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6dh48q
|
what are the limitations of genetic engineering in adults?
|
[
{
"answer": "It is possible, in theory, to develop and administer a genetic treatment that would help an adult. There are a number of ways that this could be done, but in a certain sense CAR T cells are already a genetic treatment that is undergoing clinical trials. For a genetic treatment to work, you need to get that the following questions/issues:\n\n1. **What and how much am I trying to change?** Breaking a gene is much easier than *fixing* a gene, and most genetic manipulations people like to dream up involves fixing things. Keep in mind that fixing things, even with CRISPR, is not an efficient process (2-50%, depending on conditions). So that means if you want to fix a lot of stuff in a cell, you're going to have an increasingly low chance of doing all of it!\n\n2. **What and how many cells am I trying to change?** If you only need to change a few cells, that is good in a certain sense because if you have a 10% chance of changing them, your odds of changing all of them gets better the fewer cells involved. That said, targeting the treatment to specific cells is generally more difficult than hitting random cells.\n\n3. **Where and how are you going to get the treatment to the cells?** Many people imagine changing all of the DNA within all of the cells in our body by taking some sort of shot. This would be called an *in vivo* treatment, and there are a lot of difficulties involved with doing it this way. CRISPR-Cas9 needs to be packaged into something to get delivered to the cells, and all the options we have for delivery are a compromise between amount delivered, specificity of delivery, and coverage of delivery. This is a very difficult problem that many people are working on. However, *in vivo* delivery isn't the only option. You could take a sample of the person's cells and grow them in a dish, and then apply the genetic treatment to those cells, then reintroduce them into the person. This would not lead to the treatment changing *every cell* in the body, but sometimes you don't need to do that. I mentioned [CAR T cells](_URL_0_) earlier, which are T cells isolated from the blood of the patient that are genetically modified outside the body (*ex vivo* or sometimes *in vitro*), and then are reintroduced into the body.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8406655",
"title": "Introduction to genetics",
"section": "Section::::Genetic engineering.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 418,
"text": "The kind of technology used in genetic engineering is also being developed to treat people with genetic disorders in an experimental medical technique called gene therapy. However, here the new gene is put in after the person has grown up and become ill, so any new gene is not inherited by their children. Gene therapy works by trying to replace the allele that causes the disease with an allele that works properly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7230444",
"title": "Bioconservatism",
"section": "Section::::Philosophical arguments for bioconservatism.:Michael Sandel's arguments.:Humility.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 304,
"text": "I do not think the main problem with enhancement and genetic engineering is that they undermine effort and erode human agency. The deeper danger is that they represent a kind of hyperagency—a Promethean aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12383",
"title": "Genetic engineering",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 454,
"text": "Genetic engineering could potentially fix severe genetic disorders in humans by replacing the defective gene with a functioning one. It is an important tool in research that allows the function of specific genes to be studied. Drugs, vaccines and other products have been harvested from organisms engineered to produce them. Crops have been developed that aid food security by increasing yield, nutritional value and tolerance to environmental stresses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7230444",
"title": "Bioconservatism",
"section": "Section::::Philosophical arguments for bioconservatism.:Jürgen Habermas's arguments.:Asymmetrical relationships.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 1042,
"text": "Habermas suggested that genetic human enhancements would create asymmetric relationships that endanger democracy, which is premised on the idea of moral equality. He claims that regardless of the scope of the modifications, the very knowledge of enhancement obstructs symmetrical relationships between parents and their children. The child’s genome was interfered with nonconsensually, making predecessors responsible for the traits in question. Unlike for thinkers like Fukuyama, Habermas' point is not that these traits might produce different ‘types of humans’. Rather, he placed the emphasis on how \"others\" are responsible in choosing these traits. This is the fundamental difference between natural traits and human enhancement, and it is what bears decisive weight for Habermas: the child’s autonomy as self-determination is violated. However, Habermas does acknowledge that, for example, making one's son very tall in the hope that they will become a basketball player does not automatically determine that he will choose this path. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12891",
"title": "Gene therapy",
"section": "Section::::Speculative uses.:Human genetic engineering.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 718,
"text": "Genetic engineering could be used to cure diseases, but also to change physical appearance, metabolism, and even improve physical capabilities and mental faculties such as memory and intelligence. Ethical claims about germline engineering include beliefs that every fetus has a right to remain genetically unmodified, that parents hold the right to genetically modify their offspring, and that every child has the right to be born free of preventable diseases. For parents, genetic engineering could be seen as another child enhancement technique to add to diet, exercise, education, training, cosmetics, and plastic surgery. Another theorist claims that moral concerns limit but do not prohibit germline engineering.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27007275",
"title": "Eugenics in the United States",
"section": "Section::::History.:Eugenics After World War II.:Genetic engineering.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 72,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 72,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "Proponents of genetic engineering cite its ability to cure and prevent life-threatening diseases. Genetic engineering began in the 1970s when scientists began to clone and engineer genes. From this, scientists were able to create human insulin, the first-ever genetically-engineered drug. Because of this development, over the years scientists were able to create new drugs to treat devastating diseases. For example, in the early 1990s, a group of scientists were able to use a gene-drug to treat severe combined immunodeficiency in a young girl. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37690706",
"title": "Epigenetics of schizophrenia",
"section": "Section::::Epigenetic alterations.:Heritability.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 655,
"text": "Studies have shown that epigenetic changes can be passed on to future generations through meiosis and mitosis. These findings suggest that environmental factors that the parents face can possibly affect how the child's genetic code is regulated. Research findings have shown this to be true for patients with schizophrenia as well. In rats, the transmission of maternal behavior and even stress responses can be attributed to how certain genes in the hippocampus of the mother are methylated. Another study has shown that the methylation of the BDNF gene, which can be affected by early life stress and abuse, is also transmittable to future generations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2kpe2h
|
how do sites track my activity in incognito mode?
|
[
{
"answer": "incognito mode only means that your browser, the software installed on your computer will not make local logs. You're still sending all the same information to the world.\n\nThat's the same reason you shouldn't browse porn at work, the network administrator knows who went to see what, since the data goes through your workplace's network.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Incognito mode only affects your browser. It won't keep any history/cookies/other information on your browser but it still goes through all the same channels otherwise. You can see the traffic on your network, sites that use trackers can still track your IP and when you visited what pages, and accounts like youtube can still do all the things they normally do. Incognito doesn't do anything but make sure your history doesn't save *in the browser*. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Incognito Mode only asks the browser on your personal computer to please not record stuff. Other computers, like say the youtube web server you're talking to, are free to record whatever they want. \n\nIn most browsers this is explained on the splash page that shows up when you first go in to incognito mode. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Incognito mode has nothing to do with preventing tracking. It's designed to prevent other users of the **same computer** from discovering what you have been doing. To this end, it erases all files that the browser created during that session. It does nothing to prevent websites from tracking you, nor does it prevent eavesdropping.\n\nIncognito mode is not a proxy nor does it add any additional layers of encryption. It does nothing to hide your identity from anyone.\n\nIt will wipe your history, cookies, cache, etc.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "48126826",
"title": "PubNub",
"section": "Section::::Technology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 435,
"text": "BULLET::::- Online Presence Detection provides tracking of online and offline status of users and devices in realtime. Presence events are triggered when a connected device subscribes or unsubscribes from a channel, or times out. The Presence API also includes a “state” feature allowing for the persistent tracking of any name/value pair a software developer specifies, such as a “typing” event indicator in a basic chat application.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59073622",
"title": "Ride Sharing Privacy",
"section": "Section::::Concerns.:Location aware applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 944,
"text": "Individuals have concerns over how, what, when, and where their location information is being stored as well as to what extent others have access to it. Not only pertaining to ride-sharing applications, but any applications that have sharing enabled of sorts, there are several types of applications that are location aware. Location based searching (LBS) occurs when a user's tracking returns items and buildings around the user's current location in order to be tracked. A map is drawn with the orientation of the surrounding buildings to determine a location. Geo-location services are having the user tracked with an environmental footprint. It's an estimate of a user's location. Mobile sensing is the process of pinpointing the user's physical device, which has sensors and information that can be collected. Location sharing is a voluntary state where the user is in live-time and their location is constantly being updated and tracked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25280408",
"title": "Online locator service",
"section": "Section::::Software.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 449,
"text": "Some online locators determine user location from the user's IP address, rather than asking a user to input his or her location. The company utilizes IP geolocation software from Digital Element to power the “My Local Ace” section of its website. Based on a site visitor’s location, the website can show the visitor how many stores are in their area, as well as a city-level locator map to help the customer find the store closest to their address.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30510498",
"title": "Web navigation",
"section": "Section::::Styles of web navigation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "BULLET::::- Sitemap: A site map (or sitemap) is a list of pages of a web site accessible to crawlers or users. It can be either a document in any form used as a planning tool for Web design, or a Web page that lists the pages on a Web site, typically organized in hierarchical fashion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "632369",
"title": "Google Toolbar",
"section": "Section::::Features.:My Location.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 321,
"text": "My Location is a geolocation service which uses the location of Wi-Fi access points to determine the toolbar user's location. This location is used to optimize search results based on where the user is located. Google Toolbar can also provide the geolocation data to third-party websites through the W3C Geolocation API.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12800948",
"title": "Click path",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 710,
"text": "Clickstreams can be used to allow the user to see where they have been and allow them to easily return to a page they have already visited, a function that is already incorporated in most browsers. Clickstream can display the specific time and position that individuals browsed and closed the website, all the web pages they viewed, the duration they spent on each page and it can also show which pages are viewed most frequently. There is abundant information to be analyzed, individuals can check visitors clickstream in association with other statistical information, such as: visiting length, retrieval words, ISP, countries, explorers, etc. This process enables individuals to know their visitors deeply.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25266646",
"title": "Web tracking",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "Web tracking is the practice by which operators of websites collect and share information about a particular user's activity on the World Wide Web. Analysis of an individual user's behaviour may be used to provide content that relates to their implied preferences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
30l09w
|
what role does federal reserve play in the economy?
|
[
{
"answer": " > Are they responsible for debts and inflation that's going on in America?\n\nI wouldn't really say so for debts as that's more fiscal policy, but they do have an affect on inflation. They generally try and keep it around 2% or 3%. Their primary affect is on the money supply and interest rates. The Fed's official objective:\n\n > ...shall maintain long run growth of the monetary and credit aggregates commensurate with the economy's long run potential to increase production, so as to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates.\n\nConspiracies about the Fed are pretty much all wrong. The public / private thing comes from people not understanding how each part is set up. [Here is the Fed in plain English](_URL_0_), I'll quote some parts:\n\n > ...What emerged—the Federal Reserve System—was a central bank under public control, with many checks and balances. Congress oversees the entire Federal Reserve System. And the Fed must work within the objectives established by Congress. Yet Congress gave the Federal Reserve the autonomy to carry out its responsibilities without political pressure. Each of the Fed's three parts—the Board of Governors, the regional Reserve Banks, and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)—operates independently of the federal government to carry out the Fed's core responsibilities. The Federal Reserve System was developed and continues to develop as an interesting blend of public and private interests and centralized and decentralized decision-making.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "164391",
"title": "Monetary policy of the United States",
"section": "Section::::Opinions of the Federal Reserve.:Achievements.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 596,
"text": "One of the functions of a central bank is to facilitate the transfer of funds through the economy, and the Federal Reserve System is largely responsible for the efficiency in the banking sector. There have also been specific instances which put the Federal Reserve in the spotlight of public attention. For instance, after the stock market crash in 1987, the actions of the Fed are generally believed to have aided in recovery. Also, the Federal Reserve is credited for easing tensions in the business sector with the reassurances given following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "164391",
"title": "Monetary policy of the United States",
"section": "Section::::Opinions of the Federal Reserve.:Criticisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 559,
"text": "The Federal Reserve has been the target of various criticisms, involving: accountability, effectiveness, opacity, inadequate banking regulation, and potential market distortion. Federal Reserve policy has also been criticized for directly and indirectly benefiting large banks instead of consumers. For example, regarding the Federal Reserve's response to the 2007–2010 financial crisis, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy—creating currency—as a method to combat the liquidity trap.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19423284",
"title": "Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008",
"section": "Section::::Key items in the legislation.:Interest on bank deposits held by the Federal Reserve.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 141,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 141,
"end_character": 775,
"text": "The Federal Reserve will continue to take a leadership role with respect to liquidity in our markets. It is committed to using all of the tools at its disposal to provide the increased liquidity that is now required for the effective functioning of financial markets. In this regard, the authority to pay interest on reserves that was provided by EESA is essential, because it allows the Federal Reserve to expand its balance sheet as necessary to support financial stability while conducting a monetary policy that promotes the Federal Reserve's macroeconomic objectives of maximum employment and stable prices. The Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department are consulting with market participants on ways to provide additional support for term unsecured funding markets.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10819",
"title": "Federal Reserve",
"section": "Section::::Monetary policy.:Tools.:Quantitative policy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 135,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 135,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "A little-used tool of the Federal Reserve is the \"quantitative policy\". With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions. This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55742",
"title": "Federal Reserve Act",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 723,
"text": "The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, consisting of twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks jointly responsible for managing the country's money supply, making loans and providing oversight to banks, and serving as a lender of last resort. To lead the Federal Reserve System, the act established the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, members of which are appointed by the president. The 1933 Banking Act amended the Federal Reserve Act to create the Federal Open Market Committee, which oversees the Federal Reserve's open market operations. A later amendment requires the Federal Reserve \"to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10819",
"title": "Federal Reserve",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 668,
"text": "The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act: maximizing employment, stabilizing prices, and moderating long-term interest rates. The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate. Its duties have expanded over the years, and currently also include supervising and regulating banks, maintaining the stability of the financial system, and providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions. The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications, such as the Beige Book and the FRED database.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26692249",
"title": "Structure of the Federal Reserve System",
"section": "Section::::Independent within government.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 1322,
"text": "The Federal Reserve System is an independent government institution that has private aspects. The System is not a private organization and does not operate for the purpose of making a profit. The stocks of the regional federal reserve banks are owned by the banks operating within that region and which are part of the system. The System derives its authority and public purpose from the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress in 1913. As an independent institution, the Federal Reserve System has the authority to act on its own without prior approval from Congress or the President. The members of its Board of Governors are appointed for long, staggered terms, limiting the influence of day-to-day political considerations. The Federal Reserve System's unique structure also provides internal checks and balances, ensuring that its decisions and operations are not dominated by any one part of the system. It also generates revenue independently without need for Congressional funding. Congressional oversight and statutes, which can alter the Fed's responsibilities and control, allow the government to keep the Federal Reserve System in check. Since the System was designed to be independent while also remaining within the government of the United States, it is often said to be \"independent within the government\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
19h9wp
|
Considering the length of time the Basque area was under Roman rule why is their culture/language so different from their neighbors?
|
[
{
"answer": "In Mark Kurlansky's \"The Basque History of the World\" he argues that Basquelands were less fertile and less valuable to Romans and Basques were often rebellious. Therefore, he argues that the Romans were more accommodating of the Basques. Notably Basques didn't pay tribute and were allowed to govern themselves under their own laws. This would seem to be a basic justification for why Basques were never pushed to assimilate as closely to Roman law and therefore are rather different from their neighbours.\n\nThat said Kurlansky is not a historian, but a journalist, and i am an ex-history student and not a historian.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Without know much about Basque country, my assumption is that the region could not economically support wide scale Romanization. There were several areas with \"internal barbarians\" so to speak, such as Wales and eastern Anatolia. Basque country could have been like that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "While Basque is a common example in these sort of things, it's not *that* unusual for an isolated language to survive under foreign rule for millenia. Berber languages are still there, Breton is going through a revival, the Caucasus mountains have some weird-ass languages etc. Simply put, they got lucky geographically, and it was not worthwhile for the Romans to attempt to heavily Romanise the area.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "6786589",
"title": "National and regional identity in Spain",
"section": "Section::::Northern and northwestern territories.:The Basque Country.:History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 376,
"text": "Records of people and place names from Roman times indicate that the Basques occupied an area somewhat larger than that which they currently inhabit, and supported a claim by Sabino Arana, the traditional founder of Basque Nationalism, that the Basque homeland has been occupied by the Basques longer than any other part of France or Spain has been inhabited by their people.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58221253",
"title": "History of the Basque language",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 736,
"text": "Basque has been considered the last remnant of a wider, Western European linguistic stratum before Indo-European languages arrived in the area during the Iron Age. The Roman period bears witness to the existence of several peoples, place-names and inscriptions showing names with Basque-like morphology and lexical roots around the Pyrenees. Basque has borrowed during its history loanwords and structures from neighbouring Celtic and Latin/Romance languages (adstratum), holding a dynamic interaction with them. Basque shows a receding geographical trend overall at least since the Early Middle Ages. During the last 400 years its geographical extent has been largely confined to seven districts, the Basque Country (\"Euskal Herria\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8459224",
"title": "History of the Basques",
"section": "Section::::Origins.:Prehistory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 298,
"text": "Although little is known about the prehistory of the Basques before the period of Roman occupation owing to the difficulty in identifying evidence for specific cultural traits, the mainstream view today is that the Basque area shows signs of archaeological continuity since the Aurignacian period.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "683036",
"title": "Basque Country (greater region)",
"section": "Section::::History.:Ancient period.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "All other tribes in the Iberian Peninsula had been, to a great extent, assimilated by Roman culture and language by the end of the Roman period or early period of the Early Middle Ages, while ethnic Basques inhabited well east into the lands of the Pyrenees (Pallars, Val d'Aran) from the 8th to the 11th century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1974109",
"title": "Aquitanian language",
"section": "Section::::Geographical extent.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 471,
"text": "Since ancient times there have been indications of a relationship between Southwestern France and the Basques. During the Roman conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar, Aquitania was the territory between the Garonne and the Pyrenees. It was inhabited by tribes of horsemen who Caesar said were very distinct in customs and language from the Celts of Gaul. During the Middle Ages, this territory was named \"Gascony\", derived from \"Vasconia\" and cognate with the word \"Basque\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "683036",
"title": "Basque Country (greater region)",
"section": "Section::::History.:Ancient period.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 640,
"text": "According to some theories, Basques may be the least assimilated remnant of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe (specifically those of the Franco-Cantabrian region known as Azilian) to the Indo-European migrations. Basque tribes were mentioned by Greek writer Strabo and Roman writer Pliny, including the Vascones, the Aquitani, and others. There is considerable evidence to show their Basque ethnicity in Roman times in the form of place-names, Caesar's reference to their customs and physical make-up, the so-called Aquitanian inscriptions recording names of people and gods (approx. 1st century, see Aquitanian language), etc.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "683036",
"title": "Basque Country (greater region)",
"section": "Section::::History.:Ancient period.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 609,
"text": "Geographically, the Basque Country was inhabited in Roman times by several tribes: the Vascones, the Varduli, the Caristi, the Autrigones, the Berones, the Tarbelli, and the Sibulates. Some ancient place-names, such as Deba, Butrón, Nervión, Zegama, suggest the presence of non-Basque peoples at some point in protohistory. The ancient tribes are last cited in the 5th century, after which track of them is lost, with only Vascones still being accounted for, while extending far beyond their former boundaries, e.g. in the current lands of Álava and most conspicuously around the Pyrenees and Novempopulania.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
9io023
|
Why is it difficult to find the exact cause of canker sores?
|
[
{
"answer": "Its a relatively harmless phenomenon, that almost always resolves on its own, so there isn't a lot of money or effort spent on studying it. The cause was less straightforward than \"its an infection by ______\" and since nobody dies from it, it generally isn't worth the effort to look more deeply at it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "9065347",
"title": "Transient lingual papillitis",
"section": "Section::::Cause.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 560,
"text": "TLP is a harmless problem. These bumps can become notably red or white and are quite tender for up to several days. While the cause of TLP is not known with certainty, most experts feel that local accidental trauma (rubbing, scraping or biting) is a major factor; however, contact reactions to things like certain foods have also been suggested. Lie bumps are not contagious and the discomfort is relatively minor. Typically these lesions heal within a few days with no treatment, though a doctor may refer a patient to an oral pathologist in prolonged cases.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "637333",
"title": "Dentures",
"section": "Section::::Care.:The importance of cleaning dentures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 749,
"text": "Deposits such as microbial plaque, calculus and food debris can accumulate on the dentures, which may lead to issues such as angular stomatitis, denture stomatitis, undesirable odours and tastes as well as staining. The deposits can also quicken the rate at which some of the denture materials wear down. Due to the presence of these deposits, there is an increased risk of the denture wearer and other people around them developing a systemic disease by organisms such as methicillin-resistant \"Staphylococcus aureus\" (MRSA), but research shows that denture cleaners are effective against MRSA. Therefore, denture cleaning is imperative for the overall health of the denture wearers as well as for the health of people they come into contact with.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "490657",
"title": "Anal fissure",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 633,
"text": "In adults, fissures may be caused by constipation, the passing of large, hard stools, or by prolonged diarrhea. In older adults, anal fissures may be caused by decreased blood flow to the area. When fissures are found laterally, tuberculosis, occult abscesses, leukemic infiltrates, carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or inflammatory bowel disease should be considered as causes. Some sexually transmitted infections can promote the breakdown of tissue resulting in a fissure. Examples of sexually transmitted infections that may affect the anorectal area are syphilis, herpes, chlamydia and human papilloma virus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "310898",
"title": "Croup",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "Croup is usually deemed to be due to a viral infection. Others use the term more broadly, to include acute laryngotracheitis, spasmodic croup, laryngeal diphtheria, bacterial tracheitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and laryngotracheobronchopneumonitis. The first two conditions involve a viral infection and are generally milder with respect to symptomatology; the last four are due to bacterial infection and are usually of greater severity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "245973",
"title": "Mouth ulcer",
"section": "Section::::Differential diagnosis.:Aphthous stomatitis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 1620,
"text": "Aphthous stomatitis (also termed recurrent aphthous stomatitis, RAS, and commonly called \"canker sores\") is a very common cause of oral ulceration. 10–25% of the general population suffer from this non-contagious condition. Three types of aphthous stomatitis exists based on their appearance, namely minor, major and herpetiform major aphthous ulceration. Minor aphthous ulceration is the most common type, presenting with 1–6 small (2-4mm diameter), round/oval ulcers with a yellow-grey color and an erythematous (red) \"halo\". These ulcers heal with no permanent scarring in about 7–10 days. Ulcers recur at intervals of about 1–4 months. Major aphthous ulceration is less common than the minor type, but produces more severe lesions and symptoms. Major aphthous ulceration presents with larger (1 cm diameter) ulcers that take much longer to heal (10–40 days) and may leave scarring. The minor and major subtypes of aphthous stomatitis usually produce lesions on the non-keratinized oral mucosa (i.e. the inside of the cheeks, lips, underneath the tongue and the floor of mouth), but less commonly major aphthous ulcers may occur in other parts of the mouth on keratinized mucosal surfaces. The least common type is herpetiform ulceration, so named because the condition resembles primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Herpetiform ulcers begin as small blisters (vesicles) which break down into 2-3mm sized ulcers. Herpetiform ulcers appear in \"crops\" sometimes hundreds in number, which can coalesce to form larger areas of ulceration. This subtype may cause extreme pain, heals with scarring and may recur frequently.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "649760",
"title": "Leptospirosis",
"section": "Section::::Epidemiology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "The number of new cases of leptospirosis is difficult to estimate since many cases are not reported. There are many reasons for this, but the biggest issue is differentiating the disease from other conditions with a similar presentation. Laboratory testing is lacking in many areas. The global incidence of leptospirosis has been underestimated because most affected countries lack notification or notification is not mandatory. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30707",
"title": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Occlusal factors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 1267,
"text": "Occlusal factors as an etiologic factor in TMD is a controversial topic. Abnormalities of occlusion (problems with the bite) are often blamed for TMD but there is no evidence that these factors are involved. Occlusal abnormalities are incredibly common, and most people with occlusal abnormalities do not have TMD. Although occlusal features may affect observed electrical activity in masticatory muscles, there are no statistically significant differences in the number of occlusal abnormalities in people with TMD and in people without TMD. There is also no evidence for a causal link between orthodontic treatment and TMD. The modern, mainstream view is that the vast majority of people with TMD, occlusal factors are not related. Theories of occlusal factors in TMD are largely of historical interest. A causal relationship between occlusal factors and TMD was championed by Ramfjord in the 1960s. A small minority of dentists continue to prescribe occlusal adjustments in the belief that this will prevent or treat TMD despite the existence of systematic reviews of the subject which state that there is no evidence for such practices, and the vast majority of opinion being that no irreversible treatment should be carried out in TMD (see Occlusal adjustment).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
563wa5
|
how to ensure anonymity online?
|
[
{
"answer": "TL;DR yes by using a VPN (virtual private network). \n\nYou connect to a private server using your personal IP address and then use that private server to connect to the internet using that private server's IP and not your own personal IP. The only way to track you is by tracing the private server's IP and checking who access the private server at the time the IP was active. Some VPN services keep a record, some don't. \n\nReal life translation: You go to a mask store (VPN server) then you get a mask (the VPN's IP address). You use that mask out while you do your every day life in public (the internet). When you finish you go back to the store and return the mask (disconnecting from the VPN and stop using the VPN's IP address). Say the police see you doing something illegal and they want to arrest you so they trace your mask back to the mask shop(tracking IP). Here they ask to see a record of who used the mask at the time they sighted you (checking who had access to the VPN at the time of the crime). Some mask stores don't have a record so cops can no longer track you (VPN keeps no record), some VPN do have a record but its so muddled they can't identify the specific person so its pseudo-untraceable, and sometimes there is a detailed record and cop finds the person. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "59012195",
"title": "Search engine privacy",
"section": "Section::::Methods for increasing privacy.:Anonymity networks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 475,
"text": "A sort of DIY option for privacy minded users is to use a software like Tor, which is an anonymity network. Tor functions by encrypting user data and routing queries through thousands of relays. While this process is effective at masking IP addresses, it can slow the speed of results. While Tor may work to mask IP addresses, there have also been studies that show that a simulated attacker software could still match search queries to users even when anonymized using Tor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47761177",
"title": "Dataveillance",
"section": "Section::::Benefits and concerns.:Cons.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 496,
"text": "Despite dataveillance compromising anonymity, anonymity itself presents a crucial issue. Online criminals who steal users' data and information may exploit it for their own gain. Tactics used by online users to conceal their identity, make it difficult for others to track the criminal behavior and lay claim to those responsible. Having unique identifiers such as IP addresses allows for the identification of users actions, which are often used to track illegal online activity such as piracy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3907601",
"title": "Anonymous post",
"section": "Section::::Levels of anonymity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 589,
"text": "Anonymity on the Internet can pertain to both the utilization of pseudonyms or requiring no authentication at all (also called \"perfect anonymity\") for posting on a website. Online anonymity is also limited by IP addresses. For example, WikiScanner associates anonymous Wikipedia edits with the IP address that made the change and tries to identify the entity that owns the IP address. On other websites, IP addresses may not be publicly available, but they can be obtained from the website administrators only through legal intervention. They might not always be traceable to the poster.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22554980",
"title": "DuckDuckGo",
"section": "Section::::Overview.:Tor onion service.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 493,
"text": "In August 2010, DuckDuckGo introduced anonymous searching, including an exit enclave, for its search engine traffic using Tor network and enabling access through an onion service. This allows anonymity by routing traffic through a series of encrypted relays. Weinberg stated: \"I believe this fits right in line with our privacy policy. Using Tor and DDG, you can now be end to end anonymous with your searching. And if you use our encrypted homepage, you can be end to end encrypted as well.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "424617",
"title": "Onion routing",
"section": "Section::::Weaknesses.:Timing analysis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 1504,
"text": "Utilising timing analysis, the anonymity of TORs can be broken. One of the reasons typical Internet connections are not considered anonymous, is the ability of Internet service providers to trace and log connections between computers. For example, when a person accesses a particular website, the data itself may be secured through a connection like HTTPS such that your password, emails, or other content is not visible to an outside party, but there is a record of the connection itself, what time it occurred, and the amount of data transferred. Onion routing creates and obscures a path between two computers such that there's no discernible connection directly from a person to a website, but there still exist records of connections between computers. Traffic analysis searches those records of connections made by a potential originator and tries to match timing and data transfers to connections made to a potential recipient. For instance, one can change the timings of the packets of a flow according to a specific pattern and look for that pattern on the other side of the network. Also, a person may be seen to have transferred exactly 51 kilobytes of data to an unknown computer just three seconds before a different unknown computer transferred exactly 51 kilobytes of data to a particular website. Factors that may facilitate traffic analysis include nodes failing or leaving the network and a compromised node keeping track of a session as it occurs when chains are periodically rebuilt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5724494",
"title": "Anonymous web browsing",
"section": "Section::::Achieving anonymity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 387,
"text": "However, by simply hiding your IP doesn't make you anonymous in internet. There are cookies stored in web browsers and with smartphones, the locations can be tracked using GPS. To achieve complete anonymity, you need to use browsers that doesn't allow such activities or at least warn you when the websites are trying to use such features. Tor browser is one of the best tool available.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1228060",
"title": "Internet privacy",
"section": "Section::::Risks to Internet privacy.:Internet service providers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 92,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 92,
"end_character": 643,
"text": "An Anonymizer such as I2P – The Anonymous Network or Tor can be used for accessing web services without them knowing one's IP address and without one's ISP knowing what the services are that one accesses. Additional software has been developed that may provide more secure and anonymous alternatives to other applications. For example, Bitmessage can be used as an alternative for email and Cryptocat as an alternative for online chat. On the other hand, in addition to End-to-End encryption software, there are web services such as Qlink which provide privacy through a novel security protocol which does not require installing any software.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
262h6a
|
why doesn't ups deliver all night long?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because just like you, the drivers would like to sleep at night.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "For a few reasons:\n\n1. they get preferential costs for moving long distances during the evening on airplanes. Landing a plane at an airport at 2AM costs much less than at night. So...there are a lot of goods that are in transit away from front doors during the evening hours.\n\n2. Businesses are a huge portion of deliveries. They aren't open...and you can't leave the package.\n\n3. people don't want packages delivered at night. _most_ places with high volume won't allow a package to just be left (e.g. you don't leave a package on the front stoop in manhattan or chicago or SF or LA etc.).\n\n4. You'd pay a premium for labor at night.\n\n5. there would be greater crime against drivers and package theft at night.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Probably a variety of factors, cost for one, it would be more expensive for their trucks to be running 24 hours a day, also, most freight companies like Fedex and UPS use the evening/overnight to transport their packages, if you look at a timetable, most of Fedex and UPS planes are in the air in the middle of the night, arrive in the early AM and have packages delivered during the day. The companies have set up a precise logistics program and keeping deliveries during the night might require planes to be flying more during the day instead of the night once again adding to more costs .Also, while Amazon doesnt require a signature, many other packages do, and most people dont want to be woken up at 3am to sign. Other things to take in account could be theft, packages left in the middle of the night could have a higher chance to be stolen etc. At the utmost, it comes down to cost and logistics, trucks and planes traveling more would probably decrease profits for the companies. tl:dr, gas isnt cheap.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "50591",
"title": "United States Postal Service",
"section": "Section::::Universal service obligation and monopoly status.:Competitors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 76,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 76,
"end_character": 888,
"text": "FedEx and United Parcel Service (UPS) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services, making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages. Due to the postal monopoly, they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations. However, both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination, including Post Office Box destinations. These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept. DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009, when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50591",
"title": "United States Postal Service",
"section": "Section::::Budget.:Revenue decline and planned cuts.:Elimination of Saturday delivery averted.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 406,
"text": "In February 2013, the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year, Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages, mail-order medicines, Priority Mail, Express Mail, and mail delivered to Post Office boxes, beginning August 10, 2013. However, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, passed in March, reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50591",
"title": "United States Postal Service",
"section": "Section::::How delivery services work.:Delivery timing.:Delivery days.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 270,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 270,
"end_character": 303,
"text": "Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009. This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week, which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect. (See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts.)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53118825",
"title": "Boxed.com",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "The company has three fulfillment centers around the country in New Jersey, Nevada and Texas, which allow orders to be delivered within two days. The company also has a support office in San Mateo, California.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50591",
"title": "United States Postal Service",
"section": "Section::::Current operations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 491,
"text": "In February 2013, the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages, mail-order medicines, Priority Mail, and Express Mail, effective August 10, 2013. However, this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013. They now deliver packages on Sunday—only for Amazon.com. During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013, packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25496814",
"title": "Super Saturday",
"section": "Section::::Sales.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "In an effort to attract customers, stores often extend their hours during these crucial days of the retail season. Some stores go as far as to leave their stores open all day long until Christmas Eve in hopes that customers will take the extra time during off-peak hours to both review alternative options and to spread out workloads for cashiers. Because stores predict double or triple their typical customer turnout on Super Saturday, many increase their staffing during these critical days to be able to handle the demand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "206099",
"title": "United Parcel Service",
"section": "Section::::Competitors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 641,
"text": "In response to the expansion of FedEx and DHL, UPS partnered with the US Postal Service to offer UPS Mail Innovations, a program that allows UPS to pick up mail & packages weighing under one pound separately from the main ground network and transfer them to a USPS center, or destination delivery unit (DDU), for final distribution. This process is also known as zone skipping, long used by Parcel Consolidators. UPS also has a separate product called \"SurePost\" which uses the UPS Ground network to deliver packages weighing under 10 pounds to the nearest UPS Package Center, which transfers them to the USPS DDU for \"final mile\" delivery.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2ju1eo
|
Assistance wanted to help identify these WWI Australian ANZAC items [x-posted]
|
[
{
"answer": "From first glance number 7 is an epaulette, and 2 and 12 are shoulder pips, which would be worn on the epaulette (one can even be seen on it) \n\n4 is a rising sun badge, but It looks a little small for the slouch hat. so perhaps it was used on the tunic? It does look like the third pattern, used from 1904 to 1949.\n\n8 seems to be the Retired Member Insignia, but I'm not sure sorry.\n\nI will have a closer look at some of the other stuff and try to get back to you soon.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Regarding 18: All I can tell you is that it from a ~35mm weapon of some sort, which means it is more likely an autocannon like the 37mm COW Gun or a Breech loader like the Vickers Q.F Mk II\n\n15 is a badge and would usually be worn on a tunic or coat. The placement shouldn't really matter, but would most likely have been near the breast.\n\n17 is similar to 15, and should have a date of issue in the red of the crown, however I cannot see one which would make me guess it was a very early one. \n\nI'm not sure what the chains are, they could have been attached to the base of a revolver, but once again I am not sure.\n\n5 is unusual, it seems to be a Gloucestershire Regiment rear cap badge- definitely not Australian Artillery. The Sphinx and Egypt represent the regiments actions in 1801 where they faced the French at the Battle of Alexandria, where on 21st March 1801 they defeated a major French push which like many other British regiments, won them the honour of having the sphinx and Egypt included. \n\nThat's about it from me I'm afraid, I hope this helps.\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "57116367",
"title": "Kogarah ANZAC Memorial",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 918,
"text": "The Kogarah ANZAC Memorial is a war memorial located in the town square, on Belgrave Street, of Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia. Located between St George Hospital and the Greek Orthodox Church, it was built to recognize the sacrifice of Australian nurses and the significance of Greek support towards the Australian troops during World War One. Unveiled on the 4th of March 2017, the memorial consists of an bronze injured soldier backed by the outline of a nurse in a metal frame. A bronze plaque details a history of Lemnos’s part in the landing of Gallipoli, a map of the hospitals, a list of each nation’s casualties, and a recognition of the 2 692 Australian nurses who volunteered to serve internationally. The statue was created by the Georges River Council's first Artist in Residence, Takis Kozokos, with the help of a grant from the Department of Veterans Affairs' ANZAC Centenary Local Grants Program.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "946423",
"title": "Anzac Memorial",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 626,
"text": "The Anzac Memorial is a heritage-listed war memorial, museum and monument located in Hyde Park South, near Liverpool Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The Art Deco monument was designed by C. Bruce Dellit, with the exterior adorned with monumental figural reliefs and sculptures by Rayner Hoff, and built from 1932 to 1934 by Kell & Rigby. It is also known as Anzac War Memorial, War Memorial Hyde Park and Hyde Park Memorial. The NSW Government-owned property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 23 April 2010.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "886863",
"title": "Rayner Hoff",
"section": "Section::::Architectural Sculpture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "The ANZAC War Memorial, completed in 1934, is the main commemorative military monument in Sydney, designed by C. Bruce Dellit, has an exterior adorned with monumental figural reliefs and sculptures by Rayner Hoff, and is arguably the finest Art Deco structure in Australia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "946423",
"title": "Anzac Memorial",
"section": "Section::::Heritage listing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 135,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 135,
"end_character": 1704,
"text": "As at 19 September 2011, The ANZAC Memorial, completed in 1934, is of historical significance to the State for its embodiment of the collective grief of the people of NSW at the loss of Australian servicemen and women since World War I. It is associated with the landing of Australian troops at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, since fundraising for the memorial was established on the first anniversary of the landing. It is also associated with returned servicemen and their organisations including the RSL, which lobbied for the erection of the monument and occupied offices within it. The ANZAC Memorial is of State aesthetic significance as a great work of public art which is arguably the finest expression of Art Deco monumentality in Australia. The result of an outstanding creative collaboration between architect Bruce Dellit and sculptor Rayner Hoff, it contains complex symbolic embellishments that reinforce and enhance the commemorative meanings of the building. Its landscape context in Hyde Park was purposefully designed for it by Dellit including the large Pool of Reflection lined by poplars. Its positioning on a major axis linked to the Archibald Fountain contributes significantly to the physical character of Hyde Park and the city of Sydney. The ANZAC Memorial is of State significance as the largest and most ambitious of the numerous war memorials constructed throughout NSW after the Great War. The memorial is also representative as NSW's contribution to the group of \"national war memorials\", whereby each state capital city developed its own major war memorial in the inter-war period. In this group the ANZAC Memorial is outstanding in its size, integrity and aesthetic appeal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4281933",
"title": "ANZAC A badge",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 419,
"text": "The ANZAC \"A\" badge is a brass insignia authorised in November 1917 for members of the First Australian Imperial Force who had served as a member of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) during the Gallipoli campaign in 1915. In 1918, eligibility was extended to those who had served at Lemnos, Imbros and Tenedos and the transports and hospitals off Gallipoli as well as the communications line to Egypt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "946423",
"title": "Anzac Memorial",
"section": "Section::::Heritage listing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 140,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 140,
"end_character": 1329,
"text": "The ANZAC Memorial is of State significance for its association with the landing of Australian troops at Gallipoli on 15 April 1915. The landing at Gallipoli was a significant event in Australian history, having an enormous impact on the Australian psyche and the formation of the Australian character and fundraising for the memorial was established on the first anniversary of the landing. This association is strengthened by the presence of an Aleppo Pine in the western ground of the memorial, taken from the Lone Pine at Lone Pine Gap in Gallipoli. The ANZAC Memorial is also of State significance for its association with returned servicemen and their organisations including the RSL, Limbless and Maimed Soldier's Association and the T.B. Sailors and Soldier's Association of Australia. These groups both lobbied for the erection of the monument and have occupied offices within it. The ANZAC Memorial is also of State significance as for its associations with its architect Bruce Dellit and its sculptor Rayner Hoff, both of whom are famous largely because of their design work in creating the memorial, which is arguably the finest Art Deco building in Australia. The memorial is associated with Anzac Day and the Anzac Day march on the 25th of April each year which starts at the Cenotaph and concludes near Hyde Park.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3073019",
"title": "Codford",
"section": "Section::::History.:Military camps.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "Codford's 'Anzac Badge' was the idea of an Australian Brigade Commander during World War I, who wished to leave a visible memento of his brigade when it departed. This consists of a gigantic Rising Sun badge (measuring 53 x 45 metres), carved in 1916 into the grass of a hillside to expose the underlying bright white chalk. The soldiers of 13 Trg Bn AIF who maintained the badge as a form of punishment named the site 'Misery Hill'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7111l8
|
why can't movies be offered on release date for more money at a premium for home viewing?
|
[
{
"answer": "- You can lend it around and have an entire community see it within the first week.\n\n- You can rip it and seed it and have DVD HD versions flood the market within the first week of the movie's release. \n\n- The cinema chain that you have a deal with will lose out on ticket sales and food and beverage sales, which will cost you a lot more in the future to screen your movie at their locations due to loss revenue.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > I spent a lot of money on my home theater \n\nNot as much as [Prima Cinema](_URL_0_) wants you to though I'm guessing. The numbers are supposedly something like $35k for the hardware plus $500 per movie. Go for it ... or go back to the cinema like everyone else.\n\nMovie companies are of the opinion that they make more money with an exclusive-to-cinemas period. Periodically people try to change their minds (there are rumours that Apple is working on this now) but so far, no dice. In addition, cinema chains seem unlikely to go down without a fight and could try to punish any studio that goes it alone.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because the one person who buys it is going to pirate the movie to be part of The Scene and everyone will use his or her copy.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "342324",
"title": "Renting",
"section": "Section::::Reasons for renting.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 218,
"text": "BULLET::::- Needing a cheaper alternative to buying, such as renting a movie: a person is unwilling to pay the full price for a movie, so they rent it for a lesser price, but give up the chance to view it again later.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8515969",
"title": "Cinema of Indonesia",
"section": "Section::::History.:2010s.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 638,
"text": "Between 2010 until 2011, due to the substantial increase in value added tax applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer have access to many foreign films, including Oscar-winning films. Foreign films include major box offices from the west, and other major film producers of the world. This has caused a massive ripple effect on the country's economy. It is assumed that this increases purchase of unlicensed DVDs. However, even copyright violating DVDs now take longer to obtain. The minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally, is 1 million Rupiah. This is equivalent to US$100, as it includes a plane ticket to Singapore.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4552880",
"title": "Film distribution",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 869,
"text": "The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees. The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1419019",
"title": "MovieBeam",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 256,
"text": "The set-top box was sold for a one-time fee ($149.99 as of August 2007). The cost of viewing a movie varied from $1.99 for older movies in standard definition to $4.99 for newer releases in HD. Movie rentals expired 24 hours after the rental period began.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "218232",
"title": "ITunes Store",
"section": "Section::::Features and restrictions.:Pricing model.:History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 669,
"text": "At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs, who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals. Movies are available for rent in iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD, though iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters. Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours (in the US) or 48 hours (in other countries) after users begin viewing them. iTunes Store also offers one low-priced movie rental a week: in the United States, this rental costs 99 cents. Movie rentals are not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "292805",
"title": "Blockbuster LLC",
"section": "Section::::Online rentals.:United Kingdom.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 704,
"text": "These price drops were followed by a price drop of the Blockbuster UK online pay per rent service. Although some Blockbuster UK advertisements claim that the company no longer charges late fees, the fine print and/or voiceover clarifies that rentals will be charged an extra pound for every additional night. A \"Top Ticket\" feature was added in April 2011, allowing monthly subscription customers to rent an additional movie at no extra charge and to receive it before other movies they request. Support for online sales of used movie and game discs was added in July 2011. The Blockbuster UK website was enhanced in September 2011. During the following month, a new TV section was added to the website.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38228585",
"title": "Event cinema",
"section": "Section::::History and development.:Expanding markets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 561,
"text": "Some low-budget films that would normally not have a theatrical release because of distribution costs might be shown in smaller engagements than the typical large release studio pictures. The cost of duplicating a digital \"print\" is very low, so adding more theaters to a release has a small additional cost to the distributor. Movies that start with a small release could scale to a much larger release quickly if they were sufficiently successful, opening up the possibility that smaller movies could achieve box office success previously out of their reach.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
vfbqi
|
Have humans evolved to the consumption of Alcohol over the last several millenniums?
|
[
{
"answer": "Alcohol consumption by humans probably has origins in eating naturally fermented fruit. Many animals (elephants, monkeys, et al) become intoxicated this way.\n\nHuman alcohol consumption became routine once we figured out how to \"domesticate\" the fermentation process--which was originally a means of preserving foods; intoxication was just a side effect. Even beer was originally a way of preserving foods, so running out of beer was a genuine crisis.\n\nI doubt humans as a species could become desensitized/tolerant unless alcohol gradually became the dominant food source and our liver, pancreas, kidneys, et al evolved accordingly.\n ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18948043",
"title": "Alcoholic drink",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period (cir. 10,000 BC). Many animals also consume alcohol when given the opportunity and are affected in much the same way as humans, although humans are the only species known to produce alcoholic drinks intentionally.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "337566",
"title": "Long-term effects of alcohol consumption",
"section": "Section::::Alcohol-related death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 1217,
"text": "Extensive research of Western cultures has consistently shown increased survival associated with light to moderate alcohol consumption. A 23-year prospective study of 12,000 male British physicians aged 48–78, found that overall mortality was significantly lower in current drinkers compared to non-drinkers even after correction for ex-drinkers. This benefit was strongest for ischemic heart disease, but was also noted for other vascular disease and respiratory disease. Death rate amongst current drinkers was higher for 'alcohol augmentable' disease such as liver disease and oral cancers, but these deaths were much less common than cardiovascular and respiratory deaths. The lowest mortality rate was found for consumption of 8 to 14 'units' per week. In the UK a unit is defined as 10ml or 8g of pure alcohol. Higher consumption increased overall mortality rate, but not above that of non-drinkers. Other studies have found age-dependent mortality risks of low-to-moderate alcohol use: an increased risk for individuals aged 16–34 (due to increased risk of cancers, accidents, liver disease, and other factors), but a decreased risk for individuals ages 55+ (due to lower incidence of ischemic heart disease).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2965",
"title": "Alcoholism",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 100,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 100,
"end_character": 1322,
"text": "Alcohol has a long history of use and misuse throughout recorded history. Biblical, Egyptian and Babylonian sources record the history of abuse and dependence on alcohol. In some ancient cultures alcohol was worshiped and in others, its abuse was condemned. Excessive alcohol misuse and drunkenness were recognized as causing social problems even thousands of years ago. However, the defining of habitual drunkenness as it was then known as and its adverse consequences were not well established medically until the 18th century. In 1647 a Greek monk named Agapios was the first to document that chronic alcohol misuse was associated with toxicity to the nervous system and body which resulted in a range of medical disorders such as seizures, paralysis, and internal bleeding. In 1920 the effects of alcohol abuse and chronic drunkenness boosted membership of the temperance movement and led to the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place until 1933; this policy resulted in the decline of death rates from cirrhosis and alcoholism. In 2005 alcohol dependence and abuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45377369",
"title": "The Imbible",
"section": "Section::::Reception.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 454,
"text": "Michael Niederman of \"New York Theatre Review\" notes, \"Caporale takes us on a millennia-long journey into just how much Western civilization has been influenced by the introduction and preservation of alcohol consumption. Basically, it is his thesis that without alcohol, it is very likely that we wouldn’t even have a civilization. In short, the regular consumption of alcoholic beverages made it possible for human beings to, in his words, 'not die'.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10048",
"title": "Ethanol",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 134,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 134,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "The fermentation of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest biotechnologies employed by humans. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times. Ethanol has been used by humans since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient of alcoholic beverages. Dried residue on 9,000-year-old pottery found in China suggests that Neolithic people consumed alcoholic beverages.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40345875",
"title": "Alcohol and Native Americans",
"section": "Section::::History.:Colonialism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 752,
"text": "In his research for the Genocide Convention, Raphael Lemkin proposed that distribution of alcohol was one of several tools (such as forced relocations, destruction of cultural symbols, and \"re-education\" of children) by which European colonists obliterated indigenous cultures--not only in the Americas, but also in Tasmania and Australia. Lemkin theorized that the availability of alcohol undermined social integrity, promoted violence, impeded organized resistance, and contributed to the belief that Native Americans were culturally inferior. Lemkin argued that once a people becomes dependent on alcohol \"the desire for cheap individual pleasure [would] be substituted for the desire for collective feelings and ideals based on a higher morality.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23990395",
"title": "History of Bolivia to 1809",
"section": "Section::::Colonial state, church, and society.:Situation of the Native peoples.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 453,
"text": "These profound economic and social changes, and the breakup of native culture contributed to the increasing addiction to alcohol. Before the Spanish arrived, the Incas had consumed alcohol only during religious ceremonies. Indian use of the coca leaf also increased, and, according to one chronicler, at the end of the 16th century \"in Potosí alone, the trade in coca amounts to over half a million pesos a year, for 95,000 baskets of it are consumed.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6zc5yz
|
If both parties viewed war as almost inevitable, why would they both accept the German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940); the sale of raw materials from the USSR to Germany?
|
[
{
"answer": "I'll answer this looking moreso from the USSR's point of view. The main reason is neither side wanted to fight each other right away - they needed time to prepare or had other issues to deal with. Stalin reputedly told Kaganovich that he was only buying time by making the deal with Nazi Germany. There is also the argument that Stalin attempted to form an alliance with the West but this was ultimately unsuccessful. But for the purpose of your question that kind of doesn't matter - after all the question is why Stalin and Hitler thought this was a good idea at all. Otherwise there would have been no viable alternative.\n\nAlso keep in mind it isn't as though the Soviets didn't get anything out of the deal. The secret bits of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact also resulted in territories going into the Soviet sphere of influence/control. In exchange for raw materials, which for Nazi Germany were fairly important for sustaining their war effort and home front, the Soviets received various military and industrial items. Particularly naval weapons designs/gear which in hindsight was probably a bad trade. But at the time the means of building up a modern navy and shoring up key areas of industry probably seemed like a good move for long term power politics etc.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21362691",
"title": "German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "The agreement proved to be short lived. Just six months after it was signed, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, and economic relations between the two countries came to an end. The raw materials imported by Germany from the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941 played a major role in supporting the German war effort against the Soviet Union after 1941.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21333013",
"title": "German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)",
"section": "Section::::The Agreement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 949,
"text": "On February 11, 1940, Germany and the Soviet Union entered into an intricate trade pact in which the Soviet Union would send Germany 650 million Reichsmarks in raw materials in exchange for 650 million Reichmarks in machinery, manufactured goods and technology. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount the British blockade. The main raw materials specified in the agreement were one million tons of grain, 900,000 tons of oil and more than 500,000 tons of various metal ores (mostly iron ore) in exchange for synthetic material plants, ships, turrets, machine tools and coal. The first stipulation of the agreement provided that the Soviet Union must deliver its requisite goods within 18 months while Germany was to deliver its required goods within 27 months. The agreement also contained a \"Confidential Protocol\" providing the Soviet Union would undertake purchases from third party countries of \"metals and other goods\" on behalf of Germany.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21475858",
"title": "Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41)",
"section": "Section::::The 1940 commercial agreement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 813,
"text": "On February 11, 1940, Germany and the Soviet Union entered into the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, an intricate trade pact in which the Soviet Union would send Germany 650 million Reichmarks in raw materials in exchange for 650 million Reichmarks in machinery, manufactured goods and technology. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount the British blockade of Germany. The main raw materials specified in the agreement were one million tons of grain, 900,000 tons of oil and more than 500,000 tons of various metal ores (mostly iron ore) in exchange for synthetic material plants, ships, turrets, machine tools and coal. The agreement also contained a \"Confidential Protocol\" providing the Soviet Union would undertake purchases from third party countries of \"metals and other goods\" on behalf of Germany.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21475858",
"title": "Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 600,
"text": "The countries later further expanded their economic relationship with a larger commercial agreement in February 1940. Thereafter, Germany received significant amounts of critical raw materials necessary for its future war efforts, such as petroleum, grain, rubber and manganese, while sending weapons, technology and manufacturing machinery to the Soviet Union. After unresolved negotiations regarding a potential Soviet entry into the Axis Pact, the countries settled several disputes and further expanded their economic dealings with the January 1941 German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21333013",
"title": "German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)",
"section": "Section::::Negotiations.:German plans and expectations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 678,
"text": "Germany needed more of an economic alliance for raw materials than the economic partnership that the August 19, 1939 agreement provided. At the same time, the Soviet demands for manufactured goods, such as German machines, was increasing while its ability to import those goods decreased because many countries ceased trading relations after the Soviet entry into the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The Soviet Union could offer precious little technology, while Germany possessed the technology the Soviet Union required to build a blue-water fleet. Accordingly, for the six weeks following the Soviet and German invasions of Poland, Germany pressed hard for an additional agreement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21432599",
"title": "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations",
"section": "Section::::Events during the Pact's operation.:Further dealings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940 that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939, providing for millions of tons of shipment to Germany of oil, foodstuffs and other key raw materials, in exchange for German war machines and other equipment. This was followed by a January 10, 1941, agreement setting several ongoing issues, including border specificity, ethnic migrations and further commercial deal expansion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21333013",
"title": "German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 418,
"text": "A policy of the transit through Soviet territory of a third countries commodities purchased by Germany was later agreed. The countries followed up the agreement and resolved other issues with the January 10, 1941 German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and all economic agreements between the two countries were ended.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7j4l1o
|
why do plants growing in the wild not have to be watered like the same type of plant as a houseplant
|
[
{
"answer": "Houseplants contain a small amount of soil. Even when the soil is fully saturated, it takes relatively little time to dry out. \n\nIn nature, the soil is virtually limitless, and the plant's roots can reach deep down into the soil where there is much more water available ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Plants growing in the wild grow in the places that naturally have the amount of water they need (outside of flood or drought). So if they need a lot of water they will be near a creek, lake, river, spring, or be a low lying place with a high water table. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "952429",
"title": "Houseplant care",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "Watering houseplants on a regular basis is necessary for the plant to remain healthy and thrive. They should not, however, be watered on a scheduled basis, because different plant species need different amounts of water and sunlight so it is important to know the specifics for the particular plants that are being grown.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3907256",
"title": "Seed dormancy",
"section": "Section::::Secondary dormancy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 316,
"text": "Many garden plants have seeds that will germinate readily as soon as they have water and are warm enough, though their wild ancestors had dormancy. These cultivated plants lack seed dormancy because of generations of selective pressure by plant breeders and gardeners that grew and kept plants that lacked dormancy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22807195",
"title": "Ornamental bulbous plant",
"section": "Section::::Bulbous plants in the garden.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 316,
"text": "Some varieties of bulbous plants thrive under adverse conditions such as poor soil or shade, and are therefore well suited to use in a garden. Varieties can be chosen that bloom at various times of year. They can be intermingled with other plants, used in pots, or even placed in the lawn or underneath fruit trees.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3494658",
"title": "Lamium amplexicaule",
"section": "Section::::Distribution and habitat.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 647,
"text": "It is widely naturalised in eastern North America and elsewhere, However, due to its attractive appearance, edibility and readiness to grow in many climates, often means it is permitted to grow when other 'weeds' are not. This plant, though common is not regarded as a threat to local ecosystems. It plays an arguably beneficial role in its environment, by providing nectar to pollinators and providing forage for animals, the seed is also eaten by many species of birds. However, non-native species can be criticized for destabilizing ecosystems by favoring certain species over others. They typically also do not provide food for insect larvae.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60631574",
"title": "Wild ancestors",
"section": "Section::::Wild ancestors and their domesticated counterparts..:Differences.:Differences in plants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "Cultivated plants shows differences in chemical content compared to its wild counterparts. For example, research has shown that cultivated plants generally produce litters which decomposes faster and are easier to be recycled compared to wild plants. Wild plants, which had to generally thrive in nutrient poor soils promotes a higher content of recalcitrant molecules, such as lignin. This stimulates an increase in plant litter toughness, causing it to decompose longer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "530312",
"title": "Osteospermum",
"section": "Section::::Cultivation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "Plants prefer a warm and sunny position and rich soil, although they tolerate poor soil, salt or drought well. Modern cultivars flower continuously when watered and fertilised well, and dead-heading is not necessary, because they do not set seed easily. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12355500",
"title": "Roscheria",
"section": "Section::::Cultivation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "These plants will not tolerate drought or cold. Growing naturally in rain forest understory, they also require shade when young, as well as moist, humus rich soil. These particulars usually make the plant difficult to cultivate, even in tropical areas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8j0qjq
|
Why did crime drop in the middle of the great depression and onwards?
|
[
{
"answer": "What's your source on crime rates during that time period?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3897743",
"title": "Crime in New York City",
"section": "Section::::Administration.:Mayors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 227,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 227,
"end_character": 885,
"text": "Scholars differ on the causes of the precipitous decline in crime in New York City (which also coincided with a nationwide drop in crime which some have termed the \"Great American Crime Decline\"). In a 2007 paper, economist Jessica Reyes attributes a 56% drop in nationwide violent crime in the 1990s to the removal of lead (a neurotoxin that causes cognitive and behavioral problems) from gasoline. The Brennan Center for Justice has estimated that between 0-5% of the drop in crime in the 1990s may be attributed to higher employment; 5-10% of the drop may be attributed to income growth; and 0-10% of the drop from increased hiring of police officers. Economists Steven Levitt and John J. Donohue III argue that the drop in crime in New York City, as in the United States generally, to the legalization of abortion following \"Roe v. Wade\" (see legalized abortion and crime effect).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9567772",
"title": "Todd G. Buchholz",
"section": "Section::::Economic Theories and Policy Proposals.:Crime and Interest Rates.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "The Buchholz Hypothesis holds that crime is strongly correlated with interest rates. This hypothesis helps solve the puzzle of why crime fell during the Great Depression, even though conventional wisdom suggests that a bad economy leads people to commit more crime.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7172656",
"title": "Crime in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Crime over time.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "After World War II, crime rates increased in the United States, peaking from the 1970s to the early-1990s. Violent crime nearly quadrupled between 1960 and its peak in 1991. Property crime more than doubled over the same period. Since the 1990s, however, contrary to common misconception, crime in the United States has declined steadily. Several theories have been proposed to explain this decline:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23632578",
"title": "Crime in New Zealand",
"section": "Section::::Crime statistics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 632,
"text": "Despite different means of measuring crime, the statistics show that crime rates in New Zealand rose through most of the twentieth century, following similar patterns in other Western countries. Towards the end of the century, the rate dropped and has stabilised or continued to drop slowly since then. There has been much speculation about the causes of the turnaround. The impact of economic downturns, unemployment rates, local disasters, better security, changing demographic patterns, increased policing and various changes in the culture and life-style have all been examined. Collectively, all these factors may play a part.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "455150",
"title": "Causes of the Great Depression",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 817,
"text": "The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate. They are part of the larger debate about economic crises. The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established. There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a \"panic sell-off\" of assets. This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment (over 13 million people were unemployed by 1932) and impoverishment. However, economists and historians have not reached a consensus on the causal relationships between various events and government economic policies in causing or ameliorating the Depression.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "472948",
"title": "History of the United States (1991–2008)",
"section": "Section::::Crime and violence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 792,
"text": "The crime epidemic that had begun during the late 1960s finally reached its climax in the early 1990s before starting a steady decline during the Clinton administration. Nevertheless, ongoing addiction (involving sales of marijuana and cocaine) continued to be a major factor in crime in the United States. The overall rate of major crimes fell during the period. In 2009, the FBI estimated 1,318,000 violent crimes occurred nationwide, which was 7.5% below the 2000 level of 1,425,000 and 31% below the 1991 level of 1,912,000. The decline in crime rates was attributed to several factors, including stricter judicial sentencing practices, the implementation of Three Strikes laws, improving law enforcement technology that made it easier to catch felons, and the end of the crack epidemic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54697184",
"title": "Crime drop",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Economic factors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 769,
"text": "The mainstream view among criminologists is that unemployment and poverty are strongly related to crime, because a decrease in opportunities for legal employment, in theory, should increase the frequency of illegal employment. Multiple studies of the United States, for example, have found that the improvement of the American economy coincided with a drop in crime throughout the 1990s. A 2015 Brennan Center for Justice report, however, estimated that no more than 5 percent of the 1990s crime drop in the United States was attributable to changes in unemployment. The view that higher unemployment rates cause higher crime rates has also been challenged by the fact that the United States crime rate reached a 40-year low in 2010, despite America's lagging economy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
71o8we
|
have any nations with incredible debt (like america) ever paid off their debt?
|
[
{
"answer": "America did have it's debt paid off in 1835, Andrew Jackson wad President then I think. Of course you've never seen it because that was more than century ago but you should have been glazed over it in US history class in high school at least.",
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},
{
"answer": "America primarily owes money to Americans and the Federal Government. About 2/3 will never be \"paid back\".\n\nThere are plenty of countries that pay off their debts. Most are oil rich nations with extremely poor citizens that didn't participate in WWI or II.\n\nWe don't ever want to completely pay off the debt. No debt means no bond market. No bond market means people will invest in the bonds of other countries. We don't want that to happen.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Great Britain finally paid off some bonds, debt, from the Napoleonic wars.\n\nA realistic way to look at our debt is to compare it to the GDP, or gross domestic product. \n\nDuring World War II the debt was far higher compared to the GDP. America was going to spend everything it could borrow to win the war.\n\nWe are paying our debt every day, fully. Bonds issued in the past are being paid with interest. We issue new bonds every day, sell them, and use the money. Party we use it to pay off old debt. Partly we use it to build new highways, bridges, a lot of things which seem very practical and which we should do.\n\nExactly what should not be paid for by the Federal Government can be argued forever.\n\nThe only real fear is that someone might not raise the debt limit which would panic the world and raise our interest payments.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The United States pays off its debt whenever its due. We just immediately go and accumulate more debt, because we will be able to pay it back and it grows our economy. We have never missed a debt payment and are an economic power house because of that debt. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The USA's debt level is not that exceptionally high given its GDP. US debt-to-gdp ratio was higher coming out of WWII and the debt had been largely paid down by the mid-late 1960s. Maintaining some level of debt is actually useful for manipulating financial markets, so it is unlikely that the debt would ever be fully paid.",
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},
{
"answer": "The answer to your literal question is yes, the US paid off its debt in 1835. What I think you are driving at is why national debts seem to grow and grow and why isn't that a massive problem? That is pretty complicated to answer. I think the best ELI5 answer can be summed up by this quote.\n\n\"If you owe the bank $100 that's your problem. If you owe the bank $100 million, that's the bank's problem.\" - J. Paul Getty",
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},
{
"answer": " > I was wondering since I noticed that the Federal Debt is growing and growing, but I have never seen America pay any of its debt.\n\nThe US pays of its debt all the time. If you get savings bonds they will eventually be paid back. The US government has never missed a debt payment.\n\nThe federal debt continues to rise because they borrow new money after paying off the old. Imagine someone who graduates from college with a lot of student loans. They start paying them off, but then they need to buy a car so they take out a loan for that. They pay off their car and student loan debts, but then they buy a house so they have a mortgage. They're always in debt, but they're never failing to pay back any of it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2597892",
"title": "Latin American debt crisis",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "While the dangerous accumulation of foreign debt occurred over a number of years, the debt crisis began when the international capital markets became aware that Latin America would not be able to pay back its loans. This occurred in August 1982 when Mexico's Finance Minister, Jesús Silva-Herzog, declared that Mexico would no longer be able to service its debt. Mexico stated that it could not meet its payment due-dates, and announced unilaterally a moratorium of 90 days; it also requested a renegotiation of payment periods and new loans in order to fulfill its prior obligations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46820555",
"title": "December 1932",
"section": "Section::::December 15, 1932 (Thursday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "BULLET::::- Five countries (France, Poland, Belgium, Estonia and Hungary) defaulted on their war debt payments to the United States in response to the U.S. Congress' rejection of the debt reduction plan agreed to at the Lausanne Conference.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1973",
"title": "American Revolution",
"section": "Section::::Concluding the Revolution.:National debt.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 91,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 91,
"end_character": 641,
"text": "The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution. The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners, mostly money borrowed from France. There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value. The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food, horses, and supplies to the Patriot forces. There were also other debts which consisted of promissory notes issued during the war to soldiers, merchants, and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8008805",
"title": "First Report on the Public Credit",
"section": "Section::::Funding the national debt.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 356,
"text": "The national debt of the United States, according to the \"Report\", included $40 million in domestic debt and $12 million in foreign debt, both inherited from the Continental Congress. In addition, the thirteen states altogether owed $25 million from debts incurred during the American Revolution. The combined US debt, as calculated, stood at $77 million.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "302102",
"title": "Abbé Pierre",
"section": "Section::::1980s to 2000s.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 591,
"text": "In 1988 Abbé Pierre met representatives of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to discuss the difficult financial, monetary and human issues brought by the huge Third World debt (starting in 1982, Mexico had announced it could not pay the service of its debt, triggering the 1980s Latin American debt crisis). In the 1990s, the Abbé criticized the apartheid regime in South Africa. In 1995, after a three-year-long siege of Sarajevo, he went there to exhort nations of the world to put an end to the violence, and requested French military operation against the Serb positions in Bosnia. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45513306",
"title": "Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.",
"section": "Section::::Reaction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 453,
"text": "One month later Argentina, again, defaulted on its debt. Argentina then unsuccessfully attempted to sue the United States at the Hague for \"judicial malevolence\". The United Nations General Assembly condemned debt collection on sovereign debt. After Argentina continued to refuse to follow court orders, Judge Griesa held it in contempt. Creditors worldwide are imitating NML Capital, with Argentina losing lawsuits to creditors in Germany and England.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "455150",
"title": "Causes of the Great Depression",
"section": "Section::::Specific theories of cause.:International debt structure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 110,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 110,
"end_character": 699,
"text": "The debtor nations put strong pressure on the U.S. in the 1920s to forgive the debts, or at least reduce them. The American government refused. Instead, U.S. banks began making large loans to the nations of Europe. Thus, debts (and reparations) were being paid only by augmenting old debts and piling up new ones. In the late 1920s, and particularly after the American economy began to weaken after 1929, the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the U.S. At the same time, high U.S. tariffs were making it much more difficult for them to sell their goods in U.S. markets. Without any source of revenue from foreign exchange to repay their loans, they began to default.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3k7neg
|
how did the english monarch come to be?
|
[
{
"answer": "Once upon a time there were many different little groups of people. One day one group of people took over another other group of people. Then another group of people took over that group of people. Eventually everyone was taken over by a single group. The leader of that group then was in control of all the groups. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Here's a pretty good video about [History of the Royal Family](_URL_0_) from 1066 until today.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1550265",
"title": "List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign",
"section": "Section::::Kingdoms.:England.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 216,
"text": "Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10111",
"title": "Emperor",
"section": "Section::::Emperors of Europe.:Great Britain.:England.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 428,
"text": "There was no consistent title for the king of England before 1066, and monarchs chose to style themselves as they pleased. Imperial titles were used inconsistently, beginning with Athelstan in 930 and ended with the Norman conquest of England. Empress Matilda (1102–1167) is the only English monarch commonly referred to as \"emperor\" or \"empress\", but she acquired her title through her marriage to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "160904",
"title": "List of English monarchs",
"section": "Section::::Interregnum.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 618,
"text": "No monarch reigned between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England. After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered a period known as The Protectorate, under Cromwell's direct control with the title Lord Protector. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "407950",
"title": "Kingdom of England",
"section": "Section::::Name.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 608,
"text": "The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was ' (\"King of the English\"). Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself \"King of England\". In the Norman period ' remained standard, with occasional use of ' (\"King of England\"). From John's reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of ' or \"\". In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) \"King of Great Britain\". The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51051179",
"title": "List of current monarchies",
"section": "Section::::Lines of succession.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 866,
"text": "BULLET::::- The monarchs of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms inherit the throne by virtue of the line of descent from the House of Stuart (Union of the Crowns 1603), combining the lines of succession of the kingdoms of England and Scotland going back to the 9th century. The succession to the English throne can be argued to originate with the House of Wessex, established in the 6th century; that to the Scottish throne with descent from Pictish kings which likewise enter the historical record around the 6th century. The line of succession and descent of the Scottish throne are unbroken, whereas the English throne shifted between several unrelated dynasties/families between 1013 and 1066. The monarchy of England was abolished in 1649 and that of Scotland i 1652 and replaced by various types of republican goverments between the years 1649 to 1660.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "144570",
"title": "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Pre-Civil War England.:The Normans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 628,
"text": "Henry I of England (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135) was king from 1100 to 1135, ruling through the Curia regis. When he ascended to the throne he granted the Charter of Liberties, a series of decrees and assurances to the barons. Probably the most important statement in the charter is at the beginning, where the king admits \"\"that by the mercy of God and the common counsel of the barons of the whole kingdom of England I have been crowned king of said kingdom\"\". This represented a step away from absolute rule; the king had recognised that the right to rule came not only from God but also from the common counsel of the barons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14909875",
"title": "List of English royal consorts",
"section": "Section::::House of Stuart, 1603–1707.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 436,
"text": "With the death of Elizabeth I, the crown of England passed to her cousin and nearest heir, James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England. His dynasty would rule - interrupted by the Interregnum between 1649 and 1660 - until 1714. The Kingdom of England, however, was merged with the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707, to form a new Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, after which there ceased to be monarchs and consorts of England.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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]
}
] | null |
27jh11
|
Were the Bohemian nobility treated differently within the Holy Roman Empire?
|
[
{
"answer": "The Bohemian nobility were treated differently, yes. However, this treatment had nothing to do with their ethnicity, which was all but irrelevant, and everything to do with the unique religious and political privileges the Bohemian nobility earned over the centuries. The Bohemians, in fact, *required* that their king treat them differently, and led major rebellions roughly once a century for four hundred years to protect and expand their privileges. You're asking about other nobles, however.\n\nA brief note before I go on: \"Czech\" and \"German\", as such, didn't yet exist as distinct, important cultural or ethnic markers until the 19th century. Germans themselves were (and still are, though very much less so) divided into several large linguistic and cultural subgroups. \n\nMore broadly, cultural and linguistic differences were relatively unimportant to the Holy Roman Empire's nobility. Their shared class and knowledge of Latin, French and/or German allowed them to communicate with ease, and they certainly had far more in common with one another than they did with most of their subjects. The *most* important difference, by far, was in fact religious—the Bohemian nobility was distinct in this way after the Hussite Wars, although the resolution of that conflict made the Utraquist Church into an accepted part of the Catholic Church, minimizing the importance of this distinction.\n\nThe Bohemian nobility took to the Reformation very readily, and roughly 90% of them were non-Catholic by the (Second) Defenestration of Prague. They vigorously defended their right to practice the new religion, which set them at odds with the Catholic Habsburgs and their Jesuit-backed re-Catholicization efforts. This same defense, naturally, earned them respect from the rest of the German nobility (which was, itself, majority Protestant before 1610).\n\nAfter Ferdinand II decisively defeated the Bohemian rebels and their Winter King, the make-up of the Bohemian nobility (and, increasingly, its lower classes) became more German-speaking, subjugated to their prince, and entirely Catholic. By 1648, then, they were very similar to the nobility of the Southern half of the Empire by virtually ever barometer.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1788311",
"title": "Golden Bull of Sicily",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 697,
"text": "According to the Golden Bull of Sicily, the estates of Bohemia and Moravia were an autonomous and undivisible constituent of the Holy Roman Empire. The King of Bohemia was no longer subject to appointment by the Emperor, and was only required to attend Reichstag diets close to the Bohemian border. Although a subject of the Holy Roman Empire, the Bohemian king was to be the premier Prince-elector (\"Kurfürst\") of the Empire and to furnish all subsequent Emperors with a bodyguard of 300 knights when they went to Rome for their coronation. By this act Frederick II also declared that he and the Empire will give the investiture for Bohemia only to a ruler approved by the people of the country.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1618997",
"title": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 488,
"text": "The Bohemian Crown was neither a personal union nor a federation of equal members. Rather, the Kingdom of Bohemia had a higher status than the other incorporated constituent countries. There were only some common state institutions of the Bohemian Crown and they did not survive the centralization of the Habsburg Monarchy under Queen Maria Theresa in the 18th century. The most important of them was the Bohemian Court Chancellery which was united with the Austrian Chancellery in 1749.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "160956",
"title": "Battle of White Mountain",
"section": "Section::::Prelude.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 825,
"text": "In the early 17th century most of the Bohemian estates, although under the dominion of the predominantly Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, had large Protestant populations, and had been granted rights and protections allowing them varying degrees of religious and political freedom. In 1617, as Emperor Matthias lay dying, his cousin Ferdinand — a fiercely devout Roman Catholic and proponent of the Counter-Reformation — was named his successor as Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia. This led to deep consternation among many Bohemian Protestants, who feared not only the loss of their religious freedom, but also of their traditional semi-autonomy, under which many of the estates had separate, individual constitutions governing their relationship with the Empire, and where the King was elected by the local leaders.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13277",
"title": "Holy Roman Empire",
"section": "Section::::History.:Holy Roman Empire under Hohenstaufen dynasty.:Kingdom of Bohemia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 532,
"text": "The Kingdom of Bohemia was a significant regional power during the Middle Ages. In 1212, King Ottokar I (bearing the title \"king\" since 1198) extracted a Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from the emperor Frederick II, confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom. Bohemian kings would be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in the imperial councils. Charles IV set Prague to be the seat of the Holy Roman Emperor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1618997",
"title": "Lands of the Bohemian Crown",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 584,
"text": "The Lands of the Bohemian Crown, sometimes called \"Czech lands\" in modern times, were a number of incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods connected by feudal relations under the Bohemian kings. The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, the Margraviate of Moravia, the Duchies of Silesia, and the two Lusatias, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "164700",
"title": "Frederick V of the Palatinate",
"section": "Section::::King of Bohemia, 1619–20.:Background and plans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 1074,
"text": "The Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy, and despite being a kingdom, was a part of the Empire. Since 1526, the kings of Bohemia had all been members of the House of Habsburg; since 1555, these kings had also been Holy Roman Emperors. In the early seventeenth century, however, Bohemia faced a political crisis. The Estates of the realm of Bohemia became worried that the Habsburgs were planning to transform Bohemia into an absolute monarchy. A large number of Bohemian nobles were Protestant and feared that a Catholic emperor would attempt to impose Catholicism on Bohemia. Thus, a substantial opposition movement developed to the rule of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. Rudolf had waged the Long War against the Ottoman Empire from 1593 to 1606. Dissatisfied with the outcome, Rudolf sought to launch a new war against the Ottomans. To gain Bohemian support, Rudolf agreed to guarantee Bohemia's religious liberty, issuing his so-called Letter of Majesty in 1609. Still, the Bohemian nobles remained suspicious of Rudolf and in contact with the Protestant Union.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4345",
"title": "Bohemia",
"section": "Section::::History.:Luxembourg dynasty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "His reign brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total area, resulting in his being the first King of Bohemia to also be elected as Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule the Bohemian crown controlled such diverse lands as Moravia, Silesia, Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, an area around Nuremberg called New Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered around Germany.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7f1mzq
|
why does cold metal feel wet?
|
[
{
"answer": "The feeling of \"wetness\" isn't actually a sense, but more of a combination of senses. If you've ever touches water through gloves, your hand feels like it's wet, but you're not actually getting any water on you. This is because, even though you have gloves on, it's a combined triggering of your cold thermoreceptors and various mechanoreceptors that contribute to the perception of wetness, and these can be felt through the gloves. The same is true for the metal. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "29559759",
"title": "Liquid metal",
"section": "Section::::Wetting to metallic and non-metallic surfaces.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 537,
"text": "Once oxides have been removed from the substrate surface, most liquid metals will wet to most metallic surfaces. Specifically though, room-temperature liquid metal can be very reactive with certain metals. Liquid metal can dissolve most metals; however, at moderate temperatures, only some are slightly soluble, such as sodium, potassium, gold, magnesium, lead, nickel and mercury. Gallium is corrosive to all metals except tungsten and tantalum, which have a high resistance to corrosion, more so than niobium, titanium and molybdenum.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12235954",
"title": "Cold working",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 301,
"text": "Unlike hot working, cold working causes the crystal grains and inclusions to distort following the flow of the metal; which may cause work hardening and anisotropic material properties. Work hardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and stronger, but less plastic, and may cause cracks of the piece.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "175622",
"title": "Passivation (chemistry)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 959,
"text": "When exposed to air, many metals naturally form a hard, relatively inert surface, as in the tarnish of silver. In the case of other metals, such as iron, a somewhat rough porous coating is formed from loosely adherent corrosion products. In this case, a substantial amount of metal is removed, which is either deposited or dissolved in the environment. Corrosion coating reduces the rate of corrosion by varying degrees, depending on the kind of base metal and its environment, and is notably slower in room-temperature air for aluminium, chromium, zinc, titanium, and silicon (a metalloid); the shell of corrosion inhibits deeper corrosion, and operates as one form of passivation. The inert surface layer, termed the \"native oxide layer\", is usually an oxide or a nitride, with a thickness of a monolayer of 0.1-0.3 nm (1-3 Å) for a noble metal such as platinum, about 1.5 nm (15 Å) for silicon, and nearer to 5 nm (50 Å) for aluminium after several years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47762063",
"title": "Conservation and restoration of clocks",
"section": "Section::::Typical types of damage.:Types of clock damage.:Metal damage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 268,
"text": "Similar to wood, interaction with water can also prove detrimental to metal. When contaminants come into contact with metal, they either combine with any present moisture or attract moisture to the metal. This “[...] combination with moisture can produce corrosion.” \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "240123",
"title": "Plasticity (physics)",
"section": "Section::::Physical mechanisms.:In metals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 361,
"text": "Most metals show more plasticity when hot than when cold. Lead shows sufficient plasticity at room temperature, while cast iron does not possess sufficient plasticity for any forging operation even when hot. This property is of importance in forming, shaping and extruding operations on metals. Most metals are rendered plastic by heating and hence shaped hot.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34966381",
"title": "Conservation and restoration of silver objects",
"section": "Section::::Tarnish.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 462,
"text": "All metals, apart from pure gold, will corrode naturally when exposed to certain chemicals which can be present in air. High relative humidity, moisture, and air pollutants are common causes of corrosion in metals, including silver. Silver is known in the chemistry world as a noble metal which means it is resistant to corrosion, but not completely. Whether silver plating or pure silver, the composite of the metal will tarnish when exposed to air and sulfur.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21275",
"title": "Niobium",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.:Chemical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "The metal takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods. Despite a high melting point in elemental form (2,468 °C), it has a lower density than other refractory metals. Furthermore, it is corrosion-resistant, exhibits superconductivity properties, and forms dielectric oxide layers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5b3h7q
|
- light, in terms of being a part of the electromagnetic (radioactive?!) spectrum... ?
|
[
{
"answer": "There are three types of radiation:\n\n* Alpha radiation is helium nuclei emitted from certain radioactive materials. It is highly ionizing but does not penetrate very far - a sheet of paper will stop it. Because it can't penetrate very far, it's harmless if the source is outside your body, but if you ingest it it can be very dangerous.\n\n* Beta radiation is fast moving electrons, also emitted by radioactive sources. Beta radiation penetrates further than alpha radiation, but still not very far - a thin sheet of metal is sufficient to stop it.\n\n* Gamma radiation is electromagnetic waves of very high frequency. Gamma radiation penetrates much further than alpha and beta radiation, and thick lead is typically used to absorb it.\n\nElectromagnetic radiation is only harmful above a certain frequency - photons of visible or infrared light, microwaves, or radio waves, do not have enough energy to do anything but heat things up. \n\nBut EM waves in the high ultraviolet frequencies and above have sufficient energy to rip electrons from their atoms, which can damage living tissue. It is exposure to so called *ionizing radiation* which is harmful.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You've got your ionizing radiation, and your non-ionizing radiation. \n\nThe former is the stuff, somewhat mythologized, that is scary and damages your cells and hangs around reactors.\n\nThe latter, is stuff like light, microwaves, infrared. They warm your skin.\n\nSome materials are radioactive, in that they emit particles of ionizing radiation. These can be, among other things, potentially inhaled, and can be bad for you. Note however, that at very low levels there's ionizing radiation everywhere, even in your body. Like most bad things (if not all) it's a matter of dosage.\n\nEating something that emits non-ionizing radiation (like a light bulb that's powered on) is more likely to burn you if it hurts you at all.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The rest of the guys haven't addressed the key confusion.\n\n > If radiation is in effect 'light', how can we breath it in? Are dust particles irradiated and inhaled?\n\nRadiation is light. If you're dealing with a gamma source, you've got an object that's shining rays of death that can penetrate meters of concrete; beta is stopped more easily. But, basically, run to the nearest corner and take cover in case you ever, say, [encounter this mound of lava from the reactor core in Chernobyl](_URL_1_). That's why a corridor leading to a source of radiation should make plenty of turns.\n\nNow, the thing is, many radiation-related incidents (like Chernobyl) result in release of dust and aerosols that are also radioactive. That stuff can enter your lungs, yes, and that's how even weakly radioactive alpha emitters like fuel-grade uranium can be damaging. [Don't ever eat that yellowcake uranium!](_URL_2_) That's why dealing with radioactive fallout is like dealing with chemical gas: you need gas masks and to wash the radioactive stuff off. [Literally](_URL_0_).\n\nFinally, electromagnetic radiation does not make objects radioactive, but *neutron flux* created by nuclear fission and fusion reactions (such as in a bomb or a reactor) can.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "17939",
"title": "Light",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 537,
"text": "Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is the visible spectrum that is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10 to 7.00 × 10 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths). This wavelength means a frequency range of roughly 430–750 terahertz (THz).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30872182",
"title": "Non-ionizing radiation",
"section": "Section::::Types of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation.:Visible light.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "Light, or visible light, is the very narrow range of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye (about 400–700 nm), or up to 380–750 nm. More broadly, physicists refer to light as electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17939",
"title": "Light",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 867,
"text": "In physics, the term \"light\" sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light. Like all types of EM radiation, visible light propagates as waves. However, the energy imparted by the waves is absorbed at single locations the way particles are absorbed. The absorbed energy of the EM waves is called a photon, and represents the quanta of light. When a wave of light is transformed and absorbed as a photon, the energy of the wave instantly collapses to a single location, and this location is where the photon \"arrives.\" This is what is called the wave function collapse. This dual wave-like and particle-like nature of light is known as the wave–particle duality. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25856",
"title": "Radiation",
"section": "Section::::Non-ionizing radiation.:Visible light.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "Light, or visible light, is a very narrow range of electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye, or 380–750 nm which equates to a frequency range of 790 to 400 THz respectively. More broadly, physicists use the term \"light\" to mean electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10779",
"title": "Frequency",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:Light.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 791,
"text": "Visible light is an electromagnetic wave, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling through space. The frequency of the wave determines its color: is red light, is violet light, and between these (in the range 4-) are all the other colors of the visible spectrum. An electromagnetic wave can have a frequency less than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called infrared (IR) radiation. At even lower frequency, the wave is called a microwave, and at still lower frequencies it is called a radio wave. Likewise, an electromagnetic wave can have a frequency higher than , but it will be invisible to the human eye; such waves are called ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Even higher-frequency waves are called X-rays, and higher still are gamma rays.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9426",
"title": "Electromagnetic radiation",
"section": "Section::::Electromagnetic spectrum.:Visible light.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum. EM radiation with a wavelength between approximately 400 nm and 700 nm is directly detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially nearby infrared (longer than 700 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 400 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5921",
"title": "Color",
"section": "Section::::Physics of color.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 312,
"text": "[[Electromagnetic radiation]] is characterized by its [[wavelength]] (or [[frequency]]) and its [[Luminous intensity|intensity]]. When the wavelength is within the visible spectrum (the range of wavelengths humans can perceive, approximately from 390 [[nanometre|nm]] to 700 nm), it is known as \"visible light\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4dddyq
|
what happens exactly to our bodies as we experience stress and anxiety? how does the body cope in positive and negative ways with this?
|
[
{
"answer": "The body responds to stress by releasing the hormone cortisol. This is part of the bodies fight or flight response in order to raise blood sugar levels for our muscles to use. This is important to escape from potentially dangerous situations. When cortisol or stress hormones are elevated, or heart rate also increases and other bodily functions such as digestion and the immune system are put on halt. You can see why elevated levels of stress hormones can be harmful to your body as it needs time to \"rest and digest\".",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "_URL_0_\n\nHere is a wonderful TED talk about stress and how our response and understanding of stress can influence how our body copes. It's calming to understand this perspective and I have definitely embraced it when feeling unnerved. \n\nWell, basically, embracing these feelings of stress positively by looking at stress as your own body energizing itself for what may be a challenging situation is a really great thing. Interestingly, when you approach stress in this way, your heart continues to pump strongly, but your body remains relaxed by the way of unconstricted blood vessels. Also, oxytocin, which is actually a stress hormone -the cuddle hormone - is released and binds to your heart and strengths your heart! \n\nIt's pretty awesome that your stress response has a built in response for stress resilience, which is bolstered by looking at the situation with this positive spin. I'm easing into this mentality. Check it out, see what you think.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are two kinds of stress, specific and general. \n\nGeneral is the kind of stress that you get when there's no direct point of injury. Historically, this kind of stress was caused by parasites of one kind or another. \n\nSpecific stress is caused by having something that the immune system can immediately target, like a physical injury or a strained muscle. \n\nIn the case of general stress, your body will release cortisol, which triggers a few reactions, the most evident of which is Feel Like Shit. The apparent purpose of that reaction is to keep your ass in your cave and away from the tribe while your body burns through some stored calories and kills off the potentially infectious worms that could affect the rest of the tribe. \n\nIn the case of specific stress, your body will still release the cortisol, which increases immune function, but will suppress the Feel Like Shit portion of the reaction, cause there's no damn benefit to hiding in your cave when you've got a tiger hole in your bicep. \n\nIf you happen to have massive trauma, your body will experience the specific stress reactions, but the sheer amount of cortisol released will cause so much Feel Like Shit that it overpowers the suppression that you have available for the reaction. If you've ever had major surgery, you know exactly what this is like. Things kind of hurt, but mostly your body is just telling you that it's time to sleep. \n\nNow. Adding in Anxiety, you're dealing with a different kind of thing. Humans have a massively over developed brain. The damned thing is so big and so interconnected into... well everything, that it can override a lot of signals. \n\nSo, it can take your \"I'm ok.\" signals that are normal and \"fix\" them to be \"AHHHHHHHHHHH!\" signals. And that's an anxiety attack. Or it can replace them with \"oooooowwwww\" signals. Which will trigger a general stress signal, which makes your body think that it has parasites and triggers the general stress reaction. \n\nFortunately, humans have a massively over developed brain. One that can override most signals. \n\nSo, if you give your body a Specific Stress target to work with, it will treat the other signals as background noise. If you introduce some specific stress, you'll get roughly three days where your body won't be responding to cortisol. That specific stress can be really healthy, like a good hard sprint or a 20 minute power lifting session, or it can be harmful, like cutting. \n\n\nEither way, you get the benefit of not feeling like shit when you shouldn't. But, please, don't cut. Hitting the gym is almost as fast, feels so, so much better, and helps you get laid. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The HPA-axis is activated. The hypothalamus (releasing CRF) signals the anterior pituitary (releasing ACTH) which in turn signal the adrenal glands (releasing glucocorticoids). The liver releases glucose, blood pressure goes up, breathing rate increases, heart rate increases, pupil dilate, muscles tense.\n\nThe sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nervous system activates.\n\nYou might not know this, but you have two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that uses different signal molecules to produce opposite effects on target organs. For instance, acetylcholine, used by the parasympathetic nervous system, makes the heart beat slower. This system is also responsible for breathing out, which is why you can sense your heart beating slower when you do so. When you breathe in, the sympathetic branch of the nervous system is activated, and you can feel your heart rate increasing (because of noradrenaline stimulating the heart).\n\nThe parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and restoration. It relaxes the muscles of your bladder, allowing you to urinate. The sympathetic nervous system does the opposite, which is why some people find it hard to \"go\" when other people are around (they get anxious). But in cases of extreme stress, the sympathetic nervous system can relax the muscles of the bladder. It's so you will lose weight by urinating, allowing you to run away from danger faster. The same goes for the bowels.\n\nStress can be divided into good stress (eustress) and bad stress (distress). What separates the two is the degree to which you believe you can control the source of the stress. Uncontrollable stress (distress) can lead to psychiatric disorder in suspectible individuals. Controllable stress (eustress) can lead to enhanced performance.\n\nIt's easiest to think about stress in terms of energy. In normal individuals, cortisol (a glucocorticoid) rises during the day and drops during the night. Energy is made available at the times when it is expected to pay off more. When faced with a serious threat, it makes sense to throw whatever you've got at it. It's better to spend it than losing all of it. Cortisol reaches the hypothalamus, which makes sure it goes back down after reaching a certain threshold level. In PTSD, cortisol levels are lower than in healthy individuals. This might seem counter-intuitive, but what this actually does is to prevent the hypothalamus from shutting down the flow of cortisol, leading to a constant state of vigilance.\n\nThe reason why uncontrollable stress is bad is that it is a response to an unpredictable environment. The only logical response, worked out by evolution, is to always expect to be stressed. So you will be prepared. You spend energy keeping yourself alert, when that energy could have been spent elsewhere. Compare this to a state allocating resources to the military vs. education and infrastructure. By spending resources on preventative measures to be safe in the present, the state is neglecting to invest resources in growth.\n\nWe can find a human analogy for this phenomenon: psychosocial dwarfism. Some people are short simply because their \"military budget\" prevented resources from being invested in growth (infrastructure). The same holds for IQ levels (education). If you took a random person from the world a hundred years ago and paired him up with a random person from today and gave them both IQ tests, the modern person would probably score 30 points higher. While part of the explanation is the cultural development of abstract thought, a very important factor is the caloric resources they had available for intellectual growth throughout their childhoods.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "31595228",
"title": "Psychological stress",
"section": "Section::::Physiological impacts of stress.:Health effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 1077,
"text": "Chronic stress and a lack of coping resources available or used by an individual can often lead to the development of psychological issues such as depression and anxiety (see below for further information). This is particularly true regarding chronic stressors. These are stressors that may not be as intense as an acute stressor like a natural disaster or a major accident, but they persist over longer periods of time. These types of stressors tend to have a more negative impact on health because they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily. This depletes the body's energy more quickly and usually occurs over long periods of time, especially when these microstressors cannot be avoided (i.e. stress of living in a dangerous neighborhood). See allostatic load for further discussion of the biological process by which chronic stress may affect the body. For example, studies have found that caregivers, particularly those of dementia patients, have higher levels of depression and slightly worse physical health than noncaregivers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "816012",
"title": "Psychoneuroimmunology",
"section": "Section::::Psychoneuroimmunological effects.:Understanding stress and immune function.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 601,
"text": "Stress is thought to affect immune function through emotional and/or behavioral manifestations such as anxiety, fear, tension, anger and sadness and physiological changes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating. Researchers have suggested that these changes are beneficial if they are of limited duration, but when stress is chronic, the system is unable to maintain equilibrium or homeostasis; the body remains in a state of arousal, where digestion is slower to reactivate or does not reactivate properly, often resulting in indigestion. Furthermore, blood pressure stays at higher levels.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "146072",
"title": "Stress (biology)",
"section": "Section::::Psychology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 597,
"text": "Chronic stress and a lack of coping resources available or used by an individual can often lead to the development of psychological issues such as delusions, depression and anxiety (see below for further information). This is particularly true regarding chronic stressors. These are stressors that may not be as intense as an acute stressor like a natural disaster or a major accident, but they persist over longer periods of time. These types of stressors tend to have a more negative effect on health because they are sustained and thus require the body's physiological response to occur daily.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2849785",
"title": "Anguish",
"section": "Section::::Mental health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 564,
"text": "Anguish is made up of fear, distress, anxiety and panic. These stressors cause an enormous amount of dissonance, which could then lead to issues of mental health. While taken literally anguish may be defined as a physical event, but it may be extrapolated to an event of one’s psyche. It has been found that the anguish of a significant change in the way a young student lives (i.e. their new responsibilities, being on their own, multiple deadlines etc.) has contributed to significantly increased rates of college students suffering from anxiety and depression.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31595228",
"title": "Psychological stress",
"section": "Section::::Physiological impacts of stress.:Health effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 1012,
"text": "It has long been believed that negative affective states, such as feelings of anxiety and depression, could influence the pathogenesis of physical disease, which in turn, have direct effects on biological process that could result in increased risk of disease in the end. However, studies done by the University of Wisconsin-Madison and other places have shown this to be partly untrue; although stress seems to increase the risk of reported poor health, the \"perception\" that stress is harmful increases the risk even further. For example, when humans are under chronic stress, permanent changes in their physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses are most likely to occur. Such changes could lead to disease. Chronic stress results from stressful events that persist over a relatively long period of time, such as caring for a spouse with dementia, or results from brief focal events that continue to be experienced as overwhelming even long after they are over, such as experiencing a sexual assault.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19477293",
"title": "Biology of depression",
"section": "Section::::Neuroanatomy.:Brain regions.:Hippocampus.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 631,
"text": "Stress can cause depression and depression-like symptoms through monoaminergic changes in several key brain regions as well as suppression in hippocampal neurogenesis. This leads to alteration in emotion and cognition related brain regions as well as HPA axis dysfunction. Through the dysfunction, the effects of stress can be exacerbated including its effects on 5-HT. Furthermore, some of these effects are reversed by antidepressant action, which may act by increasing hippocampal neurogenesis. This leads to a restoration in HPA activity and stress reactivity, thus restoring the deleterious effects induced by stress on 5-HT.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "146072",
"title": "Stress (biology)",
"section": "Section::::Psychological concepts.:Coping.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 251,
"text": "Responses to stress include adaptation, psychological coping such as stress management, anxiety, and depression. Over the long term, distress can lead to diminished health and/or increased propensity to illness; to avoid this, stress must be managed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
94lg86
|
how can a human possibly survive a headshot? what would the bullet have to miss?
|
[
{
"answer": "As long as the bullet misses the Medulla Oblongata, a small section of your brain responsible for basic life support, you could in theory survive the gunshot if you were treated for the complications afterwards, such as internal bleeding. Obviously you'll suffer massive brain damage as the bullet rips through your skull, so it's impossible to be completely unscathed. \n\nThe Medulla Oblongata sits right around the nape of your neck, which explains the common execution pose of kneeling face down. \n\nEdit: I've been getting a lot of comments about alligators and the movie Water Boy. It's a hilarious scene alright, but the medulla oblongata does NOT affect aggresssion. The amgydala has more of an affect on that. Hollywood just likes using Medulla Oblongata cause it's a sciency word. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Skulls are extremely hard bone.\n\nBullets are small and extremely light- they just travel very fast.\n\nIn certain conditions bullets can hit a skull and do one of many things like shatter, deflect, or travel across the skull instead of into it.\n\nSource:\n\nI'm a cop and combat veteran. Seen many people shot in the head and live.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It depends where your shot too. For example, shots going from one side of the head go through both lobes of the brain. These are much more likely to be fatal. A shot going from front to back only damages one lobe, so it isn't as bad. People have actually had an entire lobe of the brain removed and are still able to live relatively normal lives.\n\nAlso, if the shot hits the thalamus, which is sort of in the center of your head below the cortex, you may live, but will likely be in a vegetative state for the rest of your \"life\".",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I knew a guy who got shot in the forehead and the bullet zoomed around his skull in a half circle and exited the back, he only had some superficial tissue damage and a cool story. He was wearing a kevlar helmet at the time, so I'm sure that was the mitigating factor.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "When Rep. Gabrielle Giffords was shot in the head, the key to her survival was that the bullet only traveled through one hemisphere of her brain (left. I’m saying this based on what her doctors said, as recounted in the book her husband wrote about it. Despite the massive brain damage she sustained, the doctors were sure after the initial surgery that she would definitely survive). So that’s an important element. And of course she was treated immediately. \n\nAnd then there’s Trevor Noah’s mother. She was shot in the back of the head. But she’s fine now. The bullet traveled just below her skull, and then went upwards and exited through her nose area. It missed causing any brain damage as a result.\n\nAlso, look up Phineas Gage and the massive brain damage he had. It was also all in one hemisphere, and he survived. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The brain isn't really just one thing, it's more like a whole lot of smaller systems working together.\n\nSome of them you need to live, like the part that controls breathing and making your heart beat. Others you can live without, like the part of your brain that controls speech, or vision.\n\nWhen a bullet goes through your brain, it might destroy some of the parts, but still leave the most important areas untouched. This can be more likely than it seems because the most important parts for basic survival are down at the very back near the bottom where your neck and head meet. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There's a story of a woman got shot through the head, right between the left and right brain so no major damage to the brain, and she survive, with a hole in her head. So yeah, people can survive a head shot, but not a brain shot. There're still exception, but the chance is slime to none",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My uncle, a police officer, was struck in the head with a bullet while pursuing a bank robber. He chased the guys down and caught them, thinking it was just glass that hit him between the eyes... \n\nHe’s still a feisty Irish farmer, now retired from the sheriff’s department, but he still farms crops full time as a “hobby.” \n\nHe was saved because the windshield absorbed much of the force from the bullet, but still pretty damn lucky. \n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I’m in a quiet bit of the UK, so this was very unusual, but we had a woman in our hospital a few years back who was ‘found collapsed’. We only found she’d been shot in the back of the head when we did a CT scan looking for a stroke. Was fine - just a damaged bit of brain to deal with. Much like having a stroke. Obviously a low power gun or whatever. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I am not sure this is the answer you are looking for, but one way people survive is the bullet won’t enter the skull with some hand guns. The bullet will scratch the bone up and leave a pretty nasty scar, but not enter the brain even at close range.\n\nHere is a news story from one of many instances of this. \n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I know a guy who got shot right above the temple by a .22 from about 15 yards. Shattered his eye socket. Fucked his eye up, but no brain damage",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My father was shot in the forehead with a .45. For some reason it deflected upwards along the skull, ripping a furrow through his skin all the way to the back. No brain injury. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "[Malala Yousafzai](_URL_1_) is a pretty awesome example, imo, of not just surviving a gunshot to the head, but going on to recover so well, and do so well academically, that she was accepted to read PPE at Oxford University (Lady Margaret Hall). \n\nThere is more info via the link but the bullet travelled from the entry point, near to her left eye, through her neck and came to rest in her shoulder (near her spinal cord). \n\nPart of her skull was surgically removed to allow the brain room to swell, soon after the shooting, in Pakistan. \n\nFurther lengthy surgeries (carried out in the UK) were required to repair her facial nerve, reconstruct her skull & eventually a [cochlear implant](_URL_0_) was placed, so the bullet must have destroyed the normal auditory apparatus (presumably on the left side).\n\nFrom the available info, the entry wound & path of the bullet missed the more vital areas of the brain associated with cognition & just basic life function but I still think her recovery has been extraordinary.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In addition to some of the topics other people posted already, something to keep in mind for high velocity projectile damage is penetrating vs perforating wounds. If the bullet enters the body and exists (perforates) then the bullet still has a lot of energy that it takes with it when it leaves. If the bullet enters and is halted (penetrates) then all the energy the bullet has traveling hundreds-to-thousands of feet per second all gets dispersed into the tissue, which can be much more damaging. \nSource: I'm a forensic scientist.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There was an armed robbery at the Milk Bar (Convenience Store) behind my Primary School when I was younger.\n(Before the Gun Amnesty)\n\nThe owners son was shot in the back of the head. It ricocheted off the inside of his skull and came out the top of his head. He was taken to hospital, treated for the entry and exit wound and rehabilitated (Free Public Health care) and survived. He even had full congnizance after the swelling went down.\n\nSince the gun amnesty, we don’t have armed robbery with a gun any more.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "683606",
"title": "Marrow (comics)",
"section": "Section::::Powers and abilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 457,
"text": "Her bones seem to be much more durable than normal; she had easily survived heavy hits in multiple areas of her body. For example, Flag-Smasher hit her twice on the head with his mace without much damage, and Sabertooth likewise threw her against a wall without harm. She also jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge twice (something that would have resulted in death or at least crippling injuries) without any major damage, being able to walk away from the scene.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4653327",
"title": "Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)",
"section": "Section::::Powers, abilities and equipment.:Powers and abilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 541,
"text": "BULLET::::- Augmented reflexes, agility, equilibrium and enhanced leaping abilities, along with an accelerated healing factor, which enables him to easily dodge bullets from a point blank range, balance himself by touching the ground with only one or two of his fingers, leap across tall buildings and heal from fatal injuries and wounds (E.g.-broken bones, skin burns, bullet wounds, bruises and bodily scars) at a much faster rate than that of a normal human, which usually takes days or weeks, depending on the severity of said injuries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21601490",
"title": "Osa (handgun)",
"section": "Section::::Non-lethality.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 214,
"text": "A person shot from about 1 meter with an 18x45T OSA pistol to the temporal region of the head suffered a penetrative injury, with the bullet traversing most of the brain, reducing the victim to a vegetative state.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11705863",
"title": "Jackson Memorial Hospital",
"section": "Section::::Other notability.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 604,
"text": "BULLET::::- On June 7, 2012, 16-year-old Yasser Lopez made national news when he successfully underwent a delicate 3-hour neurosurgical operation to remove a spear that a speargun had fired into his skull when it was accidentally discharged during a fishing trip; 3 feet of the spear protruded from the wound above his eye socket, and that part had to be specially cut off so he could get a brain CT scan. Miraculously, no major blood vessels were harmed and the only impairments thus far are amnesia for the period during and around the event, which is somewhat normal, and some sluggishness in a hand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53116300",
"title": "The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons",
"section": "Section::::Contents/Synopsis.:Part V: Consciousness.:Chapter 11: Left, Right, and Center.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 271,
"text": "The first story is one in which a man shoots himself in the head, but misses his brain completely, blowing part of his skull off and exposing his brain. He went to the doctor, who in turn pressed the man's brain with a spatula to get a reaction out of him, which he did.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "943964",
"title": "Casualty lifting",
"section": "Section::::Vertical lift (straddle lift).:With two team members.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 212,
"text": "When the casualty has no specific trauma, it is possible to slide a long spine board little by little. A team member lifts a part of the body (head, then shoulders, then hips), and the other one slide the board.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1196674",
"title": "Hemispherectomy",
"section": "Section::::Traumatic hemispherectomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 530,
"text": "There are cases where a person that received major trauma to one side of the brain, such as a gunshot wound, has required a hemispherectomy and survived. The most notable case is that of Ahad Israfil, who lost the right side of his cerebrum in 1987 in a gun-related work accident. He eventually regained most of his faculties, though he still required a wheelchair. It was noted that reconstructive surgery was difficult due to the gunshot shattering his skull, and he is living with a large indentation on that side of his head.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4xxwz6
|
what would happen if i was charged for a crime that became legal?
|
[
{
"answer": "Depends how it becomes legal. Most have guidelines on if or how they will release current incarcerated people. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Disclaimer: I am not a lawyer.\n\nIf you are arrested for, but not yet tried and convicted of a crime before the activity was voted on and made legal, that may be your only chance of not going to prison. The odds of that happening are very slim, however, since even after a bill is passed, it may take months before it is put into effect; longer than you'd be waiting to be put on trial.\n\nIt may come down to which state you're in and what judge and jury you get. It also depends on your lawyer, too. A good lawyer who actually has time to work on your case may do his/her best to ensure the trial get delayed until such time as the passed bill goes into effect to at least give you a better chance of winning an appeal should you still be convicted.\n\nEven if you are arrested for a crime that later becomes legal, the DA may still look to charge you with other crimes related to your arrest so you'd still have to face fines and/or sentencing.\n\nThe only way to guarantee you wouldn't be convicted after the crime becomes legal is if that is covered under part of the legalization bill. That is, unless sometime before then the state you're charged in had already passed a law that would protect you if you're awaiting trial and what you're arrested for/charged with becomes legal.\n\nIf you were arrested, convicted, and sentenced before the activity you took part in became legal, there is still no state that has signed any bill that would release you from prison due to its legalization. Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper attempted to pass a bill in 2014 that would release people charged with marijuana offenses since marijuana became legalized in that state, but I haven't found any information saying that the Bill had passed.\n[Colorado Governor Set To Release Those Convicted On Marijuana Related Charges….](_URL_0_) \n\nIn 2015, it was ordered that 6,000 prisoners who were serving sentences for marijuana based offenses be released from prison before serving their full sentence due to new sentencing guidelines that have reduced charges for those crimes.\n[6,000 People to be Released from Federal Prison….](_URL_1_) ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Most jurisdictions operate with the philosophy of \"Nulla poena sine lege\", that is, \"no penalty without a law\". You can't be charged for doing something if it was not illegal at the time.\n\nVery rarely, laws can be 'ex post facto' where they apply retroactively ie. 'I did something that wasn't illegal when I did it, but am being charged now for it'. These are generally frowned upon/prohibited by the US Bill of Rights, UN Human rights etc.\n\nIn some countries, the start date of the law can be when the government announces it, not just when the law passed through the legislature (which can take months/years) which can add to the confusion of what is legal/illegal at any one moment. \n\nWhen something is decriminalised, there is sometimes included an 'amnesty law' clause that under certain circumstances can quash those previously convicted of the crime, and expunge criminal records. A modern example of this in [some countries ](_URL_0_) is people who were charged with homosexuality back in the 50s being able to get their criminal records removed now - keep in mind that it took 50 years from it being decriminalised! ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Legally, the state would be under no obligation to drop the charges. You willfully ignored that law, and that is an offense in and of itself.\n\nPractically speaking, that state might choose to drop the charges. This often happened when Colorado and Washington legalized recreational marijuana. But it was the state's choice not to pursue, they still could have.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "170652",
"title": "Bail",
"section": "Section::::England and Wales.:By a court.:Rights.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "Any person accused of committing a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. Therefore, a person charged with a crime should not be denied freedom unless there is a good reason.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "170638",
"title": "Arrest",
"section": "Section::::Procedure.:United States.:Arrests for serious crimes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 444,
"text": "When a person is arrested for a serious crime, the defendant will have their picture taken and be held in pre-trial prison. Under certain circumstances (that is where the public won't be endangered by one's release from custody), the defendant may be entitled to release on bail. If the accused cannot post a monetary bail, they will appear at their arraignment where the judge will determine if the bail set by the schedule should be lowered.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24656774",
"title": "Criminal sentencing in Canada",
"section": "Section::::Sentencing options.:Absolute and conditional discharges.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 447,
"text": "If it is in the best interests of the accused, and not contrary to the public interest, a judge may discharge an accused after a finding of guilt. A discharge is only possible if there is no minimum sentence for the offence, and the offence is not punishable by 14 years of imprisonment or a life sentence. When the court grants a discharge, the accused is not considered to have been convicted of the crime, notwithstanding the finding of guilt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44110144",
"title": "Civil forfeiture in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Legal background.:Justification.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 718,
"text": "Since police can charge a person with a crime in a criminal case and charge his or her things in a civil case, issues such as double jeopardy have been raised. Further, there has been debate about whether seizures of property are considered as a fine or as a punishment in a legal sense. The distinction was clarified by the Supreme Court in \"United States v. Bajakajian\", which decreed that a criminal forfeiture could be considered as both a type of fine and a punishment, while a civil forfeiture was not intended as a punishment of a person but rather a \"legal fiction of punishing the property\". As a result, the court decreed that civil forfeitures that served as remedial were not considered as a type of fine.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35755406",
"title": "Criminal procedure in South Africa",
"section": "Section::::Methods of getting an accused to court.:Arrest.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 357,
"text": "It is very important that the arrest be effected lawfully. If the arrest is not lawful, resistance or escape by the arrestee will not be unlawful, and the arrestor will have committed an assault. Furthermore, subsequent detention would also be unlawful, with the possibility of civil damages. The ensuing trial, however, would not automatically be invalid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1949692",
"title": "Accessory (legal term)",
"section": "Section::::Elements.:Knowledge of the crime.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "To be convicted of an accessory charge, the accused must generally be proved to have had actual knowledge that a crime was going to be, or had been, committed. Furthermore, there must be proof that the accessory knew that his or her action, or inaction, was helping the criminals commit the crime, or evade detection, or escape. A person who unknowingly houses a person who has just committed a crime, for instance, may not be charged with an accessory offense because they did not have knowledge of the crime.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12512562",
"title": "Criminal charge",
"section": "Section::::Prosecution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "Many people avoid criminal charges by staying out of the state where they committed the crime. A person facing state criminal charges is always prosecuted in the state where they committed the charges. A person may be able to get away with minor violations like a ticket, but they will not be able to hide from something like a misdemeanor or a felony. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
lpur4
|
Guys... It sucks to admit, but I don't really understand evolution.
|
[
{
"answer": "A good resource for that is [Berkeley's Evolution 101](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Natural selection - Think about the people you know. They have different skin colors, they are tall and short, some are smarter, some are stronger, etc. There is variation in populations. When some sort of driver causes certain members in a population to be more 'fit' - able to survive and reproduce, then the distribution of traits in that population will change over time. \n\nConsider two such populations that are exposed to different driving forces. Maybe one climate is warmer, and the other is cooler. Maybe the food sources are different in each area. The two populations will change in different ways over a long period of time. At some point, the difference between the two groups may become so large that they are no longer able to produce fertile offspring. At this point, they are different species.\n\nNatural selection is a mechanism (though not the only one) of evolution. Evolution is simply the change in inherited traits over time in a population. For example, dog breeding is a form of evolution, but it is not due to natural selection. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You could, conceivably, get a pretty encyclopedic answer on this but here's a relatively quick overview: _URL_0_\n\nIt's framed in the form of an evolution vs. creation discussion but gives a decent synopsis of the basics.\n\nApart from that, if you want to go more in depth, Dawkins' \"Greatest Show on Earth\" is a good read.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Evolution refers to the change in frequency of certain genes in a population over time. That's it.\n\nNatural selection refers to the *mechanism* under which evolution can take place, which is what Charles Darwin proposed. Herbert Spencer's 'survival of the fittest' theory falls under this umbrella, too.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It doesn't suck to admit it.\n\nStupidity isn't *not* knowing things.\n\nIt's not knowing things and being content with not knowing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The best analogy that I've heard for natural selection is actually from George Carlin, \"The kid who swallows too many marbles doesn't grow up to have kids of his own\". \n\nNatural selection is just a population changing due to pressure applied to it either from the organism itself (too slow and gets eaten) or external (food source dies out, food, fires, etc)\n\nEvolution is just the name applied to the process of an organism's descendants changing over time due to natural selection. \n\nThat's the best way I can describe it in the least amount of space.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I could get into mendelian inheritance, genes and allele frequencies and populations and all that, but I want to make this as intuitive as possible. A ten year old can understand selection, and given a little thought can extend this concept to explain why life is so useful and varied.\n\nOkay, there's four things about most life that you need to know before you can understand this stuff:\n\n1. All living creatures die.\n\n2. Living creatures which are better suited for their environments have a better chance at reproducing before they die. This is related to the concept of fitness.\n\n3. All living creatures have offspring which share traits with their parents.\n\n4. Most offspring have random differences from their parents. This is called a mutation.\n\nNatural selection comes from rules 1 and 2. It's a very intuitive notion: if you're more fit in a given environment, the higher chances that you'll survive to have children. Repeat this process thousands of times with variation and you get...\n\nEvolution.\n\nWhy? Remember rules 3 and 4. If the offspring inherits 100% of the traits of their parents (basically cloning), they should at least be as fit as their parents, right? Right. Here comes the kicker - reproduction is rarely perfect. Rule 4. The stuff that encodes our traits, our form - DNA - is prone to copy errors. Random insertions, deletions, you name it. In fact, nature encourages this kind of variation.\n\nMutations are random, but not always bad. The positive ones are ones that improve fitness - ones that increases your chance at reproducing so you can pass these mutations to your children. Negative ones decrease fitness - I know you might be asking, \"why aren't all the negative mutations weeded out of our gene pool?\", but that's a whole other topic.\n\nThe final ingredients are an everchanging ecosystem and time. A hostile environment - volcanoes, ice ages, desertification, rises in sea level, changes in weather patterns - drives natural selection. What is fit today might not be fit tomorrow. This creates impetus for variation in the gene pool; living creatures that can adapt, survive to pass on their genes, ones that don't die. \n\nNow turn up the fast forward, the time-lapse; when you see this process over thousands of generations, you begin to *see* changes in shape. Lineages change shape... big, small, tailed, tailess, carnivores, sharp teeth, herbivores, blunt molars, clawed, clawless. All kinds of body plans to adapt to new ways of living.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "An example, by way of analogy and oversimplification:\n\nImagine prom night - every year, some guys find a date and others dont. Girls are selective and all guys are different: some have what a girl wants, others dont and girls can tell. So some guys will lose out in the lottery of life and die childless. \n\nEvery year, this process is repeated. Some of these pairings result in offspring. Genes responsible for whatever it is girls like will have higher chances of being passed on to the next generation, where these genes might become more common. Over several generations, the aspect of members of this population should reflect a predominance of whatever the girls have picked as studly. \n\nBut girls are picky, they'll keep singling out guys who possess these traits to the highest degree, which will over time exagerate these traits, possibly in a runaway fashion.\n\nThis mechanism is sexual selection a subset of natural selection, and is what is believed to be an important driver of bird speciation. This way, traits which might diminish the survival of an individual (say, the bright red color of the cock in the rock bird, or outlandishly long tail feathers) will nevertheless be accentuated by selection by females. The way the female sees things: if a male can prove his healthy survival despite the handicap of beeing showy, he's got to be one hell of a stud!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A good resource for that is [Berkeley's Evolution 101](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Natural selection - Think about the people you know. They have different skin colors, they are tall and short, some are smarter, some are stronger, etc. There is variation in populations. When some sort of driver causes certain members in a population to be more 'fit' - able to survive and reproduce, then the distribution of traits in that population will change over time. \n\nConsider two such populations that are exposed to different driving forces. Maybe one climate is warmer, and the other is cooler. Maybe the food sources are different in each area. The two populations will change in different ways over a long period of time. At some point, the difference between the two groups may become so large that they are no longer able to produce fertile offspring. At this point, they are different species.\n\nNatural selection is a mechanism (though not the only one) of evolution. Evolution is simply the change in inherited traits over time in a population. For example, dog breeding is a form of evolution, but it is not due to natural selection. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You could, conceivably, get a pretty encyclopedic answer on this but here's a relatively quick overview: _URL_0_\n\nIt's framed in the form of an evolution vs. creation discussion but gives a decent synopsis of the basics.\n\nApart from that, if you want to go more in depth, Dawkins' \"Greatest Show on Earth\" is a good read.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Evolution refers to the change in frequency of certain genes in a population over time. That's it.\n\nNatural selection refers to the *mechanism* under which evolution can take place, which is what Charles Darwin proposed. Herbert Spencer's 'survival of the fittest' theory falls under this umbrella, too.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It doesn't suck to admit it.\n\nStupidity isn't *not* knowing things.\n\nIt's not knowing things and being content with not knowing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The best analogy that I've heard for natural selection is actually from George Carlin, \"The kid who swallows too many marbles doesn't grow up to have kids of his own\". \n\nNatural selection is just a population changing due to pressure applied to it either from the organism itself (too slow and gets eaten) or external (food source dies out, food, fires, etc)\n\nEvolution is just the name applied to the process of an organism's descendants changing over time due to natural selection. \n\nThat's the best way I can describe it in the least amount of space.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I could get into mendelian inheritance, genes and allele frequencies and populations and all that, but I want to make this as intuitive as possible. A ten year old can understand selection, and given a little thought can extend this concept to explain why life is so useful and varied.\n\nOkay, there's four things about most life that you need to know before you can understand this stuff:\n\n1. All living creatures die.\n\n2. Living creatures which are better suited for their environments have a better chance at reproducing before they die. This is related to the concept of fitness.\n\n3. All living creatures have offspring which share traits with their parents.\n\n4. Most offspring have random differences from their parents. This is called a mutation.\n\nNatural selection comes from rules 1 and 2. It's a very intuitive notion: if you're more fit in a given environment, the higher chances that you'll survive to have children. Repeat this process thousands of times with variation and you get...\n\nEvolution.\n\nWhy? Remember rules 3 and 4. If the offspring inherits 100% of the traits of their parents (basically cloning), they should at least be as fit as their parents, right? Right. Here comes the kicker - reproduction is rarely perfect. Rule 4. The stuff that encodes our traits, our form - DNA - is prone to copy errors. Random insertions, deletions, you name it. In fact, nature encourages this kind of variation.\n\nMutations are random, but not always bad. The positive ones are ones that improve fitness - ones that increases your chance at reproducing so you can pass these mutations to your children. Negative ones decrease fitness - I know you might be asking, \"why aren't all the negative mutations weeded out of our gene pool?\", but that's a whole other topic.\n\nThe final ingredients are an everchanging ecosystem and time. A hostile environment - volcanoes, ice ages, desertification, rises in sea level, changes in weather patterns - drives natural selection. What is fit today might not be fit tomorrow. This creates impetus for variation in the gene pool; living creatures that can adapt, survive to pass on their genes, ones that don't die. \n\nNow turn up the fast forward, the time-lapse; when you see this process over thousands of generations, you begin to *see* changes in shape. Lineages change shape... big, small, tailed, tailess, carnivores, sharp teeth, herbivores, blunt molars, clawed, clawless. All kinds of body plans to adapt to new ways of living.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "An example, by way of analogy and oversimplification:\n\nImagine prom night - every year, some guys find a date and others dont. Girls are selective and all guys are different: some have what a girl wants, others dont and girls can tell. So some guys will lose out in the lottery of life and die childless. \n\nEvery year, this process is repeated. Some of these pairings result in offspring. Genes responsible for whatever it is girls like will have higher chances of being passed on to the next generation, where these genes might become more common. Over several generations, the aspect of members of this population should reflect a predominance of whatever the girls have picked as studly. \n\nBut girls are picky, they'll keep singling out guys who possess these traits to the highest degree, which will over time exagerate these traits, possibly in a runaway fashion.\n\nThis mechanism is sexual selection a subset of natural selection, and is what is believed to be an important driver of bird speciation. This way, traits which might diminish the survival of an individual (say, the bright red color of the cock in the rock bird, or outlandishly long tail feathers) will nevertheless be accentuated by selection by females. The way the female sees things: if a male can prove his healthy survival despite the handicap of beeing showy, he's got to be one hell of a stud!",
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "57068222",
"title": "Ladybird Expert",
"section": "Section::::Selected Titles.:Evolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "Evolution is a 2017 study guide to evolution written by Steve Jones and illustrated by Rowan Clifford. The volume, according to the publisher's website, explores the extraordinary diversity of life on our planet through the complex interactions of one very simple theory, and, according to its author, goes from foxes to human frailty.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "8787159",
"title": "Objections to evolution",
"section": "Section::::Plausibility.:Unexplained aspects of the natural world.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 74,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 74,
"end_character": 677,
"text": "In addition to complex structures and systems, among the phenomena that critics variously claim evolution cannot explain are consciousness, hominid intelligence, instincts, emotions, metamorphosis, photosynthesis, homosexuality, music, language, religion, morality, and altruism (see altruism in animals). Most of these, such as hominid intelligence, instinct, emotion, photosynthesis, language, and altruism, have been well-explained by evolution, while others remain mysterious, or only have preliminary explanations. Supporters of evolution further contend that no alternative explanation has been able to adequately explain the biological origin of these phenomena either.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34412846",
"title": "Paul Lemoine",
"section": "Section::::Evolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "\"It results from this explanation that the theory of evolution is not exact ... Evolution is a kind of dogma which its own priests no longer believe, but which they uphold for the people. It is necessary to have the courage to state this if only so that men of a future generation may orient their research into a different direction.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5613117",
"title": "Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin",
"section": "Section::::Summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 1086,
"text": "In the second example, Gould points out that many people wrongly believe that the process of evolution has a preferred direction—a tendency to make organisms more complex and more sophisticated as time goes by. Those who believe in evolution's drive towards progress often demonstrate it with a series of organisms that appeared in different eons, with increasing complexity, e.g., \"bacteria, fern, dinosaurs, dog, man\". Gould explains how these increasingly complex organisms are just one end of the complexity distribution, and why looking only at them misses the entire picture—the \"full house\". He explains that by any measure, the most common organisms have always been, and still are, the bacteria. The complexity distribution is bounded at one side (a living organism cannot be much simpler than bacteria), so an unbiased random walk by evolution, sometimes going in the complexity direction and sometimes going towards simplicity (without having an intrinsic preference to either), will create a distribution with a small, but longer and longer tail at the high complexity end.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7731295",
"title": "Epic of evolution",
"section": "Section::::Narrative.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 936,
"text": "Evolution generally refers to biological evolution, but here it means a process in which the whole universe is a progression of interrelated phenomena, a gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex form (emergence). It should not be 'biologized' as it includes many areas of science. In addition, outside of the scientific community, the term evolution is frequently used differently from scientists' usage. Even respected dictionaries may present questionable definitions that are not scientific or only address genetic changes. Unfortunately it is common for the general public to enter into a discussion about evolution with a wrong definition in mind. This often leads to misunderstanding since scientists are viewing evolution from a different perspective. The same applies to the use of the term theory as used in the theory of evolution (see references for Evolution as theory and fact).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1456593",
"title": "Involution (esoterism)",
"section": "Section::::According to Sri Aurobindo.:Introduction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 679,
"text": "The evolution is the development of all entities in the cosmos, including humans, in order to attain their fulfillment, including the discovery of spiritual Delight, which was, and always is, the experience of the Source Creator. The evolution is the progressive development from the original inconscience of matter into life (movement, sensation, desire, etc. and living physical beings), and from thence to mind (in conscious animals and most especially humans—the self-conscious thinking animal), and from thence to spiritualized mind, culminating in The Supermind or Truth Consciousness (as supramental individuals, and finally the supramental, i.e. a divine life on earth).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21659303",
"title": "Questions of Truth",
"section": "Section::::Key themes and ideas.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "BULLET::::4. \"Evolution\" starts with \"Is evolution a fact or a theory?\", discusses Intelligent Design, which is deemed an unfortunate use of language and a theological mistake, and explores whether the mind can be explained by evolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
aabfwu
|
What are some good academic books/articles to consider when looking at intellectual history?
|
[
{
"answer": "Have you checked out [this section of our books list?](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "25022400",
"title": "Journal of the History of Ideas",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 264,
"text": "The Journal of the History of Ideas is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering intellectual history and the history of ideas, including the histories of philosophy, literature and the arts, natural and social sciences, religion, and political thought.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "18633246",
"title": "Partial Answers",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 418,
"text": "Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal that focuses on the study of literature and the history of ideas. The journal publishes articles on various national literatures including Hebrew, Yiddish, German, Russian, and (predominantly) English literature. It was named \"Best New Journal of 2004\" by the Council of Editors of Learned Journals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56165382",
"title": "Swedish history of ideas",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 631,
"text": "The discipline Idé och lärdomshistoria, translated as History of Science and Ideas, is an important part of the humanities faculties in most Swedish universities, most notably Stockholm, Uppsala, Lund, Gothenburg, Umeå and Södertörn. It is a broad field of study that often involves cross disciplinary research between intellectual history, history of science, medicine or philosophy, conceptual history, history of education and media history. It is taught in Universities at undergraduate and graduate levels, and is also an active field of research. The annual journal Lychnos publishes the current research of the discipline. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33643939",
"title": "Tomáš Sedláček (economist)",
"section": "Section::::Economics of Good and Evil.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 230,
"text": "The broad concept of the book covers the history of economics through the millennia, \"from the epic of Gilgamesh and the Old Testament to the emergence of Christianity, from Descartes and Adam Smith to Fight Club and The Matrix.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "20860737",
"title": "Antiquarian science books",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 263,
"text": "These books are important primary references for the study of the history of science and technology, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science, History of mathematics, etc.)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1289902",
"title": "Anthony Grafton",
"section": "Section::::Works.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 447,
"text": "He also penned several essay collections, including \"Defenders of the Text\" (1991), which deals with the relations between scholarship and science in the early modern period, and, most recently, \"Worlds Made by Words\". His most original and accessible book is \"The Footnote: A curious history\" (1997; published in German as \"Die Tragischen Ursprünge der deutschen Fußnote\"), a case study in what might be called the history of history from below.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48043860",
"title": "Home University Library of Modern Knowledge",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 313,
"text": "The Home University Library of Modern Knowledge was a series of popular non-fiction books from the first half of the twentieth century that ran to over 200 volumes. The authors were eminent scholars in their fields and included Isaiah Berlin, Harold J. Laski, Hilaire Belloc, Bertrand Russell and John Masefield.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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]
}
] | null |
6u2bdt
|
why are there so many conflicting views on taking large amounts of fat soluble vitamins?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's fine if you're getting that much of a particular vitamin if it's from a natural source, like whole carrots, sweet potatoes, etc because your body has to process vitamin A, for example, from beta carotene into a form it can use. Vitamin A supplements (and that from liver) are already in a form your body can use, and getting too much of this usable form can cause vitaminosis.",
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},
{
"answer": "To be hones I am not aware of any \"conflicting\" views on this topic. Large amounts of soluble vitamins ARE unhealthy, as they lead to overdose. In medical terms this is called \"hypervitaminosis\".\nOverdosing on fat soluble vitamins is possible, because your body naturally stores fat and therefore it stores those vitamins with it. Look up hypervitaminosis A, D, E, K (the last two being pretty rare).\nTo overdose on vitamins that are soluble in water is practically impossible, water in your body is constantly being renewed (although I do recall one article that I read years ago of a man who overdosed on vit. C and got kidney stones as a result).",
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"answer": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "32512",
"title": "Vitamin",
"section": "Section::::Classification.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 726,
"text": "Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). Vitamins A and D can accumulate in the body, which can result in dangerous hypervitaminosis. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency due to malabsorption is of particular significance in cystic fibrosis.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "47669307",
"title": "Vitamin D deficiency in Australia",
"section": "Section::::Health effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 638,
"text": "This fundamental fat-soluble vitamin has been long known for its important role in calcium absorption in the body, especially in musculoskeletal health. The health impacts commonly caused by deficiency of Vitamin D are rickets in children and osteoporosis in the elderly populations. Low levels of Vitamin D have also been associated with other conditions such as heart disease, cancer and kidney disease but further research is required. Recent evidence suggests Vitamin D is also linked to many other health diseases such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis and some form of cancer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "103558",
"title": "Vitamin deficiency",
"section": "Section::::Hypervitaminosis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "Some vitamins cause acute or chronic toxicity, a condition called hypervitaminosis, which occurs mainly for fat-soluble vitamins if over-consumed by excessive supplementation. Hypervitaminosis A and hypervitaminosis D are the most common examples. Vitamin D toxicity does not result from sun exposure or consuming foods rich in vitamin D, but rather from excessive intake of vitamin D supplements, possibly leading to hypercalcemia, nausea, weakness, and kidney stones.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17394046",
"title": "Chylomicron retention disease",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 289,
"text": "Without functional chylomicrons certain fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin E cannot be absorbed. Chylomicrons have a crucial role in fat absorption and transport, thus deficiency in chylomicron functioning reduces available levels of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "85385",
"title": "Atherosclerosis",
"section": "Section::::Risk factors.:Dietary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 450,
"text": "It is very difficult to measure or estimate the actual human consumption of these substances. Highly unsaturated omega-3 rich oils such as fish oil are being sold in pill form so that the taste of oxidized or rancid fat is not apparent. The health food industry's dietary supplements are self-regulated and outside of FDA regulations. To properly protect unsaturated fats from oxidation, it is best to keep them cool and in oxygen-free environments.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "939876",
"title": "Hypervitaminosis",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 422,
"text": "Generally, toxic levels of vitamins stem from high supplement intake and not from natural food. Toxicities of fat-soluble vitamins can also be caused by a large intake of highly fortified foods, but natural food rarely deliver dangerous levels of fat-soluble vitamins. The Dietary Reference Intake recommendations from the United States Department of Agriculture define a \"tolerable upper intake level\" for most vitamins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24707867",
"title": "Canadian health claims for food",
"section": "Section::::Health claim #3.:Research supporting the claim.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 373,
"text": "A related study found that the types of fat consumed is much more important than the amount of fat which is consumed with regards to coronary heart disease. Controlled clinical trials have proved that replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat was much more effective in lowering serum cholesterol and reducing risk of CHD compared to reducing total fat consumption.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
e86scd
|
Why did the ancient Roman pantheon mostly consist of assimilated Greek gods?
|
[
{
"answer": "The FAQ has answers to a [similar question](_URL_0_), courtesy of /u/idontplayoboe and /u/cleopatra_philopater",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "45087159",
"title": "Deity",
"section": "Section::::Regional cultures.:Indo-European.:Roman.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 813,
"text": "The Roman pantheon had numerous deities, both Greek and non-Greek. The more famed deities, found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts, have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities. These include the six gods and six goddesses: Venus, Apollo, Mars, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, Juno, Mercury, Vesta, Neptune, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus); as well Bacchus, Pluto and Hercules. The non-Greek major deities include Janus, Fortuna, Vesta, Quirinus and Tellus (mother goddess, probably most ancient). Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion, while others may have been borrowed, for political reasons, from neighboring trade centers such as those in the Minoan or ancient Egyptian civilization.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "23416994",
"title": "Greek mythology",
"section": "Section::::Greek and Roman conceptions of myth.:Syncretizing trends.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 91,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 91,
"end_character": 1216,
"text": "In Ancient Roman times, a new Roman mythology was born through syncretization of numerous Greek and other foreign gods. This occurred because the Romans had little mythology of their own, and inheritance of the Greek mythological tradition caused the major Roman gods to adopt characteristics of their Greek equivalents. The gods Zeus and Jupiter are an example of this mythological overlap. In addition to the combination of the two mythological traditions, the association of the Romans with eastern religions led to further syncretizations. For instance, the cult of Sun was introduced in Rome after Aurelian's successful campaigns in Syria. The Asiatic divinities Mithras (that is to say, the Sun) and Ba'al were combined with Apollo and Helios into one Sol Invictus, with conglomerated rites and compound attributes. Apollo might be increasingly identified in religion with Helios or even Dionysus, but texts retelling his myths seldom reflected such developments. The traditional literary mythology was increasingly dissociated from actual religious practice. The worship of Sol as special protector of the emperors and of the empire remained the chief imperial religion until it was replaced by Christianity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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"wikipedia_id": "50328762",
"title": "Religious syncretism",
"section": "Section::::Ancient history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 620,
"text": "The Romans, identifying themselves as common heirs to a very similar civilization, identified Greek deities with similar figures in the Etruscan-Roman tradition, though without usually copying cult practices. (For details, see Interpretatio graeca.) Syncretic gods of the Hellenistic period found also wide favor in Rome: Serapis, Isis and Mithras, for example. Cybele as worshipped in Rome essentially represented a syncretic East Mediterranean goddess. The Romans imported the Greek god Dionysus into Rome, where he merged with the Latin mead god \"Liber\", and converted the Anatolian Sabazios into the Roman Sabazius.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45087159",
"title": "Deity",
"section": "Section::::Regional cultures.:Indo-European.:Greek.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "The ancient Greeks revered both gods and goddesses. These continued to be revered through the early centuries of the common era, and many of the Greek deities inspired and were adopted as part of much larger pantheon of Roman deities. The Greek religion was polytheistic, but had no centralized church, nor any sacred texts. The deities were largely associated with myths and they represented natural phenomena or aspects of human behavior.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8391",
"title": "Diana (mythology)",
"section": "Section::::Mythology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 463,
"text": "Unlike the Greek gods, Roman gods were originally considered to be numina: divine powers of presence and will that did not necessarily have physical form. At the time Rome was founded, Diana and the other major Roman gods probably did not have much mythology per se, or any depictions in human form. The idea of gods as having anthropomorphic qualities and human-like personalities and actions developed later, under the influence of Greek and Etruscan religion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1449016",
"title": "Interpretatio graeca",
"section": "Section::::Examples.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 534,
"text": "Some deities dating to Rome's oldest religious stratum, such as Janus and Terminus, had no Greek equivalent. Other Greek divine figures, most notably Apollo, were adopted directly into Roman culture, but underwent a distinctly Roman development, as when Augustus made Apollo one of his patron deities. In the early period, Etruscan culture played an intermediary role in transmitting Greek myth and religion to the Romans, as evidenced in the linguistic transformation of Greek \"Heracles\" to Etruscan \"Her[e]cle\" to Roman \"Hercules\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "274099",
"title": "Ancient Greek religion",
"section": "Section::::History.:Roman Empire.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 808,
"text": "When the Roman Republic conquered Greece in 146 BC, it took much of Greek religion (along with many other aspects of Greek culture such as literary and architectural styles) and incorporated it into its own. The Greek gods were equated with the ancient Roman deities; Zeus with Jupiter, Hera with Juno, Poseidon with Neptune, Aphrodite with Venus, Ares with Mars, Artemis with Diana, Athena with Minerva, Hermes with Mercury, Hephaestus with Vulcan, Hestia with Vesta, Demeter with Ceres, Hades with Pluto, Tyche with Fortuna, and Pan with Faunus. Some of the gods, such as Apollo and Bacchus, had earlier been adopted by the Romans. There were also many deities that existed in the Roman religion before its interaction with Greece that were not associated with a Greek deity, including Janus and Quirinus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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] | null |
3pq5bo
|
why does it feel different/better when you get a bj/hj from a different person than when you masterbate?
|
[
{
"answer": "Try sitting on your left hand until it's numb and having a go. It's just like having someone there!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Same reason you can't tickle yourself - your mind expects the sensation. With someone else its different, unexpected (and awesome)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You can give yourself a bj?!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "44339364",
"title": "Sex Ed (film)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 641,
"text": "Ed Cole (Haley Joel Osment) feels like he is letting his life go by without him. He leaves his job at a bagel shop and works as an after-school detention teacher after impressing the principal (Matt Walsh). He moves out of his apartment, allowing his roommate JT (Glen Powell) to engage in kinky sex with his girlfriend Ally (Castille Landon). While working with his students, Ed realizes most of the troubled youths are sexually confused, and begins an after school sex ed program. At the same time JT convinces Ed to have sex with someone to end his dry spell, leading to a disastrous blind date with Trish (Abby Elliott), a former co-ed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48836393",
"title": "Tracey Norman",
"section": "Section::::Personal life.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "Norman says the feeling of being different goes back as far as she can remember. In a cover story for \"New York Magazine\" she said \" it just seemed like I was living in the wrong body. I always felt female.\" For Norman her life at home as well as school was not easy. She had a father who was battling cancer and a family to whom she was afraid to come out.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59074438",
"title": "Between You & Me (Betty Who song)",
"section": "Section::::Background and writing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 998,
"text": "Revealing that the track makes her feel emotional, the singer identified \"Between You & Me\" as an ode to how she began writing music originally, recalling a time when she was 14 years-old and using solely a guitar or piano to write about her feelings. Admitting that the song's \"soft and demure\" nature was a conscious decision to a certain extent, Who explained that she intended \"to switch things up\" and \"emphasize the fact that I just wanna write songs\". Who hails its lyrics as \"one of my favorite stories I’ve ever told,” expounding, \"It feels so good to finally have it out in the world instead of banging around my own brain.” Thematically, Who drew similarities between the song and \"Just Thought You Should Know\", another track written for her then-forthcoming album\".\" A fan of the television series \"Parks and Recreation\", Who also believes that the song would serve as a suitable anthem for characters Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) and Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) before they became a couple.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23786511",
"title": "Spencer Gray",
"section": "Section::::Development.:Personality and identity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 340,
"text": "Spencer's personality is unique as it sometimes corresponds with his learning disabilities. He can sometimes act child like as his mental age is at the age of ten years. Fellow cast members have previously commented that the character is portrayed to show him doing what a normal characters in their twenties do, yet in a 'less adult way'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "39333535",
"title": "Got to Believe",
"section": "Section::::Synopsis.:Season 1.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 745,
"text": "Despite living a comfortable and wealthy life, teenage Joaquin feels he is different due to his brain injury. His overprotective mother, Juliana (Carmina Villaroel), unknowingly hired teenage Chichay as his nanny. The two that had started off having an unpleasant relationship with each other eventually became friends. As they found comfort in each other's company, they learned various lessons in life such as the true meaning of friendship, of standing by your family, and of accepting one’s self. While their feelings blossomed into love, things also got complicated and had put them to the test as they encountered numerous conflicts like their parents' past, their economic gap and the cause of Joaquin's accident when he was still a kid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57740854",
"title": "What Men Want",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 363,
"text": "After work, Ali goes to meet with her father at a gym and bar, where she encounters a bartender named Will, who she becomes interested in. They leave the bar together and go to his home, where they have sex. She is too aggressive, not knowing that Will is not satisfied with her performance in the bedroom. The next morning she awakens to his son in the bedroom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41657115",
"title": "Under Pressure (Modern Family)",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 519,
"text": "As their parents are busy during the day, Manny and Luke have a double date with twin girls but during the date it turns out that Manny's girl has a lot in common with Luke and Luke's has a lot in common with Manny. However, when the boys suggest to exchange their girls, Manny's date reveals that she likes Latino guys and Luke's date says that she loves dumb boys, something that offends both of them. As they get up to leave, the girls suggest them to go at their home and makeout since their parents are not there.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6rwbrf
|
why does the one cup of coffee i drink make me pee as if i drank 3 cups?
|
[
{
"answer": "You probably already know this, but the active ingredient in coffee is a chemical called caffeine.\n\nPeople don't normally think of caffeine as a \"drug\", but it is in the technical sense of the word. The main effect of caffeine is that you'll feel more awake, but it's also a mild diuretic.\n\nSo... caffeine makes you feel more awake and it also makes you have to pee a bit.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "533352",
"title": "Culture of Saudi Arabia",
"section": "Section::::Food and drink.:Cuisine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 153,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 153,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "Coffee is often served \"with great ceremony\", and it is customary to drink two or three cups to indicate your approval of the coffee. Cups are refilled unless a gesture—shaking your cup—is made to indicate you've had enough. It is considered good manners for a guest to eat heartily, and burping appreciatively \"verges on being considered good form\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "667037",
"title": "Indian filter coffee",
"section": "Section::::Preparation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 517,
"text": "Coffee is typically served after pouring back and forth between the dabara and the tumbler in huge arc-like motions of the hand. This serves several purposes: mixing the ingredients (including sugar) thoroughly; cooling the hot coffee to a sipping temperature; and most importantly, aerating the mix without introducing extra water (such as with a steam wand used for frothing cappucinos). An anecdote related to the distance between the pouring and receiving cup leads to another name for the drink, \"Meter Coffee\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51213089",
"title": "Trembleuse",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 270,
"text": "It was designed to allow people suffering from the trembles to drink a beverage, initially hot chocolate. The cup sits in a saucer with either a well, or a raised rim to prevent the liquid from spilling. Cups were designed with or without handles, and optionally a lid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21566495",
"title": "Baseball (drinking game)",
"section": "Section::::Game play.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "4) Each cup is filled halfway, once a cup is made you pull that cup and drink its contents, with the exception of a home run, in the event of a home run all remaining cups are consumed, and all cups are replaced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21566495",
"title": "Baseball (drinking game)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 606,
"text": "When a ball lands in a cup, the defending team must consume all of the beer inside that cup and all the cups below it, e.g. if the third cup is hit (a triple), the third, second and first cup are consumed. The cups are filled according to their position on the table. The cup closest to the opposing team is 1/4 full, the second cup is 1/2 full, the third cup is 3/4 full and the final cup nearest the edge is full. It is also common to have a glass of water with the purpose of cleaning the ball between throws. After consumption the cup is refilled to the appropriate level and placed back on the table.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47863605",
"title": "Middle Eastern cuisine",
"section": "Section::::Etiquette.:Dining etiquette in non-Arab countries of Middle East.:Turkey.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 1233,
"text": "BULLET::::- Tea is usually served in little curved glasses that you hold not by the stem, but by the lip: you never add milk, but you can add water as you drink it to dilute the tea, which is sometimes still steeping when you get it. Coffee is generally available. The coffee is drunk carefully (there are grounds on the bottom); it is also thick and black, and each cup is individually brewed, often with the sugar already in it, and milk is usually not to be added. Since it is offered all the time and everywhere, it is a gesture of hospitality and you must always take the coffee or tea, even if you only put it to your lips or just take a few sips. Your cup will always be refilled if it is less than half full. Because you must never pour your own drink, you must always be alert throughout the meal as to whether your neighbor's cup or glass needs refilling. If it is less than half full, it needs refilling; alternately, if yours is less than half full, your neighbor is obliged to refill it. If he or she does not, do not refill it yourself, for this will cause him or her to lose face; instead, diplomatically indicate your need by pouring a little more drink into your neighbor's glass, even if it doesn't really need it.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1690036",
"title": "Flip cup",
"section": "Section::::Gameplay.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 933,
"text": "At the start, it is customary for the initiating players to make a toast, after which the first member of each team drinks the entirety of their beverage. When finished, the cup is placed open side up at the edge of the table, and the player who drank it attempts to flip the cup, by flicking or lifting the bottom of the cup until it flips and lands face down on the table, If a cup is knocked over in the chain whilst moving to the next cup the player must go back and re-flip. The player may not use two hands, or blow on the cup to guide it to flip over. If the player is unsuccessful on the first try, the cup is reset and re-flipped. Only after the first teammate is done flipping successfully can the next person proceed. Additionally, subsequent players may not touch or manipulate their cup until the previous player has successfully flipped their cup. Whichever team finishes drinking and flipping all its cups first wins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1udnpm
|
why is french so complicated?
|
[
{
"answer": "Chinese is horrid because you can't tell how to pronounce a new character.\n\nEnglish is known for its bizzare amounts of homophones.\n\nFrench has lists and lists of conjugations to add to words when you want to refer to different subjects, i.e. he, she, they.\n\nWelsh just looks like the sign writer was sneezing or something.\n\nLanguages like French or English evolve naturally over time through slang and other means. Since it's us imperfect humans who created it, and since they were mostly developed at a time when you weren't expecting a language to sweep the globe like it does now, most languages have redundant, senseless and overly complicated rules.\n\nAn interesting exception is Korean, where the history of it can be generalised as just some guy sitting down and writing the rules to produce an efficient and no-nonsense language.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "10597",
"title": "French language",
"section": "Section::::Current status and importance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 76,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 76,
"end_character": 226,
"text": "Spoken on all continents, French is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, jurisprudence, the academy, and diplomacy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13854",
"title": "History of France",
"section": "Section::::Early Modern France (1453–1789).:Life in the Early Modern period.:Language.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 139,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 139,
"end_character": 578,
"text": "Because of its international status, there was a desire to regulate the French language. Several reforms of the French language worked to make it more uniform. The Renaissance writer François Rabelais (born 1494) helped to shape French as a literary language, Rabelais' French is characterised by the re-introduction of Greek and Latin words. Jacques Peletier du Mans (born 1517) was one of the scholars who reformed the French language. He improved Nicolas Chuquet's long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers (\"milliards\" instead of \"thousand million\", etc.).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19968159",
"title": "Louisiana French",
"section": "Section::::Grammar.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 502,
"text": "Despite ample time for Louisiana French to diverge, the basic grammatical core of the language remains similar or the same as Standard French. Even so, it can be expected that the language would begin to diverge due to the various influences of neighboring languages, changing francophone demographics, and unstable opportunities for education. Furthermore, Louisiana French lacks any official regulating body unlike that of Standard French or Quebec French to take part in standardizing the language.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46251870",
"title": "Geographical distribution of French speakers",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 524,
"text": "French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the language of European courts and diplomacy. The importance of French began to wane in the early 20th century, when the spread of English due to the British Empire and the rise of the English-speaking United States to superpower status eroding its place as the language of diplomacy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5843419",
"title": "France",
"section": "Section::::Demographics.:Language.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 201,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 201,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "From the 17th to the mid-20th century, French served as the pre-eminent international language of diplomacy and international affairs as well as a lingua franca among the educated classes of Europe. The dominant position of French language in international affairs was overtaken by English, since the emergence of the United States as a major power.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4478036",
"title": "History of French",
"section": "Section::::Effect of substrate and superstrate languages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 162,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 162,
"end_character": 575,
"text": "French is noticeably different from most other Romance languages. Some of the changes have been attributed to substrate influence – i.e., to carry-over effects from Gaulish (Celtic) or superstrate influence from Frankish (Germanic). In practice, it is difficult to say with confidence which sound and grammar changes were due to substrate and superstrate influences, since many of the changes in French have parallels in other Romance languages, or are changes commonly undergone by many languages in the process of development. However, the following are likely candidates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10597",
"title": "French language",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the United Nations, the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the World Trade Organization, the International Olympic Committee, and the International Committee of the Red Cross. In 2011, \"Bloomberg Businessweek\" ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1wt44o
|
Lou Gehrig's disease
|
[
{
"answer": "the current hypothesis for how ALS works is dysfunction of the mitochondria in motor neurons resulting oxidative stress and therefore damage to the cell.\nIt is caused is also unknown however around 5% of suffers have a known genetic involvement such as a mutation in the superoxide dismutase-1 gene.\n\nAs a result of the damage to neurons there are many specific signs which medical professionals may pick up on and they vary from type to type and patient to patient. But the general gist is muscular weakness which can lead to dysphagia (trouble swallowing) difficulty/changes to their voice, muscle wasting and hyperreflexia or hypo-reflexia depending on where on the neuron it is damaged. Also these symptoms are progressive as more cells are damaged.\n\nThere is no cure currently all care given is palliative and to help relieve the symptoms. They include regular exercise with speech and physical therapy to help maintain utility of affected areas and to help overcome the disabilities that develop and dietic support for when eating becomes difficult.\nA drug which has been shown to slow the progression called Riluzole may also be used. It works by decreasing the amount of glutamate released during nerve transmission and as this has been shown to damage nerves in the CNS and brain by reducing the level released it conveys a protective effect.\nI primarily used here to ensure the reliablity of my statements.\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "51052398",
"title": "Rutherford \"Rud\" Rennie",
"section": "Section::::Friendship with Lou Gehrig.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 761,
"text": "With Gehrig's 1939 diagnosis of A.L.S. (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately, respiratory failure), Rennie remained close to the ballplayer and his wife Eleanor through Gehrig's retirement and downhill slide until Gehrig's death in 1941. A much-cited interchange occurred when Gehrig returned from the consultation and diagnosis at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Rennie met his train in Washington, D.C., where the Yankees were to play. A group of Boy Scouts at the station joyfully greeted Gehrig, and yelled, \"Good luck with the Series!\" Gehrig returned their wave, and leaned toward friend Rennie. \"They’re wishing me luck,\" he said quietly, \"and I’m dying.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19381762",
"title": "Lou Gehrig",
"section": "Section::::Major league career.:Diagnosis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 720,
"text": "Gehrig flew alone to Rochester from Chicago, where the Yankees were playing at the time, and arrived at the Mayo Clinic on June 13, 1939. After six days of extensive testing at the clinic, doctors confirmed the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on June 19, 1939, which was Gehrig's 36th birthday. The prognosis was grim: rapidly increasing paralysis, difficulty in swallowing and speaking, and a life expectancy less than three years, although no impairment of mental functions would occur. Eleanor Gehrig was told that the cause of ALS was unknown, but it was painless, noncontagious, and cruel; the motor function of the central nervous system is destroyed, but the mind remains fully aware to the end.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1879108",
"title": "Beck Depression Inventory",
"section": "Section::::Development and history.:BDI-II.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "The BDI-II was a 1996 revision of the BDI, developed in response to the American Psychiatric Association's publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, which changed many of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5144613",
"title": "Depressive personality disorder",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 562,
"text": "The DSM-IV defines depressive personality disorder as \"a pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors beginning by early adulthood and occurring in a variety of contexts.\" Depressive personality disorder occurs before, during, and after major depressive episodes, making it a distinct diagnosis not included in the definition of either major depressive episodes or dysthymic disorder. Specifically, five or more of the following must be present most days for at least two years in order for a diagnosis of depressive personality disorder to be made:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56830914",
"title": "Daniel J. Wallace",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1218,
"text": "Daniel Jeffrey Wallace (born October 27, 1949) is an American rheumatologist, clinical professor, author, and fellow. Wallace has published 400 peer reviewed publications, 8 textbooks, and 25 book chapters on topics such as Lupus, Sjogren syndrome, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia. He has the largest cohort of lupus patients in the United States (2000). A full professor of medicine (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA), he is associate director of the Rheumatology Fellowship Program at Cedars-Sinai. His seminal contributions to research include being an author of the first paper to demonstrate vitamin D dysfunction and the importance of interleukin-6 in lupus, conducting the first large studies of apheresis in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, and insights into the mechanisms of action of antimalarials. Wallace's research accomplishments also include conducting many clinical rheumatic disease trials, examining the role of microvascular angina and accelerated atherogenesis in lupus, and work on anti-telomere antibodies which have garnered him 5 papers in the New England Journal of Medicine. Wallace’s monograph, \"The Lupus Book\", has sold over 100,000 copies since 1995.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22984054",
"title": "Depression of Alzheimer disease",
"section": "Section::::Symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "The diagnostic criteria for depression in Alzheimer disease specify that it requires only 3 of the possible symptoms for major depressive disorder (MDD), rather than the 5 required to diagnose MDD itself, and the symptoms may fluctuate. Therefore, dAD often goes unrecognized within the spectrum of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4135393",
"title": "Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 388,
"text": "Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DD-NOS) is designated by the code \"311\" in the DSM-IV for depressive disorders that are impairing but do not fit any of the officially specified diagnoses. According to the DSM-IV, DD-NOS encompasses \"any depressive disorder that does not meet the criteria for a specific disorder.\" In the DSM-5, it is called unspecified depressive disorder.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5dg493
|
[Serious] do we know if Jefferson raped "his" slaves at any point in his life?
|
[
{
"answer": "One way of answering this question is in terms of consent as we understand it today. Thomas Jefferson *literally owned the bodies of all his slaves*. It's hard for modern people to conceive of that sort of power relation in any way, but that's what it was. He completely owned them; they had no power of consent over any aspect of their lives. In such a situation, *any* sexual encounter between master and slave is coercive, and meets the definition of rape. Therefore, Thomas Jefferson raped Sally Hemings, repeatedly and over a number of years. In this view, to talk of different degrees of rape, whether the rape was \"violent\" or \"forced\" is abhorrent, and can't be countenanced. I admit, there's a lot of power in this perspective, not least because it foregrounds the immoral criminality of slavery in absolute terms.\n\nAnnette Gordon-Reed, in her fascinating book *The Hemingses of Monticello*, which seeks to pull away from the larger history of slavery to understand one family (Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson, and their descendants), takes a somewhat more nuanced perspective. Reed, of course, acknowledges the monstrosity of slavery and its sexual power relations on a world-historical scale, but finds that perspective inadequate for her more targeted, micro-historical approach. Such a perspective, in her view, completely obscures the agency that enslaved women had--or may have had--over their own sexualities. It makes sexuality an entirely male-focused affair, rendering the question entirely \"Did so-and-so have sex with a slave?\" \"Yes? OK, it's rape.\" It leaves no room for the possibility that Hemings or another enslaved woman might have had a real emotional and physical interest in an owner. Put another way, it renders entirely ideological (masters vs. slaves, in never-ending war), a relationship that surely must have had more nuance. To take the first view I enumerated, ultimately, in Gordon-Reed's view, serves to blot out the real lived experiences of enslaved women. These experiences are very hard for us to understand today, given the sheer paucity of literary and archival sources that directly convey the experiences of enslaved women. So she's hesitant to paint with the broad brush, because ultimately that brush serves to obscure understanding, not enhance it. It can even serve to render enslaved women eternally childlike, which itself was a goal of the ideology of slavery.\n\nYou might be interested in reading Gordon-Reed's book to further tease out the nuances of her argument. It's a really great book, though Gordon-Reed is trained as a lawyer and not an historian, and other historians have had various issues with the book's methodology.\n\nThere's no evidence that Thomas Jefferson, a refined and charming man who considered himself a statesman, ever held an enslaved woman down at knifepoint and raped her. Given the power relations between him and his slaves, it's doubtful he ever would have had to. So, I believe you are on firm historical ground if you want to claim that Jefferson raped Hemings. But there is at least one decent argument to say that the answer is more like \"we don't know, and probably never can.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "308325",
"title": "Fawn M. Brodie",
"section": "Section::::\"Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 1004,
"text": "To Brodie, Jefferson's ambiguous posturings on slavery could be explained by his personal life. If he had been conducting a 28-year affair with a slave, then he could not free his slaves because once they were freed, Virginia law would force them from the state, unless he gained permission from the legislature for them to stay. He could continue his liaison with Hemings only if his slaves remained slaves. Two of the most prominent Jefferson biographers of the twentieth century, Dumas Malone and Merrill Peterson, had relied on Jefferson family testimony by two Randolph grandchildren, who named his Carr nephews as fathers. They discounted other evidence about this alleged sexual relationship, including by Madison Hemings in 1873, who identified Jefferson as his father and said he had a long relationship with his mother. The relationship was first reported in 1802 by the journalist James T. Callender when Jefferson was President, after Callender failed to win an appointment by the president.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28155913",
"title": "Slave George",
"section": "Section::::New Madrid earthquake.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "Many books and articles since 1812 have examined the case of slave George and Jefferson's nephews. The historian Boynton Merrill, Jr. considered the case as arising out of the power abuses inherent in the institution of slavery, frontier stresses, mounting personal and financial losses in the Lewis family, mental instability of Lilburne, and abuse of alcohol by both brothers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13659513",
"title": "John Wayles Jefferson",
"section": "Section::::Ancestry controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 248,
"text": "Historians disputed as to whether Thomas Jefferson had children with his slave Sally Hemings. Fawn McKay Brodie and Annette Gordon-Reed presented new analyses that assessed the historiography, showing evidence that other historians had overlooked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23484924",
"title": "Thomas Jefferson and slavery",
"section": "Section::::Retirement (1810–1826).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "Jefferson may have borrowed from Suetonius, a Roman biographer, the phrase \"wolf by the ears\", as he held a book of his works. Jefferson characterized slavery as a dangerous animal (the wolf) that could not be contained or freed. He believed that attempts to end slavery would lead to violence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4190992",
"title": "Jefferson–Hemings controversy",
"section": "Section::::Changing scholarship.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 522,
"text": "William G. Hyland, Jr., a trial lawyer, published \"In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal\" (2009), in which he argues that Jefferson's younger brother Randolph, who had a reputation for socializing with the Monticello slaves (in contrast to Thomas, who, Hyland argues, did not) is the most likely of several possible candidates for the father of Sally Hemings' children. He repeats the poor reputation of James Callendar, who had first reported allegations of Jefferson's relationship with a slave.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23484924",
"title": "Thomas Jefferson and slavery",
"section": "Section::::Monticello slave life.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 673,
"text": "Jefferson frowned against the use of physical punishment of his slaves, but it was practiced in his absence. When a 17-year-old James was sick, one overseer reportedly whipped him \"three times in one day.\" Violence was commonplace on plantations, including Jefferson's. The Thomas Jefferson Foundation quotes Jefferson's instructions his overseers not to whip his slaves, but noted that they often ignored his wishes during his frequent absences from home. According to Stanton, no reliable document portrays Jefferson as directly using physical correction. During Jefferson's time, some other slaveholders also disagreed with the practices of flogging and jailing slaves.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "102283",
"title": "Joseph Ellis",
"section": "Section::::Presidential biographies.:Thomas Jefferson.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 349,
"text": "In relation to one of the major questions about his private life, whether Jefferson had a liaison with his slave Sally Hemings, Ellis suggested that evidence was \"inconclusive.\" His deep analysis of Jefferson's character led him to conclude that the statesman did not have the liaison. Specifically, Ellis says in the appendix to \"American Sphinx:\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
39vckj
|
why do i sometimes get this ghost itch on the inside of my ear?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's most likely wax moving toward the entrance of your ear and it hits a hair that tickles/itches the inner ear.\n\nAt least that's what makes the most sense to me.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "424302",
"title": "Itch",
"section": "Section::::Mechanism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 223,
"text": "Itch can originate in the peripheral nervous system (dermal or neuropathic) or in the central nervous system (neuropathic, neurogenic, or psychogenic). When there is no identifiable cause it is known as essential pruritus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22777086",
"title": "Gamasoidosis",
"section": "Section::::Symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 219,
"text": "\"D. gallinae\" is capable of infesting the ear canal, with symptoms including itching, internal inflammation and discharge. It can also infest the scalp, with severe itching—particularly at night as the primary symptom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "247891",
"title": "Otosclerosis",
"section": "Section::::Presentation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "Most patients with otosclerosis notice tinnitus (head noise) to some degree. The amount of tinnitus is not necessarily related to the degree or type of hearing impairment. Tinnitus develops due to irritation of the delicate nerve endings in the inner ear. Since the nerve carries sound, this irritation is manifested as ringing, roaring or buzzing. It is usually worse when the patient is fatigued, nervous or in a quiet environment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6589243",
"title": "Otitis externa in animals",
"section": "Section::::Symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 288,
"text": "Signs of ear infection include shaking of the head, and scratching at or under the ear. Some animals may also paw the ear or try to rub it on other objects to relieve pain and discomfort. Ear infections often result in a darker red ear, dirt in the ear, or a general inflamed appearance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1965528",
"title": "Itching ears",
"section": "Section::::Greek context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "The phrase from which \"itching ears\" originates in the original Greek is κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (\"knēthomenoi tēn akoēn\"). κνηθόμενοι, the translation for \"having an itching ear\", is a present participle, signifying a present, continual action occurring.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "412772",
"title": "Lichen simplex chronicus",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 507,
"text": "Many hypothesize LSC has a psychosomatic origin. Those predisposed to itch as a response to emotional tensions may be more susceptible to the itch-scratch cycle. It may also be associated with nervousness, anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders. Many people with LSC are aware of the scratching they do during the day, but they might not be aware of the scratching they do in their sleep. LSC is also associated with atopy, or atopic dermatitis (eczema) and an increase of histamine levels.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "162143",
"title": "Keloid",
"section": "Section::::Signs and symptoms.:Location.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 216,
"text": "They are more common in some sites, such as the central chest (from a sternotomy), the back and shoulders (usually resulting from acne), and the ear lobes (from ear piercings). They can also occur on body piercings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3cbbhn
|
How accurate is Chapter 1 of Inglorious Basterds?
|
[
{
"answer": "I cannot answer the other questions but if you are curious about the pipe, that is a Calabash Pipe, popularized in media because of Sherlock Holmes. [Quentin Tarantino specifically used it for narrative purposes]( _URL_0_) to portray contrast against the farmer's smaller pipe and to accentuate his detective skills.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "10951",
"title": "Fahrenheit 451",
"section": "Section::::Cultural references.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 94,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 94,
"end_character": 222,
"text": "\"Centigrade 232\" is a poem by Robert Calvert, published in a 1977 book and released as an album in 2007. The title alludes to \"Fahrenheit 451\" by its metric equivalent, \"signifying the writer destroying his rough drafts\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "581845",
"title": "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket",
"section": "Section::::Plot summary.:Tsalal and farther south (Chapters XXI – XXV).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "Here the novel ends abruptly. A short post-scriptural note, ostensibly written by the book's editors, explains that Pym was killed in an accident and speculates his final two or three chapters were lost with him, though assuring the public the chapters will be restored to the text if found. The note further explains that Peters is alive in Illinois but cannot be interviewed at present. The editors then compare the shapes of the labyrinth and the wall marks noted by Pym to Arabian and Egyptian letters and hieroglyphs with meanings of \"Shaded\", \"White\", and \"Region to the South\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24139499",
"title": "An Island in the Moon",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 376,
"text": "Chapter 2 is the shortest chapter in the piece and is only one sentence long. The entire chapter reads: \"Tilly Lally the Siptippidist Aradobo, the dean of Morocco, Miss Gittipin & Mrs Nannicantipot, Mrs Sigtagatist Gibble Gabble the wife of Inflammable Gass – & Little Scopprell enter'd the room (If I have not presented you with every character in the piece call me *Arse—)\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23586337",
"title": "Lemony Snicket bibliography",
"section": "Section::::\"Unfortunate Events\" companion books.:\"The Notorious Notations\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "\"The Notorious Notations\" (February 2006, ) is the second of two commonplace books in the \"Unfortunate Events\" franchise. It is also 176 pages long, hardcover and contains quotations from the books and illustrations by Brett Helquist.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12523178",
"title": "List of Sesame Street recurring segments",
"section": "Section::::Other.:The Adventure of Trash Gordon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 292,
"text": "At the end of some episodes from 2004-2007, Oscar the Grouch reads Slimey the Worm a chapter of Trash Gordon, a book with over 900 chapters. It is about a man named Trash Gordon (Gordon) who visits distant planets. At the end, Trash would announce what the letter and number of the day were.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "187861",
"title": "V.",
"section": "Section::::Plot summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 750,
"text": "The novel alternates between episodes featuring Benny, Stencil and other members of the Whole Sick Crew (including Profane's sidekick Pig Bodine) in 1956 (with a few minor flashbacks), and a generation-spanning plot that comprises Stencil's attempts to unravel the clues he believes will lead him to \"V.\" (or to the various incarnations thereof). Each of these \"Stencilised\" chapters is set at a different moment of historical crisis; the framing narrative involving Stencil, \"V.\", and the journals of Stencil's British spy/diplomat father threads the sequences together. The novel's two storylines increasingly converge in the last chapters (the intersecting lines forming a V-shape, as it were), as Stencil hires Benny to travel with him to Malta.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31760595",
"title": "Z213: Exit",
"section": "Section::::Title.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 443,
"text": "The title of the book seems to present a case of overdetermination, and a variety of proposals by scholars and reviewers alike have been made, pointing at different directions within the text. There is a general impression that, given the book's content as an escapee's fictional diary, Z213 could indicate inmate unique number, ward or section in a supposed detention center. A number of other interpretations have been suggested as follows:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2gf3qz
|
how does plant life begin on an isolated island in the middle of the ocean?
|
[
{
"answer": "Plants may drift on the ocean, or be carried by wildlife (birds) or the wind, in certain cases. Or, they may be barren, as some islands are.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4479734",
"title": "Lake ecosystem",
"section": "Section::::Lentic system biota.:Primary producers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 687,
"text": "Aquatic plants live in both the benthic and pelagic zones and can be grouped according to their manner of growth: 1) emergent = rooted in the substrate but with leaves and flowers extending into the air, 2) floating-leaved = rooted in the substrate but with floating leaves, 3) submersed = growing beneath the surface and 4) free-floating macrophytes = not rooted in the substrate and floating on the surface. These various forms of macrophytes generally occur in different areas of the benthic zone, with emergent vegetation nearest the shoreline, then floating-leaved macrophytes, followed by submersed vegetation. Free-floating macrophytes can occur anywhere on the system’s surface.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13270",
"title": "Hawaii",
"section": "Section::::Geography and environment.:Flora and fauna.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 737,
"text": "The extant main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10million years; a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there. The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. On a single island, the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical (less than annual rainfall) to wet tropical; on the slopes, environments range from tropical rainforest (more than per year), through a temperate climate, to alpine conditions with a cold, dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines ground permeability, affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61256010",
"title": "Marine algae and plants",
"section": "Section::::Marine plants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 338,
"text": "Marine plants can be found in intertidal zones and shallow waters, such as seagrasses like eelgrass and turtle grass, \"Thalassia\". These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment. Plant life can also flourish in the brackish waters of estuaries, where mangroves or cordgrass or beach grass beach grass might grow.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2056572",
"title": "Marine life",
"section": "Section::::Primary producers.:Marine plants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 170,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 170,
"end_character": 338,
"text": "Marine plants can be found in intertidal zones and shallow waters, such as seagrasses like eelgrass and turtle grass, \"Thalassia\". These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment. Plant life can also flourish in the brackish waters of estuaries, where mangroves or cordgrass or beach grass beach grass might grow.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20021",
"title": "Marine biology",
"section": "Section::::Marine life.:Plants and algae.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 367,
"text": "Plants that survive in the sea are often found in shallow waters, such as the seagrasses (examples of which are eelgrass, \"Zostera\", and turtle grass, \"Thalassia\"). These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment. The intertidal zone is also a good place to find plant life in the sea, where mangroves or cordgrass or beach grass might grow. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61256010",
"title": "Marine algae and plants",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 503,
"text": "Back in the Silurian, some phytoplankton evolved into red, brown and green algae. These algae then invaded the land and started evolving into the land plants we know today. Later in the Cretaceous some of these land plants returned to the sea as mangroves and seagrasses. These are found along coasts in intertidal regions and in the brackish water of estuaries. In addition, some seagrasses, like seaweeds, can be found at depths up to 50 metres on both soft and hard bottoms of the continental shelf.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29171632",
"title": "Marine habitats",
"section": "Section::::Ocean currents.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 1399,
"text": "In marine systems, ocean currents have a key role determining which areas are effective as habitats, since ocean currents transport the basic nutrients needed to support marine life. Plankton are the life forms that inhabit the ocean that are so small (less than 2 mm) that they cannot effectively propel themselves through the water, but must drift instead with the currents. If the current carries the right nutrients, and if it also flows at a suitably shallow depth where there is plenty of sunlight, then such a current itself can become a suitable habitat for photosynthesizing tiny algae called phytoplankton. These tiny plants are the primary producers in the ocean, at the start of the food chain. In turn, as the population of drifting phytoplankton grows, the water becomes a suitable habitat for zooplankton, which feed on the phytoplankton. While phytoplankton are tiny drifting plants, zooplankton are tiny drifting animals, such as the larvae of fish and marine invertebrates. If sufficient zooplankton establish themselves, the current becomes a candidate habitat for the forage fish that feed on them. And then if sufficient forage fish move to the area, it becomes a candidate habitat for larger predatory fish and other marine animals that feed on the forage fish. In this dynamic way, the current itself can, over time, become a moving habitat for multiple types of marine life.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1t7h8a
|
When was the first time an extensive/university education was available to anyone who was willing to pursue it and work for it (not just the elite)?
|
[
{
"answer": "hi, this thread from the FAQ* may have some interesting information\n\n[How has admissions worked at historical universities and schools?](_URL_1_)\n\nand I believe there are more smatterings regarding admissions throughout this section in general\n\n[Life at University](_URL_0_)\n\n*see the \"popular questions\" link on the sidebar or the \"wiki\" tab above",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4202615",
"title": "Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala",
"section": "Section::::History.:First era: Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo.:First graduates and science teaching.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "The Franciscan friar Juan Antonio Liendo y Goicoechea reformed university education towards the end of the 18th century by introducing science; Chemistry, Physics, Anatomy and Mathematics; and technology studies.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27048229",
"title": "Seicento",
"section": "Section::::Different criteria.:Education.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 448,
"text": "There were several advancements made in 17th-century Italian education systems. One example could be the admission of Elena Cornaro Piscopia into the University of Padua. A mathematician, scholar and academic, Piscopia was the first woman in the world to ever graduate with a doctorate (PhD, or doctor of philosophy) in 1678. Several universities, colleges and institutions were founded in this century, such as the University of Cagliari in 1620.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24983275",
"title": "Argentine university reform of 1918",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "Ever since the Jesuits founded the first university in Argentina in the 17th century, education was managed by the clergy and conservative upper-class citizens . The universities' authorities were selected by them, and professors were appointed for life. Professors also decided on the subjects to be taught, usually following the preferences of the Church and suppressed modern ideas such as Darwin's theory of evolution \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32099",
"title": "University of Manitoba",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 277,
"text": "In the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1021267",
"title": "St. John's College, University of Manitoba",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 278,
"text": "In the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German- inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "352708",
"title": "Université Laval",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 404,
"text": "In the early part of the 20th century, the need for higher education expanded beyond the classical fields of theology, law and medicine, and the university introduced science and social-science departments such as forestry and household science. In addition, graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "703692",
"title": "University of Huddersfield",
"section": "Section::::History.:Young Men's Mental Improvement Society (1841–1843).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 851,
"text": "The history of the University is usually traced to 1841. It was in that year that five young men who were employed by local industrialist Frederic Schwann, who had been born in Frankfurt, approached their employer for support in establishing a new subscription library and some elementary educational classes, ‘to supply in some cases the deficiency of early instruction, and to procure for others the means of further improvement’. They first met in the Temperance Hotel, Cross Church Street, Huddersfield in May 1841. Classes began for the first 40 or so pupils in the room of the British School at Outcote Bank, and were taught by experienced staff from the local Collegiate Schools and businessmen like Schwann. A subscription library was founded, and classes were delivered in Reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, design and French.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ad15tn
|
I've heard some say that the Arab slave trade was far larger and more damaging than the Atlantic slave trade ever was. Is this true, or a false/misleading statement to advance political ideology?
|
[
{
"answer": "_URL_0_\n\nAnswer by u/paxottomanica",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "While you wait for an answer to your question you might be interest in [these](_URL_0_) [previous](_URL_1_) answers regarding the slave trade conducted by Arabs and others across the Sahara and the Indian Ocean. The first notes that many claims about the Arab slave trade beong larger or more damaging rely on distortions and outright falsehoods about the Atlantic slave trade in order to make the comparison. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4215226",
"title": "Dutch Gold Coast",
"section": "Section::::Economy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "But by the beginning of the eighteenth century, even slave trade dwindled, with the Dutch becoming a rather small player in the trans-Atlantic trade. Since globally this trade peaked in the 18th century, this meant that the Dutch contribution to the Atlantic slave trade only amounts to 5% of the grand total, equalling around 500,000 slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27992",
"title": "Slavery",
"section": "Section::::History.:Modern history.:Africa.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 106,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 106,
"end_character": 309,
"text": "When the Atlantic slave trade began, many of the local slave systems began supplying captives for chattel slave markets outside Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa, it was the largest in volume and intensity. As Elikia M’bokolo wrote in \"Le Monde diplomatique\":\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47674564",
"title": "History of slavery in the Muslim world",
"section": "Section::::Slavery in Islamic Arabia.:Arab slave trade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 437,
"text": "Arab or Islamic slave trade lasted much longer than Atlantic or European slave trade: \"It began in the middle of the seventh century and survives today in Mauritania and Sudan. With the Islamic slave trade, we're talking of 14 centuries rather than four.\" Further, \"whereas the gender ratio of slaves in the Atlantic trade was two males to every female, in the Islamic trade, it was two females to every male,\" according to Ronald Segal\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51648321",
"title": "Archaeology of Banda District (Ghana)",
"section": "Section::::Atlantic trade period.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 466,
"text": "Atlantic trade routes were more heavily used at the end of the 18th century, and led to a decline in the use of trans-Saharan routes. During this time, a stronger focus was placed on gold and minerals, and eventually slaves through the Atlantic slave trade. This time is also associated with periods of warfare and conflict with a group known as the Asante, who had a large influence on day to day stability and productiveness of those living in the Banda District.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10983626",
"title": "Slavery in Africa",
"section": "Section::::Transformations of slavery in Africa.:Atlantic slave trade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 429,
"text": "The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. The increase of demand for slaves due to the expansion of European colonial powers to the New World made the slave trade much more lucrative to the West African powers, leading to the establishment of a number of actual West African empires thriving on slave trade.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10983626",
"title": "Slavery in Africa",
"section": "Section::::Transformations of slavery in Africa.:Atlantic slave trade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 615,
"text": "The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through to the 19th centuries. The Atlantic slave trade was significant in transforming Africans from a small percentage of the global population of slaves in 1600 into the overwhelming majority by 1800. The slave trade was transformed from a marginal aspect of the economies into the largest sector in a relatively short span. In addition, agricultural plantations increased significantly and became a key aspect in many societies. Finally, it transformed the traditional distribution of the slave practices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1131068",
"title": "Economic history of Africa",
"section": "Section::::European influence.:Atlantic slave trade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 810,
"text": "Debates on the economic impacts of the Atlantic trade were further stimulated by the publication of Philip Curtin's \"The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census\" (1969), which argued that 9.566 million slaves were exported from Africa through the Atlantic trade. In the 1970s, the debate on the economic impacts of the Atlantic trade increasingly turned on demographic estimates of slave exports in relation to continental birth rates. Most scholars now believe that Curtin was too conservative in his calculation, with most estimates ranging between 11.5 million to 15.4 million. More recently, John K. Thornton has presented an argument closer to that of Fage, while Joseph Inikori, Patrick Manning and Nathan Nunn have argued that the slave trade had a long-term debilitating impact on African economic development.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
fik8v
|
A thought experiment from childhood. Convoluted question inside.
|
[
{
"answer": "No. The attraction between atoms wouldn't be strong enough to overcome the acceleration forces and it would break far, far before you got it to lightspeed. In fact, you need infinite energy for the outside to travel at the speed of light.\n\n(Consider swinging a branch really fast so it makes a swish sound -- the tip is trailing the motion.)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "So imagine your LP. The drive from the hole pulls on the molecules on that inner edge. Those molecules pull their neighbors along and so on down the line. Essentialy the disc rotates because that force is transmitted at the speed of sound in the material. Now if you build a giant disc and rotate it very quickly you still have to pull those inner molecules of the disc, and they'll pull on the next molecules out, and so on. Most likely if you were to rotate a vinyl disc at close to the speed of light it'd warp and break long before that. But even supposing you had some magic material, the fastest the speed of sound could be is the speed of light, and so the whole thing ends up accelerating relativistically. Eventually some molecules, despite their large strength just can't hold on because the force to accelerate the next ring of molecules outward from it is infinite (as that ring approaches the speed of light.) So even this disc shatters before the edge hits the speed of light.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I submitted a [similar question](_URL_0_) not too long ago, perhaps you could learn something from the comments there. I certainly did. :)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The outside of the LP wouldn't reach light speed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "23469564",
"title": "Introspection illusion",
"section": "Section::::Explaining biases.:In perceptions of control and free will.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 348,
"text": "As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think they had influenced external events. In one experiment, subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of free throws. When they were instructed to visualise him making his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his success.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "540025",
"title": "Bobo doll experiment",
"section": "Section::::Experiment of 1961.:Method.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 582,
"text": "For the experiment, each child was exposed to the scenario individually, so as not to be influenced or distracted by classmates. The first part of the experiment involved bringing a child and the adult model into a playroom. In the playroom, the child was seated in one corner filled with appealing activities such as stickers and stamps. The adult model was seated in another corner containing a toy set, a mallet, and an inflatable Bobo doll. Before leaving the room, the experimenter explained to the child that the toys in the adult corner were only for the adult to play with.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1451995",
"title": "Egocentrism",
"section": "Section::::During childhood.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 1106,
"text": "In addition, a more well-known experiment by Wimmer and Perner (1983) called the false-belief task demonstrates how children show their acquisition of theory of mind (ToM) as early as 4 years old. In this task, children see a scenario where one character hides a marble in a basket, walks out of the scene, and another character that is present takes out the marble and put it in a box. Knowing that the first character did not see the switching task, children were asked to predict where the first character would look to find the marble. The results show that children younger than 4 answer that the character would look inside the box, because they have the superior knowledge of where the marble actually is. It shows egocentric thinking in early childhood because they thought that even if the character itself did not see the entire scenario, it has the same amount of knowledge as oneself and therefore should look inside the box to find the marble. As children start to acquire ToM, their ability to recognize and process others' beliefs and values overrides the natural tendency to be egocentric.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49535",
"title": "Thought experiment",
"section": "Section::::In philosophy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 363,
"text": "An early written thought experiment was Plato's allegory of the cave. Another historic thought experiment was Avicenna's \"Floating Man\" thought experiment in the 11th century. He asked his readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air isolated from all in order to demonstrate human self-awareness and self-consciousness, and the substantiality of the soul.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37081893",
"title": "The Beginning (Red Dwarf)",
"section": "Section::::Cultural references.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 300,
"text": "The psychological experiment performed on young Rimmer at the beginning of the episode, in which an unsuspecting student gives erroneous answers to simple questions in order to conform to the behaviour of his peers, is based on the Asch conformity experiments conducted by Solomon Asch in the 1950s.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34275017",
"title": "Paul R. Hill",
"section": "Section::::Interest in psi phenomenon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 812,
"text": "\"He spoke about a friend who was a psychic and experiments they did. He said he set up a pinwheel experiment – I don't know how, but he knew how to set up an experiment that would be valid – and he told me that for about a week he could turn it with his mind, with his thoughts, but after about a week he couldn't do it anymore. He also told me a story about being in a car parked on the street, he was into thought experiments, and he said he projected a thought into her mind to get into my car, and as the woman was walking by the car she stopped, opened the door and sat down and looked at him, and I don't know if she shrieked or what but she was absolutely stunned at what she was doing. He said, I willed her to get into the car, and she did. I think he was as shocked as she was. They were both shocked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "540025",
"title": "Bobo doll experiment",
"section": "Section::::Synthesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 623,
"text": "These experiments relate empirically to Bandura's social learning theory. This social science theory suggests that people learn by observing, imitating, and modeling; moreover, it suggests specifically that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished (as is claimed by behaviorism), but also by watching others being rewarded or punished (observational learning). The experiments are important because they resulted in much further study related to observational learning. As well, the data offered further practical working hypotheses, e.g., regarding how children might be influenced from watching violent media.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
slpq2
|
What wild animals have the best temperament towards humans?
|
[
{
"answer": "Not many.\n\nThink about it, why do almost all animals (barring those that live off of our waste) avoid us? If they didn't, they'd likely be extinct. The notion of going to the grocery store for food and walking around in the wilderness to observe is very, very new.\n\nEven 500 years ago we pretty much ate whatever we could kill and wasn't poisonous, and obviously any animals that didn't know better than to avoid us or were unable to do so were the first to die. [This is the reason much of the worlds megafauna are extinct(along with climate change).](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "61005553",
"title": "Fauna of South Korea",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 922,
"text": "Aristotle primarily divided 'sensitive' biological organisms into animals and 'non-sensitive' biological organisms as plants. Unlike livestock, which have become tamed for at least a few century and have a much different appearance and character to their inhabitants in the wild, wild animals have intrinsic characteristics. People are accustomed to be more familiar to livestock and often know their original form as livestock. But, the difference between the livestock and wild fauna is that livestock evolved in a direction favorable to human, whilst other fauna still consist their wild instinct. To have a clear insight of South Korea's wild fauna, In the case of wolves, unlike dogs that evolved to actively pursue cooperation with humans, they do not show any reliance on humans. The wild version of the pig, the Wild Boar, is larger on average than the pigs used for food, and also has long hair with sharp tusks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38680789",
"title": "Wild animal suffering",
"section": "Section::::Extent of suffering in nature.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 561,
"text": "In \"Bambi or Bessie: Are Wild Animals Happier?\" Christie Wilcox argues that wild animals do not appear to be happier than domestic animals, based on findings of wild animals having greater levels of cortisol and elevated stress responses relative to domestic animals. Additionally, unlike domestic animals, animals in the wild do not have some of their needs provided for them by human caretakers. Welfare economist Yew-Kwang Ng has written that evolutionary dynamics can lead to animal welfare which is worse than necessary for a given population equilibrium.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47189019",
"title": "Puppy cat",
"section": "Section::::Breeds.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 568,
"text": "The feline temperament is particularly malleable to a wide set of environmental factors, especially sudden stresses. For example, after dangerous floods in Canvey Island, cats showed behaviors of psychological shock akin to human struggles. Well-raised kittens frequently demonstrate affection towards humans and a pleasant, docile nature regardless of pedigree. These broad traits are not specific to any particular breed, as the upbringing of the animal is an important factor. Positive interaction with humans in the first few months of life is particularly vital.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "456590",
"title": "Clever Hans",
"section": "Section::::The Clever Hans effect.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 1195,
"text": "The risk of Clever Hans effects is one reason why comparative psychologists normally test animals in isolated apparatus, without interaction with them. However this creates problems of its own, because many of the most interesting phenomena in animal cognition are only likely to be demonstrated in a social context, and in order to train and demonstrate them, it is necessary to build up a social relationship between trainer and animal. This point of view has been strongly argued by Irene Pepperberg in relation to her studies of parrots (Alex), and by Allen and Beatrix Gardner in their study of the chimpanzee Washoe. If the results of such studies are to gain universal acceptance, it is necessary to find some way of testing the animals' achievements which eliminates the risk of Clever Hans effects. However, simply removing the trainer from the scene may not be an appropriate strategy, because where the social relationship between trainer and subject is strong, the removal of the trainer may produce emotional responses preventing the subject from performing. It is therefore necessary to devise procedures where none of those present knows what the animal's likely response may be.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29045",
"title": "Speciesism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 604,
"text": "BULLET::::- Considering certain nonhuman animals to be superior to others because of an arbitrary similarity, familiarity, or usefulness to humans. For example, what could be called \"human-chimpanzee speciesism\" would involve human beings favoring rights for chimpanzees over rights for (say) dolphins, because of happenstance similarities chimpanzees have to humans that dolphins do not. Similarly, the common practice of humans treating dogs much better than cattle may have to do with the fact that many humans live in closer proximity to dogs and/or find the cattle easier to use for their own gain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36136909",
"title": "Serer creation myth",
"section": "Section::::Cosmogony.:Creation of the Universe.:Crisis and reorganization of the Universe.:Roog's reorganisation of the Universe.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 135,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 135,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "Animals were also severely affected by Roog's judgement. Although rendered wild and \"mad\", they still retain their instinct, though their relations with humans would be changed forever. Some became human pets others retained their freedom away from human habitation. Despite this separation, animals are respected and would form part of Serer temism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51025077",
"title": "Human uses of animals",
"section": "Section::::Practical uses.:As pets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 363,
"text": "However, mammals are the most popular pets in the Western world, with the most kept species being dogs, cats, and rabbits. For example, in America in 2012 there were some 78 million dogs, 86 million cats, and 3.5 million rabbits. There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bt9pxo
|
what’s to stop a bank from just making up money on their computer systems?
|
[
{
"answer": "They get audited regularly and any discrepancies carry large penalties and potential criminal charges.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "53113973",
"title": "Avaloq",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 205,
"text": "As a result, banks have tended to buy in modern comprehensive software from large, specialist firms. This may be run by the bank itself or by an agency running the computing service on behalf of the bank.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28103989",
"title": "Banking software",
"section": "Section::::Categories.:Retail banks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "Banking software is used by millions of users across hundreds or thousands of branches. This means that the software must be managed on many machines even in a small bank. The core banking system is a major investment for a retail banks and maintaining and managing the system can represent a large part of the cost of running a bank.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29265008",
"title": "First Commerce Bancshares",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "In 1964, National Bank of Commerce significantly increased deposits by offering one of the highest savings interest rates in the country. That same year, the bank bought a computer for its accounting and became one of the first banks in the region to computerize its operations, subsequently providing computer services to other banks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8385046",
"title": "Core banking",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "Over the following 30 years most banks moved to core banking applications to support their operations creating a Centralized Online Real-time Exchange (or Environment) (CORE). This meant that all the bank's branches could access applications from centralized data centers. Deposits made were reflected immediately on the bank's servers, and the customer could withdraw the deposited money from any of the bank's branches. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28103989",
"title": "Banking software",
"section": "Section::::Categories.:Retail banks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 491,
"text": "Commercial or retail banks use what is known as core banking software which record and manage the transactions made by the banks' customers to their accounts. For example, it allows a customer to go to any branch of the bank and do its banking from there. In essence, it frees the customer from their home branch and enables them to do banking anywhere. Further, the bank's databases can be connected to other channels such as ATMs, Internet Banking, payment networks and SMS based banking.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "420214",
"title": "Expanded memory",
"section": "Section::::Expanded Memory Specification (EMS).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "Microsoft thought that bank switching was a necessary, but inelegant and temporary, stopgap measure; Bill Gates said of expanded memory, \"It's garbage! It's a kludge! ... But we're going to do it\". The companies planned to launch the standard at the Spring 1985 COMDEX, with many expansion-card and software companies announcing their support.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "212409",
"title": "Transaction processing",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 584,
"text": "For example, consider a typical banking transaction that involves moving $700 from a customer's savings account to a customer's checking account. This transaction involves at least two separate operations in computer terms: debiting the savings account by $700, and crediting the checking account by $700. If one operation succeeds but the other does not, the books of the bank will not balance at the end of the day. There must therefore be a way to ensure that either both operations succeed or both fail, so that there is never any inconsistency in the bank's database as a whole.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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]
}
] | null |
bc1isj
|
After the conquest of Gaul by Rome why did none of the surviving tribe's try to rebel during the numerous civil wars following the conquest.
|
[
{
"answer": "Roman influence was already significant before the Roman conquest, roughly since the late IInd century BCE (a bit before the conquest of the *provincia*).Treaties were passed with Gaulish states and coalitions, especially with Aiduoi who controlled not just their confederation and the road from Rhone to Seine but also had a certain dominance over Celtic Gaulish states, in order to ensure a flourishing trade (tableware, oil, wine) to the point eastern Gaulish coinage seems to have been indexed on half the value of a Roman denarius.\n\n\"Tribe\", in the anthropologic meaning of the word (human groups tied by familial, imaginary or not, ties with a fluid social organisation) can't be attributed to late Gaulish culture : we'd be rather talking there about decentralized states (Caesar's civitates, including several pagi which might be identified with Gaulish *teuta*, tribe/citizenship) themselves held regionally trough coalition or assembly patronage.These complex state structures (Aiduoi,for instance, had the equivalent of a constitution and institutional rules) knew factional development of their politics, as Caesar accounted for.\n\n > *In Gaul there are factions not only in all the states, and in all the cantons and their divisions, but almost in each family, and of these factions those are the leaders who are considered according to their judgment to possess the greatest influence, upon whose will and determination the management of all affairs and measures depends. And that seems to have been instituted in ancient times with this view, that no one of the common people should be in want of support against one more powerful; for, none \\[of those leaders\\] suffers his party to be oppressed and defrauded, and if he do otherwise, he has no influence among his party. This same policy exists throughout the whole of Gaul; for all the states are divided into two factions.*\n\nUntil the IInd century BCE, Druids seems to have enjoyed a great political role, not just amongst their own people, but as part of some sort of political-spiritual pan-Gaulish confraternity which regularly assembled. It's still debated what lead to a decline of Druidism in Gaul at this point (a conjunction of the damages of Cimbrii and Teutoni in Gaul; and the Roman influence from the South, possibly), and how much this decline was important (did Diviciacos stressed being Druid or not in this period?) but their traditional role of diplomats and intermediaries seems to have suffered some backlash and to have been more localized to their own states, making relations between them more likely to escalate.\n\nWhile Gaulish factions took a lot of forms and were primarily functioning trough inner politics, one obvious polarization was a pro or anti-roman approach depending. Practically every Gaulish state we have a glimpse of their policies did have such opposition, Aiduoi included (Diviciacos, pro-roman and his anti-roman brother Dumnorix) and during the war (for Aruernoi, pro-roman Epasnactos and anti-roman Vercingetorix). Again, this polarization wasn't set in stone : out of opportunism, pressure or to Roman presence threatening local interests, people changed sides, radicalized or compromised, _URL_3_ a sense, pro and anti-Roman policies could be similar to the opposition between Optimates and Populares in Rome, owing to other matters and whom differences could be sometimes superficial.\n\nPro-Roman Gaulish elites were,thanks to their relations with Romans (Diviciacos was hosted by Cicero probably because both knew each other indirectly trough wine trading), could set up an efficient patronage and political networking, or at least hoped obtaining a similar position Aiduoi had (Arvenrs attempted without success to be considered \"blood-brothers\" of Romans as their rivals were considered). Rome, on the other hand, did intervened in Gaulish matters before Caesar by considering Ariovistos as a friend of Rome (possibly due to his opposition to Sequanoi, then foes of Aiduoi, this support fading when Ariovistos clashed with the latter).More or less anti-Roman did preexisted to Caesar's campaign, hinted by the alliance between Sequanoi and Eleuetoi, which were at least considered hostile and threatening to band with others.\n\nCaesar eventually supported his interventions in Gaul trough the assembly of Celtic Gaul,and the assembly of all Gaul, dominated by Aiduoi which gave the general the protectorate of Gaul,more or less, making his intervention gaining a legalist veneer.\n\nRight from the start of Roman conquest, some peoples and among them the more important, were ready to accept a Roman protectorate out of interest or pressure. Vercingetorix himself most probably was an auxiliary of Caesar at some point. Until -56, without being a constitutional walk, Gaulish opposition was relatively _URL_0_ Roman fiscal,commercial (increasing importance and monopoly of Roman traders), military and political pressure (especially as Caesar set up client kings against the wishes of the population) was felt more seriously, however, a general anti-Roman feeling appeared (at first in peripheral regions where Roman influence never was that strong). Caesar almost systematically dealt with this by heavily punishing revolts (killing off their senates and enslaving when not massacring the population). The general Gaulish revolt of -52 was a mix of disappointed nobles having hoped their alliance would have owed them something, people seeing in Romans an obstacle to their interests, people politically opposed to a Roman protectorate and (such as Aeduoi) some playing both sides.Their defeat meant an almost literal beheading of anti-Roman forces in Gaul.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nStill, you ***did*** have local revolts after -51. We don't know much about them, however.\n\nIn -46, Bellovacoi revolte against Romans. Giving that they participated to every major revolt before, it could point to a permanence of previous _URL_1_ -39/38, revolts happened in Rhineland (allied with Germans) and Aquitaine, without any mentioned people. The definitive settlement of Ubii in Belgica could be interpreted as being ordered to watch over the region as allies.Again in -30/-29, Morinoi and other Belgians possibly supported by Germans revolted _URL_2_ -29, Aquitains and Treviroi rebelled and after their defeat, Gaul was re-organized in provinces.\n\nAfter that, troubles and revolts have a distinct anti-fiscal stance, as soon as Licinius' abuses against Gaulish elites (such as \"adding\" two fiscal months) or Sacrovir's revolt,which concerned more romanized Gauls striving for fiscal liberty firstmost.\n\nAs most opposition to Romans was crushed,and elite benefiting from Roman alliance remained, there was nobody left to really manage and to officer another armed opposition in Gaul in a regional scale, especially as peoples traditionally more or less hostile to Rome were ravaged. We're talking of ten years of war, including political strife and quasi-civil war, with ten of thousands of victims on battlefield or due to massacres, and probably the same being enslaved. Anything that could have represented a possible new rebellion was utterly broken (especially after the wake-up call of -52), when pro-Romans flourished,which supported an already present political romanization,which happened fairly quickly compared to Africa or Hispania.\n\nSimply said, most of remaining Gaulish elite after Caesar, with noted exceptions, continued their Romanising policies as was their broad interest; adopted more and more Roman features and by the late Ist century CE, not much of Gaulish civilization remained.\n\n**Sources**\n\n*Vercingétorix* \\- Jean-Louis Brunaux \n*La vie politique des Gaulois* \\- Emmanuel Arbarbe \n*Vercingétorix, chef de guerre* \\- Alain Deyber",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "143229",
"title": "Gallic Wars",
"section": "Section::::Course.:Consolidation and Gallic offensives.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 1076,
"text": "The uprising was, however, merely the prelude to a much bigger campaign led by Vercingetorix, chief of the Arverni tribe of central Gaul, who united many Gallic tribes and states under his leadership. Recognizing that the Romans had an upper hand on the battlefield due to their panoply and training, he declined to give battle against them and instead fought a \"scorched earth\" campaign to deprive them of supplies. Caesar hurriedly returned from Italy to take charge of the campaign, pursuing the Gauls and capturing the town of Avaricum (modern city of Bourges) but suffering a defeat at Gergovia. Vercingetorix, instead of staying mobile and in the open, chose to hold out at Alesia (see Battle of Alesia). Caesar successfully besieged him and beat off a huge Gallic relief force who ran out of food and had to disperse. This effectively marked the end of the Gallic Wars, although mopping-up actions took place throughout 51 BC. A number of lesser rebellions took place subsequently, but Roman control of Gaul was not seriously challenged again until the 2nd century AD.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28933941",
"title": "Military campaigns of Julius Caesar",
"section": "Section::::First consulship and triumvirate.:Conquest of Gaul.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 421,
"text": "In 52 BC another, larger revolt erupted in Gaul, led by Vercingetorix of the Arverni. Vercingetorix managed to unite the Gallic tribes and proved an astute commander, defeating Caesar in several engagements including the Battle of Gergovia, but Caesar's elaborate siege-works at the Battle of Alesia finally forced his surrender. Despite scattered outbreaks of warfare the following year, Gaul was effectively conquered.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1313668",
"title": "Military history of France",
"section": "Section::::Early period.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 636,
"text": "Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus made his own way through the Alps, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia and sacked Rome for several months. The Gallic invasion left Rome weakened and encouraged several subdued Italian tribes to rebel. One by one, over the course of the next 50 years, these tribes were defeated and brought back under Roman dominion. Meanwhile, the Gauls would continue to harass the region until 345 BC, when they entered into a formal treaty with Rome. But Romans and Gauls would maintain an adversarial relationship for the next several centuries and the Gauls would remain a threat in Italia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1486",
"title": "Alemanni",
"section": "Section::::History.:Concentration of Germanic peoples under Ariovistus.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 570,
"text": "The Gauls were ambivalent in their policies toward the Romans. In 53 BC the Treveri broke their alliance and attempted to break free of Rome. Caesar foresaw that they would now attempt to ally themselves with the Germans. He crossed the Rhine to forestall that event, a successful strategy. Remembering their expensive defeat at the Battle of Vesontio, the Germans withdrew to the Black Forest, concentrating there a mixed population dominated by Suebi. As they had left their tribal homes behind, they probably took over all the former Celtic cantons along the Danube.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "158293",
"title": "Marcus Furius Camillus",
"section": "Section::::The Gauls and the Second Foundation of Rome.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 641,
"text": "The Gauls, who had already invaded most of Etruria, reached Clusium and its people turned to Rome for help. However, the Roman embassy provoked a skirmish and, then, the Gauls marched straight for Rome (July 390 BC). After the entire Roman army was defeated at the Allia brook (Battle of the Allia), the defenceless Rome was seized by the invaders. The entire Roman army retreated into the deserted Veii whereas most civilians ended at the Etruscan Caere. Nonetheless, a surrounded Roman garrison continued to resist on the Capitoline Hill. The Gauls dwelt within the city, getting their supplies by destroying all nearby towns for plunder.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15924",
"title": "Julius Caesar",
"section": "Section::::Consulship and military campaigns.:Conquest of Gaul.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 688,
"text": "Though the Gallic tribes were just as strong as the Romans militarily, the internal division among the Gauls guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar. Vercingetorix's attempt in 52 BC to unite them against Roman invasion came too late. He proved an astute commander, defeating Caesar in several engagements, but Caesar's elaborate siege-works at the Battle of Alesia finally forced his surrender. Despite scattered outbreaks of warfare the following year, Gaul was effectively conquered. Plutarch claimed that during the Gallic Wars the army had fought against three million men (of whom one million died, and another million were enslaved), subjugated 300 tribes, and destroyed 800 cities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13870",
"title": "Helvetii",
"section": "Section::::History.:First contact with the Romans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 661,
"text": "The tribes began a joint invasion of Gaul, including the Roman Provincia Narbonensis, which led to the Tigurini’s victory over a Roman army under L. Cassius Longinus near Agendicum in 107 BC, in which the consul was killed. According to Caesar, the captured Roman soldiers were ordered to pass through under a yoke set up by the triumphant Gauls, a dishonour that called for both public as well as private vengeance. Caesar is the only narrative source for this episode, as the corresponding books of Livy’s histories are preserved only in the \"Periochae\", short summarising lists of contents, in which hostages given by the Romans, but no yoke, are mentioned.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1i71v3
|
What are the earliest End of Days/Apocalypse Myths?
|
[
{
"answer": "Though I do not hold a lofty degree in history, social science or anything similar, I feel I may be able to add a small amount of perspective to this original question.\nThe concept of the Apocalypse is very old and is mentioned a number of times throughout the old and new testament. [The book of Job mentions it, as well as the books of Matthew, John and Revelations.](_URL_3_)\n\nIn addition to the Bible, Norse mythology gives mention to [Ragnarok](_URL_1_), which holds its own when compared to what was being said in the old and new testaments. \n\nThe [Messianic Age](_URL_0_) is also a concept of the Apocalypse but generally one viewed as a favorable change over a violent one.\n\nAlso it should be noted that the ancient Hindu texts of [Puranas](_URL_2_) mentions what they would consider an \"apocalypse\" in that it'll be the reintegration of Vishnu into the universe. Kali Yuga is the current time frame we live in in relation to the Hindu apocalypse, there's more in that wiki link about it.\n\nAs far as finding a specific date, I cannot. But the concept of the apocalypse has been around for a very long time, and could be argued by psychologists as being a mental manifestation of death that inevitably takes us all.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "392807",
"title": "Book of Enoch",
"section": "Section::::The Epistle of Enoch.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 264,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 264,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "BULLET::::- Apocalypse of Weeks (93:1–10, 91:11–17): this subsection, usually dated to the first half of the 2nd century BC, narrates the history of the world using a structure of ten periods (said \"weeks\"), of which seven regard the past and three regard future events (the final judgment). The climax is in the seventh part of the tenth week where \"new heaven shall appear\" and \"there will be many weeks without number for ever, and all shall be in goodness and righteousness\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16151227",
"title": "Leyendas de Guatemala",
"section": "Section::::Plot summary.:Leyenda del tesoro del Lugar Florido.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 695,
"text": "The legend begins at twilight, which, according to Sáenz, can be seen as a comparison to the decline of the indigenous civilization. The end of the war is announced and a night-long celebration of peace ensues among the aboriginal people in the story. There's a list of the squadrons of soldiers, and each one is distinguished by the colors of the feathers they wear. The head of the local Maya brings together those who are to be sacrificed. The moment of destruction begins as the priests exclaim ritual sentences to the volcano, while the Spaniards (\"white men\") approach. The tribes are terrified and flee to the lake to protect themselves against the invasion, leaving the treasure behind.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6947512",
"title": "Wasteland (comics)",
"section": "Section::::The Big Wet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 492,
"text": "The most-seen explanation for the apocalypse comes from the Sunner religion, a sect that worships Mother Sun and Father Moon. According to their legend, the Big Wet was a retribution on the people of A-Ree-Yass-I for shunning the 'gifts' Mother Sun and Father Moon offered them. It seems as though this mythic place's name is a play on words by the author, and a linguistic contraction in-world, for \"Area 1/I\" (or perhaps \"Area SI\" = Area 51)—a military base/lab where the bomb was created.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45492",
"title": "I Am Legend (novel)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "I Am Legend is a 1954 science fiction horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It was influential in the development of the zombie-vampire genre and in popularizing the concept of a worldwide apocalypse due to disease. The novel was a success and was adapted into the films \"The Last Man on Earth\" (1964), \"The Omega Man\" (1971), and \"I Am Legend\" (2007). It was also an inspiration behind \"Night of the Living Dead\" (1968).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2067215",
"title": "X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse",
"section": "Section::::Synopsis.:Setting.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 504,
"text": "\"X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse\" is not set in any particular Marvel Comics universe. The game takes place some time after the events of \"X-Men Legends\". The mutant supervillain Apocalypse, having witnessed the X-Men's defeat of Magneto remotely, declares that the Age of Apocalypse is nigh. Prior to the game's campaign he kidnaps Professor X and Polaris for unknown purposes. Locations include a military prison in Greenland, the fictional mutant sanctuary of Genosha, the Savage Land and Egypt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11677274",
"title": "Last Roman Emperor",
"section": "Section::::Foundations.:Prophetic.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 1417,
"text": "The legend is based on the \"Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius\", which was, after the Book of Daniel and the Book of Revelation, \"the most widespread apocalypse story in Europe\". It proposes a different Last Emperor from the previous figure, who fought against religious enemies, and introduced the conflict with Islam: he will \"go forth against them [the enemies of the faith] from the Ethiopian sea and will send the sword and desolation into Ethribus their homeland, capturing their women and children living in the Land of Promise\". After conquering his enemies he would travel to Jerusalem and relinquish his power on the Mount of Olives. The Last Emperor was further developed in the writings of Adso of Montier-en-Der, whose \"Libellus de Antichristo\" (ca. 954) was a popular biography of the Antichrist, whose coming was preceded by the rise of a Frankish ruler (the continuation of the Roman Empire); this Last Emperor would voluntarily give up his power and die, after which the Antichrist comes to power. Another important impetus came from the oracles of the Tiburtine Sibyl, first recorded in Latin around the year 1000; its legend proved particularly adaptable to rulers all over Europe, containing as it did a list of emperors and kings leading up to the Last Emperor which could be revised or added to as political and dynastic circumstances required. It still had great currency in the fifteenth century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12860716",
"title": "Kingdom of the Serpent",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1016,
"text": "The first trilogy in the series, \"The Age of Misrule\", told of the catastrophic return to Britain of the Old Gods of legend, and the battle of a group of five known as the Brothers and Sisters of Dragons to protect humanity. \"The Dark Age\" explored the lives of a new group of Brothers and Sisters, struggling to cope in the new world left behind in the wake of the first trilogy. \"Kingdom of the Serpent\" picks up the story where the cliffhanger ending of \"The Dark Age\" left off. The world, returning to the old ways due to the influence of the returning Gods, was dealt a dreadful blow by an entity known as the Void, recreating the menial, soul-destroying world it had become before the Gods' return, and trapping the Brothers and Sisters of Dragons - the only ones who could fight it - in menial lives, their heritage forgotten and their power lying dormant. The only one who can save them is Jack Churchill who, following the final battle with the dark god \"Balor\" has found himself lost in Bronze-age Britain\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
117hmg
|
Why do polar animals tend to be larger than their temperate/tropical counterparts?
|
[
{
"answer": "[Bergmann's Rule](_URL_0_) Basically, larger animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio and thus radiate less heat",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "6781871",
"title": "Cline (biology)",
"section": "Section::::Examples of clines.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 918,
"text": "Other ecogeographical rules include Bergmann's Rule, coined by Carl Bergmann in 1857, which states that homeotherms closer to the Equator tend to be smaller than their more northerly or southerly conspecifics. One of the proposed reasons for this cline is that larger animals have a relatively smaller surface area to volume ratio and therefore improved heat conservancy – an important advantage in cold climates. The role of the environment in imposing a selective pressure and producing this cline has been heavily implicated due to the fact that Bergmann’s Rule has been observed across many independent lineages of species and continents. For example, the house sparrow, which was introduced in the early 1850s to the eastern United States, evolved a north-south gradient in size soon after its introduction. This gradient reflects the gradient that already existed in the house sparrow’s native range in Europe. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51796195",
"title": "Cold and heat adaptations in humans",
"section": "Section::::Origin of cold and heat adaptations.:Ecogeographic rules.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 544,
"text": "Bergmann’s rule states that endothermic animal subspecies living in colder climates have larger bodies than that of the subspecies living in warmer climates. Individuals with larger bodies are better suited for colder climates because larger bodies produce more heat due to having more cells, and have a smaller surface area compared to smaller individuals, which reduces heat loss. A study by Frederick Foster and Mark Collard found that Bergmann’s rule can be applied to humans when the latitude and temperature between groups differ widely.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4900609",
"title": "Effective evolutionary time",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 1510,
"text": "Low (warm) latitudes contain significantly more species than high (cold) latitudes. This has been shown for many animal and plant groups, although exceptions exist (see latitudinal gradients in species diversity). An example of an exception is helminths of marine mammals, which have the greatest diversity in northern temperate seas, possibly because of small population densities of hosts in tropical seas that prevented the evolution of a rich helminth fauna, or because they originated in temperate seas and had more time for speciations there. It has become more and more apparent that species diversity is best correlated with environmental temperature and more generally environmental energy. These findings are the basis of the hypothesis of effective evolutionary time. Species have accumulated fastest in areas where temperatures are highest. Mutation rates and speed of selection due to faster physiological rates are highest, and generation times which also determine speed of selection, are smallest at high temperatures. This leads to a faster accumulation of species, which are absorbed into the abundantly available vacant niches, in the tropics. Vacant niches are available at all latitudes, and differences in the number of such niches can therefore not be the limiting factor for species richness. The hypothesis also incorporates a time factor: habitats with a long undisturbed evolutionary history will have greater diversity than habitats exposed to disturbances in evolutionary history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22403915",
"title": "Body size and species richness",
"section": "Section::::Possible mechanisms.:Energetic constraints.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 658,
"text": "Habitat quality is highly variable and as a result smaller species tend to be present in less of their range. Instead, they are only found in patches of their range where there is good habitat. A correlate to this argument is that the opposite is true for larger species. Larger species have lower beta diversity and are replaced less frequently across landscapes and as a result tend to occupy more of their range (see Occupancy-abundance relationship relationships) (Brown and Maurer, 1989; Brown and Nicoletto, 1991). This mechanism likely contributes to the shift in body size-species richness distribution observed between continental and local scales.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2387970",
"title": "Polar ecology",
"section": "Section::::Animals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 674,
"text": "For animals to be able to live in the polar region they have to have adaptations which allow them to live in the cold and windy environments. These animals have originated with these adaptations, and animals that live in these regions are accumulating adaptations to be able to live in this type of environment. Some of these adaptations may be to be big and insolated, have a lot of fur, and to be darker. Also, many animals live in groups to be able to protect themselves from the cold. Animals also tend to be homeotherms which are animals that maintain a high temperature. Smaller invertebrates also tend to be smaller in polar regions which helps them conserve energy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2387970",
"title": "Polar ecology",
"section": "Section::::Animals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 822,
"text": "Due to the harsh weather in the polar regions, there are not many animals. The animals that do exist in the polar region are similar between the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The animals do differ by the temperature. In the Arctic some invertebrates include spiders, mites, mosquitoes and flies. In warmer areas of the polar regions moths, butterflies and beetles can be found. Some of the larger animals that exist are foxes, wolves, rabbits, hares, polar bears, reindeer/caribou. There are various bird species that have been spotted in the Arctic. Eight species of birds reside on the polar tundra year round while 150 breed in the Arctic. The birds that do breed go to the Arctic between May and July. One of the known birds is the snowy owl, which has enough fat on it to be able to survive in the cold temperatures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47512",
"title": "Climate change",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:External forcing mechanisms.:Plate tectonics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "The size of continents is also important. Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature, yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland. A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will several smaller continents or islands.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
37oaty
|
Why does hypertension cause ocular blood vessels to narrow?
|
[
{
"answer": "Your eye doesn't need that much blood flow, at high BP baroreceptors would indicate a lot of blood flowing through, however you don't want or need that much blood in your eyes so they are signaled to narrow in an attempt at limiting the flow of blood to the eye. As to why you don't want too much blood in the eyes, there are a few inferences I can make; burst blood vessels because of too much blood flow, compromising the immunoprivileged state of your eyes as dilated vessels become \"leaky\" as tight junctions are spread farther apart, also your eyes simply don't need so much blood to function.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Baroreceptors, in this instance, likely have nothing to do with it...That's part of a autonomic circuit used to regulate heart rate and cardiac output relative to changes is BP. To my knowledge, there aren't any baroreceptors in the ocular arterioles.\n\nOcular vessels narrow due to something called \"myogenic tone\", or \"pressure-induced constriction\". The smooth muscle cells in these vessels are able to sense stretch caused by increases in pressure and constrict accordingly. No neural innervation is required; even a single isolated smooth muscle cell would constrict when stretched. The development of this myogenic tone protects the extremely fragile capillary bed from rupture due to high pressures, since capillaries themselves are extremely thin (1 layer of endothelial cells only) and non-contractile.\n\nPressure COULD get high enough to widen vessels instead, since the myogenic capability of smooth muscle reaches a plateau...but that pressure would need to be pretty dangerously high for that to happen.\n\nI could wax poetic about how this increase in tone ultimately leads to remodeling of the vessel wall, decreased distensibility, and vascular dysfunction, but I won't...unless you want me to. (c:",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2994830",
"title": "Secondary hypertension",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Kidney.:Kidney.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 278,
"text": "Hypertension can also be produced by diseases of the renal arteries supplying the kidney. This is known as renovascular hypertension; it is thought that decreased perfusion of renal tissue due to stenosis of a main or branch renal artery activates the renin–angiotensin system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "513039",
"title": "Hypercholesterolemia",
"section": "Section::::Signs and symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 1368,
"text": "Although hypercholesterolemia itself is asymptomatic, longstanding elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries). Over a period of decades, elevated serum cholesterol contributes to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries. This can lead to progressive narrowing of the involved arteries. Alternatively smaller plaques may rupture and cause a clot to form and obstruct blood flow. A sudden blockage of a coronary artery may result in a heart attack. A blockage of an artery supplying the brain can cause a stroke. If the development of the stenosis or occlusion is gradual, blood supply to the tissues and organs slowly diminishes until organ function becomes impaired. At this point tissue ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness or tingling, usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may cause chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present as abdominal pain after eating a meal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "674529",
"title": "Pulmonary hypertension",
"section": "Section::::Pathogenesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 1914,
"text": "The pathogenesis of pulmonary \"arterial\" hypertension (WHO Group I) involves the narrowing of blood vessels connected to and within the lungs. This makes it harder for the heart to pump blood through the lungs, much as it is harder to make water flow through a narrow pipe as opposed to a wide one. Over time, the affected blood vessels become stiffer and thicker, in a process known as fibrosis. The mechanisms involved in this narrowing process include vasoconstriction, thrombosis, and vascular remodeling (excessive cellular proliferation, fibrosis, and reduced apoptosis/programmed cell death in the vessel walls, caused by inflammation, disordered metabolism and dysregulation of certain growth factors). Over time, vascular remodeling causes the affected blood vessels to become progressively stiffer and thicker. This further increases the blood pressure within the lungs and impairs their blood flow. In common with other types of pulmonary hypertension, these changes result in an increased workload for the right side of the heart. The right ventricle is normally part of a low pressure system, with systolic ventricular pressures that are lower than those that the left ventricle normally encounters. As such, the right ventricle cannot cope as well with higher pressures, and although right ventricular adaptations (hypertrophy and increased contractility of the heart muscle) initially help to preserve stroke volume, ultimately these compensatory mechanisms are insufficient; the right ventricular muscle cannot get enough oxygen to meet its needs and right heart failure follows. As the blood flowing through the lungs decreases, the left side of the heart receives less blood. This blood may also carry less oxygen than normal. Therefore, it becomes harder and harder for the left side of the heart to pump to supply sufficient oxygen to the rest of the body, especially during physical activity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "479413",
"title": "Vasodilation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 587,
"text": "When blood vessels dilate, the flow of blood is increased due to a decrease in vascular resistance and increase in cardiac output. Therefore, dilation of arterial blood vessels (mainly the arterioles) decreases blood pressure. The response may be intrinsic (due to local processes in the surrounding tissue) or extrinsic (due to hormones or the nervous system). In addition, the response may be localized to a specific organ (depending on the metabolic needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or it may be systemic (seen throughout the entire systemic circulation).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "77432",
"title": "Hypertension",
"section": "Section::::Pathophysiology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "It is not clear whether or not vasoconstriction of arteriolar blood vessels plays a role in hypertension. Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral venous compliance which may increase venous return, increase cardiac preload and, ultimately, cause diastolic dysfunction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "547735",
"title": "Internal capsule",
"section": "Section::::Clinical significance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "The lenticulostriate arteries supply a substantial amount of the internal capsule. These small vessels are particularly vulnerable to narrowing in the setting of chronic hypertension and can result in small, punctate infarctions or intraparenchymal haemorrhage due to vessel rupture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2011447",
"title": "Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy",
"section": "Section::::Cause.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 482,
"text": "The combination of anemia and low blood pressure means that the blood is carrying less oxygen to the tissues. The optic nerve can be at very high risk for damage from insufficient blood supply due to swelling (from lack of oxygen) in a confined bony space resulting in a compartment syndrome. Restricted blood flow can lead to permanent damage to the optic nerve and result in blindness (often in both eyes). For technical reasons this occurs more frequently with spinal surgeries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
24aouq
|
What did people use bread for before the sandwich was invented/became commonplace?
|
[
{
"answer": "Bread was typically eaten with some kind of moistener, usually based on an oil or sugar. \n\nBread or some other staple starch formed the foundation of the diet, and the term was sometimes used as a synecdoche, in which a part of something (bread) was used to refer to the whole (diet). \"Give us this day our daily bread,\" for example, refers generically to food, and not merely to bread on its own. However, as Sidney Mintz discusses in his wonderful history of sugar, *Sweetness and Power*, while the main starch could be the food itself, it often couldn't culturally count as a proper *meal* unless it had the right accompaniment. Historically, in the West where bread was the starch, this has been some kind of moistener: in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean, olive oil is the standard; in northern Europe, it was frequently butter; with the development of plantation sugar production in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, and industrial food in the nineteenth century, jam became a very popular food for this role in Britain. In other cases, it might be \"drippings,\" a generic term for the fat or moisture produced by cooking meat in certain ways. Of course, bread was also a ubiquitous accompaniment to all kinds of other dishes. Soup, for example, always comes with bread, to the point that in some situations, soup alone might not be considered an actual meal. \n\nI should note that I specialize in the study of wheat, flour, and bread in modern Britain. And, while the sandwich was invented famously by the Earl of Sandwich in the eighteenth century, I actually come across very few references to it before the invention and proliferation of sliced bread. While not unknown before the 1930s, I think the sandwich as the staple form of making a meal out of bread is really a postwar development. In the period that I study, mostly 1750 to 1950, the standard is bread and butter, bread and jam, or bread and drippings. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "82425",
"title": "Sandwich",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 401,
"text": "The modern concept of a sandwich using slices of bread as found within the West can arguably be traced to 18th-century Europe. However, the use of some kind of bread or bread-like substance to lie under (or under \"and\" over) some other food, or used to scoop up and enclose or wrap some other type of food, long predates the eighteenth century, and is found in numerous much older cultures worldwide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21234013",
"title": "Lettuce sandwich",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 201,
"text": "The lettuce sandwich (bread with a lettuce filling) was a common food in the United States and England during the first half of the 20th century. Lettuce sandwiches have been served at fine luncheons,\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "82425",
"title": "Sandwich",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 270,
"text": "In the United States, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early twentieth century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1707268",
"title": "Quick bread",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 208,
"text": "\"Quick bread\" most probably originated in the United States at the end of the eighteenth century. Before the creation of quick bread, baked goods were leavened either with yeast or by mixing dough with eggs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "82425",
"title": "Sandwich",
"section": "Section::::Language.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 230,
"text": "Before being known as sandwiches, this food combination seems to simply have been known as \"bread and meat\" or \"bread and cheese\". These two phrases are found throughout English drama from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43508480",
"title": "List of American breads",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "This is a list of American breads. Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been popular around the world and is one of humanity's oldest foods, having been of importance since the dawn of agriculture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36969",
"title": "Bread",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 279,
"text": "Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been a prominent food in large parts of the world and is one of the oldest man-made foods, having been of significant importance since the dawn of agriculture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ba5s3y
|
How was Napoleon able to advance his rank in the French military so quickly?
|
[
{
"answer": "The short and snippy answer to why Napoleon advanced so quickly is because of the French Revolution. But for all the brevity, such an answer is not facetious. The Revolution created a series of unique conditions that allowed a man of Napoleon's talents to vault quite high at a young age. \n\nFirst off, and most obviously, the Revolution did create a shortage of officers within the French armies as the pre-1789 institution was dominated by the nobility, especially its upper echelons. Although Revolutionary zeal did not eliminate all nobles serving under French colors, the Revolution did decimate the officer corps. Some of the pre-1789 officers were executed during the Terror while other officers abandoned their commissions and fled the country. The outflow of officers meant that there were now positions open for men from the technical services or middle classes and the minor nobility. Napoleon belonged to the latter category, but he was not alone in this regard. His great Marshal Davout also came from the minor nobility and Napoleon's future chief of staff Berthier came from an established military family with close connections to the old nobility. These relative outsiders managed to seize the opportunity presented to them by the Revolutionary upheavals within the officer corps to advance their positions. \n\nBut opportunity was only one factor in climbing atop the greasy pole. The Revolution may have stressed meritocracy, but the politics of the Revolution could not eliminate patronage completely. The shifting factions within various Revolutionary governments meant that politicians often cultivated their own generals. In Napoleon's case, his connections with Antoine Salicetti led to the young man's advancement early in his career. But political patronage was a double-edged sword in the tumultuous politics of the Revolution. Napoleon's connection with Jacobins made him politically suspect in the Thermidorian reaction after the Terror. But Napoleon was lucky in his choice in political friends. Salicetti was able to save Napoleon from house arrest and later managed to cultivate a relationship with Paul Barras. These networks helped Napoleon gain commissions in what were subsidiary theaters for the French Revolutionary Wars, Italy and Egypt. \n\nNapoleon managed to make the most of these appointments. Although Italy lacked the prestige of Germany, Napoleon succeeded in Italy while his compatriots in Germany failed. The military successes helped connect Napoleon to one of the Revolution's popular elements, military *gloire*. Generals and military exploits became one of the legitimizing components of the Revolution, especially as the more radical social levelling had led to the Terror. So military generals assumed a greater deal of political capital in the closing days of the Revolution than they possessed at its strat. Emmanel Sieyès, one of the key plotters in Brumaire, would famously quip, \"I need a sword,\" in other words, a man who could command the loyalty of one of the few powerful institutions that possessed a great deal of popular legitimacy within the Republic, the army.\n\nNapoleon was only thirty years old when he became First Consul, but many of his own contemporaries were not that much older than Bonaparte. His main military rivals to be the Brumaire coup's \"sword\"- Bernadotte, Jourdan, Hoche, and Moreau - were all born in the same decade as Napoleon. The youthfulness of this cohort underscores how the French Revolution created the right constellation that meant a young man with the right talents and connections could advance farther and faster than he could in the pre-1789 military. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "62116",
"title": "Napoleon II",
"section": "Section::::Biography.:Life in Austria.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 453,
"text": "By 1820, Napoleon had completed his elementary studies and begun his military training, learning German, Italian and mathematics as well as receiving advanced physical training. His official army career began at age 12, in 1823, when he was made a cadet in the Austrian Army. Accounts from his tutors describe Napoleon as intelligent, serious and focused. Additionally, he was a very tall young man: he had grown to nearly 6 feet by the time he was 17.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "308084",
"title": "Grande Armée",
"section": "Section::::Ranks of the Grande Armée.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 183,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 183,
"end_character": 805,
"text": "Unlike the armies of the Ancien Régime and other monarchies, advancement in the Grande Armée was based on proven ability rather than social class or wealth. Napoleon wanted his army to be a meritocracy, where every soldier, no matter how humble of birth, could rise rapidly to the highest levels of command, much as he had done (provided, of course, they did not rise too high or too fast). This was equally applied to the French and foreign officers, and no less than 140 foreigners attained the rank of Général. By and large this goal was achieved. Given the right opportunities to prove themselves, capable men could rise to the top within a few years, whereas in other armies it usually required decades if at all. It was said that even the lowliest private carried a marshal's baton in his knapsack.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "308084",
"title": "Grande Armée",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 240,
"text": "Napoleon led a new army to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in 1813, in the defence of France in 1814 and in the Waterloo Campaign in 1815, but the Napoleonic French army would never regain the heights of the Grande Armée of June 1812.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "330417",
"title": "Jean Victor Marie Moreau",
"section": "Section::::Biography.:Intrigues.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 896,
"text": "In reward, Napoleon again gave him command of the Army of the Rhine, with which he forced back the Austrians from the Rhine to the Isar. On his return to Paris he married 19-year-old Eugénie Hulot, born in Mauritius and friend of Joséphine de Beauharnais, an ambitious woman who gained a complete ascendancy over him. After spending a few weeks with the army in Germany and winning the celebrated battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800), he settled down to enjoy the fortune he had acquired during his campaigns. His wife collected around her all who were discontented with the aggrandisement of Napoleon. This \"Club Moreau\" annoyed Napoleon, and encouraged the Royalists, but Moreau, though not unwilling to become a military dictator to restore the republic, would be no party to an intrigue for the restoration of Louis XVIII. All this was well known to Napoleon, who seized the conspirators.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16701021",
"title": "Minor campaigns of 1815",
"section": "Section::::French deployments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "Upon assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by the Bourbons and that the state of the Army was 56,000 troops of which 46,000 were ready to campaign. By the end of May the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55856085",
"title": "1792 Imperial election",
"section": "Section::::Aftermath.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 802,
"text": "On September 20, a Prussian army advancing on Paris was stopped at the Battle of Valmy, the first significant victory for the French revolutionary government. On August 23, 1793, that government issued a decree calling for a \"levée en masse\", the conscription of all able-bodied men between eighteen and twenty-five years of age. The dramatic increase in French manpower and the tactical brilliance of the brigadier general Napoleon, who saw his first major action as an artillery commander in the Siege of Toulon that same year, led to increasing military success. By the end of 1794, France had conquered the territories of the Holy Roman Empire west of the Rhine. Prussia recognized these conquests and withdrew from the first coalition against France in the secret Peace of Basel of April 5, 1795.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17969983",
"title": "Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days",
"section": "Section::::French.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "Upon assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by the Bourbons and that the state of the Army was 56,000 troops of which 46,000 were ready to campaign. By the end of May, the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
kwfq5
|
the relationship between the saudi royal family and religion
|
[
{
"answer": "You know how at Thanksgiving when all the family has to get together and it is tense and awkward from years and years of harbored resentment towards one another? Well, that's basically how Saudi Arabia politics work. It's a very large family with members of varying levels of influence over how things run in the nation. Nominally the Qu'ran is the \"constitution\" of the nation, so basically the royal family claims that they are ordained by God to be in charge. I mean, that's the cover story anyway. As you note, claiming a religious holy text as your basis for power doesn't tend to sit well with people who read and study that text because they figure out that you're full of shit. So yes, there are Islamic hardliners who advocate terrorist acts against the royal family. It's all very messy and ripe for revolution as soon as the money starts to dry up faster and faster. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Ok so this is gonna be a long one with sweeping overviews and very little specificites, but this is the basic breakdown. \n\nTowards the beginning of the 20th century, Arabia was still a collection of warring fiefdoms that couldn't really agree with one another. They had each been ruled by a sucession of rulers including the sultans of the Ottoman empire, their own individual rulers, and the new colonial powers that were pushing their way into what is now Saudi Arabia. \n\nThis time was also a time of great wars in the region. Concurrent with the wars, there was a new and thriving religious movement called Wahabism, named after the founder I believe. It basically contains all the crazy bits of fanaticism that the west consideres to be \"violent islam.\" So all the hardcore following of Sharia law, and the insane punishments that come with it, and the whole women not being allowed to drive that mostly stems from the Wahabi movement. \n\nAnyway, during the 1920s a nomadic tribe leader named Ibn Saud finally conquerored Mecca and declared himself king with the backing of a massive army that he had managed to gather together. \n\nNow most people ask, \"where'd the army come from? I thought he was the leader of a small nomadic tribe?\" Great question. \n\nThe army was recruited from newly militarized followers of the Wahabi sect, who were goaded to use force to conequror in the name of Islam. \n\nIbn Saud made an agreement with the group of imams who were considered the governing body of the Wahabi Sec (Henceforth refered to as the Ulumat), to force wahabism onto the newly conquerored people if the Ulumat would tell their followers to back Ibn Saud. The backing of the Ulumat was the reason that the Ibn Saud was able to conqueror the country and name it after himself and his family: Saudi Arabia. \n\nAnywho, continuing down to the formation of the government.\n\nThe Ulumat wanted their proverbial pound of flesh in return for helping Ibn Saud conqueror the kingdom so they set up an Islamic Jumhariya (Islamic State) where the king (Ibn Saud and his descendants) would rule, but ALWAYS defer to the Ulumat before making any laws. \n\nThis agreement continus down to today, and the Ulumat is more powerful than ever, even making oil concession descisions in certain cases. The king can make a law, but without the approval of the Ulumat it means nothing. \n\nDon't be mistaken, the king is not the innocent pawn in this circumstance. Since the 1930s, when Ibn Saud and his family discovered that Saudi Arabia had more oil than sand, they sold out HARD to the west. Making massive concessions to the likes of BP and Aramco (Arab American oil Company). \n\nAfter making these oil concessions, they allowed foreign governments such as the British and the Americans to station hundres of thousands of foreign troops in the nation in order to secure the oil reserves.\n\nThe king and the Ulumat are both at the mercy of these foreign powers. Without the backing of these nations, the people would rebel and overthrow both the Ulumat and the King. This is not speculation, since the assasination of King Faisal in the 1960s by a member of his own family, there has been a very uneasy feeling amongst the Saudi people regarind how their governmental structure runs, specially with the interest of the Ulumat and foreign powers dominating the rather powerless monarchy. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You know how at Thanksgiving when all the family has to get together and it is tense and awkward from years and years of harbored resentment towards one another? Well, that's basically how Saudi Arabia politics work. It's a very large family with members of varying levels of influence over how things run in the nation. Nominally the Qu'ran is the \"constitution\" of the nation, so basically the royal family claims that they are ordained by God to be in charge. I mean, that's the cover story anyway. As you note, claiming a religious holy text as your basis for power doesn't tend to sit well with people who read and study that text because they figure out that you're full of shit. So yes, there are Islamic hardliners who advocate terrorist acts against the royal family. It's all very messy and ripe for revolution as soon as the money starts to dry up faster and faster. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Ok so this is gonna be a long one with sweeping overviews and very little specificites, but this is the basic breakdown. \n\nTowards the beginning of the 20th century, Arabia was still a collection of warring fiefdoms that couldn't really agree with one another. They had each been ruled by a sucession of rulers including the sultans of the Ottoman empire, their own individual rulers, and the new colonial powers that were pushing their way into what is now Saudi Arabia. \n\nThis time was also a time of great wars in the region. Concurrent with the wars, there was a new and thriving religious movement called Wahabism, named after the founder I believe. It basically contains all the crazy bits of fanaticism that the west consideres to be \"violent islam.\" So all the hardcore following of Sharia law, and the insane punishments that come with it, and the whole women not being allowed to drive that mostly stems from the Wahabi movement. \n\nAnyway, during the 1920s a nomadic tribe leader named Ibn Saud finally conquerored Mecca and declared himself king with the backing of a massive army that he had managed to gather together. \n\nNow most people ask, \"where'd the army come from? I thought he was the leader of a small nomadic tribe?\" Great question. \n\nThe army was recruited from newly militarized followers of the Wahabi sect, who were goaded to use force to conequror in the name of Islam. \n\nIbn Saud made an agreement with the group of imams who were considered the governing body of the Wahabi Sec (Henceforth refered to as the Ulumat), to force wahabism onto the newly conquerored people if the Ulumat would tell their followers to back Ibn Saud. The backing of the Ulumat was the reason that the Ibn Saud was able to conqueror the country and name it after himself and his family: Saudi Arabia. \n\nAnywho, continuing down to the formation of the government.\n\nThe Ulumat wanted their proverbial pound of flesh in return for helping Ibn Saud conqueror the kingdom so they set up an Islamic Jumhariya (Islamic State) where the king (Ibn Saud and his descendants) would rule, but ALWAYS defer to the Ulumat before making any laws. \n\nThis agreement continus down to today, and the Ulumat is more powerful than ever, even making oil concession descisions in certain cases. The king can make a law, but without the approval of the Ulumat it means nothing. \n\nDon't be mistaken, the king is not the innocent pawn in this circumstance. Since the 1930s, when Ibn Saud and his family discovered that Saudi Arabia had more oil than sand, they sold out HARD to the west. Making massive concessions to the likes of BP and Aramco (Arab American oil Company). \n\nAfter making these oil concessions, they allowed foreign governments such as the British and the Americans to station hundres of thousands of foreign troops in the nation in order to secure the oil reserves.\n\nThe king and the Ulumat are both at the mercy of these foreign powers. Without the backing of these nations, the people would rebel and overthrow both the Ulumat and the King. This is not speculation, since the assasination of King Faisal in the 1960s by a member of his own family, there has been a very uneasy feeling amongst the Saudi people regarind how their governmental structure runs, specially with the interest of the Ulumat and foreign powers dominating the rather powerless monarchy. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "17752049",
"title": "The Center for Democracy and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia",
"section": "Section::::Women's rights.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 485,
"text": "The alliance between the Saudi ruling dynasty and its extremist religious allies is at the heart of Saudi exclusion and mistreatment of women. The royal family has traditionally used a conservative brand of Sunni Islam (Wahhabism) to justify its rule. Present-day Saudi Arabia was founded by an alliance between Muhammad ibn Saud, great grandfather of the current ruling dynasty, and Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, the founder and father of Wahhabism in the middle of the eighteenth century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32414903",
"title": "Al ash-Sheikh",
"section": "Section::::Role in modern Saudi Arabia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 902,
"text": "Nevertheless, the Al ash-Sheikh are still Saudi Arabia's leading religious family and second in prestige only to the royal family. The family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in Saudi Arabia: for example, the current Grand Mufti (the position having been restored in 1993) is a member of the family, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh. The family's position is derived not only from their role in the ulema but also from being closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. This began in the eighteenth century and has continued in modern times: King Faisal's mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah, daughter of Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh. The family alliance with the Al ash-Sheikh is still crucial to the Al Saud in maintaining their legitimacy. At the same time, the Al ash-Sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the Al Saud.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27272",
"title": "Politics of Saudi Arabia",
"section": "Section::::National government.:Royal family.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 715,
"text": "In the absence of national elections and political parties, politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society. The royal family is politically divided by factions based on clan loyalties, personal ambitions and ideological differences. The most powerful clan faction is known as the 'Sudairi Seven', comprising the late King Fahd and his full brothers and their descendants. Ideological divisions include issues over the speed and direction of reform, and whether the role of the ulama should be increased or reduced. There were also divisions within the family over who should succeed Crown Prince Sultan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19975",
"title": "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab",
"section": "Section::::Family.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 660,
"text": "The descendants of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, the Al ash-Sheikh, have historically led the ulama in the Saudi state, dominating the state's religious institutions. Within Saudi Arabia, the family is held in prestige similar to the Saudi royal family, with whom they share power, and has included several religious scholars and officials. The arrangement between the two families is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Salafi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimise the royal family's rule.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "402558",
"title": "House of Saud",
"section": "Section::::Political power.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 555,
"text": "Unlike Western royal families, the Saudi Monarchy has not had a clearly defined order of succession. Historically, upon becoming King, the monarch has designated an heir apparent to the throne who serves as Crown Prince of the Kingdom. Upon the King's death the Crown Prince becomes King, and during the King's incapacitation the Crown Prince, likewise, assumes power as regent. Although other members of the Al Saud hold political positions in the Saudi government, it is only the King and Crown Prince who legally constitute the political institutions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "349303",
"title": "Saudi Arabia",
"section": "Section::::History.:Foundation of the Saud dynasty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 467,
"text": "The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began in Nejd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "581358",
"title": "Family values",
"section": "Section::::In culture.:Saudi culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 559,
"text": "The Saudi family includes extended families, as the extended family provides the individual with a sense of identity. The father is often the breadwinner and protector of the family, whereas the mother is often the homemaker and the primary caretaker of the children. Parents are regarded with high respect, and children are strongly encouraged to respect and obey their parents. Often, families provide care for elders. Until recently, because families and friends are expected to provide elderly care, nursing homes were considered culturally unacceptable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6ddg3k
|
Did Hitler have any plans to eventually invade France and/or Britain if they did not declare war when he invaded Poland?
|
[
{
"answer": "The memoirs of the German Foreign Ministry interpreter Paul Schmidt relates an illuminating anecdote about Hitler's reaction to Britain's war ultimatum delivered to Hitler on the morning of 3 September 1939. According to Schmidt, Hitler read the ultimatum and angrily turned to his Foreign Minister on Ribbentrop and said \"What now?\"\n\nAlthough Gerhard Weinberg doubts the veracity of Schmidt's account and Ian Kershaw believes that Hitler was prosaically asking what the French response would be, this particular anecdote illustrates the hazy and muddled German response to the expansion of the war. Although it was logical that an expansion of German force on the continent would inevitably lead to another war with France, the Germans did not make any systematic plans to defeat and occupy France. Although *Mein Kampf* had asserted that France was an eternal enemy of Germany, Hitler was remarkably lax in actually planning for this eventuality. When it was clear that the British and French would not be brought to accept Germany's dismemberment of Poland, Hitler summoned his service chiefs to the Reich chancellery on 27 September to tell them he intended to smash France and bring her to heel through swift military action between October and December 1939. \n\nMuch of the OKW leadership was aghast at Hitler's accelerated timetable and engaged in a degree of strategic footdragging to encourage Hitler to postpone what later became known as *Fall Gelb*. Although OKH was relatively enthusiastic about the Polish war, many commanders in OKH had believed that a political solution would prevent the need for an offensive in the west. Prior to Hitler's 27 September meeting, OKH had issued its *Directive for Reorganization of the Army for Defensive War in the West* on 17 September which stressed training for a defensive response to a Franco-British offensive. The resulting plans for an offensive in France and the Low Countries produced on 19 October were unimaginative frontal attack on a broad front. Hitler was unimpressed by these plans, but continually reaffirmed his commitment to an offensive despite the constant postponement of *Fall Gelb*. \n\nHitler's dissatisfaction with the conventional plans of attack, coupled with the Mechelen incident in which a plane carrying the current *Fall Gelb* plans accidentally landed in Belgium, gave an ideal opportunity to revamp the operation into something far more dynamic. The resulting Manstein sickle plan through the Ardennes is well-known, but even this firm operational plan created much dissension within the German ranks. Whether or not the panzers would need to be accompanied by the infantry or strike out on their own to swiftly close the trap in the Low Countries was fiercely debated in wargames prior to May 1940. \n\nLooking at this chaotic and almost dysfunctional military planning, the German success in 1940 was all the more remarkable. The delay in operations proved indirectly quite valuable as it did allow the German forces to reequip and engage in training that would allow them to improvise at key points in the campaign. The German command at various points in the campaign seemed to be amazed and almost skeptical of the success of the sickle cut. Hitler's Fuhrer Directive No. 6 of 3 October stated German goals were:\n\n > to defeat as much as possible of the French Army and of the forces of the allies fighting on their side, and at the same time to win as much territory as possible in Holland, Belgium, and Northern France, to serve as a base for the successful prosecution of the air and sea war against England and as wide protective area for the economically vital Ruhr. \n\nThat the German offensive had quickly achieved these relatively limited objectives and the door was seemingly open to the conquest of the whole of France shocked the German high command. The stiffening of French resistance along the newly-formed Weygand line during the wider offensive into France in June, *Fall Rot*, summoned up uncomfortable memories of a reversion to the static warfare of the First World War. The encirclement of the French armies in Lorraine and the French appeals for an armistice dispelled these fears, but they were operative through much of the campaign. \n\nThis muddled planning and the self-doubt that pervaded the German planning and execution of the invasion of France suggests that the Third Reich had no firm plan for an occupation of the entirety of France. It should be noted that this was all too typical of the planning culture within the Third Reich and the fact that there was no concrete plan for the occupation of France is somewhat irrelevant. Hitler created a geopolitical situation in 1939 in which it became essential that Germany completely neutralize France if Hitler was to realize his long-cherished vision of an empire in the east. \n\n*Sources* \n\nFrieser, Karl-Heinz. *The Blitzkrieg Legend The 1940 Campaign in the West*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2013.\n\n Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. *Germany and the Second World War / Vol. 2, Germany's initial conquests in Europe*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "51751618",
"title": "Historiography of the Battle of France",
"section": "Section::::Recent analyses.:May (2000).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 974,
"text": "Hitler miscalculated Franco-British reactions to the invasion of Poland in September 1939, because he had not realised that a watershed in public opinion had occurred in mid-1939. May also wrote that the French and British could have defeated Germany in 1938 with Czechoslovakia as an ally and also in late 1939, when German forces in the west were incapable of preventing a French occupation of the Ruhr, which would force a capitulation or a futile German resistance in a war of attrition. France did not invade Germany in 1939, because it wanted British lives to be at risk too and because of hopes that a blockade might force a German surrender without a bloodbath. The French and British also believed that they were militarily superior and guaranteed victory through the blockade or by desperate German attacks. The run of victories enjoyed by Hitler from 1938–1940, could only be understood in the context of defeat being inconceivable to French and British leaders.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "228080",
"title": "Battle of France",
"section": "Section::::Aftermath.:Analysis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 145,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 145,
"end_character": 923,
"text": "Hitler miscalculated Franco-British reactions to the invasion of Poland in September 1939, because he had not realised that a shift in public opinion had occurred in mid-1939. May wrote that the French and British could have defeated Germany in 1938 with Czechoslovakia as an ally and also in late 1939, when German forces in the West were incapable of preventing a French occupation of the Ruhr, which would have forced a capitulation or a futile German resistance in a war of attrition. France did not invade Germany in 1939 because it wanted British lives to be at risk too and because of hopes that a blockade might force a German surrender without a bloodbath. The French and British also believed that they were militarily superior, which guaranteed victory. The run of victories enjoyed by Hitler from 1938 to 1940 could only be understood in the context of defeat being inconceivable to French and British leaders.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41670479",
"title": "Erich Raeder during World War II",
"section": "Section::::Operation Weserübung: the invasion of Scandinavia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 3062,
"text": "At the same time in early 1940 as plans for invading Norway were being discussed, Hitler had finally decided upon a plan for the invasion of France; the prospect of seizing bases in France, which were regarded as offering better access to the North Atlantic than Norway, caused many Naval Staff officers to abandon their support for Weserübung. On 13 January 1940, the Operations Division of the \"Kriegsmarine\" told Raeder that they did not believe that Britain was planning on seizing Norway, and any German move into Norway would be \"... a dangerous undertaking\" best avoided if possible. The American historians Williamson Murray and Alan Millet wrote about Raeder's thinking about Norway: \"... since fall 1939, Admiral Raeder had advocated an aggressive policy toward Scandinavia to protect ore shipments and to establish naval bases in the area. However, Raeder was, as usual, not taking the long view. The western campaign, if successful, would provide Germany with the ore fields of north-eastern France, as well as a more favorable geographic position, without putting Germany's surface fleet at risk. Moreover, Raeder failed to take into account the possibility that in the long run Norway's occupation might represent a burden to Germany out of all proportion to its strategic advantages\" For a short period of time in early January 1940, the German Naval Staff managed to convince Raeder that the \"'best' solution was preservation of the status quo. In late January 1940, Hitler ordered planning to be resumed for an invasion of Norway. The Chief of the Army General Staff, General Franz Halder took the view that Weserübung was far too risky an operation, and excluded the Army from the planning of the operation. Halder believed that Weserübung would fail, and he did not want to associate himself with failure, preferring that Raeder take the entire blame when his \"lunatic\" plans to invade Scandinavia failed as Halder expected them to fail. Furthermore, Halder argued that Raeder had exaggerated the threat by posed by the Allies mining the Norwegian Leads, arguing that the ice on the Baltic would melt at the end of April, and that because of the Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 that Germany could always import iron from the Soviet Union to make up for any shortfall in Swedish iron imports. As a result of Halder's opposition to Weserübung, the operation was planned by the OKM and the OKW without no input from the OKH. On 1 March 1940, Hitler approved Operation Weserübung, the plan for the invasion of Norway and Denmark. Only on 2 March 1940 did Hermann Göring first learn of Weserübung, and expressed considerable fury about being excluded from the planning by Raeder, and that the Luftwaffe units assigned to the operation were to serve under the command of Army General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst. Because of Göring's objections to Weserübung, Hitler had to call a conference on 5 March 1940 to sort out the jurisdictional dispute, which ended with essentially reaffirming the operation with some minor concessions for Göring's bruised ego.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7969401",
"title": "Katyn massacre",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 516,
"text": "On 1 September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany began. Consequently, Britain and France, obligated by the Anglo-Polish military alliance and Franco-Polish alliance to attack Germany in the case of such an invasion, demanded Germany withdraw. On 3 September 1939, after Germany failed to comply, Britain, France, and most countries of the British Empire declared war on Germany, but provided little military support to Poland. They took minimal military action during what became known as the Phoney War.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "309288",
"title": "Invasion of Poland",
"section": "Section::::Prelude.:Breakdown of talks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 656,
"text": "On 26 August, Hitler tried to dissuade the British and the French from interfering in the upcoming conflict, even pledging that the \"Wehrmacht\" forces would be made available to Britain's empire in the future. The negotiations convinced Hitler that there was little chance the Western Allies would declare war on Germany, and even if they did, because of the lack of \"territorial guarantees\" to Poland, they would be willing to negotiate a compromise favourable to Germany after its conquest of Poland. Meanwhile, the increased number of overflights by high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft and cross-border troop movements signaled that war was imminent.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21212",
"title": "Nazi Germany",
"section": "Section::::History.:Military build-up.:Poland.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 660,
"text": "In January 1934, Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Poland. In March 1939, Hitler demanded the return of the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor, a strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. The British announced they would come to the aid of Poland if it was attacked. Hitler, believing the British would not actually take action, ordered an invasion plan should be readied for September 1939. On 23 May, Hitler described to his generals his overall plan of not only seizing the Polish Corridor but greatly expanding German territory eastward at the expense of Poland. He expected this time they would be met by force.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13259477",
"title": "Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940",
"section": "Section::::1939–1940: The road to loss of independence.:Invasion of Poland.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 928,
"text": "Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. France and Britain, which were obligated by treaty to protect Poland, responded with notes of protest requesting the Germans withdraw. Following French-British indecision, Britain acted alone moving forward with a two-hour ultimatum at 9:00am on September 3, which France was then forced to follow, issuing its own ultimatum. Nevertheless, despite declarations that a state of war now existed with Germany, the inter-Allied military conferences of September 4–6 determined there was no possibility of supporting an eastern front in Poland. France subsequently requested Britain not bomb Germany, fearing military retaliation against the French populace. It was determined to do nothing, so as to not provoke a transfer of German forces to the western front. Chamberlain declared on September 12 \"There is no hurry as time is on our side.\" The abandonment of Poland was complete.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
31ib6w
|
in very remote places (e.g. 50km from your nearest neighbor, 2 hour drive to the nearest small village) in places like canada, scandinavia, alaska, etc, what jobs do people do to sustain themselves?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's not really possible to live in total isolation in northern Canada. You would need to go to town often for supplies and food.\n\nThere are still professional trappers in northern Canada, so they might be the most 'self sustained' you'll find, but they'll be going to town to sell their furs to a company, but most of these will be living in remote *villages* and not 2 hours from the nearest general store. \n\nThe Canadian government forced northern Inuit people in northern Canada into (relatively)modern planned settlements and out of their remote locations, so they all generally have a home in a town. During hunting season they may travel days away from home (such as to the edge of the sea ice looking for seals) and set up temporary encampment, but they have a house in a town.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Do you need to ask slightly rephrased questions every day? Because you asked almost identical question yesterday. \n\nYou got your answer last time, now do some research on your own. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In Australia they are generally cattle stations, large areas of grazing country breeding cattle for export. In dry areas, there can easily be 50 km between station homesteads.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Stop asking the same types of questions and maby try to google shit yourself like 99% of ELI5 answers come from.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4789943",
"title": "Road trip",
"section": "Section::::Possible motivations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "Many people may go on road trips for recreational purpose (e.g. sightseeing or to reach a desired location, typically during a vacation period (e.g., in the US, driving to Disneyland from Oregon)). Other motivations for long distance travel by automobile include visitation of relatives, who may live far away, or relocation of one's permanent living space.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54755765",
"title": "Kunest",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 444,
"text": "Although remote and hardly accessible, this area attracts some tourists and dachniks (owners of seasonal second homes, usually log cabins or small cottages) due to its untouched nature, ecology, traditional way of life and some objects of cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The quality of rural roads is very poor and in winter and rainy seasons it is hard to reach the village and nearby settlements with an ordinary car.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2035607",
"title": "Tabubil",
"section": "Section::::Transportation.:Travel by foot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 431,
"text": "It is not uncommon for residents to access other remote areas by foot. Most locals can tell you how many days it would take to walk to most locations within the country. Walking often is the only way for people to get to their local villages anyway, as many local airstrips are in disrepair. The maintenance of airstrips is a Local Level Government responsibility, and many LLGs in the surrounding area are severely underfunded.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44856519",
"title": "Jaisak",
"section": "Section::::Means Of Earning.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "The majority of the people earn their livelihood through agriculture. There are also a number in government services, mostly army and police. Many young people go abroad and so people from the village are found in USA, France, South Africa, Spain, Greece, Italy, Salalah-Muscat (Oman), Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Dubai.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50634896",
"title": "Athikkadai",
"section": "Section::::Demographics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 293,
"text": "The village harbors 73 main streets and 1500 registered houses. People there are mainly self-employed, working at local businesses.The majority of the locals work in Abroad while many of the young peoples do business and working in the Middle East, Europe, United States and South East Asia. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39202858",
"title": "Kelly Lake, British Columbia",
"section": "Section::::Controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "Currently there are less than 100 people living in the small community as there are only 33 houses, a church and an old school that has been transformed into a Community Centre. The closest town is 40 miles away so people have to have vehicles if they want to work. The kids take a school bus to Hythe Regional for the younger ones and then to Beaverlodge Regional High for grades 10-12. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8238720",
"title": "A78 road",
"section": "Section::::Recent improvements.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 455,
"text": "The new road can easily take 10 minutes off any journey which would otherwise involve travelling through the three towns and as a result has proven very popular amongst people who make such journeys - for example people from Largs and West Kilbride to the north who now have swifter access to the shopping facilities of Irvine and Ayr and the Morrisons supermarket at Stevenston, as well as any football fans who may be travelling to watch Kilmarnock FC.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1z8yk8
|
Can history be effectively taught by teaching effect before cause and slowly progressing backwards into history?
|
[
{
"answer": "Are you talking about serious academics only, or including elementary school?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I have a bachelor's in history, and obtained a Master's in Teaching, and then focused on teaching mathematics rather than history. \n\nThere's actually a lot of really good reasons, not so much the 'effects before cause', but because everyone who is born suffers from a necessary 'flattening' - the world that I was born into simply 'is' the world, another way of saying 'presentism'. \n\nSo by teaching history from the present backwards, we can constantly reference the world that the students know, and build up a backstory that explains the world they can see. \n\nThe reason this doesn't happen a lot more often is because state standards call for state history to be taught often in the 9th grade, and American history to be taught often to Juniors. There's this idea that we want citizenry and civics to be taught to the strongest reasoners. \n\nThe approach that you take has a certain beautiful symmetry to it - we could teach citizenry and civics to 7th and 8th graders, contextualizing the world they are in, and the move backwards to American history in the 8th and 9th, move backwards through America's foundation and European expansionism, and then finally land in the ancient world. \n\nAnother problem with this approach is that you're asking students to understand local history - but it's not as if you're really going to get into any solid international politics. So when you get to the part of the ancient world which is relevant to modern politics, you don't really have the time and scope to have covered enough of the arab or chinese world to make ancient history's explanatory power relevant. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "14068774",
"title": "The History of the World Backwards",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 531,
"text": "\"The History of the World Backwards\" tells the story of the world, but in a world where time flows forwards whilst history told backwards. In other words, if you were born in 2007, you would be 60 years old in 1947. All the major historical events happen backwards, so for example, Nelson Mandela enters jail a Spice Girls fan, and comes out as a terrorist intent in overthrowing the state. There are several recurring themes, such as the \"Technology collapse\", where scientific discoveries are lost, forgotten or made unworkable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44014561",
"title": "Caprichosos de Pilares",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 346,
"text": "But what made history even at school was the plots in satire, criticism and humor created by Luiz Fernando Reis where they constitute a formula that spoke Inflation have criticized politicians asked Diretas Já that please and spoke to the public. However the revisionist school, and this style, culminating in various descents, to access groups.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4118642",
"title": "Historical institutionalism",
"section": "Section::::The treatment of history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 566,
"text": "Unlike most western scholars who preceded them, including classical liberals, classical Marxists, empiricists, dialectical thinkers and positivists, historical institutionalists do not accept that history necessarily develops in a straightforward, linear fashion. Instead, they examine the conditions under which a particular trajectory was followed and not others, a phenomenon that Gabriel Almond refers to as the \"historical cure\". As a consequence, specifying why particular paths were \"not\" taken is as important as specifying the actual trajectory of history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10129706",
"title": "Inquiry-based learning",
"section": "Section::::Inquiry-based learning in academic disciplines.:Inquiry learning in social studies & history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 481,
"text": "Robert Bain in \"How Students Learn\" described a similar approach called \"problematizing history\". First a learning curriculum is organized around central concepts. Next, a question and primary sources are provided, such as eyewitness historical accounts. The task for inquiry is to create an interpretation of history that will answer the central question. Students will form a hypothesis, collect and consider information and revisit their hypothesis as they evaluate their data.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10323935",
"title": "Parametric determinism",
"section": "Section::::Ten implications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 637,
"text": "BULLET::::- The main reason for studying history is not because we should assign praise or blame, or simply because it is interesting, but because we need to study past experience to understand the present and the future. History can be seen as a \"laboratory\", the lab-record of which shows how, under given conditions, people tried to achieve their goals, and what the results of their experimentations were. This can provide insight into what is likely or unlikely to succeed in future. At the very least, each generation has to come to grips with the experience of the previous generation, as well as educating the future generation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2666752",
"title": "James W. Loewen",
"section": "Section::::Career.:\"Lies My Teacher Told Me\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 369,
"text": "The book reflects Loewen's belief that history should not be taught as straightforward facts and dates to memorize, but rather as analysis of the context and root causes of events. Loewen recommends that teachers use two or more textbooks, so that students may realize the contradictions and ask questions, such as, \"Why do the authors present the material like this?\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46477277",
"title": "Marie-Thérèse Maurette",
"section": "Section::::Pedagogy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "BULLET::::2. Teaching of national history begins much later than in most national schools. History is taught from twelve years old. First the world history is taught, then insertion of national history is done to its proper and relative importance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
e97659
|
What prevents full on recovery of limb function?
|
[
{
"answer": "Some types of tissue don’t heal on their own. These are usually tissues that have no blood flow to them. Tissues that do heal almost always leave scar tissue, which interferes with the natural shape and limits movement.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nerves generally regenerate very slowly or not at all. If nerves are damaged it explains both changes in feeling (e.g. pain, numbness, itches) and function (e.g. trembling, inability to do certain movements). Muscle parts that are no longer connected to nerves will die. Also scar tissue will impair function. It reduces elasticity of the skin and doesn't allow blood flow.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33896087",
"title": "Limb-sparing techniques",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 343,
"text": "Limb-sparing techniques, also known as limb-saving or limb-salvage techniques, are performed in order to give patients an alternative to amputation. There are many different types of limb-sparing techniques, including arthrodesis, arthroplasty, alloprosthetic composite, endoprosthetic reconstruction, prosthetic implants, and rotationplasty.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2771697",
"title": "Nonunion",
"section": "Section::::Prognosis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 610,
"text": "By definition, a nonunion will not heal if left alone. Therefore the patient's symptoms will not be improved and the function of the limb will remain impaired. It will be painful to bear weight on it and it may be deformed or unstable. The prognosis of nonunion if treated depends on many factors including the age and general health of the patient, the time since the original injury, the number of previous surgeries, smoking history, the patient's ability to cooperate with the treatment. In the region of 80% of nonunions heal after the first operation. The success rate with subsequent surgeries is less.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7528524",
"title": "Replantation",
"section": "Section::::Recovery.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 224,
"text": "Outcome of major limb replantations can be predicted by the potassium level of the blood which flows out of the replanted part after revascularization as a high level of potassium can be a marker of muscle and tissue death.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29550014",
"title": "Upper-limb surgery in tetraplegia",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "Loss of upper-limb function in patients with following a spinal cord injury is a major barrier to regain autonomy. The functional abilities of a tetraplegic patient increase substantially for instance if the patient can extend the elbow. This can increase the workspace and give a better use of a manual wheelchair. To be able to hold objects a patient needs to have a functional pinch grip, this can be useful for performing daily living activities. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1918041",
"title": "Phantom pain",
"section": "Section::::Management.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 663,
"text": "There are many different treatment options for phantom limb pain that are actively being researched. Most treatments do not take into account the mechanisms underlying phantom pains, and are therefore ineffective. However, there are a few treatment options that have been shown to alleviate pain in some patients, but these treatment options usually have a success rate less than 30%. It is important to note that this rate of success does not exceed the placebo effect. It is also important to note that because the degree of cortical reorganization is proportional to phantom limb pains, any perturbations to the amputated regions may increase pain perception.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9126890",
"title": "Open fracture",
"section": "Section::::Management.:Acute Management.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 425,
"text": "Another important clinical decision during acute management of open fractures involves the effort to avoid preventable amputations, where functional salvage of the limb is clearly desirable. Care must be taken to ensure this decision is not solely based on an injury severity tool score, but rather a decision made following a full discussion of options between doctors and the person, along with their family and care team.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41254383",
"title": "Epimorphosis",
"section": "Section::::In vertebrates.:Limb regeneration.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "Limb regeneration occurs when a part of an organism is destroyed, and the organism must reform that structure. The general steps for limb regeneration are as follows: epidermis covers the wound which is called the wound healing process, the mesenchyme dedifferentiates into a blastema and a apical ectodermal cap forms, and the limb re-differentiates to form the full limb.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8hircu
|
dna replication, mitosis and meiosis?
|
[
{
"answer": "Mitosis will replicate DNA and cell will divide creating two identical cells to form. 46 Chromosomes total (23 pairs) in starting and ending cells.\n\nMeiosis will replicate DNA and cell will divide. Then chromosomes will crosslink allowing for DNA to move between chromosome pairs. Cells will divide again (no DNA replication) and a total of four cells have formed with only 23 total chromosomes (no pairs).\n\nCrosslinking allows for genetic variance in new generations and is random.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "DNA Replication: The two strands that make up DNA are \"unzipped\" and a bunch of enzymes - think of enzymes as the machines that do work in cells - attach new pieces of DNA to each strand. Because each strand can be \"read\" in only one direction and the two strands face opposite directions, one strand can get replicated in one step (leading strand synthesis). The other strand is facing the \"wrong way,\" so it has to be replicated in a more complicated manner (lagging strand synthesis). The result of DNA replication is double the amount of DNA in the cell.\n\nMitosis: After DNA replication, the DNA fully splits, so each original strand is only attached to one newly formed strand of DNA. Each pair of strands forms its own nucleus. This is generally accompanied by cell division, which, as the name suggests, is when the entire cell cuts itself into two units. The result is two cells, each with the same amount of DNA as a cell prior to DNA replication. \n\nMeiosis: The DNA gets replicated, then it divides into two halves, similar to how mitosis works. Then each cell divides again while splitting its DNA in half a second time. The result is 4 cells, each with half as much DNA as a cell prior to DNA replication. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18976",
"title": "Meiosis",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 1651,
"text": "In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. The two meiotic divisions are known as Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Before meiosis begins, during S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA of each chromosome is replicated so that it consists of two identical sister chromatids, which remain held together through sister chromatid cohesion. This S-phase can be referred to as \"premeiotic S-phase\" or \"meiotic S-phase\". Immediately following DNA replication, meiotic cells enter a prolonged G2-like stage known as meiotic prophase. During this time, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and undergo genetic recombination, a programmed process in which DNA is cut and then repaired, which allows them to exchange some of their genetic information. A subset of recombination events results in crossovers, which create physical links known as chiasmata (singular: chiasma, for the Greek letter Chi (X)) between the homologous chromosomes. In most organisms, these links are essential to direct each pair of homologous chromosomes to segregate away from each other during Meiosis I, resulting in two haploid cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. During Meiosis II, the cohesion between sister chromatids is released and they segregate from one another, as during mitosis. In some cases all four of the meiotic products form gametes such as sperm, spores, or pollen. In female animals, three of the four meiotic products are typically eliminated by extrusion into polar bodies, and only one cell develops to\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18976",
"title": "Meiosis",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 1221,
"text": "Meiosis begins with a diploid cell, which contains two copies of each chromosome, termed homologs. First, the cell undergoes DNA replication, so each homolog now consists of two identical sister chromatids. Then each set of homologs pair with each other and exchange DNA by homologous recombination leading to physical connections (crossovers) between the homologs. In the first meiotic division, the homologs are segregated to separate daughter cells by the spindle apparatus. The cells then proceed to a second division without an intervening round of DNA replication. The sister chromatids are segregated to separate daughter cells to produce a total of four haploid cells. Female animals employ a slight variation on this pattern and produce one large ovum and two small polar bodies. Because of recombination, an individual chromatid can consist of a new combination of maternal and paternal DNA, resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from either parent. Furthermore, an individual gamete can include an assortment of maternal, paternal, and recombinant chromatids. This genetic diversity resulting from sexual reproduction contributes to the variation in traits upon which natural selection can act.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20369",
"title": "Mitosis",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 720,
"text": "In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26093896",
"title": "Meiomitosis",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 796,
"text": "During normal mitosis, sister chromatids separate into two identical daughter cells. In meiosis is a diploid cell (2N) duplicates its DNA once and undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce four haploid (1N), germ cells that promotes the recombination of large expanses of chromosomal DNA, potentially similar in size to those lost or gained in cancer. In meiotic division, homologous chromosomes are held together by cohesions, and after resolution of chiasma (the recombination crossover points with the other chromosome pair), the homologous chromosomes are segregated together. In these cells chiasma occurs and sister chromatids are partly held together by cohesions; when cell division occurs, the sister chromatids are sheared and mis-segregated which results in an aneuploid state.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4230",
"title": "Cell (biology)",
"section": "Section::::Cellular processes.:Replication.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 305,
"text": "In meiosis, the DNA is replicated only once, while the cell divides twice. DNA replication only occurs before meiosis I. DNA replication does not occur when the cells divide the second time, in meiosis II. Replication, like all cellular activities, requires specialized proteins for carrying out the job.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "564779",
"title": "Cell growth",
"section": "Section::::Cell division.:Comparison of the three types of cell division.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 451,
"text": "Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 \"double chromosomes\". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's DNA molecule. During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 \"single chromosomes\", half of which go into each daughter cell. During meiosis, there are two chromosome separation steps which assure that each of the four daughter cells gets one copy of each of the 23 types of chromosome.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "312354",
"title": "Homologous chromosome",
"section": "Section::::Functions.:In mitosis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 651,
"text": "Homologous chromosomes do not function the same in mitosis as they do in meiosis. Prior to every single mitotic division a cell undergoes, the chromosomes in the parent cell replicate themselves. The homologous chromosomes within the cell will ordinarily not pair up and undergo genetic recombination with each other. Instead, the replicants, or sister chromatids, will line up along the metaphase plate and then separate in the same way as meiosis II - by being pulled apart at their centromeres by nuclear mitotic spindles. If any crossing over does occur between sister chromatids during mitosis, it does not produce any new recombinant genotypes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
47gxai
|
why is it that fat is removed with soap, yet soap is made from fat?
|
[
{
"answer": "Things dissolve in water because water is a polar molecule. A water molecule is like the Disney mouse ears logo. A big circle with two smaller circles that favor one side. The area at the top of the mouse ears has a slightly more positive charge than the bottom of the mouse's chin. So water has a positive pole and a negative pole, based on where its molecules are.\n\nAs a general rule, other polar molecules will be able to dissolve in water. Non-polar molecules (like many hydrocarbons) are insoluble in water. Fat is a non-polar molecule, and does not dissolve in water. That's why oil and water do not mix. Polar molecules are generally known as hydrophilic (water loving); non-polar molecules are known as (hydrophobic).\n\nSoap is somewhat of a hybrid. It has a polar end and a non-polar end, the latter it gets from being made partially from fat. So when soap is mixed together with fat and water, the non-polar end of the soap is attracted to the hydrophobic fat, while the polar end is attracted to the water. As you agitate the mixture more and more, you get tiny globs of fat that are entirely surrounded by the soap molecules, [like this](_URL_0_). Since it's completely surrounded by soap molecules and the entire external surface is hydrophilic, the whole thing acts like a hydrophilic molecule and dissolves in water, to be washed away with the next rinse.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Soap is made from fat, but is not completely fat.\n\nImagine you have a pile of metal. You turn one of those pieces of metal into a magnet. Now you can use the magnet to move the metal that's still there.\n\nIn this example, fat is the metal and soap is the magnet.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "286158",
"title": "Glyceride",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "Soaps are formed from the reaction of glycerides with sodium hydroxide. The product of the reaction is glycerol and salts of fatty acids. Fatty acids in the soap emulsify the oils in dirt, enabling the removal of oily dirt with water.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47258007",
"title": "Saltwater soap",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 792,
"text": "Ordinary soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soaps are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning. Soaps for cleansing are made by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye (although the term \"lye soap\" refers almost exclusively to soaps made with sodium hydroxide), brings about a chemical reaction known as saponification. In this reaction, the triglyceride fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, and then these combine with the alkali to form crude soap: a combination of various soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57875",
"title": "Soap",
"section": "Section::::Soap-making for hobbyists.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 751,
"text": "Handmade soap from the cold process also differs from industrially made soap in that an excess of fat is used, beyond that needed to consume the alkali (in a cold-pour process, this excess fat is called \"superfatting\"), and the glycerol left in acts as a moisturizing agent. However, the glycerine also makes the soap softer. Addition of glycerol and processing of this soap produces glycerin soap. Superfatted soap is more skin-friendly than one without extra fat, although it can leave a \"greasy\" feel. Sometimes, an emollient is added, such as jojoba oil or shea butter. Sand or pumice may be added to produce a scouring soap. The scouring agents serve to remove dead cells from the skin surface being cleaned. This process is called exfoliation. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2732767",
"title": "Glycerin soap",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "Glycerin soaps are soaps that contain glycerin, a component of fat or oil. They are recognizably different from other soaps because they are translucent. The clarity is due to the alignment of the soap molecules, which can be induced through the addition of alcohol and sugar. This is usually done for homemade glycerin soaps that are not remeltable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2327130",
"title": "Fels-Naptha",
"section": "Section::::Use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 369,
"text": "The soap comes packaged in paper similar to bar body soap and is most often found in the laundry section of a supermarket or grocery store. It is intended for the pre-treatment of stains by rubbing the dampened product on a soiled area prior to laundering. The manufacturer claims it to be most effective in removing chocolate, baby formula, perspiration, and make-up.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23592835",
"title": "Soap substitute",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 937,
"text": "A soap substitute refers to detergents or cleansing creams, other than soap, for cleaning the skin, especially removing greasy films or glandular exudates. Soap contains a increasingly high amount of synthetic elements than actual ingredients intended to cleanse the skin. The use of everyday cleansing soap has correlated to several cases of topical skin problems like acne and eczema. Making the switch to soap alternatives welcomes the replacement of chemical-ridden body wash for eco-friendly products. Soap substitutes can be made from a variety of sources including plants with high saponin levels. Soap substitutes should not be confused with natural cleaning products which are cleaning agents for kitchen and house use. Plants with high saponin levels are purported to contain saponins in sufficient quantities to produce lather (when mashed plant parts are beaten in water) and can be used either as is or in soap or shampoos.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8651870",
"title": "Soap made from human corpses",
"section": "Section::::History.:World War II.:Postwar.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 603,
"text": "In 2006 a sample of the soap archived at the International Court of Justice in The Hague was given for analysis to , an expert in the chemistry of fats from the Gdansk University of Technology in Poland. He concluded that some of the fat in the sample tested was of human origin. The sample of soap had previously been used as evidence in the post-World War II Nuremberg trials, but at the time the technology was unavailable to determine whether the soap had been produced from human fat. The human remains used to make the soap were believed to have been brought from and Stutthof concentration camp.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
51bnk7
|
how/why the wind blows
|
[
{
"answer": " Because of the temperature differences. Hot air tends to go up and colder air comes down to take it's place. In larger scale the Coriolis force -it's a force asked to masses due to the earth's rotation- makes air flow in some large scale [\"cells\"](_URL_1_) \n\nIn smaller scale is basically caused from temperature differences. Take for example a city near sea. There will be at one point a \"breeze\" flowning through the city ([sea breeze](_URL_0_) ) as the air above the sea is colder than that of the land (because reasons!).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "46569115",
"title": "Mina per Wind",
"section": "Section::::The Album.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 349,
"text": "\" Blowin 'in the Wind\" is a cover of the song written by Bob Dylan in 1962 and released on his album \"The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan\" in 1963. The refrain \"The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind\" has been described as \"impenetrably ambiguous: either the answer is so obvious it is right in your face, or the answer is as intangible as the wind\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "572317",
"title": "Blowin' in the Wind",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 474,
"text": "\"Blowin' in the Wind\" is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1962 and released as a single and on his album \"The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan\" in 1963. Although it has been described as a protest song, it poses a series of rhetorical questions about peace, war, and freedom. The refrain \"The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind\" has been described as \"impenetrably ambiguous: either the answer is so obvious it is right in your face, or the answer is as intangible as the wind\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "584911",
"title": "External ballistics",
"section": "Section::::External factors.:Wind.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 114,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 114,
"end_character": 636,
"text": "Wind has a range of effects, the first being the effect of making the projectile deviate to the side (horizontal deflection). From a scientific perspective, the \"wind pushing on the side of the projectile\" is not what causes horizontal wind drift. What causes wind drift is drag. Drag makes the projectile turn into the wind, much like a weather vane, keeping the centre of air pressure on its nose. This causes the nose to be cocked (from your perspective) into the wind, the base is cocked (from your perspective) \"downwind.\" So, (again from your perspective), the drag is pushing the projectile downwind in a nose to tail direction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32839712",
"title": "Blow the Wind Southerly",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "Blow the Wind Southerly is a traditional English folk song from Northumberland. It tells of a woman desperately hoping for a southerly wind to blow her lover back home over the sea to her. It is Roud number 2619.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5052168",
"title": "Getting the wind knocked out of you",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 716,
"text": "Getting the wind knocked out of you, also referred to as being or getting \"winded\" is a commonly used idiom that refers to a kind of diaphragm spasm that occurs when sudden force is applied to the abdomen which puts pressure on the solar plexus. This often happens in contact sports, from a forceful blow to the abdomen, or by falling on the back. It results in a temporary paralysis of the diaphragm that makes it difficult to breathe. The sensation of being unable to breathe can lead to anxiety and there may be residual pain from the original blow, but the condition typically clears spontaneously in a minute or two. Victims of a winding episode often groan in a strained manner until normal breathing resumes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29897575",
"title": "Any Way the Wind Blows (Southern Pacific song)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "\"Any the Wind Blows\" is a song written by John McFee and Andre Pessis, and recorded by American country music group Southern Pacific. It was released in June 1989 as the first single from the album \"County Line\". The song reached No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was featured in the 1989 movie \"Pink Cadillac\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5138454",
"title": "Bombsight",
"section": "Section::::Bombsight concepts.:Forces on a bomb.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 484,
"text": "Finally, consider the effects of wind. The wind acts on the bomb through drag and is thus a function of the wind speed. This is typically only a fraction of the speed of the bomber or the terminal velocity, so it only becomes a factor if the bomb is dropped from altitudes high enough for this small influence to noticeably affect the bomb's path. The difference between the impact point and where it would have fallen if there had been no wind is known as \"drift\", or \"cross trail\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5m1xz9
|
what's going on with "black money" in india?
|
[
{
"answer": "A bunch of people aren't reporting their income, mostly because it's gained through illegal means (like the black market). This income is kept hidden in their homes generally, and isn't stored in banks. \n\nIn order to combat this, the Indian government surprised everyone by suddenly announcing that all their most common bills no longer have value, and must be exchanged for new bills. It would be like if the US government said \"we're getting rid of the $10 and $20 bills and replacing them with $15 and $30 bills.\" Anyone who wants their money to have value must take it to a bank to exchange it, where the amount they exchange will be recorded. Those with a ton of \"black money\", i.e. money gained through illegal means and not reported for taxes, will be exposed. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This makes for an odd time. As I recall the week before this happened and about a week after the retail location I work at had a massive influx of indian-national customers looking to buy predominately Apple products in bulk. We put a hard limit on ipad and macbook quickly as our stock diminished very quickly but I had people screaming at me that they NEEDED 50 Ipads and 10 Macbooks. They paid in USD but the announcement which occurred on a Wednesday really seemed to put two and two together.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A lot of people don't keep their money in banks, to avoid taxes and to hide income from illegal sources.\n\nIndia recently changes their money so the highest denominations will become worthless. In order to change to the new money, which means owning up and paying back taxes, or coming up with some scheme to launder their soon to be worthless bills. At the very least it will be a serious imposition to those who have been breaking the law.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm an Indian. Our currency is a rupee. We're more like England than we like to admit. Our note denominations are like 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000. Well it was like that for about 35 years or so. Before that we didn't have 1000 rupee notes. The 1000 rupee note was created to remove black money. In November 2016 the government discontinued the 1000 & 500 rupee notes and introduced new notes with denominations 2000 & 500. This was done to force people to come out and exchange their cash. We were given about 3 months with a daily cash exchange limit and also a daily deposit/withdrawal limit. Apart from the daily limit there was an additional total limit which was about 2-2.5 Lacs (200,000-250,000). Old 500 and 1000 rupee notes have been rendered useless after 31st December, 2016. This means if your money is already in the bank you're safe but if you have more cash lying around the house than you should then you're screwed. \n\nI don't know if you know this but 80% of the transactions in India are done in cash. Although I am inclined to believe that in the long run this is a bad move. This mostly affected the poor and the middle class. More than 80 people died standing in bank cues. We didn't manage to get the amount of black money that was expected, naturally. Plus statistics show that since the last time this happened the consumption of black money has increased. It looks to me like black money can now be stored in smaller briefcases. \n\nI'm sleepy or I would have gone into more detail.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18618063",
"title": "Black market",
"section": "Section::::Black markets by country.:India.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 98,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 98,
"end_character": 1037,
"text": "In India, \"black money\" refers to funds earned on the black market, on which income and other taxes have not been paid. The black money market situation in India is epidemic. India currently tops the list for illegal monies in the entire world, estimated to be almost US$1,456 billion stored in Swiss banks in the form of unaccounted money. According to the data provided by the Swiss Banking Association, India has more black money than the rest of the world combined. Indian Swiss bank account assets are worth 13 times (1300%) the country’s national debt, and, if this black money is seized and brought back to the country, India has the potential to become one of the richest countries in the world. Allegations of Indians holding trillions in black money in Switzerland are, however, in dispute. Later reports, including those by Swiss Bankers Association and the Government of Switzerland, claim that these allegations are false and fabricated, and the total amount held in all Swiss banks by citizens of India is about 2 billion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14496392",
"title": "Corruption in India",
"section": "Section::::Black money.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 603,
"text": "Black money refers to money that is not fully or legitimately the property of the 'owner'. A government white paper on black money in India suggests two possible sources of black money in India; the first includes activities not permitted by the law, such as crime, drug trade, terrorism and corruption, all of which are illegal in India and secondly, wealth that may have been generated through lawful activity but accumulated by failure to declare income and pay taxes. Some of this black money ends up in illicit financial flows across international borders, such as deposits in tax haven countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31464496",
"title": "Indian black money",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 541,
"text": "In India, black money is funds earned on the black market, on which income and other taxes have not been paid. Also, the unaccounted money that is concealed from the tax administrator is called \"black money\". The black money is accumulated by the criminals, smugglers, hoarders, tax-evaders and other anti-social elements of the society. Around 22000 crores of rupees are supposed to have been accumulated by the criminals for vested interests, though writ petitions in the supreme court estimate this to be even larger, at ₹90 lakh crores.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20509727",
"title": "Capitation fee",
"section": "Section::::Legal implications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "Media reports indicate that black money in education in India is generating more than 40,000 crores, while black money generation in medical education would be more than 10,000 crores. The Special Investigation Team (SIT) probing into black money practices in India has started its probe into the area, which was outside the ambit of SIT.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31464496",
"title": "Indian black money",
"section": "Section::::The use of Swiss banks for storing black money.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 499,
"text": "James Nason of Swiss Bankers Association in an interview about allowed black money from India, suggests \"The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never said or published such a report. Anyone claiming to have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1472206",
"title": "Economy of India",
"section": "Section::::Economic issues.:Corruption.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 174,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 174,
"end_character": 786,
"text": "India has an underground economy, with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks. This would amount to 13 times the country's total external debt. These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association. James Nason, the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association, suggested \"The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32368801",
"title": "Hasan Ali Khan",
"section": "Section::::Legal cases.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 641,
"text": "India Today magazine claimed that it had verified a letter confirming that $8 billion in black money was in a Swiss bank UBS account and the Government of India too has verified this with UBS. However, the Swiss bank UBS denied Indian media reports alleging that it maintained a business relationship with or had any assets or accounts for Hasan Ali Khan accused in the $8 billion black money case. Upon formal request by Indian and Swiss government authorities, the bank announced that the documentation supposedly corroborating such allegations were forged and numerous media reports claiming $8 billion in stashed black money were false.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1kwhap
|
Would we die if a supernova occurred?
|
[
{
"answer": "If the closest star to sun 'proxima centauri' exoplodes as a supernova, the radiation reaching us will be the sixth of what we are constantly receiving from the sun, so basically no there is no close supernovas candidates.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "63025",
"title": "Variable star",
"section": "Section::::Intrinsic variable stars.:Cataclysmic or explosive variable stars.:Supernovae.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 127,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 127,
"end_character": 301,
"text": "Supernovae can result from the death of an extremely massive star, many times heavier than the Sun. At the end of the life of this massive star, a non-fusible iron core is formed from fusion ashes. This iron core is pushed towards the Chandrasekhar limit till it surpasses it and therefore collapses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27680",
"title": "Supernova",
"section": "Section::::Other impacts.:Effect on Earth.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 119,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 119,
"end_character": 586,
"text": "A near-Earth supernova is a supernova close enough to the Earth to have noticeable effects on its biosphere. Depending upon the type and energy of the supernova, it could be as far as 3000 light-years away. Gamma rays from a supernova would induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful ultraviolet solar radiation. This has been proposed as the cause of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction, which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1870708",
"title": "Near-Earth supernova",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 229,
"text": "A near-Earth supernova is an explosion resulting from the death of a star that occurs close enough to the Earth (roughly less than 10 to 300 parsecs (30 to 1000 light-years) away) to have noticeable effects on Earth's biosphere.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1870708",
"title": "Near-Earth supernova",
"section": "Section::::Past events.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 252,
"text": "Gamma ray bursts from \"dangerously close\" supernova explosions occur two or more times per billion years, and this has been proposed as the cause of the end Ordovician extinction, which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of the oceanic life on Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8111079",
"title": "Gravitational wave",
"section": "Section::::Sources.:Supernovae.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 922,
"text": "A supernova is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a massive star's life, whose dramatic and catastrophic destruction is marked by one final titanic explosion. This explosion can happen in one of many ways, but in all of them a significant proportion of the matter in the star is blown away into the surrounding space at extremely high velocities (up to 10% of the speed of light). Unless there is perfect spherical symmetry in these explosions (i.e., unless matter is spewed out evenly in all directions), there will be gravitational radiation from the explosion. This is because gravitational waves are generated by a changing quadrupole moment, which can happen only when there is asymmetrical movement of masses. Since the exact mechanism by which supernovae take place is not fully understood, it is not easy to model the gravitational radiation emitted by them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21538638",
"title": "2012 phenomenon",
"section": "Section::::Doomsday theories.:Other catastrophes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 63,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 63,
"end_character": 650,
"text": "Some media outlets tied the fact that the red supergiant star Betelgeuse would undergo a supernova at some point in the future to the 2012 phenomenon. However, while Betelgeuse was certainly in the final stages of its life, and would die as a supernova, there was no way to predict the timing of the event to within 100,000 years. To be a threat to Earth, a supernova would need to be no further than 25 light years from the Solar System. Betelgeuse is roughly 600 light years away, and so its supernova would not affect Earth. In December 2011, NASA's Francis Reddy issued a press release debunking the possibility of a supernova occurring in 2012.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2443027",
"title": "Supernova nucleosynthesis",
"section": "Section::::Cause.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 1002,
"text": "A supernova is a violent explosion of a star that occurs under two principal scenarios. The first is that a white dwarf star, which is the remnant of a low-mass star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, undergoes a thermonuclear explosion after its mass is increased beyond its Chandrasekhar limit by accreting nuclear-fuel mass from a more diffuse companion star (usually a red giant) with which it is in binary orbit. The resulting runaway nucleosynthesis completely destroys the star and ejects its mass into space. The second, and about threefold more common, scenario occurs when a massive star (12–35 times more massive than the sun), usually a supergiant at the critical time, reaches nickel-56 in its core nuclear fusion (or burning) processes. Without exothermic energy from fusion, the core of the pre-supernova massive star loses heat needed for pressure support, and collapses owing to the strong gravitational pull. The energy transfer from the core collapse causes the supernova display.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
lfalz
|
what do the ows protesters want?
|
[
{
"answer": "In general, the protest is about banks being douche bags. They fucked up in 2007/2008, and we, the taxpayer, bailed them about with over a trillion dollars so that they didn't fail. They almost failed due to making overly risky decisions to increase their profits. The protests want to limit what the banks can do.\n\nExample: You and 4 coworkers all make the same amount of money. One of them decides to take all of his paychecks and invest them in some stupid iguana-milk ice cream company. Chances are it's a terrible idea and will fail, but hey, he figured he might make some money.\n\nOf course, it fails and this stupid coworker loses everything. He now has to quit is job and move back in with his parents. However, your boss doesn't want him to leave because he's an important part of you team. So, he takes money out of your and the other, more responsible coworker's paychecks to pay off the stupid coworker's debts. Then, after the stupid guy has recovered, he goes back to making stupid choices. Understandably, you and your good coworkers are pissed off.\n\nEssentially, the banks fucked up, we gave them a shitton of money so they could stay in business, and now they are being even more greedy and risky again. People are pissed about it, and are demanding that the banks act more responsible.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They want an end to economic injustice. As to what they want done about it, that's not the point. Angry mobs aren't there to set policy. They're there to show the people who set policy that they need to address a problem quickly, as they're losing the support of the governed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Return of glass-steagall, corporations are not people. It's pretty simple really. G-S act made banks either be casino banks, or regular banks so people could choose to either make a safe deposit, or gamble for higher rates. Corporations effectively being considered people is what allows money to be funneled into the hands of corrupt politicians to ensure further corruption. Financial donations are NOT free speech ect. OWS just want a return of financial laws that were created out of the great depression as well as actual enforcement of those laws. Also, cake > pie.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Go down and ask ten people. You'll get a better idea that way.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In general, the protest is about banks being douche bags. They fucked up in 2007/2008, and we, the taxpayer, bailed them about with over a trillion dollars so that they didn't fail. They almost failed due to making overly risky decisions to increase their profits. The protests want to limit what the banks can do.\n\nExample: You and 4 coworkers all make the same amount of money. One of them decides to take all of his paychecks and invest them in some stupid iguana-milk ice cream company. Chances are it's a terrible idea and will fail, but hey, he figured he might make some money.\n\nOf course, it fails and this stupid coworker loses everything. He now has to quit is job and move back in with his parents. However, your boss doesn't want him to leave because he's an important part of you team. So, he takes money out of your and the other, more responsible coworker's paychecks to pay off the stupid coworker's debts. Then, after the stupid guy has recovered, he goes back to making stupid choices. Understandably, you and your good coworkers are pissed off.\n\nEssentially, the banks fucked up, we gave them a shitton of money so they could stay in business, and now they are being even more greedy and risky again. People are pissed about it, and are demanding that the banks act more responsible.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They want an end to economic injustice. As to what they want done about it, that's not the point. Angry mobs aren't there to set policy. They're there to show the people who set policy that they need to address a problem quickly, as they're losing the support of the governed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Return of glass-steagall, corporations are not people. It's pretty simple really. G-S act made banks either be casino banks, or regular banks so people could choose to either make a safe deposit, or gamble for higher rates. Corporations effectively being considered people is what allows money to be funneled into the hands of corrupt politicians to ensure further corruption. Financial donations are NOT free speech ect. OWS just want a return of financial laws that were created out of the great depression as well as actual enforcement of those laws. Also, cake > pie.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Go down and ask ten people. You'll get a better idea that way.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30724416",
"title": "Asmaa Mahfouz",
"section": "Section::::Support of Occupy Wall Street.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "On 23 October 2011 Mahfouz held a teach-in at Liberty Plaza, in a show of support for the Occupy Wall Street movement. When asked why she came to the OWS protest, she replied, \"Many of U.S. residents were in solidarity with us. So, we have to keep going all over the world, because another world is possible for all of us.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41631998",
"title": "The Day We Fight Back",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "According to the official website, the protest asked U.S. \"legislators to oppose the FISA Improvements Act, support the USA Freedom Act, and enact protections for non-Americans.\" Protest organizers said roughly 96,000 calls were placed to members of Congress and 555,000 \"pro-privacy emails\" were sent via the website.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34149367",
"title": "Dada Pranakrsnananda",
"section": "Section::::OWS movement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 225,
"text": "Dada Pranakrsnananda has warned that the focus of the OWS protests could shift to the conflict between the movement and the police, when it should remain on the injustice of corporate greed and inequity of wealth in society.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33121168",
"title": "Occupy Wall Street",
"section": "Section::::Origins.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 1084,
"text": "More recent prototypes for OWS include the British student protests of 2010, 2009-2010 Iranian election protests, the Arab Spring protests, and, more closely related, protests in Chile, Greece, Spain and India. These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging, as well as the belief that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been malfeasant in their behavior toward youth and the middle class. Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States. David Graeber has argued that the Occupy movement, in its anti-hierarchical and anti-authoritarian consensus-based politics, its refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal and political order, and its embrace of prefigurative politics, has roots in an anarchist political tradition. Sociologist Dana Williams has likewise argued that \"the most immediate inspiration for Occupy is anarchism\", and the \"LA Times\" has identified the \"controversial, anarchist-inspired organizational style\" as one of the hallmarks of OWS.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33121168",
"title": "Occupy Wall Street",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Goals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 1279,
"text": "OWS's goals included a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics, more balanced distribution of income, more and better jobs, bank reform (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks), forgiveness of student loan debt or other relief for indebted students, and alleviation of the foreclosure situation. Some media labeled the protests \"anti-capitalist\", while others disputed the relevance of this label. Nicholas Kristof of \"The New York Times\" noted \"while alarmists seem to think that the movement is a 'mob' trying to overthrow capitalism, one can make a case that, on the contrary, it highlights the need to restore basic capitalist principles like accountability\". \"Rolling Stone\" writer Matt Taibbi asserted, \"These people aren't protesting money. They're not protesting banking. They're protesting corruption on Wall Street.\" In contradiction to such views, academic Slavoj Zizek wrote, \"capitalism is now clearly re-emerging as the name of the problem,\" and Forbes columnist Heather Struck wrote, \"In downtown New York, where protests fomented, capitalism is held accountable for the dire conditions that a majority of Americans face amid high unemployment and a credit collapse that has ruined the housing market and tightened lending among banks.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61265745",
"title": "We Are Here (collective)",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "The group regularly makes demonstrations highlighting the plight of individuals. It has also set up the We Are Here Academy, a scheme to offer university level qualifications for undocumented migrants.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46667800",
"title": "Onofiok Luke",
"section": "Section::::Legislative Career (2011 to Date).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 503,
"text": "Onofiok's human right activism is evident in some of the bills and motions he moves on the floor of the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly. Such include his bill which seeks a law to protect the Physically challenged persons in his state from all forms of discrimination and to provide for equal opportunities for every person. He is also pushing the state executive to establish a state Department for Disability Affairs in order to safeguard the rights and privileges of people living with disability.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8mpebv
|
Were there any transgender people in the Holocaust?
|
[
{
"answer": "From an older answer:\n\nResearch into this area has only begun in recent years and very little is known at this point.\n\nThe Weimar Republic had allowed people to officially change their sex officially. People who wished to do to had to appear before a judge, undergo psychiatric evaluation, an operative sex change and were then issued a so-called Transvestitenschein (a transvestite certificate or pass). This practice continued under the Nazis and we know of a case where a person had their sex changes as late as 1940.\n\nAll in all, historical research so far has turned up about 25 biogrpahies of transgender persons in the Third Reich who have official documentation attached to their names, i.e. appeared as people petitioning to receive a Transvestitenschein or came in contact with authorities while already having a Transvestitenschein from the Weimar Republic. Of those individuals, seven transitioned Female to Male, the rest Male to Female. Of the F2M individuals, we can trace one case of persecution: A person born Erna Kubbe who for reasons not entirely clear had their Transvestitenschein revoked and was imprisoned in the Ravensbrück Concentration Camp for women. There however, he received permission to wear men's clothing and have his surnamed changed again to Gerd as it had been before he was imprisoned. The other six cases show a fairly normal existence, one person appearing in the historical record to have adopted a child together with his girlfriend in 1943.\n\nOf the F2M cases, seven were persecuted in some form, almost solely because of homosexual acts they had committed while cross dressing as a woman. In their cases, the cross dressing was viewed as resulting from their homosexuality but not as prove of it. They were brought to a Concentration Camp for homosexuality. The other eleven F2M individuals we know about, experienced problems but no persecution per se. In the case of an Austrian maid, she had undergone the operation but not changed her personal status with the courts yet, so when she was called up for the Wehrmacht, she was fined for draft evasion initially but otherwise left to lead her life.\n\nWhat is curious is also that it appears that in 1940 so-called Transvestiteballs were still held in Berlin and enjoyed over 300 visitors, all of them cross-dressing apparently.\n\nSo as far as we can tell, as long as the suspicion of homosexuality could be evaded, trans individuals who had gone through the channels set up by the state were not specifically persecuted. The discrimination and bureaucratic hurdles they had to undergo where not specific to the Nazi state, had been put in place before and continued afterwards. E.g. sending children who experienced trans feelings to psychiatric facilities is a practice that continued in Germany and Austria well until the 90s. What their experiences in Nazi psychiatry might have been, we don't know since we don't have any records of this happening at the moment.\n\nSimilarly, we don't know how the Nazi authorities dealt either with transgender people in the occupied and controlled territories or with individuals who identified as transgender but did not want to undergo reassignment surgery. The Uckermark Camp Memorial has produced some research lately that their camp was also used to imprison young women who displayed sexually and gender non-conformist behavior, what today would be called queer, but that has remained controversial within the academic community because some felt projected queerness back unto people before the concept existed is a form of presentism.\n\nAll in all, a lot of research is still to be done and a lot of sources still to be uncovered before a comprehensive picture of the situation of transgender individuals in Nazi Germany can be painted. In my professional opinion, one reason why in the cases known to us, we see no systematic persecution is because the number of people who openly identified themselves as transgender was comparatively small so that the Nazis never really thought up a all encompassing policy but rather continued what had been the status quo before.\n\nSources:\n\n* Volker Weiss (2010), „Eine weibliche Seele im männlichen Körper; Archäologie einer Metapher als Kritik der medizinischen Konstruktion der Transsexualität“. Dissertation FU Berlin.\n\n* Rainer Herrn (2013), „Transvestitismus in der NS-Zeit – Ein Forschungsdesiderat“. Z SexFo 26.\n\n* Ilse Reiter-Zatloukal (2014); \"Geschlechtswechsel unter der NS-Herrschaft. 'Transvesttitismus', Namensänderung und Personenstandskorrektur in der 'Ostmark' am Beispiel der Fälle Mathilda/Mathias Robert S. und Emma/Emil Rudolf K.\"; Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs, Bd 1-2014",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "25455809",
"title": "Rudolf Brazda",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 270,
"text": "Although other gay men who survived the Holocaust are still alive, they were not known to the Nazis as homosexuals and were not deported as pink triangle internees. At least two gay men who were interned as Jews, for instance, have spoken publicly of their experiences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35722576",
"title": "History of transgender people in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Overview.:1950s and 1960s.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 415,
"text": "The most famous American transgender person of the time was Christine Jorgensen, who in 1952 became the first widely publicized person to have undergone sex reassignment surgery, (in this case, male to female), creating a worldwide sensation. However, she was denied a marriage license in 1959 when she attempted to marry a man, and her fiance lost his job when his engagement to Christine became public knowledge.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1527351",
"title": "LGBT rights opposition",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 941,
"text": "It is argued that the numbers of gay people who perished in the Holocaust was quite low in comparison to other Holocaust victims, and confined to Germany itself, based on estimates that of 50,000 gay people who came before the courts, between 5,000 and 15,000 ended up in concentration camps. However, many of those who came before the courts were directed (or volunteered) to undergo sterilisation/castration; they would be included with others who, in line with the historic shift in German society (that started with Westphal, and developed through Krafft-Ebing to Magnus Hirschfeld, of homosexuality being seen as having a neurological, endocrinological or genetic basis), were treated for homosexuality as a medical rather than criminal matter. Those treated by psychiatrists and thereby included in the T4 project to eliminate people with alleged medical disorders would not be reflected in the rates of those dealt with as criminals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50885567",
"title": "Transgender history",
"section": "Section::::Americas.:North America.:Early history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 366,
"text": "One of the first European accounts of transgender people in the Americas was made by missionary Joseph-François Lafitau who spent six years among the Iroquois starting in 1711, and observed \"women with manly courage who prided themselves upon the profession of warrior, [and seemed] to become men alone\", and people he called \"men cowardly enough to live as women.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6426881",
"title": "Holocaust victims",
"section": "Section::::Scope of usage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 763,
"text": "Non-Jewish victims of Nazism included Slavs (e.g. Russians, Poles, Ukrainians and Serbs), Romanis (gypsies), French, Belgians, Dutch, Greeks, Italians (after 1943), LGBT people (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender); the mentally or physically disabled, mentally ill; Soviet POWs, Roman Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses, Muslims, Spanish Republicans, Freemasons, people of color (especially the Afro-German \"Mischlinge\", called \"Rhineland Bastards\" by Hitler and the Nazi regime); leftists, communists, trade unionists, capitalists, social democrats, socialists, anarchists, and every other minority or dissident not considered Aryan (\"Herrenvolk\", or part of the \"master race\") as well as those who disagreed with the Nazi regime.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54417816",
"title": "Timeline of LGBT Jewish history",
"section": "Section::::Timeline.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "BULLET::::- 2007 - In Israel, a neo-Nazi group of immigrants (from Russia) called Patrol 36, all of whom were of Jewish descent, some of whom had immigrated under the Law of Return, and one of whom was a grandchild of a Holocaust survivor, were violent against gays and others, as well as committing vandalism and voicing anti-Semitic rhetoric.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61312461",
"title": "Transvestite certificate",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 393,
"text": "A transvestite certificate was a doctor's note issued by the governments of Imperial Germany and the Weimar Republic – under the support of sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld – identifying a person as a transvestite. (\"Transvestite\" at this time referred to all individuals whose gender identity and preferred clothing did not to their assigned sex, including crossdressing and transgender people).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3kpbxs
|
how does a tiny cable like usb-c carry such an incredibly huge amount of data so fast? and why couldn't they do that before?
|
[
{
"answer": "It all comes down to signal processing, encoding, and bigger better chips. I havn't looked at USB 3.1 spec closely but this is the case for every 'faster' connection that came before it.\n\nFor example, by sending extra data that verifies the data you sent is correct, you can increase the speed that you send data at and only fix occasional errors. Other techniques include better connections, more advanced techniques for encoding the data, and more efficient measurement devices of the signal coming out the other end.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2824030",
"title": "In-system programming",
"section": "Section::::Microchip ICSP.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 346,
"text": "BULLET::::4. USB cable - Small and light weight, has support for voltage source and most computers have extra ports available. The distance between the circuit to be programmed and the computer is limited by the length of USB cable - it must usually be less than 180 cm. This can make programming devices deep in machinery or cabinets a problem.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "317625",
"title": "Image scanner",
"section": "Section::::Computer connection.:Direct physical connection to a computer.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 272,
"text": "BULLET::::- Universal Serial Bus (USB) scanners can transfer data quickly. The early USB 1.1 standard could transfer data at 1.5 megabytes per second (slower than SCSI), but the later USB 2.0/3.0 standards can transfer at more than 20/60 megabytes per second in practice.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7200934",
"title": "Silicon photonics",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Optical communications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 951,
"text": "In 2012, IBM announced that it had achieved optical components at the 90 nanometer scale that can be manufactured using standard techniques and incorporated into conventional chips. In September 2013, Intel announced technology to transmit data at speeds of 100 gigabits per second along a cable approximately five millimeters in diameter for connecting servers inside data centers. Conventional PCI-E data cables carry data at up to eight gigabits per second, while networking cables reach 40 Gbit/s. The latest version of the USB standard tops out at ten Gbit/s. The technology does not directly replace existing cables in that it requires a separate circuit board to interconvert electrical and optical signals. Its advanced speed offers the potential of reducing the number of cables that connect blades on a rack and even of separating processor, storage and memory into separate blades to allow more efficient cooling and dynamic configuration.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6816862",
"title": "Ethernet over USB",
"section": "Section::::Protocols.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 233,
"text": "As USB has become faster, devices have also become hungrier for data and so there is now demand for sending large amounts of data - either to be stored on the device, or be relayed over wireless links (see 3GPP Long Term Evolution).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "400414",
"title": "USB flash drive",
"section": "Section::::Technology.:Size and style of packaging.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 582,
"text": "Most USB flash drives weigh less than . While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size with the biggest memory, some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings, which are often bulky and make the drive difficult to connect to the USB port. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port. Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but do not conform to the USB standard.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57218551",
"title": "USB (Communications)",
"section": "Section::::Signaling (USB PHY).:Signaling rate (transmission rate).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 264,
"text": "The theoretical maximum data rate in USB 2.0 is 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) per controller and is shared amongst all attached devices. Some personal computer chipset manufacturers overcome this bottleneck by providing multiple USB 2.0 controllers within the southbridge.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "194114",
"title": "Serial communication",
"section": "Section::::Cables.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "Practically all long-distance communication transmits data one bit at a time, rather than in parallel, because it reduces the cost of the cable. The cables that carry this data (other than \"the\" serial cable) and the computer ports they plug into are usually referred to with a more specific name, to reduce confusion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2vahdj
|
Where does the term "Roma" for the ethnicity come from?
|
[
{
"answer": "The term Roma is plural for man (Rom in Romani)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "_URL_0_\n\n\netymological dictionaries are your friend\n\nEDIT: since you probably don't have access to OED he's what they say\n\n > Etymology: < Romani rom man, husband, Rom (plural romá ), of uncertain origin, probably < Sanskrit ḍomba lower-caste person working as a wandering musician (probably < a Dravidian language; compare Kannada domba , ḍomba , caste of acrobats, jugglers, clowns, Tamil dommara caste of jugglers, dommari member of this caste, and perhaps also Tamil tumpai crowd, Telugu dommi rabble, Kannada tombe , dombi , ḍombi crowd, rabble), but also influenced by or partly < Byzantine Greek Ῥωμ- (in e.g. Ῥώμη, a name of Rome and Constantinople (see Rome n.), Ῥωμαῖος citizen of the Byzantine Empire (in οἱ ἑῷοι Ῥωμαῖοι the eastern Romans; earlier (in Hellenistic Greek) denoting a Roman), use as noun of Ῥωμαῖος , adjective; compare Persian rūmī and its etymon Arabic rūmī Roumi n.), since the Roma formed into a distinct ethnic group within the Byzantine Empire. Compare earlier Romany n.2, Romany adj.2, and also Romanian adj.2 Compare earlier gipsy n., Zingano n., Zingaro n., and also Zigeuner n.\n\nand the earliest english source they give is from 1840s. \n\nso initially India referring to wandering musicians",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "23041891",
"title": "Rajasthani people",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 592,
"text": "Some claim that \"Romani people\" originated in parts of the Rajasthan. Indian origin was suggested on linguistic grounds as early as 200 years ago. The \"roma\" ultimately derives from a form \"ḍōmba\" (\"man living by singing and music\"), attested in Classical Sanskrit. Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romanies originated from the Indian subcontinent, emigrating from India towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century. Contemporary populations sometimes suggested as sharing a close relationship to the Romani are the Dom people of Central Asia and the Banjara of India.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21208967",
"title": "Names of the Romani people",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "\"Roma\" is a term primarily used in political contexts to refer to the Romani people as a whole. Still, some subgroups of Romani do not self-identify as Roma, therefore some scholars avoid using the term \"Roma\" as not all Romani subgroups accept the term.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26152",
"title": "Romani people",
"section": "Section::::Names.:Romani usage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "\"Romani\" is the feminine adjective, while \"Romano\" is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use \"Rom\" or \"Roma\" as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-ascription for the entire ethnic group.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26152",
"title": "Romani people",
"section": "Section::::Names.:English usage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Because all Romanies use the word \"Romani\" as an adjective, the term became a noun for the entire ethnic group. Today, the term \"Romani\" is used by some organizations, including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress. However, the Council of Europe and other organizations consider that \"Roma\" is the correct term referring to all related groups, regardless of their country of origin, and recommend that \"Romani\" be restricted to the language and culture: Romani language, Romani culture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4536912",
"title": "History of the Romani people",
"section": "Section::::Origin.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "The genetic evidence identified an Indian origin for Roma. Genetic evidence connects the Romani people to the descendants of groups which emigrated from South Asia towards Central Asia during the medieval period.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4538473",
"title": "Romani society and culture",
"section": "Section::::Names.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 654,
"text": "The Romani people are today found in many countries. Typically, Romani adopt given names that are common in the country of their residence. Seldom do modern Romani use traditional names from their own language, such as Papush, Luludi, Patrin, etc. Being the only Indo-Aryan language that has been spoken exclusively around Europe since the Middle Ages, speakers use many terms for their language. They generally refer to their language as \"řomani čhib\" translated as ‘the Romani language’, or \"řomanes\", ‘in a Rom way’. The English term, Romani, has been used by scholars since the 19th Century, where previously they had used the term 'Gypsy Language'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8873294",
"title": "Romani people in the Czech Republic",
"section": "Section::::History.:Origin.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 515,
"text": "The Romani people originate from Northern India, most likely from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab. Linguistic evidence indicates that the roots of Romani language lie in India; the language shares grammatical characteristics with Indian languages, as well as a large part of the basic lexicon, such as body parts or daily routines. More specifically, Romani shares its basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3hmz82
|
How extensive and fatal was Anti-Loyalist violence during the American Revolution?
|
[
{
"answer": "I would not say that it was more bloody than the French Revolution, but there was more fighting than is popularly portrayed. T.H. Breen's American Insurgents, American Patriots offers a compelling read as to this issue.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "260179",
"title": "Mamaroneck, New York",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 242,
"text": "During the American Revolutionary War in 1776, a British loyalist, William Lounsbery, was attacked and killed by a group of revolutionaries led by John Flood. Several other skirmishes occurred that year between loyalists and revolutionaries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "259986",
"title": "Cherry Valley, New York",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 347,
"text": "During the American Revolutionary War, Walter Butler, a New York Loyalist, led a mixed force of Indians and Loyalists to the area, resulting in the Cherry Valley Massacre, during which more than 40 people were killed and many were captured. This massacre was followed by a second raid in 1780, leading to the temporary abandonment of the village.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3554008",
"title": "New Jersey in the American Revolution",
"section": "Section::::Battles.:Final Skirmishes of the American Revolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "The Affair at Cedar Bridge in Barnegat Township was the last conflict between British allied forces of the American Revolution which took place in December 1782. One Patriot was killed, and four were wounded. Four Loyalists were wounded, including Bacon.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "654400",
"title": "Banastre Tarleton",
"section": "Section::::American Revolutionary War.:Battle of Waxhaws.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 444,
"text": "Regardless of the extent to which they were true or false, the reports of British atrocities motivated Whig-leaning colonials to support the American Revolution. In the event, on 7 October 1780, at the Battle of Kings Mountain, South Carolina, soldiers of the Continental Army, having heard of the slaughter at Waxhaw Creek, killed surrendering American Loyalists, after a sniper killed their British commanding officer, Maj. Patrick Ferguson.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1440122",
"title": "John A. Treutlen",
"section": "Section::::Murder.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 575,
"text": "Historians continue to speculate about what person or group was behind the killing and what was the motive. Some contemporary accounts claimed Treutlen was killed by Tories angry about the American victory in the Revolutionary War. Others blamed the killing on South Carolinians who resented his opposition to merging Georgia into South Carolina during the war. There was also speculation at the time that the motive was a purely-personal grudge. The multiplicity of accounts and theories of his death indicates that there was never a consensus about the cause of the event.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21447",
"title": "November 11",
"section": "Section::::Events.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 211,
"text": "BULLET::::- 1778 – Cherry Valley massacre: Loyalists and Seneca Indian forces attack a fort and village in eastern New York during the American Revolutionary War, killing more than forty civilians and soldiers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "134312",
"title": "Warwick, Rhode Island",
"section": "Section::::Early history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 483,
"text": "In 1772, Warwick was the scene of the first violent act against the British Crown in the \"Gaspee\" Affair. Local patriots boarded the \"Gaspee\", a revenue cutter that enforced the Stamp Act 1765 and Townshend Acts in Narragansett Bay. It was here that the first blood was spilled in the American Revolution when \"Gaspee's\" commanding officer Lt. Dudingston was shot and seriously wounded during the struggle for the ship. The \"Gaspee\" was stripped of all cannon and arms, then burned.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1o1wse
|
Do thermocouples take away heat when converting it to electricity? or does the heat not change at all?
|
[
{
"answer": "In the case of Peltier devices, in which one side resides outside of the system of interest, heat is absorbed to create electricity. This occurs due to phonons (quanta of heat) being absorbed by electrons that are effectively pushed through the material. (The conditions that allow this are very limited.)\n\nFor thermocouples, it would depend on the design. The typical design, two wires of dissimilar alloy, would only absorb the amount of heat the materials absorb intrinsically (see: Heat Capacitance).\n\nSource: Material science education\n\nRegarding your question of a motor, you'll have to give more detail regarding your setup, and the type of motor.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30990",
"title": "Thermocouple",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Power production.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 136,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 136,
"end_character": 567,
"text": "A thermocouple can produce current to drive some processes directly, without the need for extra circuitry and power sources. For example, the power from a thermocouple can activate a valve when a temperature difference arises. The electrical energy generated by a thermocouple is converted from the heat which must be supplied to the hot side to maintain the electric potential. A continuous transfer of heat is necessary because the current flowing through the thermocouple tends to cause the hot side to cool down and the cold side to heat up (the Peltier effect).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "211485",
"title": "Radioisotope thermoelectric generator",
"section": "Section::::Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 466,
"text": "A thermocouple is a thermoelectric device that can convert thermal energy directly into electrical energy, using the Seebeck effect. It is made of two kinds of metal (or semiconductors) that can both conduct electricity. If they are connected to each other in a closed loop and the two junctions are at different temperatures, an electric current will flow in the loop. Typically a large number of thermocouples are connected in series to generate a higher voltage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9730967",
"title": "Infrared heater",
"section": "Section::::Efficiency.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 530,
"text": "Electrically-heated infrared heaters radiate up to 86% of their input as radiant energy. Nearly all the electrical energy input is converted into infrared radiant heat in the filament and directed onto the target by reflectors. Some heat energy is removed from the heating element by conduction or convection, which may be no loss at all for some designs where all of the electrical energy is desired in the heated space, or may be considered a loss, in situations where only the radiative heat transfer is desired or productive.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59471688",
"title": "Thermoelectric acclimatization",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "Thermoelectric acclimatization depends on the possibility of a Peltier Cell of absorbing heat on one side and rejecting heat on the other side.. Consequently, it is possible to use them for heating on one side and cooling on the other and as a temperature control system . \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25754",
"title": "Resistor",
"section": "Section::::Theory of operation.:Power dissipation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 509,
"text": "If the average power dissipated by a resistor is more than its power rating, damage to the resistor may occur, permanently altering its resistance; this is distinct from the reversible change in resistance due to its temperature coefficient when it warms. Excessive power dissipation may raise the temperature of the resistor to a point where it can burn the circuit board or adjacent components, or even cause a fire. There are flameproof resistors that fail (open circuit) before they overheat dangerously.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "344123",
"title": "Heat sink",
"section": "Section::::Engineering applications.:Microprocessor cooling.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 588,
"text": "Heat dissipation is an unavoidable by-product of electronic devices and circuits. In general, the temperature of the device or component will depend on the thermal resistance from the component to the environment, and the heat dissipated by the component. To ensure that the component does not overheat, a thermal engineer seeks to find an efficient heat transfer path from the device to the environment. The heat transfer path may be from the component to a printed circuit board (PCB), to a heat sink, to air flow provided by a fan, but in all instances, eventually to the environment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4200579",
"title": "Kerosene heater",
"section": "Section::::Operation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 516,
"text": "There has been a technological advance in kerosene heaters: some now use electricity to power a fan to force the heated air out, making it possible to heat up rooms faster. There is also thermostat controlled operation installed in modern kerosene heaters as well. However, most kerosene heaters require no electricity to operate. Most heaters contain a battery-operated or piezo-electric ignitor to light the heater without the need for matches. If the ignitor should fail the heater can still be started manually.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
484fp3
|
Do other animals experience optical illusions?
|
[
{
"answer": "It has to do with visual processing in the nervous system, which varies between animals, and as such the perceptibility of illusions to different animals varies widely. [Kelley & Kelley (2013)](_URL_4_), for example, demonstrated that the [Ebbinghaus illusion](_URL_6_) is perceptible to bottlenose dolphins ([Murayama et al., 2012](_URL_0_)) and chickens ([Rosa Salva et al., 2013](_URL_3_)), but pigeons effectively see it \"in reverse\" ([Nakamura et al., 2008](_URL_5_)) and baboons can't see it at all ([Parron & Fagot, 2007](_URL_1_)). \n\nIt's difficult to make any broad generalizations here; different illusions have different neurological causes (Kelley & Kelley, for example, state that \"the Ebbinghaus illusion is mediated to some extent by monocular neurons that occur early in the visual system in the lateral geniculate nucleus and V1, whereas another size illusion, the Ponzo illusion, appears to be a result of binocular processing in V1 and the visual cortices beyond ([Song et al. 2011](_URL_2_))\"), and the effects of these causes, as demonstrated above, vary from animal to animal. The experience of illusions by animals is still an ongoing - and very interesting - field of research.\n\nEDIT: fixed a typo",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "53472",
"title": "Illusion",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "Illusions may occur with any of the human senses, but visual illusions (optical illusions) are the best-known and understood. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because vision often dominates the other senses. For example, individuals watching a ventriloquist will perceive the voice is coming from the dummy since they are able to see the dummy mouth the words.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22483",
"title": "Optics",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Human eye.:Visual effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 118,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 118,
"end_character": 608,
"text": "Optical illusions (also called visual illusions) are characterized by visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a percept that differs from the object being imaged. Optical illusions can be the result of a variety of phenomena including physical effects that create images that are different from the objects that make them, the physiological effects on the eyes and brain of excessive stimulation (e.g. brightness, tilt, colour, movement), and cognitive illusions where the eye and brain make unconscious inferences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53497",
"title": "Optical illusion",
"section": "Section::::Pathological visual illusions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "Types of visual illusions include oscillopsia, halos around objects, illusory palinopsia (visual trailing, light streaking, prolonged indistinct afterimages), akinetopsia, visual snow, micropsia, macropsia, teleopsia, pelopsia, Alice in Wonderland syndrome, metamorphopsia, dyschromatopsia, intense glare, blue field entoptic phenomenon, and purkinje trees.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53497",
"title": "Optical illusion",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 212,
"text": "Pathological visual illusions arise from pathological changes in the physiological visual perception mechanisms causing the aforementioned types of illusions; they are discussed e.g. under visual hallucinations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "296088",
"title": "Grid illusion",
"section": "Section::::Theories.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 317,
"text": "The effect of both optical illusions is often explained by a neural process called lateral inhibition. The intensity at a point in the visual system is not simply the result of a single receptor, but the result of a group of receptors which respond to the presentation of stimuli in what is called a receptive field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38919300",
"title": "Deception in animals",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "Mimicry and camouflage enable animals to appear to be other than they are. Prey animals may appear as predators, or \"vice versa\"; both predators and prey may be hard to see (crypsis), or may be mistaken for other objects (mimesis). In Batesian mimicry, harmless animals may appear to be distasteful or poisonous. In automimicry, animals may have eyespots in less important parts of the body than the head, helping to distract attack and increase the chance of survival.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41048019",
"title": "Unconscious inference",
"section": "Section::::Optical illusions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 660,
"text": "We are unable to do away with such optical illusions by convincing ourselves rationally that our eyes have played tricks on us: obstinately and unswervingly, the mechanism follows its own rule and thus wields an imperious mastery over the human mind. While optical illusions are the most obvious instances of unconscious inference, people's perceptions of each other are similarly influenced by such unintended, unconscious conclusions. Helmholtz's second example refers to theatrical performance, arguing that the strong emotional effect of a play results mainly from the viewers' inability to doubt the visual impressions generated by unconscious inference:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2v6tkf
|
why vga connectors need to be screwed in when hdmi and others don't need to?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because of the pins. The screws prevent the connector from accidentally twisting and bending the pins inside. HDMI connectors don't use pins that can bend, so that's not an issue.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "\"Other\" ports have their own locking mechanisms. HDMI, usb, etc rely on friction, and the fact they are flat surface to flat surface contacts.\n\nVGA, serial, and parallel ports are all pin and tube type connectors without enough friction to hold them secure, and highly susceptible to damage if bumped or tripped over ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "VGA was designed in the olden days. The connector by itself provides an electrical connection but not a mechanical one. You will notice that there is no positive 'click' when you seat it, or even much friction. \n\nLater video connectors (dvi, hdmi, display port) combine the electrical and mechanical connection into the design of the connector itself. Progress. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In the early days of VGA, computers were large and not portable, and you just put the thing on your desk and left it there. Printers and mice also had connectors with screws back then. Making a connector that would be laptop and quick connection/disconnection friendly just wasn't a priority. There wasn't much danger of somebody yanking on the cable either.\n\nHDMI is a connector adapted to modern era, where you move the laptop around and plug it into a monitor or projector on a regular basis.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "156101",
"title": "S-Video",
"section": "Section::::Physical connectors.:9-pin Video In/Video Out.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 629,
"text": "9-pin connectors are used in graphics systems that feature the ability to input video as well as output it. Again, there is no standardization between manufacturers as to which pin does what, and there are two known variants of the connector in use. As can be seen from the diagram above, although the S-Video signals are available on the corresponding pins, neither variant of the connector will accept an unmodified 4-pin S-Video plug, though they can be made to fit by removing the key from the plug. In the latter case, it becomes all too easy to misalign the plug when inserting it with consequent damage to the small pins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "156101",
"title": "S-Video",
"section": "Section::::Physical connectors.:7-pin mini-DIN.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "Non-standard 7-pin mini-DIN connectors (termed \"7P\") are used in some computer equipment (PCs and Macs). A 7-pin socket accepts, and is pin compatible with, a standard 4-pin S-Video plug. The three extra sockets may be used to supply composite (CVBS), an RGB or YPbPr video signal, or an I²C interface. The pinout usage varies among manufacturers. In some implementations, the remaining pin must be grounded to enable the composite output or disable the S-Video output.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60980",
"title": "Digital Visual Interface",
"section": "Section::::Connector.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 814,
"text": "In addition to digital, some DVI connectors also have pins that pass an analog signal, which can be used to connect an analog monitor. The analog pins are the four that surround the flat blade on a DVI-I or DVI-A connector. A VGA monitor, for example, can be connected to a video source with DVI-I through the use of a passive adapter. Since the analog pins are directly compatible with VGA signaling, passive adapters are simple and cheap to produce, providing a cost-effective solution to support VGA on DVI. The long flat pin on a DVI-I connector is wider than the same pin on a DVI-D connector, so even if the four analog pins were manually removed, it still wouldn't be possible to connect a male DVI-I to a female DVI-D. It is possible, however, to join a male DVI-D connector with a female DVI-I connector.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3872595",
"title": "DMS-59",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 471,
"text": "DMS-59 (Dual Monitor Solution, 59 pins) is generally used for computer video cards. It provides two Digital Visual Interface (DVI) or Video Graphics Array (VGA) outputs in a single connector. An adapter cable is needed for conversion from DMS-59 (digital) to DVI (digital) or VGA (analog), and different types of adapter cables exist. The connector is four pins high and 15 pins wide, with a single pin missing from the bottom row, in a D-shaped shell, with thumbscrews.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "383705",
"title": "D-subminiature",
"section": "Section::::Typical applications.:Computer video output.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 356,
"text": "A female 9-pin connector on an IBM compatible personal computer may be a video display output such as MDA, Hercules, CGA, or EGA (rarely VGA or others). Even though these all use the same DE9 connector, the displays cannot all be interchanged and monitors or video interfaces may be damaged if connected to an incompatible device using the same connector.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "156101",
"title": "S-Video",
"section": "Section::::Physical connectors.:4-pin mini-DIN.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 602,
"text": "The four-pin mini-DIN connector is the most common of several S-Video connector types. The same mini-DIN connector is used in the Apple Desktop Bus for Macintosh computers and the two cable types can be interchanged. Other connector variants include seven-pin locking \"dub\" connectors used on many professional S-VHS machines, and dual \"Y\" and \"C\" BNC connectors, often used for S-Video patch panels. Early Y/C video monitors often used phono (RCA connector) that were switchable between Y/C and composite video input. Though the connectors are different, the Y/C signals for all types are compatible.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "944389",
"title": "Mini-VGA",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 421,
"text": "Mini-VGA connectors are a non-standard, proprietary alternative used on some laptops and other systems in place of the standard VGA connector, although most laptops use a standard VGA connector. Apple, HP and Asus have separate implementations using the same name. Apart from its compact form, mini-VGA ports have the added ability to output both composite and S-Video in addition to VGA signals through the use of EDID.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
b3siuk
|
Were black people allowed to vote during segregation?
|
[
{
"answer": "*Officially*, yes. Their right to vote was constitutionally protected, and could not be denied on the basis of race. However in practice, the right to vote is not actually that well defined under the Constitution, and there were many different ways that the white supremacist regimes in control of the segregationist states used to suppress or control black and poor white votes, some of which were nominally legal, others not so. Although the focus here is on the 19th century so leaves off a good deal of the time span in question, [this previous answer of mine](_URL_0_) does cover some of these issues. I'll quote the core excerpt for you here:\n\n > [....] With the end of Reconstruction and the triumph of 'Redeemer' governments, just about any possible barrier to the voting by African-Americans was implemented. Most famous, perhaps, being literacy tests, but plenty of other mechanisms, including more expansive registration requirements that could be a bureaucratic quagmire for even a quite literate person to navigate, such as requiring documentation of voting history, and subjective tests that could be failed at the whim of the man conducting them. Even though they were clearly targeted primarily at the black population, being as written race neutral (the laws, after all, did impact many poor whites, a not-unwelcome byproduct for the white elites), the laws didn't violate the 15th Amendment as passed, although whether courts would have been forceful in upholding the Constitution with the draft language we can only speculate, given that even the ratified language was hardly well enforced (See Giles v. Harris or US v. Cruishank, among others), and registration requirements were waived or ignored in many cases for white persons, such as small-time felons, or with blanket \"Grandfather Laws\" which ensured that they needed to meet none of the requirements, essentially.\n\n > Instances are known where certain requirements were waived for African-American men, but always in situations where the man was willing to vote Democrat. Holloway notes the case of Silas Green, who had committed some small time crime, who had been allowed to vote when he balloted Democrat, but upon switching his affiliation, was challenged by the Democratic election officials. It is important to note that in 1880, Reconstruction had only just ended and while ascendant, the Redeemers didn't necessarily feel quite in total control, so as Holloway aptly describes, this form of waiver for specific black persons was \"particularly effective because they offered Democrats a flexible but effective way to manipulate the vote when a close race was at hand.\" They quite literally could create voters if needed, but immediately prevent further voting if they believed that person would no longer support them. This would, of course, become less necessary and less common as the Jim Crow laws were passed and the white ruling elite came to feel more secure in power, and there was no longer any need to court any black voters.\n\n > The impact of such laws is stark. During Reconstruction, in Louisiana, 130,000 black men were voters. After the state was \"redeemed\", 5,000 black voters were registered. And even those few who were able to get through every hurdle thrown their way still had to contend with the intimidation and threats that would be directed their way for daring to make use of their right. Other states saw similar declines in the late 19th century (although by the early 20th century numbers would again rise as black community organizers worked to fight back and take back the vote). [....]",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5773302",
"title": "History of North Carolina",
"section": "Section::::Civil War to 1900.:Post-Reconstruction and disfranchisement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 815,
"text": "With control of the legislature, white Democrats passed Jim Crow laws establishing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. African Americans worked for more than 60 years to regain full power to exercise the suffrage and other constitutional rights of citizens. Without the ability to vote, they were excluded from juries and lost all chance at local offices: sheriffs, justices of the peace, jurors, county commissioners and school board members, which were the active site of government around the start of the 20th century. Suppression of the black vote and re-establishment of white supremacy suppressed knowledge of what had been a thriving black middle class in the state. The Republicans were no longer competitive in state politics, although they had strength in the mountain districts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26316",
"title": "Racial segregation",
"section": "Section::::History.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 757,
"text": "After Jim Crow laws were passed that segregated African Americans and Whites, the lives of those who were negatively affected saw no progress in their quest for equality. Racial segregation was not a new phenomenon, as almost four million blacks had been slaves before the Civil War. The laws passed segregated African Americans from Whites in order to enforce a system of white supremacy. Signs were used to show non whites where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, blacks had to wait until all White customers were dealt with. Rules were also enforced that restricted African Americans from entering white stores. Segregated facilities extended from white only schools to white only graveyards. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2234378",
"title": "Nadir of American race relations",
"section": "Section::::The South.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 861,
"text": "Conservative white Democratic governments passed Jim Crow legislation, creating a system of legal racial segregation in public and private facilities. Blacks were separated in schools and the few hospitals, were restricted in seating on trains, and had to use separate sections in some restaurants and public transportation systems. They were often barred from some stores, or forbidden to use lunchrooms, restrooms and fitting rooms. Because they could not vote, they could not serve on juries, which meant they had little if any legal recourse in the system. Between 1889 and 1922, as political disenfranchisement and segregation were being established, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) calculates lynchings reached their worst level in history. Almost 3,500 people fell victim to lynching, almost all of them black men.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "581135",
"title": "History of Georgia (U.S. state)",
"section": "Section::::Civil Rights Movement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 137,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 137,
"end_character": 574,
"text": "African Americans who served in the segregated military during World War II returned to a still segregated nation and a South which still enforced Jim Crow laws. Many were motivated to participate in the NAACP and other groups to enforce their constitutional rights, especially the right to vote, and the right of their children to an equal education. Following the 1946 US Supreme Court decision in \"Smith v. Allwright\", which overturned white primaries, NAACP activists worked to register voters. Statewide, 135,000 blacks registered to vote in 1946, and 85,000 did vote.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1412346",
"title": "Redeemers",
"section": "Section::::History.:Disfranchising.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 474,
"text": "In addition to being disfranchised, African Americans and poor whites were shut out of the political process. Southern legislatures passed Jim Crow laws imposing segregation in public facilities and places. The discrimination, segregation, and disfranchisement lasted well into the later decades of the 20th century. Those who could not vote could not run for office or serve on juries, so they were shut out of all offices at the local and state as well as federal levels.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40845811",
"title": "School segregation in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Historical segregation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "The formal segregation of blacks and whites in the United States began long before the passage of Jim Crow laws following the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877. The United States Supreme Court's Dred Scott v. Sandford decision upheld the denial of citizenship to African Americans and found that descendants of slaves are \"so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7688975",
"title": "White primaries",
"section": "Section::::1964 Democratic National Convention.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 388,
"text": "African Americans continued to work to have their constitutional rights as citizens enforced. During the civil rights era of the 1960s, voter registration drives were held in southern states in efforts to work within the system. In some cases activists were assaulted or murdered, and African Americans made little progress against white determination to exclude most blacks from voting.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2rdumz
|
why are there laws that you can not be convicted of different crimes after a certain amount of time has passed?
|
[
{
"answer": "Probably so I can't blackmail you and extort money from you, only to file charges years later anyways. That and after a while evidence disappears so it would be a waste of money to try and gather it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It becomes unreasonable to convict someone of some more petty crimes after a certain amount of time, when the case becomes stale and there could be a lack of evidence to prove or disprove. Also, the passing of a lot of time shows a lack of diligence in seeking such a conviction. \n\nReally heinous crimes like murder generally don't have statute of limitations.\n\nedit: more detailed explanation",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "26917",
"title": "Statute of limitations",
"section": "Section::::Laws by region.:United States.:Criminal statutes.:Heinous crimes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 640,
"text": "Crimes considered heinous by society have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly first-degree murder), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in cold cases if they feel the delay violates the defendant's right to a speedy trial. For example, waiting many years for an alibi witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional. In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court in \"Stogner v. California\" ruled that the retroactive extension of the statute of limitations for sexual offenses committed against minors was an unconstitutional \"ex post facto\" law.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30138393",
"title": "Criminal law of the United States",
"section": "Section::::Sources of law.:Statutes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 325,
"text": "All 50 states have their own penal codes. Therefore, for any particular crime somewhere, it would be necessary to look it up in that jurisdiction. However, statutes derive from the common law. For example, if a state's murder statute does not define \"human being,\" that state's courts will rely on the common-law definition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26917",
"title": "Statute of limitations",
"section": "Section::::Laws by region.:United States.:Exceptions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 74,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 74,
"end_character": 526,
"text": "U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired. Some states stop the clock for a suspect who is not residing within the state or is purposely hiding. Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina have no statutes of limitation for felonies, while Wyoming includes misdemeanors as well. However, the right to speedy trial may derail any prosecution after many years have passed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2400005",
"title": "Habitual offender",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 438,
"text": "The nature, scope, and type of habitual offender statutes vary, but generally they apply when a person has been convicted twice for various crimes. Some codes may differentiate between classes of crimes (for example, some codes only deal with violent crime) and the length of time between convictions. Usually, the sentence is greatly enhanced; in some circumstances, it may be substantially more than the maximum sentence for the crime.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22312721",
"title": "Wisconsin circuit courts",
"section": "Section::::Commencing a criminal case.:The criminal complaint.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 671,
"text": "Prosecution of most crimes must be commenced within a certain time period that is established by a statute of limitation. The state generally has six years to commence prosecution of a felony (a crime for which a person may be sentenced to one year or more in prison) and three years for a misdemeanor (a crime for which the maximum penalty is a year in jail). However, there is no time limit for the prosecution of homicide. The main purpose of time limits is to ensure that criminal cases are tried while the evidence is still available and witnesses' memories are fresh. A case is commenced when a warrant, summons, or indictment is issued or an information is filed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46956480",
"title": "Atie Ridder-Visser",
"section": "Section::::Sources.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 208,
"text": "BULLET::::- Not even the law is adjusted on 1 January 2006, with crimes punishable by life imprisonment (including murder) no longer barred because it is not retroactive. (See also the principle of legality)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22832023",
"title": "Blasphemy law",
"section": "Section::::By country.:Historically Christian countries.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 774,
"text": "The United States and some individual state jurisdictions provide for stronger criminal penalties for crimes when committed against a person because of that person's religious or some other affiliations. For instance, Section 3A1.1 of the 2009 United States Sentencing Guidelines states that: \"If the finder of fact at trial or, in the case of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the court at sentencing determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant intentionally selected any victim or any property as the object of the offense of conviction because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of any person,\" the sentencing court is required to increase the standard sentencing range.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2s08yw
|
Since time is (sort of?) a fourth dimension along with the familiar three, does that mean time can be measured in meters, feet, etc.?
|
[
{
"answer": "Yes, it can. The speed of light is the conversion between seconds and meters in this scenario. A meter of time is the length of time it takes light to travel 1m, which is a little over 3 nanoseconds. It's common for astronomers to do this in the other direction, expressing distances in terms of time (light years being the main example). To simplify things, some physicists use units in which the speed of light is unitless and equal to 1. That way they don't have to carry a bunch of c's around in their math. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Yes indeed, as /u/lmxbftw mentioned. Recall that distance = speed * time, and there is a special speed which is a constant in nature, the speed of light in vacuum. Theoretical physicists often resort to setting c = 1 to have the same unit for all spacetime dimensions. \n\nOne must however be cautious when calling time the fourth dimension, for spacetime (= space together with time) is a so-called Lorentzian manifold. The 3D space we're so familiar with is an Euclidean manifold which is something different. Where's the difference? Think of surfaces containing all points at the same distance from the origin (the 'center' of space). In 2D Euclidean space, it's a circle (all points on a circle are at the same distance from the center of the circle) and in 3D a sphere. Similarly in 4D Euclidean space, it's a [3-sphere](_URL_2_). \n\nBut in a Lorentzian space (also called [Minkowski space](_URL_0_)), it's a [hyperboloid](_URL_1_). That's right, points at the same *distance* from the origin lie on a hyperboloid and not a sphere. You may have guessed, this concept of distance we're using is far more general than and rather different from the one we're familiar with. You're only allowed to think of time as the 4th dimension as long as you remember this. \n\nAlso, time is the unit of 'distance' in spacetime. The distance you cover in spacetime equals the [time elapsed in your wristwatch](_URL_3_). \n\nninja edit: word",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8398",
"title": "Dimension",
"section": "Section::::In physics.:Time.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 405,
"text": "A temporal dimension is a dimension of time. Time is often referred to as the \"fourth dimension\" for this reason, but that is not to imply that it is a spatial dimension. A temporal dimension is one way to measure physical change. It is perceived differently from the three spatial dimensions in that there is only one of it, and that we cannot move freely in time but subjectively move in one direction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20406",
"title": "M-theory",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Number of dimensions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 481,
"text": "In everyday life, there are three familiar dimensions of space: height, width and depth. Einstein's general theory of relativity treats time as a dimension on par with the three spatial dimensions; in general relativity, space and time are not modeled as separate entities but are instead unified to a four-dimensional spacetime, three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. In this framework, the phenomenon of gravity is viewed as a consequence of the geometry of spacetime.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "406902",
"title": "Geometrized unit system",
"section": "Section::::Definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 377,
"text": "In geometric units, every time interval is interpreted as the distance travelled by light during that given time interval. That is, one second is interpreted as one light-second, so time has the geometric units of length. This is dimensionally consistent with the notion that, according to the kinematical laws of special relativity, time and distance are on an equal footing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20431",
"title": "Momentum",
"section": "Section::::Relativistic.:Four-vector formulation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 567,
"text": "In the theory of special relativity, physical quantities are expressed in terms of four-vectors that include time as a fourth coordinate along with the three space coordinates. These vectors are generally represented by capital letters, for example for position. The expression for the \"four-momentum\" depends on how the coordinates are expressed. Time may be given in its normal units or multiplied by the speed of light so that all the components of the four-vector have dimensions of length. If the latter scaling is used, an interval of proper time, , defined by\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7190885",
"title": "Four-dimensionalism",
"section": "Section::::Contrast with three-dimensionalism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 823,
"text": "Unlike the four dimensionalist, the three dimensionalist considers time to be a unique dimension that is not analogous to the three spatial dimensions: length, width and height. Whereas the four dimensionalist proposes that objects are extended across time, the three dimensionalist adheres to the belief that all objects are wholly present at any moment at which they exist. While the three dimensionalist agrees that the parts of an object can be differentiated based on their spatial dimensions, they do not believe an object can be differentiated into temporal parts across time. For example, in the three dimensionalist account, \"Descartes in 1635\" is the same object as \"Descartes in 1620\", and both are identical to Descartes, himself. However, the four dimensionalist considers these to be distinct temporal parts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28305",
"title": "String theory",
"section": "Section::::Fundamentals.:Extra dimensions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "In everyday life, there are three familiar dimensions of space: height, width and length. Einstein's general theory of relativity treats time as a dimension on par with the three spatial dimensions; in general relativity, space and time are not modeled as separate entities but are instead unified to a four-dimensional spacetime. In this framework, the phenomenon of gravity is viewed as a consequence of the geometry of spacetime.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8267",
"title": "Dimensional analysis",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "The original meaning of the word \"dimension\", in Fourier's \"Theorie de la Chaleur\", was the numerical value of the exponents of the base units. For example, acceleration was considered to have the dimension 1 with respect to the unit of length, and the dimension −2 with respect to the unit of time. This was slightly changed by Maxwell, who said the dimensions of acceleration are LT, instead of just the exponents.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
160pi1
|
Would the royal women of the medieval ages really have the flawless features that we see in movies?
|
[
{
"answer": "Well first of all, judging by the art from the middle ages in Europe, the beauty ideal for women was quite different from the one today, so if the person was widely regarded as handsome then, I'd guess they wouldn't look like Kate Winslet exactly. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The most glaring difference between female appearence (even the royal ones) between now and then was the state of skin. Firstly, washing, even your face, was frowned upon by the Church and medics. Secondly, different diseases, the most prominent being smallpox, left heavy scarring on the face. Thirdly, as a result of bad hygiene, pipmples were the bane not only of teenagers but adults too.\n\nSo how have they dealt with it? First method was to heavily cover your face with lead paint (makeup nowadays). Since lead poisoning can happen through contact with lead, you can imagine their overall health. Second, fake beauty spots, made of paper or leather, were used to cover the most prominent pimples. And third, at the dawn of medieval times, fans were introduced and instantly became a good method to somehow hide your flawes of the face.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm not sure if this is even my place to speak since I'm only semi knowledgable. In Victorian times lye soap was used as a soap along with animal fat. I don't know if this was also used in the time period you are looking for. Basically it is an acid and was quite harsh for the skin, it would often burn and sting. (Believe me I've used a similar type of soap and it was not fun) It would clean out pores and in some cases would help acne if it was bad enough, also remember they took less baths. Powders were used for complexions and hair. Powders take moisture out of hair making it look cleaner, if it had a scent that's only a bonus. Smelling good was more important than actually being clean.\n\nEdit: Told you it wasn't my place to say anything. ",
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"answer": "One also has to remember that the perception of beauty in royalty has changed over time. While we may not see her as such today many considered Queen Elizabeth I to be quite beautiful with her chalky white skin and good birthing hips. So I don't believe a girl as skinny as Daenerys would even be considered healthy looking in Elizabethan England. ",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "Sorry? It's a fictional world, as you correctly state. So what period do you actually mean? If you do mean the \"for real\" Mediaeval period, why not check out the numerous portraits extant to check whether or not you think the beauties of the time would appeal to modern audiences? Add in the meat-rich/vegetable-poor diet of the aristocracy, the lack of exercise, other than equestrian activity, poor dental hygiene (Elizabeth I used brick dust and honey), internal parasites, scars from fleabites, skin infections and smallpox and infrequent bathing - and see what you get. Later than the Middle Ages, I know, but Diane de Poitiers' legendary beauty well into (at the time) old age was probably due to nothing more than fresh air, exercise, good food and lots of sex. ",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "Echoing others here, generally not. \n\n[This is a great article](_URL_1_) on the history of cosmetics for a general overview. If nothing else, the long history of \"corrective aids\" to appearance suggests that very few people in any age believe they are naturally flawless.\n\n**Pock-faced Elizabeth**\n\nThe most famous example is probably [Elizabeth I](_URL_0_), who was said by court ambassadors (who were writing home to their own nations -- they would never have written this to be seen in England itself!) to be covered in smallpox scars. She popularized the use of white paint in order to cover them up, but unfortunately it contained lead. Over time, this led to severe hair loss at best and death at worst. Elizabeth had already lost a great deal of hair due to the scarring on her scalp from smallpox, but lost still more to the face-painting, and was said to be almost entirely bald by her forties. \n\nWhile Elizabeth is an extreme example, she's not an entirely unrepresentative one. Noble women were only less susceptible to diseases like smallpox in the sense that noble families often moved around to avoid outbreaks (a group of young people fleeing a plague outbreak in Florence is the context for [Boccaccio's *The Decameron*](_URL_6_)), but they weren't any more immune to scarring illnesses or conditions than anyone else was. Between the lack of access to modern dentistry and orthodontia, lead-based make-up, diseases like smallpox, the ubiquity of fleas, and the inability to correct congenital deformities, I suspect people tolerated a lot more \"imperfection\" in pursuit of beauty.\n\nSome fashionable practices didn't improve the situation much. The elaborate wigs and hairstyles favored during the 18th century were so difficult to put together that you'd have it done in a day's time and then try to maintain it for the next 2-3 weeks. The lard and greases used to keep the hairstyles in place attracted vermin, and the lack of brushing meant that any lice infestation wouldn't encounter any serious opposition. The [Duty on Hair Powder Act of 1795](_URL_2_) helped to kill off the mania for wigs in England, but I don't know when their popularity declined elsewhere.\n\n**Flawless features are a lie anyway**\n\nSecond, and on a more modern note, even the women of *today's age* don't have the flawless features that we see in movies. Emilia Clarke has excellent skin, but in every shot, she's slathered in make-up and lit to advantage. In publicity shots and sometimes even production stills, you should always assume that the unseen hand of PhotoShop is at work. \n\nBig movies even have the budgets to digitally alter key shots to still greater advantage. Remember the FX artist who worked on *Transformers* and did an AMA on Reddit? And the now-infamous scene with [Megan Fox and the car](_URL_3_)? It isn't real. Well, it's real in the sense that Megan Fox and Shia LaBeouf were both in front of a camera saying lines. It isn't real in the sense that Fox's body was digitally augmented, and in pretty much the places you'd expect. If you listen to the commentary tracks on a variety of movies, directors will usually point out the scenes where computers were used to hide something, from things as small as a pimple that Cameron Diaz had on a given day of shooting, to splicing in Natalie Portman's mouth and dialogue from a good take to a Natalie Portman in a take where the lighting was better.\n\nAs much as we can rail about the murky ethics behind it, it's the latest in a long tradition of artistic fakery. Portrait artists in earlier ages left out \"imperfections\" and accentuated good traits in order to keep clients happy. The camera had been invented for all about five minutes before [people started to screw around](_URL_5_) with the resulting pictures. Now PhotoShop is brought in to create an image of people that simply does not exist. And in the meantime, we keep trucking along with our pimples, cellulite, chipped teeth, pores, uneven eyes, varicose veins, and errant hairs, convinced that reality is a lesser version of what we should actually be.\n\nPerfection is literally inhuman, but it's all we seem to want. Sorry to be maudlin, but threads like [this](_URL_4_) are starting to kill my soul.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "In my period, luckily, we do have some more unflinching accounts of how women looked. A tip: when you want to see how a woman looked, see if there are any busts of her rather than portraiture - it's a tad harder to be flattering and accurate at the same time with busts. Compare [this](_URL_1_) bust of Marie-Antoinette, in which her negative features (high forehead, aquiline nose, slightly protruding 'Hapsburg' bottom lip) to [this] (_URL_2_) portrait of her, which, does display these features, but makes them far less harsh to the eye of the audience.\n\nThose noblewomen and royal princesses that were disfigured, disabled or otherwise invalid were often left unmarried, where they would remain at the court of their brother, or joined the church in the role of Abbess. There are, however, many cases of men being rather repulsed by their royal wives. The Comte de Provence did fervently find himself repulsed by the Savoyard Comtesse de Provence, despite the fact that [portraits](_URL_0_) of her don't hint at the fact that she was apparently, according to the libellous and often very wrong court gossip of Versailles, dirty and unkempt.\n\nI am sorry that this is not strictly medieval, but I think you will find that these policies do go back towards the times of Elizabeth I of England and beyond.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "As an interesting note on disease and royalty...it is believed that often major pathogens (for example yersinia pestis also known as the bubonic plague) like most others bacteria, require an adequate amount of iron. Thus it often struck families with money harder because they were much more well fed as opposed to the malnourished lower class peasants. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Some, not all. One of my personal heroes, [Diane de Poitiers](_URL_0_), was famous for her beautiful skin, even until she was 50. She reputedly bathed in milk, and drank gold.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Medieval ideals of beauty were much different than they are now, as I'm sure has been pointed out to you already. The most important factor in a medieval woman's beauty was probably her skin, which marked her as noble or aristocratic. Due to widespread disease and filth, clear skin was a rarity, and therefore highly desirable. A truly important factor when it came to beauty, as well, was the woman's \"evenness of features\". A medieval man may not have found modern actresses/models very attractive; they preferred a woman to have rounded and *even* features, while the ideal of modern beauty focuses on sharp, exaggerated features.\n\nedit: I feel I should add to my comment since I'm getting questions about what I meant. I hope this clears things up a bit! In another reply I linked a [Raffael painting](_URL_0_) which I feel embodies the general ideals of beauty in medieval Europe, which I will elaborate on. The medieval ideal of beauty seemed to be more concerned with if a woman had these specific features, rather than whether she was actually *pretty* in the face, per se. A woman's personality and status could make up for conventional prettiness if she had these, what they thought of as, *regular* features.\n\n* Clear and pale skin. Darker skin tones were not exactly considered ugly, but paleness was preferred, probably because only wealthy people could generally have such light skin. In some instances, darker appearance could be viewed as exotic and worked to one's advantage, as in the case of Anne Boleyn.\n* A woman's hair was a large factor in her beauty. Due to the same health reasons as clear skin, long and healthy hair was considered beautiful. Only a wealthy person could afford to take care of so much hair, as lice and other such pests were commonplace, and bathing was a rarity even among nobility. A woman's hair color was not as important as its length and health, though light color was generally preferred as the ideal.\n* An oval or rounded face with soft, even features. Any sort of pronounced or non-regular feature, such as high cheekbones or skinniness, was not considered beautiful. The sharp chins and strong jawed models in modern fashion magazines would have not been attractive to many medieval men.\n* Large eyes (with lighter colors preferred), a long nose, and small mouth all in appropriate proportion. During the early and high middle ages, an *extremely* high forehead was the ideal; noblewomen would pluck their hairlines to make their foreheads appear larger. This desire for a large forehead persisted, though to a lesser extreme, at least until the Renaissance.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "32768615",
"title": "Salome (Titian)",
"section": "Section::::Context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 679,
"text": "The other type it relates to is Titian's series of \"belle donne\" half-length female figures from the mid-1510s, which also includes \"Lucretia and her Husband\", as well as the single figures of \"Flora\" at the Uffizi, the \"Woman with a Mirror\" at the Louvre, the \"Violante\" and \"Vanity\" in Munich. Most of these have the appearance of portraits, and were sometimes regarded as contemporaries as portraits of leading Venetian courtesans, but are best thought of as idealized figures of beautiful women which may only loosely reflect any individual. This type was more long-lived in Venetian painting, and made by many other artists; Palma Vecchio for one made a speciality of them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17907996",
"title": "Gallery of Beauties",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 882,
"text": "The Gallery of Beauties () is a collection of 36 portraits of the most beautiful women from the nobility and middle classes of Munich, Germany, painted between 1827 and 1850 (mostly by Joseph Karl Stieler, appointed court painter in 1820) and gathered by Ludwig I of Bavaria in the south pavilion of his Nymphenburg Palace in Munich. Two additional ones were created by Friedrich Dürck. Its best-known works are the portraits of the shoemaker's daughter Helene Sedlmayr, the actress Charlotte von Hagn (revered by audiences in Munich, Berlin and Saint Petersburg) and the king's Irish mistresses Eliza Gilbert (Lola Montez) and Marianna Marquesa Florenzi. They include a Briton, a Greek, a Scot and an Israelite, along with relations of Ludwig's - the wife and daughter of Ludwig of Oettingen-Wallerstein were both painted, as was Ludwig I's daughter Princess Alexandra of Bavaria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "1130298",
"title": "English society",
"section": "Section::::Late medieval society.:Chaucer's vision.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 411,
"text": "Geofrey Chaucer's \"Canterbury Tales\" give an illuminating picture of many of the different people who made up medieval society, although these portraits are limited mainly to the middle classes. The Wife of Bath is one particularly vibrant character within the Tales and a few years later a real-world equivalent, Margery Kempe, showed in her autobiography that women had an important part in medieval society.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "62651",
"title": "All's Well That Ends Well",
"section": "Section::::Analysis and criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 593,
"text": "One character that has been admired is that of the old Countess of Roussillon, which Shaw thought \"the most beautiful old woman's part ever written\". Modern productions are often promoted as vehicles for great mature actresses; examples in recent decades have starred Judi Dench and Peggy Ashcroft, who delivered a performance of \"entranc[ing]...worldly wisdom and compassion\" in Trevor Nunn's sympathetic, \"Chekhovian\" staging at Stratford in 1982. In the BBC Television Shakespeare production she was played by Celia Johnson, dressed and posed as Rembrandt's portrait of Margaretha de Geer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40574531",
"title": "Women in Medieval Scotland",
"section": "Section::::Royal women.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 952,
"text": "A large proportion of the women for who biographical details survive for the Middle Ages, were members of the royal houses of Scotland, either as princesses or queen consorts. Some of these became important figures in the history of Scotland or gained a significant posthumous reputation. There was only one reigning Scottish Queen in this period, the uncrowned and short-lived Margaret, Maid of Norway (r. 1286–90). The first wife called \"queen\" in Scottish sources is the Anglo-Saxon and German princess Margaret, the wife of Malcolm III, which may have been a title and status negotiated by her relatives. She was a major political and religious figure within the kingdom, but her status was not automatically passed on to her successors, most of whom did not have the same prominence. Ermengarde de Beaumont, the wife of William I, acted as a mediator, judge in her husband's absence and is the first Scottish queen known to have had her own seal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35431272",
"title": "Scottish society in the Middle Ages",
"section": "Section::::High Middle Ages.:Royal women.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 951,
"text": "A large proportion of the women for who biographical details survive for the Middle Ages, were members of the royal houses of Scotland, either as princesses or queen consorts. Some of these became important figures in the history of Scotland or gained a significant posthumous reputation. There was only one reigning Scottish Queen in this period, the uncrowned and short-lived Margaret, Maid of Norway (r. 1286–90). The first wife called \"queen\" in Scottish sources is the Anglo-Saxon and German princess Margaret, the wife of Malcolm III, which may have been a title and status negotiated by her relatives. She was a major political and religious figure within the kingdom, but her status was not automatically passed on to her successors, most of whom did not have the same prominence. Ermengarde de Beaumont, the wife of William I acted as a mediator, judge in her husband's absence and is the first Scottish Queen known to have had her own seal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "816862",
"title": "Ever After",
"section": "Section::::Historical context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "Though the main portion of the film takes place in early 1500's France, the royals shown are most likely not meant to be the historical figures for which they are named. King Francis I summoned Leonardo da Vinci to his court around 1516, 3 years before Prince Henry II was born; neither of king Francis I's wives were named Marie (the first was named Claude and the second Eleanor). Prince Henry II was married to Catherine de' Medici at the age of 14, and had no known children with Diane de Poitiers, a French noblewoman of great influence and the historical figure most likely represented by Danielle. The characters are not meant to be historically accurate figures themselves, but perhaps instead to inspire curiosity about their historical counterparts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3ropnt
|
can anyone be a great singer or is being a greater singer something you're born with?
|
[
{
"answer": "As a singer i can say with utmost certainty that pretty much everyone can become a good singer in the same way that someone can become a good guitarist. But i'd say that it's more difficult if you don't already have an interest in music or aren't particularly interested.\n\nAll it takes is teaching and practice. (But as with everything natural talent does help)\n\nI have seen people who were practically tonedeaf become great singers via the singing program that i am being taught by.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "Being a naturally good \"Singer\" is dependent on your hearing. People who are naturally really good at singing can hear a note, and immediately reproduce it with their voice. In the most extreme case, these people can hear a note and go- \"Oh, that note is F#!\". This is referred to as Perfect Pitch. \n\nUnderstand that you DO NOT have to have perfect pitch to be good at singing. The only issue is if you're tone deaf. \n\nTake a quick test here: _URL_0_\n\nIf you're not pitch perfect, but also not tone deaf, then you'll be fine learning how to sing. Just get lessons, practice often, and you can be just as good a singer as any. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "150056",
"title": "Axl Rose",
"section": "Section::::Career.:2012–present: Hall of Fame and regrouping; Joining AC/DC.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 730,
"text": "In response to an informal study that named him the 'World's Greatest Singer\" based on a study of vocal ranges, Rose told \"Spin\" in 2014, \"If I had to say who I thought the best singers were, I'd say first that I don't know there's a definitive answer as in my opinion it's subjective, and second that my focus is primarily rock singers. That said, I enjoy Freddie Mercury, Elvis Presley, Paul McCartney, Dan McCafferty, Janis Joplin, Michael Jackson, Elton John, Roger Daltrey, Don Henley, Jeff Lynne, Johnny Cash, Frank Sinatra, Jimmy Scott, Etta James, Fiona Apple, Chrissie Hynde, Stevie Wonder, James Brown and a ton of others (predominantly Seventies rock singers) and would rather hear any of them anytime rather than me!\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37541036",
"title": "Sing for Me (Christina Aguilera song)",
"section": "Section::::Production and inspiration.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 766,
"text": "Seeing all the singers, you really come face to face with a lot of people that are predominantly younger. That's inspiring, because they come up to you and they're such big fans and they share with you what song touched them the most and how they had to learn every single ad lib and dissect it. As a vocalist it brought me back to, 'Yeah, that's what I used to do to my Whitney Houston record and my Mariah Carey record and my Etta James record.' It brings you back to a place where it becomes your personal responsibility to infuse the next generation with more information about learning every intricate note. That's why a song called 'Sing for Me' is a special song. It's one of those singer's songs where if you're not a vocalist you can't mess with that song.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "261546",
"title": "Billy Eckstine",
"section": "Section::::Tributes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 306,
"text": "He was one of the greatest singers of all time... We were proud of him because he was the first Black popular singer singing popular songs in our race. We, the whole music profession, were so happy to see him achieve what he was doing. He was one of the greatest singers of that era... He was our singer.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3565012",
"title": "Paramore",
"section": "Section::::Musical style and influences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 629,
"text": "Williams named many singers as heroines: \"I love Debbie Harry and Siouxsie Sioux. I grew up listening to The Distillers [...] Girl groups are really important to me, but the Shangri-Las especially\". Williams also explained that bands such as U2, \"who are massive, and do whatever they want, write whatever they want and they stand for something,\" Jimmy Eat World, \"who I don’t think ever disappoint their fans,\" and No Doubt, who \"have done amazing things,\" act as a pattern for the path in which Paramore would like to take their career. In 2012, Williams contributed vocals to MewithoutYou's fifth studio album, \"Ten Stories\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3777288",
"title": "Virginia Opera",
"section": "Section::::Artists.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 509,
"text": "Some of the nation's most promising young singers have appeared on the company's stages and in concert. These have included Luciano Pavarotti, Beverly Sills, Renée Fleming, Diana Soviero, Lawrence Brownlee, Barbara Dever, Jeannine Altmeyer, Ashley Putnam, Cristina Nassif, Frederick Burchinal, John Aler, Rockwell Blake, Randy Locke, Jake Gardner, Sujung Kim, Frank Porretta, Grant Youngblood, Fabiana Bravo, Mary Elizabeth Williams, Nmon Ford, Jeniece Goldbourne, Randall Scarlata, and Thomas Rolf Truhitte.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3025983",
"title": "Late bloomer",
"section": "Section::::Adults.:Music.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "Musical ability is inherent in almost all people, to a greater or lesser extent. However, those who develop it to a high level are generally encouraged to play an instrument or to sing at an early age. Late bloomers in music are generally composers or artists who became prominent later in life, but had displayed musical ability much earlier.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "484591",
"title": "Fairuz",
"section": "Section::::Legacy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 102,
"end_character": 205,
"text": "In an article about world music, The Independent stated \"All young female singers in this region seem to be clones of her\" and that \"she's such an important artist that you have to get to grips with her\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
oqdgl
|
i realize that i don't like my government that much, and i decide to break away from my country and create a sovereign state. what steps must i make for this to happen?
|
[
{
"answer": "Be recognized by other big countries that you are another country. You are not a country until important countries recognize you as such. Especially the host country that you are seceding from.\n\nEdit: Spelled a word wrong in three ways. ",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "A state can still be sovereign without recognition, as long as the original state has no ability to project their power within the bounds of your country. In the case of Groklamivlevskanya, the first step is simply declaring your independence. It helps if you don't do this alone, but with a sizable group of people, but you can do it alone. \n\nNow, this declaration basically is an admittance that you won't obey the laws of your host country - won't pay taxes, won't obey officers, etc. The original country will try to enforce their laws.\n\nIf they are unable to do so - you are effectively sovereign. If you kill every tax collector to the point that they start sending police men, and if you kill them too to the point that they start sending army men, and you kill them too to the point that they give up - well, that's a war of independence.\n\nAt this point, you are sovereign. Not really a country though, unless everyone else recognizes your right to rule. I mean this domestically. You should start by going around to your neighbors and beating them up until they agree to pay your taxes. You can use those taxes to subcontract beating people up to a police force. Alternatively, you can make arrangements with people to recognize your authority - this is called a social contract. You can say that you will let other people participate in your sovereignty, freedom from the initial government, in exchange for obeying your laws and paying your taxes. They may ask for other things in return, such as healthcare. \n\nAt this point you are a sovereign state, even if you are not recognized as such, and in the company of regions such as Christiana, Palestine, Transnistria, Ossetia, etc. \n\nIf other legitimate countries choose to recognize your country as legitimate, then you can start engaging in diplomatic relations, trading, quelling internal secessionists, enforcing a personality cult, etc.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "1. Create a body of one or more people. Call it your government. This will manage your laws, taxes, police, military, chocolate-chip cookie distribution (in case of socialism) etc.\n2. Swear an oath that you will follow this government no matter what, which should give you 'citizenship' of that government.\n3. Hurrah, now you're sovereign! If your host country isn't happy with you forming a government that conflicts with its own, it will send people with guns to kill you. You must kill them and maybe drink their blood. If you don't, they will have taken your sovereignty. If you win, you retain your sovereignty.\n4. Send diplomats from your government (or go yourself) to other countries - preferably rich and famous ones - and ask them to recognise you. If the more important ones do, the less important ones will, and you will be a country in the eyes of the world (not just yours, as was the case before). If not everyone recognises you, you will still be a country, just not universally recognised and hence not so popular and famous (like say, Taiwan).\n\nSo in short: don't follow anyone's laws but those made by yourself, get other people to agree to this, and you're set.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "524626",
"title": "Diplomatic recognition",
"section": "Section::::Withdrawal of recognition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "A state may withdraw diplomatic recognition of another state, or simply refuse to deal with that other country, after withdrawing from all diplomatic relations with that country, such as embassies and consulates, and requiring the other country to do the same. The state will appoint a protecting power to represent its interests in the other state.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "23947367",
"title": "List of heads of state or government who have been in exile",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 229,
"text": "In some cases the deposed head of state or Head of government are allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. Examples include:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "242453",
"title": "Congress of Troppau",
"section": "Section::::Troppau Protocol.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 484,
"text": "\"\"States, which have undergone a change of government due to revolution, the result of which threaten other states, ipso facto cease to be members of the European Alliance, and remain excluded from it until their situation gives guarantees for legal order and stability. If, owing to such alterations, immediate danger threatens other states the powers bind themselves, by peaceful means, or if need be, by arms, to bring back the guilty state into the bosom of the Great Alliance.\"\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2876546",
"title": "Asset (intelligence)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "BULLET::::- Willingly work for a foreign government for ideological reasons such as being against their government, but live in a country that doesn't allow political opposition. They may elect to work with a foreign power to change their own country because there are few other ways available.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "524626",
"title": "Diplomatic recognition",
"section": "Section::::Recognition of governments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 755,
"text": "Besides recognizing other states, states also can recognize the governments of states. This can be problematic particularly when a new government comes to power by illegal means, such as a coup d'état, or when an existing government stays in power by fixing an election. States once formally recognized both the government of a state and the state itself, but many no longer follow that practice, even though, if diplomatic relations are to be maintained, it is necessary that there be a government with which to engage in diplomatic relations. Countries such as the United States answer queries over the recognition of governments with the statement: \"The question of recognition does not arise: we are conducting our relations with the new government.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17797528",
"title": "Politics of Colorado",
"section": "Section::::Sovereignty of the people.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 412,
"text": "Section 2. People may alter or abolish form of government − proviso. The people of this state have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves, as a free, sovereign and independent state; and to alter and abolish their constitution and form of government whenever they may deem it necessary to their safety and happiness, provided, such change be not repugnant to the constitution of the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24930751",
"title": "State governments of Mexico",
"section": "Section::::State governments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 550,
"text": "All states are both independent & autonomous in their internal administration. The federal government cannot intervene in any particular state's affairs unless there is a full cessation of government powers and through previous study, recommendation and/or approval of the Congress of the Union. The states cannot make an alliance with any foreign power or with any other state. They cannot unilaterally declare war against a foreign nation unless their territory is invaded & cannot wait for the Congress of the Union to issue a declaration of war.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3aifd5
|
where does the saying "cats have 9 lives" come from?
|
[
{
"answer": "Easy explanation: Because they're really good with their reflexes. They jump and land from heights we would break apart from.\n\nMore history:\n\nAn old English saying goes \"A cat has nine lives. For three he plays, for three he strays, and for the last three he stays\". The first three are the times where the cat is young. The next three are where it is in it's prime time and the last three are where it's too old to even catch mice. So first it plays, then it goes around, hunting and then it just stays home.\n\nCats are thought to be magical and have been worshipped in the past. The greek thought nine is the number of the \"trinity of the trinities\". \n\nBasically, people have always seen how sturdy these animals are and, back then, have thought they are magical.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Pretty sure it comes from a witch being able to turn into a cat but on the ninth time it stays a cat. \nI think that's the reason behind the talking cat on Sabrina the teenage witch. \nBut it's the legit answer. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "6678",
"title": "Cat",
"section": "Section::::Interaction with humans.:Superstitions and rituals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 195,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 195,
"end_character": 635,
"text": "According to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives, while in Turkish and Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six. The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4227185",
"title": "7 vidas",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "7 Vidas is a Spanish sitcom which aired on Telecinco from 1999 to 2006. Its title translates as \"7 lives\" and the symbol of the sitcom is a cat, in reference to the belief that cats have 7 lives (in contrast to English-speaking countries, where they are believed to have nine lives).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7036252",
"title": "Stereotypes of animals",
"section": "Section::::Common Western animal stereotypes.:Mammals.:Cats.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 836,
"text": "BULLET::::- In some cultures cats are believed to bring good luck. In Japan, for instance, the legendary maneki neko is a symbol of good fortune. Sailors often preferred to bring a black ship's cat along with them. Anarchists have used it as their symbol. And there is also the ancient belief that cats have multiple lives, which explains how they manage to survive so many unfortunate situations. In many countries cat's lives are traditionally believed to be nine, but in Italy, Germany, Greece and some Spanish-language regions it's said to be seven, while in Turkish and Arabic traditions it's six. The idea of cat's luck is also based on the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Despite this ability they can still be injured or killed by a high fall.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3656763",
"title": "Diprosopus",
"section": "Section::::Occurrences.:Other animals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 534,
"text": "Cats with the condition are known as 'Janus cats', after the Roman god. In July 2006, a 6-year-old male Janus cat called \"Frank and Louie\" from Millbury, Massachusetts, USA, received publicity. In their case, only one esophagus (and possibly only one trachea) were functional; this aided survival. In September 2011, when Frank and Louie were 12 years old, it was announced that they would appear in the 2012 Guinness Book of World Records as the longest-surviving Janus cat on record. In 2014, Frank and Louie died at the age of 15.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39120850",
"title": "Frank and Louie",
"section": "Section::::Title.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 387,
"text": "In 2012, the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" recognized Frank and Louie as the world's oldest living janus cat. This was an uncommon distinction because most janus cats die within days. Armelle deLaforcade of the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine stated, \"The condition itself is very rare, and I think that the fact that this cat became an adult, a healthy adult, is remarkable.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45663306",
"title": "Tiffany Two",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 242,
"text": "Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 – May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2210372",
"title": "Cat sìth",
"section": "Section::::Transformation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "Some people believed that the Cat Sìth was a witch that could transform voluntarily into its cat form and back nine times. If one of these witches chose to go back into their cat form for the ninth time, they would remain a cat for the rest of their lives. It is believed by some that this is how the idea of a cat having nine lives originated.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
rpz7w
|
why old tvs can change instantly between stations but new flat screen tvs that can even connect to the internet can't?
|
[
{
"answer": "Analog signals don't require buffering. Old TV's used analog signals. New TV's use digital signals which require time to buffer. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Here's the process an analog TV goes through when changing channels:\n\n* Tune to new frequency, display signal. It's instantaneous, there are no processing steps required, it can just pipe the signal it receives directly to the screen.\n\nHere's the process a digital cable box or TV goes through when changing channels:\n\n1. **Tune** to new frequency\n2. **Demux** bitstream and identify correct channel\n3. **Decrypt** individual channel (on pay-TV systems)\n4. **Unpack and Decode** channel video and audio streams\n5. **Wait** for a keyframe in the video stream.\n6. **Display** video signal.\n\nEach of those steps takes tenths of a second to complete. The wait for a keyframe, especially, can take 1 or 2 seconds.\n\nLet me explain each of these steps in more detail.\n\n**Step 1** is tuning to the frequency on which the desired channel is broadcast. This step is pretty much instantaneous.\n\n**Step 2** is *demultiplexing* or *demuxing* the signal. This is required because on the vast majority of digital TV systems, a single frequency will carry several individual video channels. These individual channels are smooshed (*muxed*) into a single stream of bits. Your TV/Cable box looks at this bitstream and figures out which bits belong to the channel you selected. It separates the correct bits into a different bitstream that carries just the channel you selected. This is called *demuxing*.\n\n**Step 3** is decryption. On Pay-TV services, most of the channel streams are encrypted to prevent people from watching them if they haven't paid. Your cable box or satellite receiver must consult its internal decryption key table to get the right decryption key, and use it to decrypt the stream. If the key is not available, the box must wait for it to be resent, which can take several seconds (but this is unlikely).\n\n**Step 4** is unpacking and decoding. This is another demux process, but instead of looking for the bits for a video channel, it is now separating the channel stream into video and audio streams. The video uses a codec like MPEG2 or MPEG4, while the audio uses a codec like PCM or AC-3. The box must identify these codecs and begin the proper decoding routines.\n\n**Step 5** is waiting for a keyframe. MPEG2 and MPEG4 are video compression schemes. The way they compress video is by transmitting a *keyframe* (which is a complete frame of video) and then only transmitting the *changes* from one frame to the next. The receiver gets the keyframe, then applies the specified changes to make up subsequent frames. But what if the receiver jumped into the stream in between keyframes (which is the most likely scenario)? All it has are a bunch of changes, but no original to make the changes on. So it has to wait for the *next* keyframe (which usually takes a second or two) and begin decoding from there. This is the biggest reason for the delay in changing channels on most digital TV systems.\n\n**Step 6**, finally, is displaying the decoded video and audio.\n\nAll of those processing steps take a little bit of time, and the cumulative effect is that it takes a couple of seconds to begin showing a newly-selected channel.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4026652",
"title": "ATSC tuner",
"section": "Section::::United States government mandates.:Analog TV broadcast switch-off.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 612,
"text": "It was feared that the US switch-off would cause millions of non-cable- and non-satellite-connected TV sets to \"go dark\". Viewers who did not upgrade, either to a television with a digital tuner or a set-top box, ended up losing their only source of television, unless they relied only upon the aforementioned non-full-power broadcasters. A Congressional bill authorized subsidized converter boxes in a way that allowed viewers to receive the new digital broadcasts on their old TVs. The actual transition proceeded smoothly with about 235,000 people requesting coupons after the June 12, 2009, transition date.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29580",
"title": "Set-top box",
"section": "Section::::TV signal sources.:Cable converter.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "Newer television receivers greatly reduced the need for external set-top boxes, although cable converter boxes continue to be used to descramble premium cable channels according to carrier-controlled access restrictions, and to receive digital cable channels, along with using interactive services like video on demand, pay per view, and home shopping through television.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10356533",
"title": "TV Site",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 246,
"text": "Unlike mobile and PC access, the use of internet sites through the TV has been small, mostly due to the poor user experience of many \"web on TV\" deployments, and the \"walled garden\" or closed business models adopted by many TV network operators.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29840",
"title": "Television channel",
"section": "Section::::Other meanings.:Non-terrestrial television channels.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 421,
"text": "Because some regions have had difficulty picking up terrestrial television signals (particularly in mountainous areas), alternative means of distribution such as direct-to-home satellite and cable television have been introduced. Television channels specifically built to run on cable or satellite blur the line between TV station and TV network. That fact led some early cable channels to call themselves superstations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2575262",
"title": "Analogue television in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Cable.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 725,
"text": "Customers with the cable feed plugged directly into their TV or have an RF bypass installed, which allows them to watch the analogue terrestrial channels independent of their set-top box, will also cease to receive channels when the analogue signal is switched off. Customers will still be able to receive channels via their digital set-top box. In some parts of the network where digital cable is available, analogue transmissions have been ceased in order that the bandwidth may be used for more data for the digital platform, in others both systems run alongside each other, though often new channels will launch on digital at the expense of channels on the older analogue network, which encourages those users to switch.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8765284",
"title": "Channel memory",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 428,
"text": "The same problem also occurs when the same station moves its digital transmission back to its old analog channel. There is no way to delete a station from the internal channel map, and a re-scan may be needed; or if the new physical channel is found, it may leave the old mapping in place, causing duplicate channels that cannot be accessed through direct entry of the numbers without also pressing the channel-up/down buttons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31194926",
"title": "Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC",
"section": "Section::::Implementation.:Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act.:Then and Now.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 903,
"text": "BULLET::::- Broadcast television stations are changing the scope and breadth of their services, too. Digital television technology allows broadcasters to provide more programming choices to over-the-air viewers as well as to cable and satellite subscribers. Digital television stations now provide a mix of high definition and standard definition broadcast signals and may possibly offer interactive television services in the future. More importantly, such stations are able to \"multicast\" by splitting their digital signals into smaller streams each of which may be independently programmed. It is axiomatic that the digital television transmissions are much different than traditional analog transmissions. For that reason, the existing distant signal licenses, whose foundations were built upon analog broadcast technology, cannot readily accommodate the vibrant capabilities of digital television.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3ef5m8
|
why does congress have the power to completely alter a bill, changing the contents and even title, on its way through the house or senate? why was this power created? why has its apparent abuse not caused removal of the power?
|
[
{
"answer": "Congress, and only Congress, has the power to choose each and every word of a bill. This includes the power to edit the bill before voting, and the power to vote on the final bill. If Congress couldn't do this, who would draft, edit, and pass laws?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "That's Congress's job. They are the ones that write and edit bills. That is just about the only thing they do.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8122220",
"title": "Blue slip",
"section": "Section::::House of Representatives.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 799,
"text": "When, in the opinion of the House of Representatives, a Senate-introduced bill that raises revenue or appropriates money is passed by the Senate and sent to the House for its consideration, the House places a blue slip on the legislation that notes the House's constitutional prerogative and immediately returns it to the Senate without taking further action. This blue-slipping procedure, done by an order of the House, is routinely completed to enforce its interpretation that the House is the sole body to introduce revenue or appropriations legislation. The failure of the House to consider the legislation means it cannot become a law. This tactic is historically of great use to the House and, as a practical matter, the Senate does not introduce tax or revenue measures to avoid a blue slip.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4445596",
"title": "Public bill committee",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "The composition of the committee is roughly proportional to that of the House itself, so it is rare that amendments are accepted that are contrary to a majority Government's wishes. As the overall purpose of a Bill has been set by its Second Reading in the House, amendments at the committee stage may not make drastic changes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40675309",
"title": "2013 United States federal government shutdown",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 553,
"text": "The legislation that sets government spending is called appropriations legislation. Since the 1990s, Congress has often failed to pass the twelve to thirteen appropriation bills that set government-wide spending, often passing \"continuing resolutions (CR)\" to extend existing spending law at or near current levels, and \"omnibus\" bills that combine many appropriations bills into one. Budget negotiations can be difficult when the president is not of the party that controls one or both houses of Congress. The last budget was passed on April 29, 2009.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "386535",
"title": "Omnibus spending bill",
"section": "Section::::Appropriations process.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 538,
"text": "Some of the reasons that Congress might not complete all the separate bills include partisan disagreement, disagreement amongst members of the same political party, and too much work on other bills. According to Walter J. Oleszek, a political science professor and \"senior specialist in American national government at the Congressional Research Service\", omnibus bills have become more popular since the 1980s because \"party and committee leaders can package or bury controversial provisions in one massive bill to be voted up or down.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "353844",
"title": "New Zealand House of Representatives",
"section": "Section::::Passage of legislation.:Committee of the whole House.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 668,
"text": "The extent to which a bill changes during this process varies. If the select committee that considered the bill did not have a government majority and made significant alterations, the Government may make significant \"corrective\" amendments. There is some criticism that bills may be amended to incorporate significant policy changes without the benefit of select committee scrutiny or public submissions, or even that such major changes can be made with little or no notice. However, under the MMP system when the Government is less likely to have an absolute majority, any amendments will usually need to be negotiated with other parties to obtain majority support.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "61344352",
"title": "Fayetteville Convention",
"section": "Section::::Debate and Outcome.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "BULLET::::1. \"That Congress shall not alter, modify, or interfere in the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, or either of them, except when the Legislature of any State shall neglect, refuse, or be disabled by invasion or rebellion to prescribe the same, or in case when the provision made by the State is so imperfect as that no consequent election is had.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6308914",
"title": "Lobbying in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Lobbying controversies.:Potential for reform.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 110,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 110,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "Critics suggest that Congress has the power to fix itself, but is reluctant to sacrifice money and power. One report suggested that those in control had an \"unbroken record of finding ways to navigate around reform laws or turn regulatory standards to their own advantage.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6nxwqa
|
how do animals in the wild figure out that poison ivy is something to stay away from when it takes days after for the rash to show up?
|
[
{
"answer": "Most animals are not affected. Humans are simply allergic to their \"poison\" because it penetrates the skin and is identified by the body as foreign invaders.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2467826",
"title": "Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis",
"section": "Section::::Treatments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 223,
"text": "BULLET::::- Poison ivy and poison oak are still harmful when the leaves have fallen off, as the toxic residue is persistent, and exposure to any parts of plants containing urushiol can cause a rash at any time of the year.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "69229",
"title": "Toxicodendron radicans",
"section": "Section::::Health effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 340,
"text": "The pentadecylcatechols of the oleoresin within the sap of poison ivy and related plants causes the allergic reaction; the plants produce a mixture of pentadecylcatechols, which collectively is called urushiol. After injury, the sap leaks to the surface of the plant where the urushiol becomes a blackish lacquer after contact with oxygen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2955947",
"title": "Schefflera arboricola",
"section": "Section::::Cultivation and uses.:Poisoning.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "\"Schefflera\" poisoning is due to the species containing \"sharp\" calcium oxalate crystals that are insoluble and damage the cells and tissues of the animals ingesting them. Depending on the amount that a pet consumes the resulting damage (swelling) of exposed tissues and digestive tract may be fatal to the animal. Household pets should be kept away from consuming this plant (nibbling) for their own safety as should all children. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23584113",
"title": "Eriodictyon parryi",
"section": "Section::::Skin irritant.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 692,
"text": "Like many species in the forget-me-not family, poodle-dog bush causes severe irritation if touched, akin to poison oak. It can raise blisters lasting as long as several weeks. There may be a delay of several days before the reaction starts. The hairs stick to skin and clothing. The allergic contact dermatitis is due to prenylated phenolics exuded by hairs (glandular trichomes) of the plant. The principal irritants are derivatives of farnesyl hydroquinone and 3-farnesyl-P-hydroxybenzoic acid. Once the immune system has been sensitized to the irritant, later exposure can cause a memory response, in which previously exposed areas erupt even though they were not exposed the second time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2490796",
"title": "Ageratina altissima",
"section": "Section::::Toxicity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 311,
"text": "The plants are also poisonous to horses, goats, and sheep. Signs of poisoning in these animals include depression and lethargy, placement of hind feet close together (horses, goats, cattle) or held far apart (sheep), nasal discharge, excessive salivation, arched body posture, and rapid or difficult breathing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "904954",
"title": "Hives",
"section": "Section::::Cause.:Infection or environmental agent.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 387,
"text": "The rash that develops from poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac contact is commonly mistaken for urticaria. This rash is caused by contact with urushiol and results in a form of contact dermatitis called urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. Urushiol is spread by contact, but can be washed off with a strong grease- or oil-dissolving detergent and cool water and rubbing ointments.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15089261",
"title": "List of plants poisonous to equines",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 1036,
"text": "The risk of animals becoming ill during the fall is increased, as many plants slow their growth in preparation for winter, and equines begin to browse on the remaining plants. Many toxic plants are unpalatable, so animals avoid them where possible. However, this is not always the case; locoweeds, for example, are addictive and once a horse has eaten them, it will continue to eat them whenever possible, and can never be exposed to them again. When a toxic plant is ingested, it can be difficult to diagnose, because exposure over time can cause symptoms to occur after the animal is no longer exposed to the plant. Toxins are often metabolized before the symptoms become obvious, making it hard or impossible to test for them. Hungry or thirsty horses are more likely to eat poisonous plants, as are those pastured on overgrazed lands. Animals with mineral deficiencies due to poor diets will sometimes seek out poisonous plants. Poisonous plants are more of a danger to livestock after wildfires, as they often regrow more quickly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4ccxv3
|
How were Viking and Spartan warriors that survived battles and wars seen once they made home?
|
[
{
"answer": "I'm not sure about Vikings but elderly Spartan men could be elected into the Gerousia, a council of elders made up of 30 men over 60 years old who typically held office for life.\nThere were also the Ephors, 5 elected high officials who aside from the two kings held the most power. While I'm not sure if there was an age limit to this group they were likely often older, well known men.\n\nIn short elder Spartan men, essentially all of them by then being veterans of many battles (there were long stretches when the Spartans weren't warring with anyone however) could enter high governmental offices. They were an influential and respected part of society.\nIt is possible that there may still have been something of a stigma towards these men as they were no longer prime fighters in a society dedicated to producing prime fighters, but even if there was the society still held these men in high esteem.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "28283326",
"title": "Battle of Sulcoit",
"section": "Section::::Order of battle.:Vikings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 383,
"text": "The Vikings are known to have fielded close to 1000 mail clad warriors. There is no mention of berserkers but a contingent of \"champions\" were noted as fighting from horseback. The rebel Irish, held in reserve, were swept away with the Viking rout after having played little or no part in the battle. Their leaders were later hunted down and killed by Brian in subsequent campaigns.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "716619",
"title": "Treaty of Wedmore",
"section": "Section::::Sources and historical context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "In 878 King Alfred of Wessex defeated a Viking army at the Battle of Edington. Guthrum, the Viking leader, retreated with the remnants of his army to their \"stronghold\", where Alfred besieged him. After fourteen days the Vikings \"thoroughly terrified by hunger, cold and fear\" sought peace and sent an emissary to Alfred.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "891850",
"title": "High Elves (Warhammer)",
"section": "Section::::Fantasy army.:War machines of Ulthuan.:Tiranoc Chariots.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 85,
"end_character": 508,
"text": "Not all was lost however. Indeed, many of their finest warriors were elsewhere, fighting against the evil minions of the Witch King. In this way they were able to preserve their traditions and skills, but it was an embittered few that returned to their drowned land. Since then, they have spent their time tending their herds and preparing for battles. They serve in any of Asur's armies, especially those that fight the Dark Elf kin, and will travel many days and nights to join a force on the road to war.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "89818",
"title": "The 13th Warrior",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 623,
"text": "The remaining warriors return to the village (losing Helfdane while trying to escape) and prepare for a final battle they do not expect to survive. Buliwyf staggers outside before the fight and inspires the warriors with a Viking prayer for the honored dead who will enter Valhalla. Buliwyf succeeds in killing the Wendol warlord, causing their defeat, before succumbing to the poison. Ahmad witnesses Buliwyf's royal funeral before returning to his homeland, grateful to the Norsemen for helping him to \"become a man and a useful servant of God\". He is seen at the movie's end writing down the tale of his time with them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2180854",
"title": "Jomsvikings",
"section": "Section::::In fiction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 227,
"text": "BULLET::::- The legendary Jomsburgers also appear in Creative Assembly's Medieval Total War Viking Invasion expansion pack, though they are called Joms Viking. They are the most highly skilled warrior available to the Vikings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56485808",
"title": "Viking raids in the Rhineland",
"section": "Section::::Vikings and Franks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 746,
"text": "The Vikings were bold raiders, perhaps because of the code of honour they are purported to have had, According to legend, the god of war, Odin, from the Asa line of gods, prepared to fight for the world and its survival. He sent his messengers, the valkyries, to escort the bravest warriors killed in a battle to Valhalla. The warriors who gathered there, called \"Einherjar\", practised the art of warfare during the daytime. In the evening, after their wounds had healed, the army of the dead moved into Odin's hall together, where there was always a filled drinking horn and a good meal. Whether this code of honour existed or not, much of their fighting was, in any case, against civilian populations and weakly defended towns and monasteries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16295452",
"title": "A.F.C. Euro Kickers",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 223,
"text": "\"Los Vikingos\" won their lone title in the 1993 season, although they finished runners-up in 1991 and 1996-97. They were relegated at the end of the 2000-2001 season, and ceased to exist after just one season in Primera A.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
395yxv
|
how can we be certain that there isn't another 'earth' on the opposite side of the sun, always out of view of our telescopes?
|
[
{
"answer": "Its gravity would have an effect on our planet, the other planets in the system, and even(on a very small scale) the sun, as well as all the comets and asteroids constantly cutting through our solar system. As we have not observed any such gravitic effects(and we'd notice, because it would screw up trajectories for interplanetary probes and tracking asteroids, as well as screwing up the math for why the planets were acting the way they did), we conclude there is no such body. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We know this on a number of grounds. In rough order of certainty:\n\n* It's mathematically unlikely. Objects as large as the Earth cannot stably share an orbit over timescales as long as the solar system's been around. In fact, it's believed that such an object *did* once exist (called Theia), but it and Earth eventually collided. The debris of that collision formed the Moon.\n\n* We'd notice its gravitational effects. Earth's pretty big and spaceflight is insanely precise. We can detect the pull of much smaller and more distant objects by watching the orbits of the planets (this is how Pluto was discovered), and we'd *certainly* notice a large body in the inner solar system.\n\n* We've looked directly at that spot via probe. There's nothing there.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "233636",
"title": "Spherical Earth",
"section": "Section::::Effects and empirical evidence.:Observation of the fixed stars from different locations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "The fact that the stars visible from the north and south poles do not overlap must mean that the two observation spots are on opposite sides of the Earth, which is not possible if the Earth is a single-sided disc, but is possible for other shapes (like a sphere, but also any other convex shape like a donut or dumbbell).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52459",
"title": "Counter-Earth",
"section": "Section::::Modern era.:Scientific analysis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 201,
"text": "Although a Counter-Earth would not be directly visible from the Earth since the Sun is in the way, if such a planet actually existed, it could still be detected from the Earth for a number of reasons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1132947",
"title": "Planetary phase",
"section": "Section::::Inferior planets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 1012,
"text": "The two inferior planets, Mercury and Venus, which have orbits that are smaller than the Earth's, exhibit the full range of phases as does the Moon, when seen through a telescope. Their phases are \"full\" when they are at superior conjunction, on the far side of the Sun as seen from the Earth. (It is possible to see them at these times, since their orbits are not exactly in the plane of Earth's orbit, so they usually appear to pass slightly above or below the Sun in the sky. Seeing them from the Earth's surface is difficult, because of sunlight scattered in Earth's atmosphere, but observers in space can see them easily if direct sunlight is blocked from reaching the observer's eyes.) The planets' phases are \"new\" when they are at inferior conjunction, passing more or less between the Sun and the Earth. (Sometimes they appear to cross the solar disk, which is called a transit of the planet.) At intermediate points on their orbits, these planets exhibit the full range of crescent and gibbous phases.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4713880",
"title": "Solar telescope",
"section": "Section::::Professional solar telescopes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 267,
"text": "Because the Sun travels on a narrow fixed path across the sky, some solar telescopes are fixed in position (and are sometimes buried underground), with the only moving part being a heliostat to track the Sun. One example of this is the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58017976",
"title": "Asteroid impact prediction",
"section": "Section::::Improving impact prediction.:Opposition effect.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 93,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 93,
"end_character": 950,
"text": "This problem can also be solved without using thermal infrared, by positioning a space telescope away from Earth, closer to the Sun. The telescope can then look back towards Earth from the same direction as the Sun, and any asteroids closer to Earth than the telescope will then be in opposition, and much better illuminated. There is a point between the Earth and Sun where the gravities of the two bodies are perfectly in balance, called the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point (SEL1). It is approximately 1 million miles from Earth, about four times as far away as the Moon, and is ideally suited for placing such a space telescope. One problem with this position is Earth glare. Looking outward from SEL1, Earth itself is at full brightness, which prevents a telescope situated there from seeing that area of sky. Fortunately, this is the same area of sky that ground-based telescopes are best at spotting asteroids in, so the two complement each other.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9770",
"title": "Eclipse",
"section": "Section::::Earth–Moon system.:Solar eclipse.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "When observed at points in space other than from the Earth's surface, the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the Moon. Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the in 1969 and when the \"Cassini\" probe observed in 2006.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44069",
"title": "Vulcan (hypothetical planet)",
"section": "Section::::Vulcanoids.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 476,
"text": "Observing a planet inside the orbit of Mercury is difficult, since the telescope must be pointed very close to the Sun, where the sky is only dark during a solar eclipse. Also, an error in pointing the telescope can result in damage for the optics, and injury to the observer if viewing directly. The huge amount of light present even quite far away from the Sun can produce false reflections inside the optics, thus fooling the observer into seeing things that do not exist.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
451gcn
|
difference between serial killers and hitmen
|
[
{
"answer": "Motivation. $ or power or sex etc. That's really it. And hitmen are typically serial killers after the third kill( I think). \n\nIt like all Catholics are Christian but not all Christians are Catholics \n\nAll hitmen are serial killers but not all serial killers are hitmen. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Hitmen are considered professional killers. The difference between Serial Killers and Professionals are that Serial Killers kill due to their own motivation - often they have some kind of mental issue but their lust for blood is usually self-manifested and may not provide any economic/social benefit or gain to the killer.\n\nProfessional Killers on the other hand may not have any personal motivation tied into the killing of an individual - at most they are simply being paid by someone who's interests lie in the death of the victim.\n\nAnd finally, to quote the Joker: \"If you're good at something, never do it for free\"\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "42626",
"title": "Serial killer",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 626,
"text": "A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers. For example, while most authorities set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines serial killing as \"a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6157244",
"title": "List of Russian serial killers",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 370,
"text": "A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines serial killing as \"a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32568837",
"title": "List of serial killers in the United States",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 370,
"text": "A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines serial killing as \"a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42626",
"title": "Serial killer",
"section": "Section::::Etymology and definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 843,
"text": "When defining serial killers, researchers generally use \"three or more murders\" as the baseline, considering it sufficient to provide a pattern without being overly restrictive. Independent of the number of murders, they need to have been committed at different times, and are usually committed in different places. The lack of a cooling-off period (a significant break between the murders) marks the difference between a spree killer and a serial killer. The category has, however, been found to be of no real value to law enforcement, because of definitional problems relating to the concept of a \"cooling-off period\". Cases of extended bouts of sequential killings over periods of weeks or months with no apparent \"cooling off period\" or \"return to normality\" have caused some experts to suggest a hybrid category of \"spree-serial killer\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "168227",
"title": "Spree killer",
"section": "Section::::Definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "Ronald and Stephen Holmes define serial murder as \"the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period between the killings.\" Under this definition, Andrew Cunanan would be categorized as a serial killer and not a spree killer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42626",
"title": "Serial killer",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 582,
"text": "Although psychological gratification is the usual motive for serial killing, and most serial killings involve sexual contact with the victim, the FBI states that the motives of serial killers can include anger, thrill-seeking, financial gain, and attention seeking. The murders may be attempted or completed in a similar fashion. The victims may have something in common, for example, demographic profile, appearance, gender or race. A serial killer is neither a mass murderer, nor a spree killer, although there may be conceptual overlaps between serial killers and spree killers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53288860",
"title": "Serial killer (disambiguation)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 254,
"text": "A serial killer is a person who murders three or more people, usually in service of abnormal psychological gratification, with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant break (i.e., a \"cooling off period\") between them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3b8xhu
|
What percentage of the sky is covered by stars?
|
[
{
"answer": "**Short answer:** If you don't count the sun, then basically zero. If you do count the sun, then it's about 0.0005%\n\n**Long answer:** You're hitting on a really interesting problem that astronomers had a hundred years ago, called [Olber's Paradox.](_URL_1_) \"If the universe is static and eternal and infinite, then shouldn't every line of sight end at a star? If this is the case, then why isn't he night sky as bright as the sun if everything we're looking at is the surface of a star.\" This turns out to be great simple evidence of the big bang and for a finite age of the universe. \n\nAnyway, let's do some math. Bare with me for a minute. The observable universe contains about 100 billion galaxies with somewhere between 100 billion and 1 trillion stars per galaxy. This means that the the universe has about 10^18 or 10^19 stars. You can now use this to calculate something called the [\"mean free path\"](_URL_0_) of the universe. That just means the average distance something can go in a straight line before running into something else. Anyway, it turns out that it's about \n\n MFP ~ 1 / (d^(2)) (N/V)\n\nwhere d is the diameter of a star (use the solar radius about 10^9 m), and N/V is the density of targets (so in our case, stars). \n\nThe diameter of the universe is about 100 billion light years, so it has a volume of about 10^80 m^(3). Plugging all these numbers in yields:\n\n MFP ~ 1 / (10^(9))^2 * (10^(19)/(10^80) meters\n\nwhich adds up to about 10^43 meters. Again, for reference, the radius of the universe is about 100 billion light years, or 10^26 meters. This means, probabilistically, that if you drew a straight line from one side of the observable universe to the other, your odds of hitting a star are 1 in 10^(17) (from the ratio of 10^(26)/10^(43)). \n\nSo you can generalize this understanding for the purposes of our problem here. If you are at a random spot in the universe and you draw 10^17 lines away from yourself then this effectively means that only about one line will hit a star. This means, on average, you could run back and forth across the entire universe almost 10^17 times before you hit anything. Basically, it means that only 0.0000000000000001% of sight lines end on stars. \n\nOf course, on the earth, it's a little different. The approximation above assumed a uniform distribution of stars in the universe, when it reality it turns out there's a bunch all clumped together nearby, called the Milky Way, which makes for a much richer number of targets. Indeed, if we repeated this experiment (with drawing lines out into space) then the fraction of lines ending on a star will be as big as 0.0005%, because that's the fraction of the sky occupied by the sun! Anything else other than that is just noise.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2073846",
"title": "Malmquist bias",
"section": "Section::::Understanding the bias.:Source of the Malmquist bias.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 877,
"text": "Typically, when looking at an area of sky filled with stars, only stars that are brighter than a limiting apparent magnitude can be seen. As discussed above, the very luminous stars that are farther away will be seen, as well as luminous and faint stars that are closer. There will appear to be more luminous objects within a certain distance from Earth than faint objects. However, there are many more faint stars, they simply cannot be seen because they are so dim. The bias towards luminous stars when observing a patch of sky affects calculations of the average absolute magnitude and average distance to a group of stars. Because of the luminous stars that are at a further distance, it will appear as if our sample of stars is farther away than it actually is, and that each star is intrinsically brighter than it actually is. This effect is known as the Malmquist bias.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9819825",
"title": "GJ 1245",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "The largest of the three stars, G208-44 A (GJ 1245 A) is only 11% the Sun's mass. Of the other two stars, G 208-44 B (GJ 1245 C), is closest to star A at 8 AU away; it is 7% of the Sun's Mass. The third star, GJ 1245 B, is 33 AU away from star A, and is 10% of the Sun's Mass; it would appear as bright as Venus does from Earth when viewed from star A.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2589714",
"title": "Milky Way",
"section": "Section::::Structure.:Sun's location and neighborhood.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 691,
"text": "There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47220003",
"title": "List of extremes in the sky",
"section": "Section::::Location.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 393,
"text": "The greatest concentration of bright stars is around Orion. Within a circle of 60 degrees radius around a point in Monoceros at RA 6:30, DE 5ºS, 11 stars of magnitude +1.6 or brighter occur: Capella, Pollux, Castor, Regulus, Procyon, Sirius, Adhara, Canopus, Rigel, Betelgeuse and Aldebaran. No other part of the sky consists of so many bright stars. The entire sky consists of 23 such stars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42518279",
"title": "Kepler-186f",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.:Host star.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.62. This is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, which can only see objects with a magnitude up to at least 6 or lower.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11740016",
"title": "HD 2039",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.:Distance and visibility.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 290,
"text": "The star's magnitude as observed from Earth is 9; this signifies that the body is not visible with the naked eye, but can be seen with a telescope. HD 2039 lies roughly 280 light years from the Sun, which is about as far from the Sun as the second brightest star in the night sky, Canopus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "997476",
"title": "Night sky",
"section": "Section::::Visual presentation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 764,
"text": "Depending on local sky cloud cover, pollution, humidity, and light pollution levels, the stars visible to the unaided naked eye appear as hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands of white pinpoints of light in an otherwise near black sky together with some faint nebulae or clouds of light . In ancient times the stars were often assumed to be equidistant on a dome above the earth because they are much too far away for stereopsis to offer any depth cues. Visible stars range in color from blue (hot) to red (cold), but with such small points of faint light, most look white because they stimulate the rod cells without triggering the cone cells. If it is particularly dark and a particularly faint celestial object is of interest, averted vision may be helpful.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2p62rt
|
if cold air can't hold much moisture, how come fog and mist exist?
|
[
{
"answer": "That fog and mist is water condensing out of the air. The fog is water that has already separated out of the air and \" clumped\" together. It is just not quite heavy enough to fall thru the air to the ground.. The mist is actually heavy enough to fall",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Uhhh....fog exists because cold air can't hold much moisture. Your post is it's own explanation ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Fog and mist exists *because* cold air can't hold much moisture.\n\nI think what's confusing you is the usage of the word \"hold\". In this context, fog and mist is not regarded as \"held\" in the air, fog and mist are tiny droplets of water in the air. \n\nWater that is \"held\" by the air is water vapour, water in a gaseous state. When the air is saturated with water vapour, any excess water is going to condensate into tiny droplets - fog or mist. If a warmer body of air, that is close to being saturated with water vapour, allows to cool down, it's going to be supersaturated, and water will condense into fog or mist. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1588525",
"title": "Fog machine",
"section": "Section::::Adverse health effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "Fog produced with liquid air does not present the hazards of carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen because the liquid air has the same composition as ordinary atmospheric air (including the same level of breathable oxygen).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58991",
"title": "Fog",
"section": "Section::::Formation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 719,
"text": "Fog begins to form when water vapor condenses into tiny liquid water droplets that are suspended in the air. Six examples of ways that water vapor is added to the air are by wind convergence into areas of upward motion; precipitation or virga falling from above; daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies, or wet land; transpiration from plants; cool or dry air moving over warmer water; and lifting air over mountains. Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds. Fog, like its elevated cousin stratus, is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "223999",
"title": "Virga",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 697,
"text": "Virgae can cause varying weather effects, because as rain is changed from liquid to vapor form, it removes significant amounts of heat from the air due to water's high heat of vaporization. Precipitation falling into these cooling down drafts may eventually reach the ground. In some instances these pockets of colder air can descend rapidly, creating a wet or dry microburst which can be extremely hazardous to aviation. Conversely, precipitation evaporating at high altitude can compressionally heat as it falls, and result in a gusty downburst which may substantially and rapidly warm the surface temperature. This fairly rare phenomenon, a heat burst, also tends to be of exceedingly dry air.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "195198",
"title": "Mist",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 558,
"text": "Mist is a phenomenon caused by small droplets of water suspended in air. Physically, it is an example of a dispersion. It is most commonly seen where warm, moist air meets sudden cooling, such as in exhaled air in the winter, or when throwing water onto the hot stove of a sauna. It can be created artificially with aerosol canisters if the humidity and temperature conditions are right. It can also occur as part of natural weather, when humid air cools rapidly, for example when the air comes into contact with surfaces that are much cooler than the air. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10906237",
"title": "Precipitation types",
"section": "Section::::Mechanisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "Precipitation occurs when local air becomes saturated with water vapor, and can no longer maintain the level of water vapor in gaseous form. This occurs when less dense moist air cools, usually when an airmass rises through the atmosphere. However, an airmass can also cool (e.g. through radiative cooling, or ground contact with cold terrain) without a change in altitude.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "286260",
"title": "Precipitation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 792,
"text": "In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called \"showers.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58991",
"title": "Fog",
"section": "Section::::Formation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "Fog normally occurs at a relative humidity near 100%. This occurs from either added moisture in the air, or falling ambient air temperature. However, fog can form at lower humidities, and can sometimes fail to form with relative humidity at 100%. At 100% relative humidity, the air cannot hold additional moisture, thus, the air will become supersaturated if additional moisture is added.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1vpnkm
|
why is the "wizard of oz" so revolutionary in movie history?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because it took a wildly popular book and applied new (maybe not original or first time) film making techniques to it to make a wildly popular film.\n\nRemember, it's not who does it first, it's who does it best first.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "382164",
"title": "Wizard of Oz (character)",
"section": "Section::::Adaptations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 719,
"text": "BULLET::::- In \"The Muppets' Wizard of Oz\" (2005), the Wizard of Oz is portrayed by Jeffrey Tambor. This version is a former tour bus driver named Francis Cornfine from Hollywood, CA who came to the Land of Oz where the residents assumed he was an all-powerful figure. Cornfine's talent at manipulating his fingers impressed the populace. Feeling a need to \"give the public what they want,\" he developed a number of devices and tricks to maintain the illusion of \"Oz, the great and powerful.\" Using special effects, he appeared as a dragon to Fozzie, a fire-like entity to Scarecrow, a sexy woman turning into a chicken (performed by Julianne Buescher) to Tin Thing, and a big green monstrous head to Dorothy and Toto.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54436",
"title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz",
"section": "Section::::Adaptations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 488,
"text": "\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" has been adapted to other media numerous times, most famously in \"The Wizard of Oz\", the 1939 film starring Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr. Until this version, the book had inspired a number of now less well known stage and screen adaptations, including a profitable 1902 Broadway musical and three silent films. The 1939 film was considered innovative because of its songs, special effects, and revolutionary use of the new Technicolor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24583135",
"title": "Follow the Yellow Brick Road",
"section": "Section::::Intertextuality.:Cultural references.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "The references to \"The Wizard of Oz\" (both the film and the original book) underline the central theme of both Potter's play and Frank Baum's Oz stories, which are often viewed as satires for \"glitzy commercialism\" and the American Dream.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4210812",
"title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 589,
"text": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by \"The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays\", from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical \"The Wizard of Oz\", though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the West, who does not appear in the musical.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29354907",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 565,
"text": "\"The Wizard of Oz\" was first turned into a musical extravaganza by Baum himself. A loose adaptation of his 1900 novel (there is no Wicked Witch or Toto, and there are some new characters), it first played in Chicago in 1902 and was a success on Broadway the following year. It then toured for nine years. The 1939 film adaptation bore a closer resemblance to the storyline of Baum's original novel than most previous versions. It was a strong success, winning the Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Original Score, and continues to be broadcast perennially.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "561315",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 507,
"text": "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.\" Directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over the troubled production of \"Gone with the Wind\"), the film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley and Bert Lahr.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18792382",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz (1987 musical)",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1059,
"text": "\"The Wizard of Oz\" was first turned into a musical extravaganza by L. Frank Baum himself. A loose adaptation of Baum's 1900 novel (there is no Wicked Witch or Toto, and there are some new characters), it first played in Chicago in 1902 and was a success on Broadway the following year. It then toured for seven years. The 1939 film adaptation bore a closer resemblance to the storyline of Baum's original novel than most previous versions. It was a strong success, won the Academy Awards for best song and best score, and has been frequently broadcast on television. This was followed, in 1945, by a musical theatre adaptation presented at the St. Louis Municipal Opera (MUNY). The script was adapted by Frank Gabrielson from the novel, but it is influenced in some respects by the motion picture script and uses most of the songs from the film. A new song was added for Dorothy to sing in the Emerald City, called \"Evening Star\", and the Wizard goes home in a rocketship instead of a hot air balloon. The MUNY version continues to receive frequent revivals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
117r5o
|
Why is the earth's crust thinner under the oceans?
|
[
{
"answer": "The oceanic crust is formed at the mid-oceanic ridges as mantle heat forces rock to the surface. As the mantle pushes up, this crustal rock cools at a fairly uniform rate/thickness of about 7km. \n\nThe reason it works out this way is that the underlying temperature of the mantle is directly related to how thick it gets before solidifying, this occurs over time.. Fast hot mantle rises quickly while cool mantle rises slowly\n\nthe Vast majority of the mantle underneath the mid ocean ridges is of a fairly uniform temperature and is pushed upwards about 7km before solidifying. Cool mantle has crustal thicknesses nearer to 5km, and very hot mantle, such as the hotspot creating Iceland has a crustal thickness near to 20km. \n\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "[Oceanic crust, forming at mid ocean ridges and subducting at the trenches is like a conveyor belt](_URL_4_). It maintains a relatively constant thickness, 7km +/-, due to the melting/cooling/insulation as described by Sycosys.\n\nWhat he/she did not address is why there is a much [thicker continental crust](_URL_0_). This is due to differentiation, which is really just the separation of lighter rocks, that \"float\" rather than being subducted. It is like the skin on a boiling soup, it just keeps piling up.\n\nThis is why the [oldest rocks on the planet](_URL_1_) (4+ billion years old) are part of continents, whereas the oldest oceanic crust, [ophiolites](_URL_3_) notwithstanding, are on the order of [170 million years old](_URL_2_): warning PDF.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1417149",
"title": "Structure of the Earth",
"section": "Section::::Structure.:Crust.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 1275,
"text": "The Earth's crust ranges from in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlie the ocean basins (5–10 km) and are composed of dense (mafic) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks, like basalt. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like granite. The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories – sial and sima (Suess, 1831–1914). It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity (a second order discontinuity). The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. First, there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity, which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). Second, in oceanic crust, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites, which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "977923",
"title": "Ridge push",
"section": "Section::::Mechanics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 890,
"text": "Mid-ocean ridges are long underwater mountain chains that occur at divergent plate boundaries in the ocean, where new oceanic crust is formed by upwelling mantle material as a result of tectonic plate spreading and relatively shallow (above ~60 km) decompression melting. The upwelling mantle and fresh crust are hotter and less dense than the surrounding crust and mantle, but cool and contract with age until reaching equilibrium with older crust at around 90 Ma. This produces an isostatic response that causes the young regions nearest the plate boundary to rise above older regions and gradually sink with age, producing the mid-ocean ridge morphology. The greater heat at the ridge also weakens rock closer to the surface, raising the boundary between the brittle lithosphere and the weaker, ductile asthenosphere to create a similar elevated and sloped feature underneath the ridge.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "145698",
"title": "Seafloor spreading",
"section": "Section::::Continued spreading and subduction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 1434,
"text": "As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is, therefore, colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted. However, the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific is also home to one of the world's most active spreading centers (the East Pacific Rise) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm/yr. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a \"textbook\" slow-spreading center, while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading. Spreading centers at slow and intermediate rates exhibit a rift valley while at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone. The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1589335",
"title": "Sial",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 432,
"text": "The uppermost layer of the crust is called sial consisting of silicate and Aluminium (Si =silicate, Al= aluminium). On an average, the thickness of sial is till 25 km from the surface. The continents are composed mainly of lighter Rock material formed from silicon and Aluminium, so the sial Is thick over the continents and very thin or absent on the ocean floor especially the Pacific Ocean. Average density of sial is 2.7 gm/cc.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48231632",
"title": "British Mid-Ocean Ridge Initiative",
"section": "Section::::Mid-Ocean ridges.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 603,
"text": "Mid-Ocean ridges are active volcanic mountain ranges snaking through the depths of the Earth’s oceans. They occur where the edges of the Earth’s tectonic plates are separating, allowing mantle rock to rise to the seafloor and harden, creating new crust. The addition of this crust can cause ocean basins to widen perpendicular to the ridge. This seafloor spreading is the engine of continental drift. At intervals along the mid-ocean ridges super-heated mineral-rich fluids are vented from the seabed. These hydrothermal vents are populated by animal and bacterial species not found elsewhere on Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47943235",
"title": "Broken Ridge",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 267,
"text": "The Kerguelen LIP covered making it the second largest LIP on Earth (after the Ontong Java Plateau in the Pacific). Both these enormous LIPs reaches above the surrounding ocean floor and have a crustal thickness of (compared to oceanic crust typically around thick.)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "145700",
"title": "Crust (geology)",
"section": "Section::::Earth's crust.:Structure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "Because both continental and oceanic crust are less dense than the mantle below, both types of crust \"float\" on the mantle. This is isostasy, and it's also one of the reasons continental crust is higher than oceanic: continental is less dense and so \"floats\" higher. As a result, water pools in above the oceanic crust, forming the oceans. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5r8vly
|
can a mall cop arrest me if i'm in a store that's not in the mall?
|
[
{
"answer": "I don't think mall cops can arrest, period. They're pretty much a liaison between the mall and the police. They're urged not to chase perpetrators and can even lose their job for doing so; reason 1 being it's dangerous and reason 2 is legal implications. If they're chasing a person across the street, and that person gets hit by a car, expect lawyers to get involved. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Technically... Yes. \n\nWhat the mall cop is doing is called a \"citizen's arrest.\" If you witness someone committing a crime, you are allowed to detain them until a police officer arrives. The detaining citizen can also use reasonable force to do so. In general, the courts grant broad authority to business owners to protect their property. \n\nBut as a practically matter... They probably won't.\n\nA citizen's arrest can be legally risky because a citizen does not have the same protections as a police officer. If a cop arrests the wrong person, they are not normally subject to sanctions for it unless they were grossly negligent or malicious. If a citizen arrests the wrong person, they can be sued for \"unlawful detention.\" Not to mention, if they are outside of their place of business they probably won't be covered by their employer's insurance, etc.\n\nTLDR: Yes, because any citizen (mall cops included) has the power to detain criminals. But they probably won't, because it is risky and not worth it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If they are a real police officer who is given authority by the municipality then yes, they can arrest you. If they are hired by the mall to provide security of the mall, then no. They can not arrest you.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Is she getting her car worked on? You know on lunch or after her shift? Since its a Walmart automotive?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "19664536",
"title": "Sneak and peek warrant",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 893,
"text": "Law enforcement officers are not prohibited from seizing any property from the premises. For example, in one 2010 case federal investigators broke into an Cleveland apartment, collected evidence, and then \"trashed the place to make it look like a burglary.\" According to a Department of Justice document, DEA agents used a delayed-notice warrant to steal a suspect's car in March 2004. After following the suspect to a restaurant in Buffalo, New York, one agent \"used a duplicate key to enter the vehicle and drive away while other agents spread broken glass in the parking space to create the impression that the vehicle had been stolen.\" Sneak and peek warrants are especially beneficial to illegal drug manufacturing investigations because they allow investigative teams to search the premises for chemicals and drug paraphernalia so that they can return with a traditional search warrant.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "232169",
"title": "Shoplifting",
"section": "Section::::Prevention.:Staff roles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 82,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 82,
"end_character": 1008,
"text": "Store detectives patrol the store wearing plainclothes and acting as if they are real shoppers. They may browse, examine, carry or even try on merchandise, all the while looking for signs of shoplifting and looking for possible shoplifters. Many large retail companies use this technique. Store detectives will watch a shoplifting suspect conceal an item, then stop them after they have exited the store. These types of personnel must follow a strict set of rules because of very high liability risks. Many big retail or grocery stores like Walmart, Rite Aid, Zellers, Loblaws, etc. have a store detective to watch for shoplifters. Most of these stores use secret verbal codes over the PA system to alert management, other loss prevention personal and associates that there is a shoplifter. Store detectives must follow a suspect around the store by foot or by watching video monitors and observe every move the person makes so that they do not face a lawsuit for apprehending or arresting the wrong person.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "101941",
"title": "Mall of America",
"section": "Section::::Security.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 408,
"text": "In 2010, it was noted that mall security officials were instructed to question or detain individuals exhibiting what they deemed \"suspicious behavior\". Signs of suspicious behavior included photographing air-conditioning ducts, or signs that a shopper was hiding something. At the time, some officials within the Bloomington Police Department worried that the mall's security methods may infringe on rights.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16724799",
"title": "SM City Bacolod",
"section": "Section::::Mall Features.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 272,
"text": "Every entrance of the mall is guarded by a security guard. Some entrances have guards that carry a sensor to detect a firearm or another unwanted item inside the mall. Remaining entrances have a security guard present with a screening sensor a customer must walk through.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "232169",
"title": "Shoplifting",
"section": "Section::::Consequences.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 419,
"text": "In the United States, store employees who detain suspects outside of and inside the store premises are generally granted limited powers of arrest by state law, and have the power to initiate criminal arrests or civil sanctions, or both, depending upon the policy of the retailer and the state statutes governing civil demands and civil recovery for shoplifting as reconciled with the criminal laws of the jurisdiction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30741128",
"title": "St. Charles Towne Center",
"section": "Section::::History.:2008 shooting incident.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "In September 2008, an incident occurred in which a police officer's firearm was used in the mall's parking lot. According to local authorities, the suspect was seen trying to steal a GPS device from a vehicle when the officer noticed him. The suspect was treated and released from the hospital, and later charged.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "232169",
"title": "Shoplifting",
"section": "Section::::Prevention.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 937,
"text": "The presence of uniformed officers acts as a deterrent to shoplifting activity and they are mostly used by high-end retail establishments. Shoppers in some stores are asked when leaving the premises to have their purchases checked against the receipt. Some expensive merchandise will be in a locked case requiring an employee to get items at a customer's request. The customer is either required to purchase the merchandise immediately or it is left at the checkout area for the customer to purchase when finishing shopping. Many stores also lock CDs, DVDs, and video games in locking cases, which can only be opened by the checkout operator once the item has gone through the checkout. Some stores will use dummy cases, also known as \"dead boxes\", where the box or case on the shelf is entirely empty and the customer will not be given the item they have paid for until the transaction has been completed, usually by other store staff.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bc5n1v
|
Why are some roads made from concrete/cement rather than asphalt? What determines whether it should be one or the other? Why do a lot of the cement roads have grooves in them?
|
[
{
"answer": "cement roads with grooves are usually being prepped for asphalt. \n\nThe ground on which a road is built dictates the necessity for an underlying structure. Roads laid upon soft soils without a concrete layer are prone to potholes and other accelerated wear issues. Areas that have well compacted earth that is not prone to excessive seasonal fluctuation generally do not require such measures.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Cement roads are significantly more expensive. Asphalt is the cheaper option and actually has a better safety rating due to more traction. The grooves are used for better road traction or to extend the life of the road surface.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Once worked with a guy who did road/ramp design and from our conversations it depends on a lot of things:\n\nLocation/topography\n\nSoil composition\n\nAnticipated traffic/weight loads\n\nClimate/Weather\n\nSpecific local issues (seismology, hydrology, land usage in surrounding area)\n\nAnticipated lifespan\n\nStrategic importance (interstate highway system)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nThere are a LOT of considerations that go into the design and construction of roads.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Concrete is very hard and it can crack from heat cold expansion and contraction. Grooves allow the concrete to slightly bulge or flex without destroying itself. Or at least cracking \n\nBut it can also be to increase surface area, make noise as you drive over, especially near sharp turns, or help channel water. I’m sure there are a ton more reasons. Depends on their shape and placement.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Asphalt is cheaper but concrete typically lasts longer. Usually a life cycle cost analysis is performed based on traffic loads to see what is cheaper in the long run. Other factors can come into play -high volume truck routes usually need concrete vs a residential street where road noise is a factor will usually favor asphalt. In some cases composite pavements are used (asphalt over concrete) to get the benefits of both. The grooves are often to reduce noise. If you are talking about the jointing (deeper grooves) those are to prevent cracking.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Civil engineer here. This isn’t my specialty, but I am very unsatisfied with answers I am seeing. Reinforced concrete has much better strength properties than asphalt, but it is also less ductile, which means it is susceptible to cracking when it deflects or is stressed enough. It is also much more expensive to maintain than asphalt. For this reason, concrete is typically used in areas such as elevated interstates that are supported by steel or prestressed concrete girders which provide a rigid underlying structures or on top of areas with good subgrade soil conditions such as sand or gravel that will not settle over time. You don’t want concrete to crack because it creates a path for water to freeze and further destroy the concrete or to corrode the rebar. Asphalt is a bituminous material which means it’s almost rubbery. This allows it to be very ductile and deform large amounts before it will crack. This is ideal in areas with less stable subgrade conditions such as areas supported by wilt or clay that may deform over time. Asphalt is also preferable in cold regions where concrete sees significantly damage from freeze thaw and mag chloride that would make it expensive to replace whereas asphalt is significantly easier and cheaper.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "49020",
"title": "Road transport",
"section": "Section::::Modern roads.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 554,
"text": "Today, roadways are primarily asphalt or concrete. Both are based on McAdam's concept of stone aggregate in a binder, asphalt cement or Portland cement respectively. Asphalt is known as a flexible pavement, one which slowly will \"flow\" under the pounding of traffic. Concrete is a rigid pavement, which can take heavier loads but is more expensive and requires more carefully prepared subbase. So, generally, major roads are concrete and local roads are asphalt. Concrete roads are often covered with a thin layer of asphalt to create a wearing surface.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51852",
"title": "Sidewalk",
"section": "Section::::Construction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 530,
"text": "Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of concrete in North America, while tarmac, asphalt, brick, stone, slab and (increasingly) rubber are more common in Europe. Different materials are more or less friendly environmentally: pumice-based trass, for example, when used as an extender is less energy-intensive than Portland cement concrete or petroleum-based materials such as asphalt or tar-penetration macadam). Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than concrete, such as asphalt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "167120",
"title": "Gravel",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 370,
"text": "Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many roadways are surfaced with gravel, especially in rural areas where there is little traffic. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with concrete or asphalt; Russia alone has over of gravel roads. Both sand and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of concrete.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3884620",
"title": "Indian road network",
"section": "Section::::Construction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 715,
"text": "In general, roads in India are primarily bitumen-based macadamised roads. However, a few of the National Highways have concrete roads too. In some locations, such as in Kanpur, British-built concrete roads are still in use. Concrete roads were less popular prior to the 1990s because of low availability of cement then. However, with large supplies of cement in the country and the virtues of concrete roads, they are gaining popularity. Concrete roads are durable, weather-proof and require lower maintenance compared to bituminous roads. Moreover, new concrete pavement technology has developed such as cool pavement, quiet pavement and permeable pavement, which has rendered it more attractive and eco-friendly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "241387",
"title": "Road surface",
"section": "Section::::Asphalt.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 557,
"text": "An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1200 vehicles per day. Advantages of asphalt roadways include relatively low noise, relatively low cost compared with other paving methods, and perceived ease of repair. Disadvantages include less durability than other paving methods, less tensile strength than concrete, the tendency to become slick and soft in hot weather and a certain amount of hydrocarbon pollution to soil and groundwater or waterways.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "354679",
"title": "Road traffic safety",
"section": "Section::::Mortality.:Built-up areas.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 827,
"text": "Most roads are cambered (crowned), that is, made so that they have rounded surfaces, to reduce standing water and ice, primarily to prevent frost damage but also increasing traction in poor weather. Some sections of road are now surfaced with porous bitumen to enhance drainage; this is particularly done on bends. These are just a few elements of highway engineering. As well as that, there are often grooves cut into the surface of cement highways to channel water away, and rumble strips at the edges of highways to rouse inattentive drivers with the loud noise they make when driven over. In some cases, there are raised markers between lanes to reinforce the lane boundaries; these are often reflective. In pedestrian areas, speed bumps are often placed to slow cars, preventing them from going too fast near pedestrians.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3355656",
"title": "Concrete recycling",
"section": "Section::::Uses of recycled concrete.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 567,
"text": "Smaller pieces of concrete are used as gravel for new construction projects. Sub-base gravel is laid down as the lowest layer in a road, with fresh concrete or asphalt poured over it. The US Federal Highway Administration may use techniques such as these to build new highways from the materials of old highways. Crushed recycled concrete can also be used as the dry aggregate for brand new concrete if it is free of contaminants. Also, concrete pavements can be broken in place and used as a base layer for an asphalt pavement through a process called rubblization.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6yw2de
|
why are fall colors coming early in north america this year?
|
[
{
"answer": "They are not. The season of fall officially begins September 22 and it is not at all uncommon for the leaves to start to change as early as late August. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "43838810",
"title": "Autumn in New England",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 646,
"text": "Autumn in New England begins in Late September and ends in late December, it marks the transition from summer to winter and is known for its vibrant colors and picturesque beauty. The autumn color of the trees and flora in New England has been reported to be some of the most brilliant natural color in the United States, as such it is a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from across North America and overseas. Travelers flock to Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and parts of Massachusetts to see the colors each fall, a practice known as leaf peeping. Hiking during Autumn has become popular, and several areas offer guided tours.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "472583",
"title": "Collingwood, Ontario",
"section": "Section::::Climate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 649,
"text": "Fall is a pleasant time of year with some of the warmest temperatures in Canada. The season will usually start off warm and pleasant with a few scattered showers. The first frosts will generally hold off until the later half of October which gives the trees plenty of time to turn beautiful shades of yellow and red. Temperatures will range from 20 °C to −3 °C. Later in the season there can sometimes be a severe fall storm called the witch of November. These storms can deepen in pressures over the lakes and cause severe winds, rain, and snow. Lake effect snow starts off in November bringing poor visibility and storm winds from the northwest. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6466",
"title": "Connecticut",
"section": "Section::::Geography.:Climate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "Weather commonly associated with the fall season typically begins in October and lasts to the first days of December. Daily high temperatures in October and November range from the 50s to 60s (Fahrenheit) with nights in the 40s and upper 30s. Colorful foliage begins across northern parts of the state in early October and moves south and east reaching southeast Connecticut by early November. Far southern and coastal areas, however, have more oak and hickory trees (and fewer maples) and are often less colorful than areas to the north. By December daytime highs are in the 40's F for much of the state, and average overnight lows are below freezing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58489885",
"title": "Christian Dior Ready-to-Wear runway collections",
"section": "Section::::Fall 2015.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 218,
"text": "“Color for Fall/Winter is less intuitive, so I find this bright color kind of a real hsot in the arm”, observed Linda Fargo. “The opening pieces, those were easy, but you know, I like how Raf moved it through though.”\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44799200",
"title": "2014–15 North American winter",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1270,
"text": "The 2014–15 North American winter refers to winter in North America as it occurred across the continent from late 2014 through early 2015. While both the meteorological and astronomical definitions of winter involve the onset of winter occurring in December, many places in North America experienced their first wintry weather during mid November. A period of below-average temperatures affected much of the contiguous United States, and several records were broken. An early trace of snowfall was recorded in Arkansas. There were greater accumulations of snow across parts of Oklahoma as well. A quasi-permanent phenomenon referred to as the polar vortex may have been partly responsible for the cold weather. Temperatures in much of the United States dropped below average by November 19 following a southward \"dip\" of the polar vortex into the eastern two-thirds of the country. The effects of this dip were widespread, bringing about temperatures as low as in Pensacola, Florida. Following a significant snowstorm there, Buffalo, New York received several feet of snow from November 17–21. During the 2014–15 winter season, Boston broke its all-time official seasonal snowfall record from the winter of 1995–96, with a total snowfall record of as of March 15, 2015.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5619028",
"title": "Rainout (sports)",
"section": "Section::::Baseball.:Snow delay.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 855,
"text": "Although rare, a delay caused by snow has been known to happen in baseball. This is usually the case in the early parts of the season that, although always starts after the spring equinox, is still within the traditional snow season in the northern half of North America. In fact, the first ever game of the Toronto Blue Jays in 1977, although not delayed, was affected by a minor snowstorm. Although some areas of North America begin to receive snow in October, it is still too warm for snow to start accumulating, and with most teams done playing for the season by that point due to the MLB playoffs, is largely a non-issue anyway, and very rarely does the World Series extend into November—something that has only happened six times (2001 World Series, 2009 World Series, 2010 World Series, 2015 World Series, 2016 World Series and 2017 World Series).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47705221",
"title": "2015–16 North American winter",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 651,
"text": "The 2015–16 North American winter refers to winter in North America as it occurred across the continent from late 2015 through early 2016. Contrary to the past two winters, the United States (including the Northeast) experienced warmer conditions, mainly due to a strong El Niño. However, despite the warmth, significant weather systems still occurred, including a a snowstorm and flash flooding in Texas at the end of December and a large tornado outbreak at the end of February. The main event of the winter was when a crippling and historic blizzard struck the Northeast in late January, dumping up to of snow in and around the metropolitan areas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5hl7s2
|
if isis entirely ignores the rules of the geneva convention, why can't countries fighting them ignore the rules, too?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because then you aren't any different than those you stand against?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "1. To an extent many of those countries already do. \n\n\n2. Those countries signed and agreed and wrote the Geneva Convention. Not ISIS. \n\n\n3. They are a terrorist group, they don't have millions of citizens who fund them who get unruly when the government does bad things. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because two wrongs don't make a right?\n\nWe agreed to those conventions because we believe those are the right moral things to do in general - not only when our opponents agree. Why sink to their level?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Sometimes they/we do. In the U.S., John Yoo wrote what is referred to as the torture memos, which gave the legal justification for the Bush administration to torture. Colin Powell opposed it because he believed it was against the Geneva Convention.\n\nThe basis of the torture memos is that terrorists do not represent a state that has agreed to the rules of war, and are therefore not allowed the protections of those rules.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "ISIS isn't a country and hasn't signed the Geneva Convention.\n\nBecause of that, other countries *can* (and or) disregard parts of the Geneva convention. For example, captured ISIS members are not considered POWs, and do not get the rights afforded to POWs.\n\nIt usually doesn't go much further than that, because most countries have their own laws and policies that make Geneva Convention violation illegal.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "What advantage is there to dismissing the Geneva convention? I guarantee that being *extra shitty* to ISIS won't get rid of them.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If civilized world didn't agree on imposing some limits, even in war, it would then turn to a race to the bottom where the most savage and sadist would be the victor.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nations have a consensus on what is unacceptable. \n\n\nYou don't copy the behavior of criminals, do you?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4778898",
"title": "Institute for Science and International Security",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 943,
"text": "ISIS was founded on a belief that scientists have an obligation to participate actively in solving major problems of national and international security. ISIS focuses primarily on four parts: 1) prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and related technology to other nations and terrorists, 2) lead to greater transparency of nuclear activities worldwide, 3) reinforce the international non-proliferation regime, and 4) cut down nuclear arsenals. Furthermore, ISIS seeks to build stable foundations for various efforts to reduce the threat posed by nuclear weapons to U.S. and international security by integrating technical, scientific and policy research. As the effectiveness of ISIS was appreciated and recognized in the Global “Go-To Think Tanks” rankings, ISIS consistently places in the top 25 Science and Technology Think Tanks in the world and in 2015 placed as one of the top United States and foreign policy think tanks in the world.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50374180",
"title": "Children's rights under ISIL",
"section": "Section::::ISIL not a party to Conventions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 276,
"text": "ISIL has been accepted as a sufficiently organized non-State armed group to be considered as a party to the non-international armed conflicts in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic and the situations in both countries amount to armed conflicts of a non-international character.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23443846",
"title": "Geneva Conventions",
"section": "Section::::Contents.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "The Geneva Conventions are rules that apply only in times of armed conflict and seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in hostilities; these include the sick and wounded of armed forces on the field, wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44699536",
"title": "Portrayal of ISIL in American media",
"section": "Section::::News media.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 720,
"text": "American newspapers have also reported on the justifications that the United States government has for ordering the airstrikes targeting ISIL members. As the Associated Press reported, \"A U.S.-led coalition has been launching airstrikes on Islamic State militants and facilities in Iraq and Syria for months, as part of an effort to give Iraqi forces the time and space to mount a more effective offensive.\" By stating what problems that ISIS has created, the American media is portraying ISIS as deserving of the actions that the U.S. military is taking against them. This reasoning also justifies why President Barack Obama ordered another 1,500 troops to Iraq in order to stop the progress of ISIL, as CNN reported. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50374180",
"title": "Children's rights under ISIL",
"section": "Section::::ISIL not a party to Conventions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 431,
"text": "International humanitarian law is applicable to armed conflicts of a non-international character thus applicable to both Iraq and the Syrian Republic. All parties to the conflict which include ISIL are thus bound by common article 3 of Geneva Conventions. This establishes the minimum standards relating to the treatment and protection of civilians, those no longer actively participating in the hostilities and civilian objects. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23443846",
"title": "Geneva Conventions",
"section": "Section::::Application.:Common Article 3 relating to non-international armed conflict.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 356,
"text": "The other Geneva Conventions are not applicable in this situation but only the provisions contained within Article 3, and additionally within the language of Protocol II. The rationale for the limitation is to avoid conflict with the rights of Sovereign States that were not part of the treaties. When the provisions of this article apply, it states that:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "337976",
"title": "Shirin Ebadi",
"section": "Section::::Political views.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 394,
"text": "In light of the increased power of ISIL, Ebadi communicated in April 2015 that she believes the Western world should spend money funding education and an end to corruption rather than fighting with guns and bombs. She reasons that because the Islamic State stems from an ideology based on a \"wrong interpretation of Islam,\" physical force will not end ISIS because it will not end its beliefs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
28mahz
|
what happens exactly when it's chilly outside and i'm not wearing enough clothes to stay warm? later i feel the beginnings of a cold/flu.
|
[
{
"answer": "Cold air causes your mucous membranes to swell and excrete mucous, hence the runnyy nose, etc. This could lead to sinus pressure and headaches too, which might make your eyes watery or \"crusty\" with mucous. Extended time in the cold also drains your body of heat, which is energy, so if you haven't eaten, your blood sugar may be a bit lower causing you to feel tired. Similarly, you use more fluids in the creation of all that mucous and by the increased metabolism to keep you warm, which exacerbates feeling tired and sluggish.\n\nYou are not responding to bacterial and viral stimuli but to environmental stimuli.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "35684112",
"title": "Right to clothing",
"section": "Section::::Interaction between the right to clothing and other human rights.:Right to life.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 578,
"text": "Everyone has the essential right to life, as confirmed under Article 3 of the UDHR. However, if people are not adequately clothed, they are far more exposed to the elements. Without warm clothing, a person may well die from hypothermia during a cold winter; clothing that is inappropriately warm, on the other hand, could contribute to heat stroke, dehydration and exhaustion during summer or in tropical climates. Furthermore, inadequate clothing could increase exposure to ultraviolet rays; aggravate allergies and skin conditions; and worsen pre-existing medical conditions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "893432",
"title": "Clothes line",
"section": "Section::::Drying laundry indoors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 394,
"text": "The evaporation of the moisture from the clothes will cool the indoor air and increase the humidity level, which may or may not be desirable. In cold, dry weather, moderate increases in humidity make most people feel more comfortable. In warm weather, increased humidity makes most people feel even hotter. Increased humidity can also increase growth of fungi, which can cause health problems.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38180",
"title": "Clothing",
"section": "Section::::Functions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 536,
"text": "The most obvious function of clothing is to protect the wearer from the elements. In hot weather, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage. In the cold it offers thermal insulation. Shelter can reduce the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves and other outer layers are normally removed when entering a warm place. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer regions and seasons than in colder ones.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "732173",
"title": "Cellulitis",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 382,
"text": "This reddened skin or rash may signal a deeper, more serious infection of the inner layers of skin. Once below the skin, the bacteria can spread rapidly, entering the lymph nodes and the bloodstream and spreading throughout the body. This can result in influenza-like symptoms with a high temperature and sweating or feeling very cold with shaking, as the sufferer cannot get warm.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10303",
"title": "Evaporation",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "BULLET::::- When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a clothes dryer, hot air is blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33946289",
"title": "Clothing insulation",
"section": "Section::::Mechanisms of insulation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "Another important factor is humidity. Water is a better conductor of heat than air, thus if clothes are damp — because of sweat, rain, or immersion — water replaces some or all of the air between the fibres of the clothing, causing thermal loss through conduction and/or evaporation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2089965",
"title": "Cold weather rule",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "In addition to providing warmth for residents, cold weather rules help prevent damage to homes. Wintertime temperatures can freeze Water pipes, potentially causing bursts in the lines as the water inside expands as it turns into ice. Cleaning up after this can lay heavy burdens upon people who are already of limited financial means.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
vo4zc
|
it may seem dumb but... how do powerful telescopes see far into space without objects getting in the way.
|
[
{
"answer": "Well, everything that's going to get in the way is in our own galaxy; beyond that space is vacant enough that it's not a problem. In order to get those mind-blowing Hubble Ultra Deep Field images that show thousands of distant galaxies, we had to point the Hubble towards the most vacant areas of sky we could find, and even then we ended up with a few Milky Way stars photobombing the thing. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "average density of the universe today is less than 6 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter (for comparison, one cubic meter of air contains 250,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 much bigger atoms). edit: to clarify - by average density i mean that if you took all the stars and planets and everything that is made of matter and spreaded it uniformly over space, that's what you'd get.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "16947591",
"title": "Copyscope",
"section": "Section::::Benefits and Drawbacks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "BULLET::::- The lenses used for the telescope were not manufactured for this purpose, so they're not able to achieve a sharp focus at high magnification across the whole field of view. For wide-field, low power views of the heavens these telescopes work well and low power Copyscopes can make good finder scopes when used on larger telescopes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52684892",
"title": "ALFALFA",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 273,
"text": "The speed of the ALFA permits it to survey large areas of the sky quickly, while the telescope provides unequalled sensitivity. With the seven feeds it is also possible to detect structures which are too big to be seen with radio interferometers or single-pixel detectors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1231733",
"title": "Airglow",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 251,
"text": "Even at the best ground-based observatories, airglow limits the photosensitivity of optical telescopes. Partly for this reason, space telescopes like Hubble can observe much fainter objects than current ground-based telescopes at visible wavelengths.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "86058",
"title": "Binoculars",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Astronomical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 102,
"end_character": 1143,
"text": "Binoculars are widely used by amateur astronomers; their wide field of view makes them useful for comet and supernova seeking (giant binoculars) and general observation (portable binoculars). Binoculars specifically geared towards astronomical viewing will have larger aperture objectives (in the 70 mm or 80 mm range) because the diameter of the objective lens increases the total amount of light captured, and therefore determines the faintest star that can be observed. Binoculars designed specifically for astronomical viewing (often 80 mm and larger) are sometimes designed without prisms in order to allow maximum light transmission. Such binoculars also usually have changeable eyepieces to vary magnification. Binoculars with high magnification and heavy weight usually require some sort of mount to stabilize the image. A magnification of 10x is generally considered the practical limit for observation with handheld binoculars. Binoculars more powerful than 15×70 require support of some type. Much larger binoculars have been made by amateur telescope makers, essentially using two refracting or reflecting astronomical telescopes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "214121",
"title": "List of largest optical reflecting telescopes",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 481,
"text": "Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes, and overall light gathering power of the optical system can be a poor measure of a telescope's performance. Space-based telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, take advantage of being above the Earth's atmosphere to reach higher resolution and greater light gathering through longer exposure time. Location in the northern or southern hemisphere of the Earth can also limit what part of the sky can be observed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "348893",
"title": "Tunnel vision",
"section": "Section::::Optical instruments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 283,
"text": "Wide-field binoculars are possible, but require bulkier, heavier, and more complex eyepieces. The diameter of the objective lenses is unimportant for field of view. The widest-angle eyepieces used in telescopes are so large that two would not fit side-by-side for use in binoculars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415874",
"title": "List of astronomical observatories",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "Many modern telescopes and observatories are located in space to observe astronomical objects in wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the Earth's atmosphere (such as ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays) and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6wn1u7
|
why cant we artifically metabolize food to use as a renewable energy resource?
|
[
{
"answer": "Isn't that just solar energy?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We can. That's basically what bio-diesel/corn-based ethanol fuel is. The problem is that food provides enough energy to power a human body handily, but when you want to start powering machines with it, you need a *lot*, more than there's really room to grow if you wanted to power a whole civilization. The other problem is that all the energy that goes into growing the food and processing it into fuel vs the amount of energy produced by the fuel results in a net loss.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5356128",
"title": "Ethanol fuel energy balance",
"section": "Section::::Clean production bioethanol.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 749,
"text": "BULLET::::- energy indirectly consumed is, as much as possible, renewable. Examples would be reducing either the amount or fossil carbon content of applied pest control chemicals and fertilizers, or accomplishing deliveries of farm inputs or of finished bioethanol fuel to market that minimize the use of fossil fuels. Optimally located biomass and ethanol production must balance many factors: minimizing distances to and from markets, effectively collecting and employing biomass wastes, maximizing crop yields based on enduring soil quality, available natural pest control and adequate sun and water, and optimizing a sufficient mix and rotation of plant species on cultivated, fallow and preserved land for human, animal and energy consumption.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18413531",
"title": "Sustainability",
"section": "Section::::Environmental dimension.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 494,
"text": "Management of human consumption of resources is an indirect approach based largely on information gained from economics. Herman Daly has suggested three broad criteria for ecological sustainability: renewable resources should provide a sustainable yield (the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14967273",
"title": "Regenerative design",
"section": "Section::::Regenerative agriculture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 83,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 83,
"end_character": 1131,
"text": "Regenerative farming or 'regenerative agriculture' calls for the creation of demand on agricultural systems to produce food in a way that is beneficial to the production and the ecology of the environment. It uses the science of systems ecology, and the design and application through permaculture. As understanding of its benefits to human biology and ecological systems that sustain us is increased as has the demand for organic food. Organic food grown using regenerative and permaculture design increases the biodiversity and is used to develop business models that regenerate communities. Whereas some foods are organic some are not strictly regenerative because it is not clearly seeking to maximize biodiversity and the resilience of the environment and the workforce. Regenerative agriculture grows organic produce through ethical supply chains, zero waste policies, fair wages, staff development and wellbeing, and in some cases cooperative and social enterprise models. It seeks to benefit the staff along the supply chain, customers, and ecosystems with the outcome of human and ecological restoration and regeneration.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "210537",
"title": "Renewable resource",
"section": "Section::::Examples of industrial use.:Biomass.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 475,
"text": "Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction and land degradation. Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6328159",
"title": "Landfill diversion",
"section": "Section::::Types of landfill diversion.:Biological treatments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 764,
"text": "In addition to reusing materials waste products can go through biological treatment. There are two types of biological treatments anaerobic digestion or composting. Simply stated, biological treatment is the breaking down of material through the action of micro-organisms. Materials are broken down to carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Biomass consists of wood, crops, yard and animal waste. Biomass is considered a renewable energy because more can be grown in a short amount of time. Biomass contributes to roughly four percent of our energy. Biomass energy although its burned, does not pollute the air as much as fossil fuels. Some materials easily break down, others do not. The environment in which the material is placed determines the speed of breakdown.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18413531",
"title": "Sustainability",
"section": "Section::::Environmental dimension.:Management of human consumption.:Materials, toxic substances, waste.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 134,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 134,
"end_character": 612,
"text": "Sustainable use of materials has targeted the idea of dematerialization, converting the linear path of materials (extraction, use, disposal in landfill) to a circular material flow that reuses materials as much as possible, much like the cycling and reuse of waste in nature. This approach is supported by product stewardship and the increasing use of material flow analysis at all levels, especially individual countries and the global economy. The use of sustainable biomaterials that come from renewable sources and that can be recycled is preferred to the use on non-renewables from a life cycle standpoint.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4081192",
"title": "Sustainable habitat",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 360,
"text": "In creating the sustainable habitats, environmental scientists, designers, engineers and architects must consider no element as a waste product to be disposed of somewhere off site, but as a nutrient stream for another process to feed on. Researching ways to interconnect waste streams to production creates a more sustainable society by minimizing pollution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3mzz5r
|
what do people mean when they say there are two china's?
|
[
{
"answer": "There are two countries which claim to be \"China\". There's the \"Republic of China\" (ROC) and the \"People's Republic of China\" (PRC).\n\nThe PRC is the one that actually controls what you'd normally call China. It controls that massive territory in mainland Asia, plus the Special Administrative Regions of Macau and Hong Kong.\n\nThe ROC only controls Taiwan and a few surrounding islands. Most people would probably just call this country Taiwan rather than China, but officially they claim to be the legitimate government of mainland China too.\n\nThis all happened because before and after WW2 there was a civil war between the Communists and the ruling Nationalists. The Communists managed to take over the mainland and declare it the PRC, and the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. After a while most of the rest of the world decided to accept the PRC as the legitimate government of China, and on paper don't recognise Taiwan as a separate country.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Imagine if the Confederates were never fully defeated during the civil war, but instead retreated to Hawaii and re-established their capital there. Both the Union and the Confederate would claim to be the United States of America even though the Union controls the mainland while the Confederates only control Hawaii.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They may be talking about Taiwan which also claims to be \"China\", and which actual China claims to own. This is why Taiwan is sometimes known as \"Chinese Taipei\".\n\nIt also could be a referense to the \"One country, two systems policy\" that governs Hong Kong. When Hong Kong rejoined China in 1999 they were allowed to keep many of their existing (non-communist) laws.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "How can one country \"claim to own\" another country that is acting independently? After years of not being able to control them, wouldn't they have to give in and admit they don't own them?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There's the glitzy china that you hear about in the world news and the China of the vast majority of Chinese who are still poor.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I don't think the post you read meant the PRC and Taiwan. More likely, it referred to rich, urban mainland China and poor, rural mainland China. \n\nChina restricts the movement of its residents with a system of domestic passports called *hukou*. In order to receive basic services -- including medical service, the privilege of registering your children for school, and internet service -- a citizen must have a valid, local *hukou* (or a valid reason not to have a local *hukou*, like staying in a registered hotel). People who live somewhere their hukou isn't valid are effectively second-class citizens, as are their children.\n\nUnfortunately, most of China's infrastructural development -- public transportation, sewage management systems, etc. -- benefits urban populations, and therefore urban hukou holders. Rural hukou holders live in 3rd-world conditions, and are kept in those conditions even when they travel to cities in search of economic opportunities.\n\nWhen English-language commenters refer to two Chinas, they are usually referring to rural hukou holders -- the vast majority of China's population -- and urban hukou holders. The Chinese government effectively treats these two groups like two different countries. \n\nIt is worth noting, too, that some people who speak of 'two Chinas' are talking about ethnic Han and ethnic minorities in mainland China. If you think that rural Han are disenfranchised, you should read about Uyghurs or Tibetans.\n\nThe mechanisms of the hukou system are shockingly similar to those of apartheid South Africa, so much so that it is worthwhile to read about SA in order to understand the 'two Chinas.'\n\nEDIT: I must add that the Chinese government, by all signs, hopes to eliminate the *hukou* system through urbanization. Clearly, they cannot police the lines between urban people and rural people forever: the border between the two is too long and porous, and the cities need country people to work for cheap. The hukou system is entirely in line with Deng Xiaoping's famous, ominous statement of meta-policy: \"让一部分人先富起来,' *let a portion of the population get rich first*. It seems that the 'portion' he meant was urban people.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1462013",
"title": "1992 Consensus",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "The term itself was brought up on April 2000 by Kuomintang politician Su Chi, who later in 2006 stated that he made up the term. The term, as described by some observers, means that, on the subject of the \"One China principle\", both sides recognize there is only one \"\"China\"\": both mainland China and Taiwan belong to the same China, but both sides agree to interpret the meaning of that one China according to their own definition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "66739",
"title": "One-China policy",
"section": "Section::::Diplomatic relations.:Cross-strait relations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 599,
"text": "The PRC has explicitly stated that it is flexible about the meaning \"one China\", and that \"one China\" may not necessarily be synonymous with the PRC, and has offered to talk with parties on Taiwan and the government on Taiwan on the basis of the Consensus of 1992 which states that there is one China, but that there are different interpretations of that one China. For example, in Premier Zhu Rongji's statements prior to the 2000 Presidential Election in Taiwan, he stated that as long as any ruling power in Taiwan accepts the One China Principle, they can negotiate and discuss anything freely.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3770600",
"title": "Taiwan, China",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 933,
"text": "The terms are contentious and potentially ambiguous because they relate to the controversial issues of the political status of Taiwan and Cross-Strait relations between \"Taiwan\" and \"China\", in that whether they are two separate countries or \"two areas of one country\". Since 1949, two countries with the name \"China\" (Two Chinas) actually exist, namely the Republic of China (ROC, founded 1912 and now commonly known as \"Taiwan\") and the People's Republic of China (PRC, founded 1949 and now commonly known as \"China\", and \"\"the\" China\"). However, only one \"China\" actually rules Taiwan, namely Republic of China, and has an administrative division called \"Taiwan Province\" but refers to it as \"Taiwan Province, Republic of China\"; whereas, the other \"China\", namely the People's Republic of China, which is the one internationally recognized as \"China\" (not the ROC), \"claims\" but does not control Taiwan as part of its territory.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "66739",
"title": "One-China policy",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "\"One-China policy\" is a policy saying that there is only one sovereign state under the name China, despite the fact that there are two states, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC), whose official names incorporate \"China\". Many states follow a one China policy, but the meanings are not the same. The PRC exclusively uses the term \"One China Principle\" in its official communications.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "434280",
"title": "National Unification Council",
"section": "Section::::Establishment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 313,
"text": "The meaning of \"one China\" adopted by the \"national unification council\" on 1 August 1992 says that \"both sides of the Taiwan Straits agree that there is only one China. However, the two sides of the Straits have different opinions as to the meaning of 'one China'.\" This would later known as the 1992 consensus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23239",
"title": "Politics of China",
"section": "Section::::International disputes.:Territorial disputes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 206,
"text": "In addition, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) share the 1992 Consensus that there is only \"One China\"; thus, each claims sovereignty over the entire territory of the other.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "796686",
"title": "One Country on Each Side",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 541,
"text": "One Country on Each Side () is a concept originating in the Democratic Progressive Party government led by Chen Shui-bian, the former President of the Republic of China (2000–2008), regarding the political status of Taiwan. It emphasised that the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (commonly known as \"Taiwan\") are two different countries, (namely \"One China, one Taiwan\"), as opposed to two separate political entities within the same country of \"China\". This is the position of the supporters of the Pan-Green coalition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2sr0h2
|
How much communication and collaboration was there between American and Soviet scientists and academics during the Cold War?
|
[
{
"answer": "It probably did vary based on the field. In linguistics, communication theory and anthropology, for example, there was little official communication, but some little did pass through. The Soviets often managed to smuggle in the most important works of Western scholars and unofficial translations circulated among secret scientific societies (e.g. the Tartu-Moscow School of semiotics). Since they had to stave off KGB and their informants, outside information was often distributed in 18th century salon gatherings (which were very popular and influential in Russia especially), e.g. a distinguished person invited friends and acquaintances to his or her home. The reverse is also true - Soviet manuscripts were often smuggled out to be translated and published in Western journals. More often than not, though, they were published in departments of slavistics, so that Soviet film studies, for example, didn't actually have much influence on Western film studies. It was also the case that the French were much more it tune with Soviet humanitarian fields, perhaps because they were more openly Marxist, so that the French were often mediators between America and Russia. For example, the concept of \"intertextuality\" was originally Mikhail Bakhtin's term but gained notoriety through Julia Kristeva. So, too, with structural anthropology, which is attributed to Claude Lévi-Strauss, but only came to be because of the influence of Roman Jakobson. There are countless such examples, but they are easier to trace on the Western side, because the Soviets didn't cite or reference their Western sources. Also, during the Khrushchev Thaw, some few Western academics did get to travel into Soviet countries, especially for conferences, but were kept on a tight watch and driven around by KGB officers. \n\nSource: am Estonian, e.g. from an ex-Soviet satellite country. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "797178",
"title": "First Chief Directorate",
"section": "Section::::Early operations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 510,
"text": "One of the biggest successes of Soviet foreign intelligence was the penetration of the American Manhattan Project, which was the code name for the effort during World War II to develop the first nuclear weapons of the United States with assistance from the United Kingdom and Canada. Information gathered in the United States, Great Britain and Canada, especially in USA, by NKVD and NKGB agents then supplied to Soviet physicists, allowed them to carry out the first Soviet nuclear explosion already in 1949.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1363385",
"title": "Signal Intelligence Service",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 482,
"text": "Midway through World War II, in 1943, the Army Signal Intelligence Service (later the Army Security Agency) began intercepting Soviet (Russian) intelligence traffic sent mainly from New York City; they assigned the code name \"Venona\" to the project. Although the United States had become allies with the Soviet Union in 1941, many officials were suspicious of the communist government and society. By 1945, some 200,000 messages had been transcribed, a measure of Soviet activity. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1217440",
"title": "Soviet atomic bomb project",
"section": "Section::::Espionage.:Soviet atomic ring.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 658,
"text": "The atomic and industrial espionages in the United States by American sympathisers of communism who were controlled by their \"rezident\" Russian officials in North America greatly aided the speed of the Soviet atomic project from 1942–54. Willingness of sharing classified information to Soviet Union by recruited American communist sympathizers increased when the Soviet Union faced possible defeat during the German invasion in World War II. The Russian intelligence network in the United Kingdom also played a vital role in setting up the spy rings in the United States when the Russian State Defense Committee approved resolution 2352, in September 1942.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39762269",
"title": "Operation Claw",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 479,
"text": "Even before the war in Europe ended the various allied states had begun the search for German scientists and other German expertise. Signals intelligence had been vital during World War II and especially the British work with breaking the German codes, from the Enigma had been of huge importance. The Yalta Conference in February 1945 had revealed conflicts of interest between the western allied nations on one side and the Soviet Union and the relation was severely strained.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27662123",
"title": "Ministry of Communications (Soviet Union)",
"section": "Section::::History.:1932–1946.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 797,
"text": "Over the years of the pre-World War II five-year plans (1929–1940), there was a rapid development of the Soviet communication system and industry. High-frequency equipment was introduced for long-distance communication. Use of such equipment allowed to transmit three, four, or 12 telephone calls over a pair of wires or 16 telegrams over a single telephone channel. In 1939, construction of a high-frequency three-channel line between Moscow and Khabarovsk (8,600 km) provided dependable communication between the USSR central regions and the Far East. By late 1940, the Moscow Central Telegraph Office had 22 facsimile lines. In 1941, a 12-channel line between Moscow and Leningrad was put into operation that meant the concurrent transmission of 12 telephone calls over a single pair of wires.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1217440",
"title": "Soviet atomic bomb project",
"section": "Section::::Espionage.:Soviet intelligence management in Manhattan Project.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 644,
"text": "In the 1990s, with the declassification of Soviet intelligence materials, which showed the extent and the type of the information obtained by the Soviets from US sources, a heated debate ensued in Russia and abroad as to the relative importance of espionage, as opposed to the Soviet scientists' own efforts, in the making of the Soviet bomb. The vast majority of scholars agree that whereas the Soviet atomic project was first and foremost a product of local expertise and scientific talent, it is clear that espionage efforts contributed to the project in various ways and most certainly shortened the time needed to develop the atomic bomb.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "173620",
"title": "Venona project",
"section": "Section::::Decryption.:Breakthrough.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 597,
"text": "One significant aid (mentioned by the NSA) in the early stages may have been work done in cooperation between the Japanese and Finnish cryptanalysis organizations; when the Americans broke into Japanese codes during World War II, they gained access to this information. There are also reports that copies of signals purloined from Soviet offices by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were helpful in the cryptanalysis. The Finnish radio intelligence sold much of its material concerning Soviet codes to OSS in 1944 during Operation Stella Polaris, including the partially burned code book.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1ofru2
|
(serious) the thought process that leads doctors to choose to become proctologists, gynecologists or urologists.
|
[
{
"answer": "I can think of three reason:\n\n1) Money - If these positions pay more money, doctors will follow.\n\n2) Demand - Perhaps a lot of doctors do not want want to be urologists and such. However, since fewer doctors take these jobs, these positions will more available. So the doctor has the choice to compete against 100 other doctors to be become a neurosurgeon, or can take the guaranteed gynecologist job.\n\n3) Personal motivation - Some doctor specialize in certain areas due to personal reasons. A doctor might choose to become a cardiologist because his father died of heart failure. I'm sure this type of motivation might exist for gynecologists as well.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "All those fields pay very well, and most doctors in those specialties work solely based on appointments which is much less stressful than working in, say, an ICU.\n\nI know it seems like it would be a gross job, but there's no part of the medical profession that isn't gross. A \"regular doctor\" like an MD or PCP has to touch other people's junk and assholes on a daily basis too.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21306775",
"title": "Urogynecology",
"section": "Section::::Education and training.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 612,
"text": "Urogynecologists are medical professionals who have been to medical school and achieved their basic medical degree, followed by postgraduate training in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OB-GYN). They then undertake further training in Urogynecology to achieve accreditation/board certification in this subspecialty. Training programme requirements and duration varies from country to country but usually tend to be around 2-3 years in most places. Urogynaecology fellowship programmes are available in some countries, but not all and the levels of formal accreditation and certification vary from country to country.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1255059",
"title": "Manual therapy",
"section": "Section::::Use and method.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 428,
"text": "In Western Europe, North America and Australasia, manual therapy is usually practiced by members of specific health care professions (e.g. Chiropractors, Occupational Therapists, Osteopaths, Osteopathic physicians, Physiotherapists/Physical Therapists, Massage Therapists and Physiatrists). However, some lay practitioners (not members of a structured profession), such as bonesetters also provide some forms of manual therapy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21306775",
"title": "Urogynecology",
"section": "Section::::Scope of practice.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 922,
"text": "There is some crossover with the subspecialty of Female Urology - these doctors are urologists who undergo additional training to be able to manage female urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and interstitial cystitis/PBS. In addition, there are colorectal surgeons who have a special interest in anal incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction related to rectal function. Contemporary urogynecological practice encourages multidisciplinary teams working in the care of patients, with collaborative input from urogynecologists, urologists, colorectal surgeons, elderly care physicians, and physiotherapists. This is especially important in the care of patients with complex problems, e.g. those who have undergone previous surgery or who have combined incontinence and prolapse, or combined urinary and bowel problems. Multidisciplinary team meetings are an important part of the management pathway of these women. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21306775",
"title": "Urogynecology",
"section": "Section::::Education and training.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 720,
"text": "The International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) is a global body for professionals practising in the field of urogynaecology and female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery. IUGA facilitates training for physicians from countries which do not have formal training programmes by maintaining and publishing a directory of fellowship programme. IUGA also provides educational opportunities for urogynecologists both online and in-person, develops terminology and standardization for the field. The International Continence Society (ICS) is another global organization which strives to improve the quality of life for people affected by urinary, bowel and pelvic floor disorders through education, and research.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1255059",
"title": "Manual therapy",
"section": "Section::::Definitions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "A consensus study of US chiropractors defined manual therapy (generally known as the \"chiropractic adjustment\" in the profession) as \"Procedures by which the hands directly contact the body to treat the articulations and/or soft tissues.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19190925",
"title": "Somatology",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 493,
"text": "Some practitioners of alternative medicine may also refer to what they do as somatology. In this sense, the term is used to refer to the study and treatment of the body as a whole, with the application of techniques such as massage, herbal medicine, acupuncture, guided imagery, and so forth to patients. Some people in this branch of the field may focus on providing people with sources of relaxation, with some spas and massage studios referencing somatology in their promotional materials.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1465997",
"title": "Health psychology",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Improving doctor–patient communication.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 913,
"text": "Health psychologists aid the process of communication between physicians and patients during medical consultations. There are many problems in this process, with patients showing a considerable lack of understanding of many medical terms, particularly anatomical terms (e.g., intestines). One area of research on this topic involves \"doctor-centered\" or \"patient-centered\" consultations. Doctor-centered consultations are generally directive, with the patient answering questions and playing less of a role in decision-making. Although this style is preferred by elderly people and others, many people dislike the sense of hierarchy or ignorance that it inspires. They prefer patient-centered consultations, which focus on the patient's needs, involve the doctor listening to the patient completely before making a decision, and involving the patient in the process of choosing treatment and finding a diagnosis.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2jhb6p
|
how is a chicken made from liquid?
|
[
{
"answer": "The yolk must be fertilized first. The rest of the egg is formed around the yolk. The embryo uses the nutrients in the eggwhite to survive and grow inside. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > I'm assuming he means how it forms from inside he egg going from egg yoke to a chicken fetus into a live chick.\n\nThe yolk doesn't become a chicken. The eggs you eat aren't fertilized, so there's no embryo inside them. In a fertilized egg, there's a chicken embryo attached to the yolk. It absorbs the yolk and albumen (egg white) for the nutrients it needs as its cells multiply.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Think about the egg liquids as a smoothie so plentiful and nutritious that it lets one cell grow in to a whole baby chicken. It's exactly like how eating and drinking makes every animal grow. \n\nAlternately, if he wants to know about embryonic development, to my knowledge it isn't super well understood *how* exactly everything develops in the correct place. It's the result of many complex chemical reactions. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The egg isn't just liquid. There are cells in the liquid, and you should already know that cells are too small to see without a microscope. \n\nThe cells in the egg are able to multiply and grow - just like in humans. Egg cells are able to be \"programmed\" as they grow, so some will eventually become bone, blood, skin, and other parts. \n\nThose first few cells are how most living things all begin - and our cells divide over and over, then become the special parts that make our bodies up. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "13657802",
"title": "Chicken and dumplings",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 371,
"text": "Chicken and dumplings is a dish that consists of a chicken cooked in water, with the resulting chicken broth being used to cook the dumplings by boiling. A dumpling—in this context—is a biscuit dough, which is a mixture of flour, shortening, and liquid (water, milk, buttermilk, or chicken stock). The dumplings are either rolled out flat, dropped or formed into a ball.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20220524",
"title": "Toriten",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 329,
"text": "Any part of the chicken can be used. The meat is cut into small pieces, dipped in soy sauce, sake and garlic powder, rolled in tempura powder and deep fried. Toriten is commonly served with fresh greens, and eaten hot immediately after frying. The most common sauce is Ponzu sauce (made with Soy sauce and vinegar) with mustard.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "879206",
"title": "Kai yang",
"section": "Section::::Ingredients and preparation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "A whole chicken is often halved and pounded flat. It is marinated and then grilled over a low heat on a charcoal flame for a long time, but is not cooked to be burnt or dry. The marinade typically includes fish sauce, garlic, turmeric, coriander root (cilantro), and white pepper. Many variations exist, and it is also quite common to find black soy sauce, hoisin sauce, shallots, leaves and seeds of coriander, lemongrass, chilis, ginger, vinegar, palm sugar, and MSG.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2047222",
"title": "Filipino cuisine",
"section": "Section::::Common dishes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Food is often served with various dipping sauces. Fried food is often dipped either in vinegar with onions, soy sauce with juice squeezed from \"Kalamansi\" (Philippine lime or \"calamansi\"). \"Patis\" (fish sauce) may be mixed with \"kalamansi\" as dipping sauce for most seafood or mixed with a stew called nilaga. Fish sauce, fish paste (\"bagoong\"), shrimp paste (\"bagoong alamang\") and crushed ginger root (\"luya\") are condiments that are often added to dishes during the cooking process or when served.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42091307",
"title": "Gaston Gérard Chicken",
"section": "Section::::Ingredients and preparation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 229,
"text": "The chicken is first browned in oil or butter, then left to cook. The sauce is made with the cooking juice, grated cheese, white wine from Burgundy, mustard, and cream. It is served slightly browned and paired with a white wine.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46461",
"title": "Chicken soup",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "Chicken soup is a soup made from chicken, simmered in water, usually with various other ingredients. The classic chicken soup consists of a clear chicken broth, often with pieces of chicken or vegetables; common additions are pasta, noodles, dumplings, or grains such as rice and barley. Chicken soup has acquired the reputation of a folk remedy for colds and influenza, and in many countries is considered a comfort food.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "266867",
"title": "Aklan",
"section": "Section::::Culture.:Cuisine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 414,
"text": "Binakol, also spelled binakoe, is a Filipino chicken soup made from chicken cooked in coconut water with grated coconut, green papaya (or chayote), leafy vegetables, garlic, onion, ginger, lemongrass, and \"patis\" (fish sauce). It can also be spiced with chilis. \"Binakol\" can also be cooked with other kinds of meat or seafood. It was traditionally cooked inside bamboo tubes or directly on halved coconut shells.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
21iqwe
|
What is the current historical understanding of how Native Americans developed corn (maize)?
|
[
{
"answer": "Actually just this past February a study was [released](_URL_0_) in which the climate at the time of the end of the last Ice Age was recreated in a greenhouse. They discovered that teosinte looks remarkable more like maize in the past than it does today.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "28071973",
"title": "Mill Creek chert",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 934,
"text": "The best archaeological evidence states that maize (corn) first entered the United States from Mexico around 800 CE. It quickly spread throughout the continent and created a full scale lifestyle shift for the prehistoric people of the area. The cultivation and harvest of maize would allow for the creation of permanent villages and cities. To cultivate maize, tools were needed to till, plant and harvest the new crops. The spade was invented to accomplish these agricultural goals. Spades were chipped from large pieces of tabular flint from sources like Mill Creek, Dover, and Kaolin chert. Although no prehistoric hafting exist today, it is likely that the spades were hafted at right angles to the handle and used much like today's garden hoes. The technological leap created by mastering the spade production and the cultivation of maize was one of the single most important events over man's 14,000 year prehistory in America.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20656228",
"title": "Maize",
"section": "Section::::History.:Pre-Columbian development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 557,
"text": "An influential 2002 study by Matsuoka \"et al\". has demonstrated that, rather than the multiple independent domestications model, all maize arose from a single domestication in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. The study also demonstrated that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread from this region over the Americas along two major paths. This is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11252455",
"title": "Las Vegas culture (archaeology)",
"section": "Section::::Agriculture.:Other early maize in the area.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 296,
"text": "Scholars have been debating whether the early planting of maize was done in the lowlands, at the mid-elevations, or perhaps even in the highlands of the Americas. Also, the question remains open whether the first maize in South America was introduced in the lowlands or at the higher elevations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5133789",
"title": "Agriculture in Canada",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 533,
"text": "In the 15th century Samuel de Champlain and Gabriel Sagard recorded that the Iroquois and Huron cultivated the soil for maize or \"Indian corn\". Maize (\"Zea mays\"), potatoes (\"Solanum tuberosum\"), beans (\"phaseolus\"), squash (\"Cucurbita\") and the sunflower (\"Helianthus annus\") were grown throughout agricultural lands in North America by the 16th century. As early as 2300 BC evidence of squash was introduced to the northeastern woodlands region. Archaeological findings from 500 AD have shown corn cultivation in southern Ontario.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51617507",
"title": "Pre-Columbian cuisine",
"section": "Section::::Important crops.:Maize.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 831,
"text": "This crop was initially farmed by members of the Aztec, Mayan, and Incan cultures. It is an extremely important staple, and is considered to be the most important throughout the native peoples of the New World. Its cultivation allowed people to stop hunting and begin to settle down. Its contribution to the rise of civilization is made clear in its godlike status among native people, frequently being used a subject of art and pottery. Maize was the focal point of many Pre-Columbian religions, playing an analogous role to bread in Western religion. Humans themselves are both physically and spiritually melded from corn. Research has shown that maize may have even been a staple food in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean. Evidence of its cultivation has been found around the region, suggesting its status as an important foodstuff.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20656228",
"title": "Maize",
"section": "Section::::History.:Pre-Columbian development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 803,
"text": "The earliest maize plants grew only small, long corn cobs, and only one per plant. In Spielvogel's view, many centuries of artificial selection (rather than the current view that maize was exploited by interplanting with \"teosinte\") by the indigenous people of the Americas resulted in the development of maize plants capable of growing several cobs per plant, which were usually several centimetres/inches long each. The Olmec and Maya cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica; they cooked, ground and processed it through nixtamalization. It was believed that beginning about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. Research of the 21st century has established even earlier dates. The region developed a trade network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1395226",
"title": "Corn on the cob",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 385,
"text": "Corn was eaten by Native American tribes before European settlers arrived in the Americas, and was a prominent source of sustenance for the Gallimore tribe, which occupied areas of the Midwest as far East as what is now Ohio. The Maya ate corn as a staple food crop and ate it off the cob, either roasting or boiling it. Aboriginal Canadians in southern parts of Canada also eat corn.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3o7i60
|
what are the people in syria fleeing from?
|
[
{
"answer": "There was a [Syrian civil war](_URL_0_) because the leader was basically an oppressive dictator. In addition to the chaos of a civil war numerous terrorist groups came in/popped up and are just fighting whomever they really want.\n\nIn short, they're running away from terrorist groups (ISIS, etc.) and their own government.\n\nAlso, since they're in the midst of a civil war it's pretty hard to keep a job and get food/water; so lots of people are trying to leave Syria to get jobs so they can buy basic necessities.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "When the Arab spring happened, many Arabs protested in their respective countries calling for freedom and the fact that they were unhappy with their governments. The Syrians started protesting calling to overthrow the government as it was a dictatorship and they wanted more freedom.\n\nHowever Assad refused to step down. He used brutal attacks and violence which killed many people to stop the revolution. Rebel groups were formed, and fighting ensued. ISIS took advantage of the situation and invaded Syria taking some territory. \n\nIn short the people are trapped between terrorists and their own brutal dictator, so they're fleeing the country.\n\nEdit: [Heres a fantastic video by the Guardian following a refugee family on their journey. Really recommend you watch it OP](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Syrians arent just fleeing from ISIS. ISIS is only a part of the problem, there's no longer a think called freedom or privacy in Syria. If you don't pick a side, you'll end up killed in no time. All the basic necessities of a normal life are gone, food is hardly found, medical attention is hardly available and if available there's thousands and thousands of other people waiting for their turn. Most businesses has shut down. People live in fear everyday, Bombings happen all the time and it became common for them. In few words, Syria is hell and if they don't flee now, they might not live another day to flee in another time, and they sell all their belongings just to make some money to have a spot in a old rusty boat that end up drowning 70% of the time killing most of the people on board.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They are running from a lawless warzone where your head could be cut off at any fucking moment. they don't have food, water or money. and even if they did have money, they couldn't spend it because the stores are all closed. honestly, there is just nothing to live for in Syria, so they leave.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30741795",
"title": "Syrian Civil War",
"section": "Section::::Impact.:Displacement and refugee migration.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 1290,
"text": "The violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes. As of March 2015, Al-Jazeera estimate 10.9 million Syrians, or almost half the population, have been displaced. 3.8 million have been made refugees. , 1 in 3 of Syrian refugees (about 667,000 people) sought safety in Lebanon (normally 4.8 million population). Others have fled to Jordan, Turkey, and Iraq. Turkey has accepted 1,700,000 (2015) Syrian refugees, half of whom are spread around cities and a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government. Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011, shortly after the towns of Deraa, Homs, and Hama were besieged. In September 2014, the UN stated that the number of Syrian refugees had exceeded 3 million. According to the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Sunnis are leaving for Lebanon and undermining Hezbollah's status. The Syrian refugee crisis has caused the \"Jordan is Palestine\" threat to be diminished due to the onslaught of new refugees in Jordan. Greek Catholic Patriarch Gregorios III Laham claims more than 450,000 Syrian Christians have been displaced by the conflict. As of September 2016, the European Union has reported that there are 13.5 million refugees in need of assistance in the country.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10643908",
"title": "Syrian Turkmen",
"section": "Section::::Syrian civil war.:Displacement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war many Syrian refugees (including Syrian Turkmen) have sought asylum in Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon and Northern Iraq, as well as several Western European countries and Australia. Moreover, many Syrian Turkmen have also been internally displaced from their homes, forcing them to settle in other parts of Syria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42175",
"title": "Population transfer",
"section": "Section::::In Asia.:Middle East.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 125,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 125,
"end_character": 264,
"text": "BULLET::::- About 6.5 million Syrian refugees moved within the country, and 4.3 million left for neighboring countries because of the Syrian Civil War. Many were displaced by the fighting, with forced expulsions taking place against both Sunni Arabs and Alawites.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32465077",
"title": "Refugees of the Syrian Civil War",
"section": "Section::::History.:Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 451,
"text": "By May 2011, thousands of people had fled from the war to neighbouring countries, with even larger numbers displaced within Syria itself. As armies assaulted various locations and battled, entire villages were trying to escape, with thousands of refugees a day crossing borders. Other reasons for displacement in the region, often adding to the Syrian Civil War, target the refugees of the Iraqi Civil War, Kurdish refugees, and Palestinian refugees.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32465077",
"title": "Refugees of the Syrian Civil War",
"section": "Section::::History.:Development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 408,
"text": "An estimated 1.5 million Syrians are refugees by the end of 2013. In 2014, the deteriorating humanitarian situation in neighboring Iraq prompted an influx of Iraqi refugees into north-eastern Syria. By the end of August, the UN estimated 6.5 million people had been displaced within Syria, while more than 3 million had fled to countries such as Lebanon (1.1 million), Jordan (600,000) and Turkey (800,000).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44221681",
"title": "History of Syria",
"section": "Section::::Modern history.:Civil War (2011–present).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 95,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 95,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "According to the UN, about 1.2 million Syrians had been internally displaced within the country and over 355,000 Syrian refugees had fled to the neighboring countries of Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Turkey during the first year of fighting.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15694729",
"title": "Prostitution in Syria",
"section": "Section::::Sex trafficking.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 526,
"text": "Syria is a source and destination country for women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. The situation in Syria continues to deteriorate amid the ongoing civil war. More than half of Syria’s pre-war population of 23 million has been displaced; as of March 2017, five million have fled to neighbouring countries and, as of December 2016, roughly 6.3 million are internally displaced. Syrians, both those that remain in the country and refugees in neighbouring countries, continue to be highly vulnerable to trafficking.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1l0uf5
|
Is solar power viable in the U.S.?
|
[
{
"answer": "They use high-voltage DC, with converter stations at each end, for long distance power transmission. Such a system transmits 3,100 megawatts from [Northern Oregon to Los Angeles](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You roommate is making a blanket black and white statement. They are almost never correct. :) The truth is usually in the gray area. We don't have to only choose solar for the sole energy source of the USA. We can implement it where it will work and where it doesn't have to be transmitted too incredibly far and do other energy sources in other places.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "From my knowledge solar is completely viable in the United States. The thing about solar is that it is a point source technology. In a perfect world with a better electricity distribution system and every south facing capable rooftop had panels on them, solar would become the most viable option. Yes it would be unwise to cover the state of arizona with panels and transmit the electricity to New York. Solar power should be used where it is generated, this minimized loss of power due to travel distance. So solar is more viable in some locations and less viable in others. Renewable energy technologies are not just pick one and run with it, they all must be used together\" solar wind geothermal tidal hydroelectric biomass all need to be used together to ensure the viability of the system as a whole. Germany has been using a combination of all of these and this is why their renewable energy portfolio has prospered. \n\nTL;DR: Solar should be used at the source to minimize transmission loss, and is more viable in certain areas. but when used in conjunction with other technologies it is viable everywhere.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'll assume you are referring to residential use and yes, especially in places where the infrastructure is sub par or where there have been population explosions. When it also coincides with areas that can harvest quite a bit of energy such as the southwest it's an enormous benefit.\n\nThe problem with gauging the entire US is that you have such drastically different climates. I live in Wisconsin and while I could benefit from it I would only be able to depend on it for maybe 6 months of the year at best.\n\nCommercially there is a huge market for this. I regularly consult for energy oriented companies and handled an off grid backup generator that was meant to go alongside solar and wind powered battery banks. Saudi Arabia is leading this but you see cell companies moving to solar in remote locations around the world.\n\nIt should be mentioned that solar isn't best for replacing standard utility but rather supplementing it. In some locations you can even get paid by the utility company for selling surplus energy produced which can lower your bills. Even if you just decide to install solar lighting, something becoming more popular manufacturing buildings, you can greatly reduce your energy use from the utility company.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Given that most power is generated locally, and the viability of solar is mostly dependent on the amount of sunshine a place gets I'd have to say your friend's reasons are bs.\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Anything is viable if you are willing to pay and/or wait for it. Solar power just isn't competitive right now, due to subsidies, economies of scale, large corporate interests, and many more factors.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Well, as someone who specializes in the politics of growth, I'd have to say that NO energy system we currently have access to is \"viable\" for our current level of energy consumption in the long-term.\n\nThis is made worse by the fact that our energy consumption is expected to continue to grow. And at current rates, energy consumption is going up faster than technological advancements can bring it down (efficient lightbulbs, etc).\n\nSo it's important to realize this is a bit of a loaded question, as nothing could reach \"viable\" status.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Department of Energy Electrical Engineer here. \n\nIt is viable, but it's not constant. For renewables like solar and wind to take a bigger foothold we either need grid level storage or demand will have to follow generation. \n\nLet's say you have a solar plant that's generating 2GW. It is fed into a town that uses 2GW. Balanced and nice. But then clouds come over and power generation drops down to 1.21GW. **GREAT SCOTT!** Now what? That's 790MW of power that you just lost, that town still needs it. Frequency will dip, you might have brown outs, etc. \n\nRight now we have spinning reserves for that issue. That means there is a power plant, natural gas, hyrdo, coal, etc., and this power plant is ready to hook up to the grid and deliver power when they need to. Some have very fast response, measured in cycles. That also means they are burning fuel just to be ready to jump in and keep the power grid up and running if the renewables drop out due to nature. \n\nThat means that generation follows the load, we alter generation of power to meet the load of the customers. With renewables we can't control generations, Sun shines or the wind blows. For that we have to look at the reverse...\n\nLet's say the same thing happens, clouds come over, drops down to 1.21GW, we need 790MW to keep all the town going. Another option is to let the Dispatchers control high load items in your house; air conditioning units, hot water heaters, clothes dryers, and a new high load item will be electric car chargers when they start to become more common in the home. The Dispatcher can \"load shed\" 790MW of load and make it so the town only needs 1.21GW of power. They alter the load to meet generation. It's already done in some places but not for this reason. *(Some companies pay lower electric rates by opting-in for being a load shed location. If load needs to be shed they will turn that company off. Dog food plant for example, that batch is just junk. Price you pay for cheaper rates all year)*\n\nThat example is what most folks call the \"Smart Grid\". It allows Dispatchers and the like to control the load so it can match the renewable generation since it's not constant. \n\njayman419 is right about the DC power lines. HVDC (High Voltage DC) is becoming more popular and we WILL see more of them pop up for the cross country transmission lines. \n\nSo to answer your question, size of the country is not an issue. There is tech for this, it's just that change is slow for something as huge as the US grid. \n\nI took classes from engineers that worked in Germany and Denmark on their solar system. They love it, and they wish it would happen here more. I think those decisions will have to come from Congress, after enough people contact them and say they want it. It's do-able. \n\nps. Non of those numbers I used are realistic. I had real ones but I thought if you have a chance to use 1.21GW you should take it. ",
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"answer": "E.E. Ph.D. student here, focusing on photovoltaics.\n\nHere's all you need to know:\n\n1) [Fox News Claims Solar Won't Work in America Because It's Not Sunny Like Germany](_URL_1_)\n\n2) ^ That's bullshit. [NREL PV Resource Map shows basically all of the U.S...including Alaska...gets more sun than Germany.](_URL_0_)\n\n\n...Ok, additional shit to know (economics)\n\n3) Generally, the cost of an installed PV system is 50% module cost, 40-45% \"balance of systems\", and a fraction being power electronics (e.g. the inverter and shit). Balance of systems is stuff you don't think of like: wiring, installation hardware and labor, permitting and fees, etc... Germany has nationwide standards for permitting process and fees which of course lowers the cost (basic process engineering everybody...).\n\n4) The PV field is being driven to a goal of $1/Watt for a utility-scale PV system. At that cost, PV would be price competitive with coal and natural gas fired power plants even without adding a carbon price or PV incentives. Chinese companies are producing silicon modules for ~ $0.60/Watt. Module pricing has been steadily falling for decades.\n\nRonPaulItsHappening.gif",
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"answer": "The real truth is this, yes I can work in areas of the US, some better than others because we have obviously have varying climates within our borders. However what the US has that Germany doesn't is more access to natural resources (read: not oil) which is less expensive causing the push for solar less \"important\" than a place like Germany where they don't have the same access to natural resources like the US does.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "I heard in a sustainability class that a 100 square mile grid of solar energy would be able to generate all of the power needs of the United States. And in Arizona there are roughly 350 days of sun a year. But getting the power from point Arizona to point TheRestofTheUS is the main problem I would say. ",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "[A great article about the plummeting cost of solar.](_URL_3_)\n\nThe cost of solar is still dropping despite a short spike during 2012 due to a glut of panels on the market that shoved the price too low for some manufacturers to stay in business on. They closed up, supply decreased and the price spiked temporarily.\n\nIf there are no major advances in the field at all, which is moderately unlikely, [this article](_URL_1_) suggests we may reach parity with coal by the end of the decade for at least some parts of the U.S.\n\nAs far as power storage goes [this man and his research team](_URL_0_) are working on what appears to be a viable cheap battery for the storage of huge sums of electricity for use at night or during cloudy weather.\n\nTransportation isn't really an issue. It's using the old mindset of centralized power generation as the basis for the power grid we'll need in 30 years. We'll use renewables that match the sources of power for the region. We'll still need an interconnected grid to move power during peak times but a distributed system will reduce the losses from long distance power transportation.\n\nWe will likely end up using a mix of renewables over the next couple decades. Until something like Thorium fueled power plants or fusion become a reality(if they ever do, there's plenty of debate about both) it'll likely be a slow march away from coal and oil. \n\nIf the U.S. wants to see faster adoption we could consider a [feed in tariff](_URL_2_) like some countries have. As far as I can tell though we won't be seeing that in the states. \n\nWhat your friend seems to have going on is just basic misinformation. Some real research should in time change his perspectives on the subject in time. It's a complex issue that one solution like solar is just a little piece of.",
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{
"answer": "I did a fair amount of research in college on the viability of solar technology in the U.S.\n\n\nThe main limiting factor for solar technology right now is actually cost. Distance for energy to travel is going to be almost irrelevant once the cost comes down. Right now it takes almost 25 years for a completely off the grid solar array to pay itself off. People simply don't plan that far ahead. However, on our current course, solar technology will continue to drop in cost while gas prices will continue to rise. Furthermore, gas is heavily subsidized by the government while solar is not. If the government were to start turning oil subsidies towards solar, many predict that solar technology will be viable for home use within the next 10 years. \n\n\nWill solar power be able to recreate the raw explosive power of combustion fuels? No. For this reason, solar power is not as of now a viable alternative to using fossil fuels in industry. However, the main positive of solar technology is that it eliminates reliance on a grid. Scientists right now are and have developed ways to stack multiple layers of solar cells in one panel, enabling a sizable amount of energy to be harvested even when it's cloudy. Thus, as gas prices rise and solar costs come down, each individual home will be able to afford a solar array that supplies household energy needs off the grid.\n\nTL;DR One main reason we advance solar technology is so that households can operate off the grid, making the size of the U.S. a moot factor. The only question is how SOON can we bring the price into an affordable range.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "My previous field was with irrigation and livestock water...particularly windmills. Windmills are a dying thing here in the states since working on them, even the most basic maintenance like changing the oil (twice a year), can be very dangerous. They're being replaced with electric pumps and a lot of farmers much prefer electric pumps. They're cheaper, they're safer to work with, and really they're just easy.\n\nThe problem with electric pumps, though, is that they have to be on the grid. Something people don't know about windmills is that there are close to 900,000,000 of them in operation right now. Most people only see them from teh highways as they cruise through rural areas, but for every one you see from the highway there's nearly a thousand of them behind it that you can't...and most are nowhere near the grid. Which presents a problem for the people looking at ailing windmills and needing to update.\n\nThe solution has been solar power. We spent the last couple years of my employment with Gicon bringing in solar panels, racks, and controllers to run submersible pumps. Being new, we had a few issues to hammer out before they were really good to go, but after we got it sorted out they were easy, neat, and very reliable. On top of that, they worked completely off the grid, with no human supervision, and in some of the most adverse environments I've seen. The only thing the systems don't survive very well is hail...but what does?\n\nNow it might be hard to go completely off the grid in an urban environment using just solar panels, but it can still be put to good use. Our panels were about 3X5 to produce 200w in direct sunlight. This panels could produce, consistently, 1.8 kilowatt hours per day. Now, my home in Texas is currently consuming about 1750 kilowatt hours a month, which breaks down to 73 kilowatt hours a day. In order for me to go off the grid I would have to have 41 panels. I simply do not have the space to pull that off.\n\nOn top of that, someone relying on solar power will have to contend with the weather on a larger scale. Clouds really piss solar panels off.\n\nOn a bigger scale, as using solar power to power the grid, it could be done a little easier using the open land we have in so many areas of the USA, but when it comes to open land in our neck of the woods wind power just makes a lot more sense.\n\nTL:DR ~ Yes, solar is great in the United States. It just has to be sold the right way.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "If you are interested in doing a little reading, I wrote a 10pg paper on the ability to change over entirely to Solar. Here is a list of all my resources that you can try and look up. Basically, there would be more than enough energy, but the biggest problem is our national grid being so out of date. We waste a ton of energy just in energy transportation. I can try and upload a copy of my paper maybe if someone is interested. \nBillitteri, Thomas J. \"Offshore Drilling.\" CQ Researcher 25 June 2010: 553-80. Web. 4 Feb. 2012.\n\nBrignall, Miles. \"Is Solar Power A Bright Investment?\" Guardian News 5 Feb. 2010. Guardian News. 6 Feb. 2012 \n\n < _URL_4_;\nBrown, Mark. \"Solar Panel Researchers Need Your Computer.\" Wired 11 Sept. 2011. _URL_8_. 30 Jan. 2012 \n\n < _URL_3_;.\nGriffin, R. D. (1992, July 10). Alternative energy. CQ Researcher, 2, 573-596. Retrieved from _URL_1_\n\nHendricks, Bracken. \"Wired for Progress.\" Center for American Progress: 1-50. Center for American Progress. 23 Feb. 2009. 3 Feb. 2012 < _URL_6_;.\n\nJacobson, Mark Z., and Mark A. Delucchi. \"A PATH TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY BY 2030. (Cover Story).\" Scientific American 301.5 (2009): 58. TOPICsearch. Web. 18 Jan. 2012\n\nKim, Susana. \"Exxon Profit Up 69 Percent as Gas and Oil Prices Boost Top Five Oil Companies.\" Abc World News. 28 Apr. 2011. Abc News. 4 Feb. 2012 < _URL_7_;.\n\nLocke, Susannah. \"How does solar power work?: Scientific American.\" How Does Solar Power Work? 20 Oct. 2008. Scientific American. 05 Feb. 2012 < _URL_5_;\n\nMcGlynn, Daniel. \"Fracking Controversy.\" CQ Researcher 16 Dec. 2011: 1049-72. Web. 4 Feb. 2012.\n\nMcLamb, Eric. \"Fossils Fuels vs. Renewable Energy Resources.\" Ecology Global Network | News and Information for Planet Earth. 6 Sept. 2011. Ecology Communications Group, Inc. 28 Jan. 2012 < _URL_11_;.\n\nSchoen, John W. \"Solar power shines Brighter.\" MSNBC. 8 Apr. 2008. _URL_2_. 28 Jan. 2012 < _URL_9_;.\n\nStein, Theo, and Tom Darin. Smart Lines: Transmission for the Renewable Energy Economy. Rep. San Francisco: Resource Media, 2008. Western Resources Advocates. 3 Feb. 2012 < _URL_0_;.\n\nWeeks, J. (2011, May 20). Modernizing the Grid. CQ Researcher, 21, 457-480. Retrieved from _URL_1_.\n\"What is nuclear? / Nuclear Waste.\" What is nuclear? / Public education about nuclear energy. What is Nuclear. 05 Feb. 2012 < _URL_10_;.\n",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "It depends on what you mean by \"viable\".\n\nIf you include unlimited subsidies, of course. But without that, if we want an economic cost-vs.-effect answer, it's not great.\n\nWhen offsetting your own power consumption, you can easily calculate the value of each KWH saved. However, when selling power BACK to the power company, there's not a solid basis for the value of a KWH. I don't see why the power company would pay you the same amount per KWH they sell it for. In fact the price they pay for bulk generation on the open market is a minor fraction of the sale price to YOU.\n\nThey like to say it's worth a lot more because it doesn't use transmission capacity. Plausible that it increases value *some*, yes. However, it's of less value in that they don't have guarantees of output. If there were a LOT of solar, you have a problem in that you've told power plants to go into standby but the day turns unexpectedly cloudy and this may result in a need for expensive instant-on gas turbines to avoid a blackout.\n\nI've been through the calculations many times. It becomes a bit clearer when you look at our more complicated *commercial* accounts, which separate out the cost of Peak Demand charges (for the equipment) from the cost of KWH. BTW, solar PROBABLY won't be able to reduce a Peak Demand cost anyways. For us, it's the peak drawn anytime day or night in the month. If you run a 5 ton AC unit at night (even for only a short time in the month), 10KW of solar won't offset that one bit.\n\nBut also even so, both the KWH and Peak Demand charges are divided into both direct charges and taxes. Here, we have a \"Regulatory Charge\" as well as \"Community Benefit Charge\". These actually don't pay for actual energy used or how much transmission capacity you need, it's about taxes, they have a total budget in mind and if everyone were on solar and using no power they'd still want basically that same amount of money from everyone.\n\nBut this \"complicated\" bill does do a favor: it breaks down into the Fuel Charge per KWH (aka \"Projected Power Supply Adjustment\") which is a passthrough of fuel costs and the power company makes no profit on. The ENERGY charge is what profit the power company makes per KWH as a charge for delivery, in addition to the Peak Demand charge issue.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "15497918",
"title": "Solar power in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Growth.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 357,
"text": "A report by research and publishing firm Clean Edge and the nonprofit Co-op America found that solar power's contribution could grow to 10% of the nation's power needs by 2025, with nearly 2% of the nation's electricity coming from concentrating solar power systems, while solar photovoltaic systems would provide more than 8% of the nation's electricity. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "199804",
"title": "Science and technology in the United States",
"section": "Section::::The Atomic Age and \"Big Science\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 244,
"text": "Meanwhile, American scientists have been experimenting with other renewable energy, including solar power. Although solar power generation is still not economical in much of the United States, recent developments might make it more affordable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35479358",
"title": "Solar power in Florida",
"section": "Section::::Statistics.:Potential generation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 811,
"text": "Solar energy is the state's most abundant energy resource and estimates have placed the state's potential at 2,902,000 MW, which would produce about 5,274,479,000 MWh, an amount much larger than the state and countries's total electricity consumption of 231,209,614 MWh and 4,125,059,899 MWh in 2010. Florida is one of only two states with no potential for conventional wind power, the other being Mississippi, and will need to either import energy from other states during overcast days and at night, or provide adequate grid energy storage. Most of the potential is from photovoltaics, which provides no storage. The state has some potential for concentrated solar power, but the potential is estimated at 130 MW. Taller, 140 meter hub height wind turbines allow up to 153,485 MW of wind turbines in Florida.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50769435",
"title": "Composite bearing",
"section": "Section::::Application and uses.:Solar.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 359,
"text": "Solar has become a viable source of energy. According to the International Energy Agency, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) could be responsible for up to 11.5% of global electricity production by 2050. The life expectancy of the CSP plant could be up to 40 years (13)and energy companies are looking for components that will last the lifetime of the CSP plant.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27743",
"title": "Solar energy",
"section": "Section::::Development, deployment and economics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 548,
"text": "In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the Sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6328047",
"title": "Solar power by country",
"section": "Section::::Americas.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 112,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 112,
"end_character": 620,
"text": "The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power and is among the top countries in the world in deploying the technology, being home to 4 of the 10 largest utility-scale photovoltaic power stations in the world as of 2017. The energy resource continues to be encouraged through official policy with 29 states having set mandatory renewable energy targets as of October 2015, solar power being specifically included in 20 of them. Aside from utility projects, roughly 784,000 homes and businesses in the nation have installed solar systems through the second quarter of 2015.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25784",
"title": "Renewable energy",
"section": "Section::::Market and industry trends.:Trends for individual technologies.:Solar thermal.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 81,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 81,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. The U.S. is among the top countries in the world in electricity generated by the Sun and several of the world's largest utility-scale installations are located in the desert Southwest.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3b5bvd
|
what exactly makes a group of molecules alive?
|
[
{
"answer": "There isn't one definition of life or \"being alive\" that everyone agrees on. Here are some requirements that most people agree on:\n\nReplication: things that are alive have to make new copies of themselves. Viruses for instance aren't alive because something else makes new copies of the virus. \n\nMetabolism: living things use energy. They take energy from chemicals and move it into other chemicals. \n\nOrganization: Living things are made of cells. Even if you found something that was alive that wasn't organized into cells, it needs some sort of confined organization, otherwise there wouldn't be a good way to tell if it reproduced. \n\nThere are a bunch more. You can read about them by looking up different definitions of life. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are a lot of definitions of what \"life\" is, but probably the best one that I've seen is that life is a system of chemical reactions that use outside energy to reduce their own entropy (versions of this were put forth by figures such as James Lovelock and Erwin Schroedinger). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1072857",
"title": "Biosignature",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:Chemical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 464,
"text": "No single compound will prove life once existed. Rather, it will be distinctive patterns present in any organic compounds showing a process of selection. For example, membrane lipids left behind by degraded cells will be concentrated, have a limited size range, and comprise an even number of carbons. Similarly, life only uses left-handed amino acids. Biosignatures need not be chemical, however, and can also be suggested by a distinctive magnetic biosignature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19179706",
"title": "Abiogenesis",
"section": "Section::::Chemical origin of organic molecules.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "molecules in various environments is critical for establishing the inventory of ingredients from which life originated on Earth, assuming that the abiotic production of molecules ultimately influenced the selection of molecules from which life emerged.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34661457",
"title": "Planetary surface",
"section": "Section::::Surface materials.:Rare surface occurrences.:Extraterrestrial Organic compounds.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 963,
"text": "Increasingly organic compounds are being found on objects throughout the Solar System. While unlikely to indicate the presence of extraterrestrial life, all known life is based on these compounds. Complex carbon molecules may form through various complex chemical interactions or delivered through impacts with small solar system objects and can combine to form the \"building blocks\" of Carbon-based life. As organic compounds are often volatile, their persistence as a solid or liquid on a planetary surface is of scientific interest as it would indicate an intrinsic source (such as from the object's interior) or residue from larger quantities of organic material preserved through special circumstances over geological timescales, or an extrinsic source (such as from past or recent collision with other objects). Radiation makes the detection of organic matter difficult, making its detection on atmosphereless objects closer to the Sun extremely difficult.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5180",
"title": "Chemistry",
"section": "Section::::Modern principles.:Matter.:Molecule.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 570,
"text": "A \"molecule\" is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance that has its unique set of chemical properties, that is, its potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with other substances. However, this definition only works well for substances that are composed of molecules, which is not true of many substances (see below). Molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19555",
"title": "Molecule",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1062,
"text": "Molecules as components of matter are common in organic substances (and therefore biochemistry). They also make up most of the oceans and atmosphere. However, the majority of familiar solid substances on Earth, including most of the minerals that make up the crust, mantle, and core of the Earth, contain many chemical bonds, but are \"not\" made of identifiable molecules. Also, no typical molecule can be defined for ionic crystals (salts) and covalent crystals (network solids), although these are often composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane (such as in graphene) or three-dimensionally (such as in diamond, quartz, or sodium chloride). The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most condensed phases with metallic bonding, which means that solid metals are also not made of molecules. In glasses (solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state), atoms may also be held together by chemical bonds with no presence of any definable molecule, nor any of the regularity of repeating units that characterizes crystals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "385334",
"title": "List of particles",
"section": "Section::::Composite particles.:Molecules.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 422,
"text": "Molecules are the smallest particles into which a non-elemental substance can be divided while maintaining the physical properties of the substance. Each type of molecule corresponds to a specific chemical compound. Molecules are a composite of two or more atoms. See list of compounds for a list of molecules. A molecule is generally combined in a fixed proportion. It is the most basic unit of matter and is homogenous.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56842637",
"title": "Lists of molecules",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 411,
"text": "This is an index of lists of molecules (i.e. by year, number of atoms, etc.). Millions of molecules have existed in the universe before the formation of Earth, elements have being mixed and formed molecules for millions of years, three of them, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen were necessary for the growth of life, even thought, we were able to see these substances we did not know what was their components.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6jl80a
|
What is the craziest story from history you have encountered in your research?
|
[
{
"answer": "Just a few small stupid castrato stories... \n\n* Pasquale \"Pasqualino\" Tiberti, born probably in the decade of 1710 in Citta Ducale, Italy, hired onto the Sistine Chapel in 1743, and fired 11 years later for stabbing a priest in a fight, the priest died of his injuries. Apparently suffered no real setbacks for this, as he shows up in an opera cast in Macerata's 1757 carnival festivities.\n\n* Giuseppe Belli, had a promising opera career, but was murdered in 1760 at age 28, legendarily by a jealous husband. \n\n* Andrea \"Andreini\" Martini: the last boy the Siena Cathedral officially paid to have castrated, age 14, in the year 1775, in payment he sang there for 4 years after. Good opera career. \n\n* Francesco Bardi, was apparently so amazing that in the 1620s he was \"kidnapped\" from his conservatory by the San Pietro cathedral. Furious, the conservatory later compelled them to return him to school to finish his contract. The school had probably paid to have him castrated and that is not cheap. After that a good mixed career for the 17th century, splitting between church and opera work. \n\n* Giuseppe \"Gioseppino\" Ricciarelli and Gaspare Savoy: two names otherwise entirely unpaired in history, except for the fact that Giacomo Casanova took the time to record that he found them sexually attractive. There are more castrati in his memoirs, of course, but these are the two he wanted you to know were hot. But only because they were dressed like women and it was so *very convincing.* Honestly I'll just quote his whole description of Savoy because it's June still: \n\n > He was enclosed in a carefully-made corset and looked like a nymph; and\nincredible though it may seem, his breast was as beautiful as any\nwoman's; it was the monster's chiefest charm. However well one knew the\nfellow's neutral sex, as soon as one looked at his breast one felt all\naglow and quite madly amorous of him. To feel nothing one would have to\nbe as cold and impassive as a German. As he walked the boards, waiting\nfor the refrain of the air he was singing, there was something grandly\nvoluptuous about him; and as he glanced towards the boxes, his black\neyes, at once tender and modest, ravished the heart. He evidently wished\nto fan the flame of those who loved him as a man, and probably would not\nhave cared for him if he had been a woman.\n\nIF GOOD DRAG DOESN'T GET YOU HOT, YOU'RE A GERMAN. - man whose name has become a byword for aggressive male heterosexuality \n\nGiuseppe Ricciarelli was also sworn in as a Freemason in 1774, apparently. Strange times. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are a whole bunch of insane situations in Italian history, but I would say my absolute favorite is the War of the League of Cambrai: the closest thing History has ever gotten to a war being fought over \"Causus Belli: Coalition\" like in the strategy video game Europa Universalis. However, unlike in the video game, the dynamics and relationships between the participants were constantly in flux, to the point that upon arriving on a battlefield outside of Ravenna in 1512, the Duke of Ferrara Alfonso D'Este tore at his hair, stamped his feet, and sat behind his cannons while indiscriminately shooting into the melee, having decided that telling friend from foe was insurmountably difficult and altogether useless. \n\nSo in the spring of 1509 Pope Julius excommunicated the Republic of Venice, and French army immediately marched out of Milan. Venice was up against a coalition consisting of France, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Mantua, Ferrara, all assembled by the Papacy. This did not look good.\n\nThe two Venetian captain-generals, d'Alviano and Orsini, immediately distinguished themselves by being completely at odds in every conceivable way. The result was that the Venetian armies were defeated in detail, and d'Alvaino was captured by the French. The Venetian senate, in a panic, voted to \"jettison the cargo to save the ship,\" and dissolved the Venetian cities of all ties of fealty. The Lombard cities submitted to the King of France, while Orsini, in full retreat until he could regroup the Venetian forces in Treviso, did nothing to stop the cities of Verona, Vicenza, and Padua from welcoming imperial emissaries.\n\nBy early summer, Orsini withdrew to a perimeter around the old watchtower at Mestre, the Republic's medieval border on the edge of the lagoon. It would seem that the Republic's days as a power in Italy were over. However, by midsummer the tide was already changing. The emissaries sent to the Emperor by council of the city of Treviso were mobbed in the street before they could leave: the citizens would rather stand and fight than surrender. Orsini sent seven hundred footmen marching down the Terraglio Road in double time so that the walls of Treviso could be manned, and the citizens began gathering stockpiles for a siege.\n\nThe siege never came: Imperial garrisons in the Veneto were too busy fighting a losing battle to maintain order in the cities they occupied. In Padua, the city's rebellious citizens had kept the gates open (Norwich narrates that this was done by way of an Oxcart crash) such that a small company of Venetian Knights headed by the *Proveditore Generale* Andrea Gritti could enter the city. Now riled by mounted men at arms, the Paduan mob expelled the Imperial Landsknechts. Gritti, at the time little over fifty years of age, as *Provveditore* was something of a cross between a procurement officer and a political officer; he had spent the better part of the past few years overseeing the fortifications in the Friuli. However, he had elected to personally oversee the dangerous sally to retake Padua: a testament to the fact that in spite of the Senate's inaction, some elements of the Venetian ruling class still had some fight left in them.\n\nEmperor Maximillian felt obliged to respond: he believed Padua would have been an invaluable addition to the Austrian demesne and he was set on taking it back. An Enormous imperial army set forth from the Brenner to take the city. After linking with French and Spanish regiments, by September of 1509 the city was encircled. However, taking the city would be no picnic: Gritti had convinced Orsini move his headquarters up to Padua with the bulk of his forces. Although the Imperial artillery breached the walls, the ferocious defense mounted by the Venetian army supported by the citizenry meant that by the end of September, the Imperial forces had no choice but to withdraw for the winter. \n\nOrsini, unexpectedly reversing his position on the usefulness of taking the initiative, pursued the withdrawing Imperial forces. He found the Vicenza in total rebellion against the Imperial occupation and entered the city with minimum fuss. However in spite of the bulk of the Imperial forces withdrawing to the Tyrol, the detachment left in Verona kept the city subdued and supply lines into Italy open. A siege would have to be mounted mounted. Although initially promising (Orsini even managed to beat back the Papal relief expedition) upon spotting French reinforcements on the horizon the Venetian army withdrew back to Padua. The Venetian fleet, which had kept the cities of Dalmatia well-supplied in spite of Hungarian incursions, attempted to cut off the French and Austrians from their Italian allies by establishing dominance on the River Po, however the fleet proved no match for Ferrarese artillery on the higher ground. A small victory did come when a detachment of Venetian soldiers seized the stronghold at Este, not only securing the lower river Adige, but also humiliating the ruling house of Ferrara: Este is their ancestral home. But overall, in the winter of 1509, the conflict was at a stalemate.\n\nAll the while, the Venetian diplomatic machine had been meticulously working behind the scenes: Pope Julius was told horrifying tales of the massive size of the Austrian and French armies, and the Venetian ambassador in Rome whispered that the cities of Bologna and Perugia were in endemic revolt: what if the Emperor chose to seize those too? Perhaps the Austrians had come to an agreement with the Aragonese, and were discussing Julian's downfall and the partition of the Papal States this very minute. In fact, it would make perfect sense for them to seize Emilia and Umbria, now that they already held half the Veneto, wouldn't it?\n\nPope Julius was convinced, but drove a hard bargain. Not only would Venice have to abandon all claims in the Romagna, the Republic would allow the Papacy to appoint bishops in its cities. The terms were humiliating, but by February of 1510 the Senate accepted.\n\nA Venetian separate peace with the Papacy royally pissed off King Louis of France. Louis was already annoyed by Maximillian's insistence on organizing big showy actions that invariably ended with him withdrawing to Tyrol, probably to check on the progress of his absurd funeral monument. This was the last straw: as per usual, La France was going to have to take matters into her own hands! However, a successful French offensive in March to re-take Vicenza resulting in the death of Orsini only catalyzed a new uprising in favor of the Republic by November. Plus, now Andrea Gritti was left as the highest ranking officer in the Venetian army, which was another kind of defeat altogether.\n\nPope Julian, unfazed by the quagmire he had sunk the Veneto into, happily organized an expedition against the Duchy of Ferrara while all this was going on. The reason, much like his reason to declare war on Venice, was probably driven by his own megalomania (and the desire to extend Papal territory even further north, seizing the profitable salt plains on the Po delta). He convinced the Swiss Cantons to organize an expedition against Milan, while a Papal army seized Piacenza, Reggio, and Parma (Ferrarese possessions in the Emilia). However, the Swiss raid was quickly turned back at the gates of Milan by King Louis, who promptly organized a punitive expedition into the heart of Italy: by mid October 1510, the French army was within striking distance of the Papal headquarters in Bologna. By May of 1511, the French army occupied the city, while the Papal HQ, headed by Pope Julian himself, evacuated to Ravenna.\n\nBut French advantage would soon be undone: seeing the French push forward without the Austrians, the Spanish convinced the English to come to an agreement so that king Louis would be stopped from getting too powerful in Italy. Betrayed, the French moved quickly, consolidating control over Venetian Lombardy by committing troops to put down a revolt in Brescia, while the French commander Gaston de Foix-Nemours moved rapidly against Ravenna by the Spring of 1512. He did not move rapidly enough however, and a Spanish relief force engaged the French south of the city on May 11th. The Duke of Ferrara also arrived onto the battlefield with an army, but this point had lost track of who was and who wasn't on his side, so he resolved to sit some ways from the battlefield and ordered his artillery to shell both armies indiscriminately.\n\nI suppose the moral of the story is that if the Italian wars get too crazy and confusing, don't worry: it was just as crazy for those taking part in them. ",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "There was a popular martial arts style that arose in the colonial US South and persisted through the antebellum period that consisted of trying to maim your opponent as horrifically as possible, typically by gouging out their eyes but also tearing off ears, noses, lips, fingers, testicles, etc. The only rule to this style of fighting was that no weapons were allowed. It was known by a number of different names including gouging, rough-and-tumble, \"boxing,\" and others. These gruesome fights weren't just matters of last resort but could be started over almost any insult to one's wealth or birth, no matter how seemingly petty to outsiders. Southern culture was defined by face-to-face interactions, kinship ties, and acts of hospitality; all of which placed great importance on spoken words. Like dueling \",To feel for a feller's eyestrings and make him tell the news\" as one participant put it, was a way of asserting your honor; a critically important concept for one's image in that rural reputation-obsessed culture. One's honor was frequently correlated to how hard you were willing to fight to defend it, and to surrender before being maimed was considered cowardly. The fights were major social events and frequently carried out in full view of the public during court days, fairs, and after church which had the effect of maximizing their exposure. Outside observers to these fights were frequently horrified by them, and several wrote of how they were evidence that exposure to the frontier had turned white Americans into savages. While rough-and-tumble fights were most common among poorer sorts in the hinterlands, planters in the Tidewater region and elsewhere were known to participate in them until the practice was largely replaced among the wealthy by the more genteel-but-deadlier pistol duels in the late 18th century, though there were notable exceptions such as Georgia senator James Jackson's gouging match with a rival politician. \n\nThe practice began to disappear as the South became more settled and personal feuds grew less important in determining status. The Second Great Awakening's evangelism reached the South's non-wealthy communities and emphasized moderation and self-control. In the frontiers the decline in rough-and-tumble fighting began to disappear as deadlier weapons such as revolvers, capable of being hidden in one's pocket for use as a last resort to save one's eyes or as revenge against winners of fights, became more widespread.\n\nmain source: Elliott J. Gorn, \"'Gouge and Bite, Pull Hair and Scratch': The Social Significance of Fighting in the Southern Backcountry\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A Monkey, a squirrel, and a dog walk into a bar...\n\nAn unlikely set of companions, yet low and behold they were three of the animals kept by the crew of the Victoria when it arrived in Adelaide in 1933. The ship arrived in Adelaide with a cargo of phosphate rock from Makatea Island, the French mining outpost 125 miles off Tahiti (the connection explaining how I came across the amusing story).\n\nThe trio of bizarre pets made for a motley crew. Two of them originated in Costa Rica, Communist the spider-monkey and the Squirrel, Fritz. Finally, Tuborg was a black and white terrier of unknown origin-- but whose name reflects the Danish origin of the Captain and flag of the ship.\n\nThe story is an interesting example of the sort of transnational voyaging common among large cargo ships, especially those who specialized in moving raw materials like coal, or in this case phosphate rock. The pets illustrate some of the connections that could be made between a crew and the ports they visited-- or of the sort of biological exchanges that were possible even during brief exchanges.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "“Craziest” for its sheer over-the-top lavishness would be the “Feast of the Pheasant” that the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, held in 1454 at Lille to commemorate the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and stir crusading fervor to rescue it. There are several accounts (as Catherine Emerson explains, see below). Jules Michelet and Huizinga both discuss it in their important medieval histories. This one is a conflation of details from a few of them quoted from Jesse D. Hurlbut’s 1992 paper, [“From Functional Feast to Frivolous Funhouse: Two Ideals of Play in the Burgundian Court”](_URL_0_). The main eyewitness account is by Olivier de La Marche (and pardon the length):\n\n > The banquet was served on three tables--one large, one medium, and one small. On the medium-sized table, there was a church with bells, stained-glass windows, and a working pipe organ and choir, which provided musical interludes throughout the evening. On the same table, a *mannekin pis* [statue of a little boy pissing] kept a silver ship filled with rose water. There were, in addition, a model of an anchored freight ship and a glass fountain which featured Saint Andrew, Philip's patron saint, with water spewing from the X-shaped cross of his martyrdom.\nThe large table was far more elaborate. Eight-and-twenty musicians, baked in a giant meat pie, accompanied the interludes of the church choir on the previous table. In addition, the towers of a castle squirted orange punch into its moat; archers tried to catch a magpie perched on top of a windmill. A trick barrel could give either sweet or sour wine: \"Take some, if you want!\" was written on the scroll of a man standing nearby. There are no dimensions or proportions mentioned in the chronicles, but it is a reasonable assumption that with the exception of the meat pie, all of these \"entremets\" (as they were called) were scale models. Practicality and the chronicler's amazement at the attention to minute details support this impression. Five more \"entremets\" adorned this same table: a tiger fighting a serpent; a wildman on a camel; an amorous couple eating the birds that a man was beating out of a bush with a stick; there was also a jester on the back of a bear and a ship floating back and forth between cities.\n\n > There was room for only three \"entremets\" at the small table: a forest with wild animals that moved as if alive; a man hitting a dog in front of a lion attached to a tree; and a street merchant carrying his wares on a harness.\n\n > Elsewhere in the hall, a living lion was chained to a pillar protecting a statue of a nude woman who served \"hypocras\" [spiced, sweetened wine] from her right breast. Above the lion, it was written, \"Ne touchez a ma dame.\"\n\n > Once the guests, most of whom were in disguise, were seated and in their places, the real spectacle began (\"entremets vivants, mouvants, et allants par terre\" Coussy [Mathieu d'Escouchy] 101). This included an assortment of musical numbers and acrobatic acts, interspersed with three scenes of a play relating the story of Jason. At one point, two falcons, which had been released in the banquet hall, captured and killed a heron, which was presented to the duke as a trophy. Later on, a dragon is reported to have flown from one end of the hall to the other.\n\n > The climactic event, and presumably the justification for the entire affair, was the sudden arrival of a giant, dressed like a Saracen. On a leash, he held an elephant. On the back of the elephant was a castle, and in the castle was woman dressed like a nun. The giant led the elephant to Duke Philip's table, where the disheveled woman introduced herself as Holy Church. She relayed the dangers she had endured since the Turkish invasion of Constantinople. She then asked the duke for his assistance in restoring peace by taking up the cross and restoring her honor.\n\n > At the conclusion of this speech, a contingent of ladies and knights approached the duke lead by the King of Arms, an officer of the Order of the Golden Fleece, named Toison d'Or. He was carrying a live pheasant in his arms, which was richly decorated with a golden necklace of pearls and jewels. He invited the duke to make a vow in the presence of the bird according to the tradition of noble courts (no doubt a reminder of the Peacock oaths of Alexander's court as found in French romances of the 13th century). Conveniently enough, the duke had a vow written down, which he delivered to the King of Arms. He then pronounced a brief promise to do what he had written in the letter. Toison d'Or read the letter out loud, which included the duke's vow to undertake, God willing, a crusade to restore Constantinople to the Christians. Holy Church, overcome with joy, expressed her gratitude and left the same way she came in.\n\n > In an enthusiastic outbreak, knights, squires and trenchermen in turn pronounced their own oaths to join Philip on the crusade. The chronicle of Mathieu de Coucy, in which the description of this whole event is preserved, records the vows of 99 men after Philip. Not all of these vows were delivered at the banquet, however. Always sensitive to the attention span of his court, and seeing that \"la chose eut este merveilleusement longue\" (Coussy 118), the duke ordered that the vows stop and that the remainder be recorded the following day and be valued just the same.\n\n > The evening's entertainment continued with an allegorical play in which The Grace of God addressed the duke and awarded him with twelve Virtues to aid him in the fulfillment of his vow. The roles of the Virtues and their escorts were played by the highest members of the court, with the exception of the duke (who played himself).\n\n > After the play, they all danced and ate. In all, 48 different dishes had been served. [Some accounts add that food was lowered from the ceiling by a crane!] A prize for that day's tournament was presented to Philip's son Charles, who proclaimed a new joust for the next day.\n\nSee: Catherine Emerson studies the ms tradition of the feast in “Who Witnessed and Narrated the ‘Banquet of the Pheasant’ (1454)? A Codicological Examination of the Account’s Five Versions” *Fifteenth-Century Studies* 28, 124-137.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There was a \"Lover's suicide craze\" in Japan in 1932-33 in which *hundreds* of young couples committed suicide – mostly by throwing themselves in Satakayama Volcano. A film version, *A Love That Reached Heaven*, was quickly released in the summer of 1932, and apparently \"at the movie theaters, usherettes now patrolled the aisles, for young couples had taken to drinking poison during the showing.\" By the time the \"craze\" wore off, 944 young people had died in the volcanic crater – not to mentions those inspired to suicide in theaters and elsewhere.\n\nFrom Peter High, *The Imperial Screen*, 27-29.\n\n[Edit addition:]\n\nAlso, Charlie Chaplin came very close to being murdered by Japanese ultranationalists while visiting Tokyo. In fact, the [May 15 Incident](_URL_0_) was timed to coincide with his well-publicized visit to the country. As it happened, though, when armed assassins burst into his hotel room, they found he was out – a last minute scheduling change meant he was attending a Sumo match (with the son of Prime Minister Inukai, it turns out, who would end up the most high-profile victim of the murderers).\n\nDetailed in Miriam Silverberg, *Erotic Grotesque Nonsense*, 1-3.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The main screenwriter for the Shaw Brother's production company was a man by the name of Ni Kuang (also known as Ni Cong (given name), I Kuang, Ni Guang). In a fifteen year period, he is recorded as having over 220 writing credits, possibly with more. That's mind-boggling to me. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2793073",
"title": "Bradmore, Nottinghamshire",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "Some fascinating stories have been discovered. The most poignant is the case of William Barnes or Burn who, on 7 October 1765, was sentenced to be transported for 7 years to His Majesty’s colonies or plantations in America for obtaining the sum of 6d from John Savage of Bradmore by falsely pretending that he, William Barnes, was lame of his right arm.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28197557",
"title": "Shooting an apple off one's child's head",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:William Tell.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 950,
"text": "The best-known version of the story is in the legend of William Tell, supposedly happening to start off the Swiss revolution, written first in the 15th-century \"White Book of Sarnen\", then in Aegidius Tschudi's 16th-century \"Chronicon Helveticum\", and later the basis for Friedrich Schiller's 1804 play. Tell is arrested for failing to bow in respect to the hat that the newly appointed Austrian \"Vogt\", Albrecht Gessler, has placed on a pole, and Gessler commands him to shoot an apple off his son's head with a single bolt from his crossbow. After splitting the apple with the single shot (supposedly on November 18, 1307), Tell is asked why he took more than one bolt out; at first he responds that it was out of habit, but when assured he will not be killed for answering honestly, says the second bolt was meant for Gessler's heart should he fail. In Schiller's play, the demand to shoot the apple off the boy's head motivates Gessler's murder.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1280548",
"title": "Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven",
"section": "Section::::Cultural references.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 226,
"text": "The story mentions several public figures who were widely known at the time of first publication, but are not as well known today. These include Moody and Sankey, Charles Peace, Thomas De Witt Talmage and Prince Gortschakoff.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5216756",
"title": "The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes",
"section": "Section::::Episodes.:Series One.:The Saviour of Cripplegate Square.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 251,
"text": "First transmitted 27 February 2002, this story is based on a reference from Conan Doyle's novel \"The Sign of the Four\": \"I assure you that the most winning woman I ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for their insurance-money...\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7217706",
"title": "The Phoenix (novel)",
"section": "Section::::Plot summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 375,
"text": "Fact and fiction are combined to tell the stories of two fictitious people who were involved in the catastrophe; Birger Lund, a Swedish journalist and passenger on the airship, who apparently suffered horrific injuries in a car accident after the crash; and Edmond Boysen, a member of the crew, who was manning the controls at the time, and seems to have got away unscathed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "646457",
"title": "The Past Through Tomorrow",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 612,
"text": "Most of the stories are parts of a larger storyline about the future rapid collapse of sanity in the United States, followed by a theocratic dictatorship, a revolution, and the establishment of a free society that does not save the pseudo-immortal Lazarus Long and his Howard Families from fleeing Earth for their lives. Most editions of the collection include a timeline showing the chronology of the stories (including stories never written, such as \"The Stone Pillow\", which was to occur during the period of the theocracy), times of birth and death of the significant characters, and commentary by Heinlein.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9119688",
"title": "The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh",
"section": "Section::::Historical notes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "Several other unrelated events in real-world history are linked together in the novel including 1984 anti-Sikh riots following the death of Indira Gandhi, the increase in the size of the hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica in the summer of 1992 (historically caused by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo), and the earthquake in Maharashtra in September 1993.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
505oia
|
why does it seem so hard for anyone to make a good usb-c cable?
|
[
{
"answer": "These cables are intended to be able to carry more power (more Watts) than the previous generation. Cheap manufacturers sometimes use wires that are too thin or that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The relevant thing that's different about USB-C is that it's designed to draw a lot more power. Previously a USB cable was insufficient to charge something like a laptop, but now it's designed to support that much power, if the device and power adapter support it.\n\nThe problem isn't typically with a USB-C to USB-C cable, it's with USB-C to USB-A cables so that you can plug a newer USB-C device into an older USB-A port.\n\nThere are certain specifications that require that such cables include a specific resistor on one of the pins so that one of the devices doesn't get confused and try to draw too much power. Some of the manufacturers didn't install this resistor even though they were supposed to.\n\nThe problem is that unless you test your cable with lots of different devices and power adapters, it might not be obvious that anything is wrong. It might seem to work fine 90% of the time, but with just the right combination of device and power adapter and a bit of bad luck you could end up damaging something.\n\nThere are certifications to ensure that cables are made properly according to the specs. But in a rush to get products to market, some manufacturers cut corners and started shipping cables before properly testing them and getting them certified.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "57218370",
"title": "USB hardware",
"section": "Section::::Connectors.:Connector properties.:Durability.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 225,
"text": "The standard connectors were designed to be more robust than many past connectors. This is because USB is hot-pluggable, and the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than previous connectors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30862892",
"title": "Y-cable",
"section": "Section::::Uses.:Power.:USB.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 503,
"text": "Traditional USB Y-cables exist to enable one USB peripheral device to receive power from two USB host sockets at once, while only transceiving data with one of those sockets. As long as the host has two available USB sockets, this enables a peripheral that requires more power than one USB port can supply (but not more than two ports can supply) to be used without requiring a mains adaptor. Portable hard disk drives and optical disc drives are sometimes supplied with such Y-cables, for this reason.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57218370",
"title": "USB hardware",
"section": "Section::::Connectors.:Proprietary connectors and formats.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 475,
"text": "Manufacturers of personal electronic devices might not include a USB standard connector on their product for technical or marketing reasons. Some manufacturers provide proprietary cables that permit their devices to physically connect to a USB standard port. Full functionality of proprietary ports and cables with USB standard ports is not assured; for example, some devices only use the USB connection for battery charging and do not implement any data transfer functions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41512342",
"title": "USB-C",
"section": "Section::::Overview.:Devices.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 391,
"text": "Connecting an older device to a host with a USB-C receptacle requires a cable or adapter with a USB-A or USB-B plug or receptacle on one end and a USB-C plug on the other end. Legacy adapters (i.e. adapters with a USB-A or USB-B plug) with a USB-C receptacle are \"not defined or allowed\" by the specification because they can create \"many invalid and potentially unsafe\" cable combinations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32073",
"title": "USB",
"section": "Section::::Comparisons with other connection methods.:MIDI.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 144,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 144,
"end_character": 385,
"text": "USB is competitive for low-cost and physically adjacent devices. However, Power over Ethernet and the MIDI plug standard have an advantage in high-end devices that may have long cables. USB can cause ground loop problems between equipment, because it connects ground references on both transceivers. By contrast, the MIDI plug standard and Ethernet have built-in isolation to or more.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22991521",
"title": "Active cable",
"section": "Section::::Enterprise and storage applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "Active cables play an important role in enterprise and storage applications due to the confined space and air-flow requirements in data centers and long reaches (up to 30 meters) required to make some of the rack-to-rack connections. Because active cables can facilitate thin cable gauges, a tighter bend radius results, which can give cables in these applications better routability and improved airflow. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41512342",
"title": "USB-C",
"section": "Section::::Overview.:Cables.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "USB-C cables that do not have shielded SuperSpeed pairs, sideband use pins, or additional wires for power lines can have increased cable length, up to 4m. These USB-C cables only support 2.0 speeds and do not support alternate modes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1zpjtk
|
Does the Milky Way Galaxy travel throughout the universe?
|
[
{
"answer": "Galaxies are grouped in clusters, typically orbiting a common barycenter.\n\nIn our case, in the local group the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxy are kindof orbiting a common barycenter. I say 'kindof' because they're actually in a collision course, that will happen probably in 3 or 4 billion years. They are expected to merge into a giant galaxy.\n\nApart from that, both the Milky Way and Andromeda have satellite dwarf galaxies revolving around them.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "To describe \"travel,\" or \"motion,\" you need a reference point. When you say \"the moon is orbiting the Earth,\" you are using Earth as the reference point for the Moon's motion. Then you use the Sun as the reference point for the Earth's motion, and so on. You could use different reference points if you wished, and the motions would be different. My motion relative to Earth is zero, but relative to the Sun is quite substantial.\n\nThe most obvious point of reference for the Galaxy's motion is the Cosmic Microwave Background, and yes, the Galaxy has a motion of about 625 km/s relative to the CMB. \n\nBe careful not to confuse that motion with absolute motion \"through the universe.\" There is no such thing as absolute motion through the universe. All motion is referred to some reference object. Relative to the Milky Way, the Milky Way is stationary, and that is exactly as good a reference frame as the CMB is, and \"at rest relative to itself\" is exactly as good an answer to your question as \"625 km/s relative to the CMB.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "20580",
"title": "Motion",
"section": "Section::::List of \"imperceptible\" human motions.:Galaxy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 330,
"text": "The Milky Way Galaxy is moving through space and many astronomers believe the velocity of this motion to be approximately relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by the Cosmic microwave background. This frame of reference indicates that the Milky Way is moving at around .\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2589714",
"title": "Milky Way",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 637,
"text": "The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 150,000 and 200,000 light-years (ly). It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. The Solar System is located at a radius of 26,490 (± 100) light-years from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The galactic center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, assumed to be a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37822724",
"title": "NightWatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe",
"section": "Section::::The Universe in Eleven Steps.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "Explains the Milky Way Galaxy in 11 steps beginning with Earth, the moon and the solar system, and then farther and farther away in distance and time to the Hubble Deep Field and the end of the universe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2589714",
"title": "Milky Way",
"section": "Section::::Environment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 686,
"text": "The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the \"north\", the Sculptor Void to the \"left\", the Bootes Void to the \"right\" and the Canes-Major Void to the South. These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor, which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29389753",
"title": "UDF 2457",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 356,
"text": "The Milky Way galaxy is about 100,000 light-years in diameter, and the Sun is about 25,000 light-years from the galactic center. The small common star UDF 2457 may be one of the farthest known stars inside the main body of the Milky Way. Globular clusters (such as Messier 54 and NGC 2419) and stellar streams are located further out in the galactic halo.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1018525",
"title": "Carina–Sagittarius Arm",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 596,
"text": "The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, consisting of a central crossbar and bulge from which two major and several minor spiral arms radiate outwards. The Carina–Sagittarius Arm lies between two major spiral arms—the Scutum–Centaurus Arm the near part of which is visible looking \"inward\" i.e. toward the galactic centre with the rest beyond the galactic centre and the Perseus Arm, similar in size and shape but locally positioned outward. It is named for its proximity to the Sagittarius and Carina constellations as seen in the night sky from Earth, in the direction of the galactic center.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26751",
"title": "Sun",
"section": "Section::::Orbit and location.:Orbit in Milky Way.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 105,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 105,
"end_character": 268,
"text": "The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km/s, and the Sun's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km/s in the direction of Crater or Leo.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
366k8p
|
what is logistics?
|
[
{
"answer": "Logistics are generally the process of moving things around. Shipping things like cargo. Stuff like that. FedEx, UPS, the United States Postal Service, etc... are in the business of logistics.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Let's say you and some buds want to have a bake sale, you have to deal with logistics for your plan to work. Pretty much everything outside of baking the goods and talking to customers falls under logistics. You need to acquire/transport a table, figure out a place to fundraise, transport your baked goods, make sure everyone you're working with can get there. When someone says something is \"logistically impossible\" they generally mean that the execution of the idea would be very impractical/difficult.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "77547",
"title": "Logistics",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 627,
"text": "Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics may include tangible goods such as materials, equipment, and supplies, as well as food and other consumable items. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, materials handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28672294",
"title": "Energy management",
"section": "Section::::Energy management in operational functions.:Logistics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 485,
"text": "Logistics is the management of the flow of resources between the point of origin and the point of destination in order to meet some requirements, for example of customers or corporations. Especially the core logistics task, transportation of the goods, can save costs and protect the environment through efficient energy management. The relevant factors are the choice of means of transportation, duration and length of transportation and cooperation with logistics service providers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52343411",
"title": "Container port design process",
"section": "Section::::Security clearance.:Logistics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 105,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 105,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "Logistics is the general supply chain of how resources are acquired, stored and transported to their final destination. It involves identifying prospective distributors and suppliers, and determining their effectiveness and accessibility.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1939715",
"title": "Information logistics",
"section": "Section::::Goal.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 242,
"text": "Logistics is the teachings of the plans and the effective and efficient run of supply. The contemporary logistics focuses on the organization, planning, control and implementation of the flow of goods, money, information and flow of people. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "186493",
"title": "Supply chain",
"section": "Section::::Management.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 383,
"text": "The term \"logistics\" applies to activities within one company or organization involving product distribution, whereas \"supply chain\" additionally encompasses manufacturing and procurement, and therefore has a much broader focus as it involves multiple enterprises (including suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers) working together to meet a customer need for a product or service.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2726726",
"title": "Military logistics",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 207,
"text": "Military logistics is the discipline of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces. In its most comprehensive sense, it is those aspects or military operations that deal with:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6546396",
"title": "Military supply-chain management",
"section": "Section::::Logistics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 513,
"text": "Military logistics is the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of armed forces. In its most comprehensive sense, those aspects of military operations that deal with: a. design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of materiel; b. movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; c. acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation and disposition of facilities; and d. acquisition or furnishing of services.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1giain
|
Does modern day cryogenics keep the body intact, or does it irreparably destroy the body?
|
[
{
"answer": "When the water in cells freezes, it crystallizes just like the water in your ice tray. it also takes up more volume like the ice in your icetray. however, contrary to what's in your ice tray, when cellular water freezes it is more likely to form shards than smooth surfaces and that, coupled with the increase in volume, damages the cell wall/organelles of the cell. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "modern day cryogenics is, sadly, something used to steal money from rich people such as Walt Disney.\n\nLike throwawydow has said, cells are damaged by freezing.\n\nIn the laboratory we have products such as DMSO and glycerol which we use to stop cells from freezing conventionally when at very very low temperatures (such as -80°C) but when you are unfreezing mammalian cells, about 80%-90% of them die.\n\nAlso DMSO is not good for you so we can't really put that in people or they will get sick. Plus it smells like rotten cabbage. (I don't think it is 100% toxic, but it certainly does make dangerous chemicals which would otherwise be safe, much more permeable to our skin).\n\nTl;dr\n\nyes it appears to irreparably destroy the body.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Cryonics relies on *two* hopes.\n\n1) The technology to cure whatever killed you will be developed.\n\n2) Most important The tech to restore your body and revive you from the freezing process will be developed. \n\nThey realise that #2 is the more difficult (well some do) and that if cancer were cured today then no one previously frozen would be thawed out, because we can't revive them (and may never be able to)\n\nThis said if you have lots of money, say millions then this is just the ultimate longshot bet, with rather good odds. If you win you live. If you loose your still dead and won't be missing the money anyway. So if you have it to waste why not? There is that 1% chance you win. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Another avenue for preserving the brain long-term is [connectome preservation](_URL_0_) - basically an upgrade from cryonics because it also preserves the neural pathways and chemical balance of the brain at the moment of \"freezing\". It seems a lot more promising than cryogenics, although it is still very much a work in progress.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There is much interesting discussion here, but perhaps the best way to explain this is\n\n**You are placing a bet on technology that does not exist.**\n\nSummary of common questions, with bonus speculation from sci-fi novels in the form of additional questions: \n\nWill ever will exist? No one can say. \nWill they revive you if they learn how? No one can say.\nWill they care for you on revival or will they make you slave labor? No one can say.\nWill they just harvest your corpsecicle for organs in the future? No one can say.\nToss you in a dump? No one can say.\nWill your memories survive intact? No one can say.\n\nThere are likely a few I missed, but the problems are huge and the risk great. The payof *could* be greater, but no one can say right now.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "Tons of terrible answers here, in terms of askscience quality.\n\n1) Don't refer to Cryogenics as bullshit/pseudoscience, it's not. Cryonics may be, but Cryogenics is just low temperature physics, and much of it is very real and important.\n\n2) At this point in time, Cryonics is all about doing the very best job we can with our technology to totally preserve the body for future resurrection. Anybody in the field understands that, right now, this is a fancy ice-cube making business, and that's *it*. Also, they understand that yes, there is damage done. At this point in time, the process may not be precise enough to leave a usable body to revive. But, future technology might be far better at repairing damage done. Who knows?\n\n3) In the very far off future, all of the people who have invested money/had their bodies frozen will be the test subjects of the technology required to resurrect these people. This could be 50 years in the future, 100 years, 250 years, or 1000 years. When you think of it on that timeline, we have no idea what technology will do at that point. We might be able to salvage enough of a currently preserved person to grow them an entirely new, healthy body through a slow-resurrection process. Who knows?\n\n4) Why *not*? If you're being robbed of your life at a very young age, and you have the cash to try it, what's wrong with that? People keep saying things like \"it's selfish\", which is fucking *bologna*. Sure, if you have a family who's barely making it, and you're leaving behind loved ones who need the money, maybe it's selfish. If you have enough money to spare on it, go right ahead! You can't beat these odds. There is no \"losing\" situation. Either you win, or it doesn't matter, because you're dead. And if you do win, it's not like it's a bad process. You wake up hundreds of years in the future, immediately after \"falling asleep\". Maybe you have to go through some excruciating process, but hey, it would be cool.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Well, thawing certainly irreparably destroys the body today. The concept is a long shot bet is that somehow they'll be able to treat the damage done by freezing and thawing by extending the time scale involved. Once cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures, stuff isn't really moving in any significant way. \n\nIs it likely they'll be able to repair the damage before they run out of money in a unpredictable world where the economy can effect their respective trust funds and unscrupulous lawyers can find efficient ways of emptying those funds in the hundreds of years before such technology is even feasibly possible? No.\n\nIs it possible that the freezing process does so much brain damage that recovering any part of you is impossible? Yes, though we can't know for sure - the brain is surprisingly resilient, but we have no data on what doesn't exist yet. We can be sure the important data is gone when we burn it. We can't be sure it is gone at negative < 190 degrees.\n\nGiven all that, it is a extreme longshot. But the alternative works 0% of the time. They say cryonics is an experiment, and so far the control group isn't doing well. I look forward to seeing how technology might help those frozen folks someday.\n\nAnd for the people saying it is a waste of their money that could 'save lives today', the same logic applies to your money right now. If you think it is unethical to spend and large amount of money on a comfort or something that only possibly benefits you, just donate all your money to charity now...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Wouldn't it be lucrative to BE the scientist who discovers how to revive these people. They're obviously all wealthy, and will likely appreciate you bringing them back to life and all. Sounds like a sure fire way to infinite riches for whoever discovers how.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "One thing I haven't seen mentioned here is the effect of radiation damage.\n\nLet's pretend for a moment that a working cryogenics system was created that can freeze and then thaw a body without causing harm to the body. Great!\n\nThing is, though, that naturally-occuring radiation in our environment degrades our cells. It's usually not a problem, because our bodies repair themselves. The occasional cell that's killed is replaced.\n\nWhen you're frozen for a century, your body obviously cannot repair the degradation. Stay frozen for long enough and you'll, uh, wake up dead, if you're not properly shielded against radiation. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "177052",
"title": "Immortality",
"section": "Section::::Physical immortality.:Prospects for human biological immortality.:Cryonics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 886,
"text": "Cryonics, the practice of preserving organisms (either intact specimens or only their brains) for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped, can be used to 'pause' for those who believe that life extension technologies will not develop sufficiently within their lifetime. Ideally, cryonics would allow clinically dead people to be brought back in the future after cures to the patients' diseases have been discovered and aging is reversible. Modern cryonics procedures use a process called vitrification which creates a glass-like state rather than freezing as the body is brought to low temperatures. This process reduces the risk of ice crystals damaging the cell-structure, which would be especially detrimental to cell structures in the brain, as their minute adjustment evokes the individual's mind.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8221",
"title": "Death",
"section": "Section::::Cause.:Cryonics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 303,
"text": "Cryopreservation of people or large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent information-theoretic definition of death.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38657573",
"title": "Cryotank",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 692,
"text": "The term “cryotank” refers to storage of super-cold fuels, such as liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. Cryotanks and cryogenics can be seen in many sci-fi movies, but they are still currently undeveloped. All that needs to be done is for a human to be loaded into the tank and then they can be frozen until a time comes when any diseases they have can be cured and they can live an even longer life. This could also be used in space travel and just preserving human life in general. The problem with this is when the human body is frozen, ice crystals form in the cells. The ice crystals then continue to expand rupturing the cell wall and destroying the integrity of the cell, or killing it.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7478553",
"title": "Death and culture",
"section": "Section::::Disposition of remains.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 580,
"text": "Cryonics is the process of cryopreservating of a body to liquid nitrogen temperature to stop the natural decay processes that occur after death. Those practicing cryonics hope that future technology will allow the legally dead person to be restored to life when and if science is able to cure all disease, rejuvenate people to a youthful condition and repair damage from the cryopreservation process itself. , there were over 150 people in some form of cryopreservation at one of the two largest cryonics organizations, Alcor Life Extension Foundation and the Cryonics Institute.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6760",
"title": "Cryonics",
"section": "Section::::Obstacles to success.:Revival.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 551,
"text": "According to Cryonics Institute president Ben Best, cryonics revival may be similar to a last in, first out process. People cryopreserved in the future, with better technology, may require less advanced technology to be revived because they will have been cryopreserved with better technology that caused less damage to tissue. In this view, preservation methods would get progressively better until eventually they are demonstrably reversible, after which medicine would begin to reach back and revive people cryopreserved by more primitive methods.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1231522",
"title": "Biological immortality",
"section": "Section::::Attempts to engineer biological immortality in humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 664,
"text": "For several decades, researchers have also pursued various forms of suspended animation as a means by which to indefinitely extend mammalian lifespan. Some scientists have voiced support for the feasibility of the cryopreservation of humans, known as cryonics. Cryonics is predicated on the concept that some people considered clinically dead by today's medicolegal standards are not actually dead according to information-theoretic death and can, in principle, be resuscitated given sufficient technological advances. The goal of current cryonics procedures is tissue vitrification, a technique first used to reversibly cryopreserve a viable whole organ in 2005.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19349845",
"title": "Cryopreservation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1213,
"text": "Cryo-preservation or cryo-conservation is a process where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs, or any other biological constructs susceptible to damage caused by unregulated chemical kinetics are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures (typically −80 °C using solid carbon dioxide or −196 °C using liquid nitrogen). At low enough temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activity which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach low temperatures without causing additional damage caused by the formation of ice crystals during freezing. Traditional cryopreservation has relied on coating the material to be frozen with a class of molecules termed cryoprotectants. New methods are constantly being investigated due to the inherent toxicity of many cryoprotectants. By default it should be considered that cryopreservation alters or compromises the structure and function of cells unless it is proven otherwise for a particular cell population. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is the process in which animal genetic material is collected and stored with the intention of conservation of the breed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
15vzl3
|
Approximately how many people would Mark Antony have ruled over in his time as a triumvir?
|
[
{
"answer": "I can't even guess the number but your map has problems. It lists 3 Triumvirs: Antonius (Marc Antony), Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) and Brutus? Who is this Brutus? The 3rd person in the 2nd Triumvirate was Octavian, later known as Augustus. Is it referring to Marcus Junius Brutus, one of Ceaser's assassins? If so he was most defiantly not part of the Triumvirate. The division of the empire was Octavian the West, Antony of the East, and Lepidus Hispania and Africa not what is shown. I don't believe that Media and Mesopotamia are under Roman control at this point and parts of Asia Minor that are shown as not Roman were Roman. \n\nI think you found some alternate history map. [Here](_URL_0_) is a correct map.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "25225",
"title": "Quaestor",
"section": "Section::::Notable quaestors.:Marcus Antonius.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 508,
"text": "Marcus Antonius, or Mark Antony, who is most well known for his civil war with Octavian, started off his political career in the position of quaestor after being a prefect in Syria and then one of Julius Caesar's legates in Gaul. Through a combination of Caesar's favor and his oratory skills defending the legacy of Publius Clodius, Antony was able to win the quaestorship in 51 BCE. This then led to Antony's election as augur and tribune of the people in 50 BC due to Caesar's efforts to reward his ally.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "75097",
"title": "Caesarion",
"section": "Section::::Pharaoh.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 784,
"text": "In 34 BC, Antony granted further eastern lands and titles to Caesarion and his own three children with Cleopatra in the Donations of Alexandria. Caesarion was proclaimed to be a god, a son of [a] god, and \"King of Kings\". This grandiose title was \"unprecedented in the management of Roman client-king relationships\" and could be seen as \"threatening the 'greatness' of the Roman people\". Antony also declared Caesarion to be Caesar's true son and heir. This declaration was a direct threat to Octavian (whose claim to power was based on his status as Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son). These proclamations partly caused the fatal breach in Antony's relations with Octavian, who used Roman resentment over the Donations to gain support for war against Antony and Cleopatra.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56971109",
"title": "Reign of Cleopatra",
"section": "Section::::Battle of Actium.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 1332,
"text": "In a speech to the Roman Senate on the first day of his consulship on 1 January 33 BC, Octavian accused Antony of attempting to subvert Roman freedoms and authority as a slave to his Oriental queen, who he said was given lands that rightfully belonged to the Romans. Before Antony and Octavian's joint \"imperium\" expired on 31 December 33 BC, Antony declared Caesarion as the true heir of Julius Caesar in an attempt to undermine Octavian. On 1 January 32 BC the Antonian loyalists Gaius Sosius and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus were elected as consuls. On 1 February 32 BC Sosius gave a fiery speech condemning Octavian, now a private citizen without public office, introducing pieces of legislation against him. During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the consuls. Intimidated by this act, the next day the consuls and over two-hundred senators still in support of Antony fled Rome and joined his side. Antony established his own counter Roman Senate. Although he held military office and his reputation was still largely intact, Antony was still fundamentally reliant on Cleopatra for military support. The couple traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where Cleopatra provided him with 200 naval ships of the 800 total he was able to acquire.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "506250",
"title": "Antonius",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 431,
"text": "BULLET::::- Marcus Antonius (83–30 BC), ally of Caesar, triumvir and afterwards enemy of Augustus. Probably the most famous of the Antonii, his life is depicted in William Shakespeare's play \"Antony and Cleopatra\". He promulgated the \"leges Antoniae\" of 44 BC, abolishing the office of dictator, re-adjusting provincial commands, confirming Caesar's \"acta\", and granting \"provocatio\" to those convicted \"de maiestate\" and \"de vi\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15924",
"title": "Julius Caesar",
"section": "Section::::Dictatorship and assassination.:Aftermath of the assassination.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 531,
"text": "Afterward, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC and suicide in Egypt in 30 BC, resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name conveying religious, rather than political, authority.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3035230",
"title": "Polemon I of Pontus",
"section": "Section::::Life and career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "Plutarch listed Polemon among the eleven subject kings who sent troops to support Mark Antony in the Battle of Actium Antony fought with Octavian in 31 BC. Polemon was among the five kings who did not participate in the battle personally.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3216803",
"title": "Mark Antony (Rome character)",
"section": "Section::::Comparison with the historical Mark Antony.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 431,
"text": "Most of what we know about the historical Mark Antony comes from Plutarch's \"Parallel Lives\", and his personality in \"Rome\" appears to be essentially consistent with what Plutarch wrote of him. Antony is portrayed as a soldier's soldier, a lover of women, and unfailingly devoted to Caesar. \"Rome\" also depicts him as truly despising politics, and lacking tact or subtlety in political matters, which Caesar uses to his advantage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
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