimates, diplomatic cables, and briefing materials. Titled China and the United States: From Hostility to Engagement, 1960-1998 , this document set is part of the Archive's Special Collection Series, published by Chadwyck-Healey Inc. (Alexandria, Virginia and Cambridge, U.K.), and will ultimately also appear in the Chadwyck-Healey World Wide Web publication of The Digital National Security Archive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105315208435059, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "This briefing book was prepared by Jeffrey T. Richelson, a Senior Fellow at the Archive, and Michael L. Evans, a project associate. Dr. Jeffrey T. Richelson (Ph.D., University of Rochester) is the director of the Archive's China and the United States project and previously directed Archive projects on intelligence, the military uses of space, and presidential national security directives. He is the author of several books on intelligence, including A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1995) and The U.S. Intelligence Community (Westview, 1999), as well as articles in a variety of magazines and academic journals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273056030273438, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Michael L. Evans (M.A., George Washington University) assists with the China and the United States project, the Archive�s forthcoming Guatemala documentation project, and has also assisted with the Archive�s U.S. Espionage and Intelligence project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029914855957031, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Praise for China and the United States:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141200065612793, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The China collection is a breathtaking record of America's long journey toward the People's Republic of China. To \"hear\" the voices, for the first time, of China's revolutionary icons, Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai, cajoling, admonishing and debating American leaders in private, with both sides seeking to out-charm and out-wit the other, will stand as the greatest contribution of this document set. But for researchers and historians, these conversations are sprinkled over a much broader landscape of documentation that provides the larger context of Chinese-American relations over four decades and nine administrations. For Asia hands, this collection will likely prove the indispensable benchmark of primary source documentation for years to come.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.302515029907227, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 3 , a U.S. embassy report from late December 1985, notes that two student demonstrations had occurred in Beijing in the last several days. These demonstrations concerned student issues, the presence of the PLA on campus, as well as nuclear testing in Xinjiang province. The cable comments that \"we do find a bit astonishing a demonstration in China ... on nuclear weapons testing.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.350747108459473, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The following December a new round of demonstrations, this time explicitly calling for political reforms, sprang up in China�s cities. Document 4 , a U.S. embassy cable from December 24, 1986, reports on a small student demonstration in Beijing on the evening of December 23, 1986. The cable cites an editorial in the People's Daily, the state news daily, expressing sympathy with the students but making it clear that \"the limits of official toleration were being approached.\" Later in the cable, embassy officials note that \"political stability has always been a critical consideration in China. There can be no doubt that the authorities will crack down, and crack down hard, if stability seems to be being called into question.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495078086853027, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "On May 20, the Chinese leadership imposed martial law on the Beijing Municipality and appeared to be moving toward the use of force to clear the square. 2 Nevertheless, U.S. officials were still hoping to see the standoff between the government and the student demonstrators resolved peacefully. While the documentary record is far from complete, Document 7 , a heavily excised summary transcript of a May 23 meeting in Washington between President George Bush and Wan Li, Chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People�s Congress, indicates that the subject of the student demonstrations did come up at their meeting. Shortly thereafter, Wan cut short his U.S. visit and, on May 27, publicly endorsed the government�s martial law order. 3", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.727805137634277, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "The prc", "passage": "The next two documents report on developments at Tiananmen shortly before the PRC employed force against the protesters. Document 10 describes the \"unorganized retreat\" of a first wave of lightly armed soldiers, and notes that it might have been intended \"to prove that much stronger force will be necessary to regain control.\" Document 11 , reporting the advance of more heavily equipped soldiers toward the city center, concludes by noting that the fact that the troops are helmeted and are armed with automatic weapons \"suggest[s] that the force option is real.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.788187503814697, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "Red Chinese", "passage": "After the square had been cleared Chinese Army troops continued to occupy the city 5 , with continuing reports of sporadic gunfire and interfactional fighting among PLA units. The possibility that units of the PLA would turn on each other was raised in the June 6th edition of the Secretary of State's Morning Summary as well as embassy cables from June 5-6. An embassy cable from June 5 ( Document 18 ) reports that armored units from the PLA's 27th Army \"seem poised for attack by other PLA units,\" and notes that a \"western military attaché\" largely blames the 27th for the June 3 massacre, and says that the 27th \"is accused of killing even the soldiers of other units when they got in the way.\" The June 6 edition of the Secretary of State's Morning Summary ( Document 19 ) states that the 27th Army is \"being blamed for the worst atrocities against civilians during Saturday night's attack on Tiananmen Square,\" and also notes that \"some clashes between military units reportedly have occurred.\" Document 20 , an embassy cable from June 6, refers to \"persistent rumours of splits among the military and fighting among military units.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.949655532836914, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "An \"Uneasy Calm\" returned to being by June 8, according to the Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 9 ( Document 23 ). It reports on missing dissidents, police actions at universities, martial law directives, and the first public appearance of Premier Li Peng since the massacre. Shortly thereafter, the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research published an Intelligence Brief titled \"Current Situation in China: Background and Prospects\" ( Document 24 ). The document observes that \"at the heart of the crisis in China is the power struggle for the succession to Deng Xiaoping,\" and goes on to analyze the various elements of that struggle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.496469497680664, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "Chinese PR", "passage": "The first appearance of Deng Xiaoping since the crackdown was reported in Document 25 , the Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 10, noting that \"Deng Xiaoping�s public appearance yesterday ... signified his endorsement of martial law and the military�s action against the population.\" The Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 14 ( Document 27 ) reports on the efforts of the Chinese leadership to demonstrate unity and portray a return to normal government operations, even while continuing the crackdown on the alleged leaders of the demonstrations, reports of which were then appearing in the Chinese press. By June 21, the Morning Summary ( Document 29 ) was reporting that, \"More than 1,500 have been arrested ... including at least six of the 21 �most wanted� student leaders.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.925073623657227, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In the days immediately following the crackdown, U.S. and Chinese officials were already sensitive to how recent events would impact the bilateral relationship. On June 5, President Bush had announced the imposition of a package of sanctions on China, to include \"suspension of all government-to-government sales and commercial exports of weapons,\" and the \"suspension of visits between U.S. and Chinese military leaders.\" Document 32 , an embassy cable sent three weeks later, notes that a military official had lodged a formal complaint that \"strongly protested recent U.S. military sanctions,\" and had canceled the planned visits of U.S. military officials. Embassy officials felt this to be a \"measured response to U.S. sanctions,\" indicating that the official \"did not adopt a confrontational attitude and emphasized that both sides should take a long-term view of the military relationship.\" Two days later, on June 29, the State Department prepared \"Themes,\" ( Document 33 ), in support of Undersecretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger and national security adviser Brent Scowcroft, who were to leave the next day on a secret trip to China to meet with Deng Xiaoping. \"Themes\" provided the framework for the discussions the two emissaries would have with Deng. It focused on the global strategic benefits of the U.S.-PRC relationship for both sides, the impact Chinese \"internal affairs\" could have on the relationship (characterizing the American people as being \"shocked and repelled by much of what they have seen and read about recent events in China\"), Bush's view of the importance of the long-term relationship between the US and PRC, and the impact that further repression could have on US relations with China. As Scowcroft later remembered, \"The purpose of my trip ... was not negotiations--there was nothing yet to negotiate--but an effort to keep open the lines of communication.\" 6", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.71480941772461, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "By late July INR analysts continued to update the situation in China under martial law and also had the opportunity to address the impact of the crisis on China. Document 34 , a July 26 status report discusses developments since the crackdown. An intelligence research report ( Document 35 ) asks \"how did China get to this point?,\" explores the impact of the crisis on China's domestic and foreign policy, and measures the international reaction to the crackdown. Among the judgments reached is that the situation in China would remain unsettled \"at least until Deng Xiaoping and other party elders die.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043408393859863, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "PRoC", "passage": "After the Chinese released only a handful of dissidents ... it became apparent that the entire, slow process was grinding to a halt--and we had no significant steps to point to in order to justify any normalization of our strained relations... It is my sense that one of the most dramatic upheavals in Eastern Europe--the fall of Nicolae Ceausescu--was the main reason. 9", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851395606994629, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Chinese had watched anxiously as communist regimes fell in Eastern Europe in the fall of 1989 but were apparently unmoved until the bloody end of the Ceausescu regime in Romania. \"When Ceausescu was toppled,\" Scowcroft recalled, \"I believe the Chinese leaders panicked. It had appeared to me that they had taken great comfort from his apparent impregnability.\" 10 China, Premier Li Peng told his American emissaries at the December meeting, had witnessed similar eruptions during the Cultural Revolution. \"Had we not adopted the resolute measures on June 4,\" he added, \"the present situation in China would be even more turbulent today.\" 11", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9993767738342285, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "In China, a state with significant curbs on free expression, citizens have often used \"legitimate\" causes to express dissent in socially acceptable terms. One notion that often has official support is the expression of anti-Japanese sentiment. So it was in November 1985, when anonymous flyers appeared urging Beijing students to stage a rally at the conclusion of a Sino-Japanese volleyball match. While nationalistic in tone, the flyer decried the Japanese \"economic invasion\" of China and also those Chinese \"princes\" (a clear reference to members of the Chinese Communist Party) who have risen to power during this time of \"uneven development.\" Although the demonstration was apparently rather tepid, this document points to the possibility that \"someone wanted to stir up trouble and embarrass the authorities.\" Embassy comments also note the curious fact that although the flyer was \"not very complimentary toward the Communist Party � the authorities, who clearly know about the call for a demonstration in advance � let it proceed.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.502118110656738, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Demonstrations again sprang up in December 1985, and students were increasingly bold in their expressions of dissatisfaction with various government policies. In one of the demonstrations, at the Beijing Agricultural University, students decried the stationing of a PLA unit on the university campus. The document also reports another incident, that the cables authors call \"astonishing,\" which involved several hundred students from the Bejing Central College of Nationalities who were protesting the nuclear weapons testing program in Xinjiang Province in western China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.206673622131348, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Demonstrations again occurred in late-1986, and Embassy reports were increasingly fearful that Chinese authorities would crack down on the students and set back the pace of political reform. The cable notes how the recent spate of demonstrations provoked criticism from the Chinese government who warned that the adoption of \"overly energetic methods\" to express views could affect stability and interfere with societal functions. The cable also reports the views of several different sources, whose identities remain classified, warning about the possible repercussions for the cause of freedom in China if the students do not proceed more cautiously. One source reportedly told U.S. officials that \"the senior leadership was fully focusing on the demonstrations,\" and that \"they had multiple sources of information, including both party and government channels.\" Another source, in a dinner conversation with U.S. Ambassador Winston Lord, warned that \"opponents of political liberalization in the leadership would use the protests to underline the dangers of democracy.\" The document warns that if the demonstrations become too strident, and particularly if they are staged in Beijing, \"then the entire affair could become a net liability for reform with seriously negative policy consequences.\" \"A severe crackdown,\" the cable ominously concludes, \"would be inevitible.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08671760559082, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 5: IPAC Daily Intelligence Summary 1-87, China: Student Demonstrations (January 2, 1987)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17331314086914, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 6: IPAC Daily Intelligence Summary 10-87, China: Hu Yaobang Resigns (January 17, 1987)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093661308288574, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 7: Memorandum of Conversation, [George Bush] Meeting with Wan Li, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People�s Congress and Member of the Politburo, People�s Republic of China (May 23, 1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86189079284668, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 8: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 2, 1989, China: Stalemate Continues", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348413467407227, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 9: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 3, 1989, China: Police Use Tear Gas on Crowds", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360441207885742, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "By the evening of June 3 the crackdown had begun in Beijing, and the State Department created a special task force in Washington, designated by the heading \"TFCH01,\" to coordinate information on the situation in China. This document, the first in this series of SITREPs, updates U.S. embassy and consular personnel around the world on the first violent clashes with demonstrators as PLA troops \"using automatic weapons advanced in tanks, APC�s [Armored Personnel Carriers], and trucks from several directions toward the city center.\" Casualties, according to the estimates of U.S. Embassy personnel, appear high. The cable also notes that Under Secretary of State Robert Kimmitt had called on PRC Ambassador Han Xu to express \"deep regret at the use of force.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.616124153137207, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 13: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 4, 1989, China: Troops Open Fire", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271233558654785, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 16: Cable, From: Department of State, Wash DC, To: U.S. Embassy Beijing, China Task Force Situation Report No. 3 - Situation as of 1700 EDT, 6/4/89 (June 4, 1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.704028129577637, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As reports flowed in from the embassy in Beijing, the State Department's China task force was busy updating other diplomatic and consular posts around the world on the situation in Beijing. This SITREP reports the current situation in Beijing where, \"The PLA is mopping up isolated resistance,\" and notes that \"casualty estimates vary from 500 to 2600 deaths, with injuries up to 10,000.\" The cable also discusses the foreign reaction to the recent events, noting especially that, \"Taiwan's President Lee Teng-hui called in AIT [American Institute in Taiwan] chief David Dean in Taipei to hear his appeal for the US to join in condemnation and consideration of sanctions.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.870183944702148, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 17: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 5, 1989, China: After the Bloodbath", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3400297164917, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 19: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 6, 1989, China: Descent into Chaos", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179398536682129, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 21: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 7, 1989, China: Tense Standoff Continues", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300765991210938, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "This intriguing cable describes a sequence of events that occurred as a large convoy of troops from the 27th Army passed near the Jianguomenwai diplomatic compound and U.S. embassy residences on their way out of the city as part of a major troop rotation. In what was later explained as a search for a sniper, the troops sprayed the compound with automatic weapons fire. One witness, the document notes, \"said the unit was from Shenyang and that they had been on the square on the night of June 3-4.\" The soldiers appeared to be aiming \"at or above rooftops, but soldiers lowered their sights (but did not fire) at any spectators who did not cower immediately behind nearby protective cover.\" The cable explains that the military had apparently chosen to replace \"the much-hated 27th Group Army unit\" with the 20th in a move \"apparently intended to improve relations between the military and the residents of the city.\" The incident has provoked speculation that the shootings may have been staged as a response to the package of sanctions against China announced by President Bush in June 5, or the decision to grant refuge to dissident Fang Lizhi, an outspoken critic of the Chinese regime, in the U.S. Embassy in Beijing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.391087532043457, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 23: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 9, 1989, China: Uneasy Calm", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33338737487793, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 24: Department of State Intelligence Brief, \"Current Situation in China: Background and Prospects\" (Ca. June 10, 1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.926498413085938, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 25: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 10, 1989, China: Mixed Signals on Purge", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.220481872558594, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As it became apparent that the U.S. Embassy had no intention of handing over dissident Fang Lizhi, who had taken refuge their on the night of June 5, the Chinese government, in the words of this cable, \"stepped up its anti-US rhetoric.\" Chinese authorities had issued an arrest warrant for Fang and his wife, Li Shuxian, the day before, charging them with \"crimes of counter-propaganda and instigation before and during the recent turmoil.\" The U.S. Embassy was accused of harboring the \"criminal who created this violence,\" and was warned of the potentially harmful consequences for U.S.-China relations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168496131896973, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 27: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 14, 1989, China: Back to Business, But Crackdown Continues", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393714904785156, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 28: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 15, 1989, China: Accusation over Fang Lizhi", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274224281311035, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Document 29: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 21, 1989, China: Swift Justice", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320425033569336, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "The prc", "passage": "This Embassy cable sent three weeks after President Bush announced a package of sanctions against the PRC, informs that a Chinese military official had lodged a formal complaint with the U.S. defense attaché that \"strongly protested recent U.S. military sanctions.\" The document notes that, in response to the military sanctions, the official had canceled the planned visits of U.S. military officials and the discontinuation of exchanges of military personnel and the suspension of visits with the U.S. defense attaché. Embassy officials felt this to be a \"measured response to U.S. sanctions,\" indicating that the official \"did not adopt a confrontational attitude and emphasized that both sides should take a long-term view of the military relationship.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78781509399414, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "I didn’t know about the seven weeks of student-led occupation sparked by the death of Hu Yaobang, the deposed reformist leader, nor about the hunger strikes, or the hundreds of thousands who came from all over China to join the protests in Beijing. I didn’t know about the calls for reform, press freedom, and an end to official corruption. All I knew was that people were dying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.186261177062988, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "It’s open season on corrupt officials in China. Read more here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168610572814941, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Ultimately, the debate was about different visions of China’s future. In one it would be both politically and economically open; in the other the party would retain its monopoly on power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.899941444396973, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Hu’s agenda wasn’t just economic, however. He was the most politically liberal senior official modern China has had. He made the party more transparent, brought in elections for the Politburo, and rehabilitated many who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Perhaps most radical of all, Hu ordered the withdrawal of thousands of Han Chinese government officials from Tibet, and apologized to Tibetans in 1980 for his country’s mistakes in governing the region.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.276139259338379, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Why police brutality won't stop environmentalists in China. Read more here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06180477142334, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "China's laissez-faire internet censoring. Read more here.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110962867736816, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The Beijing student protests began when people assembled in the square to mourn Hu, but these large gatherings soon became political. From the beginning the Communist leadership was divided about how to deal with the crowds, with hardliners like Li Peng wanting the area forcibly cleared, and others, such as Zhao, preaching moderation (he would later be punished with 15 years of house arrest for his sympathies). Ultimately, the debate was about different visions of China’s future. In one it would be both politically and economically open; in the other the party would retain its monopoly on power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.699027061462402, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the participants of the May 3 seminar put it: \"As a result of June 4, abuse of power, bullying of the masses, indulgence of corruption, indifference to justice, and other inherent drawbacks of the Chinese social system became more severe and hopelessly entrenched. To rebuild social morality in China, we dig deeply to weed out those roots.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970911026000977, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Nick Holdstock is a writer and journalist. China's Forgotten People, a book about Xinjiang and the Uighurs, will be published by IB Tauris in spring 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885986328125, "source": "search", "title": "Tiananmen Square 25th Anniversary: The Day the ... - VICE News" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the night fell on June 3, 1989, 40,000 soldiers of the 27th Peoples Liberation Army moved into China's capital with orders to crush six weeks of demonstrations and protests by the country's students and workers, and end their demands for political change.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.331863403320312, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The movement of 1989 expressed the long pent-up discontent and hatred of a corrupt Stalinist bureaucracy that for 40 years had betrayed the hopes of the Chinese people for a truly just society, and for over a decade had been imposing a market economy on China, giving rise to unprecedented inequality and a burgeoning new capitalist elite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.308499336242676, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Leon Trotsky described the ruling bureaucracy of the Soviet Union as the “policemen of inequality”. The description is just as applicable to the bureaucracy spawned by Mao Zedong's peasant movement after the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.714217185974121, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The 1980s witnessed the turn by the Stalinist bureaucracies in the USSR, Eastern Europe and China, confronting economic stagnation and collapse, to preserve their material interests through the restoration of private property relations and the re-integration of their countries into the world capitalist market—a perspective accomplished through the systematic destruction of the social gains and conditions of the mass of the population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620278358459473, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The prospect of capitalist restoration was celebrated throughout the capitalist west. Figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev, the head of the Soviet Union, and Deng Xiaoping in China, were feted as great visionaries and reformers. The Russian expressions perestroika (economic reform) and glasnost (political reform) were repeated in the mass media so often that they became household words. In 1985 both Time magazine and the National Review named Deng \"man of the year\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.912212371826172, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "PRoC", "passage": "By the mid-1980s prices for a wide array of industrial and consumer products were being set by market forces and a \"free market\" of labour was in the process of being created through the ending of full employment guarantees, the undermining of life-time employment to workers employed by state-owned enterprises and the growth of the non-state sector of the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408628463745117, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Most conspicuous were the children of the highest ranking government officials, who were soon given the title of the \"crown princes\". The sons of Deng Xiaoping and of Zhao Ziyang, the premier of China, were only the most prominent \"crown princes\" who by the late 1980s were associated with trading corporations that used state-derived funds for real estate speculation or the purchase and re-sale into the domestic economy of scarce consumer goods produced in or imported into the Special Economic Zones—with the profits flowing to highly-praised \"socialist entrepreneurs\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.689597129821777, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Facilitating the process was an orgy of borrowing by both national and regional governments, which pushed China's foreign debt from next to nothing in 1979 to over $US50 billion in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288301467895508, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Liu Binyan, a Chinese investigative journalist, described 1988—the year in which all of China's coastal provinces were opened to the activities of private capital and bank credit controls were lifted—as the time when “members of the bureaucratic stratum, high and low, who had a firm grasp on their special privileges, initiated an unprecedented plundering of the Chinese economy, arrogating billions in public assets to themselves”. [6]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.526761054992676, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the bureaucracy enriched itself, most of China's population suffered the erosion of income security, social supports and purchasing power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164073944091797, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Faced with record budget and trade deficits as the direct result of its own policies, the central government imposed emergency austerity measures in the last months of 1988, which reversed the easy credit policies and slashed public spending. Across China the debt-driven boom of construction and industrial development collapsed, firms laid off workers and sought to cut wages and benefits, and governments at all levels reduced funding on education and social services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313011169433594, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The means for expressing the demands almost naturally became daily rallies in the symbolic centre of political protest in China—the massive Tiananmen Square in the heart of Beijing, which was the site of state monuments and around which the major government buildings were located.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.191669464111328, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "One leaflet attacked the personal wealth of Deng Xiaoping's children, among other condemnations of the privileges of the bureaucracy, and called for an explanation of the “shortcomings” of the economic reforms. The other denounced the “steady decline of the people's living standards” which it blamed on the “long term control of a dictatorial bureaucracy” and demanded the stabilisation of prices. It concluded with the demand that would resonate widely amongst China's workers—that the true wealth and incomes of government officials, and the sources of that wealth, be made public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340022087097168, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The appearance of the Workers Autonomous Federation, calling for a frontal assault on the privileges and positions of the apparatus, posed the very real threat to the regime in China of the “Polish model”—a mass working class movement challenging the very existence of Stalinist rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120157241821289, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Their model was Russia where Gorbachev, through the promises of glasnost, or political reforms, had consolidated the support of Russian intellectuals and professional layers for the restoration of the market. With Gorbachev scheduled to arrive in China on May 15 in the first visit of a Soviet leader for 30 years, Zhao Ziyang's call for negotiations with the students prevailed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56039047241211, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The regime not only met with student representatives, but informed the media it had the freedom to cover the student movement. A debate between a high-ranking official and a student leader was televised live on national television. University budgets were increased. In a token gesture to placate the anger over official corruption, the import of limousines was banned. The issues raised by the students were elevated to the centre of political discussion in China.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12584114074707, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As the broader student movement began to dissipate, the working class of China adopted the student hunger strike as the focus for mass anti-government protest. By May 15 half a million students, workers and other Beijing residents had rallied in the Square. The character of the political movement in China qualitatively shifted to the left and was defined by the mass actions of the industrial working class and the growing role of the Workers Autonomous Federations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.554055213928223, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The week of May 13-20 saw the largest demonstrations in China's post-war history. On May 17 it is estimated that up to two million people marched through the centre of Beijing; the majority being workers and their families who walked beneath the banners of their work unit or enterprise; students from across China; peasants from nearby rural regions; teachers, public servants and journalists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.104884147644043, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "As a byproduct of the Beijing events, Workers Autonomous Federations formed in major cities around China, including Changsha, Shaoyang, Xiangtan, Hengyang and Yueyang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.314743995666504, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "According to one account of the day: “The martial law that Li Peng and his gang has issued has thus far been rendered as useless as a blank sheet of paper. The soldiers are being persuaded by excited people and students; some of the persuaders are choking with sobs, while some soldiers shed tears in return. Quite a number of soldiers have driven their trucks away.\" By May 24 the Beijing military units had been completely withdrawn from the city. The government feared they would join the workers. Mass demonstrations were taking place across China in support of Beijing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.120100021362305, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "With each passing day, more and more of China was being drawn into political struggles. The almost accidental leaders of the students were overwhelmed by the scope of what was unfolding. However courageous, these were not people who had prepared politically, or psychologically, to lead a revolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936121940612793, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Inexperienced politically and lacking a political perspective outside of opposition to the existing regime, the workers' leaders advanced no alternative to, and deferred to, the student bodies. The workers of China knew in their life experience what they were against—Stalinism and capitalism—but they were not able to articulate any perspective for an alternative social order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060070991516113, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Decades of domination by Stalinism and the active suppression of genuine Marxism in China meant there was no revolutionary socialist, that is Trotskyist, tendency in the working class. No organisation within the country could spontaneously advance the program that was implicit in the actions and sentiments of the Chinese working class—a political revolution to overthrow the Stalinist regime and introduce major reforms into the economy for the benefit of the working class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.839400291442871, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "“The Chinese Stalinist bureaucracy has already proceeded far down the road of capitalist restoration and therefore the political revolution in China today will have major social implications, first and foremost the necessity for the working class and its revolutionary party is to expropriate the class of capitalists sponsored by the bureaucracy, together with the foreign multinationals...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917617797851562, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "“What remains of China's planned economy must be reorganised from top to bottom... Production must be placed under the control of factory committees, freely elected by the workers, and the quality and pricing of commodities should be put in the hands of a democratically organised consumers' cooperative.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370944023132324, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "“Such a political revolution...would create the greatest shock waves of social revolution throughout Asia and internationally. Breaking the Stalinist straight-jacket of ‘socialism in one country' and linking up its forces to those of the workers of Asia and internationally in the common struggle to put an end to imperialism, the Chinese workers would create the real foundations for developing socialism in China as part of the development of world socialism.” [9]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.591594696044922, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The military subjugation of the capital was the signal for a reign of terror throughout China. Spontaneous demonstrations that erupted across the country, as the news of Beijing spread, were dealt with in brutal fashion, with hundreds more workers and students killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.369095802307129, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "From 1990 on, investment flowed into China at exponential levels. In 1994 more investment entered the country than in the entire decade from 1979-1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620709419250488, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The most literal example of the crocodile tears shed for the victims of Tiananmen came from the then Australian prime minister Bob Hawke. He burst into tears on national television in 1989 at the scenes in Beijing. His departure from politics several years later saw him emerge as a leading consultant for corporate investment into China, fully exploiting his intimate personal ties to leading Stalinist officials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.897787570953369, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "With the working class subdued and a generation of young leaders killed, imprisoned or in exile, the regime has been able to accelerate the restoration of the capitalist market, relatively free of mass political opposition. The 1990s have seen the virtual completion of the processes initiated in 1979. The bulk of state-owned firms will have been restructured as private concerns or closed down by the end of next year. Processes well underway will soon see the majority of economic activity opened to foreign competition and ownership. The 1999 National Peoples Congress elevated private property to equivalent status with state-owned industry. It was the final constitutional act of restoring the primacy of capitalist social relations and ending the fiction that China is some form of communist society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04145336151123, "source": "search", "title": "Ten years since the Tiananmen Square massacre - World ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The main political party in china was the Kuomintang this was a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.753706932067871, "source": "search", "title": "Papers -- The Causes of the Tiananmen Square Massacre" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "party had won, china now became a communist country it became known as", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.245601654052734, "source": "search", "title": "Papers -- The Causes of the Tiananmen Square Massacre" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "\"the peoples' republic of china\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026922225952148, "source": "search", "title": "Papers -- The Causes of the Tiananmen Square Massacre" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "When china became a communist country the people faced not only a", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.707303047180176, "source": "search", "title": "Papers -- The Causes of the Tiananmen Square Massacre" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "gorbachev was visiting china possibly expected that the extent of his", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950277328491211, "source": "search", "title": "Papers -- The Causes of the Tiananmen Square Massacre" }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "The media captured some of the story of the massacre in Beijing. But Louisa Lim, NPR's longtime China correspondent, says the country's government has done all it can in the intervening 25 years to erase the memory of the uprising. Lim's forthcoming book, The People's Republic of Amnesia, relates how 1989 changed China and how China rewrote what happened in 1989 in its official version of events. Her story includes an investigation into a forgotten crackdown in the southwestern city of Chengdu — which, to this day, has never been reported.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.702855110168457, "source": "search", "title": "After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "Though China's citizens have become undeniably richer and freer in the post-Tiananmen era, Tang Deying's experience shows the limits to that freedom. Simply by keeping alive a memory that others have suppressed or simply forgotten, Tang has become seen as a threat to social stability.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.559240341186523, "source": "search", "title": "After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten ..." }, { "answer": "China", "passage": "What happened in Chengdu matters because it shows the success of the Chinese government in not just controlling its people, but also in controlling their memories. In the China of today, that most personal space of all — memory — has become a political tool.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31234073638916, "source": "search", "title": "After 25 Years Of Amnesia, Remembering A Forgotten ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "One hour", "passage": "Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes (8 May 1856 – 21 July 1952) was a Mexican politician who served as the 34th President of Mexico for less than one hour on February 19, 1913, the shortest presidency in the history of the world. He had earlier served as Mexico's foreign minister for two terms and was the director of a small law school in Mexico City for sixteen years.", "precise_score": 7.826292991638184, "rough_score": 7.542656898498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pedro Lascuráin" }, { "answer": "One hour", "passage": "If you don’t know anything about Lascuráin, your first instinct is probably that the guy died or something, but I wouldn’t be making such light of his sub-one hour term if there were a death involved. Then you might be thinking, “man, what did this guy do in those ~30 minutes in office to get himself tossed out so fast?” But it’s not like that either. Lascuráin’s short term was arranged that way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92902946472168, "source": "search", "title": "Today in Mexican history: the shortest presidency ever (1913)" }, { "answer": "One hour", "passage": "The presidency of Lascuráin therefore was nothing but a tactical step in Huerta’s plans. And all of the before-mentiuoned happened at the same evening. Everyone that guessed the period being longer than one hour is allowed to feel disappointed now. The sources vary on the exact period, but it lies somewhere between 15 to 55 minutes. That’s very brief indeed…", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.55142593383789, "source": "search", "title": "The world’s briefest presidency | The Complete MesoAmerica ..." } ]

[ { "answer": "Alexander Haig", "passage": "June 1979: Gen. Alexander Haig, then NATO's Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, survives an assassination attempt in Mons, Belgium when his car narrowly misses being blown up by a mine placed on a bridge. Three members of his security detail following in a separate car are injured.", "precise_score": 5.638298511505127, "rough_score": 7.606996536254883, "source": "search", "title": "Timeline | U.S. Army in Europe" }, { "answer": "Alexander M. Haig", "passage": "The next SACEUR, U.S. Army General Alexander M. Haig, placed great emphasis on improving the \"Three Rs” - Readiness, Rationalisation and Reinforcement - in order to counter-balance the growing military capabilities of the Warsaw Pact. One of SHAPE's major tasks during this period was to study how to improve the command and control and flexibility of NATO forces in Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.17755126953125, "source": "search", "title": "SHAPE HC | 1967-1979: NATO's Readiness Increases" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The Compact Cassette or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is a magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback released by Philips in 1962. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a pre-recorded cassette, or as a fully recordable \"blank\" cassette. It was designed originally for dictation machines, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel tape recording in most non-professional applications. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers. The first cassette player (although mono) designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968. Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc (CD).", "precise_score": 0.37985312938690186, "rough_score": 2.5051562786102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Compact discs", "passage": "Like the transistor radio in the 1950s and 1960s, the portable CD player in the 1990s, and the MP3 player in the 2000s, the Walkman defined the portable music market for the decade of the '80s, with cassette sales overtaking those of LPs. Total vinyl record sales remained higher well into the 1980s due to greater sales of singles, although cassette singles achieved popularity for a period in the 1990s. Another barrier to cassettes overtaking vinyl in sales was shoplifting; compact cassettes were small enough that a thief could easily place one inside a pocket and walk out of a store without being noticed. To prevent this, retailers would place cassettes inside oversized \"spaghetti box\" containers or locked display cases, either of which would significantly inhibit browsing, thus reducing cassette sales. During the early 1980s some record labels sought to solve this problem by introducing new, larger packages for cassettes which would allow them to be displayed alongside vinyl records and compact discs, or giving them a further market advantage over vinyl by adding bonus tracks. Willem Andriessen wrote that the development in technology allowed \"hardware designers to [...] discover and satisfy one of the collective desires of human beings all over the world, independent of region, climate, religion, culture, race, sex, age and education: the desire to enjoy music at any time, at any place, [...] in any desired sound quality and almost at any wanted price. ", "precise_score": -2.942366361618042, "rough_score": -2.418724298477173, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Between 1985 and 1992, the cassette tape was the most popular format in the UK and wealthy record labels experimented with innovative packaging designs. A designer during the era explained: \"There was so much money in the industry at the time, we could try anything with design.\" The introduction of the cassette single, called a \"cassingle\", was also part of this era and featured a music single in Compact Cassette form. Until 2005, cassettes remained the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music in some developing countries, but compact disc (CD) technology had superseded the Compact Cassette in the vast majority of music markets throughout the world by this time. ", "precise_score": -1.1784714460372925, "rough_score": -1.9653773307800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Cassettes remained popular for specific applications, such as car audio and telephone answering machines, well into the 1990s. Cassettes and their players were typically more rugged and resistant to dust, heat, and shocks than the main digital competitor, the CD. Their lower fidelity was not considered a serious drawback. However, the advent of \"shock proof\" buffering technology in CD players, the general heightening of consumer expectations, and the introduction of CD auto-changers meant that, by the early 2000s, the CD player rapidly replaced the cassette player as the default audio component in the majority of new vehicles in Europe and America. The last new car with an available cassette player was a 2010 Lexus SC 430. ", "precise_score": -1.0325475931167603, "rough_score": -3.381777048110962, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Compact discs", "passage": "The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in dictation machines. In this capacity, some later-model cassette-based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed (15⁄16 in/s) as playback quality was not critical. The cassette soon became a popular medium for distributing prerecorded music—initially through The Philips Record Company (and subsidiary labels Mercury and Philips in the U.S.). As of 2009, one still finds cassettes used for a variety of purposes, such as journalism, oral history, meeting and interview transcripts, audio-books, and so on. Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes, as some lawyers \"don't trust digital technology for interviews\". However, they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more \"compact\" digital storage media. Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing. ", "precise_score": -2.0444555282592773, "rough_score": -2.7656266689300537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Digital record", "passage": "Technical development of the cassette effectively ceased when digital recordable media, such as DAT and MiniDisc, were introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Anticipating the switch from analog to digital format, major companies, such as Sony, shifted their focus to new media. In 1992, Philips introduced the Digital Compact Cassette (DCC), a DAT-like tape in almost the same shell as a Compact Cassette. It was aimed primarily at the consumer market. A DCC deck could play back both types of cassettes. Unlike DAT, which was accepted in professional usage because it could record without lossy compression effects, DCC failed in both home and mobile environments, and was discontinued in 1996. ", "precise_score": -2.1083943843841553, "rough_score": -2.901533603668213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The microcassette has in many cases supplanted the full-sized cassette in situations where voice-level fidelity is all that is required, such as in dictation machines and answering machines. Even these, in turn, are starting to give way to digital recorders of various descriptions. Since the rise of cheap CD-R discs, and flash memory-based digital audio players, the phenomenon of \"home taping\" has effectively switched to recording to Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music sharing Web sites. ", "precise_score": -0.9903615117073059, "rough_score": -5.349419593811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Because of consumer demand, the cassette has remained influential on design, more than a decade after its decline as a media mainstay. As the Compact Disc grew in popularity, cassette-shaped audio adapters were developed to provide an economical and clear way to obtain CD functionality in vehicles equipped with cassette decks. A portable CD player would have its analog line-out connected to the adapter, which in turn fed the signal to the head of the cassette deck. These adapters continue to function with MP3 players as well, and generally are more reliable than the FM transmitters that must be used to adapt CD players and digital audio players to car stereo systems. Digital audio players shaped as cassettes have also become available, which can be inserted into any cassette player and communicate with the head as if they were normal cassettes.", "precise_score": -3.2470738887786865, "rough_score": -4.667251110076904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "Some companies, such as Mobile Fidelity, produced audiophile cassettes in the 1980s, which were recorded on high-grade tape and duplicated on premium equipment in real time from a digital master. Unlike audiophile LPs, which continue to attract a following, these became moot after the Compact Disc became widespread.", "precise_score": 0.483228862285614, "rough_score": -4.055517673492432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Analog cassette deck sales were expected to decline rapidly with the advent of the compact disc and other digital recording technologies such as digital audio tape (DAT), MiniDisc, and the CD-R recorder drives. Philips responded with the digital compact cassette, a system which was backward-compatible with existing analog cassette recordings for playback, but it failed to garner a significant market share and was withdrawn. One reason proposed for the lack of acceptance of digital recording formats such as DAT was a fear by content providers that the ability to make very high quality copies would hurt sales of copyrighted recordings.", "precise_score": 0.1490861475467682, "rough_score": -2.7063608169555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Cassettes remain popular for audio-visual applications. Some CD recorders, particularly those intended for business use, incorporate a cassette deck to allow both formats for recording meetings, church sermons and books on tape.", "precise_score": -1.7763071060180664, "rough_score": -4.121960163116455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "The LP lives on, sort of, as the medium for disc jockeys, and a few rock groups insisted on releasing their music on LP records well into the 1990s. But both the LP and the cassette were pushed aside by the Compact Disc. The Phillips company, which had earlier introduced the cassette, had developed a laser disc for video recording in the late 1970s. Phillips teamed up with Sony, which had developed a digital tape recorder for making \"master\" recordings at about the same time. The new discs were created by re-recording ordinary studio tapes onto the digital tape, then using the digital tape to burn laser discs. A copy of the master laser disc was then used to press plastic duplicates, which were coated with shiny aluminum, encased in protective layers, and packaged for sale. Unlike the LP or the original Phillips video laser discs, which were quite large, the audio-only laser discs were \"compact,\" and hence the name Compact Disc.", "precise_score": 3.1237385272979736, "rough_score": 4.281479358673096, "source": "search", "title": "History of the Recording Industry" }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "Between the early 1970s and the late 1990s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP and later alongside the  Compact Disc .", "precise_score": 0.4570169448852539, "rough_score": -2.8559045791625977, "source": "search", "title": "Cassettes « Women on Record" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Also known as an “audio cassette,” “compact cassette,” or “tape,” the cassette tape was first manufactured by Phillips in the 1960s and became mass-produced by 1964. The advantage of audio cassettes was that they were more portable than records. But the sound quality was not good but with advent in 1969 of Dolby Noise Reduction the unpleasant hiss that accompanied the sound on cassettes was cut down. After undergoing several upgrades to improve its sound quality and functionality during the 1970s, the cassette tape soared in popularity during the 1980s with the introduction of hand-held cassette players such as the Walkman. Cassette players also took over domination of the car sound system market adding further flexibility and convenience to the enjoyment of recorded music. Cassettes remained popular for specific applications, such as  car audio , well into the 1990s but by the early 2000s, the CD player rapidly replaced the cassette player in the majority of new vehicles.", "precise_score": -0.009051188826560974, "rough_score": 1.4042590856552124, "source": "search", "title": "Cassettes « Women on Record" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "That all started to change with the advent of the compact disc.  Suddenly the evils of cassette tape hiss, and vinyl pop and crackle would be a thing of the past!  Digital playback would save us all from unwanted noise in our recordings!  A great plan, however, there were still two problems: The first was that vinyl continued to out-sell CDs for some time, which meant that it still ruled the audio roost.  The second was that recording studios continued to use analog equipment, and they discovered that despite the promise of digital audio technology, early digital recording systems in fact did not sound better than the old analog tape machines they’d been using for decades.  (A situation that would continue for various reasons until the early 2000s.)  But in the consumer world, CDs staged a takeover.", "precise_score": -1.1647210121154785, "rough_score": -3.0188064575195312, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Compact discs", "passage": "1988 marked the first year that compact discs out-sold vinyl.  The free market had spoken again, and the recording industry listened.  Vinyl was no longer the king of the record store.  That meant a whole new approach to the final step of the recording process: Mastering.", "precise_score": -2.844940662384033, "rough_score": -3.7709553241729736, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?", "precise_score": -4.482339382171631, "rough_score": -0.8945387601852417, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?", "precise_score": -4.482339382171631, "rough_score": -0.8945387601852417, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "As for me, I bought vinyl records until about 1986, whereupon I switched to cassette; I didn't get a CD player until about 1993. After a few years sticking with the CD, I started buying vinyl again around 1997. For reference, I was born in 1977.", "precise_score": -1.7507020235061646, "rough_score": -3.9159061908721924, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "so cassettes outsold LPs and CDs combined at the end of the 1980s! WTF.", "precise_score": -0.5253702998161316, "rough_score": -5.59145975112915, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I offer this as an example because no one I knew as a kid bought anything but cassettes. They went into your walkman, they went into the car stereo, and they went into your boombox. In my mind, young people didn't start having CD's until the early 90's. Once I got a stereo with a CD player, I bought a Sony Discman a short while later and that is when my purchases switched over to CD exclusively.", "precise_score": -4.412384986877441, "rough_score": -5.807065486907959, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i've bought a lot of things twice for this reason -- first on cassette, then on CD. i got rid of the vast majority my cassettes some time after college, ca. 1999–2000. soon after i banished the cassette deck to my mom's basement. but ironically (?) many of the CDs i bought to replace cassettes (like all the smiths albums) i've since converted to MP3 and gotten rid of in turn. there's probably some kind of lesson there, for example, that i don't owe the record industry much.", "precise_score": 0.2645300030708313, "rough_score": -1.4187631607055664, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "In Finland the cassette was certainly more prevalent than vinyl or CD at least in the latter half of the 80s and for the first couple of years to the 90s. I was born in 1979, and in that era none of the kids/teens I knew bought anything on vinyl, it was all cassettes. I think vinyl was mostly bought by \"music hipsters\" (due to better sound quality?), whereas cassettes was what regular people bought. CDs became more prevalent than cassettes around 1993 I think.", "precise_score": -2.3001296520233154, "rough_score": -5.179365158081055, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Woolworths had a pretty impressive back-catalogue on cassette (far more so than CD or vinyl, it seemed); an audiophile friend of mine, fairly bizarrely, bought most of his music on tape between 1988 and 1994 (he had a high-end Nakamichi deck). He then spent the second half of the '90s replacing everything with CDs.", "precise_score": -0.6877647638320923, "rough_score": -4.825825214385986, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "In the late 90s, most records I wanted to buy weren't readily available on vinyl. So I just combed through CD bins to find cheap and used copies of whatever I was into. I also bought records and CDs from bands on tour; direct.", "precise_score": -7.016387462615967, "rough_score": -4.5003509521484375, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "My first friend to get a CD player got his in 1990, and his parents bought him CDs of most of the albums he liked that he owned on cassette; he gave me the cassettes. I got one in 1992, shortly before I left for college. I had/still buy things on vinyl, cassette, and CD. Cassettes I'll buy at the thrift store for 50 cents/$1. I'll buy vinyl if I can't find something on CD and want to support the local shop or the artist. I got about 50 or so records for free when I worked at the music library in college and they were converting their collection to CD, when possible. There was also a summer flood at one point, and some of the records I got had covers with water damage. Almost all of these are classical and opera.", "precise_score": -4.856970310211182, "rough_score": -5.77854585647583, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i used cassettes up until 2003 or so since that's what my cars had in them, and i never owned a portable CD player so all my walkman type devices were cassette as well up until then. i was mostly copying CDs and LPs and making mixtapes, though i would raid the used sections at the local Record Exchanges and score ridiculously good shit for $.50-$2 on cassette.", "precise_score": -3.246281385421753, "rough_score": -5.054260730743408, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I offer this as an example because no one I knew as a kid bought anything but cassettes. They went into your walkman, they went into the car stereo, and they went into your boombox. In my mind, young people didn't start having CD's until the early 90's. Once I got a stereo with a CD player, I bought a Sony Discman a short while later and that is when my purchases switched over to CD exclusively.", "precise_score": -4.412384986877441, "rough_score": -5.807065486907959, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "1979-1985 - Vinyl LPs and 45s. It really started to give me a complex when a brand new record would still have excruciating pops and clicks on our crappy Montgomery Ward stereo. It seriously gave me a nervous tick. When I play CDs of albums I had 30 years ago, I still cringe at the place where the vinyl used to skip.", "precise_score": -6.204662322998047, "rough_score": -5.668628692626953, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CDs came out in the late 70s, before the IBM-compatible PC was even introduced (with its 640K max of RAM, and 360K floppy disc or cassette storage), so the idea that home production of 700 MB recordings was just around the corner is not valid (Moore's law be damned!). The record companies invented themselves 20+ years of raking in heretofore undreamed-of money; they did the right thing, businesswise.", "precise_score": -0.7005855441093445, "rough_score": -1.5681672096252441, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CASSETTE TO CD COPYING AND REPAIRS. AUDIO TAPE CASSETTES REPAIRED  FROM ONLY £5.00 INCLUSIVE OF RETURN POSTAGE. AUDIO CASSETTES COPIED TO CD FROM  ONLY £9.00 INCLUDING RETURN POSTAGE AND BLANK CD AND REPAIR IF REQUIRED. SAME PRICES FOR VHS TO DVD COPYING / CONVERSIONS, VHS-S TO DVD COPYING / CONVERSIONS, 8MM CAMCORDER VIDEO TAPES TO DVD CONVERSIONS AND LP TO CD COPYING / CONVERSIONS.", "precise_score": -4.139941692352295, "rough_score": -5.484248161315918, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CASSETTE TO CD  AND VHS TO DVD CONVERSIONS UNDERTAKEN ", "precise_score": -3.010643482208252, "rough_score": -5.198498249053955, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WE CAN ALSO OFFER COPYING SERVICES FOR TRANSFERRING AUDIO SOUNDTRACKS TO DIFFERENT FORMATS SUCH AS CD TO CASSETTE, CASSETTE TO CASSETTE DUPLICATION, CD TO CD DUPLICATION, CASSETTE TO CD. VHS OR DVD SOUNDTRACKS TO AUDIO CASSETTE OR DVD.", "precise_score": -5.610237121582031, "rough_score": -5.572282791137695, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WE CAN ALSO CONVERT LP RECORDS TO CD AS WELL AS CASSETTE TAPES TO CD AND CAN OFTEN IMPROVE THE SOUND QUALITY BEFORE", "precise_score": -2.157517671585083, "rough_score": -4.251433372497559, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "LP RECORDS TRANSFERED ONTO CD", "precise_score": -3.4540491104125977, "rough_score": -5.377181053161621, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "FOR AUDIO CONVERSIONS TO DISC THE ORIGINAL TAPE IS PLAYED ON A HI-FI QUALITY TAPE  MACHINE (WE USE TEAC, OR PIONEER CASSETTE DECKS) WITH THE OUTPUT FED INTO A COMPUTER. THE ANALOGUE SIGNAL FROM AN AUDIO CASSETTE IS THEN RECORDED ONE TRACK AT A TIME. EACH TRACK IS THEN ANALYSED AND ANY FAULTS SUCH AS BACKGROUND NOISE, HISS ETC REMOVED DIGITALLY BEFORE THE ENHANCED SIGNAL IS STORED ON THE COMPUTER. THIS IS REPEATED FOR EACH TRACK ON THE AUDIO CASSETTE. WHEN THE WHOLE TAPE HAS BEEN STORED ON THE COMPUTER THIS WAY, THE CD IS BURNT FROM THE COMPUTER FILES USING SPECIAL SOFTWARE. THE CD IS THEN CHECKED FOR CORRECT PLAYING AND IF THAT IS OKAY THE CD COVER IS MADE UP AND PRINTED USING THE ORIGINAL ARTWORK OF THE CASSETTE IF AVAILABLE. ", "precise_score": -2.4031083583831787, "rough_score": -5.20438289642334, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WE CAN TRANSFER YOUR CASSETTE TAPES / LP RECORDS ETC TO MP3 FILE FORMAT IF YOU PREFER AT THE SAME PRICE AS FOR TRANSFERING  TO AUDIO CD ", "precise_score": -4.247106552124023, "rough_score": -3.765303134918213, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": ".MICRO CASSETTE SOUND TRANSFERED ONTO CD WITH A REPLACEMENT CASING IF REQUIRED AT £20.00. PRICE INCLUDES BLANK CD-R, RETURN POSTAGE IN THE UK AND A REPLACEMENT MICRO CASSETTE CASING (MICRO CASSETTE CASING SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY) ", "precise_score": -2.235257863998413, "rough_score": -5.042215347290039, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "LP VINYL RECORDS TRANSFERRED ONTO CD AT £20.00 PER LP INCLUDING RETURN POSTAGE. IDEAL IF YOU HAVE A PILE OF FAVOURITE RECORDS BUT NO RECORD PLAYER TO LISTEN TO THEM ON. WE CAN BREATHE NEW LIFE INTO YOUR COLLECTION SO YOU CAN LISTEN TO THEM AGAIN AND OFTEN THE SOUND IS BETTER ON A CD THAN IT WAS ON THE ORIGINAL LP AS WE CAN CLEAN UP SOME OF THE CLICKS / CRACKLES ON OLD VINYL.", "precise_score": -6.045688629150391, "rough_score": -3.8047361373901367, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "C D", "passage": "In 1930, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing music record, marketed as \"Program Transcription\" discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33? rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc. Vinyl had the advantage of lower surface noise level than shellac and was more durable.", "precise_score": -1.992894172668457, "rough_score": -3.7827746868133545, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The development of quadraphonic music records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later \"surround sound\" systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today. A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded rear channel information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully-calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. Typically the high frequency information inscribed onto these LPs wore off after only a few playings, and CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats.", "precise_score": -5.217505931854248, "rough_score": -4.956529140472412, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "In Western Europe and North America, the market for cassettes declined sharply after its peak in the late 1980s. This was particularly noticeable with pre-recorded cassettes, the sales of which were overtaken by those of CDs during the early 1990s. By 1993, annual shipments of CD players had reached 5 million, up 21% from the year before; while cassette player shipments had dropped 7% to approximately 3.4 million. The decline continued, and in 2001 cassettes accounted for only 4% of all music sold. Since then, further decline occurred, with very few retailers stocking them because they are no longer issued by the major music labels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.789175987243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "While digital voice recorders are now common, Compact Cassette—or microcassette—recorders may be cheaper and of sufficient quality to serve as adjuncts or substitutes for note taking in business and educational settings. Audiobooks, church services, and other spoken word material are still frequently sold on cassette, as lower fidelity generally is not a drawback for such content, and some people prefer the convenience of the tape controls for rewinding to repeat a missed passage. While most publishers sell CD audiobooks, they usually also offered a cassette version at the same price well into the 2000s. In the audiobooks application, where recordings may span several hours, cassettes also have the advantage of holding up to 150 minutes of material, whereas the average CD holds less than 80.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.373005390167236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Digital record", "passage": "Although portable digital recorders are most common today, analog tape remains a desirable option for certain artists and consumers. Older genres like \"dansband\" may favor the format most familiar to their fans. Some musicians and DJs in the independent music community maintain a tradition of using and releasing cassettes due to its low cost and ease of use. Underground and DIY communities release regularly, and sometimes exclusively, on cassette format, particularly in experimental music circles and to a lesser extent in hardcore punk, death metal, and black metal circles, out of a fondness for the format. Even among major label stars, the form has its devotees: Eminem has made his favor known, and Thurston Moore claimed in 2009, \"I only listen to cassettes.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.042715072631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Tape length usually is measured in minutes of total playing time. The most popular varieties are C46 (23 minutes per side), C60 (30 minutes per side), C90, and C120. The C46 and C60 lengths typically are 15–16 µm thick, but C90s are 10–11 µm and (the less common) C120s are just 9 µm thick, rendering them more susceptible to stretching or breakage. BASF declared the C60 with 88 m. Some vendors are more generous than others, providing 132 or rather than 129 m of tape for a C90 cassette. Even C180 tapes were available at one time, but these were extremely thin and fragile and suffered from such effects as print-through, which made them unsuitable for general use. 150 minute length is still available from Maxell (UR 150), Sony (CDixI 150) and TDK (TDK AE 150).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.186718940734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Compact discs", "passage": "Some companies included a complimentary blank cassette with their portable cassette recorders in the early 1980s. Panasonic's was a C14 and came with a song recorded on side one, and a blank side two. Except for C74 and C100, such non-standard lengths always have been hard to find, and tend to be more expensive than the more popular lengths. Home taping enthusiasts may have found certain lengths useful for fitting an album neatly on one or both sides of a tape. For instance, the initial maximum playback time of Compact Discs was 74 minutes, explaining the relative popularity of C74 cassettes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4885945320129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Other contenders for the highest \"HiFi\" quality on this medium were two companies already widely known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders: Tandberg and Revox (consumer brand of the Swiss professional Studer company for studio equipment). Tandberg started with combi-head machines, such as the TCD 300, and continued with the TCD 3x0 series with separate playback and recording heads. All TCD-models possessed dual-capstan drives, belt-driven from a single capstan motor and two separate reel motors. Frequency range extended to 18 kHz. After a disastrous overinvestment in colour television production, Tandberg folded and revived without the HiFi-branch these came from.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374055862426758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "As they became aimed at more casual users, fewer decks had microphone inputs. Dual decks became popular and incorporated into home entertainment systems of all sizes for tape dubbing. Although the quality would suffer each time a source was copied, there are no mechanical restrictions on copying from a record, radio, or another cassette source. Even as CD recorders are becoming more popular, some incorporate cassette decks for professional applications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.911496162414551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Applications for car stereos varied widely. Auto manufacturers in the U.S. typically would fit a cassette slot into their standard large radio faceplates. Europe and Asia would standardize on DIN and double DIN sized faceplates. In the 1980s, a high-end installation would have a Dolby AM/FM cassette deck, and they rendered the 8-track cartridge obsolete in car installations because of space, performance, and audio quality. In the 1990s and 2000s, as the cost of building CD players declined, many manufacturers offered a CD player. The CD player eventually supplanted the cassette deck as standard equipment, but some cars, especially those targeted at older drivers, were offered with the option of a cassette player, either by itself or sometimes in combination with a CD slot. Most new cars can still accommodate aftermarket cassette players, and the auxiliary jack advertised for MP3 players can be used also with portable cassette players, but 2011 is the first model year for which no manufacturer offered factory-installed cassette players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.961397171020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Compact Cassette" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "With all of these improvements, the best units could record and play the full audible spectrum from 20 Hz to over 20 kHz (although this was commonly quoted at -10, -20 or even -30 dB, not at full output level), with wow and flutter less than 0.05% and very low noise. A high-quality recording on cassette could rival the sound of an average commercial CD, though the quality of pre-recorded cassettes has been regarded by the general public as lower than could be achieved in a quality home recording. There was a call for better sound quality in 1981, surprisingly by the head of Tower Records, Russ Solomon. At a meeting of the National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM) Retail Advisory Committee in Carlsbad, California, Solomon played two recordings of a Santana track; one he had recorded himself and the pre-recorded cassette release from Columbia Records. He used this technique to demonstrate what he called \"the tunnel effect\" in the audio range of pre-recorded cassettes and commented to the reporter Sam Sutherland, who wrote a news article printed in Billboard magazine:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.184818267822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Other refinements to improve cassette performance included Tandberg's DYNEQ, Toshiba's and Telefunken's High Com, and on some high-end decks, automatic recording bias, fine pitch adjustment and (sometimes) head azimuth adjustment such as the Tandberg TCD-330 and TCD-340A.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.422039031982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "By the late 1980s, thanks to such improvements in the electronics, the tape material and manufacturing techniques, as well as dramatic improvements to the precision of the cassette shell, tape heads and transport mechanics, sound fidelity on equipment from the top manufacturers far surpassed the levels originally expected of the medium. On suitable audio equipment, cassettes could produce a very pleasant listening experience. High-end cassette decks could achieve 15 Hz-22 kHz±3 dB frequency response with wow and flutter below 0.022%, and a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 61 dB (for Type IV tape, without noise-reduction) . With noise reduction typical signal-to-noise figures of 70-76 dB with Dolby C, 80-86 dB with Dolby S, and 85 - 90 dB with dbx could be achieved. Many casual listeners could not tell the difference between compact cassette and compact disc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.856068134307861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The rapid transition was not realized and CDs and cassettes successfully co-existed for nearly 20 years. A contributing factor may have been the inability of early CD players to reliably read discs with surface damage and offer anti-skipping features for applications where external vibration would be present, such as automotive and recreation environments. Early CD playback equipment also tended to be expensive compared to cassette equipment of similar quality and did not offer recording capability. Many home and portable entertainment systems supported both formats and commonly allowed the CD playback to be recorded on cassette tape. The rise of inexpensive all-solid-state portable digital music systems based on MP3, AAC and similar formats finally saw the eventual decline of the domestic cassette deck. Tascam, Marantz, Yamaha, Teac, Denon, Sony, and JVC are among the companies still manufacturing cassette decks in relatively small quantities for professional and niche market use. By the late 1990s, automobiles were offered with entertainment systems that played both cassettes and CDs. By the end of the late 2000s, very few cars were offered with cassette decks. As radios became tightly integrated into dashboards, many cars lacked even standard openings that would accept aftermarket cassette player installations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.249419689178467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Digital record", "passage": "Despite the decline in the production of cassette decks, these products are still valued by some. Many blind and elderly people find the newest digital technologies very difficult to use compared to the cassette format. Cassette tapes are not vulnerable to scratching from handling (though the exposed magnetic tape is vulnerable to stretching from poking), and play from where they were last stopped (though some modern MP3 players offer savestating electronically). Cassette tapes can also be recorded multiple times (though some solid-state digital recorders are now offering that function).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.844484806060791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Today, cassette decks are not considered by most people to be either the most versatile or highest fidelity sound recording devices available, as even very inexpensive CD or digital audio players can reproduce a wide frequency range with no speed variations. Many current budget-oriented cassette decks lack a tape selector to set proper bias and equalization settings to take best advantage of the extended high end of Type II [High Bias] and Type IV [Metal Bias] tapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2666215896606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassette deck" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The CD was introduced to the public in 1982. Partly because of the high initial cost (a player cost over $2000, and the discs themselves cost $12-16), sales were limited. By about 1985, however, it was possible to buy a player for $350 or less, and prices were around $150 a few years later. Many consumers resented being pressured to abandon the collections of LP records they had accumulated over the years. However, the CD eventually won over the hearts of most consumers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4566011428833, "source": "search", "title": "History of the Recording Industry" }, { "answer": "Digital record", "passage": "In the studio, digital technology was making an important impact. Where the role of digital recorders was initially quite limited, soon it became easy and relatively inexpensive to use digital devices to compose, perform, record, edit, and mix songs. Previously, musical instruments had been separate from recording machines, and both had been separate from computers, but new technologies combined all three. Where tape recorders had made it possible for individual musicians to play multiple instruments or record multiple vocal parts, or even become \"one man bands,\" digital technology accelerated the tendency to do so. Many \"bands\" were really just one or two people manipulating drum machines and synthesizers, or re-recording bits and pieces of existing music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98540210723877, "source": "search", "title": "History of the Recording Industry" }, { "answer": "Digital record", "passage": "If digital recording was a success in the studio, it was initially a failure as a consumer technology. The first consumer digital recorders were introduced in the late 1970s. They were essentially modified Betamax VCRs, and the cost was quite high. Digital recording re-appeared in 1990 with the introduction of Digital Audio Tape, and later with the Digital Compact Cassette, and again with the Sony Minidisc. Opposed by a recording industry fearful of music piracy, these formats failed to appeal to consumers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.075971603393555, "source": "search", "title": "History of the Recording Industry" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Through the end of the 1990s, it appeared that the next home recording medium would undoubtedly be a recordable form of CD. It took many years for these to be introduced, and many more years for them to come down in price. Only in the early years of the 21st century did the price of a CD burner and the blank discs compete with a cassette deck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.954489231109619, "source": "search", "title": "History of the Recording Industry" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Despite being overtaken in popularity by the CD in the late 1990s, in some countries, particularly in developing ones, cassettes still remain the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.576004505157471, "source": "search", "title": "Cassettes « Women on Record" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Convert Any Cassette Tape To CD & MP3 | Cassette2USB™ Converter", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.995594501495361, "source": "search", "title": "Convert Any Cassette Tape To CD & MP3 | Cassette2USB ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "\"I just received the Cassette2USB Converter and software. I'm impressed! First, it is simple to follow the set up and convert directions. Next, the software is simple and complete. I am a member (the baritone) in a gospel quartet and we've made several cassette tapes, but no CD's. Now we have near professional quality CD's converted from our cassettes. Your system is superb. Keep up the good work!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.901825904846191, "source": "search", "title": "Convert Any Cassette Tape To CD & MP3 | Cassette2USB ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I want to restore my old cassette tapes to audio CD or MP3. Send me the Cassette2USB™ Converter!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.122091293334961, "source": "search", "title": "Convert Any Cassette Tape To CD & MP3 | Cassette2USB ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The Producer! - Rockerzine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.93550443649292, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The Producer!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.777171611785889, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Q.:  With so many different formats of recorded music to choose from (mp3, vinyl, CD, AAC, FLAC, .WAV, .AIFF), how do I know which one sounds closest to what the artist originally intended?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326457023620605, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "For those who don’t know, mastering is the last stop a recording makes before heading to the printing plant, or the web, for public consumption.  The original job of the mastering engineer was to transfer the audio from the recording format (analog reels of tape in the old days), to a consumer format (vinyl, cassette, CD).  “It’s also your last chance to tweak the sound of your product in the overall aspect,” says Grammy award winning mastering engineer Robert Hadley , “Adjust high end, or low end.  As you would on your stereo except in much more detail.  Once we’ve got it to the consumer format,” says Robert, “we give the client a reference print to take home and listen.  Then they can say, ‘Cut 4 sounds a little dull in comparison to Cut 3,” and we’ll go back in and make an adjustment.”  In addition, mastering is the stage at which the sequence of songs is finalized, fade ins and outs are tweaked, as is the time between each song.  The mastering engineer will also make sure all of the songs on an album play back at a similar volume to one another, so you don’t have to adjust your player’s volume between each song.  But most important to our discussion, mastering engineers make sonic decisions to maximize the sonic potential of each format.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.088951110839844, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "So now that we know the history, and have some idea what mastering involves, we can look at our current situation.  These days there are 4 common ways we listen to music:  Vinyl, compressed digital  files (mp3, aac, FLAC files), high resolution digital files (.wav, .aiff), and CDs (which are also a form of digital audio) [1] .  The question of which one sounds the closest to the artist’s intent lies in how the final mixes were mastered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703283309936523, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Despite the popularity of mp3s and other compressed digital files, mastering engineers very rarely attempt to optimize an artist’s final masters for that format.  Why?  Well, these days compressed digital files are the modern equivalent of the cassette tape in terms of quality.  Assuming your vinyl playback system is in decent shape, they are on average the worst-sounding format available.  In order to keep file sizes small, and give you room for more songs on your digital playback device, these files are compressed from higher resolution digital files, then decompressed as you listen.  This process degrades the sound quality.  The smaller you want your files, the more they have to be compressed.  And the more file compression, the worse the sound quality.  Since the mastering engineer can’t possibly predict all of these variables, trying to optimize for this format is nearly impossible.  “MP3s and AACs are all born from CD quality audio,” says Robert, “So the better the file sounds that you have to make the compressed files from, the better they’ll sound.”  And that includes those created for sale by your favorite online digital music store.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.633289337158203, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "CD-quality", "passage": "CDs sit somewhere in the middle.  They have higher audio quality than compressed digital files, but lower quality than high resolution files.  And while many audiophiles debate the sonic quality of the compact disc, for the vast majority of us a well-produced and mastered CD sounds excellent.  So this is the format most often favored during the mastering process.  Higher and lower quality files are created from these masters.  While you may hear more detail in the higher resolution files, the mastering engineer will have made his or her audio decisions based upon the sound of the CD-quality files.  “Honestly,” Robert says, “I don’t see CDs going anywhere anytime soon.  There’s just too much hardware out there.  More than there ever was for cassettes.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.347186088562012, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "In today’s music world, vinyl is the outlier.  The modern process of mastering a final mix for distribution on vinyl is very different from that of the digital formats, [2]  and there are a number of time and audio limitations involved.  For instance, very low frequencies that are more common on digital formats can actually pop the needle out the groove of a record.  The maximum time per-side on an LP record is 17 minutes.  That can be increased by reducing amount of volume (level) to decrease the width of the groove; but at a cost to the overall sonic quality of the music.  Vinyl also can’t take the same level common on most modern digital masters.  And of course, the substance itself brings its own patina to the sound of the music, which the mastering engineer must account for.  Robert will actually make a digital “cutting master” using the same EQ and analog limiter settings as he originally did for the CD master; but without the digital limiting, and with a more relaxed level overall.  Very similar to making a high resolution digital master.  He’ll then use that file to create a lacquer master (which are what get sent to be reproduced at a record plant – similar to vinyl, but much more fragile), and make whatever further sonic adjustments are necessary based on the sound of the lacquer master.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.250903129577637, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "All of that means music that’s optimized for vinyl during mastering will sound significantly different from music optimized for CD, or for low quality digital formats.  So the question of which format most closely resembles the artist’s original intent really centers around which format they’ve chosen to have their music mastered for.  And if they’ve chosen to have it mastered for multiple formats, then it’s actually which one they like best!  But in the end, the real question is which one you like.  Because what artist’s want MOST is for you to hear their music!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517502784729004, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "[1] For you techies out there, CDs have a sample rate of 44.1KHz, and a dynamic range of 16 bits.  High resolution audio files can reach as high as 192KHz/32-Bit, but are most often available at 96KHz/24-Bit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14653491973877, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "[2] Robert points out that in the early days of CD, the mastering job for vinyl and digital was the same.  That changed over time, as mastering engineers were asked to take advantage of the higher volume digital technology allowed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.79745864868164, "source": "search", "title": "Vinyl, CD, MP3, Cassette,… which sounds best? Ask The ..." }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "I get the sense that I was very late to the compact disc; perhaps it overtook vinyl in 1988? 1989? Earlier?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.49423885345459, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "also: will the classical-music market ever drive technological innovation in music reproduction again? (as it did with the 33RPM LP and the CD.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998313903808594, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I was born in 1977 and I never bought anything by cassette during my childhood and early teen years. I didn't get a cd player until I was 15(1992). I didn't start buying vinyl (for dance music and cd's for other stuff) until my late teens(1995) and I have been exclusively vinyl for maybe the last 4-5 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634298324584961, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "This was kind of a bummer because I lived a few miles away from The Record Collector in Redford, Michigan. It was close enough that I could ride my bike down there on a summer day. They used to have this huge used cassette section and everything was stupid cheap. An expensive tape was like 3.99, most of them were 1.99. I was a great way for a young kid to take chances on new stuff in the days before the internet. I didn't have older siblings, so I had to figure all this stuff out for myself through trial and error. I bought a lot of crappy music in those days but I also stumbled into some gems. Moving to CD was a bummer because used stuff was in the 7-10 dollar range back then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.218295097351074, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I was born in 1986 and didn't have a CD player until around 98 or so. I was all cassette until then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.359847068786621, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "also: will the classical-music market ever drive technological innovation in music reproduction again? (as it did with the 33RPM LP and the CD.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998313903808594, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i got a cd player around 89-90. i stopped buying vinyl around 1985 and bought tape pretty heavily for that 5 year period. i regret it because cassettes are a bs format and i swallowed the death of vinyl mindset just like all the other dorks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.508569717407227, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "the first cd my family bought was the La Bamba soundtrack. first cd I ever owned was the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle soundtrack. apparently only soundtracks were allowed in my household.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030390739440918, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i had forgotten that a big reason i was late in moving to CDs was simply that they were more expensive than cassettes, and didn't turn up used in the same numbers. like the poster above, i bought many of my cassettes used for $3–$5, and a lot more from Columbia House for even less than that. for the same reason the first CDs i bought were catalogue titles, like dylan and aretha franklin albums (not yet remastered, available new for $7 or $8).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.575386047363281, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "IIRC it wasn't until the mid-late 1990s that Columbia House and BMG Music Service started offering CDs for the same kinds of deals they had been offering cassettes. am i mistaken in this? i do recall holding off on joining the CD version of the club because not just the list prices (outrageous $20 for a new album on CD) but the \"discount\" prices were much higher than those for cassettes, like 60% higher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.900629997253418, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "But also, the combined CD-downloads histogram bars of 2008 are pretty comparable to the \"2008 dollars\" of 1978's 8track-LP-single-cassette. I look at that chart and if confirms my suspicions: CDs by the late-90s had a HUGE margin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.893388748168945, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "yeah, i think a growing consensus says that by the late 1980s the industry was growing accustomed to HUGE profit margins. this is precisely why they were quickly gobbled up by major multinational media corporations, and i think it's the reason why they were so critically reluctant to embrace digital formats or anything that would threaten the centrality of the CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14145565032959, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Does that casette figure up top include blanks? That would go quite some way to explaining the disparity - casettes were the only easy to record to blank media until the CDR came along which wasnt til the mid 90s at least.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.903338432312012, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Yeah fair point - I was just thinking though that I only ever bought like, one or 2 proper albums on casette. Sure, I used them a lot when it was the only portable media but only by recording my vinyl to blanks. I stuck to vinyl right up to and beyond when I got my CD player in 1990, I think it was.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.772844314575195, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I started buying CDs around 1992 and, though I never stopped buying vinyl, by '94 or so I was 80% CD and even my later audiophile adventures didn't change that figure much.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.76661491394043, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I probably own fewer than a dozen pre-recorded cassettes but I do remember them being the default format for a lot of people (the advent of the in-car CD player was probably a major blow to their popularity).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.166369438171387, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "As soon as I started buying records for myself, it was always vinyl. Vinyl was cheaper than any other format, and in plentiful supply. This was like 1984-1992. I guess I got a cd player in '92 and pretty much only bought CD's used. It was primarily a cost issue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.86711311340332, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Since I started to DJ in the last 6-7 years, I've gone back to buying 99% of my music on vinyl only. CDs just feel like plastic coasters to me a lot of the time. I get too many promos. I hate them. But when I buy a new record of a release I'm really excited about and feel that heavy vinyl, I get really happy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.528499603271484, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "(xpost to Michael) Very simlar for me: I bought nothing but vinyl until early 1992. Around then my stylus became very unreliable so I started buying some stuff on cassette. Then at the end of the year I got a new stereo (with a CD player) so from 1993 onwards about 80% of what I bought was on CD. I'm guessing Britain was behind America in adopting this technology: when my Dad got his first CD player in 1989 this was a BIG DEAL - I don't think I'd ever heard a CD before and I was expecting some kind of magical sound transformation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.514080047607422, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The first time I heard a CD was probably in 1985. It was the main theme from Star Wars and at the time it sounded amazing. I realized later it was mostly because it was played LOUD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011557579040527, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "my uncle and aunt had a CD player ca. 1986. i think they eventually had soundtracks for e.g. LA BAMBA and TOP GUN, not to mention barbara streisand records, andrew lloyd webber, etc. i remember listening to their STAND BY ME soundtrack a lot. their oldest son, who would have been born about 1966, only had vinyl and he used to sit me down in front of his collection, give me a pack of C90s, and tell me to dub whatever i wanted. sweet. i got the buzzcocks, lots of reggae records, etc. that way. their middle son was the first young person i knew to have his own CD player; he had one of the first \"boom boxes\" (or cheap all-in-one stereos, at least) to include a CD player. i remember him having the 3rd english beat album, which i still love. i also remember trying to dub it, by turning on the CD player and the tape deck at the same time. i left for lunch and when i came back i retrieved the cassette. days later when i went to play it, i realized that the CD had been skipping constantly over the same 1-2 second snippet for 45 minutes, so i had some kind of avant-garde minimalist piece on my hands. anyway. boring story.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.163289070129395, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "My first experience of CD was probably REM's Green, which did sound fantastic because my brother's Arcam/Ruark stereo was leagues better than the 1978 Crown music-centre I was used to.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721007347106934, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "My first experience of CD in my own home was the first Tindersticks album (yes, I know - the vinyl had an extra track); though I'd been buying CDs for 18 months or so, I was actually taping them at friends' houses as I didn't have playback gear myself. Finally bought a CD player and was completely smitten. Mazzy Star's So Tonight... was the other CD I bought that day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.657416343688965, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Am I right in thinking that Brothers In Arms was the first big CD release, the album that started driving consumers towards the new format? I think cassettes were the dominant format for 2-3 years in the late 80s before CDs took over, but I could be wrong. This is from a UK perspective, maybe it was different in the US. My tape deck self-destructed recently so I binned it, and can't really imagine replacing it, which is a shame because I still have about 20 cassettes. Um, maybe Hated In The Nation by GG Allin goes for big bucks on ebay in that format...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.970155239105225, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "My memory is that the change happened relatively quickly. In 1988 my band's was given a CD release as well and none of us had anything to play it on. The record company logic was that little enough stuff was available still, and people with the new tech would buy any old shite, just to have something to play.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491921424865723, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I remember distinctly less than 3 years later, in Dublin anyway, it was very difficult to find new releases on vinyl. The megastore had banished them completely. I didn't get a CD player until '93 - a cast off - and the first record i remember buying in the new format was Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain, because i couldn't find it on vinyl - Slanted and Enchanted had presented no such problem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.622172355651855, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I never particularly liked buying CDs and my level of new music consumption dropped drastically until the early years of this decade as a result.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055154800415039, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I always thought the UK might have been a little behind the US on abandoning cassettes and picking up CDs, since my friends at school were still buying tapes and many of them were unable to listen to CDs until about 1994, but '98 seems pretty late. I remember in '98-'99 the cassette section was pretty much being squeezed out at my local music shops - bought a bunch of tapes cheap, which was cool, except that even 2 years later I never listened to tapes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.129711151123047, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Regarding western Europe, CD's seemed to become big between 1987-1988. This was also caused by independent labels starting to release their stuff on CD. For example: a metal lover had no reason to buy a cd-player before 1986, as there was hardly anything available to his liking. That all changed in the aforementioned time-period. Around 1990 most stores had switched to selling cd's exclusively. The majority of new releases wasn't made available on vinyl anymore too, around that time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.726470947265625, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "That all changed in the aforementioned time-period. Around 1990 most stores had switched to selling cd's exclusively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.553507804870605, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I can only speak for Finland, but this certainly wasn't the case in here. Up until 1992 or 1993 the stores carried more cassettes than CDs, and even though CDs became more prevalent than cassettes around 1993, most stores still had a cassette section for the next 5 years or so.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.722468376159668, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Yes, I would have said pretty much the same for the UK. Certainly don't recall CDs outnumbering tapes in 1990, though this was around the time that CDs started to really take hold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44561767578125, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Yes, I would have said pretty much the same for the UK. Certainly don't recall CDs outnumbering tapes in 1990, though this was around the time that CDs started to really take hold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44561767578125, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Yeah, my Dad got a CD player in '90 or '91, and while the technology was hardly new then we only knew one other person with one, and I remember the racks being fairly limited (maybe one aisle to four tape aisles, though this was at a W H Smith, but music was a much bigger part of their business back then IIRC) when I went to buy myself my first CD to play on it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533980369567871, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CDs probably took up the majority of floorspace here in the UK since about '92, and cassettes finally died in the late 90s. Vinyl has been relegated to a small back section (mostly dance 12\"s, some horribly overpriced new indie LPs) for as long as I remember.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.924578666687012, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I was an early CD adopter I guess-- I started buying music on vinyl around 1983 but by 1985 I was only buying CDs. My music-loving older brother, who was a big influence on me, was also a bit of an audiophile, and he said CDs were the only way to go. I never bought music on cassette and have probably only bought 10 or so such tapes in my life to listen to in the car. During the '80s and early '90s, before portable CDs, I would tape my CDs to listen to in the car or on my Walkman. In the late '90s I started buying music on vinyl again, almost always used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.988896369934082, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i can remember buying a few mainstream things on vinyl up until the late 80s, even though my family switched to mostly cassette buying sometime in the mid 80s. i can remember buying cassette singles especially into the early 90s, i guess it was Christmas '92 when i got a little shelf system with a CD player on it. and after then i bought only CDs for mainstream music, with vinyl creeping back in around 94 when i discovered punk shows and cheap vinyl shops around my high school. in 97 i started deejaying and the huge percentage of what i buy is vinyl. i do still buy CDs, especially underground releases that are CD only as well as some classic jazz and neo soul things that i might also have on vinyl but want for more convenient listening.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.335356712341309, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i do recall that when i started working at a mainstream music shop in late 98, new cassettes still had a decent sized section, but they were hidden in the back and very few people every fucked with them. we also sold used CDs, and being in the middle of the college section of town we did a huge business with them at that time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.671405792236328, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "1. I had forgotten that cassette sales surpassed vinyl sales for about 4-5 years before CD sales did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.316476821899414, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I bought a goodly number of LPs during the vinyl cash out at that time, but the last few new records I could easily procure on LP were \"Trompe Le Monde\" and \"Look Ma, No Head\" which were already relegated to a single bin of LPs at my regular record shop. That would have been late 1991. I think they had more space for 7\" at that point. I bought mail order for about a year, but by 1993, stopped trying to support LPs. A few years later, in Pittsburgh, I found myself working and living across the street from Jerry's Records, just as he decided to forgo CDs and only deal in his massive backlog of vinyl. Uninterested in contemporary rock at the time, I lived off of his $4 and $5 LPs for a long time. Never liked CDs too much, and was happy MP3s came along to solve all the problems of portability, $17 retail prices, and cracked jewel boxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.79107141494751, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "This is exactly my experience. My parents bought their first CD player in 1989 and switched from cassettes to CD-exclusive. Before that, though, the last piece of new vinyl my parents ever bought was the 45 rpm single for Hall & Oates' \"Method of Modern Love.\" My memory's hazy, but 1984-1985 may have been the last time my household was vinyl-exclusive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.89106559753418, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I do know that the first tape I ever bought with my own money was Wham!'s Make It Big in '85. Although I bought my first CD in 1990 (the first Michael Penn album), I stuck with cassettes until I got a real job, then would by them intermittently throughout the nineties. Places like Best Buy would stock cassettes until 1998 or 1999 for ridiculously low prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.001264572143555, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Funny how old formats survive in cars - I've just gotten my first car to have a CD player (it's a mere 12 yo) and the boxes of CDs that have been nearly untouched for the past 5 years are out of their box and back in circulation: more than that, CDs are ridiculously cheap in charity shops now, so lots of stuff I wouldn't but at vinyl prices gets a look in.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82142162322998, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "my last, i think, was the motown box set -- \"hitsville USA.\" at one point one of the tapes broke, and i actually convinced the record store to let me have a CD copy and i just paid the difference!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.334647178649902, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "When did they invent cassette singles? I don't remember them at all when I was buying 7 inches in the 80s. Did CD singles come after or before?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.414498329162598, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "My stepmother got a CD player in maybe 1985, the first thing I heard on it was Gregorian chants. \"Wow, when they stop singing it's like totally silent\" was the reaction. I went through a very brief period in 1989 where I bought stuff on cassette because the vinyl was hard to find ( I specifically remember having to do this with Camper Van Beethoven and Public Enemy albums). Then I got involved with a gal who had a CD player, and started buying CDs in 1990. By the time we broke up in 1993 I had more CDs than she did.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.699566841125488, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "When did they invent cassette singles? I don't remember them at all when I was buying 7 inches in the 80s. Did CD singles come after or before?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.414498329162598, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Weird trivia that matters to nobody but me: the first two Dustdevils albums sound better (more bass) on cassette than on vinyl. People always compare CD to vinyl, but I'm sure there are other cases where cassette takes the prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.026377201080322, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "There were 3-inch CD singles in 1987: They Might Be Giants had one for \"Don't Let's Start\" (maybe more properly called an EP - it had 4 songs).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.911779403686523, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Robyn Hitchcock had one for \"Balloon Man\" circa '88 and I remember owning a Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam one around that time. You may recall the adaptor you had to use to make them fit the CD tray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132243156433105, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "\"People always compare CD to vinyl, but I'm sure there are other cases where cassette takes the prize.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.032115936279297, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i still listen to a lot of old metal and rap on tape. i prefer it, actually. i always thought that a lot of 80's rap on tape sounded better than cd or vinyl. (a lot of rap albums from back then - not 12 inch singles - were pressed on the cruddiest vinyl and a lot of rap CDs back then were just put on cd really badly. but that's true of a lot of 80's CDs. so, i guess i should say that i like old rap either as 12 inch single or tape. again, with old metal, a lot of cruddy vinyl used by cheap-ass metal labels. this wasn't a problem with tapes. and they really did often sound better.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.365239143371582, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Do anyone think it dawned on the record companies that digital storage without a physical product was on the way and the CD was an attempt to go back to the well one last time? or did they seriously believe it would remain a high value 'top- end' kind of thing? it must have been clear that they cost 2p to make and that the copying process wasn't anything like as complex as making a vinyl record, so that, quite soon, folk would be making them at home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.652084350585938, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "considering they tried to foist minidisc on us as the CD's successor i doubt it really", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.736713409423828, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I've long had this image in my head of the CD being introduced in a boardroom meeting, and a John Hammond/Amhet Ertegun-era oldster saying, \"But if each disc is a perfect copy, what prevents anyone from making a perfect copy for themselves?\" and being laughed at by the younger executives, who explain that they have to be made in clean rooms by guys in air-tight suits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492703437805176, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I've long had this image in my head of the CD being introduced in a boardroom meeting, and a John Hammond/Amhet Ertegun-era oldster saying, \"But if each disc is a perfect copy, what prevents anyone from making a perfect copy for themselves?\" and being laughed at by the younger executives, who explain that they have to be made in clean rooms by guys in air-tight suits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.492703437805176, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Just on the notion of what tech was available at the time - in my mind the first sampling technology (fairlights, the emax), and the first stirrings of digital recording seem contemporary with the introduction of the CD and i know there were lads in studios who foresaw that becoming cheaper and home based. Put it another way;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.493208885192871, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i think if they did see it coming, they wouldnt have persevered with cds, considering how easy it is to rip cds to mp3s and fileshare them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703218460083008, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "1985-1988 - The era of walkmens and boomboxes/mini stereos with double cassette decks, woo hoo! Does anyone remember the particular smell of the new clear cassettes? If I were to smell it today, it would give me a Smiths/Cure/New Order flashback. I continued to buy boxes of blank cassettes until about 1998, when I got a CD burner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.596185207366943, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "1988 - Bought my first CD player, hooked up to my mini stereo. It sounded way better than the cassettes with their muddy noise reduction. First CDs were Joy Division - Substance and Dukes of Stratosphear comp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.20806884765625, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I continued to buy used vinyl for my radio show because a lot of stuff wasn't available on CD yet. I also bought some indie 45s, a good way to sample bands. My turntable broke around 1997 and I didn't bother getting another.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.187214851379395, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Started listening to bought music in 1992, this was all on tape bar my Mum & Dad's vinyl copy of ABBA: The Album. Saved up and bought a CD/tape boombox (with two tape decks of course) about a year or so later, first purchase being Now! 23 which I bought in a bargain bin the same day. Bought a mixture of CDs and tapes throughout the '90s (mostly the former), some singles on vinyl too. Anyone else remember the brief mid-'90s trend for £4.99 new cassette albums (Ash's 1977 and the self-titled Charlatans album, both of which my brother bought)? I carried on using cassettes for copying other peoples' CDs/vinyl through uni though, this was up to about 2002. I don't think I've got any tapes left, there was a box at my parents' house but I think I threw them all away...", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.080221176147461, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Clear enough that in the UK/Ireland it was the cassette that killed vinyl, not the CD. Seems if you were born anytime after 1970, you were unilikely to have had the money or the equipment to support a vinyl habit as a kid, and so went straight to cassette and from there to Cd after school/ college", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.124171257019043, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "i think if they did see it coming, they wouldnt have persevered with cds, considering how easy it is to rip cds to mp3s and fileshare them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703218460083008, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Am I right in thinking that Brothers In Arms was the first big CD release, the album that started driving consumers towards the new format?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66440486907959, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Yeah, I remember reading back around 1985 or early '86 that Dire Straits were, at that point, the bestselling CD artists in the brief history of the format - not just \"Brothers\", but their entire back catalog.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.819811820983887, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Guess that's true. if you look at the NYT graphic above, peak year for Cds ('99) was worth double the peak year for Vinyl ('78) - still though, the world was richer, there were whole new parts of the world that weren't markets in '78 opened up..... I guess i'm wondering if the growth had much to do with the medium? (it was cheaper to make, cheaper to ship and store etc.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882052421569824, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I didn't get a cd player until about 1989, and even then I bought a large amount of vinyl. I never bought many tapes because I'd heard people thought vinyl sounded better though how much better it sounded on the shitty stereo I had from Montgomery Wards was debatable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78961181640625, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The only stand-alone CD player I've owned is a Sony Discman earned through Camel Cash. Thank you Joe!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.080580711364746, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I got my first CD player in 1985, and I bought a portable \"car\" model (supposed to be more shock-resistant) a few years after. I ended up not using the portable one in my car because leaving the $200 player and a stack of CDs in there seemed like a bad idea, so when the home deck died I hooked up the portable, and I'm still using it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645890235900879, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I don't remember when I switched from vinyl to CDs, probably when the price differential wasn't that much. I pretty much wouldn't dream of buying vinyl today unless it's a cheap, used LP, of something I'm kind of interested in. (Last purchases: 4 jazz LPs for $3, and before that the 2 Mick Ronson LPs for $1 each.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51616382598877, "source": "search", "title": "When did the compact disc overtake the vinyl record?" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WELCOME TO THE HOME PAGE OF CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE. AUDIO TAPE CASSETTES REPAIRED AND  CONVERTED TO CD   (CASSETTE TO CD).  (VHS TO DVD)  VHS VIDEO TAPES CONVERTED TO DVD, (VHS-C TO DVD)  VHS-C  CAMCORDER TAPES CONVERTED TO DVD.8mm CAMCORDER VIDEO TAPES CONVERTED TO CD. REPAIR SERVICE FOR AUDIO AND VIDEO  CASSETTE  TAPES  AS   WELL  AS    CD's and DVD's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.044602394104004, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CONVERSION OF ANALOGUE SOURCES OF SOUND OR VIDEO ON EITHER  TAPE OR VINYL TO DIGITAL FORMATS SUCH AS CD OR DVD UNDERTAKEN FROM ONLY £9.00 PER ITEM INCLUSIVE OF RETURN POSTAGE AND BLANK DISCS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.034919738769531, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "SPOKEN WORD ITEMS (TALKING BOOKS) ARE OUR SPECIALITY BUT WE CAN ALSO REPAIR MUSIC AND LANGUAGE COURSE TAPES, AS WELL AS TAPES OF SPECIAL INTEREST SUCH AS RAILWAY SOUND EFFECTS / WILDLIFE OR FAMILY MEMORIES. MUSIC DEMO TAPE CASSETTES CAN ALSO BE REPAIRED AND TRANSFERED ONTO CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.808513641357422, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "SOUND CAN BE TRANSFERED ONTO CD", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752873420715332, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "THE RECORDED SOUND ON ANY AUDIO TAPE CASSETTE INCLUDING FAMILY MEMORIES CAN BE TRANSFERED TO THE MORE SECURE FORMAT OF CD WITH THE TAPE BEING REPAIRED FIRST IF REQUIRED. IDEAL IF YOU HAVE FAVOURITE TAPES THAT YOU LIKE TO PLAY WHILST DRIVING BUT YOUR CAR ONLY HAS A CD PLAYER.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.597474575042725, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WE CAN TRANSFER THE SOUND FROM MICRO-CASSETTES (AS USED IN OLD STYLE DICTATION MACHINES AND TELEPHONE ANSWERING MACHINES) TO CD USING DIGITAL TECHNIQUES THUS ENABLING THE SOUND FROM THIS OBSOLETE MEDIUM TO BE PRSERVED. APART FROM SPLICING A BROKEN TAPE THESE TAPES DON'T USUALLY NEED TO BE REPAIRED FURTHER TO ENABLE THE SOUND TO BE TRANSFERED TO DISC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.914735794067383, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CD'S AND DVD'S REPAIRED ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.039764404296875, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CD'S AND DVD'S REPAIRED WITH A PROFESSIONAL DISC REPAIR MACHINE LEAVING MOST DISCS LOOKING AND PLAYING LIKE NEW. SCRATCHES AND SCUFF MARKS WHICH CAUSE JUMPING OR STALLING DURING PLAY ARE REMOVED.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.213789939880371, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WE CAN REPAIR MUSIC CD'S AND MOVIE DVD'S AS WELL AS SPOKEN WORD CD'S AND MP3 DISCS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620611190795898, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "WE CAN ALSO TRANSFER LP RECORDS ONTO CD'S WHICH IS IDEAL IF YOU HAVE A FAVOURITE LP AND NO RECORD DECK TO PLAY IT ON ANYMORE. WE CAN CLEAN UP THE SOUND TO GET RID OF SOME OF THE CRACKLES AN HISS TYPE NOISE SOME OLD VINYL SUFFERS FROM. EACH TRACK ON AN LP IS MADE INTO A SEPERATE TRACK ON THE FINISHED CD WHICH OFTEN SOUNDS BETTER AND CLEARER THAN THE ORIGINAL VINYL RECORD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.21583890914917, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "ALL THIS IS A TIME CONSUMING PROCESS AND IT CAN TAKE A SKILLED ENGINEER IN EXCESS OF 2 HOURS TO PRODUCE A CD OF A C90 TAPE CASSETTE. THIS IS WHY OUR CHARGES ARE WHAT THEY ARE AS WE OFFER A QUALITY SERVICE WITH CAREFULLY PRODUCED DISCS. WE TAKE A PRIDE IN OUR WORK AS OUR CUSTOMERS EXPECT THE DIGITAL CONVERSIONS WE PRODUCE TO BE OF HIGH QUALITY.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.940547943115234, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "AUDIO CASSETTE TRANSFERED TO CD AT £15.00. SOUND FROM CASSETTE TRANSFERED ONTO CD WITH SEPERATE TRACKS ON CD WHERE POSSIBLE FOR EACH ITEM / SECTION.  PRICES INCLUDES BLANK CD-R AND RETURN POSTAGE IN THE UK.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.037092208862305, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "ALSO INCLUDES SPLITTING SOUND FROM TAPE INTO TRACKS AS ON ORIGINAL TAPE (WHERE THIS IS POSSIBLE), REMOVING TAPE HISS AND BACKGROUND NOISE FROM RECORDING (WHERE QUALITY OF ORIGINAL RECORDING ALLOWS THIS), PRINTED CD COVER WITH TRACK LISTINGS / DETAILS. A QUALITY CD CASE (NOT A CHEAP FLIMSY 'POUNDSHOP' TYPE) AND YOUR TAPE TRANSFRED ONTO A QUALITY BLANK CD SUCH AS VERBATIM / MAXELL OR SONY-WE DO NOT USE CHEAP UNBRANDED DISCS FROM POUNDSHOPS AS THEY ARE GENERALLY OF POOR QUALITY. ALSO INCLUDES RETURN POSTAGE BACK TO YOU BY ROYAL MAIL FIRST CLASS POST.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.232697486877441, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "EXTRA COPIES OF CD'S AVAILABLE AT £5.00 EACH ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654914855957031, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "AUDIO CASSETTE TAPE REPAIRED AND TRANSFERED ONTO CD AT £20.00 INCLUDING REPAIR OF TAPE / SPARES PARTS USED IF REQUIRED,QUALITY BLANK CD-R AND RETURN POSTAGE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.966978549957275, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "ALSO INCLUDES SPLITTING SOUND FROM TAPE INTO TRACKS AS ON ORIGINAL TAPE (WHERE THIS IS POSSIBLE), REMOVING TAPE HISS AND BACKGROUND NOISE (IF QUALITY OF ORIGINAL RECORDING ALLOWS THIS), PRINTED COVER FOR CD WITH TRACK LISTING / DETAILS. A QUALITY CD CASE (NOT A FLIMSY CHEAP 'POUNDSHOP TYPE') AND YOUR TAPE TRANSFRED ONTO A QUALITY BLANK CD - SUCH AS VERBATIM / MAXELL OR SONY. ALSO INCLUDES RETURN POSTAGE BACK TO YOU BY FIRST CLASS ROYAL MAIL POST.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.628962516784668, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "EXTRA CD'S AVAILABLE OF EACH COPIED DISC AT £5.00 EACH ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.427905082702637, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "QUANTITY PRICES FOR AUDIO CASSETTE TO CD CONVERSIONS.  (WITHOUT A TAPE REPAIR)  WIITH A TAPE REPAIR AT £5.00 EXTRA PER TAPE CASSETTE", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.851537704467773, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "1 CASSETTE CONVERTED TO CD @ £15.00    WITH 1 TAPE REPAIR £20.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.134180068969727, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "2 CASSETTES CONVERTED TO CD @ £30.00   WITH  WITH 1 TAPE REPAIR £35.00 OR WITH 2 TAPE REPAIRS AT £40.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.878807067871094, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "3 CASSETTES CONVERTED TO CD AT £45.00   WITH 1 TAPE REPAIR £50.00,WITH 2 TAPE REPAIRS £55.00 OR WITH 3 TAPE REPAIRS £60.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.725224494934082, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "4 CASSETTES CONVERTEDTO CD @ £60.00    WITH  1 TAPE REPAIR £65.00,WITH 2 TAPE REPAIRS £70.00, WITH 3 TAPE REPAIRS £75.00, WITH 4 TAPE REPAIRS £800.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.499872207641602, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "5 CASSETTES CONVERTEDTO CD AT  £75.00   WITH  1 TAPE REPAIR £80.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.053110599517822, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "6 CASSETTES CONVERTED TO CD AT £90.00    WITH  1TAPE REPAIR £95.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.021982192993164, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "7 CASSETTES CONVERTED TO CD AT £105.00   WITH  1 TAPE REPAIR £120.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.857795238494873, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "8 CASSETTES CONVERTEDTO CD AT £120.00    WITH 1TAPE REPAIR £125.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5006489753723145, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "9 CASSETTES CONVERTEDTO CD AT £135.00    WITH  WITH 1 TAPE £140.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.160985946655273, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "10 CASSETTES CONVERTEDTO CD AT £150.00  WITH 1 TAPE REPAIR £160.00", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.237988471984863, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "11 TO 99 CASSETTES CONVERTED TO CD AT £13.00 EACH WITHOUT REPAIR OR  PLUS £5.00 PER TAPE REPAIRED", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.857015609741211, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "100 PLUS CASSETTES CONVERTED TO CD AT £12.00 EACH WITHOUT REPAIR OR PLUS £5.00 PER TAPE REPAIRED", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.111141681671143, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CD / DVD / GAME DISC REPAIR / REFURBISHMENT AT £3.00 PER DISC INCLUDING RETURN POSTAGE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.952773094177246, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "MINI DISC TO CD COPYING / CONVERSION ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.587601184844971, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "MINI DISCS COPIED TO CD AT £15.00 PER MINI DISC INCLUDING A QUALITY BALNK CD, CD CASE AND RETURN POSTAGE BACK TO YOU. THE CD WILL BE SPLIT INTO TRACKS WHERE POSSIBLE SO THAT EACH ITEM / PIECE OF MUSIC ON THE MINI DISC IS A SEPERATE TRACK ON THE FINISHED CD.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.303471565246582, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "CD TO CD COPYING AT £5.00 PER DISC COPIED INCLUDING BLANK CD AND RETURN POSTAGE.  ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.836725234985352, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "EXTRA DISCS (CD OR DVD) AT £5.00 EACH IF ORDERED AT SAME TIME AS COPYING ORDER PLACED.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.051945686340332, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "EXTRA CD DISCS CAN BE ORDERED UP TO 30 DAYS AFTER INITIAL ORDER HAS BEEN DESPATCHED AT £6.00 PER DISC INCLUSIVE OF  DELIVERY POSTAGE TO A UK ADDRESS.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.604516983032227, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "AUDIO TAPE CASSETTE REPAIR IF REQUIRED AND COPYING OF SOUND TO CD", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.171041488647461, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "FOR JUST £20.00 INCLUDING TAPE REPAIR IF REQUIRED, QUALITY BLANK CD AND RETURN UK POSTAGE WHEN PAYING BY CASH, CHEQUE OR POSTAL ORDER. FOR EUROPE AIRMAIL POSTAL DELIVERY ADD £3.00. FOR WORLWIDE OUTSIDE EUROPE AIRMAIL DELIVERY ADD £5.00.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.053945541381836, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Many thanks for dong a superb job on transferring a cassrtte to CD. The recipient of the CD was delighted.     V. T.  of Warwickshire    July 2014", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630631446838379, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Thank you so much for the CD with my 1982 party on it transferred from the cassette tape. It hadn't been heard for quite a few years and it was a very bittersweet listen. Thanks again!        V. J. of  Edinburgh   July 2014", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.916760444641113, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The CD's arrived this morning and I am delighted with them. The cassette they were made from was made 30 years ago, so having the recording on CD is just wonderful. J. McG of Ayrshire  Sept,2014", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.429421424865723, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Re : Cassette to CD conversion. Awesome job Mate! Where can I leave you a glowing review? I'll definitely be in touch with you again in the future. D.B of Cheshire October,2014", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.712557792663574, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "The package arrived on time and in good condition. The CD recording fully comes up to expectations. I much appreciate all your careful attention to this. I will certainly use your services again should the need arise in  the future and have no hesitation whatsover in recommending you to others.   C.B. of Chislehurst  Dec,2014", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.666834831237793, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Thanks for the excellent service. My family were thrilled with the CD's made from the cassette tape. S.H of Crowthorne, Berks Jan,2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.276583671569824, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "I am delighted to have received the cassette back toghether with the 3 CD's. Excellent service! Thank you.  M.H. of Crediton  Jan,2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.884591102600098, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Just received the CD's / cassette back. Excellent prompt service! Thanks very much. Well pleased!  P.M of Preston Jan,2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.561684608459473, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Thanks for mending the old cassette tape. I'm thrilled to bits after playing the CD that you made from it. Made me very happy with cherished family memories. Thanks for doing it all so quickly and professionally. S. D. of Tamworth, Staffs Feb,2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.04214859008789, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "Very many thanks for the CD. Delighted with the result. Evershed Family Sept,2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.629125595092773, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "You've done an amazing job in rescuing a childhood favourite of mine and putting it onto CD. I can't thank you enough!   C.P of London June, 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215266227722168, "source": "search", "title": "CASSETTE REPAIR SERVICE - HOME PAGE" }, { "answer": "Compact Disc", "passage": "The earliest rotation speeds varied widely. Most music records made in 1900–1925 were recorded at 74–82 revolutions per minute (RPM). However a few unusual systems were deployed. The Dutch Philips company introduced records whose rotational speed varied such that the reproducing \"needle\" ran at a constant linear velocity (CLV) in the groove. These records also, unusually, played from the inside to the outside. Both of these features were to be emulated by the modern day Compact Disc. The London Science Museum displays a Philips music record marked as \"Speed D\". It is one of these CLV disks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.605668067932129, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" }, { "answer": "C D", "passage": "In 1958 the first stereo two-channel records were issued—by Audio Fidelity in the USA and Pye in Britain, using the Westrex \"45/45\" single-groove system. While the stylus moves horizontally when reproducing a monophonic disc recording, on stereo music records the stylus moves vertically as well as horizontally.In the Westrex system, each channel drives the cutting head at a 45 degree angle to the vertical. During playback the combined signal is sensed by a left channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the inner side of the groove, and a right channel coil mounted diagonally opposite the outer side of the groove.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.257508754730225, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" }, { "answer": "C D", "passage": "• higher fidelity in general, because the \"difference\" signal is usually of low power and thus less affected by the intrinsic distortion of hill-and-dale recording.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.940740585327148, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" }, { "answer": "Cd", "passage": "In 1955 Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961 Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.238332271575928, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" }, { "answer": "C D", "passage": "In the late 1970s and 1980s, a method to improve the dynamic range of mass produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.143553733825684, "source": "search", "title": "History of Vinyl Music Records - Vinyl-Record.co.uk" } ]

[ { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "On October 13, 1951 the only son of Groucho, Arthur Marx, published a version of the anecdote in Collier’s Magazine. This is the earliest variant by a close family member with intimate knowledge of Groucho. Over the years Arthur Marx recounted different narratives of this episode, and some will be presented further below. In 1951 he said that Groucho joined the Friars Club at the insistence of friends, but he did not participate. So Groucho sent in a letter of resignation [AMG1]:", "precise_score": 5.055593490600586, "rough_score": 4.0436625480651855, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "Groucho Marx, irrepressible wit. In resigning from the Friars club Mr. Marx, incapable of passing up an opportunity for a gag-line, wrote: “I don’t want to belong to any club that will accept me as a member.”", "precise_score": 7.1916351318359375, "rough_score": 7.428806781768799, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "Groucho Marx recently, I’m told, resigned from the Friars Club with the simple, chilly explanation: “I don’t want to belong to any club that would accept me as one of its members.”", "precise_score": 7.836307048797607, "rough_score": 7.653384685516357, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "On October 13, 1951 the only son of Groucho, Arthur Marx, published a version of the anecdote in Collier’s Magazine. This is the earliest variant by a close family member with intimate knowledge of Groucho. Over the years Arthur Marx recounted different narratives of this episode, and some will be presented further below. In 1951 he said that Groucho joined the Friars Club at the insistence of friends, but he did not participate. So Groucho sent in a letter of resignation [AMG1]:", "precise_score": 5.055593490600586, "rough_score": 4.0436625480651855, "source": "search", "title": "Groucho Marx | Quote Investigator | Page 2" }, { "answer": "Friar's Club", "passage": "Telegram to the Friar's Club of Beverly Hills to which he belonged, as recounted in Groucho and Me (1959), p. 321", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.306672096252441, "source": "search", "title": "Groucho Marx - Wikiquote" }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "Friars Club? Delaney Club? Beverly Hills Tennis Club? Hillcrest Country Club?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275128364562988, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "The club is called: The Friars Club of Beverly Hills, The Delaney Club, The Lambs Club, The Beverly Hills Tennis Club, or The Hillcrest Country Club. What do you think?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76581859588623, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "In 1988 Groucho’s son wrote another description of the resignation in his book “My Life with Groucho: A Son’s Eye View”. In this version Groucho resigned from the Hillcrest Country Club and not the Friars Club or the Delaney Club [AMG3].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9704660177230835, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "On November 2, 1949 the columnist John Crosby told the tale. He said the resignation was from the Friars club and the wording of the message was the same as that given in Erskine Johnson’s column [JCGR]. In January of 1950 the high-circulation Reader’s Digest mentioned the anecdote and cited Crosby [RDGR]:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6730170249938965, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "To the Friars Club in Hollywood, from which he recently resigned, he sent the following note: “I do not care to belong to a club that accepts people like me as members.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.347374677658081, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "Once, however, when he was in a gregarious mood, he let some friends persuade him to join the Friars Club. After months of refusing to take part in any of the club’s activities, he finally decided it was foolish to pay dues any longer and sent in his resignation. In the next mail, he received a letter from the club’s president, wanting to know why he had resigned. My father promptly wrote back, “Because I don’t want to belong to any club that would have me as a member!”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.6851186752319336, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "Jessel has always been able to make Father laugh, and as a favor to him, he joined the Hollywood chapter of the Friars Club a couple of years ago. But Father doesn’t like club life, and, after a few months, he dropped out. The Friars were disappointed over losing him, and wanted to know why he was resigning. They weren’t satisfied with his original explanation — that he just didn’t have time to participate in the club’s activities. He must have another, more valid reason, they felt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.059326171875, "source": "search", "title": "I Don’t Want to Belong to Any Club That Will Accept Me as ..." }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "Friars Club? Delaney Club? Beverly Hills Tennis Club? Hillcrest Country Club?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275128364562988, "source": "search", "title": "Groucho Marx | Quote Investigator | Page 2" }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "The club is called: The Friars Club of Beverly Hills, The Delaney Club, The Lambs Club, The Beverly Hills Tennis Club, or The Hillcrest Country Club. What do you think?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76581859588623, "source": "search", "title": "Groucho Marx | Quote Investigator | Page 2" }, { "answer": "Friars Club", "passage": "In 1988 Groucho’s son wrote another description of the resignation in his book “My Life with Groucho: A Son’s Eye View”. In this version Groucho resigned from the Hillcrest Country Club and not the Friars Club or the Delaney Club [AMG3].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9704660177230835, "source": "search", "title": "Groucho Marx | Quote Investigator | Page 2" } ]