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eno3pg
|
why does a car not move when you leave it in gear.
|
[
{
"answer": "When it's in gear, the driving wheels are connected to the engine. An engine's crankshaft, when it's not running, is extremely hard to turn. Trying to push the car, or leaving it on a hill, won't be enough to make the wheels turn the engine over, so the wheels are effectively locked.\n\ntl;dr the engine acts as a giant brake.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If you're talking about a manual transmission, it's because, typically, the car is left in either first gear or reverse when it's parked. When you're driving in these gears, the engine turns a lot to make the wheels turn comparatively little, to get the car moving. This means it's really difficult for the wheels to make the engine turn.\n\nSo when the ignition is off, with the car in gear and all the resistance of the engine from the engaged transmission, the wheels have a really hard time of turning.\n\nI'm not too familiar with the specifics of automatics in this regard, but I imagine the answer is the same -- Park probably engages the transmission, giving the wheels resistance to stop them turning. I don't know for sure, though.\n\nI hope I've answered your question, especially in the case of a manual, because I've driven one for years and should hope I know what I'm talking about.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2192413",
"title": "Preselector gearbox",
"section": "Section::::Gearbox designs.:Epicyclic gearboxes.:Wilson gearbox.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "On some cars, starting off from rest involved using the gear change pedal like a clutch. On others, first gear could be selected but while the engine was still idling the car would not move even after the gear change pedal had been pressed and released. When the accelerator was pressed a centrifugal clutch or fluid coupling would engage and the car would begin to move.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7650988",
"title": "Stall (engine)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 652,
"text": "A car fitted with an automatic transmission could also have its engine stalled when the vehicle is travelling in the opposite direction to the selected gear. For example, if the selector is in the 'D' position and the car is moving backwards, (on a steep enough hill to overcome the torque from the torque converter) the engine will stall, due to the fact that the engine is forced to turn in the opposite direction to what it is actually doing. This is because, hypothetically, if the car is rolling backward fast enough, the force from the rotating wheels will be transmitted backward through the transmission and act as a sudden load on the engine.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7402591",
"title": "Autostick",
"section": "Section::::Chrysler Autostick.:System failsafes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 427,
"text": "In modern implementations if the user does not shift while driving in the Autostick mode, the transmission will automatically up-shift at redline (the exception being the Plymouth/Chrysler Prowler which will not shift automatically at redline when in AutoStick mode) to prevent engine/transmission damage, and will not downshift into redline. When coming to a complete stop, the system will automatically return to first gear.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "334940",
"title": "Automatic transmission",
"section": "Section::::Automatic transmission modes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 1172,
"text": "BULLET::::- Park (P): This selection mechanically locks the output shaft of transmission, restricting the vehicle from moving in any direction. A parking pawl prevents the transmission from rotating, and therefore the vehicle from moving. However, the vehicle's non-driven wheels are still free to rotate, and the driven wheels may still rotate individually (because of the differential). For this reason, it is recommended to use the hand brake (\"parking brake\") because this actually locks (in most cases) the wheels and prevents them from moving. It is typical of front-wheel-drive vehicles for the parking brake to lock the rear (non-driving) wheels, so use of both the parking brake and the transmission park lock provides the greatest security against unintended movement on slopes. This also increases the life of the transmission and the park pin mechanism, because parking on an incline with the transmission in park without the parking brake engaged will cause undue stress on the parking pin, and may even prevent the pin from releasing. A hand brake should also prevent the car from moving if a worn selector accidentally drops into reverse gear while idling.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43170464",
"title": "Citroën Traction Avant",
"section": "Section::::Engineering.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 850,
"text": "The gear change was set in the dashboard, with the lever protruding through a vertical, H-shaped gate. Because this vertical orientation could have resulted in the car dropping out of gear when the lever was in the upper positions (i.e. second or reverse gears), the gear-shift mechanism was locked when the mechanical clutch was engaged and released when the clutch pedal was depressed. The result of this layout, along with pendant pedals, umbrella-type handbrake control and front bench seats, was a very spacious interior, with a flat and unobstructed floor. The low-slung arrangement also eliminated the need for running boards to step into or out of the vehicle. These features made them ideal for use as limousines and taxi cabs, and they were quite popular among drivers and passengers alike. Until 1953, black was the only colour available.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "266545",
"title": "Citroën DS",
"section": "Section::::Technical details.:Gearbox and clutch.:\"Hydraulique\" or \"Citromatic\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 100,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 100,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "Unlike an automatic transmission, there is no Park position on the transmission where the wheels are locked. In addition, the hydraulic clutch would disengage with the engine stopped, so the car could not be left in gear when parked. The only way to prevent the car from rolling (for example, if parked on a slope) is to use the parking brake.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "757747",
"title": "Quattro (four-wheel-drive system)",
"section": "Section::::Transverse systems.:Haldex.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 110,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 110,
"end_character": 207,
"text": "Again, due to limitations of Electronic Differential Lock (see quattro IV description above), in off-road conditions it is enough for one front and one rear wheel to lose traction and the car will not move.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2z7kho
|
Can you cross breed sharks?
|
[
{
"answer": "Can it be possible to hybridize sharks? Yes. That particular combination, no. In order to cross breed, the two species must be closely related. Even then, the offspring usually are sterile. Sharks are unlikely to breed outside their species, so it'd have to be artificially done.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "34946831",
"title": "List of genetic hybrids",
"section": "Section::::Animals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 212,
"text": "BULLET::::- A group of about 50 hybrids between Australian blacktip shark and the larger common blacktip shark was found by Australia's East Coast in 2012. This is the only known case of hybridization in sharks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6844749",
"title": "Australian blacktip shark",
"section": "Section::::Biology and ecology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 438,
"text": "Hybrids between the Australian blacktip shark and the common blacktip shark, comprising both F1 and backcrossed individuals, have been discovered all along the eastern coast of Australia. Despite the widespread incidence of hybridization, there is no evidence that the two parental lineages are merging and the mechanisms preventing introgression are unclear. This is the first confirmed case of hybridization among cartilaginous fishes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12833802",
"title": "Rainbow shark",
"section": "Section::::In the aquarium.:Compatibility.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 312,
"text": "Rainbow sharks are compatible with barbs and rainbowfish, which are upper- and middle-tank dwellers. They can also live with danios, loaches, plecos, rasboras, and gouramis. They are not compatible with smaller, more timid fish in the tank, as the sharks may terrorize them by chasing them from their territory.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12833802",
"title": "Rainbow shark",
"section": "Section::::In the aquarium.:Breeding.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 230,
"text": "No actual breed sequence has been documented in an aquarium setting. Although known to be egg-layers, reproduction of rainbow sharks is difficult in an aquarium setting. Large numbers are bred in southeast Asian commercial farms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43412116",
"title": "List of cartilaginous fish of Sri Lanka",
"section": "Section::::Class Chondrichthyes - Cartilage fishes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 283,
"text": "Sharks are a group of fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the rays.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36861017",
"title": "Terminal crossbreeding",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "Terminal crossbreeding is a breeding system used in animal production. It involves two (different) breeds of animal that have been crossbred. The female offspring of that cross is then mated with a male (the terminal male) of a third breed, producing the terminal crossbred animal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "648312",
"title": "Pterophyllum",
"section": "Section::::In the aquarium.:Breeding.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "Angelfish pairs form long-term relationships where each individual will protect the other from threats and potential suitors. Upon the death or removal of one of the mated pair, breeders have experienced the total refusal of the remaining mate to pair up with any other angelfish and successfully breed with subsequent mates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
21yrkg
|
-how do ear candles work?
|
[
{
"answer": "By good feelings and well wishes.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They don't work at all, and are potentially dangerous. Here in Canada, they are actually illegal to sell, as they have no medical utility but have been shown to cause serious injuries. Don't use them... ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "415674",
"title": "Ear candling",
"section": "Section::::Origin.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 212,
"text": "Many advocates of ear candles claim that the treatment originates from traditional Chinese, Egyptian, or North American medicine. The mythical city of Atlantis is also reported to be the origin of this practice.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415674",
"title": "Ear candling",
"section": "Section::::Safety and effectiveness.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 768,
"text": "According to the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), ear candling is sometimes promoted with claims that the practice can \"purify the blood\" or \"cure\" cancer, but that Health Canada has determined the candles have no effect on the ear, and no health benefit; instead they create risk of injury, especially when used on children. In October 2007, US FDA issued an alert identifying ear candles (also known as ear cones or auricular candles) as \"dangerous to health when used in the dosage or manner, or with the frequency or duration, prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling thereof\" ... \"since the use of a lit candle in the proximity of a person's face would carry a high risk of causing potentially severe skin/hair burns and middle ear damage.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415674",
"title": "Ear candling",
"section": "Section::::Safety and effectiveness.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 316,
"text": "Edzard Ernst has published critically on the subject of ear candles, noting, \"There is no data to suggest that it is effective for any condition. Furthermore, ear candles have been associated with ear injuries. The inescapable conclusion is that ear candles do more harm than good. Their use should be discouraged.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40370421",
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments",
"section": "Section::::Physical procedures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 104,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 104,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "BULLET::::- Ear candling – an alternative medical technique in which lighted candles are placed in the ears for supposed therapeutic effect. The practice has been promoted with extravagant claims it can \"purify the blood\" or \"cure\" cancer, but Health Canada has found it has no health benefit; it does however carry a serious risk of injury.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415674",
"title": "Ear candling",
"section": "Section::::Safety and effectiveness.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 355,
"text": "The Spokane Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic conducted a research study in 1996 which concluded that ear candling does not produce negative pressure and was ineffective in removing wax from the ear canal. Several studies have shown that ear candles produce the same residue when burnt without ear insertion and that the residue is simply candle wax and soot.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415674",
"title": "Ear candling",
"section": "Section::::Product regulations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 222,
"text": "While ear candles are widely available in the U.S., selling or importing them with medical claims is illegal. This means that one cannot market ear candles as products that \"Diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent any disease\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18708216",
"title": "Candlestick telephone",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 560,
"text": "The candlestick telephone is a style of telephone that was common from the late 1890s to the 1940s. A candlestick telephone is also often referred to as a desk stand, an upright, or a stick phone. Candlestick telephones featured a mouth piece (transmitter) mounted at the top of the stand, and a receiver (ear phone) that was held by the user to the ear during a call. When the telephone was not in use, the receiver rested in the fork of the switch hook protruding to the side of the stand, thereby disconnecting the audio circuit from the telephone network.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2h9yej
|
why do most forms say "caucasian" as an option for white if most white people aren't even from the caucus region?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because a German man named [Christoph Meiners](_URL_0_) decided there were two races: Caucasians, who had the people of the southern Caucuses as their archetype, and Mongoloids, who were... everyone else. Christoph was something of a racist, so the defining traits of Caucasians were things like \"More beautiful because white\" and \"More altruistic\" among other things. He would later go on to subdivide the Caucasians to make such wonderful determinations like \"the Celts are the best race\" and \"Slavs are scum.\" These views were not uncommon for Germans at the time, but he offered a pseudo-scientific veneer to them.\n\nAs history moved along other people based their pseudo-scientific racial groupings on this initial one and this has continued to the modern day.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "27277250",
"title": "Statistext",
"section": "Section::::Canada.:Legal definitions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 396,
"text": "The use of the term \"non-white\" controversially refers to those who are not considered by the Canadian government to be Caucasian, and does open the door to ambiguity. For example, people who are Lebanese, Berber, Latin American or South Asian may consider themselves to be white, yet the federal government forcibly imposes upon Arabs and Latin Americans the status of being visible minorities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4730170",
"title": "Whiteness theory",
"section": "Section::::Pillars of Whiteness Theory.:Whiteness as Default.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 591,
"text": "The defaulting of whiteness establishes a reality in which white people, as victims of their race as centric, do not experience the adversity of those with minority identification. An otherization of minorities can occur with whiteness as a default, where Whiteness Theory identifies whiteness as invisible to those who possess it, resulting in both intended and untended otherization. Whiteness as default presents socioeconomic privileges and advantages over racial minorities, which also might go unrecognized by white people that are not objectified by some other standard of adversity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "465626",
"title": "Caucasian race",
"section": "Section::::Usage in the United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 1837,
"text": "Besides its use in anthropology and related fields, the term \"Caucasian\" has often been used in the United States in a different, social context to describe a group commonly called \"white people\". \"White\" also appears as a self-reporting entry in the U.S. Census. Naturalization as a United States citizen was restricted to \"free white persons\" by the Naturalization Act of 1790, and later extended to other resident populations by the Naturalization Act of 1870, Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. The Supreme Court in \"United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind\" (1923) decided that Asian Indians were ineligible for citizenship because, though deemed \"Caucasian\" anthropologically, they were not \"white\" like European descendants since most laypeople did not consider them to be \"white\" people. This represented a change from the Supreme Court's earlier opinion in \"Ozawa v. United States\", in which it had expressly approved of two lower court cases holding \"high caste Hindus\" to be \"free white persons\" within the meaning of the naturalization act. Government lawyers later recognized that the Supreme Court had \"withdrawn\" this approval in \"Thind\". In 1946, the U.S. Congress passed a new law establishing a small immigration quota for Indians, which also permitted them to become citizens. Major changes to immigration law, however, only later came in 1965, when many earlier racial restrictions on immigration were lifted. This resulted in confusion about whether American Hispanics are included as \"white\", as the term \"Hispanic\" originally applied to Spanish heritage but has since expanded to include all people with origins in Spanish speaking countries. In other countries, the term \"Hispanic\" is not nearly as associated with race, but with the Spanish language and cultural affiliation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1532920",
"title": "Visible minority",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "The term visible minority is sometimes used as a euphemism for \"non-white\". This is incorrect, in that the government definitions differ: Aboriginal people are not considered to be visible minorities, but are not necessarily white either. Also, some groups that are defined as \"white\" in the United States census, such as Middle Eastern Americans, are defined as \"visible minorities\" in the official Canadian definition. In some cases, members of \"visible minorities\" may be visually indistinguishable from the majority population and/or may form a majority minority population locally (as is the case in some parts of Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2495537",
"title": "White Americans",
"section": "Section::::Demographic information.:Geographic distribution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 406,
"text": "According to the Census definition, White Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South known as the Black Belt, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country. Non-Hispanic whites are also not the majority in several southwestern states.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2495537",
"title": "White Americans",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 685,
"text": "The United States Census Bureau defines white people as those \"having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa.\" Like all official U.S. racial categories, \"White\" has a \"not Hispanic or Latino\" and a \"Hispanic or Latino\" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and White Cuban Americans. The term \"Caucasian\" is synonymous with \"white\", although the latter is sometimes used to denote skin tone instead of race. Some of the non-European ethnic groups classified as white by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans, Jewish Americans, and Hispanics or Latinos, may not identify as or may not be perceived to be, white.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13275175",
"title": "Other White",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 734,
"text": "The term Other White is a classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom and has been used in documents such as the 2011 UK Census to describe people who self-identify as white persons who are not of the English, Welsh, Scottish or Irish ethnic groupings. The category does not comprise a single ethnic group but is instead a method of identification for white people who are not represented by other white census categories. This means that the Other White group contains a diverse collection of people with different countries of birth, languages and religions. Along with White British and White Irish, the category does not appear in Northern Ireland, where only one single \"White\" classification was presented to respondents.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
9fvcob
|
what are extras in movies actually talking about in the background?
|
[
{
"answer": "I had a friend who did that kind of work in NYC. She said they would sit there trying to make the other person laugh. Check out a cafe scene next chance you get and see how many people are trying not to laugh. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Usually nothing . You’re just pantomiming . It’s usually dead silent on a set . I did extra work for about a year when I lived in LA , it was fun ! ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8713403",
"title": "Billy B. Van",
"section": "Section::::Biography.:Georges Mills, New Hampshire.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 201,
"text": "In filming these movies, Van used the local folks as bit actors, making some of them go in blackface. One of the actors was a local, Lee Collins, who later had a career as a choreographer on Broadway.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2576761",
"title": "Extra (acting)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 408,
"text": "On a film or TV set, background actors are usually referred to as \"junior artist\", \"atmosphere\", \"background talent\", \"background performers\", \"background artists\", \"background cast members\" or simply \"background\", while the term \"extra\" is rarely used. In a stage production, background actors are commonly referred to as \"supernumeraries\". In opera and ballet, they are called either \"extras\" or \"supers\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2576761",
"title": "Extra (acting)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 556,
"text": "A background actor or extra is a performer in a film, television show, stage, musical, opera or ballet production, who appears in a nonspeaking or nonsinging (silent) capacity, usually in the background (for example, in an audience or busy street scene). War films and epic films often employ background actors in large numbers: some films have featured hundreds or even thousands of paid background actors as cast members (hence the term \"cast of thousands\"). Likewise, grand opera can involve many background actors appearing in spectacular productions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "696316",
"title": "La risa en vacaciones",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 567,
"text": "\"La risa en vacaciones\" (\"Laughter on vacations\") are movies where non-actors unwillingly participate. There are hidden cameras filming as people, mainly tourists, fall prey to pranks. These people, usually tourists, then have to sign a paper authorizing for their images to be used for the movie. Usually, the movies are shot in hotels, airports and fishing areas in Acapulco, Cancún or Cabo San Lucas, among other destinations. Three famous Mexican actors, who are identified in the movie only as \"Pedro\", \"Pablo\" and \"Paco\", appear in the movie as the pranksters.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5653527",
"title": "Film still",
"section": "Section::::Purposes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 300,
"text": "Beyond basic publicity purposes, film stills were given to the actors themselves to send, signed or unsigned, to their fans and fan clubs. At various special events, stars might bring along a stack of these studio photos to sign in the presence of admirers, much like book signings by authors today.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2225407",
"title": "Extras (TV series)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 552,
"text": "Extras is a British sitcom about extras working in television, film, and theatre. The series was co-produced by the BBC and HBO and was created, written, and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, both of whom also starred in it. \"Extras\" follows the lives of Andy Millman (Gervais), his platonic friend Maggie Jacobs (Ashley Jensen), and Andy's substandard agent and part-time retail employee Darren Lamb (Merchant) as Millman muddles through life as an anonymous \"background performer\" who eventually finds success as a B-level sitcom star.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20460",
"title": "Film promotion",
"section": "Section::::Techniques.:Promotional tours and interviews.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 598,
"text": "Film actors, directors, and producers appear for television, cable, radio, print, and online media interviews, which can be conducted in person or remotely. During film production, these can take place \"on set\". After the film's premiere, key personnel make appearances in major market cities or participate remotely via satellite videoconference or telephone. The purpose of interviews is to encourage journalists to publish stories about their \"exclusive interviews\" with the film's stars, thereby creating \"marketing buzz\" around the film and stimulating audience interest in watching the film.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
tfj6t
|
Are there any good books or documentaries about Japan's Sengoku Jidai period?
|
[
{
"answer": "If you've been playing Shogun, I imagine you're looking for a military history. Sadly, I'm not aware of any authoritative military histories of the sengoku era. \n\nIf you're interested in the time period in general, Berry's [*The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto*](_URL_0_) is an excellent cultural history of the time, explaining what was going on with the rest of society while the Daimyo were fighting.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7755000",
"title": "Taikōki",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "The is a biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who rose to the office of \"taikō\" during the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japanese history. The Confucian scholar (1564–1640) published the work in 1626 during the rule of the third Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu. The work was published five times between 1626 and 1710. The complete work spans 22 scrolls.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16906586",
"title": "Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine",
"section": "Section::::Yūshūkan War Museum.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 604,
"text": "Yasukuni Shrine operates a war museum of the history of Japan (the Yūshūkan), which some observers have criticized as presenting a revisionist interpretation. A documentary-style propaganda video shown to museum visitors portrays Japan's conquest of East Asia during the pre-World War II period as an effort to save the region from the imperial advances of colonial Western powers. Displays portray Japan as a victim of foreign influence, especially Western undermining of trade. The museum has no mention of any of the atrocities committed by the Japanese Imperial Army, including the Nanking massacre.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "677689",
"title": "Samurai Champloo",
"section": "Section::::Plot.:Setting and style.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 738,
"text": "According to the director, the series is set during the Edo period, roughly sixty years after the end of the Sengoku period. \"Samurai Champloo\" employs a blend of historical Edo-period backdrops with modern styles and references. The show relies on factual events of Edo-era Japan, such as the Shimabara Rebellion (\"Unholy Union\"; \"Evanescent Encounter, Part I\"); Dutch exclusivity in an era in which an edict restricted Japanese foreign relations (\"Stranger Searching\"); ukiyo-e paintings (\"Artistic Anarchy\"); and fictionalized versions of real-life Edo personalities like Mariya Enshirou and Miyamoto Musashi (\"Elegy of Entrapment, Verse 2\"). The content and accuracy of the historical content is often distorted via artistic license.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14017214",
"title": "Taira no Tokuko",
"section": "Section::::In literature.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "Many stories and works of art depict this period in Japanese history, and it is through these sources that the life of Taira no Tokuko is best known. \"The Tale of the Heike\" is the most famous of the sources from which we learn about this historical character, although many kabuki and bunraku plays reproduce events of the war as well.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16843",
"title": "Utamaro",
"section": "Section::::Biography.:Later life.:Arrest of 1804.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 592,
"text": "The , published from 1797 to 1802, detailed the life of the 16th-century military ruler, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The work was widely adapted, such as for kabuki and bunraku theatre. When artists and writers put out prints and books based on the \"Ehon Taikōki\" in the disparaged \"ukiyo-e\" style, it attracted reprisals from the government. In probably the most famous case of censorship of the Edo period, Utamaro was imprisoned in 1804, after which he was manacled along with Tsukimaro, Toyokuni, Shuntei, Shun'ei, and Jippensha Ikku for fifty days and their publishers subjected to heavy fines.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22286097",
"title": "Showa: A History of Japan",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 357,
"text": "Showa: A History of Japan, known in Japan as , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shigeru Mizuki. A semi autobiographical work, this manga describes the author's experiences growing up during the Shōwa period. The author is a veteran of the Japanese army, but his series is filled with critical views of Japanese and American militarism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19161438",
"title": "People of the Sengoku period in popular culture",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 232,
"text": "Many significant Japanese historical people of the Sengoku period appear in works of popular culture such as anime, manga, and video games. This article presents information on references to several historical people in such works.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3eobwv
|
what exactly happens when you trade in your phone to get credit/upgrades with your cellphone company?
|
[
{
"answer": "They aren't stealing your personal information if thats what you're worried about. One of the first things they do is wipe it. If you're really concerned about it you can wipe it yourself beforehand. They get them repaired/cleaned up to sale condition and then sell them. Even ones that aren't typically stocked for sale will be taken in and sold as budget options. \n\nThey may also be kept to exchange for the same model if someone brings in a broken one, or salvaged for parts.\n\nThey may be donated to organizations that give phones to the needy.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1234735",
"title": "Prepaid mobile phone",
"section": "Section::::Churn.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "This results in an \"on/off\" or \"all or nothing\" proposition for the prepaid service providers and their clients (i.e. the account either has enough credit to use the phone, or it does not). Some operators (e.g., Orange) allow their pre-paid customers to have a small negative balance to allow short calls or texts when the customer's credit has been completely used. This is then deducted when the customer next adds more credit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2735890",
"title": "Rebate (marketing)",
"section": "Section::::General complaints.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 558,
"text": "Cell phone service companies, including major players like T-Mobile, as well as third-party retailers like Radio Shack, Wirefly and others have received growing attention due to complex rebate redemption rules. Both carriers and retailers make customers submit rebate claims during a 30-day window, often 6 months after cell phone activation. Some authorized dealers have responded by trying to make rebate requirements more transparent, explaining that the carrier will withdraw payment from them if a customer quits service before the end of the contract.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4646627",
"title": "Porting Authorisation Code",
"section": "Section::::United Kingdom.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 519,
"text": "Some mobile phone companies can charge a fee to move the customer's number. This is usually no more than £25. The provider must issue a PAC within 2 hours of the port-out request, if such request was made over the phone for fewer than 25 numbers on a single account. Customer debt is not a valid reason for a service provider to refuse issuing of a PAC. Service providers may not treat PAC requests as requests to terminate service. Pay-as-you-go customers will lose any unused credit when switching service providers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19539562",
"title": "ILD Teleservices",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "Instead of purchasing these items with a credit card, disclosing banking accounts or financial information to the merchant, consumers can have a transaction billed directly to their phone. When they do, the merchant sends the buyer's transaction information to ILD, and ILD adds the charge to their phone bill. It is a service very similar to what credit card companies provide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36040628",
"title": "Post-transaction marketing",
"section": "Section::::Participating companies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 857,
"text": "Hundreds of popular companies, most notably Intelius, will, in an effort to increase the profit of the transaction, provide something to the consumer immediately after the purchase on the site. Consumers are typically provided with cash back for simply pressing a confirmation button. However, when they do, their credit card information is automatically submitted to a third-party marketing company, which signs the customer up for a package of useless services. These practices have been utilized by major companies, including 1-800-Flowers.com, Buy.com, Classmates.com, ColumbiaHouse, Confi-Check, Expedia, FTD, Fandango, Hotels.com, Hotwire, InQ, Intelius, MovieTickets.com, Orbitz, Priceline, RedcatsUSA, Shutterfly, Travelocity, US Airways, and VistaPrint, profiting at over $10 million USD each. Classmates.com profited greater than $70 million USD.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "234921",
"title": "Mobile payment",
"section": "Section::::Credit card.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 276,
"text": "A simple mobile web payment system can also include a credit card payment flow allowing a consumer to enter their card details to make purchases. This process is familiar but any entry of details on a mobile phone is known to reduce the success rate (conversion) of payments.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "631175",
"title": "Payday loan",
"section": "Section::::Variations and alternatives.:Variations on payday lending.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 89,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 89,
"end_character": 992,
"text": "A minority of mainstream banks and TxtLoan companies lending short-term credit over mobile phone text messaging offer virtual credit advances for customers whose paychecks or other funds are deposited electronically into their accounts. The terms are similar to those of a payday loan; a customer receives a predetermined cash credit available for immediate withdrawal. The amount is deducted, along with a fee, usually about 10 percent of the amount borrowed, when the next direct deposit is posted to the customer's account. After the programs attracted regulatory attention, Wells Fargo called its fee \"voluntary\" and offered to waive it for any reason. It later scaled back the program in several states. Wells Fargo currently offers its version of a payday loan, called \"Direct Deposit Advance,\" which charges 120% APR. Similarly, the BBC reported in 2010 that controversial TxtLoan charges 10% for 7-days advance which is available for approved customers instantly over a text message.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4pp8hv
|
how does lightning "repair" the ozone?
|
[
{
"answer": "The high Voltage Discharge of the lightning has enough energy to Ionize some oxygen molecules which then reacts to O3 (ozone).\nSo O2 + Energy = 2 O• - > O• + O2 = O3 \n Look at it as if you had magnets 2 stick together and you need energy (force) to separate them, now you can take each one and connect it to other 2 magents",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Most oxygen is O2. Ozone is O3. Ozone is created when you run a lot of electricity through O2. Every time lightning strikes, some Ozone is created. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "17049966",
"title": "Ozone cracking",
"section": "Section::::Prevention.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 277,
"text": "Ozone is also produced by the action of sunlight on volatile organic compounds or VOCs, such as gasoline vapour present in the air of towns and cities, in a problem known as photochemical smog. The ozone formed can drift many miles before it is destroyed by further reactions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22718",
"title": "Ozone",
"section": "Section::::Production.:Incidental production.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 164,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 164,
"end_character": 779,
"text": "Ozone may be formed from by electrical discharges and by action of high energy electromagnetic radiation. Unsuppressed arcing in electrical contacts, motor brushes, or mechanical switches breaks down the chemical bonds of the atmospheric oxygen surrounding the contacts [ → 2O]. Free radicals of oxygen in and around the arc recombine to create ozone []. Certain electrical equipment generate significant levels of ozone. This is especially true of devices using high voltages, such as ionic air purifiers, laser printers, photocopiers, tasers and arc welders. Electric motors using brushes can generate ozone from repeated sparking inside the unit. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17049966",
"title": "Ozone cracking",
"section": "Section::::Prevention.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "Ozone gas is produced during electric discharge by sparking or corona discharge for example. Static electricity can build up within machines like compressors with moving parts constructed from insulating materials. If those compressors feed pressurised air into a closed pneumatic system, then all seals in the system may be at risk from ozone cracking.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "200136",
"title": "Static electricity",
"section": "Section::::Static discharge.:Ozone cracking.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 593,
"text": "A static discharge in the presence of air or oxygen can create ozone. Ozone can degrade rubber parts. Many elastomers are sensitive to ozone cracking. Exposure to ozone creates deep penetrative cracks in critical components like gaskets and O-rings. Fuel lines are also susceptible to the problem unless preventive action is taken. Preventive measures include adding anti-ozonants to the rubber mix, or using an ozone-resistant elastomer. Fires from cracked fuel lines have been a problem on vehicles, especially in the engine compartments where ozone can be produced by electrical equipment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22718",
"title": "Ozone",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Consumers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 204,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 204,
"end_character": 439,
"text": "Ozone is used in homes and hot tubs to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with halogens. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "219736",
"title": "Indoor air quality",
"section": "Section::::Common pollutants.:Ozone.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "Ozone is produced by ultraviolet light from the Sun hitting the Earth's atmosphere (especially in the ozone layer), lightning, certain high-voltage electric devices (such as air ionizers), and as a by-product of other types of pollution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22718",
"title": "Ozone",
"section": "Section::::Production.:Corona discharge method.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 146,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 146,
"end_character": 935,
"text": "This is the most common type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the \"hot spark\" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a corona discharge tube. They are typically cost-effective and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air to produce ozone concentrations of 3–6%. Fluctuations in ambient air, due to weather or other environmental conditions, cause variability in ozone production. However, they also produce nitrogen oxides as a by-product. Use of an air dryer can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. Use of an oxygen concentrator can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation by removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
agoq9c
|
why does old electronics produce a high ptched noice when turned on?
|
[
{
"answer": "The specific component is called the \"flyback transformer\". The whine is mentioned in this section:\n\n[_URL_1_](_URL_0_)\n\nMore specifically, the high frequency alternating magnetic field makes the transformer core vibrate at whatever frequency is being made. Depending on the initial quality of the transformer, and how well it has aged (the varnish they coat everything in breaks down after a while) you'll get a louder or quieter unit.\n\nThe same thing happens with normal 60hz (household current) transformers too, it's just a much lower note, because of the 60hz cycle. Again, as the varnish breaks down over the years, you will get a louder and louder note. For the big ones, people will even sometimes have them re-coated for just that reason.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "36402424",
"title": "Lenovo IdeaPad U310",
"section": "Section::::Issues.:Cracking case and hinge.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 406,
"text": "A number of users throughout the world have reported that the hinges of their Ideapad U310 notebooks were popped out and sometimes cracking sounds could be heard after half of a year or one year's normal usage. So far, Lenovo refused to acknowledge this problem and tried to charge customers for replacing the whole screen, which almost costs as much as a new U310. No official recall campaign was issued.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "497852",
"title": "Planned obsolescence",
"section": "Section::::In consumer electronics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "Many manufacturers continue to engineer electronics with materials that degrade with use, such as batteries, in sealed enclosures making replacement of these consumable parts more difficult and potentially more expensive. The public sentiment on this behavior varies wildly. Some see it as an artificial way to increase repair costs, and others pay little attention at all.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3887690",
"title": "Electronic waste",
"section": "Section::::Amount of electronic waste worldwide.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 466,
"text": "While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, there is considerable disagreement about the relative risk (compared to automobile scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics will improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in \"Motherboard\", attempts to restrict the trade have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintended consequences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56728113",
"title": "Sound Broadcast Services",
"section": "Section::::Products and services.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 402,
"text": "The design of most of the products used sealed cases (no ventilation) and linear power supplies. This resulted in very long life, particularly when used in dirty environments. The sealed cases meant that the electronics were protected from dirt and corrosion. Products such as the exciters, audio failure detectors and radio links remain in regular use around the world, despite being 20–30 years old.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1645192",
"title": "Pigging",
"section": "Section::::Pig varieties.:Intelligent pigging.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 502,
"text": "The electronics are sealed to prevent leakage of the pipeline product into the electronics since products can range from being highly basic to highly acidic and can be of extremely high pressure and temperature. Many pigs use specific materials according to the product in the pipeline. Power for the electronics is typically provided by onboard batteries which are also sealed. Data recording may be by various means ranging from analog tape, digital tape, or solid-state memory in more modern units.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "961381",
"title": "Arcade cabinet",
"section": "Section::::Restoration.:Monitors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 782,
"text": "Some electronic components are stressed by the hot, cramped conditions inside a cabinet. Electrolytic capacitors dry out over time, and if a classic arcade cabinet is still using its original components, they may be near the end of their service life. A common step in refurbishing vintage electronics (of all types) is \"recapping\" - i.e., replacing certain capacitors (and other parts) to restore, or ensure the continued safe operation of the monitor and power supplies. Because of the capacity and voltage ratings of these parts, it can be dangerous if not done properly, and should only be attempted by experienced hobbyists or professionals. If a monitor is broken, it may be easier to just source a drop-in replacement through coin-op machine distributors or parts suppliers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57445461",
"title": "Dell Inspiron laptops",
"section": "Section::::Problems.:Motherboard.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 205,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 205,
"end_character": 291,
"text": "This has also been a problem with the Inspiron 1150, with the same chip giving problems with broken solder. Re-soldering is not recommended. Re-heating the pins can re-establish the connection and solve the power-off problem at the expense of possibly losing the use of the touch-pad mouse.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ftndrh
|
If coronavirus is spread by people coughing and sneezing how are asymptomatic people spreading it when they don't do either?
|
[
{
"answer": "People that are asymptomatic don’t cough or sneeze due to the virus. They are still very much infected though, and coughs/sneezes happen to everyone all the time, not just symptoms of the virus. Also, some people are just nasty and cough/sneeze wherever without a care in the world, and that sure doesn’t help.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Spreading by bodily fluids such as saliva can even be passed through family if you share a drink or use the same spoon. Sometimes random coughing or sneezing (due to dust, allergies etc) without covering your mouth leaves droplets in the air or on surfaces and other people might come into contact with it especially in public places!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It’s actually also spread by breathing. In fact it’s MOSTLY spread by breathing instead of coughing or sneezing... this is how people can be transmitters for a week before they show symptoms. That’s how asymptomatic people are spreading it as well.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It spreads through drops of moisture in their breath. One thing I've been reading is that vaping can make the spread worse, since you're basically breathing out a cloud of moisture, and the virus rides the droplets through the air.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You are an asymptomatic carrier of SARS-CoV-2. You eat something and lick your finger, or you just touch your mouth/face. You don't wash your hands. You meet a friend or co-worker and shake their hand. They eat something or touch their mouth/face or rub their eye. Transmitted.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Per the World Health Organization, people with no symptoms are not a major driver of transmission. \n\n [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1516915",
"title": "Swine influenza",
"section": "Section::::Prevention.:Humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 612,
"text": "Influenza spreads between humans when infected people cough or sneeze, then other people breathe in the virus or touch something with the virus on it and then touch their own face. \"Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.\" Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food. The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness, although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, for analysis.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40817590",
"title": "Ebola virus disease",
"section": "Section::::Cause.:Transmission.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 1113,
"text": "Airborne transmission among humans is theoretically possible due to the presence of Ebola virus particles in saliva, which can be discharged into the air with a cough or sneeze, but observational data from previous epidemics suggests the actual risk of airborne transmission is low. A number of studies examining airborne transmission broadly concluded that transmission from pigs to primates could happen without direct contact because, unlike humans and primates, pigs with EVD get very high ebolavirus concentrations in their lungs, and not their bloodstream. Therefore, pigs with EVD can spread the disease through droplets in the air or on the ground when they sneeze or cough. By contrast, humans and other primates accumulate the virus throughout their body and specifically in their blood, but not very much in their lungs. It is believed that this is the reason researchers have observed pig to primate transmission without physical contact, but no evidence has been found of primates being infected without actual contact, even in experiments where infected and uninfected primates shared the same air.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5703563",
"title": "Booster dose",
"section": "Section::::Whooping cough booster dose.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 709,
"text": "Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a contagious disease that affects the respiratory tract. The infection is caused by a bacterium that sticks to the cilia of the upper respiratory tract, and can be very contagious. Pertussis can be especially dangerous for babies, whose immune system are not yet fully developed, and can develop into pneumonia or result in the baby having trouble breathing. DTaP is the primary vaccine given against pertussis, and children typically receive five doses before the age of seven. Tdap is the booster for pertussis, and is advised in the US to be administered every ten years, and during every pregnancy for mothers. Tdap can also be used as a booster against tetanus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16819447",
"title": "Rubulavirus",
"section": "Section::::Structure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 654,
"text": "If not vaccinated against mumps, susceptible individuals catch the disease by breathing around an infected person who has coughed or sneezed, releasing their contaminated saliva. Those who have had mumps are usually immune to future infections of the disease. Children have the highest risk of catching mumps, and it is rare for an adult to contract mumps. The incubation period for mumps can range from a couple weeks to a month, while the illness period is a few weeks. The swelling of the salivary glands is caused when the virus travels from the respiratory tract to the salivary glands and multiplies within the glands, causing the glands to swell.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "232411",
"title": "Sneeze",
"section": "Section::::Epidemiology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 590,
"text": "While generally harmless in healthy individuals, sneezes spread disease through the infectious aerosol droplets, commonly ranging from 0.5 to 5 µm. A sneeze can produce 40,000 droplets. To reduce the possibility of thus spreading disease (such as the flu), one holds the forearm or the inside of the elbow in front of one's mouth and nose when sneezing. Using one's hand for that purpose has recently fallen into disuse as it is considered inappropriate, since it promotes spreading germs through human contact (such as handshaking) or by commonly touched objects (most notably doorknobs).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59171",
"title": "Mumps",
"section": "Section::::Cause.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 787,
"text": "Mumps is spread from person to person through contact with respiratory secretions, such as saliva from an infected person. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, the droplets aerosolize and can enter the eyes, nose, or mouth of another person. Mumps can also be spread by sharing eating utensils or cups. The virus can also survive on surfaces and then be spread after contact in a similar manner. A person infected with mumps is contagious from around 7 days before the onset of symptoms until about 8 days after symptoms start. The incubation period (time until symptoms begin) can be from 12–25 days, but is typically 16–18 days. About 20-40% of persons infected with the mumps virus do not show symptoms, so being infected and spreading the virus without knowing it is possible.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "956236",
"title": "Measles morbillivirus",
"section": "Section::::Disease.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 303,
"text": "The virus causes measles, an infection of the respiratory system. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash. The virus is highly contagious and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5skv4z
|
does alcohol tolerance come from your body learning to metabolise it more efficiently, or your brain learning to function better whilst under the influence, or both?
|
[
{
"answer": "Both. Alcohol is metabolized into its non-toxic (less toxic?) form by enzymes in the liver. Once your liver realizes that it is frequently encountering this thing, it starts producing more enzymes which allow it to break the substance down more quickly.\n\nFurthermore, since your brain *technically* doesn't want to lose motor control to alcohol, the system of neurotransmitters which are affected by the presence of metabolized alcohol eventually compensate to lose less fidelity when encountering it.\n\nEDIT: It might incorrect to say it is metabolized into a less toxic form. I'm a little shakey on that - acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic substances, but that is nonetheless what the body does to the ethanol as it processes and prepares to excrete it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Down-regulation plays a part in most forms of tolerance related to psychoactive susbstances. Basically, your brain reduces the number of receptor sites on neurons when they are repeatedly exposed to an abundance of neurotransmitters, so future exposure has less effect. This system also explains withdrawal. Once the neurotransmitter levels drop from lack of use the reduced receptor sites take several weeks to regrow and withdrawal symptoms are worst. Until the receptors up-regulate and return to normal, the decreased receptor sites struggle to take up what little neurotransmitters are now present. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I've always had an extremely high tolerance. It doesn't seem to be genetic considering the rest of my family and I've asked my dad about it. I can drink and realize I should not drive or do other activities that and such but there is no \"drunk\" feeling. Copious amounts of alcohol have been consumed to test this theory. I seem to process it quite quickly. On the one hand it's great, on the other I don't get to experience the fun.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I think tolerance comes mostly from your body. The liver is an incredible organ and can take a lot of abuse. Some people can drink incredible amounts of alcohol every day for years and still manage to function. That is until cirrhosis fully sets in and the liver can't metabolize anymore. When this happens (if I understand correctly) alcohol just goes straight into the blood stream. This is how you might see advanced alcoholics get completely trashed on relatively small amounts of alcohol like single serving containers of fortified wine, fortified lager or hard cider. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "43903922",
"title": "Alcohol-related brain damage",
"section": "Section::::Neuroimaging.:Electromagnetic methods.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 360,
"text": "These neuroimaging methods have found that alcohol alters the nervous system on multiple levels. This includes impairment of lower order brainstem functions and higher order functioning, such as problem solving. These methods have also shown differences in electrical brain activity and responsiveness when comparing alcohol-dependent and healthy individuals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14678677",
"title": "Alcohol myopia",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 232,
"text": "Alcohol's ability to alter behavior and decision-making stems from its impact on synaptic transmission at GABA receptors. Alcohol's effects on the synaptic level dampen the brain's processing ability and limit attentional capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2990841",
"title": "Alcohol tolerance",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 225,
"text": "Alcohol tolerance refers to the bodily responses to the functional effects of ethanol in alcoholic beverages. This includes direct tolerance, speed of recovery from insobriety and resistance to the development of alcoholism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26685784",
"title": "Effects of alcohol on memory",
"section": "Section::::Mode of actions.:Effects on the hippocampus.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 879,
"text": "Alcohol acts as a general central nervous system depressant, but it also affects some specific areas of the brain to a greater extent than others. Memory impairment caused by alcohol has been linked to the disruption of hippocampal function — particularly affecting gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission which negatively impacts long-term potentiation (LTP). The molecular basis of LTP is associated with learning and memory. Particularly, damage to hippocampal CA1 cells adversely affects memory formation, and this disruption has been linked to dose-dependent levels of alcohol consumption. At higher doses, alcohol significantly inhibits neuronal activity in both the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus. This impairs memory encoding, since the hippocampus plays an important role in the formations of new memories.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26685784",
"title": "Effects of alcohol on memory",
"section": "Section::::Effects on working memory.:In the short term.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 2577,
"text": "Alcohol consumption has substantial, measurable effects on working memory, although these effects vary greatly between individual responses. Not much is really known about the neural mechanisms that underlie these individual differences. It is also found that alcohol impairs working memory by affecting mnemonic strategies and executive processes rather than by shrinking the basic holding capacity of working memory. Isolated acute-moderate levels of alcohol intoxication do not physically alter the structures that are critical for working memory function, such as the frontal cortex, the parietal cortex, the anterior cingulate, and parts of the basal ganglia. One finding regarding the effects of alcohol on working memory points out that alcohol reduces working memory only in individuals with a high baseline working memory capacity, which suggests that alcohol might not uniformly affect working memory in many different individuals. Alcohol appears to impair the capacity of working memory to modulate response inhibition. Alcohol disinhibits behaviour, but it only does so in individuals with a low baseline working memory capacity. An interesting finding is that the incentive to perform well with working memory measurement tasks while under the influence of alcohol \"'does\", in fact, have some effect on working memory, as it boosts scores in the rate of mental scanning and reaction time to stimulus; however, it did not reduce the number of errors as opposed to subjects with no incentive to perform well. Even acute alcohol intoxication (a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08-0.09%) produces a substantial impairment of working memory processes that require mnemonic rehearsal strategies. It is less likely for alcohol to impair a working memory task that does not rely on memory rehearsal or associated mnemonic strategies. Because of this, working memory is very susceptible to falter when an individual participates in tasks involving retention concerning both auditory and visual sequences. An interesting example of this is the failure of guitarists or other musicians performing concerts to cue in on auditory patterns and make it known that their performance is hindered by intoxication, whereas professional basketball (a less sequence-heavy activity for working memory) standout Ron Artest recently admitted in an interview with \"Sporting News\" to drinking heavily during half-time early in his career and the fact that it had little — if not any recognizable — effect on his working memory. His former coach Fran Fraschilla has gone on record saying:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26685784",
"title": "Effects of alcohol on memory",
"section": "Section::::Long-term memory.:Explicit memory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 343,
"text": "High doses of alcohol severely disrupt the storage process of semantic memories. Alcohol was found to impair the storage of novel stimuli but not that of previously learned information. Since alcohol affects the central nervous system, it hinders semantic storage functioning by restricting the consolidation of the information from encoding.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43903922",
"title": "Alcohol-related brain damage",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 437,
"text": "Alcohol-related brain damage alters both the structure and function of the brain as a result of the direct neurotoxic effects of alcohol intoxication or acute alcohol withdrawal. Increased alcohol intake is associated with damage to brain regions including the frontal lobe, limbic system, and cerebellum, with widespread cerebral atrophy, or brain shrinkage caused by neuron degeneration. This damage can be seen on neuroimaging scans.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
66fcet
|
the venezuelan protests right now.
|
[
{
"answer": "Power vacuum after the death of chavez. people don't have money for food, and their money isn't worth much globally anyway. intense violence in the streets over the past year (i.e. robbery and murder). a nation raised under a nationalist/socialist identity, but that has always been politically polarized. without chavez (for better or worse) the people are trying to work out the future of their beloved country. I think some of that is true...hopefully a venezuelan can give a better answer",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "43014395",
"title": "Timeline of the 2014 Venezuelan protests",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 361,
"text": "The 2014 Venezuelan protests began in February 2014 when hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested due to high levels of criminal violence, inflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods because of policies created the Venezuelan government. The protests have lasted for several months and events are listed below according to the month they had happened.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53843551",
"title": "2017 Venezuelan protests",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "The 2017 Venezuelan protests were a series of protests occurring throughout Venezuela. Protests began in January 2017 after the arrest of multiple opposition leaders and the cancellation of dialogue between the opposition and Nicolás Maduro's government.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46363739",
"title": "2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Protests.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 566,
"text": "In 2014, a series of protests and demonstrations began in Venezuela. The protests have been attributed to inflation, violence and shortages in Venezuela. The protests have been largely peaceful, though some have escalated and resulted in violence from both protesters and government forces. The government has accused the protests of being motivated by 'fascists' opposition leaders, capitalism and foreign influence, and has itself been accused of censorship, supporting groups called colectivos using violence against protesters and politically motivated arrests.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51287559",
"title": "Presidency of Nicolás Maduro",
"section": "Section::::2014–present: Venezuelan protests.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "Since 2014, a series of protests, political demonstrations, and civil insurrection began in Venezuela due to the country's high levels of violence, inflation, and chronic shortages of basic goods attributed to economic policies such as strict price controls. Maduro's government saw the protests as an undemocratic coup d'etat attempt orchestrated by \"fascist opposition leaders and the United States\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52988650",
"title": "Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 576,
"text": "The 2017 Venezuelan protests began in late January following the abandonment of Vatican-backed dialogue between the Bolivarian government and the opposition. The series of protests originally began in February 2014 when hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested due to high levels of criminal violence, inflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods because of policies created by the Venezuelan government though the size of protests had decreased since 2014. Following the 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis, protests began to increase greatly throughout Venezuela.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50036500",
"title": "Timeline of the 2016 Venezuelan protests",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 485,
"text": "The 2016 Venezuelan protests began in early January following controversy surrounding the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections and the increasing hardships felt by Venezuelans. The series of protests originally began in February 2014 when hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested due to high levels of criminal violence, inflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods because of policies created the Venezuelan government though the size of protests had decreased since 2014.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45414632",
"title": "Timeline of the 2015 Venezuelan protests",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 560,
"text": "The 2015 Venezuelan protests began in the first days of January primarily due to shortages in Venezuela, with the first massive demonstration occurring on 23 January. The series of protests originally began in February 2014 when hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans protested due to high levels of criminal violence, inflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods because of policies created the Venezuelan government. As of January 2015, over 50 people had been arrested for protesting. The protests are listed below according to the month they had happened.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
28a64c
|
Are there any languages that a parrot CANNOT learn to properly mimic?
|
[
{
"answer": "I'll try and find a non-paywall soucre for this: _URL_0_\n\nIt touches a lot on African Grey vocal abilities. \n\nParrots can mimic a wide range of noises that humans make, but not all of them.\n\nSome sounds, like \"em\" or \"en\" or the ss in \"hiss\" are difficult if not impossible for most parrots to mimic. As such there are words in every language that a parrot cannot properly mimic, but there are also words in every language that a parrot can mimic. Some parrots like African Greys are also especially good at mimicking inflection, which is important in some languages as well.\n\nHowever not all parrots have this ability. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Parrots certainly cannot mimic sign languages, which are just as much of a language as any other language. So that's something like 150 of the world's 7,000 languages that parrots are unable to imitate.\n\nIn terms of spoken languages, it depends on two things. First, what kind of bird do you mean? There are many species of parrots, some better at mimicry than others.\n\nSecond, what is close enough? Parrots seem to be able to imitate some of the phonetic qualities of human speech, but I wonder to what extent. I'm not so sure, for instance, a parrot would be able to distinguish between many of the [click consonants](_URL_1_), as they just don't have the correct oral structures for it. Similarly, I'm not so sure they could mimic some of the [coarticulations](_URL_0_) that humans are able to do.\n\nThat being said, I'm not aware of any studies on this topic.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8835741",
"title": "Talking bird",
"section": "Section::::Cognition controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "There is controversy about whether parrots are capable of using language, or merely mimic what they hear. However, some scientific studies—for example those conducted over a 30-year period by Irene Pepperberg with a grey named Alex and other parrots, covered in stories on network television on numerous occasions—have suggested that these parrots are capable of using words meaningfully in linguistic tasks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5061086",
"title": "N'kisi",
"section": "Section::::Controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 416,
"text": "There is controversy about whether parrots are capable of using language, or merely mimic what they hear. However, some scientific studies—for example those conducted over a 30-year period by Irene Pepperberg with a grey parrot named Alex and other parrots, covered in stories on network television on numerous occasions—have suggested that these parrots are capable of using words meaningfully in linguistic tasks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21051888",
"title": "Parrot",
"section": "Section::::Behaviour.:Intelligence and learning.:Sound imitation and speech.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 88,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 88,
"end_character": 498,
"text": "Many parrots can imitate human speech or other sounds. A study by scientist Irene Pepperberg suggested a high learning ability in an grey parrot named Alex. Alex was trained to use words to identify objects, describe them, count them, and even answer complex questions such as \"How many red squares?\" with over 80% accuracy. N'kisi, another grey parrot, has been shown to have a vocabulary around a thousand words, and has displayed an ability to invent and use words in context in correct tenses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8835741",
"title": "Talking bird",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 698,
"text": "Talking birds are birds that can mimic the speech of humans. There is debate within the scientific community over whether some talking parrots also have some cognitive understanding of the language. Birds have varying degrees of talking ability: some, like the corvids, are able to mimic only a few words and phrases, while some budgerigars have been observed to have a vocabulary of almost 2,000 words. The hill myna, a common pet, is well known for its talking ability and its relative, the European starling, is also adept at mimicry. Wild cockatoos in Australia have been reported to have learned human speech by cultural transmission from ex-captive birds that have integrated into the flock.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21051888",
"title": "Parrot",
"section": "Section::::Behaviour.:Intelligence and learning.:Sound imitation and speech.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 363,
"text": "Although most parrot species are able to imitate, some of the amazon parrots are generally regarded as the next-best imitators and speakers of the parrot world. The question of why birds imitate remains open, but those that do often score very high on tests designed to measure problem-solving ability. Wild grey parrots have been observed imitating other birds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12424881",
"title": "Pacific parrotlet",
"section": "Section::::Aviculture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 208,
"text": "Pacific parrotlets, like many larger parrot species, can learn to \"speak,\" or mimic, though their \"voices\" are not as clear as larger birds. Their vocabulary is relatively limited compared to larger parrots.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3275398",
"title": "Bird intelligence",
"section": "Section::::Studies.:Brain anatomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 659,
"text": "Studies with captive birds have given insight into which birds are the most intelligent. While parrots have the distinction of being able to mimic human speech, studies with the grey parrot have shown that some are able to associate words with their meanings and form simple sentences (see Alex). Parrots and the corvid family of crows, ravens, and jays are considered the most intelligent of birds. Not surprisingly, research has shown that these species tend to have the largest HVCs. Dr. Harvey J. Karten, a neuroscientist at UCSD who has studied the physiology of birds, has discovered that the lower parts of avian brains are similar to those of humans.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2azqxj
|
how would it feel like to be a spider's prey? how long would you stay alive, and would you feel pain?
|
[
{
"answer": "You wouldn't live for all that long. First you would be caught, and wrapped up in the web. Then the spider would bite you and inject you with their venom. It would work its way through your body, melting your internal organs. You would survive until a vital organ was destroyed, or until neurotoxins stopped your heart/lungs/brain. I have to imagine you would feel an extreme amount of pain unfortunately. Even without giant spiders or miniature humans, there are some spiders that have the ability to kill a full size human in a matter of hours. So with a higher proportion of poison compared to your body size, my best guess would be that after injecting the poison, you would be dead within an hour or two",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "280172",
"title": "Cheiracanthium inclusum",
"section": "Section::::Human impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 362,
"text": "\"C. inclusum\" spiders are venomous and capable of biting humans. A bite begins with moderate pain (in contrast to a brown recluse spider's painless bite) followed by itching. Symptoms usually resolve within 7–10 days. However, the spider rarely bites (with females biting more often than wandering males), and the venom rarely produces more than local symptoms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2725484",
"title": "Steatoda",
"section": "Section::::Bites.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 142,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 142,
"end_character": 346,
"text": "They are not aggressive, and most injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched somehow. It is possible that some bites result when a spider mistakes a finger thrust into its web for its normal prey, but ordinarily intrusion by any large creature will cause these spiders to flee.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "346104",
"title": "Parasteatoda tepidariorum",
"section": "Section::::Behavior.:Interaction with humans and predators.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "As these spiders live in constant proximity to humans, they are not usually aggressive and will even let a human hand approach their web. Like any other spider, however, they are afraid of bigger foes, and, in most cases, will retreat behind an obstacle (such as a dried leaf or prey remains) upon perceiving more than usual disturbance to their web. Further disturbance may lead to the spider dropping down on a thread, then running away from the web. If the distance is not considerable, it will usually return to its web within a couple of days. Otherwise, it will start a new one.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31324846",
"title": "Ero aphana",
"section": "Section::::Feeding behaviour.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 325,
"text": "\"Ero aphana\" is a specialised spider killer. It attacks another spider by biting one of its legs and injecting toxins. It quickly retreats so that it does not get bitten itself and waits at a safe distance. The prey soon becomes paralyzed and the attacker can start to feed safely and suck out the body fluids of the victim.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4525077",
"title": "Spider bite",
"section": "Section::::Cause.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "Spiders do not feed on humans and typically bites occur as a defense mechanism. This can occur from unintentional contact or trapping of the spider. Most spiders have fangs too small to penetrate human skin. Most bites by species large enough for their bites to be noticeable will have no serious medical consequences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4525077",
"title": "Spider bite",
"section": "Section::::Signs and symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 321,
"text": "A study of 750 definite spider bites in Australia indicated that 6% of spider bites cause significant effects, the vast majority of these being redback spider bites causing significant pain lasting more than 24 hours. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system can lead to sweating, high blood pressure and gooseflesh.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2149006",
"title": "Giant house spider",
"section": "Section::::Biology and behavior.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "Like most spiders, the spider possesses venom to subdue its prey. Since \"E. atrica\" bites can penetrate human skin on occasion, the effects of agatoxin might be felt by bite victims, though these spiders will not bite unless provoked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2c5ogx
|
how can a corporation be considered a person in the usa (and therefore a usa citizen...?) if they move their company to a different country and do not pay taxes in the usa.
|
[
{
"answer": "An important distinction: corporations are not considered U.S. citizens. Never before in American history has that ever even been considered.\n\nFor the purpose of applications of common law and protection under the Constitution, there is a concept of \"corporate personhood\" in the United States. This defines corporations as \"legal persons\" (in that they receive legal recognition) and extends to them certain rights and privileges under the Constitution. This allows for corporations to, amongst other things, enter into voluntary contracts with natural persons or other corporations and be sued in court. This legal definition dates back to 1819 Supreme Court case Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. The precedent dates back to British common law.\n\nNow that it's been determined that they've never been and never will be afforded the rights of natural persons -- such as citizenship -- most of the issues regarding relocation should be cleared up. If they do move, they must incorporate under that country's law. If they no longer do business in the United States or with the United States, they no longer pay United States taxes. The same thing really applies to natural persons (citizens) emigrating from the United States. People who do not earn money in the United States don't pay United States taxes. Actually, when American sports players play games in Canada (Bills in Toronto or Raptors in Toronto) they pay Canadian taxes.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "29479700",
"title": "Entity classification election",
"section": "Section::::Use in international tax planning.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 113,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 113,
"end_character": 1165,
"text": "Foreign owners of US corporations also benefit from the ability to have entities normally treated as flow-through instead be taxed as corporations by the IRS. In what is sometimes known as a \"domestic reverse hybrid\" strategy, a non-US corporation may set up a US holding company which elects to be treated as a corporation for US tax purposes, but which its home country tax law sees as a flow-through entity. The US holding company receives a loan from its home country parent which it invests in a US operating subsidiary; the US holding company receives dividends from the US operation subsidiary and pays interest to the non-US parent. US tax law thus sees a US company making a dividend payment to another US company (which is thus not subject to withholding tax, unlike a dividend paid to a foreign company) which then pays interest to a foreign company, while the home country tax law will see a US company paying dividends directly to its home country parent. Under typical treaties for the relief of double taxation, neither government has the right to tax the payment, because each sees it as a type of payment which only the other has the right to tax.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "743233",
"title": "Controlled foreign corporation",
"section": "Section::::Avoiding CFC status.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 509,
"text": "Under U.S. tax rules, a foreign entity may be classified for U.S. tax purposes as a corporation or a flow-through entity somewhat independently of its classification for foreign purposes. Under these \"check-the-box\" rules, shareholders may be able to elect to treat their shares income, deductions, and taxes of a foreign corporation as earned and paid by themselves. This permits U.S. individuals to obtain credits for foreign taxes paid by entities they own, which credits might otherwise not be available.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "362024",
"title": "Joint-stock company",
"section": "Section::::By countries.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 85,
"end_character": 648,
"text": "A corporation is legally a citizen of the state (or other jurisdiction) in which it is incorporated (except when circumstances direct the corporation be classified as a citizen of the state in which it has its head office, or the state in which it does the majority of its business). Corporate business law differs dramatically from state to state. Many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests. Many large corporations are incorporated in Delaware, for example, without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11416621",
"title": "Corporate tax in the United States",
"section": "Section::::State and local income taxes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 648,
"text": "Under the U.S. Constitution, states are prohibited from taxing income of a resident of another state unless the connection with the taxing state reach a certain level (called “nexus”). Most states do not tax non-business income of out of state corporations. Since the tax must be fairly apportioned, the states and localities compute income of out of state corporations (including those in foreign countries) taxable in the state by applying formulary apportionment to the total business taxable income of the corporation. Many states use a formula based on ratios of property, payroll, and sales within the state to those items outside the state.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "559856",
"title": "Subpoena duces tecum",
"section": "Section::::Compelling a foreign corporation to produce documents.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 1088,
"text": "A domestic corporation may be considered to be a \"person\" within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. It is not necessary to treat a corporation as a person in all circumstances. United States case law is confusing concerning this matter when dealing with foreign corporations, and their operation within the United States. Especially troubling have been rulings concerning the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. A foreign agent may not claim Fifth Amendment provisions against self-incrimination. Nor can records be withheld from subpoena duces tecum on the grounds that production of such documents would incriminate officers or other members of the foreign corporation. However, there is case authority in which foreign corporations have been protected from illegal searches and seizures, including documents and books. The matter of a foreign corporation operating as a \"person\" within the United States being afforded protection under the Fourteenth Amendment is discussed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11416621",
"title": "Corporate tax in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Foreign corporation branches.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "The United States taxes foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporations differently than domestic corporations. Foreign corporations generally are taxed only on business income when the income is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business (i.e., in a branch). This tax is imposed at the same rate as the tax on business income of a resident corporation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9044625",
"title": "IRS tax forms",
"section": "Section::::Information returns.:W series.:W-8 Series.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 157,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 157,
"end_character": 984,
"text": "The Form W-8BEN, Certificate of Foreign Status of Beneficial Owner for United States Tax Withholding, is used by foreign persons (including corporations) to certify their non-U.S. status. The form establishes that one is a non-resident alien or foreign corporation, to avoid or reduce tax withholding from U.S. source income, such as rents from U.S. property, interest on U.S. bank deposits or dividends paid by U.S. corporations. The form is not used for U.S. wages and salaries earned by non-resident aliens (in which case Form W-4 is used), or for U.S. freelance (dependent personal services) income (in which case Form 8233 is used). The form requires the foreign person to provide a U.S. Taxpayer Identification Number unless the U.S. income is dividends or interest from actively traded or similar investments. Other W-forms handle other international issues. The IRS released a new version of W-8BEN in February 2014 that required corporations to sign a W-8BEN-E form instead.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2enkju
|
why do certain foods make me gassy? what the heck is going on inside me?
|
[
{
"answer": "Bacteria that lives in your stomach feeds on the food you eat and produces gas byproducts. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "OMG I had oatmeal this morning and yep... still tooting! ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Everyone has unique bacteria in their guts - different types and in different amounts. Some bacteria may thrive better on, say, meat and so produce more gas as a byproduct when they break this down. \n\nYet I may not have so many meat-loving bacteria in my gut, so I would get less gassy from eating it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2200874",
"title": "Bloating",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Fiber.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 886,
"text": "Most cases of stomach bloating are due to improper diet. Gas occurs because of the bacteria in the colon and is a by-product of soluble fiber digestion. Inadequate or irregular intake of fiber and water will cause a person to experience bloating or constipation. The most common natural sources of fiber include fruits and vegetables as well as wheat or oat bran. These fibers are most likely to cause flatulence. Fiber is made by plants and is not easily digested by the human gastrointestinal tract. There are two main types of dietary fiber: soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber is prebiotic and readily fermented in the colon into gases, while insoluble fiber is metabolically inert and absorbs water as it moves through the digestive system, aiding in defecation. Most types of fiber (insoluble) are attached to body water in the intestine and increase the volume of stools.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3452977",
"title": "Abdominal distension",
"section": "Section::::Treatment.:Foods.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 283,
"text": "Certain foods have been known to worsen bloating. Poorly digested components of many foods are excreted into the large intestine where they are degraded by bacteria, producing excess gas. Depending on the undigested component, this may affect the odor and the volume of gas created.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "221221",
"title": "Stomach rumble",
"section": "Section::::Other causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 695,
"text": "BULLET::::- Incomplete digestion of food can lead to excess gas in the intestine. In humans, this can be due to incomplete digestion of carbohydrate-containing foods, including milk and other dairy products (lactose intolerance or the use of α-glucosidase inhibitors by diabetics), gluten (protein in wheat, barley, and rye) (coeliac disease), fruit, vegetables, beans, legumes, and high-fiber whole grains. In rare instances, excessive abdominal noise may be a sign of digestive disease, especially when accompanied by abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. Some examples of diseases that may be associated with this symptom include carcinoid neoplasm and coeliac sprue.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36168126",
"title": "Iranian traditional medicine",
"section": "Section::::Choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic.:Choleric: warm and dry.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 177,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 177,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "BULLET::::- Due to the warmness in their body they soon digest food and as they don't have adequate amount of nutrient supply to provide the energy needs of the body they soon get hungry and irritated if they don't get enough food timely.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6745811",
"title": "Gastric outlet obstruction",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 602,
"text": "Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a medical condition where there is an obstruction at the level of the pylorus, which is the outlet of the stomach. Individuals with gastric outlet obstruction will often have recurrent vomiting of food that has accumulated in the stomach, but which cannot pass into the small intestine due to the obstruction. The stomach often dilates to accommodate food intake and secretions. Causes of gastric outlet obstruction include both benign causes (such as peptic ulcer disease affecting the area around the pylorus), as well as malignant causes, such as gastric cancer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1395311",
"title": "Food intolerance",
"section": "Section::::Pathogenesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 247,
"text": "Food intolerances can be caused by enzymatic defects in the digestive system, can also result from pharmacological effects of vasoactive amines present in foods (e.g. Histamine), among other metabolic, pharmacological and digestive abnormalities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1396421",
"title": "Ileostomy",
"section": "Section::::Living with an ileostomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 1069,
"text": "Some people find they must make adjustments to their diet after having an ileostomy. Tough or high-fiber foods (for example: potato skins, tomato skins, and raw vegetables) are hard to digest in the small intestine and may cause blockages or discomfort when passing through the stoma. Chewing food thoroughly can help to minimize such problems. Some people also find that certain foods cause annoying gas or diarrhea. Many foods can change the color of the intestinal output, causing alarm; beetroot, for instance, produces a red output that may appear to be blood. Nevertheless, people who have an ileostomy as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease typically find they can enjoy a more \"normal\" diet than they could before surgery. Correct dietary advice is essential in combination with the patient's gastroenterologist and hospital-approved dietician. Supplementary foods may be prescribed and liquid intake and output monitored to correct and control output. If output does contain blood at any time, an ileostomate is advised to visit the emergency department.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
aiqmwv
|
When you drink caffeine, does it act like glucose and simply give your cells more energy, or is there something more going on?
|
[
{
"answer": "What you've read is close to the truth. Your idea about glucose is not.\n\nVery simply put the action of caffeine is supposed to feel like you have more energy, that is to say, less tired. It does not provide any meaningful calories.\n\nSo how does caffeine work? Well blocking all adenosine receptors, specifically the A2A receptor is believed to be the main culprit, but the A1 receptor is probably in their too. Adenosine alters the activity of a variety of neurons in the brain, some directly related to sleep and wave (like the neurons which release histamine... yes, the same histamine that is blocked by antihistamines that make you sleepy). Some scientists suggest that this is the main way that caffeine promotes wakefulness: by increasing histamine release. Exactly where the adenosine comes from is a matter of debate. It is often released along side other neurotransmitters from neurons, but it may also be released by astrocytes (brain cells that aren't neurons).\n\nThere are also adenosine receptors in your heart, and your blood vessels, and these are probably responsible for how adenosine increases your heart rate and increases your blood pressure.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "26639763",
"title": "Weight management",
"section": "Section::::Strategies for maintaining a healthy weight.:Increasing caffeine intake.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 107,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 107,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "Caffeine and black coffee have been associated with increased energy expenditure and subsequent weight loss. Caffeine belongs to a class of compounds called methylxanthines, and is present in coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate and some cola drinks. Caffeine induces a thermogenic effect in the body by increasing sympathetic nervous system activity, which is an important regulator of energy expenditure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6112487",
"title": "Sports nutrition",
"section": "Section::::Supplements.:Energy supplements.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 881,
"text": "Caffeine has been around since the 1900s and became popularly used in the 1970s when its power of masking fatigue became highly recognized. Similarly, the caffeine found in energy drinks and coffee shows an increased reaction performance and feelings of energy, focus and alertness in quickness and reaction anaerobic power tests. In other words, consuming an energy drink or any drink with caffeine increases short time/rapid exercise performance (like short full-speed sprints and heavy power weight lifting). Caffeine is chemically similar to adenosine, a type of sugar that helps in the regulation of important body processes, including the firing of neurotransmitters. Caffeine takes the place of adenosine in your brain, attaching itself to the same neural receptors affected by adenosine, and causing your neurons to fire more rapidly, hence caffeine's stimulating effects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3012322",
"title": "Glucose test",
"section": "Section::::Preparing for testing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 278,
"text": "Some foods contain caffeine (coffee, tea, colas, energy drinks etc.). Blood sugar levels of healthy people are generally not significantly changed by caffeine, but in diabetics caffeine intake may elevate these levels via its ability to stimulate the adrenergic nervous system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1130302",
"title": "Sleep inertia",
"section": "Section::::Treatments/countermeasures.:Caffeine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 627,
"text": "Caffeine is a xanthine derivative that can cross the blood-brain barrier. The caffeine present in coffee or tea exerts its stimulating action by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. By antagonizing the adenosine receptors caffeine limits the effects of adenosine buildup in the brain and increases alertness and attentiveness. Previous research has shown that coupled with a short nap, consuming caffeine prior to the nap can alleviate the effects of sleep inertia. Nonetheless, individual degree of consumption and tolerance to caffeine may be responsible for variation in its efficacy to reduce sleep inertia symptoms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1987383",
"title": "Caffeine dependence",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 256,
"text": "Caffeine is a commonplace central nervous system stimulant drug which occurs in nature as part of the coffee, tea, yerba mate and other plants. It is also an additive in many consumer products, most notably beverages advertised as energy drinks and colas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "604727",
"title": "Coffee",
"section": "Section::::Pharmacology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 126,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 126,
"end_character": 290,
"text": "In a healthy liver, caffeine is mostly broken down by hepatic enzymes. The excreted metabolites are mostly paraxanthines—theobromine and theophylline—and a small amount of unchanged caffeine. Therefore, the metabolism of caffeine depends on the state of this enzymatic system of the liver.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "168986",
"title": "Glycogen",
"section": "Section::::Structure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "Glucose is an osmotic molecule, and can have profound effects on osmotic pressure in high concentrations possibly leading to cell damage or death if stored in the cell without being modified. Glycogen is a non-osmotic molecule, so it can be used as a solution to storing glucose in the cell without disrupting osmotic pressure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1xfnlq
|
why/how is the housing sector so important to nations economy?
|
[
{
"answer": "a House is a big purchase. it's probably the Biggest purchase for most people.\n\n* people are more likely to buy a house when they're confident about their future. (job/career security, economy stability, etc.)\n* The multiplier effect. a $200k house can pump millions into the economy. you've to employee people to design the house, have truckers truck over material to the house, then have construction workers to build the house, then an inspector will inspect the house to make sure it's safe, then you'll have people selling the house and bankers that loan you that mortgage. Then there's the furniture, insurance, decorations, etc. Then all those people have more job security and spend more money in the economy... ... ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You're actually asking two different (but related) questions:\n\n* Why/how is the housing sector important?\n* Why is the housing sector mentioned so often?\n\nTo answer the second, housing is usually a leading indicator. \n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A few reasons.\n\n1. Housing wealth is a very significant fraction of total wealth. Estimates vary, but the total value of US housing held by the \"household sector\" (i.e. not businesses) is roughly $20 trillion, out of roughly $70 trillion total net worth. See for instance table S.3.a here: _URL_0_\n\n2. The percentage of wealth in housing (almost 30% for the US as a whole) is much higher for the middle class. Poorer people are less likely to own houses, and richer people are more likely to own financial assets such as equities. I don't have a good citation for you, but the number for the middle class could easily be 60%. And of course there are many individuals with all of their wealth in housing.\n\n3. It's undiversified wealth, and therefore more risky. One doesn't own 0.01% of of 10,000 houses equally spread across the globe---one owns one house. If the housing market goes to shit in an area, everyone in that area suffers together and it can have a huge effect.\n\n4. Housing is important for other reasons, such as mobility. For instance, suppose something happens to make it hard to buy and sell houses---let's say that mortgages dry up. People need to buy and sell houses in order to move for jobs. If housing frictions make it hard for people to flow toward jobs the unemployment rate goes up, etc. \n\nI could go on. In short, housing isn't just any old asset---it's a very valuable, very indivisible asset that is very central to many other decisions in our lives, and is disproportionately important for the middle class.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because housing is a huge undertaking, so housing is usually a pretty good indicator of how the economy is doing. \n\n1. Housing in and of itself is a huge economic transaction. There's the land itself (and subsequent regulatory assessment); utilities; architectural design; the actual construction (including buying all of the raw materials and then transporting them); and then the selling (real estate agents, loan officers, etc.) Building a new house encompasses at least four or five different industries.\n\n2. They usually differentiate between \"housing\" (people buying new homes from others as well as new homes) and \"new home construction\" (actually building a new home). As noted above, new home construction is a bigger deal, but simply moving existing houses is also an indicator. People generally don't buy a house unless they're confident and secure with their economic situation--so if more people are buying houses, it usually means people are making more money and/or are confident that they will keep making money in the future.\n\nOther \"big\" purchases, such as cars and consumer electronics, are also often mentioned for much of the same reasons. You'll also note that manufacturing inventory is often a common mention; it's kind of an \"instant\" snapshot of how the economy is doing (stuff gets out of warehouses months before the new home is built, so it's a good predictor of the future. If warehouses have depleted stock, that usually means in a few months people will start buying them.)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Some good answers in here already, but I will take a shot.\n\n1. For the average family, their home, and the associated mortgage, is the largest investment they will ever make, by far. More of the average household money, as a result, is tied up in housing than in any other investment. \n\n2. The mortgage market, as a result, is a huge, huge indicator of how the middle class is faring. Keeping tabs on the middle class is hugely important for the American economy, because they represent the vast majority of consumer spending - the middle class may save a fraction of its income, but by far, they spend the vast majority of what they earn. This is unlike the lower class, which spends all of what they earn and also has to be subsidized, and the very wealthy, who have more money than they know what to do with and hoard it. So the middle class is really the engine of the modern economy - and whether or not they feel they can buy and afford houses is a gigantic indicator of their overall financial health. \n\n3. Where people live is hugely determinative of what job they do. This is getting less important, but for the most part, you can tell the health of a local economy by its housing numbers. As a result, housing numbers tell a bunch about the particular area you are looking at - there is crazy development near the petroleum fields in the dakotas, but you can buy a city block in detroit for a few dollars. That tells you a lot about the local economy. \n\n4. A big bunch of financial instruments in the larger economy are tied to mortgages. When you make a mortgage with a bank, odds are pretty low the bank holds onto that mortgage. It will likely get sold to a larger fund, and those funds may be anything from rich billionaires speculating on boom-housing in florida to the aggregate retirement accounts of every teacher in Ohio looking to make sure their nest-eggs don't evaporate, and are hoping for modest but consistent gains above inflation. Because housing is so expensive, and represents a gigantic part of the economy, tons and tons of investment money from private individuals are put into third party mortgages. \n\n5. Construction employs a huge number of people, who may not be qualified for other work. So if housing is in a boom, it means jobs for millions. If it is stagnant, it means a whole shitload of unemployed construction workers. When you think this through to the associated payroll taxes, impact on local spending, you realize that it is a gigantic issue. Think about it this way: imagine if McDonalds or Walmart went out of business and fired every one of its workers tomorrow. The cycles of the housing market are on a similar level. \n\nIf you go to _URL_0_, you will find a whole bunch of really informative podcasts about mortgages. It is a huge industry.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "39578040",
"title": "Corruption in Turkey",
"section": "Section::::Potential economic effects.:Development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 399,
"text": "Economic development is the increase in standard of living and economic health of a country, reflected in its Human Development Index. For a country to develop economically it must invest in capital goods, such as infrastructure, health care and education. Unlike consumer goods, which promote immediate wealth for a nation, capital goods promote future development and a higher standard of living.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58929051",
"title": "Reshaping Cultural Policies",
"section": "Section::::Content.:Culture & sustainable development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "For the first time, national development plans and strategies integrate culture, mainly of countries in the Global South. As a result, cities seem to invest more and more in cultural industries for development. The UN’s 2030 Agenda recognized the role of creativity in sustainable development in the implementation of the SDGs. However, the share of development aid spent on culture today is the lowest it has been in over 10 years. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28807592",
"title": "Malay Democrats of the Philippines",
"section": "Section::::Party Principles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "BULLET::::7. The nation cares more for economic activities that rely on one and/or are supportive of another within the country (upstream-downstream, input-output, agro-industry). Building a nation's economy is the result of widening network of economically complementary activities. Agriculture and industry can co-exist in a symbiotic manner. In the same way, big and small businesses can have mutually rewarding relationships.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1317043",
"title": "Trade and development",
"section": "Section::::Agriculture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 682,
"text": "In many developing countries, agriculture employs a large proportion of the labor force, while food consumption accounts for a large share of household income. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) notes that this means that “even small changes in agricultural employment opportunities, or prices, can have major socio-economic effects in developing countries”. Thus whatever the development strategy a particular country adopts, the role of agriculture will often be crucial. In 1994, the agricultural sector employed over 70% of the labor force in low-income countries, 30% in middle-income countries, and only 4% in high-income countries (UNCTAD 1999).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8856894",
"title": "Energy poverty",
"section": "Section::::Government intervention and difficulties.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 479,
"text": "Energy is important for not only economic development but also public health. In the developing countries, governments should make efforts on reducing energy poverty that have negative impacts on economic development and public health. The number of people who currently uses modern energy should increase as the developing world governments take actions to reduce social costs and to increase social benefits by gradually spreading modern energy to their people in rural areas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4945403",
"title": "Community economic development",
"section": "Section::::Objectives and goals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 726,
"text": "Community economic development exists in all developed countries but varies in the way it functions with the different systems of governments around the world. Research makes it apparent that there are common goals and objectives such as economic activities and programs that develop low-income communities. Community Development Corporations, reformers and other agencies have other common initiatives including services to fight homelessness, lack of jobs, drug abuse, violence and crime as well as quality medical and childcare and home ownership opportunities while also bringing economic prosperity. Another increasingly common objective is to preserve the character of communities and strong support for local business.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53001701",
"title": "UNESCO Science Report",
"section": "Section::::Monitoring progress towards Sustainable Development Goals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 973,
"text": "For many developing countries, sustainable development is an integral part of their national development plans for the next 10–20 years. National and regional policy orientations may also be inspired by the desire to develop coping strategies to protect agriculture, reduce disaster risk and/or ensure energy security, such as by diversifying the national energy mix and improving energy efficiency. Even some oil-rent economies have invested in renewable energy in recent years, such as Algeria (solar and wind). Most of the social innovation observed in East and Central Africa since 2009 tackles pressing development issues, such as overcoming food insecurity, mitigating climate change or the transition to renewable energy. Around the world, there is a growing tendency to develop futuristic hyper-connected smart cities or ‘green’ cities which use the latest technology to improve efficiency in water and energy use, construction materials, transportation and so on.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1w9o71
|
how that dog from two floors down can continuously bark for two hours and not lose his voice
|
[
{
"answer": "he has seperation anxiety. i assume that he mainly does that when his owners are not at home? seperation anxiety builds up tension, so everytime he sees his owners leave the house he starts to get desperate and all the build up tension has to come out somehow. some dogs release that tension by destroying the whole house...some dogs release it by barking. if i were you i would go and talk to your neighbours and tell them to excersise more with their dog. Physical excersise before they leave the house is going to make that problem a hell of a lot less of a problem if it doesnt completely solve it. they are obviously not taking the dog out enough",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18526078",
"title": "Something Happened on the Way to Heaven",
"section": "Section::::Music video.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 694,
"text": "A dog is napping in a meadow, dreaming of being in a silent movie in which it saves a woman tied to a set of railroad tracks from being run over by a train. The opening of the song is heard faintly in the distance, coming from the open back door of a concert hall, and the dog wakes up and ventures inside. Here, Collins and his band do a sound check and then perform the song as the dog explores the facility, eating from the band's buffet table, climbing among the catwalks, and sitting briefly at an unused keyboard and drum kit. These sequences are intercut with shots from the dog's black-and-white perspective, including a brief dream in which it sits at a formal table loaded with food.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15489551",
"title": "Hearing Dogs for Deaf People",
"section": "Section::::Service.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 414,
"text": "After around a year, the dogs go on to advanced training, in which they are taught to alert people to sounds, called 'soundwork'. They do this by nudging the deaf person with their nose, then leading them to the source of the sound. An exception to this is when they alert to fire sirens or smoke alarms: the dogs lie down instead, telling the deaf person that there is an alarm, but not leading them into danger.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60894807",
"title": "Behaviour and Personality Assessment in Dogs (BPH)",
"section": "Section::::Assessment.:Steps.:5. Sudden noise.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 453,
"text": "The handler and dog walk towards a metal drum containing chains. It is rotated, creating a loud noise for 3 seconds; at this point, the handler drops the dog's leash. Similar to step 4 ('Surprise'), the dog must totally overcome its fear indicated by 'contact' with the drum. If it is still uncertain, the step progresses to other phases until the dog has returned to a calm state. The dog's fear of sound and emotional response are observed and noted.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12773247",
"title": "Much Ado About Mousing",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 889,
"text": "Finally, Tom sneaks behind the fence and leans over it to place earmuffs over the sleeping dog. However, his feet cause a board to creak out of place, leaving him dangling over the dog as it continues to fall. Tom saves himself by curling his tail around the foundation of the fence such that he and the board are pulled back up to the fence. Tom makes noises to test the earmuffs, and when the dog stays asleep, he goes off to corner Jerry. Jerry blows his whistle while Tom only looks more menacing than before, but then Jerry pulls out a pair of earmuffs and continues whistling. Thinking they're the dog's earmuffs, Tom gets so scared that he rolls \"himself\" into a ball and bowls off the pier, and even grabs the crab and attaches it to his tail. However, in the final scene, Jerry then puts that pair on as he lies down next to the dog (who still had his earmuffs on) to take a nap.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "101904",
"title": "Sounder",
"section": "Section::::Plot summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "In the morning, the boy awakes to the sound of faint whining, goes outside, and finds Sounder standing there. The dog can only use three legs, has only one ear and one eye, and no longer barks. The boy and his mother tend to the dog.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41092961",
"title": "Morkie",
"section": "Section::::Temperament.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 343,
"text": "Morkies normally get along well with other dogs and non-canine pets that they have been brought up with. Morkies can be destructive if left alone for extended periods, and at such times can be prone to excessive barking. Like many dogs, Morkies are suspicious of strangers or unusual sounds in their environment and are quick to alert owners.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12796485",
"title": "Blind Dog at St. Dunstans",
"section": "Section::::Album cover and title.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 257,
"text": "The title comes from a Noël Coward explanation to a child for why one dog had mounted another: one dog was blind and the other was pushing him to St. Dunstan's. At the end of the song \"Jack and Jill\", amongst dogs barking, two speaking voices can be heard:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
c9pxp6
|
how do bullets fired into the air come down fast enough to do damage?
|
[
{
"answer": "Bullets are propelled by gases from a gunpowder charge. Once it leaves the barrel traveling up, eventually the round reaches an apex, and heads back toward gravity. It will reach terminal velocity falling back down, which is much less than muzzle velocity firing up, but still enough to do damage. Case in point, a stray round coming back down in this manner took out the back window of my friends car a few 4th of Julys ago, it was found in the trunk after passing through the seat back.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It accelerates at 9.8m/sec² (minus wind friction) so if my math is close it would come down with a terminal velocity of around 175mph.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There's actually a myth busters episode about this. If you fire a bullet straight up in the air, perfectly perpendicular to the ground, it won't have enough velocity coming back down to kill you. It probably won't tickle but you won't die. If I remember correctly, their theory was that when people fire up into the air they don't do it perfectly perpendicular to the ground so the bullet continues to spin as it travels point-first (as it does when fired levelly), and thus maintains its aerodynamic-ness and speed enough to kill.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > what makes it go fast enough to kill someone?\n\nGravity.\n\nTheir terminal falling velocity may be a lot lower than their muzzle velocity, but it's still well beyond fast enough to do serious damage or kill.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Other situation is when bullets don’t go up at a steep enough angle to lose velocity and fall down. Instead they make more of a rainbow arc, not loosing THAT much speed at all before impacting something.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Mythbusters covered this several times. A bullet fired straight up will eventually stop and fall back down. Terminal velocity for a bullet is only about 100 miles per hour. Not enough to hurt you. \n\nA bullet fired at an angle will still travel horizontally at several hundred miles per hour. That is how people get killed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "34416929",
"title": "The Art of the Rifle",
"section": "Section::::Trajectory: curve of a bullet in flight.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 730,
"text": "A bullet in flight is in projectile motion, meaning no other forces are acting on it except the acceleration due to gravity (and sometimes wind). When a bullet leaves the muzzle, it not only travels forward, but also begins to fall due to the influence of gravity. The downward acceleration is constant and does not depend on how fast the bullet leaves the muzzle. Therefore, in order for a shooter to aim at a distant target and then hit it, the actual trajectory, or path that the bullet follows is a curve, not a straight line. That is, the bullet is shot at a slightly upward angle, and the goal of sighting in the rifle is to match the vertical position of the bullet on the downward part of its trajectory with the target. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3095897",
"title": "Celebratory gunfire",
"section": "Section::::Falling-bullet injuries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 515,
"text": "Bullets fired into the air usually fall back with terminal velocities much lower than their muzzle velocity when they leave the barrel of a firearm. Nevertheless, people can be injured, sometimes fatally, when bullets discharged into the air fall back down to the ground. Bullets fired at angles less than vertical are more dangerous as the bullet maintains its angular ballistic trajectory and is far less likely to engage in tumbling motion; it therefore travels at speeds much higher than a bullet in free fall.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21161917",
"title": "Lead pursuit",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "As air-to-air manoeuvres take the relative motion into play, many times gunshots fired directly at the target miss it due to the constant movement of the target, and the chasing pilot feels that the shot is late to reach the target; meanwhile, target has moved from that location. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3679054",
"title": "Powerhead (firearm)",
"section": "Section::::Design.:Purpose of contact-shooting.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 663,
"text": "Bullets are generally designed to work in air, which has a very low density. The density of water is roughly 800 times higher than that of air at sea level, and that reduces the penetration of a bullet proportionally. A bullet might travel a mile (1.6 km) in air, but travel no more than a few feet (about a meter) in water. Expanding hunting or defensive ammunition, such as that using hollow point bullets, will penetrate even less, as the water is dense enough to cause the bullet to expand. By firing while in contact with the target, a powerhead does not waste energy on traveling through the water, but rather expends all its energy directly on the target.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22330996",
"title": "Golf stroke mechanics",
"section": "Section::::Shots.:Secondary characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 289,
"text": "BULLET::::- A \"punch\" or \"knock-down\" shot is one with a low trajectory, that is employed when hitting into the wind or in order to avoid hitting the ball into overhead obstructions. This stroke is achieved by keeping the weight forward and the hands ahead of the clubhead through impact.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "584911",
"title": "External ballistics",
"section": "Section::::Using ballistics data.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 187,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 187,
"end_character": 1071,
"text": "This table demonstrates that, even with a fairly aerodynamic bullet fired at high velocity, the \"bullet drop\" or change in the point of impact is significant. This change in point of impact has two important implications. Firstly, estimating the distance to the target is critical at longer ranges, because the difference in the point of impact between 400 and is 25–32 in (depending on zero), in other words if the shooter estimates that the target is 400 yd away when it is in fact 500 yd away the shot will impact 25–32 in (635–813 mm) below where it was aimed, possibly missing the target completely. Secondly, the rifle should be zeroed to a distance appropriate to the typical range of targets, because the shooter might have to aim so far above the target to compensate for a large bullet drop that he may lose sight of the target completely (for instance being outside the field of view of a telescopic sight). In the example of the rifle zeroed at , the shooter would have to aim 49 in or more than 4 ft (1.2 m) above the point of impact for a target at 500 yd.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "186150",
"title": "Terminal ballistics",
"section": "Section::::Firearm projectiles.:Classes of bullets.:Target shooting.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 563,
"text": "For short range target shooting on ranges up to 50 meters (55 yd), aerodynamics are relatively unimportant and velocities are low. As long as the bullet is balanced so it does not tumble, the aerodynamics are unimportant. For shooting at paper targets, the best bullet is one that will punch a perfect hole through the target. These bullets are called wadcutters. They have a very flat front, often with a relatively sharp edge along the perimeter. The flat front punches out a large hole in the paper, close to, if not equal to, the full diameter of the bullet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
dp30lh
|
My mother and grandmother keep saying that living in the Soviet Union was way better than it is now because during then there was alot of food with cheap prices and i hardly believe that,was it actually true or am I getting brainwashed?
|
[
{
"answer": "Adapted from an earlier [answer](_URL_0_):\n\n You can poke around the internet and easily find graphs that claim that the average Soviet citizen had a higher caloric intake than the average American until the Soviet intake plummeted in 1991.\n\nThese generally come from FAO data, but an [examination](_URL_1_) of a number of different sources will show a spread of estimates.\n\nA major takeaway is that the two big datasets available to international researchers on Soviet nutrition are through the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the US Department of Agriculture, as well as some official Soviet sources, such as Goskomstat and Torgovlya SSSR. A huge problem with the data sets available is that it's very much comparing yabloki to oranges. A lot of the official data is for Food Balances (food produced, plus food imported, minus food exported), which is not the same thing as food consumed by households. For one thing, such a data set will not capture the massive wastage issues in Soviet food production and transportation, and will erroneously capture Soviet food production that was actually used for livestock rather than human consumption. The Soviet data furthermore is in kilograms and not calories.\n\nSo most researchers have had to adjust the data to some degree. It's worth pointing out that Robert Allen (in his From Farm to Factory), when adjusting the data, comes to results that roughly match the FAO data.\n\nIgor Birman, who was a Soviet economist who emigrated to the US in 1974, attempted to compare the two countries' nutrition in Personal Consumption in the USSR and the USA (1981). Birman considered the FAO data (and similar results produced by the CIA at the time) to be too high for reasons noted above, and found that, while Soviet diets were adequate (ie, in general the average person wasn't malnurished), caloric intake was slightly below US average intake, and if anything should be higher, because of a colder Soviet climate and a younger and more physically active population.\n\nBirman also criticized the CIA's attempt to compare diets. He noted that the Soviet diet was much higher in bread and potatoes than the American diet, and higher in fish consumption, but much lower in meat and fruits. The average Soviet consumed more dairy than the average American, but this was mostly cheese (usually tvorog), as opposed to fresh milk. Some of these products, such as bread, were often considered superior to the American versions, especially by emigres (anecdote: this is true), but others, such as meat, were considered inferior. Soviet citizens also tended to spend a much larger proportion of their income on food purchases compared to Americans. Interestingly, much of the meat and dairy supply available to Soviet citizens came from private production by farmers, rather than from collective or state farms.\n\nBirman notes that there were significant inequalities in what was available in major cities such as Leningrad and Moscow and more provincial ones, as well as what was available to party members versus nonparty members, and that certain foods (say, pineapples or avocadoes) that one could find in US supermarkets were simply unavailable to anyone. Soviet citizens also often consumed fresh products much more based on seasonality. And I should note that Birman doesn't hold back in his criticisms of the US either: he notes that rural and urban poverty in the US has real malnutrition issues, and that just because US supermarkets have choices doesn't mean that everyone has the ability to exercise that choice.\n\nSo in summary: there are data sets that show the average Soviet citizen's caloric intake as higher than the average Americans. Some historians, notably Robert Allen, consider these more or less accurate, but all the data sets need adjustments in order to be compared to US figures. With that said, even when Soviet citizens were eating adequately, they were eating a very different diet from that of Americans, one that would, for example, include eating larger amounts of potatoes every day.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "24839344",
"title": "Economic history of the Russian Federation",
"section": "Section::::1991–1992.:Unforeseen results of reform.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 769,
"text": "Under these conditions, the general quality of life for Soviet consumers deteriorated. Consumers traditionally faced shortages of durable goods, but under Gorbachev, food, wearing apparel, and other basic necessities were in short supply. Fueled by the liberalized atmosphere of Gorbachev's glasnost and by the general improvement in information access in the late 1980s, public dissatisfaction with economic conditions was much more overt than ever before in the Soviet period. The foreign-trade sector of the Soviet economy also showed signs of deterioration. The total Soviet hard-currency debt increased appreciably, and the Soviet Union, which had established an impeccable record for debt repayment in earlier decades, had accumulated sizable arrearages by 1990.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7720531",
"title": "Criticism of communist party rule",
"section": "Section::::Areas of criticism.:Social development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 1901,
"text": "In \"The Politics of Bad Faith\", David Horowitz painted a picture of horrendous living standards in the Soviet Union. Horowitz claimed that in the 1980s rationing of meat and sugar was common in the Soviet Union. Horowitz cited studies suggesting the average intake of red meat for a Soviet citizen was half of what it had been for a subject of the tsar in 1913, that blacks under apartheid in South Africa owned more cars per capita and that the average welfare mother in the United States received more income in a month than the average Soviet worker could earn in a year. According to Horowitz, the only area of consumption in which the Soviets excelled was the ingestion of hard liquor. Horowitz also noted that two-thirds of the households had no hot water and a third had no running water at all. Horowitz cited the government newspaper \"Izvestia\", noting a typical working-class family of four was forced to live for eight years in a single eight by eight foot room before marginally better accommodation became available. In his discussion of the Soviet housing shortage, Horowitz stated that the shortage was so acute that at all times 17 percent of Soviet families had to be physically separated for want of adequate space. A third of the hospitals had no running water and the bribery of doctors and nurses to get decent medical attention and even amenities like blankets in Soviet hospitals was not only common, but routine. In his discussion of Soviet education, Horowitz stated that only 15 percent of Soviet youth were able to attend institutions of higher learning compared to 34 percent in the United States. However, large segments of citizens of many former communist today states say that the standard of living has fallen since the end of the Cold War, with majorities of citizens in the former East Germany and Romania were polled as saying that life was better under Communism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5709108",
"title": "Family in the Soviet Union",
"section": "Section::::Diet and nutrition of the Soviet family.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 623,
"text": "The traditional types of food found in the Soviet Union were made up of various grains for breads and pastries, dairy products such as cheese and yogurt, and various meats such as pork, fish, beef and chicken. Vegetables were less abundant than the other forms of food due to the strain on resources and poor crop yields. Potatoes were a very important staple for Soviet families. Potatoes were easily grown and harvested in many different environments, and were usually reliable as a food source. Malnutrition was a prominent factor in poor health conditions and individual growth during this period in the Soviet Union. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50151",
"title": "Leonid Brezhnev",
"section": "Section::::Leader of the Soviet Union (1964–1982).:Domestic policies.:Society.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 580,
"text": "While some areas improved during the Brezhnev era, the majority of civilian services deteriorated and living conditions for Soviet citizens fell rapidly. Diseases were on the rise because of the decaying healthcare system. The living space remained rather small by First World standards, with the average Soviet person living on 13.4 square metres. Thousands of Moscow inhabitants became homeless, most of them living in shacks, doorways and parked trams. Nutrition ceased to improve in the late 1970s, while rationing of staple food products returned to Sverdlovsk for instance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31046190",
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)",
"section": "Section::::Soviet society.:Standard of living.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 99,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 99,
"end_character": 763,
"text": "The agricultural sector continued to perform poorly and by Brezhnev's final year, food shortages were reaching disturbing levels of frequency. Particularly embarrassing to the regime was the fact that even bread had become rationed, one commodity that they always prided themselves on being available. One reason for this was excessive consumer demand as food prices remained artificially low while incomes had trebled over the last 20 years. Despite the miserable failure of collective farming, the Soviet government remained committed to reducing imports of foodstuffs from the West even though they cost less than domestic production, not only for reasons of national pride, but out of fear of becoming dependent on capitalist countries for basic necessities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "751768",
"title": "Consumer goods in the Soviet Union",
"section": "Section::::Consumer supply in the 1980s.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 704,
"text": "Analyzing shortages in Soviet Union showed very uneven distribution among the population. For example, both Moscow and Leningrad, the two of the country's biggest cities, were supplied much better than the rest of the country and did not have rationing until the late 1980s. Similarly, presence of goods on the shelves in a state store in a minor city often could simply mean that these goods were rationed and could not be bought at will. But in most cases shortages simply meant either empty shelves or long waiting lines. There were also some hidden channels of goods distribution; for example, in many cases goods were directly distributed/sold at places of work totally bypassing the store shelves.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1135920",
"title": "Prodrazvyorstka",
"section": "Section::::Soviet prodrazvyorstka.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 799,
"text": "In 1918 the center of Soviet Russia found itself cut off from the most important agricultural regions of the country. The reserves of grain ran low, causing hunger among the urban population, where support for the Bolshevik government was strongest. In order to satisfy minimal food needs, the Soviet government introduced strict control over the food surpluses of prosperous rural households. Since many peasants were extremely unhappy with this policy and tried to resist it, they were branded as \"saboteurs\" of the bread monopoly of the state and advocates of free \"predatory\", \"speculative\" trade. Vladimir Lenin believed that prodrazvyorstka was the only possible way to procure sufficient amounts of grain and other agricultural products for the population of the cities during the civil war.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bck6ju
|
how does flavored seltzer have 0 calories per serving but 10 calories per bottle?
|
[
{
"answer": "You're not required to disclose under 5 calories per serving per the FDA in the US - it can be rounded down to 0. As each serving is only 3.333... calories, it can be listed as no calorie.\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are arcane rules on how those nutrition lables are regulated. IIRC, you can round anything to the nearest ten calories, so 3.33 calories per serving would be rounded down to zero",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Rounding. Under 5 calories can be rounded down to 0 per serving. There are likely 3 or 4 calories per serving which rounds to 0 per serving but per bottle 3 servings combined rounds to 10 calories.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "48465",
"title": "Splenda",
"section": "Section::::Energy (caloric) content.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 795,
"text": "The energy content of a single-serving (1 g packet) of Splenda is 3.36 kcal, which is 31% of a single-serving (2.8 g packet) of granulated sugar (10.8 kcal). In the United States, it is legally labelled \"zero calories\"; U.S. FDA regulations allow this \"if the food contains less than 5 Calories per reference amount customarily consumed and per labeled serving\". 3.2 packets (3.36 kcal each) of Splenda contain the same caloric content as one packet of sugar (10.8 kcal). Further, Splenda contains a relatively small amount of sucralose, little of which is metabolized; virtually all of Splenda's caloric content derives from the dextrose or highly fluffed maltodextrin \"bulking agents\" that give Splenda its volume. Like other carbohydrates, dextrose and maltodextrin have 3.75 kcal per gram. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37791947",
"title": "1,1-Ethanedithiol",
"section": "Section::::Use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 810,
"text": "Flavouring uses of ethane-1,1-dithiol may include drinks, oil, gravy, soup, meat, fruit, seasonings, and snacks. Maximum concentrations in use that are generally recognised as safe (GRAS) is five parts per million (ppm) but typical uses are around 0.2 ppm. It is supplied as a 1% solution in ethanol, due to its strong offensive smell. In the diluted form with 4% ethyl acetate and ethanol the CAS number is 69382-62-3. Toxicity may be due to metabolism products hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde, however as used it has a margin of safety of over 10,000,000. Other ways that it is modified in the body apart from hydrolysis is methylation to 1-methylsulfanyl-ethanethiol, oxidation of the sulfur to an ethyl sulfonate, glucuronidation of the sulfur, or combination with cysteine by way of a disulfide bridge.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48463",
"title": "Sucralose",
"section": "Section::::Packaging and storage.:Effect on caloric content.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 401,
"text": "Though sucralose contains no calories, products that contain fillers, such as maltodextrin and/or dextrose, add about 2–4 calories per teaspoon or individual packet, depending on the product, the fillers used, brand, and the intended use of the product. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows for any product containing fewer than five calories per serving to be labeled as \"zero calories\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31018969",
"title": "Purr by Katy Perry",
"section": "Section::::Release.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 285,
"text": "In the United States, the fragrance is available exclusively at Nordstrom stores. It is sold in 1.7 and 3.4 fluid ounce bottles at a reported retail price of $35.00 to $45.00 for the former and $65.00 for the larger. Purr is also available online through Nordstorm's official website.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53332",
"title": "Saffron",
"section": "Section::::Production.:Trade.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 580,
"text": "Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$500 to US$5,000 per pound, or US$1,100–11,000/kg. In Western countries, the average retail price in 1974 was $1,000 per pound, or US$2,200 per kilogram. In February 2013, a retail bottle containing 0.06 ounces (1.7 g) could be purchased for $16.26 or the equivalent of $4,336 per pound or as little as about $2,000/pound in larger quantities. A pound contains between 70,000 and 200,000 threads. Vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, elasticity, and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "247824",
"title": "Schnapps",
"section": "Section::::American.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 293,
"text": "An inexpensive heavily sweetened form of liqueur is made in America by mixing neutral grain spirit with fruit syrup, spices, or other flavors. Referred to as \"schnapps\", these are bottled with an alcohol content typically between 15% and 20% ABV (30–40 proof), though some may be much higher.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415070",
"title": "Chinese herbology",
"section": "Section::::Categorization.:Five Flavors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 778,
"text": "The Five Flavors, sometimes also translated as \"Five Tastes\", are: acrid/pungent (辛), sweet (甘), bitter (苦), sour (酸), and salty (traditional: 鹹, simplified: 咸). Substances may also have more than one flavor, or none (i.e., a bland (淡) flavor). Each of the Five Flavors corresponds to one of the zàng organs, which in turn corresponds to one of the Five Phases: A flavor implies certain properties and presumed therapeutic \"actions\" of a substance: saltiness \"drains downward and softens hard masses\"; sweetness is \"supplementing, harmonizing, and moistening\"; pungent substances are thought to induce sweat and act on qi and blood; sourness tends to be astringent (traditional: 澀, simplified: 涩) in nature; bitterness \"drains heat, purges the bowels, and eliminates dampness\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
37ws11
|
Why does the United States not have a parliament like the United Kingdom?
|
[
{
"answer": "It was Parliament that had tried to tax them, in their view unjustly. The Declaratory Act had declared that Parliament could pass any Act it saw fit in regards to America. This idea of unlimited parliamentary sovereignty was anathema to Americans. They were concerned above all to ensure that their Constitution safeguarded liberty and this could not be done if the legislative body could pass any law it saw fit by a simple majority.\n\nAlso, the fact that the Upper House of Parliament was composed of hereditary legislators struck the Founding Fathers as absurd. As the [Federalist No. 63](_URL_0_) stated:\n\n > But if anything could silence the jealousies on this subject, it ought to be the British example. The Senate there instead of being elected for a term of six years, and of being unconfined to particular families or fortunes, is an hereditary assembly of opulent nobles. The House of Representatives, instead of being elected for two years, and by the whole body of the people, is elected for seven years, and, in very great proportion, by a very small proportion of the people. Here, unquestionably, ought to be seen in full display the aristocratic usurpations and tyranny which are at some future period to be exemplified in the United States. Unfortunately, however, for the anti-federal argument, the British history informs us that this hereditary assembly has not been able to defend itself against the continual encroachments of the House of Representatives; and that it no sooner lost the support of the monarch, than it was actually crushed by the weight of the popular branch.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "275009",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Politics and Government.:The Crown and Parliament.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 162,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 162,
"end_character": 655,
"text": "The UK has a parliamentary government based on the Westminster system that has been emulated around the world – a legacy of the British Empire. The Parliament of the United Kingdom that meets in the Houses of Parliament has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords, and any Bill passed requires Royal Assent to become law. It is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom: the devolved parliaments and assemblies in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales are not sovereign bodies and could be abolished by the UK Parliament, despite each being established following public approval as expressed in a referendum.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31717",
"title": "United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Politics.:Government.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 357,
"text": "The UK has a parliamentary government based on the Westminster system that has been emulated around the world: a legacy of the British Empire. The parliament of the United Kingdom meets in the Palace of Westminster and has two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords. All bills passed are given Royal Assent before becoming law.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13964",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 786,
"text": "The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known internationally as the UK Parliament, British Parliament, or Westminster Parliament, and domestically simply as Parliament or Westminster, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and the overseas territories. Parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the Sovereign (the Queen-in-Parliament), the House of Lords, and the House of Commons (the primary chamber). The two houses meet in the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the inner boroughs of the capital city, London.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31726",
"title": "Politics of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Legislatures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom (i.e., there is parliamentary sovereignty), and Government is drawn from and answerable to it. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There is also a devolved Scottish Parliament and devolved Assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland, with varying degrees of legislative authority.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23987465",
"title": "Constitution of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Constitutional principles.:Unity and devolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 616,
"text": "The United Kingdom comprises four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, it is a unitary state, not a federation (like Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Russia or the United States), nor a confederation (like pre-1847 Switzerland or the former Serbia and Montenegro). Parliament contains no chamber comparable to the United States Senate (which has equal representation from each state of the USA), the Brazilian Senate, which has three senators from each state, or the German Bundesrat (whose membership is selected by the governments of the States of Germany).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59511",
"title": "Legislatures of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::United Kingdom legislature.:The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 539,
"text": "The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the UK Parliament, the British Parliament, the Westminster Parliament or \"Westminster\") is the supreme legislative body for the United Kingdom and also for English Law. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom (currently Queen Elizabeth II) and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "204299",
"title": "Bicameralism",
"section": "Section::::History of bicameral legislatures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 648,
"text": "The British Parliament is often referred to as the \"Mother of Parliaments\" (in fact a misquotation of John Bright, who remarked in 1865 that \"England is the Mother of Parliaments\") because the British Parliament has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British \"three-tier\" model. Most countries in Europe and the Commonwealth have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial head of state who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house, and (unlike Britain) a smaller upper house.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6ckesq
|
why is it difficult for us to recognize how annoying the annoying things we do are, when we're so quick to identify the annoying things other people do?
|
[
{
"answer": "It is one of those things in life. We are all born with a million small bottles, each with a label. One is greed, one is lust, one for ambition, one for honesty. Every single trait has its own jar. Love, empathy, distrust, lying, amity, etc. each has a jar. In each jar is a bit of sand. Those who are greedy have the greedy jar overflowing, but their empathy jar might be empty, or their love jar overflowing. We all have the same jars with varying amounts of sand in each. \n\nThe kicker is that the jars are behind us, and while we can easily see the sand in other people's jars, we cannot see our own. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because you are living inside your own brain, that means that you know your own intentions, so the things that you do don't annoy you, because you're you, and you know exactly why you're doing that. Those intentions, however, do not always show through, and other people don't always put themselves into your shoes to try to figure out why you're doing those things. They get wrapped up in themselves and take everything personally and become upset over the things that you do that they find annoying.\n\nThat action of putting yourself into another person's shoes is called empathy, and its hard to practice, because it means making yourself vulnerable and opening yourself up to another person's emotions. that's a frightening thing to do, and its not something the people readily think of. so that car that just swerved right in front of you that made you have to brake really hard? maybe that's a parent in the driver's seat who just got hit in the the head by the toy that their kid threw from the back seat, or the kids are screaming at each other and one threw up. That text you sent that person and they didn't respond back to you within five minutes and now you're freaking out that maybe they hate you? maybe you texted them while they were in a cell phone dead zone and they literally didn't get it, or maybe they work someplace where they're not allowed to have their cell phones at all. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "911842",
"title": "Annoyance",
"section": "Section::::Psychology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 702,
"text": "Various reasons exist for why one finds particular stimuli annoying. Measurement of annoyance is highly subjective. As an attempt at measurement, psychological studies on annoyance often rely on their subjects' own ratings of levels of annoyance on a scale. Any kind of stimuli can cause annoyance, such as getting poked in the side or listening to a song repeatedly. Many stimuli that one is at first neutral to, or even finds pleasant, can turn into annoyances from repeated continued exposure. One can often encounter this phenomenon with such media as popular music, memes, commercials, and advertising jingles, which by their very nature are continually repeated over a period of weeks or months.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35044291",
"title": "Multicommunicating",
"section": "Section::::Practical uses of this theory.:Personal interaction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 333,
"text": "BULLET::::- Competitive presence happens when you try to persuade other people or group of people to pay attention to you, and you seem to have to compete with their communication technology, for instance, when you're trying to share a personal story with your friend, but they're on their phone and are not paying attention to you.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9442699",
"title": "Deaf culture in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Norms of Deaf American culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 393,
"text": "BULLET::::- It is important to maintain a high awareness of all that is going on in one's environment and to help keep others similarly informed because \"deaf people do not have access to the noises that clue us in to what others are doing when out of view\". It is common to provide detailed information when leaving early or arriving late and withholding such information is considered rude.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "911842",
"title": "Annoyance",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "Annoyance is an unpleasant mental state that is characterized by such effects as irritation and distraction from one's conscious thinking. It can lead to emotions such as frustration and anger. The property of being easily annoyed is called irritability.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24311613",
"title": "Telephone phobia",
"section": "Section::::Coping and avoidance strategies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 978,
"text": "Associated avoidance behaviour may include asking others (e.g. relatives at home) to take phone calls and exclusively using answering machines. The rise in the use of electronic text-based communication (the Internet, email and text messaging) has given many sufferers alternative means of communication that they may find considerably less stressful than the phone. At the same time, members of a younger generation who have grown up with digital communication increasingly find either making or receiving phone calls \"intrusive\", preferring to use media that allow them to \"participate in the conversation at the pace [they] choose\". In the 2019 survey, 61% of UK millennial office workers reported that they would \"display physical, anxiety-induced behaviours when they're the only ones in the office and the phone rings\". Some individuals, however, also experience \"textphobia\", a fear or anxiety of texting or messaging, and so avoid those forms of communication as well. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6725037",
"title": "Rudeness",
"section": "Section::::Examples.:Behaviours.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 880,
"text": "Other rude behaviours have the effect of communicating disrespect for other people. In extreme cases, this can rise to complete and deliberate social exclusion of the disrespected person; in others, the rudeness is only temporary and may be unintentional. For example, it can be rude to use electronic devices, such as mobile phones, if this results in ignoring someone or otherwise indicating that the present company is less interesting or important than the people elsewhere or the text messages they send. Similarly, cutting in line signals that the person cutting in the line believes themselves to be more important that the people their action delays. Barging into someone else's space without permission, whether that be a violation of personal space or crashing a party, is rude because it does not respect the person's property rights or right to make personal choices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31565681",
"title": "Pain in invertebrates",
"section": "Section::::Learned avoidance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "Learning to avoid a noxious stimulus indicates that prior experience of the stimulus is remembered by the animal and appropriate action taken in the future to avoid or reduce potential damage. This type of response is therefore not the fixed, reflexive action of nociceptive avoidance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
17iv6f
|
can a programmer explain what a "delegate" is and why you should use it?
|
[
{
"answer": "_URL_1_\n\ngives a good explanation.\n\nbasic answer: it's like a secure, typesafe version of C's function pointers. More simply put, it's an object which references a method. \n\nHere's a good example:\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's an easy way to pass a method you wish to invoke to a function, so the function can invoke that method without actually knowing which method is being invoked. (try saying that 10 times fast)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5188402",
"title": "Delegate (CLI)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "A delegate is a form of type-safe function pointer used by the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Delegates specify a method to call and optionally an object to call the method on. Delegates are used, among other things, to implement callbacks and event listeners. A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. The delegate object can then be passed to code that can call the referenced method, without having to know at compile time which method will be invoked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5188402",
"title": "Delegate (CLI)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "In C#, delegates are often used to implement callbacks in event driven programming. For example, a delegate may be used to indicate which method should be called when the user clicks on some button. Delegates allow the programmer to notify several methods that an event has occurred.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "148655",
"title": "Delegation pattern",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 738,
"text": "In delegation, an object handles a request by delegating to a second object (the \"delegate\"). The delegate is a helper object, but \"with the original context\". With language-level support for delegation, this is done implicitly by having codice_1 in the delegate refer to the original (sending) object, not the delegate (receiving object). In the delegate pattern, this is instead accomplished by explicitly passing the original object to the delegate, as an argument to a method. Note that \"delegation\" is often used loosely to refer to the distinct concept of forwarding, where the sending object simply uses the corresponding member on the receiving object, evaluated in the context of the \"receiving\" object, not the original object.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34519602",
"title": "Models of representation",
"section": "Section::::Delegate Model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 384,
"text": "A delegate is someone who is elected to represent and convey the views of others. The Delegate Model of representation suggests that representatives have little or no capacity to exercise their own judgement or preferences. They are merely elected to be the mouthpiece of their constituency and act only the way their constituents would want them to, regardless of their own opinion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32612385",
"title": "Hindley–Milner type system",
"section": "Section::::Introduction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 490,
"text": "In programming, these uses are expressed as \"functions\" or \"procedures\" which serve the role of verbs in natural language. As an example for typing verbs, an English dictionary might define \"gift\" as \"to give someone something\", indicating that the object must be a person and the indirect object a physical thing. In programming, \"someone\" and \"something\" would be called types. Using a physical thing in the place of \"someone\" would be indicated as a programming error by a type checker.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1071840",
"title": "Delegate (American politics)",
"section": "Section::::As elected official.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 331,
"text": "Delegate is the title of a person elected to the United States House of Representatives to serve the interests of an organized United States territory, at present only overseas or the District of Columbia, but historically in most cases in a portion of North America as precursor to one or more of the present states of the union.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40678598",
"title": "Workers' council",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 454,
"text": "In a system with temporary and instantly revocable delegates, workers decide on what their agenda is and what their needs are. They also mandate a temporary delegate to divulge and pursue them. The temporary delegates are elected among the workers themselves, can be instantly revoked if they betray their mandate, and are supposed to change frequently. The delegates act as messengers, carrying and interchanging the intention of the groups of workers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8dgwhb
|
why does a phone without a battery break when dropped in water?
|
[
{
"answer": "Electronics guy here.\n\nIt happens because it isn't the water that breaks the phone - *minerals* ***left behind by the water*** cause short circuits which cause parts of the phone to fry the next time any voltage is applied to them.\n\nIn theory an electronic device can be restored after getting dunked in water... as long as the minerals are thoroughly washed off beforehand.\n\nEdited to add: Professionals use isopropyl alcohol at as close to 100% concentration as they can find - among other things - to rinse away the minerals without leaving anything else behind.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If it does, it's because either...\n\n1. The device still has water in it when it's powered back on, creating unintended electrical pathways damaging various sensitive components when the device powers on\n\n2. Conductive residue (Mineral, other) from the evaporation of the water remained on the board, creating unintended electrical pathways damaging various sensitive components when the device powers on\n\nThis is why it's exceptionally important to make sure a device is THOROUGHLY DRIED OUT, COMPLETELY before attempting to power it back on. While rice might be an extremely mild desiccant (absorbs water), the old 'rice in a bowl/bag' trick is more useful because it gets people to leave their phones alone. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Corrosion on circuits/coils/resistors. Completely dry it, replace the corroded parts and obviously add the battery back it should work okay. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "201495",
"title": "Lead–acid battery",
"section": "Section::::Corrosion problems.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "If the battery is over-filled with water and electrolyte, thermal expansion can force some of the liquid out of the battery vents onto the top of the battery. This solution can then react with the lead and other metals in the battery connector and cause corrosion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "201495",
"title": "Lead–acid battery",
"section": "Section::::Cycles.:Starting batteries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 489,
"text": "Starting batteries are of lighter weight than deep cycle batteries of the same size, because the thinner and lighter cell plates do not extend all the way to the bottom of the battery case. This allows loose disintegrated material to fall off the plates and collect at the bottom of the cell, prolonging the service life of the battery. If this loose debris rises enough it may touch the bottom of the plates and cause failure of a cell, resulting in loss of battery voltage and capacity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "953137",
"title": "Samsung SPH-i500",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 388,
"text": "The phone shipped with an extra battery and extra stylus. The supplied power cable could be used as a travel charger or to plug into the included cradle, which could charge the phone and an extra battery simultaneously. Despite two batteries, the phone needed to be plugged in regularly. Swapping charged batteries would eventually result in a phone reset---a complete loss of user data.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "201495",
"title": "Lead–acid battery",
"section": "Section::::Electrochemistry.:Charging.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 267,
"text": "Overcharging with high charging voltages generates oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water, which is lost to the cell. The design of some types of lead-acid battery allow the electrolyte level to be inspected and topped up with any water that has been lost.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "726915",
"title": "Alkaline battery",
"section": "Section::::Leaks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 503,
"text": "The reason for leaks is that as batteries discharge — either through usage or gradual self-discharge — the chemistry of the cells changes and some hydrogen gas is generated. This out-gassing increases pressure in the battery. Eventually, the excess pressure either ruptures the insulating seals at the end of the battery, or the outer metal canister, or both. In addition, as the battery ages, its steel outer canister may gradually corrode or rust, which can further contribute to containment failure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41382162",
"title": "Battery regenerator",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "Batteries also have a small amount of internal resistance that will discharge the battery even when it is disconnected. If a battery is left disconnected, any internal charge will drain away slowly and eventually reach the critical point. From then on the film will develop and thicken. This is the reason batteries will be found to charge poorly or not at all if left in storage for a long period of time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19174720",
"title": "Electric battery",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.:Leakage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 89,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 89,
"end_character": 675,
"text": "Many battery chemicals are corrosive, poisonous or both. If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous. For example, disposable batteries often use a zinc \"can\" both as a reactant and as the container to hold the other reagents. If this kind of battery is over-discharged, the reagents can emerge through the cardboard and plastic that form the remainder of the container. The active chemical leakage can then damage or disable the equipment that the batteries power. For this reason, many electronic device manufacturers recommend removing the batteries from devices that will not be used for extended periods of time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
48cd4h
|
From Facebook: "Pineapples were a status symbol in 18th century England. They were so expensive that you could rent them by the night and take them to parties with you". Can I get more insight on this?
|
[
{
"answer": "Collecting exotic plants of all kinds was quite a popular pastime for the landed gentry and aristocracy of 18th century England. By this I mean that people were devoting a great deal of time and energy to bringing back prized specimens to grow and cultivate in Britain. Such was the benefit of Britannia's increasing global reach. As you might imagine this was quite an expensive enterprise. Bringing both live plants and seeds from the Caribbean, South and Central America, Australia, and India required a great deal of effort. Live plants need sunlight, soil, and fresh water (something lacking on the open sea) while seeds need to be kept safe from insects and rats as well as requiring proper storage. A gardener named James Lee (1715-1795) wrote a meticulous guide on the subject of proper seed management whilst in transit. \n\nWith all this in mind, being able to get one's hands on some exotic specimen from a far flung corner of the earth and cultivating it on one's pleasant British estate was a great way to show off one's means. Pineapples were very much a part of this, as were other exotic fruits like mangoes and oranges. These were the best for displaying wealth as such things require a greenhouse in order to flourish. If you had pineapples then you were telling the world that you had the wealth to obtain and cultivate them. Some people went to absurd lengths to articulate this. The Earl of Dunmore's 1761 [greenhouse](_URL_0_) is a good example of this. \n\nFurthermore, pineapples were in high demand not only from aristocrats but from mariners as well. James Cook and others realized that pineapples were a great source of vitamins and could fend off scurvy. Pineapple patches could be found in harbors around the world in order to supply a good diet to sailors. This boosted demand and therefore the exclusivity.\n\nIn terms of cost I haven't anything on the specific price of pineapples but I can offer some insight on the money people spent on exotic flora. In Feb 1821 a visitor to the Duke of Marlborough's Whiteknights Park recorded that the Duke had sunk 40-50 000 pounds into his plant collection and was 10 000 in debt. That's an extreme example but it gives you an idea.\n\nSources: Chilean Trees and Shrubs: A History of Introduction to the British Isles by William Charles Noble, Hidden Britain by Tom Quinn, Foods that Changed History by Christopher Cumo, Daily Life in 18th-century England by Kristin Olsen ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Just as a side note to \"why not strawberries\", they're not really exotic or exclusive fruit - they grow wild in forests, and cultivated varieties are very easy to grow without greenhouses all over Europe, even in the far north (in Norway, the best strawberries are considered to come from Trøndelag, which is just about 300 km shy of the Arctic circle). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Just to clarify, British currency was, and is, the pound. The Euro was introduced to some member states of the European Union a few years ago.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "14088640",
"title": "Brimpton Common",
"section": "Section::::Business.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 655,
"text": "The Pineapple is 900 years old and it is mentioned in the Domesday Book. It was frequently used by shepherds and drovers as an overnight stop. The name is derived from the pine forest that once surrounded the area, a pine apple being a local name for a pine cone. The furniture inside the pub is noteworthy. It was made by a local craftsman using only a chainsaw and chisel and carved from the last of the English elm. For many years up to the 1990s its local worthies included “Cowboy Roy” (who lived in a wild-west mock-up in nearby Haughurst Hill) and Gerry the Poacher, and their portraits once hung on either side of the fireplace in the public bar.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3509261",
"title": "Dunmore Pineapple",
"section": "Section::::Pineapples as a decorative motif.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "Discovered by Christopher Columbus on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe in 1493, pineapples became a rare delicacy in Europe, with associations of power, wealth, and hospitality. Architects, artisans and craftsmen adopted the pineapple as a motif, sculpting it into gateposts, railings, weather vanes and door lintels. The motif also featured prominently in interior decoration, fabrics and furniture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "259244",
"title": "Bar Harbor, Maine",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 1105,
"text": "By 1880, there were 30 hotels, including the Mira Monte Inn, a historic landmark that would later survive a massive fire, in 1947. Tourists were arriving by train and ferry to the Gilded Age resort that would rival Newport, Rhode Island. The rich and famous tried to outdo each other with entertaining and estates, often hiring landscape gardener and landscape architect Beatrix Farrand, a resident at local Reef Point Estate, to design their gardens. A glimpse of their lifestyles was available from the Shore Path, a walkway skirting waterfront lawns. Yachting, garden parties at the Pot & Kettle Club, and carriage rides up Cadillac Mountain were popular diversions. Others enjoyed horse-racing at Robin Hood Park-Morrell Park. President William Howard Taft played golf in 1910 at the Kebo Valley Golf Club. On March 3, 1918, Eden was renamed Bar Harbor, after the sand and gravel bar, visible at low tide, which leads across to Bar Island and forms the rear of the harbor. The name would become synonymous with elite wealth. It was the birthplace of vice-president Nelson Rockefeller on July 8, 1908.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "815825",
"title": "Archibald Menzies",
"section": "Section::::Life and career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 427,
"text": "In 1795, Menzies was served the seeds of the Chile Pine, \"Araucaria araucana\", as a dessert while dining with the Viceroy of Chile. He was able to pop some seeds into his pocket and grow them on board ship on the way back to Europe, and returned to England with five healthy plants, the first seen in Britain. Known as the Monkey Puzzle tree, the Chile Pine became a favourite in most formal gardens of the nineteenth century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49642938",
"title": "Planter's House Hotel",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 920,
"text": "Planter's House Hotel was four stories tall and had 300 rooms. The hotel was decorated with rich carpets and paintings and the cutlery was made to order in England, with the hotels' initials engraved on each piece. Planter's Punch was invented at the hotel bar. The hotel also contained two dining rooms. Planter's House was nearly called The Lucas House, after its patron Judge Lucas, but the proprietors decided to stick with the original name and the hotel began operations in April 1841. The hotel became a popular gathering place for politicians and businessmen. A room cost $4.25 per person and included four meals. One of the lessees of the hotel, Benjamin Stickney, was a prominent St. Louisan and later served as director for St. Louis Gaslight Company, the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and the St. Louis National Bank. Stickney died on November 14, 1876. After his death, the hotel was reopened by J. Fogg & Co.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56887",
"title": "Pineapple",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 1066,
"text": "In England, the first pineapple was grown at Dorney Court, Dorney in Buckinghamshire, and a huge \"pineapple stove\" needed to grow the plants had been built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723. In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. Catherine the Great ate pineapples grown on her own estates before her death in 1796. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, using hothouses called \"pineries\", pineapples soon became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot. By the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates had become the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats. John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13861177",
"title": "Tagg's Island",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 392,
"text": "Previous names include Walnut Tree Ait and Kent's Ait and it was a site for the growing of osiers used for basket making. Its official name comes from the boat builder Thomas Tagg, who hired out boats on the island from 1841. In 1872 he built the Thames Hotel on the island. It became a venue frequented by London's high society including Edward, Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
14346o
|
What were the popular games during your period of expertise?
|
[
{
"answer": "[Crambo](_URL_0_) and [Whist](_URL_1_) were common upper class entertainments that aren't very well known today. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Marie-Antoinette and Louis XVI were apparently rather fond of backgammon. They played it while they were imprisoned and the account of the death of the Princesse de Lamballe states they were playing when Marie-Antoinette's favourite's head was being waved around outside their window.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In 14th century Japan, a poetic game called linked-verse *renga* came into prominence among poets at court. I'm sure most people are generally familiar with haiku, a poetic form consisting of 5-7-5 morae (syllables). One of the oldest forms of Japanese poetry is called waka, which is 5-7-5-7-7. Poets developed a game called renga (which grew into more of an art form as time passed) from waka. \n\nHow renga worked is a group of poets would get together (often 3) and would take turns composing links for a poem. The first poet would write a 5-7-5 section. The second poet would then compose a 7-7 section. The third poet would then write another 5-7-5 section, and so on. The most common length was eventually standardized as 100 links, although 30 and 50 were also common. However, the goal was not to make a unified poem with a consistent theme or story. There was an assigned topic that each link had to vaguely connect to, but the poem was no meant to be a fluid piece. Rather, each adjacent pair of links were to fit together as an individual poem. The first and second links were one poem, the second and third links formed one poem, and so on, each connected by a close or distant link of theme or word choice. The poets aimed at making the best connects between the pairs, often using clever wordplay.\n\nNow where renga really becomes interesting is the incredibly extensive and complex rules that developed over time, such to the extent that a book today that covers all the rules would be several hundred pages in length. The topics of the poetic links had specified lengths. For example, with the most common topics of seasons, spring and autumn themes could last no more than five links in a row, whereas summer and winter could only be three links long. The moon had to be mentioned in specific lines. Eventually, almost every important poetic word (chrysanthemum, willow, shrine, hut, etc) had a specific maximum mentions per renga. At the gatherings where the renga were composed, there would often be a judge who knew the rules particularly well to officiate the game.\n\nHaiku eventually developed from the hokku, which is the opening link of a renga, consisting of 5-7-5.\n\nThe Poets at Minase by Sogi, Socho, and Shohaku is probably the most famous example of renga. It first five links are as follows (translation by Steven Carter in *Traditional Japanese Literature*):\n\n\n Some snow still remains\n as mist moves low on the slopes\n toward evening.\n\n Flowing water, far away--\n and a plum-scented village.\n\n Wind off the river\n blows through a clump of willows--\n and spring appears.\n\n A boat being poled along,\n sounding clear at the break of dawn.\n\n Still there, somewhere:\n the moon off behind the mist\n traversing the night.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The Klan played baseball in the 1920s. [Here](_URL_0_) is an interesting example of one such game. As Ken Burns rightfully notes, everyone had a team in the 1920s, and the Klan appears to be no different. The reasons for why the Klan played baseball are left to speculation. My own educated guess is that the Klan viewed themselves as the pinnacle of American identity, and baseball, with its mythic roots in the Civil War, was an American game, so the Klan played baseball. I am currently working on what I hope to be an article about the Klan and baseball. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The [Game of Twenty Squares](_URL_2_), which was a kind of predecessor to modern backgammon, was invented just before 2600 BCE and is still played today. A cuneiform tablet from 177 BCE provides an overview of the rules that are likely to be very similar to, if not exactly the same as, the game's original rules set, but sometime during the early Christian Era the game either evolved or inspired the game of Game of 12 Lines, which was a similar, intermediary game that would later become backgammon. Additionally, thanks to the discovery of that 2nd century BCE tablet, the game was reborn in the 20th century and is played in [numerous places](_URL_0_) all over the world today.\n\nThe game seems to have enjoyed wide popularity over thousands of years, and rough, [ad-hoc boards](_URL_1_) have been found in Iraq, Syria, and even Egypt.\n\nWe don't have any more information about who played it or if it was esteemed or just casual entertainment, unfortunately.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1481924",
"title": "Superior Software",
"section": "Section::::Releases.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 539,
"text": "Their best-known games are the \"Repton\" series of games, which have sold over 125,000 units in total. Other notable Superior Software games for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron include \"Overdrive\", \"Citadel\", \"Thrust\", \"Galaforce\", \"Stryker's Run\", \"Ravenskull\", \"Codename: Droid\" (sequel to \"Stryker's Run\"), \"Palace of Magic\", \"Bonecruncher\", \"Quest\", \"Pipeline\", \"Exile\" and \"Ricochet\". They also published the seminal \"Zarch\" for the Acorn Archimedes, as well as follow-up games using the same engine, \"Conqueror\" and \"Air Supremacy\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1005768",
"title": "Olympic video games",
"section": "Section::::Evolution and criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 489,
"text": "Companies like Epyx, Accolade, U.S. Gold and Konami developed many of the early games. The genre is often overlooked by the gaming industry and considered little more than a novelty or memorabilia attached to the event, with some considering it as purely an exercise in licensing and merchandise. Gameplay is the common target for detractors, since it usually consists of the 'button mashing' formula used in \"Track & Field\" or 'joystick waggling' as used in \"Daley Thompson's Decathlon\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2708332",
"title": "J. W. Spear & Sons",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "By the turn of the century, games had become the main product, and output gradually expanded until the company become one of the best-known international manufacturers of games and children's activity kits, employing up to 600 people.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2620565",
"title": "Computer-assisted gaming",
"section": "Section::::Variations.:Tabletop projection.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 426,
"text": "Another example of computer-assisted gaming growing in popularity among role-playing game players is the use of a digital projector or flat screen monitors to present maps or other visual elements during game play. These elements may be used on their own, or in concert with miniatures to map out combats, and exploration or to introduce other visual media into the game without resorting to printing or drawing these items.;\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14296525",
"title": "Yonezawa PR21",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "Most of the games produced were of the board game/trivia genres. Their most \"notable\" titles during their years of production were the Famicom game \"Battle Storm\" and the Super Famicom game \"Super Hockey '94\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6110635",
"title": "Island of Kesmai",
"section": "Section::::Game characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 297,
"text": "One of the notable game play systems was the ability to perform quests for various rewards. These choreographed progressions represented some of the first online questing systems which would become a significant aspect of the wildly popular future MMORPGs such as EverQuest and World of Warcraft.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7213082",
"title": "Callisto Corporation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 420,
"text": "They were best known for their series of computer games for the Macintosh in the 1990s, including ClockWerx, Spin Doctor, Super Maze Wars and Super Mines. They also were contracted out to work on the software titles Math Blaster, Reading Blaster, and Typing Tutor. From 1990 to 1992, they created and expanded Meeting Maker, a networked meeting-scheduling product. In 1991, Callisto sold Meeting Maker to ON Technology.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1y0b3d
|
how are tangle-free headphones created?
|
[
{
"answer": "They use wide flat cable that does not really flex much along the width. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2336638",
"title": "Patch cable",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 563,
"text": "Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily distinguishable, and are relatively short, perhaps no longer than ten meters. Types of patch cords include microphone cables, fiber optic spectroscopy cables, headphone extension cables, XLR connector, Tiny Telephone (TT) connector, RCA connector and ¼\" TRS phone connector cables (as well as modular Ethernet cables), and thicker, hose-like cords (snake cable) used to carry video or amplified signals. However, patch cords typically refer only to short cords used with patch panels. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2336638",
"title": "Patch cable",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "Patch cords can be as short as 3 inches (c. 8 cm), to connect stacked components or route signals through a patch bay, or as long as twenty feet (c. 6 m) or more in length for snake cables. As length increases, the cables are usually thicker and/or made with more shielding, to prevent signal loss (attenuation) and the introduction of unwanted radio frequencies and hum (electromagnetic interference).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2336638",
"title": "Patch cable",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "Patch cords are often made of coaxial cables, with the signal carried through a shielded core, and the electrical ground or earthed return connection carried through a wire mesh surrounding the core. Each end of the cable is attached to a connector so that the cord may be plugged in. Connector types may vary widely, particularly with adapting cables.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2193225",
"title": "Headphone amplifier",
"section": "Section::::Professional audio models.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 359,
"text": "Distribution headphone amplifiers are specialized headphone amps allowing a single signal to be fed to multiple headsets or multiple groups of multiple headsets at the same time. Many distribution headphone amps, like the one shown here, can be cascaded by connecting the audio input of one of the amps to the cascading output, marked \"THRU\", of another amp.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "275878",
"title": "Moog synthesizer",
"section": "Section::::Early history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 719,
"text": "The use of flexible cords with plugs at their ends and sockets (jacks) to make temporary connections dates back to cord-type manually operated telephone switchboards (if not even earlier, possibly for telegraph circuits). Cords with plugs at both ends had been used for many decades before the advent of Moog's synthesizers to make temporary connections (\"patches\") in such places as radio and recording studios. These became known as \"patch cords\", and that term was also used for Moog modular systems. As familiarity developed, a given setup of the synthesizer (both cord connections and knob settings) came to be referred to as a \"patch\", and the term has persisted, applying to systems that do not use patch cords.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "191884",
"title": "Headphones",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "Headphones may be used with stationary CD and DVD players, home theater, personal computers, or portable devices (e.g., digital audio player/MP3 player, mobile phone). Cordless headphones are not connected to their source by a cable. Instead, they receive a radio or infrared signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, such as FM, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. These are powered receiver systems, of which the headphone is only a component. Cordless headphones are used with events such as a Silent disco or Silent Gig.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "191884",
"title": "Headphones",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Ear-fitting headphones.:In-ear headphones.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 226,
"text": "Generic or custom-fitting ear canal plugs are made from silicone rubber, elastomer, or foam. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custom-molded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3bpwiu
|
What is the gold-colored wrapping on spacecraft and rover wiring?
|
[
{
"answer": "_URL_0_\n\nIt's a lightweight insulator that keeps it's properties over large temperature ranges and doesn't have problems with outgassing in vacuums.\n\nHere's some on Amazon\n\n_URL_1_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They have a similar function as the other reflective coatings: reflect radiation. I'm pretty sure those are a metalized polyamide or polyester film.\n\nSee this page for product details and a video that suggests this is the insulation in question: _URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "884897",
"title": "Polyimide",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Insulation and passivation films.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "Multi-layer insulation used on spacecraft is usually made of polyimide coated with thin layers of aluminum. The gold-like material often seen on the outside of spacecraft is actually single aluminized polyimide, with the single layer of aluminum facing in. The yellowish-brown polyimide gives the surface its gold-like color.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3546422",
"title": "Space blanket",
"section": "Section::::Manufacturing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 484,
"text": "For use in space, polyimide (e.g. kapton, UPILEX) substrate is usually employed due to its resistance to the hostile space environment, large temperature range (cryogenic to −260 °C and for short excursions up to over 480 °C), low outgassing (making it suitable for vacuum use) and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. Aluminized kapton, with foil thickness of 50 and 125 µm, was used e.g. on the Apollo Lunar Module. The polyimide gives the foils their distinctive amber-gold color.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5450517",
"title": "Corrosion in space",
"section": "Section::::Materials.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 579,
"text": "Different materials resist corrosion in space differently. For example, aluminium is slowly eroded by atomic oxygen, while gold and platinum are highly corrosion-resistant. Gold-coated foils and thin layers of gold on exposed surfaces are therefore used to protect the spacecraft from the harsh environment. Thin layers of silicon dioxide deposited on the surfaces can also protect metals from the effects of atomic oxygen; e.g., the Starshine 3 satellite aluminium front mirrors were protected that way. However, the protective layers are subject to erosion by micrometeorites.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "158715",
"title": "Radiator",
"section": "Section::::Spacecraft.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 455,
"text": "Radiators are found as components of some spacecraft. These radiators work by radiating heat energy away as light (generally infrared given the temperatures at which spacecraft try to operate) because in the vacuum of space neither convection nor conduction can work to transfer heat away. On the International Space Station, these can be seen clearly as large white panels attached to the main truss. They can be found on both manned and unmanned craft.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39388728",
"title": "Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk",
"section": "Section::::Mission concept and history.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 727,
"text": "\"GOLD\" is intended to perform a two-year mission imaging Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere from geostationary orbit. \"GOLD\" is a two-channel far-ultraviolet (FUV) imaging spectrograph built by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder and flown as a hosted payload on the commercial communications satellite SES-14. Additional organizations participating in the \"GOLD\" mission include the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Virginia Tech, the University of California Berkeley, the University of Central Florida, Computational Physics Inc., the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Boston University, and Clemson University.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12240",
"title": "Gold",
"section": "Section::::Other applications.:Miscellanea.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 155,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 155,
"end_character": 343,
"text": "BULLET::::- Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light, as well as radio waves. It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal-protection suits and astronauts' helmets, and in electronic warfare planes such as the EA-6B Prowler.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11355144",
"title": "AAU CubeSat",
"section": "Section::::Mechanics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 491,
"text": "The aluminum frame was milled from a solid block to ensure that a strong and lightweight frame was created. There are four rails to allow the satellite to slide in and out of the frame. The four rails are connected by other aluminum pieces. The subsystem circuit boards are screwed onto these pieces. Carbon-fiber plates are then glued onto the outside of the frame to support the solar panels and attitude control coils. The solar panels and attitude control coils are glued to the plates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bfk3do
|
used oil? why is it considered bad for environment?
|
[
{
"answer": " > It comes from the ground anyway, why can't it be just dumped out on the ground?\n\nBecause it would seep into groundwater or other environmentally sensitive areas.\n\nIn its natural state it is contained within its own environment.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It comes from *really* far underground and doesn’t mix with water, or come into contact with plants/animals— until we extract it and use it.\n\nActually, there are a handful of natural places where oil does come to the surface, tar pits being one example. But these can be toxic to plant and animal life. They aren’t talked about as being bad for the environment because they are a natural *part* of the environment, and relatively rare, but are certainly something that would have negative effects if it existed in more or different locations.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "1 gallon of used motor oil can pollute 1 million gallons of fresh water. \n\nThe problem is the water people drink is only a little bit under ground. \n\nThe oil is thousands of feet underground. \n\nYour oil that you dump in your yard can affect the neighbors who have water wells, or get washed into storm drains where there is no filters and it will end up in streams which get turned into fresh water.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Lava comes from the ground too. It's not exactly environmentally friendly, at least not in the short term.\n\nThis is an example of the Appeal To Nature fallacy. Just because it's natural doesn't make it friendly to life.\n\nIn fact, if you think about how inconceivably rare it is to find a place in the universe where life is possible, you'll realize most things and places in nature are better described as violently and spectacularly hostile towards life than benevolent towards it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Its not “considered” bad, it *is* bad. Go drink a glass of used oil if you dont believe me. \n\nActually, don’t do that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11882110",
"title": "Mitigation of peak oil",
"section": "Section::::Transportation fuel use.:Fuel substitution.:Mobile applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 268,
"text": "Due to its high energy density and ease of handling, oil has a unique role as a transportation fuel. There are, however, a number of possible alternatives. Among the biofuels the use of bioethanol and biodiesel is already established to some extent in some countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17986007",
"title": "Bioasphalt",
"section": "Section::::Petroleum, environmental, and heat concerns.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 275,
"text": "Because of concerns over Peak oil, pollution and climate change, as well the oil price increases since 2003, non-petroleum alternatives have become more popular. This has led to the introduction of biobitumen alternatives that are more environmentally friendly and nontoxic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13475684",
"title": "Microbial biodegradation",
"section": "Section::::Oil biodegradation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 1055,
"text": "Petroleum oil contains aromatic compounds that are toxic to most life forms. Episodic and chronic pollution of the environment by oil causes major disruption to the local ecological environment. Marine environments in particular are especially vulnerable, as oil spills near coastal regions and in the open sea are difficult to contain and make mitigation efforts more complicated. In addition to pollution through human activities, approximately 250 million litres of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities, in particular by a recently discovered group of specialists, the hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). \"Alcanivorax borkumensis\" was the first HCB to have its genome sequenced. In addition to hydrocarbons, crude oil often contains various heterocyclic compounds, such as pyridine, which appear to be degraded by similar mechanisms to hydrocarbons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "86190",
"title": "Canola oil",
"section": "Section::::Production process.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 264,
"text": "The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with non-renewable petroleum-based oils in products, including industrial lubricants, biodiesel, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks, depending on the price on the spot market.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10470182",
"title": "Waste oil",
"section": "Section::::Differentiating between \"waste oil\" and \"used oil\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 597,
"text": "The U.S. EPA defines the term \"used oil\" as any petroleum or synthetic oil that has been used, and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical properties. \"Used oil\" is a precise regulatory term. \"Waste oil\" is a more generic term for oil that has been contaminated with substances that may or may not be hazardous. Any oil contaminated with hazardous waste may itself be a hazardous waste, and if so, must be managed subject to hazardous waste management standards. Both used oil and waste oil require proper recycling or disposal to avoid creating an environmental problem. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14017274",
"title": "Ecotoxicity",
"section": "Section::::Oil spills.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 592,
"text": "One of the major environmental impacts of oil exploration on the environment is the contamination of aquatic ecosystems from oil spills and oil seepages from pits. Oftentimes, as is the case in the Ecuadorian Amazon, oil is used to control dust on roadways, causing the precipitation runoff from these roads to also be contaminated. Direct human health hazards occur since many people, including children walk barefoot on these oiled roads putting them in direct contact with the crude oil. Other hazards to humans include seepages into ponds that provide drinking water for the population. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23195",
"title": "Petroleum",
"section": "Section::::Environmental effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 145,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 145,
"end_character": 435,
"text": "Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment need not be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities (seismic exploration, drilling, extraction, refining and combustion). Phenomena such as seeps and tar pits are examples of areas that petroleum affects without man's involvement. Regardless of source, petroleum's effects when released into the environment are similar.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
gbuj3
|
Are the animals living in the city of Pripyat (the city that was devistated by the Cherynobil disaster) deformed from radiation?
|
[
{
"answer": "Also why do the pictures of abandoned interiors show peeling paint and what not - It seems as if the buildings have aged faster than I would have thought, even without humans there to maintain them",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "As usual, Wikipedia and citations are a decent place to start:\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Oh boy, my favourite topic! \n\nWhile the Chernobyl wildlife do have large degrees of deformities, they largely manifest in their internal organs, immune systems, and reproductive sucess-- no three-headed deer, just birds with smaller brains, fewer eggs, and fewer babies that are born alive and make it to adulthood. A lot of the animals there appear to be abundant, but actually don't have enough surviving offspring to replace their own numbers; the population is maintained through immigration from the surrounding areas. \n\n[Timothy Mousseau](_URL_0_) is the leading English-language scientist in the field and has spent over ten years publishing findings on Chernobyl's wildlife, check his papers out.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4155456",
"title": "Effects of the Chernobyl disaster",
"section": "Section::::Short-term health effects and immediate results.:Plant and animal health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 1085,
"text": "Studies suggest the 30km (19-mile) \"exclusion zone\" surrounding the Chernobyl disaster has become a wildlife sanctuary. Animals have reclaimed the land including species such as the Przewalski’s horse, Eurasian lynx, wild boar, grey wolf, elk, red deer, moose, brown bear, turtle, voles, mice, shrews, European badger, Eurasian beaver, raccoon dog, red fox, roe deer, European bison, black stork, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and eagle owl whose populations are all thriving. When the disaster first occurred, the health and reproductive ability of many animals and plants were negatively affected for the first six months. However, 30 years later, animals and plants have reclaimed the abandoned zone to make it their habitat. Even the site of the explosion was flourishing with wildlife in 2012 as birds nested in the wrecked nuclear plant, and plants and mushrooms lived in and on the site. A 2015 study found similar numbers of mammals in the zone compared to nearby similar nature reserves and the wildlife population was probably higher than it had been before the accident.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4155456",
"title": "Effects of the Chernobyl disaster",
"section": "Section::::Short-term health effects and immediate results.:Plant and animal health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 1283,
"text": "Animals living in contaminated areas in and around Chernobyl have suffered from a variety of side effects caused by radiation. Oxidative stress and low levels of antioxidants have had severe consequences on the development of the nervous system, including reduced brain size and impaired cognitive abilities. It has been found that birds living in areas with high levels of radiation have statistically significantly smaller brains, which has shown to be a deficit to viability in the wild. Barn swallows (\"Hirundo rustica\") that live in or around Chernobyl have displayed an increased rate of physical abnormalities compared to swallows from uncontaminated areas. Abnormalities included partially albinistic plumage, deformed toes, tumors, deformed tail feathers, deformed beaks, and deformed air sacks. Birds with these abnormalities have a reduced viability in the wild and a decrease in fitness. Moeller et al. claimed in 2007 that these effects were likely due to radiation exposure and elevated teratogenic effects of radioactive isotopes in the environment although these conclusions have been challenged. Various birds in the area appear to have adapted to lower levels of radiation by producing more antioxidants, such as glutathione, to help mitigate the oxidative stress.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46976023",
"title": "2015 Tbilisi flood",
"section": "Section::::Animals in streets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 851,
"text": "The Tbilisi Zoo lost more than 300 animals, nearly half of its inhabitants: the majority were killed by flooding. Several surviving inhabitants of the zoo—a hippopotamus, big cats, wolves, bears, and hyenas—escaped from destroyed pens and cages to the streets of Tbilisi and a police unit was employed to round them up. Some were killed, others were recaptured and brought back to the zoo. The media ran footage showing the hippopotamus making its way to flooded Heroes' Square, one of Tbilisi's major roadway hubs, where it was subdued with a tranquilizer dart. On 17 June a white tiger remaining on the loose attacked and mortally wounded a man in a storehouse near the zoo. The animal was eventually shot dead by the police. An African penguin was found at the Red Bridge border crossing with Azerbaijan, having swum some 60 km south from Tbilisi.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14163295",
"title": "Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"section": "Section::::Environmental effects of accidents and attacks.:Chernobyl disaster.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 105,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 105,
"end_character": 533,
"text": "In 2007 The Ukrainian government declared much of the [[Chernobyl Exclusion Zone]], almost , a zoological animal reserve. With many species of animals experiencing a population increase since human influence has largely left the region, including an increase in moose, bison and wolf numbers. However other species such as barn [[swallow]]s and many [[invertebrates]], e.g. [[spider]] numbers are below what is suspected. With much controversy amongst biologists over the question of, if in fact Chernobyl is now a wildlife reserve.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60167773",
"title": "Nuclear fallout effects on an ecosystem",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 946,
"text": "Mammals are a highly radio-sensitive class, and observations of mice in the surrounding area of Chernobyl showed a population decrease. Embryonic mortality increased as well, however, migration patterns of the rodents made the damaged population number increase once again. Among the small rodents affected, it was observed that there were increasing issues in the blood and livers, which is a direct correlation to radiation exposure. Issues such as liver cirrhosis, enlarged spleens, increased peroxide oxidation of tissue lipids, and a decrease in the levels of enzymes were all present in the rodents exposed to the radioactive blasts. Larger wildlife didn't fair much better. Although most livestock were relocated a safe distance away, horses and cattle located on an isolated island 6 km away from the Chernobyl radioactivity were not spared. Hyperthyroidism, stunted growth, and, of course, death plagued the animals left on the island. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "476473",
"title": "Bryansk Oblast",
"section": "Section::::Geography.:Ecology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 375,
"text": "As a result of the Chernobyl disaster on April 26, 1986, part of the territory of Bryansk Oblast has been contaminated with radionuclides (mainly Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Krasnogorsky, Surazhsky, and Novozybkovsky Districts). In 1999, some 226,000 people lived in areas with the contamination level above 5 Curie/km, representing approximately 16% of the oblast's population.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "519489",
"title": "Eastern Front (World War II)",
"section": "Section::::Results.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 165,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 165,
"end_character": 689,
"text": "The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 40,000 miles of railroad, 4,100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public libraries; leaving 25 million homeless. Seven million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep were also slaughtered or driven off. Wild fauna were also affected. Wolves and foxes fleeing westward from the killing zone, as the Soviet army advanced between 1943 and 1945, were responsible for a rabies epidemic that spread slowly westwards, reaching the coast of the English Channel by 1968.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
29b7v0
|
how do tilt shift filters work?
|
[
{
"answer": "Tilt-shift lenses are often used in architectural photography. Parallel lines that appear to converge due to perspective distortion can be realigned to appear parallel. Sometimes the terms 'perspective control' (PC) lens and 'tilt shift' (TS) lens are used interchangeably; perspective control lenses are often a specialised type of tilt-shift lens, often with shift-only movements.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You can't do that with a filter. You need a specialised tilt shift lens. They are commonly used for architectural photography, as it gives the photographer the ability to manipulate the lens, which changes the perspective of the photo.\n\nBy manipulating the lens in certain ways, you can change the way the camera focuses. Instead of being radial ( where the point of focus is like a circle ), the focus becomes lineal ( where the point of focus can become a horizontal strip ) which is what creates the model effect. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In order to simulate a very shallow depth-of-field you can simply gradually blur the image before and after a narrow band of in-focus image.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11027845",
"title": "Canon TS-E 24mm lens",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 642,
"text": "Shifting allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without changing the camera angle; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. Tilting the lens relies on the Scheimpflug principle to rotate the plane of focus away from parallel to the image plane; this can be used either to have all parts of an inclined subject sharply rendered, or to restrict sharpness to a small part of a scene. Tilting the lens results in a wedge-shaped depth of field that may be a better fit to some scenes than the depth of field between two parallel planes that results without tilt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18147993",
"title": "Canon TS-E 45mm lens",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 639,
"text": "Shifting allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. Tilting the lens relies on the Scheimpflug principle to rotate the plane of focus away from parallel to the image plane; this can be used either to have all parts of an inclined subject sharply rendered, or to restrict sharpness to a small part of a scene. Tilting the lens results in a wedge-shaped depth of field that may be a better fit to some scenes than the depth of field between two parallel planes that results without tilt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55075806",
"title": "Canon TS-E 50mm lens",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 639,
"text": "Shifting allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. Tilting the lens relies on the Scheimpflug principle to rotate the plane of focus away from parallel to the image plane; this can be used either to have all parts of an inclined subject sharply rendered, or to restrict sharpness to a small part of a scene. Tilting the lens results in a wedge-shaped depth of field that may be a better fit to some scenes than the depth of field between two parallel planes that results without tilt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18148973",
"title": "Canon TS-E 90mm lens",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 639,
"text": "Shifting allows adjusting the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; it is often used to avoid convergence of parallel lines, such as when photographing a tall building. Tilting the lens relies on the Scheimpflug principle to rotate the plane of focus away from parallel to the image plane; this can be used either to have all parts of an inclined subject sharply rendered, or to restrict sharpness to a small part of a scene. Tilting the lens results in a wedge-shaped depth of field that may be a better fit to some scenes than the depth of field between two parallel planes that results without tilt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13149165",
"title": "Smallgantics",
"section": "Section::::Technical explanation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 500,
"text": "In comparison to Smallgantics, tilt-shift photography is a photography technique that can be used to give footage - still and motion - the illusion of miniature DOF, but it is not an accurate representation. Using a tilt lens the plane of focus can be tilted between the front of the lens and the film plane of the camera, making the top and bottom, or both sides of the image drop focus. Usually the same lens has both tilt and shift capability but only tilting is needed for the miniature effect. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51940",
"title": "Waveplate",
"section": "Section::::Principles of operation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 365,
"text": "Tilt of the waveplate enters via a factor of 1/cos θ (where θ is the angle of tilt) into the path length and thus only quadratically into the phase. For the extraordinary polarization the tilt also changes the refractive index to the ordinary via a factor of cos θ, so combined with the path length, the phase shift for the extraordinary light due to tilt is zero.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5587936",
"title": "Tilt–shift photography",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "Tilt is used to control the orientation of the plane of focus (PoF), and hence the part of an image that appears sharp; it makes use of the Scheimpflug principle. Shift is used to adjust the position of the subject in the image area without moving the camera back; this is often helpful in avoiding the convergence of parallel lines, as when photographing tall buildings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
jst5n
|
Is our sense of time affected by the rate of chemical reactions?
|
[
{
"answer": "It is much more complicated than that, and is a very active area of research.\n\nA professor at my school, David Eagleman, studies this stuff. He's a complete badass, check him out: \n\n_URL_0_\n\nedit: \n\none of his famous experiments involves using magnetic energy to slow the propagation of some signals in the brain, and if done properly it can make you think cause and effect are reversed in some special circumstances. he also dropped grad students from a tall structure with a quickly-blinking watch to see if the fear of death would help them see what the watch was displaying. they couldn't.\n\nmany biological reactions happen just as fast or faster than nitroglycerin degradation. something like time perception that involves consciousness must by definition be related to higher-order neural networks in the brain.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I can tell you that your circadian rhythm has a low Q value, that is, that temperature doesn't speed or slow the rate or it very much. (this temperature compensation is one of the defining characteristics of circadian clocks) (also, as animals get more polar and temperature changes are less during a year, then there is more emphasis on temperature compensation in their clocks)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It is much more complicated than that, and is a very active area of research.\n\nA professor at my school, David Eagleman, studies this stuff. He's a complete badass, check him out: \n\n_URL_0_\n\nedit: \n\none of his famous experiments involves using magnetic energy to slow the propagation of some signals in the brain, and if done properly it can make you think cause and effect are reversed in some special circumstances. he also dropped grad students from a tall structure with a quickly-blinking watch to see if the fear of death would help them see what the watch was displaying. they couldn't.\n\nmany biological reactions happen just as fast or faster than nitroglycerin degradation. something like time perception that involves consciousness must by definition be related to higher-order neural networks in the brain.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I can tell you that your circadian rhythm has a low Q value, that is, that temperature doesn't speed or slow the rate or it very much. (this temperature compensation is one of the defining characteristics of circadian clocks) (also, as animals get more polar and temperature changes are less during a year, then there is more emphasis on temperature compensation in their clocks)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "19827148",
"title": "Elasticity coefficient",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 298,
"text": "The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, such as temperature, pH, reactant and product concentrations and other effectors. The degree to which these factors change the reaction rate is described by the elasticity coefficient. This coefficient is defined as follows:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "359135",
"title": "Chemical kinetics",
"section": "Section::::Factors affecting reaction rate.:Temperature.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 270,
"text": "The 'rule of thumb' that the rate of chemical reactions doubles for every 10 °C temperature rise is a common misconception. This may have been generalized from the special case of biological systems, where the \"α\" (temperature coefficient) is often between 1.5 and 2.5.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "242006",
"title": "Reaction rate",
"section": "Section::::Formal definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 1150,
"text": "The rate of a reaction is always positive. A negative sign is present to indicate that the reactant concentration is decreasing.) The IUPAC recommends that the unit of time should always be the second. The rate of reaction differs from the rate of increase of concentration of a product P by a constant factor (the reciprocal of its stoichiometric number) and for a reactant A by minus the reciprocal of the stoichiometric number. The stoichiometric numbers are included so that the defined rate is independent of which reactant or product species is chosen for measurement. For example, if \"a = 1\" and \"b = 3\" then B is consumed three times more rapidly than A, but \"v = -d[\"A\"]/dt = -(1/3)d[\"B\"]/dt\" is uniquely defined. An additional advantage of this definition is that for an elementary and irreversible reaction, \"r\" is equal to the product of probability of overcoming the transition state activation energy and the number of times per second the transition state is approached by reactant molecules. When so defined, for an elementary and irreversible reaction, \"r\" is the rate of successful chemical reaction events leading to the product. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "600368",
"title": "Shelf life",
"section": "Section::::Temperature control.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 910,
"text": "The usually quoted rule of thumb is that chemical reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of because activation energy barriers are more easily surmounted at higher temperatures. However, as with many rules of thumb, there are many caveats and exceptions. The rule works best for reactions with activation energy values around 50 kJ/mole; many of these are important at the usual temperatures we encounter. It is often applied in shelf life estimation, sometimes wrongly. There is a widespread impression, for instance in industry, that \"triple time\" can be simulated in practice by increasing the temperature by , e.g., storing a product for one month at simulates three months at . This is mathematically incorrect (if the rule was precisely accurate the required temperature increase would be about ), and in any case the rule is only a rough approximation and cannot always be relied on.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "569480",
"title": "Receptor (biochemistry)",
"section": "Section::::Theories of drug-receptor interaction.:Rate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 340,
"text": "In contrast to the accepted \"Occupation Theory\", Rate Theory proposes that the activation of receptors is directly proportional to the total number of encounters of a drug with its receptors per unit time. Pharmacological activity is directly proportional to the rates of dissociation and association, not the number of receptors occupied:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "938708",
"title": "Expression (computer science)",
"section": "Section::::Side effects and elimination.:Caveats.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 392,
"text": "Furthermore, the elapsed time evaluating an expression (even one with no other apparent side effects), is sometimes essential to the correct operation of a system, as behaviour in time is easily visible from outside the evaluation environment by other parts of the system with which it interacts, and might even be regarded as the \"primary\" effect such as when performing benchmark testing. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1783086",
"title": "Characteristic time",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "The characteristic time is an estimate of the order of magnitude of the reaction time scale of a system. It can loosely be defined as the inverse of the reaction rate. In chemistry, the characteristic time is used to determine whether the problem needs to be solved as an equilibrium problem or a kinetic problem.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3vfq8o
|
why is a man participating in rape culture if both the man and woman were drunk and not able to give consent
|
[
{
"answer": "I'm not sure you know what \"rape culture\" means... It refers more to society's treatment of rape than rape itself.\n\nBut as far as why the man is many times more likely to be charged with rape, I suppose it has to do with an ingrained perception that masculinity is active, and femininity passive, so people just just more likely to take accusations of rape seriously if a woman is the alleged victim.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "it's not that easy to say men and women contribute the same amount to rape culture. however, to say rape is done mostly by males is a dangerous generalization. unfortunately, most rapists happen to be men. naturally, we become defensive when we hear such \"insidious and misleading\" remarks, because it is natural to deny any association with what is culturally repulsive to admit. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I agree with /u/Thomystic but I also think most people outside a college campus would not agree that 2 drunk people having sex means the woman is being raped or that the man is participating in rape culture. I could be wrong but I've worked with tons of college age kids, some of whom were in college, many more who were not and this line of thinking was not the norm. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The enlightenment period was when logic and science took over what was always ruled by emotion and superstition. Third wave feminism tries to bring more emotion into the workings of society, which goes so far as to advocate for Affirmative Consent laws. Affirmative Consent is the notion that rather than a person having the power to say no, the person has to say yes before anything happens. If consent is not gained, then a rape is deemed to have occurred (doesn't make 100% sense to me, nobody I've ever had sex with with needed me to ask a yes-no question, but whatever). Part of Affirmative Consent is the notion that one cannot have had anything to drink prior to consenting, lest the consent be void. So two drunk people cannot consent to sex, and are encouraged not to have sex per Affirmative Consent. \n\nThis still leaves the question \"Why does the man more often get accused if both were drunk?\" Honestly, it looks like prejudice based on fear, the whole reason \"No means no\" turned into \"yes means yes\". ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Two drunk lesbians having sex on campus, who the rapists is? - Yoda",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If two people are drunk and have sex, the 'victim' is the only person who will be making any accusations. If the female is the one saying she was raped, then the male in that scenario should be charged with the crime. If the male in another drunk sex states he never gave consent then the female should be charged with the crime as well. \n\nJust how being drunk isn't an excuse to commit any other crime(like murder or theft) this is treated the same way. \n\nI just think it's important to note that it's generally thought that men are just less likely to report these crimes. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "What the hell do you think \"rape culture\" means? I would love to hear you explain that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Regardless of its man-woman, man-man, woman-woman, man-man-trans.... I think the issue is who instigates sex. Drinking and driving is a crime - we don't allow it just because you're drunk. If the man initiates sex drunk, he isn't let off the hook simply because he was drunk. If the woman instigates sex drunk, she should be held to the same standard. Its just less likely, for whatever reason. More research needs to be done to better understand issues of consent when both parties are intoxicated. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30977727",
"title": "Campus sexual assault",
"section": "Section::::Risk factors.:Influence of alcohol.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 74,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 74,
"end_character": 518,
"text": "Some have noted gender-specific and variable standards for intoxicated consent. In a recent lawsuit against Duke university, a Duke administrator, when asked whether verbal consent need be mutual when both participants are drunk, stated, \"Assuming it is a male and female, it is the responsibility in the case of the male to gain consent before proceeding with sex.\" Other institutions state only that a rape victim has to be \"intoxicated\" rather than \"incapacitated\" by alcohol or drugs to render consent impossible.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "577954",
"title": "Katie Roiphe",
"section": "Section::::\"The Morning After\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 744,
"text": "In her first book, \"The Morning After\", Roiphe argues that in many instances of supposed campus date rape, women are at least partly responsible for their actions. \"One of the questions used to define rape was: 'Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man gave you alcohol or drugs?' The phrasing raises the issue of agency. Why aren't college women responsible for their own intake of alcohol or drugs? A man may give her drugs, but she herself decides to take them. If we assume that women are not all helpless and naive, then they should be responsible for their choice to drink or take drugs. If a woman's 'judgment is impaired' and she has sex, it isn't always the man's fault; it isn't necessarily always rape.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2298034",
"title": "Rape culture",
"section": "Section::::Effects.:Effects on women.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 1227,
"text": "One effect rape culture has on women is their lack of understanding or a feeling of ambiguity surrounding the idea of consent and rape. Burnett's study followed college women's experiences of rape revealing that many students could not define what the term rape really meant, did not believe consent had to be verbal and felt sexual consent was always vague and hard to pinpoint. Along with this were people believing women who had \"allegedly been raped\" were \"asking for it\" because of how they were dressed or their flirtatious behavior. Women in the study also assumed that men expected sex in exchange for drinks or dinner bought earlier for the woman. Because of their lack of awareness of what rape was and because of how they were acting/what they were wearing, women believed they had in some way provoked the rape to happen. Some women also did not report the rape if it did not fit the stereotypical version of rape, physical injury and force committed by a stranger. When raped by someone the individual knew, women felt less inclined to label the assault as rape. They could not, therefore, report the incident or rape because they were either confused about what had happened or believed it to be their own fault.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51352770",
"title": "Rape myth",
"section": "Section::::Common rape myths.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "BULLET::::- That men are unable to control themselves once they become sexually excited, that women are responsible for rape if they allow things to go too far, or that consent to kissing, petting, etc. constitutes consent to intercourse.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26302354",
"title": "Drug-facilitated sexual assault",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 1216,
"text": "Sexual assaults of men and women who have voluntarily consumed alcohol or drugs is common and not new, being mentioned in the 1938 film \"Pygmalion\". It is also not new to slip something into somebody's drink to incapacitate them. (See Mickey Finn.) However, in the mid-1990s, law enforcement agencies began to see a pattern of women having been surreptitiously drugged for the purpose of sexual assault and rape using date rape drugs: odorless, tasteless incapacitating drugs that may produce anterograde amnesia. The female victim, participating in alcoholic drinks, whether coerced or in a mutually relaxed environment, would find herself suddenly losing awareness of her surroundings. Upon regaining consciousness, hours later, she may be in a different location, with signs having been sexually interfered with, such as missing or disarranged clothing, bruises, the presence of semen, or vaginal or anal soreness. She may feel after-effects of substance use such as wooziness, weakness or confusion, and little or no memory of what had happened to her. In some cases, her attacker may be gone; in others, he may behave as though nothing unusual has occurred, perhaps offering to drive her home or to a hospital.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "731637",
"title": "Sexual violence",
"section": "Section::::Victims.:Women.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 216,
"text": "There was a study in 1987 that came to a conclusion that women in college have reported being involved in unwanted sex due to men using verbal coercion, physical force, and using alcohol an drugs to intoxicate them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44324487",
"title": "Unacknowledged rape",
"section": "Section::::Explanations.:Drug and alcohol use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 591,
"text": "If an individual was willingly under the influence of alcohol or drugs, they are less likely to acknowledge the event as a rape. This changes if the individual was unwillingly under the influence of drugs during the event- more popularly known as date rape. One study found that less than 10% of women who were intoxicated acknowledged their experience as rape. Another study found that over 50% of unacknowledged victims report being under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the event while only approximately 25% of acknowledged victims report being impaired by a substance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6alvw6
|
Do gravitational waves add up or cancel each other out in amplitude like sound waves do when two run into each other?
|
[
{
"answer": "Asked and [answered](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "_URL_0_\n\n > Of course they can. Gravitational waves carry energy and energy curves space in a non - linear fashion.\nOne example would be to make a spherical 1000 km in diameter shell of about 1000 of those LIGO Sept 14 events, and then at the center the gravitational waves might pile up enough to create a black hole.\nEven though gravitational waves are modelled quite accurately by the linear wave approximation, any two gradational waves that interact will always interfere with each other, at least in some extremely small manner.\nThe \"If so are there areas of the universe with less or more gravity as a result.\" question does not make as much sense to me - the areas of the universe with more gravity are those that have the most matter + energy in them, no matter what the source.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1201321",
"title": "Superposition principle",
"section": "Section::::Wave superposition.:Wave interference.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 552,
"text": "The phenomenon of interference between waves is based on this idea. When two or more waves traverse the same space, the net amplitude at each point is the sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves. In some cases, such as in noise-cancelling headphones, the summed variation has a smaller amplitude than the component variations; this is called \"destructive interference\". In other cases, such as in a line array, the summed variation will have a bigger amplitude than any of the components individually; this is called \"constructive interference\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3508616",
"title": "Salisbury screen",
"section": "Section::::Method of Operation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 574,
"text": "To understand the cancellation of the waves requires an understanding of the concept of interference. When two electromagnetic waves that are coherent and are traveling in the same space interact, they combine to form a single resultant wave. If the two waves are \"in phase\" so their peaks coincide, they add, and the output intensity is the sum of the two waves' intensities. However, if the two waves are a half-wavelength \"out of phase\", so the positive peaks of one wave coincide with the negative peaks of the other, the two waves subtract, and the difference is zero.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "421940",
"title": "Bragg's law",
"section": "Section::::Heuristic derivation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "The two separate waves will arrive at a point with the same phase, and hence undergo constructive interference, if and only if this path difference is equal to any integer value of the wavelength, i.e.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "950012",
"title": "Coupling (physics)",
"section": "Section::::Wave mechanics.:Coupled harmonic oscillator.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 296,
"text": "If two waves are able to transmit energy to each other, then these waves are said to be \"coupled.\" This normally occurs when the waves share a common component. An example of this is two pendulums connected by a spring. If the pendulums are identical, then their equations of motion are given by\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1201321",
"title": "Superposition principle",
"section": "Section::::Wave superposition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "That means that the net amplitude caused by two or more waves traversing the same space is the sum of the amplitudes that would have been produced by the individual waves separately. For example, two waves traveling towards each other will pass right through each other without any distortion on the other side. (See image at top.)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35522851",
"title": "Retinal waves",
"section": "Section::::Activity pattern of waves.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "Waves are generated at random, but limited spatially due to a refractory period in cells after bursts of action potentials have been produced. After a wave has been propagated in one place, it cannot be propagated in the same place. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26774614",
"title": "European Pulsar Timing Array",
"section": "Section::::Detection of gravitational waves.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 735,
"text": "Gravitational waves (GW) are small disturbances in space-time, caused by the motion of masses, if the third time derivative of the mass quadrupole moment is non-zero. These waves are very weak, such that only the strongest waves, caused by the rapid motion of dense stars or black-holes, have a chance of being detected. A pulsar timing array (PTA) uses an array of MSPs as the endpoints of a Galaxy-scale GW detector. It is sensitive to GWs with a frequency in the nanohertz regime, which corresponds to the regime where the stochastic GW background, caused by the coalescence of super-massive black holes in the early Universe, is predicted to exist. This makes PTAs complementary to other GW detectors such as LIGO, VIRGO and LISA.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ygh2d
|
a catch-22 situation?
|
[
{
"answer": "In order to get your drivers license you have to present a copy of your birth certificate.\n\n\nIn order to get a copy of your birth certificate you have to show a valid drivers license.\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In order to get a job, you need work experience. In order to get work experience, you need a jaaaaahb. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Its named after the novel by joseph heller. And coined after this specific passage where a pilot tries to get out of combat missions by being proven mentally unstable\n\n---\n\n\"You mean there's a catch?\"\n\n\"Sure there's a catch\", Doc Daneeka replied. \"Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "TO get a credit card, you need to have a good credit score. To get a credit score, you need to get a credit card.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Catch-22 situation is one where in order to get thing A you need thing B, but in order to get thing B you need to already have thing A.\n\nFor example: to get hired for some job you need a car, but to pay for that car you need to be already hired by that job.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You're damned of you do and you're damned if you dont",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1172067",
"title": "Catch-22 (logic)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "A catch-22 is a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules or limitations. The term was coined by Joseph Heller, who used it in his 1961 novel \"Catch-22\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55469",
"title": "Catch-22",
"section": "Section::::Concept.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "Strictly speaking, a \"Catch-22\" is \"a problematic situation for which the only solution is denied by a circumstance inherent in the problem or by a rule.\" For example, losing something is typically a conventional problem; to solve it, one looks for the lost item until one finds it. But if the thing lost is one's glasses, one cannot see to look for them — a Catch-22. The term \"Catch-22\" is also used more broadly to mean a tricky problem or a no-win or absurd situation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55469",
"title": "Catch-22",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 440,
"text": "Catch-22 is a satirical novel by American author Joseph Heller. He began writing it in 1953; the novel was first published in 1961. Often cited as one of the most significant novels of the twentieth century, it uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration, describing events from the points of view of different characters. The separate storylines are out of sequence so the timeline develops along with the plot.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1172067",
"title": "Catch-22 (logic)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 522,
"text": "Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to, but has no control over, because to fight the rule is to accept it. Another example is a situation in which someone is in need of something that can only be had by not being in need of it (\"e.g\", a bank will never issue someone a loan if they \"need\" the money). One connotation of the term is that the creators of the \"catch-22\" situation have created arbitrary rules in order to justify and conceal their own abuse of power.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10207000",
"title": "Catch-22 (Lost)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "\"Catch-22\" is the 17th episode of the third season of \"Lost\", and the 66th episode overall. It was aired in the United States on April 18, 2007, on ABC. The episode was written by Jeff Pinkner and Brian K. Vaughan, and directed by Stephen Williams. The character of Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick) is featured in the episode's flashbacks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51207263",
"title": "Catch 22: Based on the Unwritten Story by Seanie Sugrue",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 302,
"text": "Catch 22: Based on the Unwritten Story by Seanie Sugrue is a United States thriller independent film released on January 17, 2017. It premiered at the 2016 Palm Beach International Film Festival and would go on to play numerous others before being acquired for distribution by Toronto-based 108 Media.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26823327",
"title": "November 1961",
"section": "Section::::November 10, 1961 (Friday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 316,
"text": "BULLET::::- The classic novel \"Catch-22\", by Joseph Heller, was first put on sale by Simon & Schuster, after favorable advance reviews in October. The book's title, which became a phrase to refer to a no-win situation, had originally been \"Catch-18\", but was changed because of a 1961 novel by Leon Uris, \"Mila 18\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
14cg77
|
I heard that orbiting objects are really just constantly falling, but they are moving so fast that when they fall they never hit the earth... How true is this?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is exactly correct. For any object moving in a circle, it must be experiencing a force called centripetal force pulling it inward toward the middle of the circle. This is necessary for it to follow the curved path. In the case of an orbiting object, the gravity is pulling the orbiting object inward the center of the earth. However, it also has inertia that causes it to naturally move tangent to the path of the orbit. As long as this velocity is high enough, the object rather than hitting the earth will miss it wide and it will enter orbit.\n\nIn the case of an object in a circular low earth orbit, this speed is about 8 m/s.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Well, the acceleration in Low Earth Orbit (where the ISS orbits) is a bit lower than 9.8 m/s^2, but yes, orbiting objects are falling.\n\nTo illustrate this, consider a cannon on the moon (convenient because it has no atmosphere, but really any spherical body will do). It is on a platform a few meters above the Moon's surface, and it fires a projectile horizontally. The projectile will curve downward toward the ground and eventually hit it. \n\nNow increase the muzzle velocity on the cannon. At some point, the projectile will have enough velocity that the rate at which the moon's surface appears to fall away due to the surface curvature is equal to the rate at which the projectile curves downward. So yes, objects in orbit are always falling, which is the origin of the term \"free fall\".",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "9.8 m/s^2 is the acceleration due to gravity _on Earth_. If you look at [Newton's law of gravitation](_URL_0_), you'll see that acceleration is inversely related to the square of distance.\n\nSo while this description of orbits is absolutely correct, the acceleration is not necessarily 9.8 m/s^2 .",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "All orbiting objects DO experience gravitational force, so some orbits can be thought of this way (circular and elliptical orbits match this view well). The gravitational acceleration does NOT correspond the the 9.8 m/s^2 felt on the surface of the earth.\n\nHOWEVER not ALL orbits are circular. One example is an orbit about a Lagrange point.\n\nThe Lagrange points (there are five, one example is a point directly between the earth and moon) allow for a spacecraft to sit relatively stationary relative to the larger bodies (planets). This is where the forces on the spacecraft balance, so the spacecraft is not really \"falling\".\n\nAnd when going from one planet to another things get more complicated. Do do this (in a simplified way), a spacecraft must leave one planets sphere of influence, enter into an orbit about the sun, and then enter the destination planet's sphere of influence.\n\nSo falling can help you think about orbits... if you expand your definition of falling to thinking about the physics behind it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "516838",
"title": "Micro-g environment",
"section": "Section::::Absence of gravity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 703,
"text": "At a distance relatively close to Earth (less than 3000 km), gravity is only slightly reduced. As an object orbits a body such as the Earth, gravity is still attracting objects towards the Earth and the object is accelerated downward at almost 1g. Because the objects are typically moving laterally with respect to the surface at such immense speeds, the object will not lose altitude because of the curvature of the Earth. When viewed from an orbiting observer, other close objects in space appear to be floating because everything is being pulled towards Earth at the same speed, but also moving forward as the Earth's surface \"falls\" away below. All these objects are in free fall, not zero gravity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1411100",
"title": "Introduction to general relativity",
"section": "Section::::From special to general relativity.:Tidal effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 776,
"text": "A more basic manifestation of the same effect involves two bodies that are falling side by side towards the Earth. In a reference frame that is in free fall alongside these bodies, they appear to hover weightlessly – but not exactly so. These bodies are not falling in precisely the same direction, but towards a single point in space: namely, the Earth's center of gravity. Consequently, there is a component of each body's motion towards the other (see the figure). In a small environment such as a freely falling lift, this relative acceleration is minuscule, while for skydivers on opposite sides of the Earth, the effect is large. Such differences in force are also responsible for the tides in the Earth's oceans, so the term \"tidal effect\" is used for this phenomenon.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1659790",
"title": "Anthropogenic hazard",
"section": "Section::::Transportation.:Space.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 447,
"text": "Accidents can occur on the ground during launch, preparation, or in flight, due to equipment malfunction or the naturally hostile environment of space itself. An additional risk is posed by (unmanned) low-orbiting satellites whose orbits eventually decay due to friction with the extremely thin atmosphere. If they are large enough, massive pieces traveling at great speed can fall to the Earth before burning up, with the potential to do damage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47568",
"title": "Low Earth orbit",
"section": "Section::::Orbital characteristics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 412,
"text": "The pull of gravity in LEO is only slightly less than on the Earth's surface. This is because the distance to LEO from the Earth's surface is far less than the Earth's radius. However, an object in orbit is, by definition, in free fall, since there is no force holding it up. As a result objects in orbit, including people, experience a sense of weightlessness, even though they are not actually without weight.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18603506",
"title": "Weightlessness",
"section": "Section::::Weightless and reduced weight environments.:Weightlessness in a spacecraft.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 79,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 79,
"end_character": 769,
"text": "In typical free-fall, the acceleration of gravity acts along the direction of an object's velocity, linearly increasing its speed as it falls toward the Earth, or slowing it down if it is moving away from the Earth. In the case of an orbiting spacecraft, which has a velocity vector largely \"perpendicular\" to the force of gravity, gravitational acceleration does not produce a net change in the object's speed, but instead acts centripetally, to constantly \"turn\" the spacecraft's velocity as it moves around the Earth. Because the acceleration vector turns along with the velocity vector, they remain perpendicular to each other. Without this change in the direction of its velocity vector, the spacecraft would move in a straight line, leaving the Earth altogether.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22845262",
"title": "Real-time locating system",
"section": "Section::::Errors and accuracy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 76,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 76,
"end_character": 303,
"text": "As objects containing mass have limitations to jump, such effects are mostly beyond physical reality. Jumps of reported location not visible with the object itself generally indicate improper modeling with the location engine. Such effect is caused by changing dominance of various secondary responses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "857235",
"title": "Equivalence principle",
"section": "Section::::Development of gravitational theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 1119,
"text": "That is, being on the surface of the Earth is equivalent to being inside a spaceship (far from any sources of gravity) that is being accelerated by its engines. The direction or vector of acceleration equivalence on the surface of the earth is \"up\" or directly opposite the center of the planet while the vector of acceleration in a spaceship is directly opposite from the mass ejected by its thrusters. From this principle, Einstein deduced that free-fall is inertial motion. Objects in free-fall do not experience being accelerated downward (e.g. toward the earth or other massive body) but rather weightlessness and no acceleration. In an inertial frame of reference bodies (and photons, or light) obey Newton's first law, moving at constant velocity in straight lines. Analogously, in a curved spacetime the world line of an inertial particle or pulse of light is \"as straight as possible\" (in space \"and\" time). Such a world line is called a geodesic and from the point of view of the inertial frame is a straight line. This is why an accelerometer in free-fall doesn't register any acceleration; there isn't any.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3rv9f2
|
how there can all the gold ever mined only add up to three swimming pools worth
|
[
{
"answer": "You probably greatly underestimate the size of an Olympic swimming pool. Such a pool is a minimum of 2500 m^(3), which is about a hundred million pounds of gold. At current gold prices of ~$1100 per troy oz, that's about $1.7 trillion of gold, which seems like a pretty reasonable number. Times three, it's $5.1 trillion of gold.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "An Olympic swimming pool is 132,430 cubic feet. A standard gold bar is 44.4 cubic inches. You could fit 5,154,032 gold bars in *one* Olympic swimming pool.\n\nFort Knox has 147.3 million ounces of gold. With one bar weighing 400 ounces, that pool contains 2,061,612,972 ounces of gold. 14 times the amount held in Fort Knox. In just one pool.\n\nEdit: By the way, the value of the gold in that pool would be over 87 billion dollars, ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I remember that estimates about the volume of all mined gold ever are between a cube with side of 20m and a cube with side of 25m, therefore between 8000m^3 and 15625m^3. Let's say it was 8000m^3, since that's closer to the \"3 swimming pools worth\".\n\nThat is quite a big number, even in cube meters, but if we convert it to cubes of 10cm (which is somewhat more manageable size), we get 8000000 such cubes.\n\nAnother element of the puzzle is, that gold is very dense. It is 19.32 grams per cubic centimeter, so each of our cubes will weigh 19.32kg. So all the gold mined would weigh 154,560,000 kg.\n\nAnd yet another piece of the puzze is, that gold is very valuable. I googled it and found that currently it costs about $35,021.81 per kg. If we use this value, then all the mined gold in the world would be worth $5,412,970,953,600. Or about 5.4 trillion of dollars. \nThat's a huge number and we need to convert it to something we can (barely) think about. It's about a third - fourth of GDP of USA (or EU).\n\nSo I'd guess, that we often \"measure\" gold by its value, which is huge, because of its rarity (~value). Your initial question talks about volume and not weight, and there kicks in the huge density of gold and even the fact that volume raises cubically with a dimension (a cube with side of 1 has volume of 1, but a cube with side of 10 has volume of 1000).\n\nEdit: fixed the math error.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "140899",
"title": "Lake Tahoe",
"section": "Section::::Environmental issues.:Ecosystem changes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 227,
"text": "Since 2006, goldfish have been observed in the lake, where they have grown to \"giant size\", behaving like an invasive species. They may have descended from former pets which owners dumped or escaped, when used as fishing bait.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "872796",
"title": "Sovereign Hill",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 312,
"text": "The second-largest gold nugget in the world was found in Ballarat in the Red Hill Mine which is recreated in Sovereign Hill. The Welcome Nugget weighed 69 kg,(2,200 ounces) and comprised 99% pure gold, valued at about 10,500 pounds when found, and worth over US$3 million in gold now, or far more as a specimen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3276892",
"title": "Red Lake, Ontario",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "In 1995 Goldcorp, owners of the Red Lake Mine, discovered that it contains the world's richest grade gold ore (two troy ounces of gold per metric ton). Shortly thereafter, the mine suffered through a four-year-long miners' strike. Since then, the mine has become one of the richest gold mines in the world. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34182099",
"title": "SS Catterthun",
"section": "Section::::Salvage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 228,
"text": "In the 1960s and 70s, further attempts were made to find the missing gold, but these operations were (at least publicly) unsuccessful. The wreck now lies in 60 metres of water and is a popular dive site for recreational divers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18625077",
"title": "Goldfish",
"section": "Section::::Biology.:Size.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 682,
"text": "As of April 2008, the largest goldfish in the world was believed by the BBC to measure , and be living in the Netherlands. At the time, a goldfish named \"Goldie\", kept as a pet in a tank in Folkestone, England, was measured as and over , and named as the second largest in the world behind the Netherlands fish. The secretary of the Federation of British Aquatic Societies (FBAS) stated of Goldie's size that \"I would think there are probably a few bigger goldfish that people don't think of as record holders, perhaps in ornamental lakes\". In July 2010, a goldfish measuring and was caught in a pond in Poole, England, thought to have been abandoned there after outgrowing a tank.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "698",
"title": "Atlantic Ocean",
"section": "Section::::Economy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 100,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 100,
"end_character": 237,
"text": "Gold deposits are a mile or two under water on the ocean floor, however the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through. Currently, there is no cost-effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1413725",
"title": "Brakpan",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "With gold fever running high on the Witwatersrand in the early years of the twentieth century, it was not long before gold was discovered. In 1905, Brakpan Mines Company sunk its first two gold mining shafts. One of its claims to fame was that it had the highest mine dump in the world at that time, its height being above ground level. This was higher than any of the pyramids of Egypt except the Pyramid of Cheops.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6cqwv4
|
is body language cultural, genetic, inherited and/or something else?
|
[
{
"answer": "I would say 50/50. Laugh and clap seems to ve innate actions, while some gestures (Like the \"yes\" movement up and down with the head VS the \"no movement) are cultural.\n\n For example the military salute isn't something innate, it's social construct to express order, loyalty and discipline even in a sarcastic way. But I don't believe early humans do this, in fact its said the gesture come from Medieval times when a knight had to put off his eyes' protection to see his interlocutor with a similar movement. And then... well, we adopted it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Six or seven basic facial expressions are instinctive, universal, and easy to notice.\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "23107192",
"title": "Genetic memory (psychology)",
"section": "Section::::Language.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 778,
"text": "Language, in the modern view, is considered to be only a partial product of genetic memory. The fact that humans can have languages is a property of the nervous system that is present at birth, and thus phylogenetic in character. However, perception of the particular set of phonemes specific to a native language only develops during ontogeny. There is no genetic predisposition towards the phonemic makeup of any single language. Children in a particular country are not genetically predisposed to speak the languages of that country, adding further weight to the assertion that genetic memory is not Lamarckian. However, there is scientific evidence of a gene for perfect pitch which is more common in Asian countries where pitch is critical to the meaning of a spoken word.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36253964",
"title": "Origin of speech",
"section": "Section::::Speculative scenarios.:Twentieth century speculations.:Niche construction theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 136,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 136,
"end_character": 554,
"text": "While the biological language faculty is genetically inherited, actual languages or dialects are culturally transmitted, as are social norms, technological traditions and so forth. Biologists expect a robust co-evolutionary trajectory linking human genetic evolution with the evolution of culture. Individuals capable of rudimentary forms of protolanguage would have enjoyed enhanced access to cultural understandings, while these, conveyed in ways that young brains could readily learn, would in turn have become transmitted with increasing efficiency.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23747676",
"title": "Roger Joseph Boscovich",
"section": "Section::::Nationality.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 386,
"text": "The modern concept of nationality, based on ethnic concepts as language, culture, religion, custom, etc., was developed only in the 19th century. For this reason the attribution of a definite \"nationality\" to personalities of the previous centuries, living in ethnically mixed regions, is often indeterminable; Bošković's legacy is consequently celebrated in Croatia, Italy and Serbia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18190",
"title": "Language family",
"section": "Section::::Other classifications of languages.:Contact languages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 881,
"text": "The concept of language families is based on the historical observation that languages develop dialects, which over time may diverge into distinct languages. However, linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than familiar biological ancestry, in which species do not crossbreed. It is more like the evolution of microbes, with extensive lateral gene transfer: Quite distantly related languages may affect each other through language contact, which in extreme cases may lead to languages with no single ancestor, whether they be creoles or mixed languages. In addition, a number of sign languages have developed in isolation and appear to have no relatives at all. Nonetheless, such cases are relatively rare and most well-attested languages can be unambiguously classified as belonging to one language family or another, even if this family's relation to other families is not known.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10326",
"title": "Human evolution",
"section": "Section::::Evidence.:Inter-species breeding.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "For example, comparative studies in the mid-2010s found several traits related to neurological, immunological, developmental, and metabolic phenotypes, that were developed by archaic humans to European and Asian environments and inherited to modern humans through admixture with local hominins.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60487733",
"title": "Nikolay Kobozev (scientist)",
"section": "Section::::Scientific accomplishments.:Theories.:Thermodynamics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 288,
"text": "Regarding reasoning, Kobozev believed it cannot be evolved from information, and it is given to a human with birth. He also believed that every ethnicity (race) has had its own symbolic means of communication expressed in language from creation rather than developed it during evolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39042103",
"title": "Father Tongue hypothesis",
"section": "Section::::Exceptions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "Genetics does not determine the language spoken by a human being, and the link between Y-chromosomal haplogroups and linguistic affinities is an observed correlation and not a causal link. While father tongues predominate, exceptions to father tongues exist in the world. Two very well-known exceptions are the Balti in northern Pakistan and Hungarians.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3h786q
|
why are the blades on modern energy windmills so narrow?
|
[
{
"answer": "You want it to be as light and efficient as possible. If it could be three feet tall weigh 50 lbs and deliver 1500 megawats/hour would't that be preferrable to a massive wooden windmill?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The blades are made to catch the wind [like an airplane wing] They are also meant to be light and strong. They don't need to be fat and heavy like the ones in Holland.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Blades can now change their shape to balance the speed of the wind they are in with the optimal speed to generate electricity. Those giant sails you think of had to be stopped and broadened/narrowed to match the wind. Also giant blades take away from their own power by drag, which I guess you could describe as unnecessary use of the wind. fat sails work against themselves a little bit less that they work for themselves. That bit of work is a lot of waste in the long run. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The design of a wind turbine blade seeks a balance between the mass of the blades and the optimal lift. The wider the blades, the more mass and drag they have, which counters any increase in lift they might afford. You want a balance between those factors. The blades on the turbine don't function like the sails of a ship. Rather they are more like the wings of a [sailplane](_URL_6_), which tend to have long thin wings optimizing lift. Lift is more a function of the length of a wing than its thickness. Airliners tend to have wide wings because they're heavy and need that extra structure for the weight they carry--to keep the wings from buckling--which comes at a cost in energy because of the increased drag. As materials have become much stronger, newer airliner designs have sought [more efficient wings more like sailplanes.](_URL_1_) \n\nNow, some wind turbines do indeed work rather like a ship sail. The simpler form of [Savonius rotor](_URL_7_) is rather like a pair of opposing [spinnaker sails](_URL_0_) or the cups of an [anemometer](_URL_4_), one side more streamlined than the other and so, in opposition, creating a differential force that makes the rotor spin. But these are not very efficient because that leading side is still experiencing drag, and so more efficient forms try to mediate this by using [helical forms](_URL_3_) or, again, switching to [thin airfoil blades.](_URL_5_) These are popular in very high wind applications such as on ships and lighthouses as they are physically robust. The most efficient so far [combine both approaches](_URL_2_) to get the most from very light winds. They still tend not to be as efficient as the horizontal axis turbines, but are often preferred for building and home use because they work well in low wind and produce much less noise and vibration. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "145193",
"title": "Windpump",
"section": "Section::::Fundamental problems of multi-bladed windpumps.:Poor load matching.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "A multi-bladed windmill is a mechanical device with a piston pump. Because a piston pump has a fixed stroke, the energy demand of this type of pump is proportional to pump speed only. On the other hand, the energy supply of a wind rotor is proportional to the cube of wind speed. Because of that, a wind rotor runs at over speed (more speed than needed), yielding a loss of aerodynamic efficiency.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20541773",
"title": "Wind turbine",
"section": "Section::::Types.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both older and more common. They can also include blades, or be bladeless. Vertical designs produce less power and are less common.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2843727",
"title": "Turby wind turbine",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 517,
"text": "Another advantage of the helical twist is that the blades generate torque well from upward-slanting airflow. This is negligible in open country, but tall buildings and cliff faces generate a bow wave which directs airflow up and over them. Turbines mounted on high building rooftops or clifftops are exposed to significantly slanting flow, and the Turby can extract more useful energy from it than a propeller-type turbine can because horizontal axis (HAWT) types cannot change their pitch to face the wind directly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1999139",
"title": "Turbomachinery",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Power Generation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 523,
"text": "Windmills- Also known as a wind turbine, windmills are increasing in popularity for their ability to efficiently use the wind to generate electricity. Although they come in many shapes and sizes, the most common one is the large three-blade. The blades work on the same principle as an airplane wing. As wind passes over the blades, it creates an area of low and high pressure, causing the blade to move, spinning a shaft and creating electricity. It is most like a steam turbine, but work with an infinite supply of wind.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8309537",
"title": "Wind turbine design",
"section": "Section::::Blades.:Blade count.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 251,
"text": "Wind turbines developed over the last 50 years have almost universally used either two or three blades. However, there are patents that present designs with additional blades, such as Chan Shin's Multi-unit rotor blade system integrated wind turbine.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15416391",
"title": "Éolienne Bollée",
"section": "Section::::Unique feature.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 361,
"text": "The Éolienne Bollée is unique amongst other forms of windmill because of the stator. All windmills have a rotor, whether it is the sails on a traditional windmill or the blades of a modern wind turbine. The Éolienne Bollée is the only wind-powered turbine where the wind passes through a set of fixed blades (stator) before driving the windmill itself (rotor).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10469923",
"title": "Centrifugal fan",
"section": "Section::::Construction.:Fan blades.:Forward-curved.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "Forward-curved blades, as in Figure 3(a), curve in the direction of the fan wheel's rotation. These are especially sensitive to particulates and commonly are only specified for clean-air applications such as air conditioning. Forward-curved blades provide a low noise level and relatively small air flow with a high increase in static pressure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
29jisl
|
driving a fwd car in the snow
|
[
{
"answer": "Hey buddy, sounds like what you're getting at is understeer and oversteer. FWD cars are more prone to understeer, and RWD cars are more prone to oversteer. \n\n[This](_URL_0_) is the best image i can find to explain it simply.\n\nYou usually lose traction in a car when the driven wheels, (FWD vs RWD) are put under more load than the friction of the tyres on the road can maintain. Think of it like this: There is a finite amount of friction when a tyre makes contact with a road. This friction is being divided into a few uses; turning, acceleration, and deceleration. The friction you are using to decelerate cannot be used to turn, and so on. When you put too much force on the tyre, it will lose grip and the wheel will slide. This is why a basic driving technique is to brake before corners, go around them, then accelerate once you are straightened up. this is how you should be driving in snow with FWD or RWD anyway, because there is so much less grip.\n\nWhen a car understeers, the wheels are turned into the corner, but they lose traction and the weight of the car forces it to continue in a straight line, rather than going around the corner. This is more common in a FWD car, because you are more likely to break traction with the front wheels because they are often being used to turn and accelerate at the same time. It is also totally possible in a RWD car too. You could force a FWD car to understeer by flooring it in the middle of a corner, for instance. You will know your car is understeering, because the steering wheel will be turned, but the car will be travelling in a straight line, towards the outside of the corner. To counter the skid, all you can do is ease off the throttle and straighten the wheel until you feel grip come back into the tyres, then try again with less speed. You must not turn the wheel further into the corner, as this decreases the chance of grip returning on its own. Honestly though, if you're already understeering in low grip conditions, especially ice, the best thing to do is get real religious real fast. It is quite difficult to correct. \n\nWhen a car oversteers, the wheels are turned into the corner but the back of the car has slid to the point where it is beyond the desired rate of turn for the corner. This often happens in RWD cars, because you will lose traction from the rear wheels when turning whilst using the accelerator. The stress of the two requirements on the rear tyres becomes greater than they can handle, and the wheel spins. This means that the rear of the car is no longer gripping the road, so the rear of the car will slide away from the inside of the corner. To control oversteer, ease off the accelerator, and turn the steering wheel into the skid, away from the direction of the corner you are trying to go around. This will remove the stress on the rear wheels by causing them to no longer be needing to turn or accelerate. Once grip has returned, go about your business. with a little more care. \n\nSomething which is common to both these situations is the fact that it takes much more force to begin a skid than to maintain one. Once a wheel is sliding, it requires much less force to continue skidding than it did to start the skid. Because of this, you won't magically regain control the instant you ease the load on the tyre, you may have to ride it out a considerable way, or even simply come to a complete stop before you are in control again. To prevent understeer or oversteer before they happen, enter corners slowly. brake well in advance, ease off the brakes as you enter the corner, and only accelerate once you have straightened up the front wheels.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3898826",
"title": "Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale",
"section": "Section::::Gaps in effectivity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 579,
"text": "BULLET::::- Sleet, which behaves like a thin layer of quicksand on the road. Cars sink in it or drive across the surface and then slide over the slick individual pellets when attempting to brake. Sleet is very difficult to remove from roads. Due to its self-distributive properties and high weight relative to snow, most snow removal equipment is not suited to the task of removing sleet. Sleet has been referred to as \"winter's sand\" because when walking across it, kicking it, or picking it up and letting it drop or slide through your fingers, it feels and behaves like sand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17934824",
"title": "Vehicle canopy",
"section": "Section::::Disadvantages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "BULLET::::- In situations of bad weather such as snow, rain, or hail, it is impossible to enter or exit the vehicle without getting the interior wet, unless under cover (you would also have to clear any significant snow accumulation off of the roof or it would be too heavy to lift).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8304423",
"title": "Snow Trac",
"section": "Section::::Mechanicals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 843,
"text": "The Snow Trac is made up largely of \"off the shelf\" automotive and industrial parts supplied by Volkswagen including an air cooled flat 4 industrial version of VW Beetle engine, a VW Bus transmission, and hundreds of surplus parts including steering wheels, shift knobs, and lighting components. A proprietary drive variator was adapted to the transmission to allow the use of a steering wheel to control the tracks. The variator steplessly changes the speed of the left and right tracks, accelerating one track while slowing the other to effect a turn. Unlike traditional tracked vehicle steering, the brakes are not used to turn, increasing efficiency and reducing brake wear. Production of the air cooled VW engine ceased in 1981 in Europe and this effectively led to the demise of the Snow Trac, which ended factory production in Sweden. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "332767",
"title": "Snowmobile skipping",
"section": "Section::::Basics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 708,
"text": "Watercross consists of crossing water while riding a snowmobile, which is possible because snowmobiles have wide tracks for traction and flotation in the snow. If one hits the water at an acceptable speed (5 mph per 150 lb or (5/1.5)*(1.609344/0.45359237)round0 km/h per 100 kg of weight) and keeps the sled's throttle open, the track keeps the snowmobile on the surface of the water without sinking. If the rider backs out of the throttle or the sled bogs or floods out, the sled will sink. A sunk sled is able to be revived by cleaning water out of the carburetor, exhaust, spark plugs, and replacing the fuel. The front of the sled is pitched upwards like riders commonly do in deep mountain powder snow.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1521112",
"title": "Ice racing",
"section": "Section::::Automobile ice racing.:Race vehicle.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "There are many classes of racing vehicles. The racing vehicles are frequently divided into studded or non-studded tire classes. Nearly all dirt track racing vehicles could be raced on ice. Flying snow and ice powder limits visibility, so some vehicles are required to have a bright light, normally red or yellow, on the back of the car for greater visibility in the powder.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11799805",
"title": "National Route 7 (Argentina)",
"section": "Section::::Road conditions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 134,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 134,
"end_character": 507,
"text": "Ice and snow tend to accumulate on the roads during the winter, so tyre chains are given out. At these times the maximum speed is . The chains must be removed when the car is driving on asphalt, because this ruins the chains and risks puncturing the tyres. Before setting off on the Andes crossing, road users are advised to check up on the state of the road. The National Gendarmarie run an AM and FM radio station that gives information on road conditions, plays music and reads the day's news headlines.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8304423",
"title": "Snow Trac",
"section": "Section::::Origins and description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 522,
"text": "In the standard cabin configuration, only the driver is facing forward. The interior is equipped with side-facing bench seats and there are enough seats for 7 people (including the driver). The entrance is by a door attached at the tail. There are no other entrances, but many are equipped with a large sunroof, which could double as an emergency exit. Unlike most other snow vehicles, the Snow Trac uses a traditional steering wheel instead of levers. Early brochures describe it as follows: \"As easy to drive as a car.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6k6hbr
|
when we type up an email and hit "send", how does the internet know where to correctly deliver our email? what does this process look like between two computers/email accounts?
|
[
{
"answer": "It works kind of like the post office. Think of it like this. The stuff after the @ symbol is the city. The stuff before the @ is the street address.\n\nWhen you hit send the email gets given to the post office of the \"city\" you specified which can be google, yahoo, comcast or hotmail. The city then looks at the \"street address\" and figures out where to put it.\n\nYou then go and pull it out of your mail box.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "When you hit send, your mail is delivered to the Mailserver of your mail provider. Your computer knows which one that is because it was part of your initial mail setup on your computer.\n\nOnce the mail reaches 'your' Mailserver it'll look at the domain (the part behind the @ sign in the mail address) and looks up the IP address of that domain using DNS (think of it as the phone book of the internet). Once the server knows the IP of the recipients mailserver it'll send your mail over there.\n\nThe recipients Mailserver then looks at the account name (the part before the @ sign in the mail address) and puts the mail in the correct mailbox.\n\nEdit: the recipients computer is set up to know the recipients Mailserver and thus checks there for new mail.\n\nSo in the end, the two computers themselves don't communicate directly at all but the servers do. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4952436",
"title": "Conversation threading",
"section": "Section::::Advantages.:Message targeting.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "Email allows messages to be targeted at particular members of the audience by using the \"To\" and \"CC\" lines. However, some message systems do not have this option. As a result, it can be difficult to determine the intended recipient of a particular message. When messages are displayed hierarchically, it is easier to visually identify the author of the previous message.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4023115",
"title": "FTPmail",
"section": "Section::::Procedure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 250,
"text": "An email is sent to a FTPmail server with the command to be performed, inserted as the body of the message. The server then processes the request by logging on to the remote site, retrieving the file, encoding it, and returning the result via email.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3473219",
"title": "Email spoofing",
"section": "Section::::Technical detail.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "The result is that the email recipient sees the email as having come from the address in the \"From:\" header; they may sometimes be able to find the \"MAIL FROM\" address; and if they reply to the email it will go to either the address presented in the \"From:\" or \"Reply-to:\" header - but none of these addresses are typically reliable, so automated bounce messages may generate backscatter.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "863095",
"title": "Internet security",
"section": "Section::::Remedies.:Electronic mail security.:Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 1153,
"text": "Email messages are composed, delivered, and stored in a multiple step process, which starts with the message's composition. When the user finishes composing the message and sends it, the message is transformed into a standard format: an RFC 2822 formatted message. Afterwards, the message can be transmitted. Using a network connection, the mail client, referred to as a mail user agent (MUA), connects to a mail transfer agent (MTA) operating on the mail server. The mail client then provides the sender’s identity to the server. Next, using the mail server commands, the client sends the recipient list to the mail server. The client then supplies the message. Once the mail server receives and processes the message, several events occur: recipient server identification, connection establishment, and message transmission. Using Domain Name System (DNS) services, the sender’s mail server determines the mail server(s) for the recipient(s). Then, the server opens up a connection(s) to the recipient mail server(s) and sends the message employing a process similar to that used by the originating client, delivering the message to the recipient(s).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45201193",
"title": "EAngel",
"section": "Section::::Product.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "In order to use the service, the user can send text directly to a designated email address or upload it to the service's website. The text is then dispatched to one of the available proofreaders. Once the text is corrected, it is sent directly to the user's email.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2405502",
"title": "Email privacy",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 476,
"text": "A email has to go through potentially untrustworthy intermediate computers (email servers, ISPs) before reaching its destination, and there is no way to verify if it was accessed by an unauthorized entity. This is different from a letter sealed in an envelope, where, by close inspection of the envelope, it might be possible to determine if it had been previously opened. In that sense, an email is much like a postcard whose contents are visible to everyone who handles it.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10792005",
"title": "Email forwarding",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 238,
"text": "Email forwarding can also redirect mail going to a certain address and send it to one or more other addresses. Vice versa, email items going to several different addresses can converge via forwarding to end up in a single address in-box.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2ykfb6
|
why are snowden documents still being released, nearly two years later?
|
[
{
"answer": " > Or are they being deliberately released slowly, because releasing them all at once would be too much to process?\n\nSort of this. If he dumped them all at once, a lot of the controversial-but-not-really-controversial stories would be ignored. Also, by releasing them slowly, it keeps the whole thing alive and kicking.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'll let Glenn Greenwald - the Guardian Journalist whom Edward Snowden contacted together with Laura Poitras - answer that one for you: ([source](_URL_0_))\n\n > We've been reporting continuously on huge stories without pause for 18 months, using editors, reporters, and experts from all over the world.\n\n > These documents are complex and take time to process, understand, and research.\n\n > If we rush the reporting and make mistakes, we'll be doing a huge favor to proponents of mass surveillance, and then people like you will be coming and asking - reasonably: \"why did you rush all this? Why didn't you make sure the reporting was accurate before publishing it\"?\n\n > Snowden expressly asked us to vet the documents carefully and subject them to the reporting process so that the public could be informed in a clear and accurate way. With an archive this vast and complicated, that takes time.\n\n > I hardly think anyone can complain that there hasn't been enough reporting done - it's been an unprecedentedly continuous and rapid stream of stories. The public needs time to understand and digest them, and good reporting takes time to do.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "One reason would be because Greenwald and his team have to fact-check everything (which is great.) The other reason would be, and sometimes I fear they find this more important, to keep their own website -The Intercept, which they launched while their document-leaks were becoming big- up and running.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4749651",
"title": "Glenn Greenwald",
"section": "Section::::Global surveillance disclosure.:Contact with Edward Snowden.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 254,
"text": "As part of the global surveillance disclosure, the first of Snowden's documents were published on June 5, 2013, in \"The Guardian\" in an article by Greenwald. According to him, Snowden's documents exposed the \"scale of domestic surveillance under Obama\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39626432",
"title": "Edward Snowden",
"section": "Section::::Global surveillance disclosures.:Publication.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 244,
"text": "On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong, where he was staying when the initial articles based on the leaked documents were published, beginning with \"The Guardian\" on June 5. Greenwald later said Snowden disclosed 9,000 to 10,000 documents.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39626432",
"title": "Edward Snowden",
"section": "Section::::Global surveillance disclosures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 951,
"text": "The exact size of Snowden's disclosure is unknown, but Australian officials have estimated 15,000 or more Australian intelligence files and British officials estimate at least 58,000 British intelligence files. NSA Director Keith Alexander initially estimated that Snowden had copied anywhere from 50,000 to 200,000 NSA documents. Later estimates provided by U.S. officials were on the order of 1.7 million, a number that originally came from Department of Defense talking points. In July 2014, \"The Washington Post\" reported on a cache previously provided by Snowden from domestic NSA operations consisting of \"roughly 160,000 intercepted e-mail and instant-message conversations, some of them hundreds of pages long, and 7,900 documents taken from more than 11,000 online accounts.\" A U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report declassified in June 2015 said that Snowden took 900,000 Department of Defense files, more than he downloaded from the NSA.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41211324",
"title": "Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 793,
"text": "The extent to which the media reports have responsibly informed the public is disputed. In January 2014, Obama said that \"the sensational way in which these disclosures have come out has often shed more heat than light\" and critics such as Sean Wilentz have noted that many of the Snowden documents released do not concern domestic surveillance. The US & UK Defense establishment weigh the strategic harm in the period following the disclosures more heavily than their civic public benefit. In its first assessment of these disclosures, the Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest \"theft\" of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States. Sir David Omand, a former director of GCHQ, described Snowden's disclosure as the \"most catastrophic loss to British intelligence ever\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "661849",
"title": "Government Communications Security Bureau",
"section": "Section::::Notable activities and controversies.:2015 Edward Snowden surveillance disclosures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 307,
"text": "On 5 May 2015, the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet acknowledged that Snowden's leaked documents on the GCSB and NSA were authentic but accused Snowden's associates, particularly the journalist Glenn Greenwald, of \"misrepresenting, misinterpreting, and misunderstanding\" the leaked information.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39626432",
"title": "Edward Snowden",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Career.:NSA sub-contractee as an employee for Dell.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 708,
"text": "In May 2014, U.S. officials released a single email that Snowden had written in April 2013 inquiring about legal authorities but said that they had found no other evidence that Snowden had expressed his concerns to someone in an oversight position. In June 2014, the NSA said it had not been able to find any records of Snowden raising internal complaints about the agency's operations. That same month, Snowden explained that he himself has not produced the communiqués in question because of the ongoing nature of the dispute, disclosing for the first time that \"I am working with the NSA in regard to these records and we're going back and forth, so I don't want to reveal everything that will come out.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39626432",
"title": "Edward Snowden",
"section": "Section::::Global surveillance disclosures.:Release of NSA documents.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "After disclosing the copied documents, Snowden promised that nothing would stop subsequent disclosures. In June 2013, he said, \"All I can say right now is the US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2xhmb5
|
I found this symbol in Palma, Mallorca just outside the Seu Cathedral. What does it mean?
|
[
{
"answer": "Here is some pics\n_URL_0_\n_URL_1_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You might have more luck in /r/whatisthisthing. That sub is dedicated to answering these kinds of questions. Still, please report back here if you get an answer. :)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1728464",
"title": "Umbraculum",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 524,
"text": "The umbraculum (, \"big umbrella\", in basilicas also conopaeum) is a historic piece of the papal regalia and insignia, once used on a daily basis to provide shade for the pope (Galbreath, 27). Also known as the pavilion, in modern usage the umbraculum is a symbol of the Catholic Church and the authority of the pope over it. It is found in the contemporary Church at all the basilicas throughout the world, placed prominently at the right of their main altars. Whenever the pope visits a basilica, its umbraculum is opened.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28129185",
"title": "The Ecumenical Council (painting)",
"section": "Section::::Symbolism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 785,
"text": "Religious symbols are pervasive throughout the piece. The title is an homage to the coronation of Angelo Giuseppe Cardinal Roncalli, who became Pope John XXIII in 1958. When John XXIII met with Geoffrey Fisher, the Archbishop of Canterbury, it was the first time the two churches had officially communicated in 426 years. Dalí was enthusiastic about the meeting. He was asked to design a cathedral in Arizona that never came to fruition. However, to discuss the design, in 1959 Dalí requested an audience with the pope. Dalí's vision for the cathedral was that it should be shaped like a pear, which to him represented the resurrection of the Middle Ages, the resurgence of Christian unity and was an appropriate symbol for the council in which the pope and the archbishop would meet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "211305",
"title": "Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran",
"section": "Section::::The Middle Ages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 609,
"text": "On the archbasilica's front wall between the main portals is a plaque inscribed with the words \"\"Sacrosancta Lateranensis ecclesia omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput\"\", which translate to \"Most Holy Lateran Church, mother and head of all the churches in the city and the world\"; a visible indication of the declaration that the basilica is the \"mother church\" of all the world. In the twelfth century the canons of the Lateran claimed that the high altar housed the Ark of the Covenant and several holy objects from Jerusalem. The basilica was thus presented as the Temple of the New Covenant. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1728464",
"title": "Umbraculum",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 412,
"text": "The umbraculum is one of the symbols bestowed by the pope when he elevates a church to the rank of a minor basilica; the umbraculum of a major basilica is made of cloth of gold and red velvet, while that of a minor basilica is made of yellow and red silk. The umbraculum is also represented behind the shield in the coat of arms of a basilica. But these symbols are not mentioned in the 1989 Vatican directives.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6586071",
"title": "Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints",
"section": "Section::::Symbols.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 63,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 63,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "One of the most commonly used visual symbols of the church is the trumpeting angel Moroni, proclaiming the restoration of the gospel to the Earth (often identified as the angel mentioned in ). A statue depicting Moroni tops the tallest spire of most LDS temples. Other common symbols associated with the church are the letters CTR, meaning \"Choose the Right\", often depicted in a shield logo; the \"Christus\" statue; and images of the Salt Lake Temple.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50361740",
"title": "Santos Juanes, Valencia",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 778,
"text": "The \"main facade\" of the church retains a walled up oculus of a rose window from the older church. The square exterior of the apse, facing the piazza, houses a central niche decorated with a stucco statuary group of the \"Virgen del Rosario\" (Virgin of the Rosary) attributed to Jacopo Bertesi. The group display the virgin and child (his hand on the globe) ensconced in a burst of rays, angels, and cherubs. Other portals contain the symbols of John the Baptist (lamb) and John the Evangelist (eagle). The center is surmounted by a clock tower, and a roofline dominated by statues of the \"Juanes\": including the Baptist, the Evangelist, and Saints Francesco Borgia and Luis Bertrán. This facade includes profuse complex iconography including a lamb atop a book with five seals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9637401",
"title": "Santa Maria dell'Anima",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 346,
"text": "According to tradition, the church received its name, from the picture of Our Lady which forms its coat of arms (the Blessed Virgin between two souls). Among the artworks housed inside is the \"Holy Family\" by Giulio Romano. It is the resting place of the Dutch Pope Adrian VI as well as of Cardinals William of Enckenvoirt and Andrew of Austria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2qpjn2
|
Were the Romans Really as Brutal and Cruel as we Think?
|
[
{
"answer": "I've never heard anything about genocide by Romans, do you have a source for that because it sounds interesting.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They certainly had a mentality of ''might is right'' that led to brutally cruel things. I forget the exact quote, but Caesar wrote something along the lines of ''the victor is allowed to do whatever he likes to the defeated'', which gives you an idea as to how they generally thought. \n\nMass infanticide is not something I ever came across whilst studying my masters degree in ancient history - although you could potentially argue that they allowed their client king Herod to do something along these lines, depending on the accuracy of the events depicted in the New Testament. Genocide is perhaps a more difficult topic, as the Romans certainly eradicated cultures and civilisations in their conquest of the Mediterranean, Carthage perhaps being the most infamous example of this. However, enslavement was far more profitable than simple execution, which leads me on to the war rape you mention. Prior to Augustus' reforms in the late 1stC BCE, Roman soldiers received the majority of their pay from looting cities and being awarded farmland on retirement - this led to loyalty to popular generals who gave them these over the state. Therefore, on taking cities the raping and pillaging was usually widespread. I remember a site in Spain destroyed in a Roman siege (I forget which one, maybe Numantia) where a skeleton was excavated that had several spears inserted up every orifice going. Sieges were awful, but hardly typical events of life in the Roman Empire. The reliefs on Trajan's Column also depict plenty of awful scenes found in being defeated by Rome.\n\nThat being said, daily life in the Mediterranean was, by and large, at its most peaceful and prosperous until the modern era once the Empire was settled and stablised in the first and second centuries. The brutality that we hear about was usually extremely rare and acted as a deterrant. Basically, if you rebelled against Rome, they'd put you down with a hell of a lot of force to make an example of you (see the Jewish Revolt or Mithridates VI of Pontus, for examples), but by and large they certainly did not rule with an iron fist. Punishments such as crucifixion were definitely cruel, as were public executions in the arena, yet considering the Romans introduced organised law and prosecutions in many regions they can therefore perhaps be considered as advanced for the time. \n\nFor anyone interested, Luttwak's The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire is a thought-provoking (and controversial) look at how Rome operated, written by a non-expert. If I remember correctly Luttwak was an American diplomat during the Cold War. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "16823563",
"title": "Marcus Marius Gratidianus",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 436,
"text": "Although this period of Roman history is marked by the extreme violence and cruelty practiced by partisans on each side, Gratidianus suffered a particularly vicious death during the Sullan proscriptions; in the most sensational accounts, he was tortured and dismembered by Catiline at the tomb of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, in a manner that evoked human sacrifice, and his severed head was carried through the streets of Rome on a pike.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15209753",
"title": "Horrible Histories",
"section": "Section::::Games and toys.:Video game.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 96,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 96,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "In 2009, a video game based on the books Rotten Romans and Ruthless Romans, entitled \"Horrible Histories: Ruthless Romans\", a video game based on the book, was released in 2009. It received \"generally unfavorable\" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26056204",
"title": "Horrible Histories: Ruthless Romans (video game)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 415,
"text": "Horrible Histories: Ruthless Romans, is a 2009 Educational adventure video game theme on Ancient Rome as part of the Horrible Histories franchise, which began in 1993. The game was released on Wii, Nintendo DS and Windows and is narrated by Terry Deary, the author of the \"Horrible Histories\" book series. It is named after Deary's 2003 book \"Ruthless Romans\", his second on the topic after 1999's \"Rotten Romans\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "207078",
"title": "Horrible Histories (book series)",
"section": "Section::::Concept and creation.:Educational goals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 552,
"text": "Often the protagonists of one book can become the antagonists in another book. For example, the Romans are the attackers in \"Cut-Throat Celts,\" but their own history is explored in \"Rotten Romans\" and \"Ruthless Romans.\" Similarly, \"Vicious Vikings\" and \"Stormin' Normans\" paint their respective civilizations in a more favourable light than in \"Smashin' Saxons\", and the Christians depicted as courageous victims of persecution in \"Ruthless Romans\" become the hateful persecutors of native populations in \"Barmy British Empire\" and \"Incredible Incas.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30855309",
"title": "Roman infantry tactics",
"section": "Section::::Infantry effectiveness.:Victory through attrition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 177,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 177,
"end_character": 497,
"text": "Some historians note however that Rome often balanced brutal attrition with shrewd diplomacy, as demonstrated by Caesar's harsh treatment of Gallic tribes that opposed him, but his sometimes conciliatory handling of those that submitted. Rome also used a variety of incentives to encourage cooperation by the elites of conquered peoples, co-opting opposition and incorporating them into the structure of the empire. This carrot and stick approach forms an integral part of \"the Roman way\" of war.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25111986",
"title": "Roman command structure during First Mithridatic War",
"section": "Section::::Statue of an envoy to the Romans at Rhodes.:Commanders mentioned in the inscription.:Varro.:Pirates, bandits, privateers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 97,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 97,
"end_character": 293,
"text": "According to the stories handed down to Appian, the Roman people were not sure of who the attackers were or why they were attacking. The most common belief (which still deceives some moderns) is that the marauders were bandits from Cilicia, which had a certain reputation for marine banditry:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6258",
"title": "Civilization",
"section": "Section::::Fall of civilizations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 728,
"text": "BULLET::::- Peter Heather argues in his book \"The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome and the Barbarians\" that this civilization did not end for moral or economic reasons, but because centuries of contact with barbarians across the frontier generated its own nemesis by making them a much more sophisticated and dangerous adversary. The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire. Although this argument is specific to Rome, it can also be applied to the Asiatic Empire of the Egyptians, to the Han and Tang dynasties of China, to the Muslim Abbasid Caliphate and others.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
exgr7e
|
how does music royalty work? how do the music companies keep track of how many times a song is played?
|
[
{
"answer": "Absolute speculation and close approaches, but with Spotify and YouTube (or any streaming platform) things change because you have more tracking. \n\nWhen it comes to tv/radios they send a list of the songs they've played and then, whoever pays the artists, measures that channel/radio audience and then they come up with a number. \n\nLive shows count attendees and bars/nightclubs pay a monthly fee that goes to these organizations. In these cases money won't return to the artists.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1946204",
"title": "Music industry",
"section": "Section::::Business structure.:Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 1270,
"text": "When a recording is broadcast (either on radio or by a background music service such as Muzak), performance rights organisations (such as the ASCAP and BMI in the US, SOCAN in Canada, or MCPS and PRS in the UK), collect a third type of royalty known as a performance royalty, which is paid to songwriters, composers and recording artists. This royalty is typically much smaller than publishing or mechanical royalties. Within the past decade, more than \"15 to 30 percent\" of tracks on streaming services are unidentified with a specific artist. Jeff Price says \"Audiam, an online music streaming service, has made over several hundred thousand dollars in the past year from collecting royalties from online streaming. According to Ken Levitan, manager from Kings of Leon, Cheap Trick and others, \"Youtube has become radio for kids\". Because of the overuse of YouTube and offline streaming, album sales have fallen by 60 percent in the past few years. When recordings are used in television and film, the composer and their publishing company are typically paid through a synchronization license. In the 2000s, online subscription services (such as Rhapsody) also provide an income stream directly to record companies, and through them, to artists, contracts permitting.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "305567",
"title": "Royalty payment",
"section": "Section::::Music.:Performance.:Conventional forms of royalty payment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 116,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 116,
"end_character": 860,
"text": "The next diagram shows the sequences in the licensing of performances and the royalty collection and distribution process in the UK. Every song or recording has a unique identity by which they are licensed and tracked. Details of songs or recordings are notified to the PROs directly, or through Catco, an electronic tracking system. It needs to be clarified that while blanket licenses are commonly issued to music-users, the latter are responsible for \"usage returns\" – the actual frequency of performances under the license – which then becomes the basis for the PRO to apportion royalties to writers, publishers, and record labels. (\"DIY indies\" are \"do-it-yourself\" independent songwriters – and, often, the performers as well – who record and publish under their own labels). In the UK, music is licensed (and royalties paid on it) \"at the track level\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25843860",
"title": "SIAE",
"section": "Section::::Deposit at SIAE.:Phonogram production and SIAE.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 512,
"text": "According to copyright law, record companies use musical works for commercial purposes by recording, reproducing and selling them. Since SIAE acts as a mediator, record producers (who hold the economic rights according to article 72 of the Legge 22 Aprile 1941, n. 633, on the subject of “Copyright protection and other related rights”), must affix the SIAE sticker to the record and must deposit royalties to SIAE, which in turn is responsible for distributing them between authors and publishers of the work. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "305567",
"title": "Royalty payment",
"section": "Section::::Music.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 530,
"text": "Unlike other forms of intellectual property, music royalties have a strong linkage to individuals – composers (score), songwriters (lyrics) and writers of musical plays – in that they can own the exclusive copyright to created music and can license it for performance independent of corporates. Recording companies and the performing artists that create a \"sound recording\" of the music enjoy a separate set of copyrights and royalties from the sale of recordings and from their digital transmission (depending on national laws).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46798220",
"title": "Samper (singer)",
"section": "Section::::Awards, honors and collaborations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 281,
"text": "Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type (such as album, single, music video) and by nation or territory (see List of music recording certifications).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10996404",
"title": "Internet Radio Equality Act",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "The sound recording royalty, when paid under the provisions of the statutory license, is distributed to the featured artist on the recording, two musicians' unions, and the owner of the copyright—usually a record label.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5739600",
"title": "Music supervisor",
"section": "Section::::Job responsibilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 744,
"text": "When it comes to royalty collections, a music supervisor will sometimes be in charge of arranging this source of the selected artist's revenue. Royalties for music placements are paid out by Performance Rights Organizations (such as ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC in the United States). In order to detect the placements an artist has made with visual media, these companies need to be aware of their placement. Depending on the type of project (ad placement, television show, etc.). the music supervisor will have to either make sure the artist is credited properly, send video clips of the placement to the publisher (which will then be sent to the proper Performance Rights Organization),or create a cue sheet of all of the songs used in the project\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5iei6y
|
why is censoring on facebook, twitter, reddit, or even banning products on amazon, or ebay considered an assault on "freedom of speech"?
|
[
{
"answer": "The idea of free speech is often abused and misinterpreted. You can't say whatever you want on any social media site just like you can't walk into a store and start screaming obscenities. Facebook and Reddit and every other site owned by any company is free to limit speech in any way they see fit.\n\nWhether or not it's a smart business move is a different story.\n\nThe main point is, say Facebook hypothetically started banning everyone that likes the color orange. That's OK, because those people can go make their own social media site for people who like orange, and if they want to they can ban everyone that prefers green. There's nothing stopping people who are banned for expressing their views on social media from creating their own social media.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "17253537",
"title": "Censorship",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 680,
"text": "Governments and private organizations may engage in censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as \"self-censorship\". It occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, child pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34062323",
"title": "Freedom of speech in Canada",
"section": "Section::::Censorship on media.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 681,
"text": "It can be argued that censorship and regulations limit the freedom of expression in media and are an uncontrolled and no longer \"free\" environment. Censorship is often described as a removal of an individual or group's voice. Censorship is both an incentive and reason to the performance of certain expressions, attitudes, and behaviour, and how a society chooses to organize its system of social control. It contends that we have more to fear from the economic groups who have the power to control the media through ownership and advertising than the state itself. Mass media of communication is no longer a reflection of ideas in the community but are part of a class structure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12837960",
"title": "Internet in Croatia",
"section": "Section::::Internet censorship and surveillance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 619,
"text": "The constitution and law generally provide for freedom of speech and the press; however, growing economic pressures lead journalists to practice self-censorship. Hate speech committed over the Internet is punishable by six months' to three years' imprisonment and libel is a criminal offense. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms. In general individuals and groups engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet access is widely available and used by citizens throughout the country.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11209738",
"title": "Internet censorship in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Censorship by institutions.:Individual websites.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 102,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "Some websites that allow user-contributed content practice self-censorship by adopting policies on how the web site may be used and by banning or requiring pre-approval of editorial contributions from users that do not follow the policies for the site. For example, social media websites may restrict hate speech to a larger degree than is required by US law (see also hate speech on Facebook), and may restrict harassment and verbal abuse.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60577742",
"title": "Internet censorship and surveillance in Europe",
"section": "Section::::Little or no censorship or surveillance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 699,
"text": "The constitution and law generally provide for freedom of speech and the press; however, growing economic pressures lead journalists to practice self-censorship. Hate speech committed over the Internet is punishable by six months' to three years' imprisonment and libel is a criminal offense. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms. In general individuals and groups engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet access is widely available and used by citizens throughout the country. An estimated 51 percent of the country's inhabitants used the Internet in 2010.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "911519",
"title": "Freedom of information",
"section": "Section::::Internet and information technology.:Internet censorship.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "Jo Glanville, editor of the Index on Censorship, states that \"the internet has been a revolution for censorship as much as for free speech\". The concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored censorship, monitoring and surveillance of the internet. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17253537",
"title": "Censorship",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 113,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 113,
"end_character": 502,
"text": "Censorship has been criticized throughout history for being unfair and hindering progress. In a 1997 essay on Internet censorship, social commentator Michael Landier claims that censorship is counterproductive as it prevents the censored topic from being discussed. Landier expands his argument by claiming that those who impose censorship must consider what they censor to be true, as individuals believing themselves to be correct would welcome the opportunity to disprove those with opposing views.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
63p9gi
|
Did people in ancient and medieval times have anything comparable to hobbies?
|
[
{
"answer": "Stitching patterns into fabric (embroidery) was something that both lower and higher class members of society participated in. this was considered more of a women's activity, however, and I don't recall any accounts of men (outside of tailors) doing this for leisure.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "521555",
"title": "Ancient Rome",
"section": "Section::::Culture.:Games and recreation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 183,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 183,
"end_character": 745,
"text": "The youth of Rome had several forms of athletic play and exercise, such as jumping, wrestling, boxing, and racing. In the countryside, pastimes for the wealthy also included fishing and hunting. The Romans also had several forms of ball playing, including one resembling handball. Dice games, board games, and gamble games were popular pastimes. Women did not take part in these activities. For the wealthy, dinner parties presented an opportunity for entertainment, sometimes featuring music, dancing, and poetry readings. Plebeians sometimes enjoyed similar parties through clubs or associations, but for most Romans, recreational dining usually meant patronizing taverns. Children entertained themselves with toys and such games as leapfrog.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23558839",
"title": "Itinerant poet",
"section": "Section::::Ancient strolling songsters.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 298,
"text": "Prior to the emergence of medieval itinerant poets, there were already strolling minstrels in ancient Greece and these were more than entertainers, with an account describing them as men who recorded honorable feats and aristocratic genealogies. They were thus supported by a culture of patronage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11921",
"title": "Gambling",
"section": "Section::::Religious views.:Hinduism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 227,
"text": "Ancient Hindu poems like the Gambler's Lament and the \"Mahabharata\" testify to the popularity of gambling among ancient Indians. However, the text \"Arthashastra\" (c. 4th century BC) recommends taxation and control of gambling.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13287",
"title": "Hobby",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 1241,
"text": "Hobbies were originally described as pursuits that others thought somewhat childish or trivial. However, as early as 1676 Sir Matthew Hale, in \"Contemplations Moral and Divine\", wrote \"Almost every person hath some hobby horse or other wherein he prides himself.\" He was acknowledging that a \"hobby horse\" produces a legitimate sense of pride. By the mid 18th century there was a flourishing of hobbies as working people had more regular hours of work and greater leisure time. They spent more time to pursue interests that brought them satisfaction. However, there was concern that these working people might not use their leisure time in worthwhile pursuits. \"The hope of weaning people away from bad habits by the provision of counter-attractions came to the fore in the 1830s, and has rarely waned since. Initially the bad habits were perceived to be of a sensual and physical nature, and the counter attractions, or perhaps more accurately alternatives, deliberately cultivated rationality and the intellect.\" The flourishing book and magazine trade of the day encouraged worthwhile hobbies and pursuits. The burgeoning manufacturing trade made materials used in hobbies cheap and was responsive to the changing interests of hobbyists.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25381",
"title": "Recreation",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "This is to say that the recreational games that you know and love today were created a long time ago. Many studies show that most of the games originated from ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Swimming, running, ball games and board games were all developed by 641AD.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11918454",
"title": "Tuna (music)",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "In the old times (medieval days) the \"Sopistas\" (a sarcastic title meaning \"soup beggars\") would use their musical talents to entertain people in exchange for a coin and a bowl of soup (\"sopa\", in Portuguese and Spanish, hence the name \"sopistas\"). They would also play their music under the windows of the ladies they wished to court.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "286882",
"title": "Merry England",
"section": "Section::::Medieval origins.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 421,
"text": "More legitimised recreation came in the form of archery, ice-skating, wrestling, hunting and hawking, while there was also the medieval angler, who \"atte the leest hath his holsom walke and mery at his ease\". Above the town or village itself stood a semi-approved of layer of nomadic entertainers – minstrels, jugglers, mummers, morris-dancers, actors and jig-makers, all adding to first stirrings of mass entertainment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ce7s7t
|
why are laptop and tablet batteries often split into several smaller cells instead of having only one large cell?
|
[
{
"answer": "If you hook multiple cells together in series where you put positive to negative that increases the voltage but keeps the amperage the same. Three 1.5 volt AAA cells connected in series become a 4.5 volt battery with 1000 mAh. \n\nHooking them in parallel puts their amperage together but keeps the voltage the same. Three 1.5 volts AAA cells become a 1.5 volt battery with 3000 mAh.\n\nYou could make the cell bigger like a AA cell which has 2400 mAh, but smaller cells can be more stable and reliable than larger cells. If a small cell goes bad it's less catastrophic than a large cell going bad.\n\nYou also have the benefit of being able to produce lots of small cells and help them together in interesting ways. A small 12 volt battery like would go in a garage door opener is 8 button batteries like from a watch hooked end to end. A small 9-volt battery like you would put in a smoke detector is 6 AAAA batteries wired together like would be used in a Microsoft Surface pen.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33593212",
"title": "Small cell",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 654,
"text": "Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. They are \"small\" compared to a mobile macrocell, partly because they have a shorter range and partly because they typically handle fewer concurrent calls or sessions. They make best use of available spectrum by re-using the same frequencies many times within a geographical area. Fewer new macrocell sites are being built, with larger numbers of small cells recognised as an important method of increasing cellular network capacity, quality and resilience with a growing focus using LTE Advanced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32248775",
"title": "Solar cell phone charger",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 507,
"text": "They also come in the form of straps, with solar cells on the outer surface and a rechargeable battery inside. Solar cell technology limits the effectiveness and practicality of phone solar chargers for everyday use. Phone charge times vary depending on the solar panel size and efficiency, or the battery capacity of models with batteries, further extending the charge times of solar chargers. The fold-out design provides a larger solar panel, hence higher charge current, and is compact when not in use.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19174720",
"title": "Electric battery",
"section": "Section::::Battery sizes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 80,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 80,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "Primary batteries readily available to consumers range from tiny button cells used for electric watches, to the No. 6 cell used for signal circuits or other long duration applications. Secondary cells are made in very large sizes; very large batteries can power a submarine or stabilize an electrical grid and help level out peak loads.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "186614",
"title": "Nickel–cadmium battery",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 583,
"text": "Sealed Ni–Cd cells may be used individually, or assembled into battery packs containing two or more cells. Small cells are used for portable electronics and toys (such as solar garden lights), often using cells manufactured in the same sizes as primary cells. When Ni–Cd batteries are substituted for primary cells, the lower terminal voltage and smaller ampere-hour capacity may reduce performance as compared to primary cells. Miniature button cells are sometimes used in photographic equipment, hand-held lamps (flashlight or torch), computer-memory standby, toys, and novelties.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23983963",
"title": "Battery balancing",
"section": "Section::::Rationale.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 777,
"text": "Without balancing, the smallest capacity cell is a problem, and potentially a serious one. It can be easily overcharged or over-discharged whilst cells with higher capacities are only partially charged. The balance circuit should arrange for higher capacity cells to fully charge/discharge, while smaller capacity cells are charged/discharged suitably—which will necessarily be rather different. In a properly balanced battery pack, the cell with the largest capacity will be filled without overcharging any other (i.e., weaker, smaller) cell, and it can be discharged in use without over-discharging any other cell. Battery balancing is done by transferring energy from or to individual cells, until the SOC of the cell with the lowest capacity is equal to the battery's SOC.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4182449",
"title": "Tablet computer",
"section": "Section::::Software.:Operating system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 85,
"end_character": 221,
"text": "Mobile-based tablets are the reverse, and run only mobile apps. They can use battery life conservatively because the processor is significantly smaller. This allows the battery to last much longer than the common laptop.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18457137",
"title": "Personal computer",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Portable.:Smartphone.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "Smartphones are often similar to tablet computers, the difference being that smartphones always have cellular integration. They are generally smaller than tablets, and may not have a slate form factor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7md9x0
|
why do people pull their windshield wipers up during a snow storm?
|
[
{
"answer": "To prevent the wipers from becoming frozen onto the windshield glass, if ice forms due to snow melting and refreezing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "402713",
"title": "Windscreen wiper",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 347,
"text": "A windshield wiper or windscreen wiper (British English) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice and debris from a vehicle's front window. Almost all motor vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, train locomotives, and watercraft with a cabin—and some aircraft—are equipped with one or more such wipers, which are usually a legal requirement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30426",
"title": "Total internal reflection",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 108,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 108,
"end_character": 298,
"text": "Rain sensors for automatic windscreen/windshield wipers have been implemented using the principle that total internal reflection will guide an infrared beam from a source to a detector if the outer surface of the windshield is dry, but any water drops on the surface will divert some of the light.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13036200",
"title": "Automobile drag coefficient",
"section": "Section::::Deletion.:Windshield wipers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "The effect that windshield wipers have on a vehicles airflow varies between vehicles; however, they are often omitted from race vehicles and high efficiency concepts in order to maintain the smallest possible coefficient of drag. A much more common option is to replace the windshield wipers with lower profile wipers, or to only remove the windshield wiper on the passenger side of the vehicle, and even to fabricate a deflector to deflect the air up and over the wipers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "925835",
"title": "Blizzard of 1977",
"section": "Section::::In western New York.:Onset.:Friday afternoon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 582,
"text": "In addition to the roads becoming impassable, motorists also had to deal with vehicles breaking down due to the combination of very cold temperatures, very high winds, and blowing snow. For example, a maintenance pickup truck at the Buffalo airport had snow blasted into the engine compartment that then melted, saturated the spark plugs, and stalled the engine. A report from Welland, Ontario, (see section below for a description of the blizzard in Canada) indicated many cars there overheated when snow got under the radiator, melted, and then refroze, interfering with the fan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "402713",
"title": "Windscreen wiper",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 786,
"text": "On some vehicles, a windscreen/windshield washer system is also used to improve and expand the function of the wiper(s) to dry or icy conditions. This system sprays water, or an antifreeze \"window washer fluid\", at the windscreen using several well-positioned nozzles. This system helps remove dirt or dust from the windscreen when it is used in concert with the wiper blades. When antifreeze washer fluid is used, it can help the wipers remove snow or ice. For these types of winter conditions, some vehicles have additional heaters aimed at the windows, or embedded heating wire(s) in the glass; these defroster systems help to keep snow and ice from building up on the windscreen. Less frequently, miniature wipers are installed on headlights to ensure that they function optimally.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2889917",
"title": "Mary Anderson (inventor)",
"section": "Section::::Windshield wipers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 812,
"text": "In a visit to New York City in the winter of 1903, in a trolley car on a frosty day, Anderson observed that a trolley car driver struggled to see past the windows because of the falling sleet. When she returned to Alabama she hired a designer for a hand-operated device to keep a windshield clear and had a local company produce a working model. She applied for, and in 1903 was granted, a 17-year patent for a windshield wiper. Her device consisted of a lever inside the vehicle that controlled a rubber blade on the outside of the windshield. The lever could be operated to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. A counterweight was used to ensure contact between the wiper and the window. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first to be effective.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59793473",
"title": "Windshield phenomenon",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 304,
"text": "The windshield phenomenon (or windscreen phenomenon) is a term given to the anecdotal observation that people tend to find fewer insects smashed on the windscreens of their cars now compared to a decade or several decades ago. This effect has been ascribed to major global declines in insect abundance. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
u305c
|
Why didn't Asians build castles like the Europeans?
|
[
{
"answer": "Not a Far East expert, but I know at least the Japanese did build and use military castles. Look at the famous [Osaka Castle](_URL_0_) for example.\n\nAlso - siege warfare was an important doctrine in medieval China. [Wikipedia](_URL_1_) refers to Chinese fortresses along with walled cities. \n\nHow do you differentiate walled city vs castle? Constantinople was a city rather than a castle, but look at those Theodosian walls...",
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},
{
"answer": "PS - if you want a fun read set in medieval Japan just as the Europeans arrive, check out James Clavell's *Shogun*. It is \"based on a true story\" and the names are altered, but it is a nice, casual way to get some basic background.\n\nEdit: **t-o-k-u-m-e-i** weighed in an expert opinion to say that *Shogun* is even more fictitious than I had understood it to be.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "used to take my lunch breaks at Osaka Castle Park. Read the Lord of the Rings trilogy there....\n\nFirst, I think if you saw these castles up close, you'd change your point of view about them not being well suited for defense.\n\nBut, yes, the Japanese, in my experience, do/did place greater emphasis on aesthetics and harmony in nearly eveything. Perhaps this is what you are thinking about?\n\n\nCampare a katana and a braodsword. The armor of a Crusader vs a Samurai. Tea vs beer. Silk vs wool.\n\n\nFinally, while there, I learned that, when Osaka castle was being built, each local lord/was responsible for supplying the stones. Naturally a competition broke out as to who could bring the biggest stone.\n\nAs a result, some of the stones I saw there were easily the size of a city bus.\n\nBut As far as I know, earthquakes were a real reason for keeping the castles squat by comparison.",
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{
"answer": "I think part of the question here might be a the distinction between a palace (non-military) and a fort. European castles often combine the two into castles, but China seems to have kept the two concepts separate. [Palaces](_URL_0_) are more about projecting soft power through opulence and cultural symbolism. Forts, like [Jiayuguan](_URL_1_) look pretty militarily imposing to me.\n\nI don't know the real answer, but arguably the distinction might stem from China's long history of Dynasties that were more or less stable internally (until they fell) with \"barbarian\" enemies outside of the empire's borders. Thus, they might have perceived a need to militarize the borders, but not the capitals.\n\nJapan had military castles, like other people have mentioned. The thinking behind their architecture, as others have mentioned, is a point of debate.\n\nI know Korea had palaces, but I don't know of any forts, although I assume there must have been some. ",
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},
{
"answer": "In China instead of building castles they built city walls. There are some famous fortresses in Europe like this - for example the city of Avila in Spain. Pretty much every major Chinese city was like this. If you want to look at a picture, look at Xi'an or Nanjing. Originally, the Great Wall was just a linking of individual city walls into bigger units.\n\nAt least in China, I think a lot of it has to do with how China is organized. The Chinese governmental system itself essentially lasted many thousands of years up until the communist revolution. Yes, they were conquered, and yes they had many dynasties and the country split apart many times, but essentially what was happening is that a new group would put themselves at the head of an already existing governmental system.\n\nThis contrasts with Europe, where people or families were important. In Europe, you would secure important people in a castle. In China, the person wasn't important - their job was. \n\nThe easiest way to take their job? Conquer cities, especially their capital, and tell everyone that you are their new boss. \nThus, city walls. \n\nChina also has always had a huge population and their armies were similarly huge. Castles would simply be too small to play a part in wars within China itself. Since the goal was to go to the city and take control of the government, castles would have just been sidestepped. \n\nThat said, there were lots of forts along the border. These were used less as defensive points than as landmarks, trading posts, and bases for more mobile units to leave from.",
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},
{
"answer": "You need to change your perception from \"castles\" to \"fortifications\".\n\nOnce you do that, you realise Asia has had an extremely large amount of fortifications.\n\nThere in one in Korea called the Hwaseong:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nSeong is Korean for fortress. During the Imjin War, when Japan invaded Korea, many sanseong-dil, or mountain forts, proved very effective when resisting the Japanese:\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I think an important point that's been missed here is that the rise of the castle in Europe came about largely as a result of the rapid devolution of authority following the viking raids and general breakdown of larger-scale organization around 1000 AD.\n\nAt least in France, where most of what we think of as European castles are, authority devolved to ever smaller polities ruled by ever-lower lords until such a time as it reached a point where the man responsible for defending you was actually close enough to do it when the vikings started pouring off of the ships. \n\nThese smaller rulers regularly quarreled, raided, and warred, even within nominal kingdoms, and thus needed places to house their peoples' livestock, grain, and families if need be in order to protect them from rivals. However, due to the low level of urbanization in Western Europe, walled cities were less of an option than in the East (both of Europe and Eurasia). As a result, they built motte-and-bailey forts on hilltops, and then gradually merged that concept with the concept of the lords manor, until they developed the modern castle.\n\nIn most of Asia, authority never really devolved to that degree, at least not for long, and thus no individual rulers needed to build individual manor-fortifications. Japan had the closest situation to that of Europe, and its castles most closely resemble Europe's. However, they were designed for a different style of warfare focusing less on forcing the enemy to use seige equipment to batter down walls, and more on using troops to fight delaying actions on successive levels.\n\nEdit: Also, I just graduated with my BA in history (along with an employable major), focusing on Early Modern Europe. Is that enough qualification I should ask for a tag?",
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},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "49557",
"title": "Castle",
"section": "Section::::Definition.:Terminology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 632,
"text": "By the 16th century, when Japanese and European cultures met, fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian \"trace italienne\" and star forts. Forts in India present a similar case; when they were encountered by the British in the 17th century, castles in Europe had generally fallen out of use militarily. Like \"shiro\", the Indian forts, \"durga\" or \"durg\" in Sanskrit, shared features with castles in Europe such as acting as a domicile for a lord as well as being fortifications. They too developed differently from the structures known as castles that had their origins in Europe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "373601",
"title": "Motte-and-bailey castle",
"section": "Section::::History.:Further expansion, 12th and 13th centuries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 691,
"text": "A small number of motte-and-bailey castles were built outside of northern Europe. In the late-12th century, the Normans invaded southern Italy and Sicily; although they had the technology to build more modern designs, in many cases wooden motte-and-bailey castles were built instead for reasons of speed. The Italians came to refer to a range of different castle types as \"motta\", however, and there may not have been as many genuine motte-and-bailey castles in southern Italy as was once thought on the basis of the documentary evidence alone. In addition, there is evidence of the Norman crusaders building a motte and bailey using sand and wood in Egypt in 1221 during the Fifth Crusade.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1922311",
"title": "Japanese castle",
"section": "Section::::Architecture and defenses.:Walls and foundations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 1017,
"text": "Japanese castles, like their European cousins, featured massive stone walls and large moats. However, walls were restricted to the castle compound itself; they were never extended around a \"jōkamachi\" (castle town), and only very rarely were built along borders. This comes from Japan's long history of not fearing invasion, and stands in stark contrast to philosophies of defensive architecture in Europe, China, and many other parts of the world. Even within the walls, a very different architectural style and philosophy applied, as compared to the corresponding European examples. A number of tile-roofed buildings, constructed from plaster over skeletons of wooden beams, lay within the walls, and in later castles, some of these structures would be placed atop smaller stone-covered mounds. These wooden structures were surprisingly fireproof, as a result of the plaster used on the walls. Sometimes a small portion of a building would be constructed of stone, providing a space to store and contain gunpowder.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6695",
"title": "Citadel",
"section": "Section::::History.:500–1600.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 449,
"text": "In the Philippines, the Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called \"idjangs\" on hills and elevated areas. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49557",
"title": "Castle",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 798,
"text": "European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power. Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community, such as mills, fertile land, or a water source.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49557",
"title": "Castle",
"section": "Section::::Construction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 94,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 94,
"end_character": 906,
"text": "Many countries had both timber and stone castles, however Denmark had few quarries and as a result most of its castles are earth and timber affairs, or later on built from brick. Brick-built structures were not necessarily weaker than their stone-built counterparts. Brick castles are less common in England than stone or earth and timber constructions, and often it was chosen for its aesthetic appeal or because it was fashionable, encouraged by the brick architecture of the Low Countries. For example, when Tattershall Castle was built between 1430 and 1450, there was plenty of stone available nearby, but the owner, Lord Cromwell, chose to use brick. About 700,000 bricks were used to build the castle, which has been described as \"the finest piece of medieval brick-work in England\". Most Spanish castles were built from stone, whereas castles in Eastern Europe were usually of timber construction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50958468",
"title": "Idjang",
"section": "Section::::Functions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 429,
"text": "The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called \"idjangs\" on hills and elevated areas. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
400afv
|
What is the dominant strain of historiography in the People's Republic of China?
|
[
{
"answer": "Primary and middle-school students have Chinese history and World history classes.\nUntil recently, high-school students chose either an Arts or Science-based curriculum, with the Arts students continuing studying history, but I believe this has recently been made more flexible.\nStudents also study Politics, which includes some history of course.\nIn terms of the way it's taught, it's not particularly different from other countries in style, if slightly traditional (large amounts of rote-learning of dates, though there has in recent years been a big move towards analysis and critical thinking compared to the past; though it should be said that critical thinking about modern Chinese history is discouraged).\nThey don't really study things through a Marxist historiographical style anymore than other countries do. So class is mentioned a bit, as it would be in the West, for example the Landlords of the nationalist period, but when studying ancient China, it's a more traditional historiography of Emperors, philosophers, etc.\nThe big thing I think would be noteable to a western audience is the narrative that's pushed in modern Chinese history. Since 1989, there has been a big push of the narrative of \"national humiliation\" at the hands of western powers and Japan from the 19th century onwards. Prior to that, the narrative was more about the weakness and backwardness of the Qing government. The Cultural Revolution is barely taught, and the Tiananmen Square protests are hidden completely.\n\nI will say that Feminist historiography is studied a little at higher levels (probably about the same as in the west), but I don't believe post-Colonialism is popular. \n\nI should say that I'm semi-familiar with the way non-History majors are taught in University (because I teach English, and they have to do a semester of History), but I'm not familiar with the way History majors are taught. However, generally speaking I am genuinely shocked with how little knowledge of Marxist thought students have; these days, it's all Deng Xiaoping theory. I've never heard Chinese students, when discussing history, refer to class as a lense through which to understand it. It's generally a narrative of great men and women, and competing powers.\n\nNow, I've really been addressing your sub-question about primary and secondary students here. I have no specific knowledge of which types of historiography are popular amongst Chinese historians.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1950640",
"title": "Propaganda in China",
"section": "Section::::Domestic propaganda.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 792,
"text": "The Chinese government has used its public evaluations of historical, public figures as a means of communicating to the Chinese public the traits and political goals that it considers desirable and undesirable. The Chinese government has historically tended towards evaluating public figures either as villains or heroes, leaving little room for interpretation and making it clear whether the traits and goals of individual figures should be emulated or despised. The public image of some figures, including Peng Dehuai, have undergone radical reverses throughout the history of the PRC, as required by Party propagandists: Peng was portrayed as a subhuman villain during the Cultural Revolution; but, since 1978, has been evaluated as a nearly perfect Marxist, general, and public official.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42949807",
"title": "Chinese History: A New Manual",
"section": "Section::::The Fifth edition (2018).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "7. To profile the strengths and weaknesses of Chinese historiographical traditions because (i) of the central role that the writing of history played (and continues to play) in Chinese politics and culture and (ii) to a greater extent than is commonly realized, historians rely on works produced in the old historiographical traditions, even though they may ask different questions and use different conceptual frameworks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39382198",
"title": "Albert Feuerwerker",
"section": "Section::::Scholarly interests.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 437,
"text": "His criticisms and analysis of Marxist historiography of China are represented in articles such as \"China's History in Marxian Dress,\" and \"The Ideology of Scholarship: China's New Historiography,\" with Harold A Kahn. In his edited volume of articles, \"History in Communist China\" originally published in \"China Quarterly\", scholars critically analyzed the work of historians in the People's Republic of China on a wide range of topics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "147461",
"title": "Timeline of Chinese history",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 333,
"text": "This is a timeline of Chinese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in China and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of China. See also the list of rulers of China, Chinese emperors family tree, dynasties in Chinese history and years in China.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31108466",
"title": "Migration period of ancient Burma",
"section": "Section::::Through China.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 395,
"text": "Chinese history is that of a dynasty alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and occasionally becoming dominated by foreign Asian peoples, most of whom were assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create modern Chinese culture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51458472",
"title": "Oriental Despotism",
"section": "Section::::Reception.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 1343,
"text": "The reception among scholars of China was especially skeptical. The Princeton University sinologist Frederick Mote wrote that Wittfogel \"presents effective arguments, and the neatness of his total view of Chinese despotism is compelling, yet when it is applied to any one period of history there appear certain difficulties in accepting his arguments.\" Wittfogel \"does not write of Chinese government and society as a historian; the reader does not sense any awareness of the steadily cumulative development through the centuries which gave each age its own character.\" The Song dynasty emperors, for instance, had great power but did not use it despotically; Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, took advantage of accidents and timing to become absolute ruler. Mote was especially concerned to explain the limits of power and the limits of terror, which he believed Wittfogel did not appreciate. Thus \"total power,\" Mote wrote, \"while not a meaningless phrase, must be understood in the context of a complex historical situation.\" It existed in Ming China, but even then it did not mean that totalitarian power was \"omnipresent and omnicompetent.\" If this power concentrated on any single objective, it probably could accomplish that objective, but by the nature of the cultural environment, it could not accomplish many of them. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10772350",
"title": "History",
"section": "Section::::Historical methods.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 579,
"text": "There were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China. The groundwork for professional historiography in East Asia was established by the Han dynasty court historian known as Sima Qian (145–90 BC), author of the \"Records of the Grand Historian\" (\"Shiji\"). For the quality of his written work, Sima Qian is posthumously known as the Father of Chinese historiography. Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his \"Shiji\" as the official format for historical texts, as well as for biographical literature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3d1pvz
|
As historians, do you ever feel burdened by your lack of knowledge certain histories?
|
[
{
"answer": "Personally? Absolutely! When you realise the sheer, absurd depth of your field, and then realise there are untold thousands of other fields just like yours, where people could study for decades and still not know everything? You definitely feel stupid, but it's an awe-inspiring thing too. As a field, perhaps the greatest gift that studying history gives you is that of common sense. You can't ever be a specialist on every field, but you can learn to navigate a lot of the pitfalls that turn up in popular history, even in areas that you never move into in-depth.\n\nHistory is a strange, fascinating, and overall *massive* field. No one historian can ever hope to know everything they'll need to in their field. For me, with a relatively niche topic, there are still areas I run into all the time where I simply don't have all the answers - and it's like that for most people. History is a complicated, interlocked study - and something that happens outside my area of knowledge can, and most definitely will, influence something I'm more specialised in. \n\nThere are two fantastic things about /r/Askhistorians in this regard. Firstly, there are thousands of curious, knowledgeable, passionate people here who can teach and learn from each-other. None of us will have all the answers, but specialists from different fields can work together to produce a larger picture than any one person could. Secondly, this sub encourages us to look at what we *do* know in fascinating ways sometimes. It's great not just for widening your knowledge, but encouraging you to re-examine what you've already learned from new angles!\n\n",
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"answer": "Absolutely. I could give you an off the cuff presentation on the October Revolution and the subsequent transition into the Russian Civil War with ease; but ask me a question about Rome or Gaul or just about anything pre-1300's and I'm looking down at my feet and kicking rocks.\n\nI just kinda be blunt about it if someone asks me a question IRL. I vaguely know some of it, but there's also the fact that I find that the Roman era pretty boring.",
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{
"answer": "I'm all for Classical Antiquity, but I barely know fuck all about anything after the 1300s AD. My knowledge just drops. I wish it wasnt like that, but after that it just stops interesting me. I feel like I SHOULD know more about it, but I just dont.",
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{
"answer": "I've met quite a few people with History Master's or PhD degrees who focused on international/global history, but came to the unfortunate realization down the road that they \"had studied everyone's history but their own.\" ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Yes. I've been getting in the Early Republican America, and it's both a huge topic, and one that is neglected in most non-specialist literature (What Hath God Wrought and presidential biography aside). Moreover, women's history and African-American history is central to understanding the time period, and has only been studied for a few decades by the 'mainstream' of historians, and even then is often dealt with as a separate field.\n\nSpeaking to my flair, everything we know about European armour and weapons is shaped by survival bias. So little is left, so we have to extrapolate from artistic depictions (which gets into art history as we have to figure out when artists were being deliberately anachronistic!), written accounts that use imprecise period terms and the very, very few surviving pieces that we have. You can do a full survey of multiple museum collections and only cover a fraction of what existed historically, and it's not even a representative sample (non-Italian, non-German armour from the 15th century doesn't survive much).",
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{
"answer": "Oh god do I ever. My specialization is in military equipment, battle literature, and mythology, but that puts me in a fairly small subgroup; the literature guys and linguists can run circles around me in a lot of parts of Old Norse.\n\nThat said, though, when I get the chance to inform people about stuff that's *in* my field, it's a hell of a rush.",
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{
"answer": "I do feel it, but I do not feel burdened by it. It is asking too much for any individual to understand all of *any* field, and historians are no different. Human knowledge doesn't work that way. It isn't, in the end, about what one person knows. It's about the collected knowledge and work of everyone working on these topics. In that sense, historical knowledge isn't a \"thing\" but rather a *process*. Rather than being burdened by this fact, I think it is - to put it frankly - really cool to be a part of that process, even if just a tiny part.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The more you know, the more you realize how little you know. There really is no shame in that, it's actually what keeps me interested. I don't feel burdened by it though. Studying history is more about studying patterns and analyzing problems than it is about remembering every single event. Part of my skillset is the fact that I can easily find relevant academic articles, evaluate them, understand them and then place them within the bigger picture. Even if you would manage to be fairly well-versed in nearly all historical fields, after a few hundred years of studying and several aneurysms, you'd still know little about kindred disciplines like anthropologhy, sociology or economics. All which are just as essential to understanding history.\n\n",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "10323935",
"title": "Parametric determinism",
"section": "Section::::Criticisms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 557,
"text": "Mandel often reiterated that most people do not learn all that much from texts or from history, they learn from their own experience. They might be affected by history without knowing it. But anybody concerned with large-scale social change was almost automatically confronted with the need to place matters in broader historical perspective. One had to understand deeply the limits, consequences and implications of human action. Likewise, politicians making decisions affecting large numbers of people could hardly do without a profound sense of history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7720399",
"title": "Memory work",
"section": "Section::::History and memory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 1525,
"text": "The premise for memory work or \"travail de memoire\" is that history is not memory. We try to represent the past in the present through memory, history and the archives. As Paul Ricoeur argued, memory alone is fallible. Historical accounts are always partial and potentially misrepresent since historians do not work with bare, uninterpreted facts. Historians construct and use archives that contain traces of the past. However, historians and librarians determine which traces are preserved and stored. This is an interpretive activity. Historians pose questions to which the archives responds leading them to “facts that can be asserted in singular, discrete propositions that usually include dates, places, proper names, and verbs of action or condition”. Individuals remember events and experiences some of which they share with a collective. Through mutual reconstruction and recounting collective memory is reconstructed. Individuals are born into familial discourse which already provides a backdrop of communal memories against which individual memories are shaped. A group's communal memory becomes its common knowledge which creates a social bond, a sense of belonging and identity. Professional historians attempt to corroborate, correct, or refute collective memory. Memory work then entails adding an ethical component which acknowledges the responsibility towards revisiting distorted histories thereby decreasing the risk of social exclusion and increasing the possibility of social cohesion of at-risk groups.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "509678",
"title": "Repressed memory",
"section": "Section::::Cause.:Effects of trauma on memory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 505,
"text": "BULLET::::- Global memory impairment; this makes it difficult for subjects to construct an accurate account of their present and past history. \"The combination of lack of autobiographical memory, continued dissociation and of meaning schemes that include victimization, helplessness and betrayal, is likely to make these individuals vulnerable to suggestion and to the construction of explanations for their trauma-related affects that may bear little relationship to the actual realities of their lives\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27320314",
"title": "Alex Grobman",
"section": "Section::::Biography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "Grobman's book \"Denying History\" has been described as serving to \"remind us the past is not entirely negotiable\" that, \"Good historians can uncover and explain the past with provisional certainty - if they account for personal and cultural bias, and that it can be established beyond any reasonable doubt that the holocaust was real.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1849190",
"title": "Eugen Weber",
"section": "Section::::Methodology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "Nothing is more concrete than history, nothing less interested in theories or in abstract ideas. The great historians have fewer ideas about history than amateurs do; they merely have a way of ordering their facts to tell their story. It isn’t theories they look for, but information, documents, and ideas about how to find and handle them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42736198",
"title": "New Historians",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.:Benny Morris.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 299,
"text": "BULLET::::- Benny Morris has been critical of the old Historians, describing them, by and large, as not really historians, who did not produce real history: \"In reality there were chroniclers and often apologetic\", and refers to those who produced it as \"less candid\", \"deceitful\" and \"misleading\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24940769",
"title": "James T. Patterson (historian)",
"section": "Section::::Notable quotations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "“The historian helps people understand the ‘pastness of the past.’ We do this with thorough research from original sources. I don’t believe that history can be instrumental as a guideline as to how you should act. But it will help you understand the immense variety and oddity of human nature.”\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1054h4
|
what does economic freedom mean?
|
[
{
"answer": "This question was [asked yesterday](_URL_0_). The short answer is that it doesn't mean anything, but a particular group uses the term in a particular way. They define it in their report.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "345419",
"title": "Economic freedom",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 681,
"text": "Economic freedom or economic liberty is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions. This is a term used in economic and policy debates as well as in the philosophy of economics. One approach to economic freedom comes from classical liberal and libertarian traditions emphasizing free markets, free trade, and private property under free enterprise. Another approach to economic freedom extends the welfare economics study of individual choice, with greater economic freedom coming from a \"larger\" (in some technical sense) set of possible choices. Other conceptions of economic freedom include freedom from want and the freedom to engage in collective bargaining.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "345419",
"title": "Economic freedom",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 961,
"text": "The free market viewpoint defines economic liberty as the freedom to produce, trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force, fraud or theft. This is embodied in the rule of law, property rights and freedom of contract, and characterized by external and internal openness of the markets, the protection of property rights and freedom of economic initiative. There are several indices of economic freedom that attempt to measure free market economic freedom. Based on these rankings correlative studies have found higher economic growth to be correlated with higher scores on the country rankings. With regards to other measures, such as equality, corruption, political and social violence and their correlation to economic freedom it has been argued that the economic freedom indices conflate unrelated policies and policy outcomes to conceal negative correlations between economic growth and economic freedom in some subcomponents.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15586994",
"title": "Indices of economic freedom",
"section": "Section::::Indices.:\"Index of Economic Freedom\" – Heritage Foundation and \"Wall Street Journal\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 697,
"text": "The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 12 economic measurements created by the Heritage Foundation and \"Wall Street Journal\". Per the Heritage Foundation, the index's definition is: \"Economic freedom is the fundamental right of every human to control his or her own labor and property. In an economically free society, individuals are free to work, produce, consume, and invest in any way they please, with that freedom both protected by the state and unconstrained by the state. In economically free societies, governments allow labor, capital and goods to move freely, and refrain from coercion or constraint of liberty beyond the extent necessary to protect and maintain liberty itself.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6801189",
"title": "Economic Freedom of the World",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "Economic Freedom of the World is an annual survey published by the libertarian Canadian think tank Fraser Institute. The survey attempts to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations. It has been used in peer-reviewed studies some of which have found a range of beneficial effects of more economic freedom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5416",
"title": "Capitalism",
"section": "Section::::Types of capitalism.:Free-market economy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 144,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 144,
"end_character": 594,
"text": "Free-market economy refers to a capitalist economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises. \"Laissez-faire\" is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights, or for plumbline anarcho-capitalists, property rights are protected by private firms and market-generated law.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "345414",
"title": "Index of Economic Freedom",
"section": "Section::::Historical rankings.:Method (old).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 110,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 110,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "The Index's 2008 definition of economic freedom is \"the highest form of economic freedom provides an absolute right of property ownership, fully realized freedoms of movement for labor, capital, and goods, and an absolute absence of coercion or constraint of economic liberty beyond the extent necessary for citizens to protect and maintain liberty itself.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48852",
"title": "Market economy",
"section": "Section::::Capitalism.:Free-market economy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 470,
"text": "Free-market economy refers to an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets, private ownership of productive enterprises. \"Laissez-faire\" is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
dh01rt
|
Were Romans broadly aware of the First or Second Triumvirates at the time they were active, or would they have sounded like conspiracy theories?
|
[
{
"answer": "There's a great deal of misinformation that keeps appearing and disappearing on this thread.\n\nYes, the Romans were aware of the Triumvirate, and of the agreement between Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus popularly called the \"first\" Triumvirate. In reality, there was only one Triumvirate, that of Octavian, Lepidus, and Antony. This was a legally-defined collegiate magistracy, which though extraordinary nevertheless had a legally defined tenure of office, which was renewed several times between its creation and its eventual expiration prior to Actium. There was nothing to hide as far as the Triumvirate went, as it was a public office.\n\nCaesar, Pompey, and Crassus were known to be working together pretty much from the moment it happened. They did not make any great attempt to conceal their cooperation, and openly extended hands to others as well. In a letter to Atticus (Att. 2.3) Cicero mentions that towards the end of December 60, between Caesar's election to the consulship of 59 and his assumption of the office, Caesar sent Balbus to him to offer him a partnership among the dynasts, specifically saying that he would value Cicero's advice as equal to Pompey's, and that he would reconcile Pompey and Crassus. Cicero has some difficulty turning down the offer, since he was following 63 very closely tied to Pompey and, as he says, hoped to resolve the quarrels with his senatorial enemies that had been hovering over him since his consulship, but ultimately he tells Atticus that he can't do it. In April of 59, early into Caesar's consulship and before Cicero started speaking out against him towards the end of the year, Cicero says to Atticus that he doesn't envy Crassus at all for his alignment with Caesar (things were not going well for the dynasts in mid-spring), and apparently Cicero was the original choice for the third dynast. \n\nThe dynasts also appeared publicly. If there were any who still weren't aware of their alignment to each other, when the agrarian bill to settle Capua was promulgated relatively early in 59 there could be no doubt. Not only was it strongly in all three men's interest, but in a contio prior to the bill's promulgation Caesar invited Pompey and Crassus to the rostra in order to say whether they supported the measure or not. They did, and apparently made some sort of threatening overture: App. B.C. 2.10 seems to suggest that they encouraged the people to show up to the vote carrying daggers, and Plut. Caes. 14.3-4 says that Pompey threatened to use military force to get the bill, which would settle his soldiers, passed. Bibulus was also invited to a contio, and foolishly accepted--Morstein-Marx has shown that though invitations to contiones were frequently extended to rivals, they were almost never accepted, because as is the case with Bibulus a rival speaking at a contio typically was a target for the crowd's ire, not a legitimate speaker. Yet another indication would have been Pompey's marriage of Caesar's daughter. In May 59, only one month after poking fun at Crassus for siding with the dynasts Cicero has this to say (Att. 2.9):\n\n > etenim si fuit invidiosa senatus potentia, cum ea non ad populum sed ad tris homines immoderatos redacta sit, quid iam censes fore? proinde isti licet faciant quos volent consules, tribunos pl., denique etiam Vatini strumam sacerdoti dibaphoi vestiant...\n\n > > Now indeed, if the power of the senate was so hateful, what then do you think ought to be when it has passed over not to the people but to three unrestrained men? So let them make whomever they wish consuls and tribunes, and let them even dress up Vatinius' tumor with a priest's twice-dyed purple\n\nThis is the first surviving written reference to a \"rule of three,\" though App. B.C. 2.9 tells us that Varro published a book or pamphlet called the Tricaranus, or \"three-headed monster.\"\n\nBy 56, however, the dynasts' relationship was weakening, since they had gotten what they had wanted and no longer had much need for each other (therefore Suetonius refers to the triumvirate as a \"societas,\" which is not quite a coitio, though Caesar was accused of forming one with L. Lucceius, which was staved off according to Suetonius by Cato's rampant bribery). However, with Cicero returned from exile and Pompey's power over the senate in Caesar's absence significantly weakened, the dynasts reopened their relations at the so-called Conference at Luca in 56. The \"renewal\" of the triumvirate, if an unofficial agreement can really have official renewal, was a public event. The dynasts got together at Luca in Cisalpine Gaul, and agreed that Caesar should continue prosecuting the war in Gaul and that Crassus and Pompey should share the consulship of 55. With the dynasts at Luca were so many magistrates, promagistrates, and senators that according to Plut. Caes. 21.5 there were 120 lictors at the conference and over 200 senators. App. B.C. 2.17 repeats these figures. An earlier meeting between Crassus and Caesar had already taken place at Ravenna, says Cic. Fam. 1.9. In the same letter Cicero tells us that he himself was in negotiation with the dynasts through Pompey and his brother. Cicero had attempted to drive a wedge between Caesar and Pompey while ostensibly trying to restore the regular function of the state (or more concretely, as Tatum very persuasively argues, trying to get the dynasts to agree formally that Clodius' tribunate was invalid) by reopening the question, settled two years earlier, of what to do about the commission to settle the ager Campanus. When Pompey visited Caesar at Luca Caesar did not like what Cicero had had to say, so Pompey spoke to Cicero's brother Quintus, one of Caesar's legates in Gaul. Cicero says that Quintus reported that Pompey told him:\n\n > nisi cum Marco fratre diligenter egeris, dependendum tibi est, quod mihi pro illo spopondisti\n\n > > Unless you urge your brother Marcus on carefully (i.e. make him shut up), what you promised me on his behalf you'll have to pay.\n\nQuintus had, while heading out to Gaul, tacitly guaranteed his brother's cooperation.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "314843",
"title": "Campaign history of the Roman military",
"section": "Section::::Republic.:Late (147–30 BC).:Triumvirates, Caesarian ascension, and revolt (53–30 BC).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 92,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 92,
"end_character": 1395,
"text": "By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to share power and influence. It was always an uncomfortable alliance given that Crassus and Pompey intensely disliked one another. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire. After initial successes, he marched his army deep into the desert; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory, surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in \"the greatest Roman defeat since Hannibal\" in which Crassus himself perished. The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and, consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. While Caesar was fighting against Vercingetorix in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar's political enemies. In 51 BC, some Roman senators demanded that Caesar would not be permitted to stand for Consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state, and the same demands were made of Pompey by other factions. Relinquishing his army would leave Caesar defenceless before his enemies. Caesar chose Civil War over laying down his command and facing trial. The triumvirate was shattered and conflict was inevitable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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"wikipedia_id": "75053",
"title": "First Triumvirate",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "The First Triumvirate (60–53 BC) was an informal alliance between three prominent Roman politicians: Gaius Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, and Marcus Licinius Crassus, at the end of the Roman Republic. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
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"wikipedia_id": "67435",
"title": "Second Triumvirate",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 773,
"text": "The Second Triumvirate is the name historians have given to the official political alliance of Augustus Caesar (Octavian), Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed on 27 November 43 BC with the enactment of the \"Lex Titia\", the adoption of which some view as marking the end of the Roman Republic, whilst others argue the Battle of Actium or Octavian becoming Caesar Augustus in 27 BC. The Triumvirate existed for two five-year terms, covering the period 43 BC to 33 BC. Unlike the earlier First Triumvirate, the Second Triumvirate was an official, legally established institution, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction and whose \"imperium maius\" outranked that of all other magistrates, including the consuls.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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"wikipedia_id": "360128",
"title": "List of conspiracy theories",
"section": "Section::::Deaths and disappearances.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 901,
"text": "Conspiracy theories frequently emerge following the deaths of prominent leaders and public figures. In ancient times, widespread conspiracy theories were circulated pertaining to the death of the Roman emperor Nero, who committed suicide in 68 AD. Some of these theories claimed that Nero had actually faked his death and was secretly still alive, but in hiding, plotting to return and reestablish his reign. In most of these stories, he was said to have fled to the East, where he was still loved and admired. Other theories held that Nero really was dead, but that he would return from the dead to retake his throne. Many early Christians believed in these conspiracy theories and feared Nero's return because Nero had viciously persecuted them. The Book of Revelation alludes to the conspiracy theories surrounding Nero's alleged return in its description of the slaughtered head returned to life.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3158354",
"title": "Caesar's Civil War",
"section": "Section::::Pre-war politico–military situation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 727,
"text": "The First Triumvirate (so denominated by Cicero), comprising Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, ascended to power with Caesar's election as consul, in 59 BC. The First Triumvirate was unofficial, a political alliance the substance of which was Pompey's military might, Caesar's political influence, and Crassus' money. The alliance was further consolidated by Pompey's marriage to Julia, daughter of Caesar, in 59 BC. At the conclusion of Caesar's first consulship, the Senate (rather than granting him a provincial governorship) tasked him with watching over the Roman forests. This job, specially created by his Senate enemies, was meant to occupy him without giving him command of armies, or garnering him wealth and fame.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19960",
"title": "Mark Antony",
"section": "Section::::Early career.:Military service.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 1171,
"text": "While Antony was serving Gabinius in the East, the domestic political situation had changed in Rome. In 60 BC, a secret agreement (known as the \"First Triumvirate\") was entered into between three men to control the Republic: Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompey Magnus, and Gaius Julius Caesar. Crassus, Rome's wealthiest man, had defeated the slave rebellion of Spartacus in 70 BC; Pompey conquered much of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 60's BC; Caesar was Rome's Pontifex Maximus and a former general in Spain. In 59 BC, Caesar, with funding from Crassus, was elected Consul to pursue legislation favourable to Crassus and Pompey's interests. In return, Caesar was assigned the governorship of Illyricum, Cisalpine Gaul, and Transalpine Gaul for five years beginning in 58 BC. Caesar used his governorship as a launching point for his conquest of free Gaul. In 55 BC, Crassus and Pompey served as Consuls while Caesar's command was extended for another five years. Rome was effectively under the absolute power of these three men. The Triumvirate used Publius Clodius Pulcher, Antony's patron, to exile their political rivals, notably Cicero and Cato the Younger.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25816",
"title": "Roman Republic",
"section": "Section::::History.:Triumvirates and end of the Republic (60–27 BC).:First Triumvirate (60–50 BC).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "By 59 an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (\"Pompey the Great\") to share power and influence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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]
}
] | null |
ttv9w
|
A way to test the "frame rate" aka flicker rate of the human eye
|
[
{
"answer": "If you have a strobe that you can tune very finely... I have seen a few science projects that utilize that part of your brain, to make water look like stunt is going up. ",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "731779",
"title": "Movie projector",
"section": "Section::::Physiology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 574,
"text": "The frequency at which flicker becomes invisible is called the flicker fusion threshold, and is dependent on the level of illumination. Generally, the frame rate of 16 frames per second (frame/s) is regarded as the lowest frequency at which continuous motion is perceived by humans. This threshold varies across different species; a higher proportion of rod cells in the retina will create a higher threshold level. Because the eye and brain have no fixed capture rate, this is an elastic limit, so different viewers can be more or less sensitive in perceiving frame rates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34000769",
"title": "Phantom contour",
"section": "Section::::Controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 1394,
"text": "There is debate as to whether or not flicker rate is the defining characteristic dividing the phantom contours of the magnocellular pathway and the “surface characteristics” of the parvocellular pathway. Surface characteristics are defined as the perception of the absolute temporal phase of the flickering images, which becomes apparent at lower frequencies (5–7 Hz). In other words, surface characteristics are visible when we are able to see the images flickering from one to the other. This perception occurs at lower flicker rates. At high flicker rates, the images appear as one image. Skottun and Skoyles found several potential holes in the theory that the percept of phantom contours represents magnocellular activity, and the percept of surface characteristics represents parvocellular activity. One argument is that the high temporal frequencies used to activate the phantom contour illusion (15 Hz) are not optimal frequencies for magnocellular neurons. Optimal frequencies for both magno- and parvocellular neurons are similar to each other and are closer to the range of 5–7 Hz, the frequency range where surface characteristics can be seen. Additionally, they claim that, due to a phase-locking response of parvocellular neurons at high temporal frequencies, there are likely other mechanisms at play when perceiving surface characteristics at these higher temporal frequencies.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3943884",
"title": "High-motion",
"section": "Section::::Effects of new technology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 582,
"text": "The human eye can perceive anywhere from 480fps to 4000fps , and see it as looking completely realistic or immersive naturally. While 120fps looks 'realistic', the stroboscopic look can still be seen, which also happens on 60 Hz monitors playing 60fps video and sometimes excessive motion blur, depending on the camera and shutter speed that was used when the video was recorded. Otherwise, videos over 200fps are more preferred, since they look more fluid and realistic naturally or by simply changing the shutter speed with an ND filter at frame rates between 50fps and 120fps.. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "515770",
"title": "Refresh rate",
"section": "Section::::Televisions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 862,
"text": "Similar to some computer monitors and some DVDs, analog television systems use interlace, which decreases the apparent flicker by painting first the odd lines and then the even lines (these are known as fields). This doubles the refresh rate, compared to a progressive scan image at the same frame rate. This works perfectly for video cameras, where each field results from a separate exposure - the effective frame rate doubles, there are now 50 rather than 25 exposures per second. The dynamics of a CRT are ideally suited to this approach, fast scenes will benefit from the 50 Hz refresh, the earlier field will have largely decayed away when the new field is written, and static images will benefit from improved resolution as both fields will be integrated by the eye. Modern CRT-based televisions may be made flicker-free in the form of 100 Hz technology.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41173",
"title": "Frame rate",
"section": "Section::::Human vision.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 1240,
"text": "The temporal sensitivity and resolution of human vision varies depending on the type and characteristics of visual stimulus, and it differs between individuals. The human visual system can process 10 to 12 images per second and perceive them individually, while higher rates are perceived as motion. Modulated light (such as a computer display) is perceived as stable by the majority of participants in studies when the rate is higher than 50 Hz through 90 Hz. This perception of modulated light as steady is known as the flicker fusion threshold. However, when the modulated light is non-uniform and contains an image, the flicker fusion threshold can be much higher, in the hundreds of hertz. With regard to image recognition, people have been found to recognize a specific image in an unbroken series of different images, each of which lasts as little as 13 milliseconds. Persistence of vision sometimes accounts for very short single-millisecond visual stimulus having a perceived duration of between 100 ms and 400 ms. Multiple stimuli that are very short are sometimes perceived as a single stimulus, such as a 10 ms green flash of light immediately followed by a 10 ms red flash of light perceived as a single yellow flash of light.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "616886",
"title": "Flicker (screen)",
"section": "Section::::Occurrence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 714,
"text": "Flicker occurs on CRTs when they are driven at a low refresh rate, allowing the brightness to drop for time intervals sufficiently long to be noticed by a human eye – see persistence of vision and flicker fusion threshold. For most devices, the screen's phosphors quickly lose their excitation between sweeps of the electron gun, and the afterglow is unable to fill such gaps – see phosphor persistence. A refresh rate of 60 Hz on most screens will produce a visible \"flickering\" effect. Most people find that refresh rates of 70–90 Hz and above enable flicker-free viewing on CRTs. Use of refresh rates above 120 Hz is uncommon, as they provide little noticeable flicker reduction and limit available resolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "407651",
"title": "Flicker fusion threshold",
"section": "Section::::Visual phenomena.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 469,
"text": "In some cases, it is possible to see flicker at rates beyond 2000 Hz (2 kHz) in the case of high-speed eye movements (saccades) or object motion, via the \"phantom array\" effect. Fast-moving flickering objects zooming across view (either by object motion, or by eye motion such as rolling eyes), can cause a dotted or multicolored blur instead of a continuous blur, as if they were multiple objects. Stroboscopes are sometimes used to induce this effect intentionally. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
21a869
|
How close were the Allies (specifically US) to losing WWII in Europe in terms of resources?
|
[
{
"answer": "The allies suffered major supply problems after the invasion of Normandy and after breaking through into France and the low countries. This wasn't necessarily a problem with production so much as getting it to the necessary places. The rapid breakout that was operation Cobra stretched allied supply lines to the breaking point and motivated them to capture an intact port from which they could more easily resupply. They finally succeeded in capturing Antwerp (one of Europe's best ports) in late 1944 and after a campaign by the Canadians in the winter of 1944 which cleared out the last resistance in the area around the Antwerp, the port could begin taking in large amounts of supply. To give an idea of the supply needs of the allied armies in 1944. Take into account the allies need 700 tons of supplies a day for all their forces, the Germans needed only 200 tons a day. \n\nThe major setback would probably be the battle of the bulge, due to the allies being overstretched and Omar Bradley not appreciating the seriousness of the attack, the attack made significant progress, It ultimately failed but that's the closest the allies really came to a large sclae setback. \n\nThere was also Market Graden, which was a mass airborne assault intended to secure access into Germany over the Lower Rhine. This assault was also a massive failure. \n\n\nSources you may want to read.\n\nJohn Keegan's the Second World War \n\nThird Reich Series Richard Evans\n\nA World At Arms Gerhard Weinberg\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "91515",
"title": "Military strategy",
"section": "Section::::Development.:World War II.:European Allies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 117,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 117,
"end_character": 581,
"text": "From 1944, as German defeat became more and more inevitable, the shape of post-war Europe assumed greater importance in Allied strategy. At the Second Quebec Conference in September 1944, the Allies agreed to partition and de-industrialize a defeated Germany so as to render her permanently unable to wage war Morgenthau Plan. After the war, this plan was abandoned as unworkable. At the Tehran Conference Allied strategy adopted its final major component with the acceptance of Soviet conditions for a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, to include eastern Germany and Berlin.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7091846",
"title": "Resurrection Day",
"section": "Section::::Plot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 1022,
"text": "Western Europe survived the war largely unscathed. NATO collapsed almost as soon as hostilities commenced, and France and a reunited Germany now preside over the continent. The United Kingdom remains an ally of the U.S., and actually assists in post-war reconstruction efforts in U.S. states hit hardest by the war. The British, in the period after 1962, has managed to regain much of its pre-1939 colonial confidence in the vacuum left by the destruction of the Soviets and the emasculation of the U.S. in world affairs. The policy of decolonialisation has been halted and even reversed; some newly independent nations even return to the remaining British \"Empire\" in the new, uncertain world created after the \"Cuban War\". While British aid is welcome, there is also a sense of resentment in the U.S. over excessive dependence on the British. The presence of British and Canadian military personnel in the U.S. is also a source of contention, with some Americans wondering whether their allies possess ulterior motives.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1105849",
"title": "Home front",
"section": "Section::::History.:World War I.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 1752,
"text": "A factor in Allied victory in World War II was the ability of Allied nations to successfully and efficiently mobilize their civilian industries and domestic populations in order to turn out weapons and goods necessary for waging war. By contrast, mobilization of economic resources in Nazi Germany was so inefficient that some early historians of the Reich's economy concluded that the Nazi leadership must have had an intentional policy of favoring civilian over military production until late in the war. The British, by contrast, had already accomplished mobilization for total war by 1940, thereby increasing the output of weapons—especially heavy bombers—vastly. This view was for example presented quite early by John Kenneth Galbraith in \"Fortune\" magazine in 1945 \"The simple fact is that Germany should have never lost the war ...\". According to Adam Tooze this view was influenced by the post-war reports from Albert Speer and SS \"Wirtschaftsführer\" (economy leader) , which were not free from own interests. Tooze's alternative view is that Germany was extremely mobilising - already in 1939 there was a higher degree of mobilisation of women in Germany, for example, than Britain ever achieved during the whole war -, but the economy of Germany was simply not strong enough in comparison to the economies of the war opponents, especially with respect to the ever growing support coming from the USA. Slave labour and foreign labour in addition to women's labour could not change this. Hitler was early aware of this German weakness. He hoped, however, by a series of Blitzkriegs to change the situation early enough in favour of Germany. This failed due to military defeats in Russia and the ongoing support provided by the USA to Britain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19766",
"title": "Marshall Plan",
"section": "Section::::Wartime destruction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 731,
"text": "By the end of World War II, much of Europe was devastated. Sustained aerial bombardment during the war had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard-hit. The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies. Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1946–47. From July 1945 through June 1946, the United States shipped 16.5 million tons of food, primarily wheat, to Europe and Japan. It amounted to one-sixth of the American food supply and provided 35 trillion calories, enough to provide 400 calories a day for one year to 300 million people.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "420956",
"title": "Origins of the Cold War",
"section": "Section::::Wartime alliance (1941–1945).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "This would also require US economic and political leadership of the postwar world. Europe needed the USA's assistance if it was to rebuild its domestic production and finance its international trade. The USA was the only world power not economically devastated by the fighting. By the end of the war, it was producing around fifty percent of the world's industrial goods.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2225597",
"title": "European Payments Union",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 1172,
"text": "With the end of World War II, economic depression struck Europe. Of all the non-neutral powers, only the GDP of the United Kingdom had not decreased because of the war, Germany's GDP was at its 1908 level and France's at its 1891 level. Trade was based on US dollar reserves (the only acceptable reserve currency), which Europe lacked. Therefore, the transfer of money (immediately after each transaction) increased the opportunity cost of trading. Some trade was reduced to barter. The situation led the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) to create the EPU, all members signing the agreement on 1 July 1950. The EPU accounted for trades but did not transfer money until the end of the month. It changed the landscape from bilateral trades of necessity (trading with partners because of outstanding debts) to multilateral trades. The EPU also forced liberalization by mandating that members eliminate discriminatory trade measures. The EPU was a general success with trade levels more than doubling during its existence. By its close in 1958, convertibility of currency was a possibility, no longer needing government permissions in European countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "412326",
"title": "Democratic peace theory",
"section": "Section::::Related theories.:The European peace.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 148,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 148,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "There is significant debate over whether the lack of any major European general wars since 1945, is due to cooperation and integration of liberal-democratic European states themselves (as in the European Union or Franco-German cooperation), an enforced peace due to intervention of the Soviet Union and the United States until 1989 and the United States alone thereafter , or a combination of both .\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1vrbv1
|
if windows xp is still so popular, why is microsoft abandoning it?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because they don't make money supporting outdated software. They want people to buy the new versions. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If by \"popular\", you mean that lots of people have it, then yes, it is popular. At schools and businesses where its not necessary to have the most updated form of windows, its much more cost efficient to buy many outdated PCs than to buy brand new ones running windows 8. Or, they bought a load of computers when windows XP was new and never replaced them since they never needed to.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33879",
"title": "Windows XP",
"section": "Section::::Reception.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 87,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 87,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "Despite extended support for Windows XP ending in 2014, many users – including some enterprises – were reluctant to move away from an operating system they viewed as a stable known quantity despite the many security and functionality improvements in subsequent releases of Windows. Windows XP's longevity was viewed as testament to its stability and Microsoft's successful attempts to keep it up to date, but also as an indictment of its direct successor's perceived failings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33879",
"title": "Windows XP",
"section": "Section::::Support lifecycle.:End of support.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 1214,
"text": "Despite the approaching end of support, there were still notable holdouts that had not migrated past XP; many users elected to remain on XP because of the poor reception of Windows Vista, sales of newer PCs with newer versions of Windows declined due to the Great Recession and the effects of Vista, and deployments of new versions of Windows in enterprise environments require a large amount of planning, which includes testing applications for compatibility (especially those that are dependent on Internet Explorer 6, which is not compatible with newer versions of Windows). Major security software vendors (including Microsoft itself) planned to continue offering support and definitions for Windows XP past the end of support to varying extents, along with the developers of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera web browsers; despite these measures, critics similarly argued that users should eventually migrate from XP to a supported platform. The United States' Computer Emergency Readiness Team released an alert in March 2014 advising users of the impending end of support, and informing them that using XP after April 8 may prevent them from meeting US government information security requirements.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4225338",
"title": "Criticism of Windows XP",
"section": "Section::::Security issues.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 770,
"text": "Windows XP has been criticized for its vulnerabilities due to buffer overflows and its susceptibility to malware such as viruses, trojan horses, and worms. Nicholas Petreley for \"The Register\" notes that \"Windows XP was the first version of Windows to reflect a serious effort to isolate users from the system, so that users each have their own private files and limited system privileges.\" However, users by default receive an administrator account that provides unrestricted access to the underpinnings of the system. If the administrator's account is compromised, there is no limit to the control that can be asserted over the PC. Windows XP Home Edition also lacks the ability to administer security policies and denies access to the Local Users and Groups utility.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33879",
"title": "Windows XP",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 411,
"text": "Upon its release, Windows XP received critical acclaim, with critics noting increased performance and stability (especially in comparison to Windows Me, the previous version of Windows aimed at home users), a more intuitive user interface, improved hardware support, and expanded multimedia capabilities. However, some industry reviewers were concerned by the new licensing model and product activation system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33879",
"title": "Windows XP",
"section": "Section::::Editions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 1288,
"text": "As the result of unfair competition lawsuits in Europe and South Korea, which both alleged that Microsoft had improperly leveraged its status in the PC market to favor its own bundled software, Microsoft was ordered to release special versions of XP in these markets that excluded certain applications. In March 2004, after the European Commission fined Microsoft €497 million (US$603 million), Microsoft was ordered to release \"N\" versions of XP that excluded Windows Media Player, encouraging users to pick and download their own media player software. As it was sold at the same price as the version with Windows Media Player included, certain OEMs (such as Dell, who offered it for a short period, along with Hewlett-Packard, Lenovo and Fujitsu Siemens) chose not to offer it. Consumer interest was minuscule, with roughly 1,500 units shipped to OEMs, and no reported sales to consumers. In December 2005, the Korean Fair Trade Commission ordered Microsoft to make available editions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 that do not contain Windows Media Player or Windows Messenger. The \"K\" and \"KN\" editions of Windows XP were released in August 2006, and are only available in English and Korean, and also contain links to third-party instant messenger and media player software.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2156081",
"title": "One Laptop per Child",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 797,
"text": "In 2008, Negroponte showed some doubt about the exclusive use of open-source software for the project, and made suggestions supporting a move towards adding Windows XP, which Microsoft was in the process of porting over to the XO hardware. Microsoft's Windows XP, however, is not seen by some as a sustainable operating system. Microsoft announced that they would sell them Windows XP for $3 per XO. It would be offered as an option on XO-1 laptops and possibly be able to dual boot alongside Linux. In response, Walter Bender, who was the former President of Software and Content for the OLPC project, left OLPC and founded Sugar Labs to continue development of the open source Sugar software which had been developed within OLPC. No significant deployments elected to purchase Windows licenses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4225338",
"title": "Criticism of Windows XP",
"section": "Section::::Antitrust concerns.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 419,
"text": "In light of the \"United States v. Microsoft Corp.\" case which resulted in Microsoft being convicted for illegally abusing its operating system monopoly to overwhelm competition in other markets, Windows XP has drawn fire for integrating user applications such as Windows Media Player and Windows Messenger into the operating system, as well as for its close ties to the Windows Live ID (now Microsoft account) service.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3sqy4e
|
If i was in a boat and dropped a one pound stone over the deepest part of the ocean (Mariana Trench?) What would happen to the stone as it decends?
|
[
{
"answer": "Whether or not it would be crushed depends on the chemical makeup of the stone. The Mariana Trench is nearly 11 kilometers deep at its deepest point. That's a lot of pressure. The weight of all of the water above it would be pushing down on the stone.\n\nIf it survived, it almost certainly wouldn't travel to the bottom in a straight line. Ocean waters aren't still; currents due to pressure differences, due to hydrothermal vents or other phenomena, mean that ocean water is always moving around.\n\nHow long it would take would depend on the buoyancy of the rock. An iron ball sinks, but a cruise ship floats. There's no universal answer.\n\nWould it look the same? Maybe. The rock could be pulverized from the pressure. It could be compacted into a smaller, more dense rock from the massive pressure. There wouldn't be much to see, though, because no sunlight would reach that far.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "961466",
"title": "Jacques Piccard",
"section": "Section::::Challenger Deep mission.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 860,
"text": "With his \"Trieste\" able to reach depths of 24,000 feet, Piccard and his colleagues planned on an even greater challenge—a voyage to the bottom of the sea. On 23 January 1960, Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh reached the floor of the Mariana Trench located in the western North Pacific Ocean. The depth of the descent was measured at 10,916 meters (35,813 feet); later, more accurate, measurements during 1995 found the Mariana Trench to be slightly less deep at 10,911 m (35,797 ft). The descent took almost five hours. The bathyscaphe carried no scientific equipment and no experiments were conducted; the mission's purpose was merely to prove that the depth could be reached. The descent progressed without incident until 30,000 feet, when the crew heard a loud crack. They continued the dive, however, finally touching down in \"snuff-colored ooze\" at 35,800 feet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "863116",
"title": "Extreme points of Earth",
"section": "Section::::Earth.:Elevation.:Lowest points.:Lowest natural points.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 422,
"text": "BULLET::::- The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, below sea level. Only six humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe \"Trieste\", filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard \"Deepsea Challenger\", as well as Victor Vescovo, Patrick Lahey, and Jonathan Struwe aboard the \"DSV Limiting Factor\" in 2019.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "233446",
"title": "João Pessoa, Paraíba",
"section": "Section::::Sports.:Diving.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 93,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 93,
"end_character": 412,
"text": "Today it is 17 meters deep, five miles from the tip of Bessa beach, in João Pessoa and its debris measures about 100 meters long by 15 meters wide (approximately 12 meters of mouth). There remains among the wrecks a large machine shaft that ends in a large propeller. The visibility of the water can reach 30 meters in the summer, but on average stays between 10 and 20 meters. It is the most visited by divers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24144317",
"title": "Glensanda",
"section": "Section::::Glensanda Super Quarry.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 753,
"text": "To minimise visual impact from the coast the quarry is sited a mile inland, and cut down into the mountain 1,600 feet above sea level. Each explosive blast dislodges about 70,000 tons of granite, which is transported by dump truck to the primary crusher, which reduces it to lumps no bigger than nine inches in diameter. It is then transferred by conveyor belt to a heap that covers the \"glory hole\", a 1,000 ft vertical shaft 10 ft in diameter, which is permanently full of rocks. At the base of the glory hole, deep inside the mountain, rocks are transferred to a horizontal conveyor and moved through a mile-long tunnel to the second crusher on the shore, where oceangoing ships are loaded in the deep-water docks at the rate of 6,000 tons per hour.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30790237",
"title": "Neot HaKikar disaster",
"section": "Section::::The accident and rescue operations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 467,
"text": "The base was covered in rocks which were on average three meters high and about five meters wide, preventing the immediate evacuation of the dead and wounded, who were buried underneath 1,500 tons of rock and soil. Removing the rocks was only possible with heavy mechanical equipment. Initially, the heavy mechanical equipment arrived from the nearby Dead Sea Works potash plant, and later heavy mechanical equipment was also sent from the Combat Engineering Corps. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7786",
"title": "Challenger Deep",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 842,
"text": "The Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere (the oceans), with a depth of by direct measurement from submersibles and slightly more by sonar bathymetry. It is located in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group. The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench, which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor. The Challenger Deep's bottom is about long and wide, with gently sloping sides. The closest land to the Challenger Deep is Fais Island (one of the outer islands of Yap), southwest, and Guam, to the northeast. It is located in the ocean territory of the Federated States of Micronesia, from its border with ocean territory associated with Guam.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26173209",
"title": "Virgin Oceanic",
"section": "Section::::Deep diving program.:DeepFlight Challenger.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 970,
"text": "This deep sea submersible, currently in the construction and testing phase, seats one person. The company has stated that it will be able to dive to the deepest part of the ocean, which has been measured to be somewhere between 10.91 kilometres (6.78 mi) deep and 11.03 kilometres (6.85 mi) deep. Only two subs in history, the Bathyscaphe Trieste in 1960 and Deepsea Challenger in 2012 have ever reached the deepest known point in the ocean at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The sub's outer casing is made of a carbon fiber composite and is designed to maximize hydrodynamics. The second level of casing holds the batteries, dive tanks and all other components. The third and inner most layer is made of titanium with a quartz crystal viewing dome. Instead of using ballast like a typical submersible the DeepFlight Challenger will \"fly\" to the ocean floor using propulsion. The DeepFlight Challenger uses a custom lithium-ion battery system to power its two motors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2rq65b
|
why is it ok to draw muhammad because of a few radicals. but, it's not ok to put a cross upside down, burn the us flag, and so on?
|
[
{
"answer": "It isn't illegal to burn a US flag. Not aware of any laws against drawing crosses upside down.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We like to work on the idea that people can take a joke against religion. As for flag burning, my guess would be that it's seen as treason, less so but you get the idea. I'll happily burn the American flag, being from the UK. TL;DR people are hypocritical to the max, however extremism doesn't do any favours. People will just hate on the group. The few that ruin it for the rest. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I don't think people mean to lash out against Muslims, I think they are lashing out against murderous extremists and showing that their actions won't take away freedom of speech. At least, that seems to be the motives of people *after* an attack. Why the first person drew a cartoon. . . probably to be 'edgy' and 'cool' or whatever. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The majority of folks realize it's radicals, not the regular Muslims who are doing these things As for upside down crosses, I see them on this site all the time and elsewhere. No explosives have been set off, no bullets, no jihad.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm always curious why when someone is offended by a hijab they are called bigots and prejudice. And how small group of terrorists associated with this clothing item shouldn't make us hostile towards others who dress the same way.\n\nHowever, the swastika that has been used for basically thousands of years is now totally unacceptable. Seems kinda like a double standard? Like the Zara case.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I do not think it is good to paint Mohammed or to put a cross upside down or burn a flag when you know you are emotionally hurting somebody.\n\nTo attack somebody because he does that though is a crime and must be punished.\n\nIf you had a neighbour who loves his wife more than anything and somebody would tell him \"Your wife is a whore\" and he killed that somebody, he must be prosecuted and put in jail or executed or whatever the law says. \n\nBut it wouldn't be a good idea that everybody should start telling their neighbours that their wives are whores.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The problem is that when you have a billion people in your religion there's a significant number of them which take things too far.\n\nPeople shouldn't disrespect Muslims by drawing Muhammad, but at the same time Muslims shouldn't kill people just because they drew Muhammad.\n\nIn the same vein, disrespectfully burning a US flag will probably offend Americans, and if you do it in the wrong company you are likely to get shot at.\n\nThe difference in the eyes of many people is that to really show disrespect by burning the flag, especially if performed to Americans, it has to be an intentional act of disrespect with that intent. In contrast people would argue that an artist who draws Muhammad, for illustrative purposes or for an otherwise non-Muslim audience, don't have the intent to cause disrespect.\n\nAs a consequence, because society perceives drawings to less offensive than flag burning it makes responding with gunfire appear to be that much more radical.\n\nOf course it's up to you to decide where the line between doing offensive things and actually being offensive is; it's very unlikely that anyone will agree with you in all cases.\n\nSimilarly, I'm sure most people agree that shooting people that offend you is wrong. However there will always be cases where the gunman will attract sympathy, especially when you share their beliefs.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3698150",
"title": "Plantu",
"section": "Section::::2001 - present.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 225,
"text": "On February 3, 2006 he responded to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy by publishing a drawing in the first page of \"Le Monde\" representing Muhammad using many copies of the sentence \"I may not draw Muhammad\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4001361",
"title": "Opinions on the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy",
"section": "Section::::Opinions in Denmark.:Should they have been published?\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 225,
"text": "BULLET::::- The satirical nature of some of the drawings was not considered respectful, especially one that shows Muhammad with a bomb in his turban, thereby reinforcing the stereotypical association of Islam with terrorism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47146650",
"title": "Al-Qalam 51-52",
"section": "Section::::Exegesis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 506,
"text": "The verse refers to an evil eye. This meant that they want to make Muhammad sick and die with a special kind of look. It also suggests that the verse is a metonymy for 'very angry glances', as they looked very furiously as if they wanted to kill Muhammad. In addition, the grudges of the disbelievers led them to a contradiction. On the one hand, they understood the importance of the Quran insofar as they desired the destruction of the Islamic Prophet, but on the other hand, they accuse him of madness.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27119791",
"title": "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 983,
"text": "Norris claimed that, if people draw pictures of Muhammad, radical Islamist terrorists would not be able to murder them all, and threats to do so would become unrealistic. Within a week, Norris' idea became popular on Facebook, was supported by numerous bloggers, and generated coverage on the blog websites of major U.S. newspapers. As the publicity mounted, Norris and the man who created the first Facebook page promoting the May 20 event disassociated themselves from it. Nonetheless, planning for the protest continued with others \"taking up the cause\". Facebook had an \"Everybody Draw Mohammed Day\" page, which grew to over 100,000 participants (101,870 members by May 20). A protest page on Facebook against the initiative named \"Against ‘Everybody Draw Mohammed Day'\" attracted slightly more supporters (106,000 by May 20). Subsequently, Facebook was temporarily blocked by Pakistan; the ban was lifted after Facebook agreed to block the page for users in India and Pakistan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26897935",
"title": "200 (South Park)",
"section": "Section::::Reception.:Reviews.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 83,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 83,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "The Council on American-Islamic Relations, a Washington, D.C.-based civil rights and advocacy group, said they were aware of the depiction of Muhammad in \"200\", but declined to put out a formal statement about it because they did not want to draw any more attention to the show. The group's spokesman, Ibrahim Hooper, said, \"People are pretty tired of this whole 'Let's insult the prophet Muhammad thing.'\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26897935",
"title": "200 (South Park)",
"section": "Section::::Theme.:Muhammad subplot.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 1407,
"text": "Additionally, Muhammad has long been featured as one of the many characters shown in an image of dozens of South Park residents during the show's opening credits. That image, however, has gone largely unnoticed, and thus has not drawn much controversy. When asked whether they feared retribution for mocking Muhammad, Parker said, \"We'd be so hypocritical against our own thoughts, if we said, 'Okay, well let's not make fun of them because they might hurt us. Okay, we'll rip on the Catholics because they won't hurt us, but we won't rip on [Muslims] because they might hurt us.'\" The Muhammad subplot in \"200\", like the \"Cartoon Wars\" episodes, advocates for free speech and speaks out against censorship, both of Muhammad's image and any subject considered taboo. \"200\" also demonstrates the double standard in the handling of offensive images of Muhammad and other religious figures, particularly in the scene in which Muhammad is censored altogether, but Buddhism founder Gautama Buddha is shown snorting cocaine in front of the South Park children. The extreme measures the South Park boys go to in order to conceal Muhammad, like hiding him in a window-less truck and dressing him as a mascot, demonstrate the absurdity of the fear in showing the prophet, as does the fear of retaliation that the South Park residents show after Randy draws a stick figure-like drawing of him, which is not censored.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8922235",
"title": "Islam and blasphemy",
"section": "Section::::History.:Notable cases and debate on blasphemy.:The Muhammad cartoons crisis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 543,
"text": "In July 2007, art galleries in Sweden declined to show drawings of artist Lars Vilks depicting Muhammad as a roundabout dog. While Swedish newspapers had published them already, the drawings gained international attention after the newspaper \"Nerikes Allehanda\" published one of them on August 18 to illustrate an editorial on the \"right to ridicule a religion\". This particular publication led to official condemnations from Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Egypt and Jordan, and by the inter-governmental Organisation of the Islamic Conference.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7ysggb
|
why when someone gets the all clear that they are cancer free they still have a high chance to get it back?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because we're never totally sure that every cancerous cell is out of your body and that another tumor won't form.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's almost never 100% cancer free.\n\nDoctors generally call it \"in remission\" when you complete cancer treatments, and there is still a high chance of cancer cells being missed.\n\nEven with cancers that can be removed by removing the body part (breast and ovarian cancer) there is the chance that cancer could spread into other organs or into the bloodstream before the surgery.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Cancer is simply the abnormal division/growth of cells. If you manage to stop this growth in one section of the body, it can still happen elsewhere.\n\nEstimates show that tour immune system can actually defeat 60% of these growths, but the other 40% is what you should be worried about",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7172",
"title": "Chemotherapy",
"section": "Section::::Limitations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 110,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 110,
"end_character": 416,
"text": "Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable, stage 4 cancer, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9495306",
"title": "Beanibazar Upazila",
"section": "Section::::Charities working in Beani Bazar.:Beani Bazar Cancer Hospital.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 299,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 299,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "With the right medical help, cancer doesn't have to be a death sentence. Those who can afford it travel to other countries to pay for their treatment and care. Those who can't are left to suffer and die.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3130699",
"title": "Cancer survivor",
"section": "Section::::Needs of cancer survivors.:Psychosocial.:Returning to life.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 723,
"text": "If the treatment is lengthy and disruptive, many patients experience some difficulty in returning to normal daily life. The energy needed to cope with a rigorous treatment program may have caused them to disconnect from previous daily patterns, such as working, normal self-care, and housekeeping. A small number of patients become dependent on the attention and sympathy that they received during their treatment and feel neglected when life returns to normal. There are tremendous implications that cancer has on the relationships that survivors have with their loved ones (particularly their partners) once their cancer has been treated, and social support plays a critical role in their long-term emotional adjustment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "298546",
"title": "Tony Wilson",
"section": "Section::::Illness.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 656,
"text": "Wilson said: \"This [Sutent] is my only real option. It is not a cure but can hold the cancer back, so I will probably be on it until I die. When they said I would have to pay £3,500 for the drugs each month, I thought where am I going to find the money? I'm the one person in this industry who famously has never made any money. I used to say 'some people make money and some make history', which is very funny until you find you can't afford to keep yourself alive. I've never paid for private healthcare because I'm a socialist. Now I find you can get tummy tucks and cosmetic surgery on the NHS but not the drugs I need to stay alive. It is a scandal.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3130699",
"title": "Cancer survivor",
"section": "Section::::Needs of cancer survivors.:Psychosocial.:Fear of cancer recurrence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 1165,
"text": "Patients whose cancer is in remission may still have to cope with the uncertainty that at any time their cancer could return without warning. After the initial treatment has ended, anxiety is more common among cancer survivors than among other people. This anxiety regarding the cancer's return is referred to as fear of cancer recurrence. Many patients are anxious that any minor symptom indicates that the cancer has returned, with as many as 9 in 10 patients fearful that their cancer will recur or spread. In addition to the appearance of any new aches and pains, common triggers for a fear that the cancer may return include hearing that someone else has been diagnosed with cancer, annual medical exams to determine whether the cancer recurred and news stories about cancer. This anxiety leads to more medical check ups, which can be measured even after a period of up to ten years. This fear can have a significant impact on individual's lives, resulting in difficulties in their daily life such as work and socialising, and difficulties planning for the future. Overall, fear of cancer recurrence is related to a reduced quality of life in cancer survivors\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31379772",
"title": "Ellen MacArthur Cancer Trust",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 455,
"text": "For many young people simply picking up where they left off before their diagnosis isn’t possible. Through a range of sailing and adventure trips, young people rediscover the confidence to positively embrace their futures. The impact of cancer on independence, education, employment, emotional wellbeing and a young person's relationships with friends and family is huge. Many young people are also left living with a range of long-term physical effects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55898247",
"title": "Cancer phobia",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "Cancer survivors are also susceptible to developing a debilitating fear of recurrence due to their previous experience with the disease. Half of all cancer survivors report a moderate to high fear of recurrence. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
86ft18
|
Is it possible Elizabeth Bathory was innocent?
|
[
{
"answer": "Hopefully someone will see and be able to respond to your question shortly, but in the meantime, you may find this earlier discussion helpful:\n\n[Was Elizabeth Báthory framed?](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "126090",
"title": "Elizabeth Báthory",
"section": "Section::::Folklore and popular culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 919,
"text": "The case of Elizabeth Báthory inspired numerous stories during the 18th and 19th centuries. The most common motif of these works was that of the countess bathing in her victims' blood to retain beauty or youth. This legend appeared in print for the first time in 1729, in the Jesuit scholar László Turóczi’s \"Tragica Historia\", the first written account of the Báthory case. The story came into question in 1817, when the witness accounts (which had surfaced in 1765) were published for the first time. They included no references to blood baths. In his book \"Hungary and Transylvania\", published in 1850, John Paget describes the supposed origins of Báthory's blood-bathing, although his tale seems to be a fictionalized recitation of oral history from the area. It is difficult to know how accurate his account of events is. Sadistic pleasure is considered a far more plausible motive for Elizabeth Báthory's crimes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7677362",
"title": "Pierre-Paul Sirven",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 555,
"text": "Initially medical examinations found that she had suffered no violence but, under pressure from the public prosecutor Trinquier of Mazamet, they changed their evidence to say that Elizabeth had not died by drowning. A warrant for Sirven's arrest was issued on 20 January 1762, but the family was able to escape in time. A sentence passed on them in absentia on 29 March 1764 condemned the father to be broken on the wheel, the mother to be hanged and the two surviving daughters to be banished. Their effigies were burned in Mazamet on 11 September 1764.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29290624",
"title": "Mary Dudley",
"section": "Section::::Serving Elizabeth I.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 1125,
"text": "In October 1562, Elizabeth became critically ill with smallpox; Mary Dudley nursed her until she contracted the illness herself, which according to her husband greatly disfigured her beauty. That she took to wearing a mask afterwards is, however, a myth. She continued her court service, unless absent when accompanying her husband to Wales and Ireland. In late 1565 the couple travelled to Ireland, where Sir Henry was to take up his post as Lord Lieutenant. On the passage one of the ships sunk with all Mary Dudley's jewels and fine clothes on board. In 1567 Henry Sidney returned for a few weeks to the English court. His wife stayed behind at Drogheda, which came under rebel attack. Mary Dudley resolutely requested the Mayor of Dublin to relieve the town with troops, which he did. Later in the year Sir Henry sent her back to England because of her ill health, which was apparently caused by the Queen's criticism of his lieutenantship: An unfriendly letter from Elizabeth \"so perplexed my dear wife, as she fell most grievously sick upon the same and in that sickness remained once in trance above fifty-two hours\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7552488",
"title": "Hessilhead",
"section": "Section::::Alexander Montgomerie.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 231,
"text": "Alexander's son, also Alexander, was reportedly bewitched, together with his cousin, Mrs. Vallange. The case, and therefore the witch, went to trial, because of their 'trouble and sickness', but the court's verdict isn't recorded.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40225",
"title": "George IV of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Marriage and mistresses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "In 1804, a dispute arose over the custody of Princess Charlotte, which led to her being placed in the care of the King, George III. It also led to a Parliamentary Commission of Enquiry into Princess Caroline's conduct after the Prince of Wales accused her of having an illegitimate son. The investigation cleared Caroline of the charge but still revealed her behaviour to have been extraordinarily indiscreet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21193292",
"title": "Catherine Howard",
"section": "Section::::Downfall.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 699,
"text": "It is unlikely that King Henry was unaware of the allegations against his wife when on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1541, he arranged to be found praying in the Chapel Royal, where he received a warrant of the queen's arrest that described her crimes. On 7 November 1541, Archbishop Cranmer led a delegation of councillors to Winchester Palace, Southwark, to question her. Even the staunch Cranmer found the teenage Catherine's frantic, incoherent state pitiable, saying, \"I found her in such lamentation and heaviness as I never saw no creature, so that it would have pitied any man's heart to have looked upon her.\" He ordered the guards to remove any objects that she might use to commit suicide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44154",
"title": "Catherine de' Medici",
"section": "Section::::Links to the occult.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 77,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 77,
"end_character": 942,
"text": "Catherine de' Medici has been labelled a \"sinister Queen… noted for her interest in the occult arts\". To some, Catherine and Henry's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of witchcraft. Labouvie suggested that women's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life, whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power; that of attacking health, life and fertility. An infertile woman, and in particular an infertile queen, was therefore regarded as 'unnatural' and a small step from supernatural. Elizabeth I was treated with similar suspicion—she too entertained questionable characters (such as her advisor, John Dee), and produced no official heir. Essentially, however, there exists no concrete proof that either woman took part in the occult, and it is now believed that Catherine's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to Henry II's penile deformity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
51j5ea
|
Have all the Earth's crusts recycled to the mantle at some point?
|
[
{
"answer": "It all started as molten because of the massive amount of energy released by coalescing from a gas cloud, but after that no. That's why we can find rocks as old as from when the earth first solidified in places like Australia. [Jack Hills](_URL_0_). Continental plates are less dense than oceanic plates - that's why they're continental - so generally they float about oceanic plates.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33733172",
"title": "Crustal recycling",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 468,
"text": "Crustal recycling is a tectonic process by which surface material from the lithosphere is recycled into the mantle by subduction erosion or delamination. The subducting slabs carry volatile compounds and water into the mantle, as well as crustal material with an isotopic signature different from that of primitive mantle. Identification of this crustal signature in mantle-derived rocks (such as mid-ocean ridge basalts or kimberlites) is proof of crustal recycling.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "145700",
"title": "Crust (geology)",
"section": "Section::::Types of crust.:Primary crust / primordial crust.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "The nature of primary crust is still debated: its chemical, mineralogic, and physical properties are unknown, as are the igneous mechanisms that formed them. This is because it is difficult to study: none of Earth's primary crust has survived to today. Earth's high rates of erosion and crustal recycling from plate tectonics has destroyed all rocks older than about 4 billion years, including whatever primary crust Earth once had. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28932988",
"title": "Recycling by material",
"section": "Section::::Metals.:Iron and steel.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 543,
"text": "Iron and steel are the world's most recycled materials, and among the easiest materials to reprocess, as they can be separated magnetically from the waste stream. Recycling is via a steelworks: scrap is either remelted in an electric arc furnace (90-100% scrap), or used as part of the charge in a Basic Oxygen Furnace (around 25% scrap). Any grade of steel can be recycled to top quality new metal, with no 'downgrading' from prime to lower quality materials as steel is recycled repeatedly. 42% of crude steel produced is recycled material.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58614271",
"title": "Earth's crustal evolution",
"section": "Section::::Types of crust.:Secondary crust.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 504,
"text": "Recycling of existing primordial crust contributes to the production of secondary crust. Partial melting of the existing crust increases the mafic content of the melt producing basaltic secondary crust. A further method of formation due to the decay of radioactive elements within the Earth releasing heat energy and eventually causing the partial melting of upper mantle, also producing basaltic lavas. As a result, most secondary crust on Earth is formed at mid ocean ridges forming the oceanic crust.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19042",
"title": "Metal",
"section": "Section::::Lifecycle.:Abundance and occurrence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "The Earth's crust is made of approximately 25% of metals by weight, of which 80% are light metals such as sodium, magnesium, and aluminium. Nonmetals (~75%) make up the rest of the crust. Despite the overall scarcity of some heavier metals such as copper, they can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building, erosion, or other geological processes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "820248",
"title": "Ocean floor disposal",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 397,
"text": "Depositing waste, in suitable containers, in subduction zones has also been suggested. Here, waste would be transported by plate tectonic movement into the Earth's mantle and rendered harmless through dilution and natural decay. Several objections have been raised to this method, including vulnerabilities during transport and disposal, as well as uncertainties in the actual tectonic processes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1999119",
"title": "Plastic recycling",
"section": "Section::::Recycling rates.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "The quantity of post-consumer plastics recycled has increased every year since at least 1990, but rates lag far behind those of other items, such as newspaper (about 80%) and corrugated fiberboard (about 70%). Overall, U.S. post-consumer plastic waste for 2008 was estimated at 33.6 million tons; 2.2 million tons (6.5%) were recycled and 2.6 million tons (8%) were burned for energy; 28.9 million tons, or 86%, were discarded in landfills.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5wbhyw
|
Can a black hole exert an electrical force?
|
[
{
"answer": "Yes you can have [charged black holes](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "27470863",
"title": "Transformation optics",
"section": "Section::::Mimicking celestial mechanics.:Producing black holes with metamaterials.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 432,
"text": "Matter propagating in a curved spacetime is similar to the electromagnetic wave propagation in a curved space and in an in homogeneous metamaterial, as stated in the previous section. Hence a black hole can possibly be simulated using electromagnetic fields and metamaterials. In July 2009 a metamaterial structure forming an effective black hole was theorized, and numerical simulations showed a highly efficient light absorption.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "173724",
"title": "Hawking radiation",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 745,
"text": "Black holes are sites of immense gravitational attraction. Classically, the gravitation generated by the gravitational singularity inside a black hole is so powerful that nothing, not even electromagnetic radiation, can escape from the black hole. It is yet unknown how gravity can be incorporated into quantum mechanics. Nevertheless, far from the black hole, the gravitational effects can be weak enough for calculations to be reliably performed in the framework of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Hawking showed that quantum effects allow black holes to emit exact black-body radiation. The electromagnetic radiation is produced as if emitted by a black body with a temperature inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "701509",
"title": "Charged black hole",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "A charged black hole is a black hole that possesses electric charge. Since the electromagnetic repulsion in compressing an electrically charged mass is dramatically greater than the gravitational attraction (by about 40 orders of magnitude), it is not expected that black holes with a significant electric charge will be formed in nature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "294408",
"title": "Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems",
"section": "Section::::Singularity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 463,
"text": "The Penrose theorem guarantees that some sort of geodesic incompleteness occurs inside \"any\" black hole whenever matter satisfies reasonable energy conditions (It does not hold for matter described by a super-field, i.e., the Dirac field). The energy condition required for the black-hole singularity theorem is weak: it says that light rays are always focused together by gravity, never drawn apart, and this holds whenever the energy of matter is non-negative.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2975553",
"title": "Superradiance",
"section": "Section::::Rotational superradiance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 330,
"text": "In theoretical studies of black holes, the effect is also sometimes described as the consequence of the gravitational tidal forces around a strongly gravitating body pulling apart virtual particle pairs that would otherwise quickly mutually annihilate, to produce a population of real particles in the region outside the horizon.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37979747",
"title": "Firewall (physics)",
"section": "Section::::The motivating paradox.:The \"firewall\" resolution to the paradox.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 678,
"text": "Some scientists suggest that the entanglement must somehow get immediately broken between the infalling particle and the outgoing particle. Breaking this entanglement would release inconceivable amounts of energy, thus creating a searing \"black hole firewall\" at the black hole event horizon. This resolution requires a violation of Einstein's equivalence principle, which states that free-falling is indistinguishable from floating in empty space. This violation has been characterized as \"outrageous\"; one theorist has complained that \"a firewall simply can't appear in empty space, any more than a brick wall can suddenly appear in an empty field and smack you in the face.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "701509",
"title": "Charged black hole",
"section": "Section::::Categories.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 557,
"text": "Charged black holes are two of four possible types of black holes that have been found by solving Einstein's theory of gravitation, general relativity. The mathematical solutions for the shape of space and the electric and magnetic fields near a black hole are named after the persons who first worked them out. The solutions increase in complexity depending on which of the two parameters, \"J\" and \"Q\", are zero (or not) (the mass \"M\" of a black hole could conceivably be tiny, but not zero). The four categories of solutions are given in the table below:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
365w3p
|
How many planets have we surveyed for signs of a Technological civilization?
|
[
{
"answer": "We dont really have the ability to do that to any great degree at this point. The only thing i can think that we can actively do is do a spectral analysis of a planets atmosphere for artificial or life-produced chemicals. This can be done, but it is not easy. You have to be able to detect the stars light as it passes through the planets atmosphere.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Our surveys of exoplanets basically involve looking at stars to see if they are wobbling or dimming periodically. We don't have the technology to image the planets themselves (although sometimes we can see them as dots), although with clever spectroscopy and lucky geometry it's possible to make [surface maps](_URL_0_) of a planet's temperature. A sign of a technological civilization might, for example, be a quickly growing amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, but we don't really have the technology to see that yet.\n\nHowever, 100 years ago it was thought by some that Mars had a technological civilization, based on what were thought to be large networks of canals.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "/u/KaseyB and /u/iorgfeflkd have answered this question a bit. I'd like to address a few other related aspects. First, one thing to note is that although looking for technology on planets is really difficult, there's also been work looking for civilizations that are much more advanced than we are, which might if they were using a large fraction of their galaxy's available energy be easier to spot. There was a very recent large-scale attempt which looked at 100,000 galaxies and found no clear signs of such civilizations. See [lay article here](_URL_2_) and [actual paper here](_URL_1_).\n\nOne of the other things to note is that the [James Webb Telescope](_URL_0_) when launched will increase drastically are abilities in this regard (both for finding galaxies with technology and for possibly spotting technological civilizations on individual planets). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The only planets for which we have that kind of information are the planets in our own solar system.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33584927",
"title": "Astrophysics Strategic Mission Concept Studies",
"section": "Section::::Exoplanets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 446,
"text": "Proposals for \"the study of planets external to the Solar System\" include; the evaluation of the most effective means for the direct studies of exoplanets provided affirmation for the use of starshades. \"Planet Hunter\" Deep search of 65 nearby stars for Earth analogs. Mark Clampin/Goddard Space flight centre - \"Extrasolar planet imaging coronograph\"-to produce fundamental physical characteristics of giant planets in other planetary systems. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26780222",
"title": "Earth analog",
"section": "Section::::Attributes and criteria.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 1112,
"text": "The probability of finding an Earth analog depends mostly on the attributes that are expected to be similar, and these vary greatly. Generally it is considered that it would be a terrestrial planet and there have been several scientific studies aimed at finding such planets. Often implied but not limited to are such criteria as planet size, surface gravity, star size and type (i.e. Solar analog), orbital distance and stability, axial tilt and rotation, similar geography, oceans, air and weather conditions, strong magnetosphere and even the presence of Earth-like complex life. If there is complex life, there could be some forests covering much of the land. If there is intelligent life, some parts of land could be covered in cities. Some factors that are assumed of such a planet may be unlikely due to Earth's own history. For instance the Earth's atmosphere was not always oxygen-rich and this is a biosignature from the emergence of photosynthetic life. The formation, presence, influence on these characteristics of the Moon (such as tidal forces) may also pose a problem in finding an Earth analog.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19008812",
"title": "Theoretical planetology",
"section": "Section::::Nature of the work.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 566,
"text": "Theoretical planetologists also use numerical models to understand how the Solar System planets were formed and develop in the future, their thermal evolution, their tectonics, how magnetic fields are formed in planetary interiors, how convection processes work in the cores and mantles of terrestrial planets and in the interiors of gas giants, how their lithospheres deform, the orbital dynamics of planetary satellites, how dust and ice are transported on the surface of some planets (such as Mars), and how the atmospheric circulation takes place over a planet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51688280",
"title": "Mapping of Venus",
"section": "Section::::Unit classification and mapping schemes.:Stratigraphic classification scheme.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 385,
"text": "One way to do mapping on Venus and characterization on the geological units on Venus is by the stratigraphic classification scheme. Mikhail A. Ivano and James W. Head (2011) mapped the area of geotraverses at 30°N and 0°N. They traced and discussed the global spatial distribution of rock-stratigraphic units and structure, and suggested their time correlation and geological history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19327051",
"title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 356,
"text": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System is observation, visitation, and increase in knowledge and understanding of Earth's \"cosmic neighborhood\". This includes the Sun, Earth and the Moon, the major planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, their satellites, as well as smaller bodies including comets, asteroids, and dust.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31117122",
"title": "Planetary Science Decadal Survey",
"section": "Section::::2013–2022, Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "The committee producing the survey was led by Steve Squyres of Cornell University and included 5 panels focusing on the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and the Moon), Mars (not including Phobos and Deimos), the gas giant planets, satellites (Galilean satellites, Titan, and other satellites of the giant planets) and primitive bodies (Asteroids, comets, Phobos, Deimos, Pluto/Charon and other Kuiper belt objects, meteorites, and interplanetary dust). \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19032220",
"title": "Space archaeology",
"section": "Section::::Cultural heritage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "An unexpected ramification of this work is the development of techniques for detecting signs of life or technology on other planets, or extraterrestrial visitation on Earth. One facet of this work is the use of satellites for identifying structures of archeological significance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2868y1
|
Can we harvest energy from black holes?
|
[
{
"answer": "There's the [Penrose process.](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Somebody recently wrote a paper on this very topic: _URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Well you can't directly extract energy from a black hole, as nothing comes out of one (except for maybe Hawking radiation). However, you can use its large gravity well to your advantage. If you could obtain a large quantity of material, say for example a star, and position it near a black hole, the gravity would start drawing off gas from the star, forming an accretion disk around the black hole. As the gas circles the black hole, it heats up through interaction with other gas particles. As the gas falls down into the gravity well, it heats up to millions of Kelvins, releasing lots of energy in the form of energetic photons. If you built a Dyson sphere around the black hole and accretion disk, you could extract this energy.\n\nOf course if the question is can *we* do this, then the answer is no. That is some borderline Type III [Kardashev](_URL_0_) Civilization stuff right there!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "140271",
"title": "Kardashev scale",
"section": "Section::::Energy development.:Type II civilization methods.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "BULLET::::- Perhaps a more exotic means to generate usable energy would be to feed a stellar mass into a black hole, and collect photons emitted by the accretion disc. Less exotic would be simply to capture photons already escaping from the accretion disc, reducing a black hole's angular momentum; this is known as the Penrose process.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2081387",
"title": "Eight Worlds",
"section": "Section::::Technologies.:Black holes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 988,
"text": "Black holes are a major source of energy for the Eight Worlds' society. They are quite rare but can be found - if one is persistent enough \"and\" lucky - in the space beyond Pluto. A single black hole, when dragged back into the system and installed in a power station, would be enough for a prospector to live in wealth for the rest of his or her life. Such prospectors - the successors of historical gold prospectors - spend up to twenty years at a time in solitary voyages, constantly keeping an eye on their mass detector and hoping for the one great strike which would make their fortune. Hole hunters tend to be greedy, self-centered and self-sufficient. When more than one happens to discover the same hole, one of them tends to have \"an accident\", far away from any kind of law and order and into which the authorities don't inquire too closely. The propulsion jets used by the prospectors' ships can be made into deadly weapons, able to vaporize a rival's ship in a split second.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2703885",
"title": "Route dependence",
"section": "Section::::Spatial route dependence.:Energy conservation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 350,
"text": "At first sight this seems like a \"bad\" result as it allows energy to apparently be obtained \"for free\", because we can surround the black hole with a circular track, and allow an object to repeatedly fall \"downhill\" around the track from A to B and back again, extracting energy each time, and thus violating the principle of conservation of energy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49107593",
"title": "ASASSN-15lh",
"section": "Section::::Suggested mechanisms.:Tidal disruption event (TDE).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 898,
"text": "One known method for producing extremely large amounts of energy is the tidal disruption of objects such as stars by a supermassive black hole. ASASSN-15lh occurred in the nucleus of a large passive galaxy where a supermassive black hole is likely. Black hole of the mass expected in the host galaxy of ASASSN-15lh would normally swallow stars without a visible flare, The conditions for the production of a highly luminous flare from a TDE around a black hole of the expected mass are unusual, but a rapidly-spinning Kerr black hole might be able to disrupt a star with a mass similar to the sun outside the event horizon and produce a hot accretion disc and luminous transient. It could also account for the temperature changes, rebrightening, and unusual spectral evolution. However, lack of hydrogen and/or helium lines in the spectra of ASASSN-15lh poses a major problem for the TDE scenario.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "208810",
"title": "Eddington luminosity",
"section": "Section::::Super-Eddington luminosities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 419,
"text": "For accreting black holes, not all the energy released by accretion has to appear as outgoing luminosity, since energy can be lost through the event horizon, down the hole. Such sources effectively may not conserve energy. Then the accretion efficiency, or the fraction of energy actually radiated of that theoretically available from the gravitational energy release of accreting material, enters in an essential way.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "422481",
"title": "Mass–energy equivalence",
"section": "Section::::Efficiency.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 83,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 83,
"end_character": 1209,
"text": "A third known method of total matter–energy \"conversion\" (which again in practice only means conversion of one type of energy into a different type of energy), is using gravity, specifically black holes. Stephen Hawking theorized that black holes radiate thermally with no regard to how they are formed. So, it is theoretically possible to throw matter into a black hole and use the emitted heat to generate power. According to the theory of Hawking radiation, however, the black hole used radiates at a higher rate the smaller it is, producing usable powers at only small black hole masses, where usable may for example be something greater than the local background radiation. It is also worth noting that the ambient irradiated power would change with the mass of the black hole, increasing as the mass of the black hole decreases, or decreasing as the mass increases, at a rate where power is proportional to the inverse square of the mass. In a \"practical\" scenario, mass and energy could be dumped into the black hole to regulate this growth, or keep its size, and thus power output, near constant. This could result from the fact that mass and energy are lost from the hole with its thermal radiation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25205346",
"title": "Black hole starship",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 432,
"text": "A black hole starship is a theoretical idea for enabling interstellar travel by propelling a starship by using a black hole as the energy source. The concept was first discussed in science fiction, notably in the book \"Imperial Earth\" by Arthur C. Clarke, and in the work of Charles Sheffield, in which energy extracted from a Kerr-Newman black hole is described as powering the rocket engines in the story \"Killing Vector\" (1978).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
nh5ym
|
Why do I see a staticy grid when I close my eyes?
|
[
{
"answer": "I have some moderate expertise about the visual system, but I'm not an authority, so this is just my best guess based on what I know.\n\nThe short answer is that, to my knowledge, we don't know *precisely* why this happens, though it's probably a combination of things:\n\nThe first and more obvious contributor is the [visual afterimage effect](_URL_0_). That is, recent intense visual stimulation can cause a \"negative\" image to persist if one's eyes are thereafter deprived of light. This is likely the reason that many \"floaties\" people see when they close their eyes are more purple/blue in color: much indoor lighting and sunlight is more toward the opposing yellow/green end of the spectrum.\n\nAnother contributor is one we often don't consider: it only takes a single photon to depolarize a photoreceptor, and it only takes a small handful of simultaneous depolarizations to lead to the perception of light. This means that even in extremely low lighting conditions, perception can occur. Light can be easily perceived through closed eyelids in moderately lit situations, which may contribute to the sustenance of visual patterns when your eyes are closed.\n\nAnother, more cool and interesting contributor is a set of organizational factors. Specifically, the brain, including the visual system, is wired to detect and perceive patterns, and may [create patterns even when one isn't really there](_URL_1_). That is, you may be perceiving a staticy grid because your visual pathway is organized to detect organized patterns.\n\nFinally, you've got top-down, cognitive factors. This is basically to say that you may be able to influence what you're perceiving based on your experiences and your preferences, similar to interpreting Rorschach blots.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I have some moderate expertise about the visual system, but I'm not an authority, so this is just my best guess based on what I know.\n\nThe short answer is that, to my knowledge, we don't know *precisely* why this happens, though it's probably a combination of things:\n\nThe first and more obvious contributor is the [visual afterimage effect](_URL_0_). That is, recent intense visual stimulation can cause a \"negative\" image to persist if one's eyes are thereafter deprived of light. This is likely the reason that many \"floaties\" people see when they close their eyes are more purple/blue in color: much indoor lighting and sunlight is more toward the opposing yellow/green end of the spectrum.\n\nAnother contributor is one we often don't consider: it only takes a single photon to depolarize a photoreceptor, and it only takes a small handful of simultaneous depolarizations to lead to the perception of light. This means that even in extremely low lighting conditions, perception can occur. Light can be easily perceived through closed eyelids in moderately lit situations, which may contribute to the sustenance of visual patterns when your eyes are closed.\n\nAnother, more cool and interesting contributor is a set of organizational factors. Specifically, the brain, including the visual system, is wired to detect and perceive patterns, and may [create patterns even when one isn't really there](_URL_1_). That is, you may be perceiving a staticy grid because your visual pathway is organized to detect organized patterns.\n\nFinally, you've got top-down, cognitive factors. This is basically to say that you may be able to influence what you're perceiving based on your experiences and your preferences, similar to interpreting Rorschach blots.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21402632",
"title": "Electroencephalography",
"section": "Section::::Artifacts.:Biological artifacts.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 129,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 129,
"end_character": 736,
"text": "Eyelid fluttering artifacts of a characteristic type were previously called Kappa rhythm (or Kappa waves). It is usually seen in the prefrontal leads, that is, just over the eyes. Sometimes they are seen with mental activity. They are usually in the Theta (4–7 Hz) or Alpha (7–14 Hz) range. They were named because they were believed to originate from the brain. Later study revealed they were generated by rapid fluttering of the eyelids, sometimes so minute that it was difficult to see. They are in fact noise in the EEG reading, and should not technically be called a rhythm or wave. Therefore, current usage in electroencephalography refers to the phenomenon as an eyelid fluttering artifact, rather than a Kappa rhythm (or wave).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2022036",
"title": "Closed-eye hallucination",
"section": "Section::::Levels of CEV perception.:Level 1: Visual noise.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 404,
"text": "For a person who tries to actively observe this closed-eye perception on a regular basis, there comes a point where if they look at a flat-shaded object with their eyes wide open, and try to actively look for this visual noise, they will become aware of it and see the random pointillistic disorganized motion as if it were a translucent overlay on top of what is actually being seen by their open eyes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1987914",
"title": "Oscillopsia",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1144,
"text": "Oscillopsia is a visual disturbance in which objects in the visual field appear to oscillate. The severity of the effect may range from a mild blurring to rapid and periodic jumping. Oscillopsia is an incapacitating condition experienced by many patients with neurological disorders. It may be the result of ocular instability occurring after the oculomotor system is affected, no longer holding images steady on the retina. A change in the magnitude of the vestibulo-ocular reflex due to vestibular disease can also lead to oscillopsia during rapid head movements. Oscillopsia may also be caused by involuntary eye movements such as nystagmus, or impaired coordination in the visual cortex (especially due to toxins) and is one of the symptoms of superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Sufferers may experience dizziness and nausea. Oscillopsia can also be used as a quantitative test to document aminoglycoside toxicity. Permanent oscillopsia can arise from an impairment of the ocular system that serves to maintain ocular stability. Paroxysmal oscillopsia can be due to an abnormal hyperactivity in the peripheral ocular or vestibular system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1894873",
"title": "Eye movement",
"section": "Section::::Physiology.:Saccades.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 526,
"text": "The eyes are never completely at rest. They make fast random jittering movements even when we are fixated on one point. The reason for this random movement is related to the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells. It appears that a constant visual stimulus can make the photoreceptors or the ganglion cells become unresponsive; on the other hand a changing stimulus will not. Therefore, the random eye movement constantly changes the stimuli that fall on the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells, making the image more clear.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29997133",
"title": "LCD crosstalk",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 294,
"text": "Certain patterns, particularly those involving fine dots, can interact with the inversion and reveal visible cross-talk. If you try moving a small Window in front of the inversion pattern (above) which makes your screen flicker the most, you may well see cross-talk in the surrounding pattern.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2393",
"title": "Analog television",
"section": "Section::::Development.:Displaying an image.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 449,
"text": "The human eye has a characteristic called Phi phenomenon. Quickly displaying successive scan images will allow the apparent illusion of smooth motion. Flickering of the image can be partially solved using a long persistence phosphor coating on the CRT, so that successive images fade slowly. However, slow phosphor has the negative side-effect of causing image smearing and blurring when there is a large amount of rapid on-screen motion occurring.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "952677",
"title": "Backlight",
"section": "Section::::Usage.:LED backlights.:Backlight dimming.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 762,
"text": "If the frequency of the pulse-width modulation is too low or the user is very sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eye-strain, similar to the flicker of CRT displays. This can be tested by a user simply by waving a hand or object in front of the screen. If the object appears to have sharply defined edges as it moves, the backlight is strobing on and off at a fairly low frequency. If the object appears blurry, the display either has a continuously illuminated backlight or is operating the backlight at a frequency higher than the brain can perceive. The flicker can be reduced or eliminated by setting the display to full brightness, though this may have a negative impact on image quality and battery life due to increased power consumption.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
31z6n2
|
Why does samurai armour seem so badly designed compared to medieval european armour?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's a question of resource availability. Japan had less natural sources of iron and other suitable metals, meaning that what they had was used to make weapons. It's a contributing reason that swords were so tied to nobility in Japan: they were incredibly expensive and precious.\n\nBecause of this Japanese armour was made from other materials like wood, leather, cloth and lacquer. These materials are not as malleable as metals, but beyond that there wouldn't have been as much need for tight, gapless armour. Europe warfare developed successively to make use if more and more armour penetration. Longbow volleys, pikes and the like. Knights meeting each other in a melee would grab their stilettos or morningstars rather than their swords. In Japan there wasn't such an arms race to penetrate or bash armour, so in a melee situation something to stop a sword slash was sufficient. If your opponent had a spear they'd be able to get through your armour regardless since metal armour was simply out of the question.\n\nThis is of course a wide generalization of an entire culture and their long history, and things varied in different eras, but this is the overall general difference.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They were lightly armoured underneath, such as shin guards, greaves, and sleeves. These adapted as time progressed and fighting style changed, but the actual type of component remained in use throughout. These pieces would generally fall under lamellar armour, a [large number of small metal plates/scales laced together](_URL_0_), or scale armour, many small metal plates sewn onto a backing of cloth. \n\nThere are also theories surrounding the need for an all-weather type armour, where it could stay comfortable in both the hot summers and cold winters while also maintaining minimal rust during humid periods. Materials and general construction techniques could also come into play, where the ability to craft armours from the poorer quality iron sand of Japan coupled with the need to mass produce armours as more recruits were needed in the Sengoku period could also cause the samurai to favour lighter armour. Another idea is that they had more gaps to provide easier movement and better flexibility when riding and managing a bow.\n\nIt's also interesting to note the exact idea these armours were made in respect to. European armour was developed with the increasing need to provide full body protection, which lead to the need to create heavier, full-coverage plate. Weapons then changed as well, with heavy weapons such as maces, war hammers, halberds, morning stars, and the like - these were used due to the fact that the force of the blow from any one of those weapons would be more than sufficient to cause damage and crush the armour, rather than pierce it. In contrast, Japan has little to no evidence of mass use of those weapons, as the armour was lighter.\n\nSources:\n\n* *Arms and Armor of the Samurai - The History of Weaponry in Ancient Japan* - Bottomley, I.\n\n* *The Samurai - A Military History* - Turnbull, S.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "226507",
"title": "Cuirass",
"section": "Section::::History.:The Japanese cuirass.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 218,
"text": "By the end of the Heian period, the Japanese cuirass had arrived at the shape recognized as part of iconic samurai armor. Scales of iron and leather, bound together by silk lace, were used to construct samurai armors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28288",
"title": "Samurai",
"section": "Section::::Armour.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 133,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 133,
"end_character": 1108,
"text": "In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The \"kozane dou\" made from individual scales was replaced by \"plate armor\". This new armor, which used iron plated \"dou (dō)\", was referred to as \"Tosei-gusoku\", or modern armor. The newer armor added features and pieces of armor for the face, thigh, and back. The back piece had multiple uses, such as for a flag bearing. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet \"kabuto\" was an important part of the samurai's armor. It was paired with a shikoro and fukigaeshi for protection of the head and neck. The garment worn under all of the armor and clothing was called the Fundoshi, also known as a loincloth. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the Satsuma Rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21318086",
"title": "Japanese armour",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "During the \"Heian period\" (794-1185), the Japanese cuirass evolved into the more familiar style of armour worn by the samurai known as the dou or dō. Japanese armour makers started to use leather (nerigawa), and lacquer was used to weatherproof the armor parts. By the end of the \"Heian period\", the Japanese cuirass had arrived at the shape recognized as being distinctively samurai. Leather and or iron scales were used to construct samurai armours, with leather and eventually silk lace used to connect the individual scales (kozane) from which these cuirasses were now being made.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33275987",
"title": "Dō (armour)",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 613,
"text": "During the Heian period (794 to 1185) the Japanese cuirass evolved into the more familiar style of armour worn by the samurai known as the . Japanese armour makers started to use hardened leather along with iron in their armour construction and lacquer was used to weather proof the armor parts. By the end of the Heian period the Japanese cuirass had arrived at the shape recognized as being distinctly samurai. Leather and or iron scales were used to construct samurai armours, with leather and eventually silk lace used to connect the individual scales (kozane) which these cuirasses were now being made from.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21318086",
"title": "Japanese armour",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 809,
"text": "The era of warfare called the Sengoku period ended around 1600, when a united Japan entered the peaceful Edo period. Although samurai continued to use both plate and lamellar armour as a symbol of their status, traditional armours were no longer necessary for battles. During the Edo period lightweight, portable, and secret hidden armours became popular, since personal protection was still needed. Civil strife, duels, assassinations, and peasant revolts all required the use of armours such as the \"\" (chain armour jacket) and armoured sleeves, as well as other types of armour which could be worn under ordinary clothing. Edo period samurai were in charge of internal security and would wear various types of \"kusari gusoku\" (chain armour) and shin and arm protection as well as forehead protectors (\"\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "493913",
"title": "Plate armour",
"section": "Section::::Late Middle Ages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 583,
"text": "European leaders in armouring techniques were northern Italians, especially from Milan, and southern Germans, who had somewhat different styles. But styles were diffused around Europe, often by the movement of armourers; the Renaissance Greenwich armour was made by a royal workshop near London that had imported Italian, Flemish and (mostly) German craftsmen, though it soon developed its own unique style. Ottoman Turkey also made wide use of plate armour but incorporated large amounts of mail into their armour, which was widely used by shock troops such as the Janissary Corps.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2147",
"title": "Armour",
"section": "Section::::Personal.:History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 500,
"text": "Well-known armour types in European history include the lorica hamata, lorica squamata, and the lorica segmentata of the Roman legions, the mail hauberk of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later medieval and renaissance knights, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I (1914–15). The samurai warriors of feudal Japan utilised many types of armour for hundreds of years up to the 19th century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1onmpv
|
What happened to the idea of invading another country to expand a current one? Details inside.
|
[
{
"answer": "Wars of aggressions are internationally outlawed. From the charter of the United Nations, Article 2, §4:\n\n > All Members shall refrain (…) from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state (…)\n\nThis is the original purpose of the United Nations, described in Article 1 as \n\n > To maintain international peace and security\n\nand\n\n > To develop friendly relations among nations \n\nThis, of course, is motivated by the gruesome lessons of the two world wars.\n\nThere have been many wars in the sixty years, and some wars of Aggression, but none have been labelled by the aggressor as such. The United Nations Security council can and does authorize war against aggressors, such as in the Gulf War. Iraq invaded Kuwait, thus breaking international law, and the UN authorized an invasion of Iraq consequently.\n\nWord of warning: Don't discuss wars after the First Gulf war, this subreddit has a policy against discussing events of the last twenty years.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "17572536",
"title": "Wartime sexual violence",
"section": "Section::::Definition of rape.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 349,
"text": "The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "201124",
"title": "Invasion",
"section": "Section::::Applications regarding non-state combatants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 663,
"text": "An opposing theory holds that, in response to extremist ideology and unjust governments, an invasion can change the government and reeducate the people, making prolonged resistance unlikely and averting future violence. This theory acknowledges that these changes may take time—generations, in some cases—but holds that immediate benefits may still be won by reducing membership in, and choking the supply lines of, these covert cells. Proponents of the invasion strategy in such conflicts maintain the belief that a strong occupying force can still succeed in its goals on a tactical level, building upon numerous small victories, similar to a war of attrition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "391190",
"title": "Right of conquest",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 646,
"text": "The completion of colonial conquest of much of the world (see the Scramble for Africa), the devastation of World War I and World War II, and the alignment of both the United States and the Soviet Union with the principle of self-determination led to the abandonment of the right of conquest in formal international law. The 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact, the post-1945 Nuremberg Trials, the UN Charter, and the UN role in decolonization saw the progressive dismantling of this principle. Simultaneously, the UN Charter's guarantee of the \"territorial integrity\" of member states effectively froze out claims against prior conquests from this process.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "201124",
"title": "Invasion",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 674,
"text": "An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering; liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory; forcing the partition of a country; altering the established government or gaining concessions from said government; or a combination thereof. An invasion can be the cause of a war, be a part of a larger strategy to end a war, or it can constitute an entire war in itself. Due to the large scale of the operations associated with invasions, they are usually strategic in planning and execution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40067166",
"title": "Palgrave Commission",
"section": "Section::::History.:Palgrave's 5 missions.:First Commission.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 206,
"text": "However his conclusion was that annexation was overwhelmingly favoured by the leaders and people of the region, and that it was the only way of ending the devastating warfare that was engulfing the region.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41249186",
"title": "Political warfare",
"section": "Section::::Tools.:Aggressive.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 515,
"text": "BULLET::::- Foreign infiltration or liberation occurs when a government is overthrown by foreign military or diplomatic intervention, or through covert means. The campaign's ultimate purpose is to gain control over another nation's political and social structure. The campaign could be led by the aggressor's national forces or by a political faction favorable to the aggressor within the other state. Paul M. Blackstock describes three stages involved in the extension of control by the aggressor over the victim:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "524980",
"title": "Battle of Isandlwana",
"section": "Section::::Aftermath.:Impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 945,
"text": "The British government's reasoning for a new invasion was threefold. The first was jingoistic to a degree and national honor demanded that the enemy, victors in one battle, should lose the war. The second concerned the domestic political implications at the next parliamentary elections. However, despite the new invasion, the British Prime Minister Disraeli and his Conservative Party were to lose the 1880 election. Finally, there were considerations affecting the Empire: unless the British were seen to win a clear-cut victory against the Zulus, it would send a signal that the British Empire was vulnerable and that the defeat of a British field army could alter policy. If the Zulu victory at Isandlwana encouraged resistance elsewhere in the Empire, then committing the resources necessary to defeat the Zulus would, in the long term, prove cheaper than fighting wars that the Zulu success inspired against British Imperialism elsewhere.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
zzvqg
|
I need help with the relationship between feudal lords and their warriors in medieval times.
|
[
{
"answer": "Ok first things first we need to define our field a bit. The Anglo-Saxons were not by any strict definition 'feudal'. \"Feudalism' as an economic/political system only properly appears in England under the Normans after the conquest in 1066. So I'm going to give you sources that point towards that.\n\n* Joseph Strayer's [Feudalism](_URL_2_) is a nifty little (47 pages of analysis) book with a great selection of primary documents at the end. The caveat, it is nearly 60 years old and so it is rather simplistic and out of date. That being said the documents are still very much primary and may be of help.\n\n* Robert Bartlett's [England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings](_URL_1_) is a very *not* small book. It is, however, exaustive and up-to-date and so might prove helpful. It has chapters on everything from the actual political landscape to Lordship and Government, Warfare and even Faeiries.\n\n* *English Historical Documents* is a series of works which combine numerous primary sources. Volume 2 is probably the best place to look.\n\n* The [Internet Medieval Sourcebook](_URL_0_) also has a wide variety of primary documents worth looking at which don't even require a trip to the library!\n\nI hope that is helpful. One last thing to remember about 'feudalism'. It is not a clean system and it is not a neat pyramid. It is a constant struggle for privilege and power. Kings want to get as much as they can from their vassals (service, payments, etc.) while giving up as few privileges/rights (land, support, protection) as they can. The same is true for the Vassals.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "150237",
"title": "Military rank",
"section": "Section::::Ancient and medieval ranks.:Medieval ranks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 761,
"text": "Medieval militaries did not have a unified rank structure; while the feudal lords were in some ways equivalent to modern officers, they didn't have a strict hierarchy—a king was conceived of as first among equals, not a monarch as later or ancient societies understood the concept, and all nobles were theoretically equals (hence \"peers\"). A nobleman was obligated to bring a set number of troops when asked by his liege-lord, a king or merely a higher-ranked noble who had obtained his service by the gift of land. The troops' lord retained at least nominal control over them—many medieval military planning sessions involved negotiating each lord's role in the coming battle—and each lord was allowed to leave after a predetermined amount of time had passed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37781958",
"title": "Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 603,
"text": "Feudalism in Europe emerged in the Early Middle Ages, based on Roman clientship and the Germanic social hierarchy of lords and retainers. It obliged the feudatory to render personal services to the lord. These included e. g. holding his stirrup, joining him on festive occasions and service as a cupbearer at the banquet table. Both pledged mutual loyalty: the lord to \"shelter and protect\", the vassal to \"help and advise\". Furthermore, feudal lord and vassal were bound to mutually respect one another, i.e. the lord could not, by law, beat his vassal, humiliate or lay hands on his wife or daughter.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28134722",
"title": "Bergfried",
"section": "Section::::Functions.:Refuge.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 514,
"text": "Many castles were feudal estates that were owned by a powerful feudal lord or prince-bishopric. Princely territories at that time were protected by a dense network of small and medium-sized fortifications, which was supplemented by the fortified estates of sub-vassals. From this perspective, in the event of attack the defenders could rely entirely on the support of their lords his subordinated or allied knighthood. Conversely, the ruler would of course rely upon the support of his vassals in times of battle.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11298",
"title": "Feudalism",
"section": "Section::::Definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "In a classic definition by François-Louis Ganshof (1944), \"feudalism\" describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs, though Ganshof himself noted that his treatment related only to the \"narrow, technical, legal sense of the word\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "198683",
"title": "Warlord",
"section": "Section::::Conceptions of warlordism.:Understanding warlordism in the context of European feudalism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 782,
"text": "Under the feudal system of Europe, nobility—whether feudal lords, knights, princes or barons—were warlords in that they served as regional leaders who exercised military, economic and political control over subnational territories and maintained private armies to maintain that status. While their political power to exercise social order, welfare and regional defense within their territory was derived from hereditary rights or edicts from the monarch, their military strength afforded them independence and strength to negotiate for privileges. Should the feudal lord or other noble withdraw his support from the king, either in rebellion or to form an alliance with a rival kingdom, that feudal lord or noble was now ascribing to the political order of \"Ungoverned Warlordism\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34634219",
"title": "History of citizenship",
"section": "Section::::Early modern ideas of citizenship.:Feudalism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 1149,
"text": "In the feudal system, there were relationships characterized as reciprocal, with bonds between lords and vassals going both ways: vassals promised loyalty and subsistence, while lords promised protection. The basis of feudal arrangement was control over land. The loyalty of a person was not to a law, or to a constitution, or to an abstract concept such as a nation, but to a person, namely, the next higher-level up, such as a knight, lord, or king. One view is that feudalism's reciprocal obligation system gave rise to the idea of the individual and the citizen. According to a related view, the Magna Carta, while a sort of \"feudal document\", marked a transition away from feudalism since the document was not a personal unspoken bond between nobles and the king, but rather was more like a contract between two parties, written in formal language, describing how different parties were supposed to behave towards each other. The Magna Carta posited that the liberty, security and freedom of individuals were \"inviolable\". Gradually the personal ties linking vassals with lords were replaced with contractual and more impersonal relationships.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41733772",
"title": "Ganerbenburg",
"section": "Section::::\"Ganerbenburgen\" and \"Ganerbschaft\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "The castles of powerful feudal lords were often planned from the outset as \"Ganerbenburgs\". Each castellan or \"Burgmann\" was responsible for the management and defence of a sector of the castle. This was not just for practical reasons; the higher nobility naturally wanted to limit the power of his liegemen (\"Dienstmannen\"). A good example of this is the Franconian castle of Salzburg near Bad Neustadt an der Saale, a castle enfeoffed (\"Lehensburg\") by the Würzburg bishops.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
11h6n8
|
Is there a reason why Evangelical Christians sometimes have seizures during "prayer"?
|
[
{
"answer": "Dr. Walter Cannon ([Study here](_URL_0_)) in 1942 studied cases of \"black magic deaths\". Cannon noticed that in cases of victims being \"cursed\" they had an exceptionally strong belief that they were doomed to die. He speculated that the victims released hormones that caused a rapid and potentially fatal drop in blood pressure thus causing them to come down with a serious case of the deads. It's quite likely that these people having seizures have such a firm belief of being able to have this seizure and expecting it is causing them to in fact have one. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4419746",
"title": "Anti-Hindu sentiment",
"section": "Section::::Other countries.:United States.:U.S. Congress.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "In July, 2007, The United States Senate conducted its morning prayer services with a Hindu prayer, a historical first. During the service, three disruptors, named Ante Nedlko Pavkovic, Katherine Lynn Pavkovic and Christen Renee Sugar, from the Fundamentalist Christian activist group Operation Save America protested by arguing that the Hindu prayer was \"an abomination\", and they also claimed that they were \"Christians and Patriots\". They were swiftly arrested and charged with disrupting Congress.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "673799",
"title": "Intercession",
"section": "Section::::Christianity.:The dead.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 1286,
"text": "In addition to praying for each other in life, early Christians would pray for those who had died. There is no unequivocal evidence that Christians began to pray for the dead before the third century AD. G. F. Hamilton argues that the earliest example of Church prayer on behalf of dead Christians are found in the Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis (350 AD). Rather than pray for the departed in regular church services on Sunday, these early Christians would hold special commemorative occasions during the week. There was a sharp distinction drawn between remembering and praying on behalf of the dead, and those who were the faithfully' departed\", where Christians would only pray for those who had died as believers. The First Epistle of Clement (95 AD) contains a prayer, while mainly for protection for the living, also includes the dead. Even quite early, a distinction was drawn between those who had died as Christians, and those who had died as unbelievers. In the \"Martyrdom of Polycarp\" (155 AD), Polycarp is killed and his bones are taken by fellow Christians and a shrine is set up to him, where they may remember his martyrdom. In contrast, the \"Apology of Aristides\" shows how those who were not Christians were grieved for, while the dead faithful were rejoiced over.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5069516",
"title": "HIV/AIDS",
"section": "Section::::Society and culture.:Religion and AIDS.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 134,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 134,
"end_character": 543,
"text": "Some religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS. In 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the Hackney-based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to a number of deaths. The Synagogue Church Of All Nations advertised an \"anointing water\" to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3682527",
"title": "Prayer (Disturbed song)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1143,
"text": "\"Prayer\" is a song released on August 14, 2002 by the American heavy metal band Disturbed as the first single from their second album, \"Believe\". It was inspired by the death of vocalist David Draiman's grandfather as well as various circumstances after the September 11 attacks, and is about a conversation between Draiman and God. Upon release, many media outlets refused to air the \"Prayer\" music video, citing supposed similarities between the imagery of the music video and that of the September 11 attacks. \"Prayer\" peaked at number-three on two United States airplay charts, \"Billboard\"s Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts, as well as peaking at number-fifty-eight on \"Billboard\"s Hot 100 and number-fourteen on the Canadian Singles Chart. \"Prayer\" is Disturbed's second highest charting single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and their highest charting single on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and one of only two of their songs to reach the top five on the chart (the other being \"Inside the Fire\", which peaked at number four). The song is playable and part of the soundtrack to the 2015 music video game, \"Rock Band 4\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52140501",
"title": "Prayer protest",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 700,
"text": "Prayer has a long history as a means of protesting injustices, appealing both to God to intervene and enact justice in the situation, and to political opponents to rise to a superior moral position. Boston declared a day of fasting and prayer in September 1768 as a protest against a British plan to station troops in the city. The Colony of Virginia's House of Burgesses established a day of fasting and prayer to take place on Wednesday, June 1, 1774, to protest the Boston Port Act. Thomas Jefferson found this to remarkably effecting, writing that \"the effect of the day through the whole colony was like a shock of electricity,\" moving the Virginians to choose delegates to establish self-rule.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1607205",
"title": "Lord of the Dance (hymn)",
"section": "Section::::Author's perspective.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 297,
"text": "Whether Jesus ever leaped in Galilee to the rhythm of a pipe or drum I do not know. We are told that David danced (and as an act of worship too), so it is not impossible. The fact that many Christians have regarded dancing as a bit ungodly (in a church, at any rate) does not mean that Jesus did.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38147173",
"title": "Prelest",
"section": "Section::::Prelest and Jesus prayer.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 140,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 140,
"end_character": 1018,
"text": "During practice of the Jesus prayer, the person always encounters an opposition from the demons through the thoughts. They attempt either to make the person abandon the prayer or to make the prayer unpleasing to God, i.e. to drive the person into pride and prelest. There is even such wrong opinion that one can fall into prelest because of the Jesus prayer. This opinion is denied by Valaam elder John (Alexeev): \"One falls into prelest not because of the prayer but because of pride, self-conceit and following own will\". This following own will includes neglecting Confession and advice of the spiritual father, as elder Joseph the Hesychast notes: \"It is not just a matter of saying the prayer, but it is also a matter of being attentive. You must be vigilant with your thoughts, masterfully controlling them. Otherwise, they will take control of you and in the end you will become the laughing-stock of the demons. I have never seen a soul make progress in the prayer without frankly confessing secret thoughts\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2hrf2e
|
Ohio Native Americans. Looking for resources.
|
[
{
"answer": "**Moundbuilders**\n\n* [The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America](_URL_12_)\n* [Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction](_URL_7_)\n* [The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding](_URL_1_)\n* [Ohio Hopewell Community Organization](_URL_14_)\n* [Hopewell Settlement Patterns, Subsistence, and Symbolic Landscapes](_URL_4_)\n* [Recreating Hopewell](_URL_10_)\n\n**Shawnee**\n\n* [Shawnee: The ceremonialism of a native Indian tribe and its cultural background](_URL_2_)\n* [The Shawnees and the War for America](_URL_5_)\n* [The Shawnees and Their Neighbors, 1795-1870](_URL_11_)\n* [A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815](_URL_13_;)\n* [The Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America](_URL_8_)\n\n**Miami**\n\n* [The Miami Indians](_URL_0_)\n* [The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People, 1654-1994](_URL_6_)\n* [The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760](_URL_9_)\n\n**All Three**\n\n* [Handbook of North American Indians, vol 15](_URL_3_)\n\n**C.C. Trowbridge**\n\nIf you check the sources for the Shawnee and Miami books, you'll see the name C.C. Trowbridge come up. His *Shawnese Traditions* and *Meeār̄meear Traditions* are frequently cited, but hard to come by these days. They're worth checking out if you can managed to track them down; if not, you'll get most of main details for the works that cite them.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "53275641",
"title": "The Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin Collection",
"section": "Section::::The Great Lakes-Ohio Valley Ethnohistory Collection.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 791,
"text": "The Great Lakes-Ohio Valley Ethnohistory Collection (GLOVE) is a unique assemblage of primary and secondary resources pertaining to the Native American occupancy of the region. It was collected by Wheeler-Voegelin in the 1950s, and was funded by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare in depth reports concerning American Indian land use and tenure. These reports were intended to be used in the government's defense against cases involving alleged treaty inequities and which were brought before the Indian Claims Commission, a body and a process authorized by federal legislation signed into law on August 13, 1946. This collection allows a focus on American Indian land use and occupancy, and provides resources to researchers interested in American Indian or colonial history topics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53241879",
"title": "Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology",
"section": "Section::::Collections.:Ethnohistory Collections.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 467,
"text": "The Great Lakes and Ohio Valley Ethnohistory Collection contains materials compiled by Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin. These materials describe the history and land usage of groups/tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region from the 1600s until the late 1900s, and records the information gathered by the Indian Claims Commissions (ICC). According to the GBL's website, \"This collection contains 469 linear feet of material and is available for use by researchers.\" \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1138135",
"title": "Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)",
"section": "Section::::Museum.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 543,
"text": "The site now includes a museum covering 1500 years of American Indian heritage in the Ohio Valley. Topics include North America's earliest people, the development of agriculture, and the impact of Europeans who migrated to the area and came into conflict with the Native Americans then living in region. The Museum also contains a classroom, a research area, and a gift shop. The site is open to the public Tuesday-Saturday from 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM and Sunday 12:00 - 5:00 PM April through November; weekends only from December through March.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16767194",
"title": "Indian Knoll",
"section": "Section::::Agriculture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 827,
"text": "The inhabitants of the Ohio Valley were complex hunter-gatherer societies who relied on food rich resources of the deciduous forest and floodplain, including both marine and terrestrial animals and plants. A constant crop of hickory nuts, acorns, roots, and seeds were utilized by the foragers of the area, as well as later domestication of squash in the Green River Region reveals an evident trend toward subsistence agriculture, though this has not been confirmed at Indian Knoll. This site was never fully excavated because of what Webb called, \"difficulties arising from a shortage in the Works Progress Administration labor quota of the county,\" but little area was left unexplored. In 1966 Indian Knoll was designated a National Historic Landmark, and today the site lies within 290 acres of private agricultural fields.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13425122",
"title": "Alice Beck Kehoe",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 382,
"text": "Alice Beck Kehoe (born 1934, New York City) is a feminist anthropologist and archaeologist. She has done considerable field research among Native American peoples in the upper plains of the US and Canada, and has authored research volumes on Native American archaeology and Native American history. She is also the author of several general anthropology and archaeology textbooks. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25957667",
"title": "Sommerheim Park Archaeological District",
"section": "Section::::Preservation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 631,
"text": "Well-preserved Native American archaeological sites are a rarity in the Lake Erie plain. The amount of information found at the Sommerheim Park sites makes them one of the leading archaeological sites in the Erie area and the southern shoreline of Lake Erie. In recognition of their significance, the sites were designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. No other Native American village sites northwest of Pittsburgh are listed on the Register, and the only other prehistoric site on the Register in northwestern Pennsylvania is Indian God Rock, a petroglyph in Venango County.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29479093",
"title": "Jeffrey Goodman",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "In his book \"Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of the North American Prehistory\", Stephen Williams says “he [Goodman] commits an intellectual crime on the very people he seeks spiritually to uplift with his discoveries, the Native Americans.” Here Williams is referring to Goodman’s excavations of Flagstaff, Arizona and his attempted re-writing of American Indian prehistory\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
9eitx6
|
how can straight talk use the same towers as verizon and other top tier providers?
|
[
{
"answer": "Mobile phone companies own a lot of spectrum and towers, generally more than they can use (for now, things are growing). They sell their excess capacity to other providers, such as Straight Talk to use unused portions of their mobile phone networks. It's making $0 while not in use, so they'd rather sell it then have it generate no cash for them.\n\nJust about all large mobile phone companies do this to a fairly significant degree, and as such, its not uncommon for a company (such as a Straight Talk) to have deals with multiple providers in order to make sure their network is good enough, as often one single provider can't give them everything they need.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Towers are expensive to build, own, and maintain. So straight talk just leases space from other carriers that have already built.a tower. They dont have to worry about building them and the other carrier gets to recoup some funds",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Thanks for the easy to understand reply. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I work for a cell phone tower company. We own the towers and rent space on each one to several different carriers. Here’s a random tower from a google search. Generally each level of antennae you see belongs to a different carrier. \n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In addition to the fact that the big companies (Verizon, Att, etc) lease their towers they do so cheaper than it costs for their own customers, how could they get away with that you might ask? Often times it's because the leased carriers are given lower priority than the primary owner, so Straight talk might not get a fast internet download speed while at the same time a Verizon customer would. \n\nThe second tier carriers can be a great deal but understand you may not get quite the same quality of service.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I think there are some anti-competition laws which force large telecoms into sharing their towers with smaller companies. Of course they have to pay to use them.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1652437",
"title": "TracFone Wireless",
"section": "Section::::Other brands.:Straight Talk.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 242,
"text": "Straight Talk is a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) offering both CDMA and GSM support. The CDMA service uses Verizon's or Sprint's CDMA 1xRTT wireless networks and the GSM service makes use of either T-Mobile's or AT&T's GSM networks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2013139",
"title": "Xfinity",
"section": "Section::::Land line telephone.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 1268,
"text": "Xfinity Voice allows communication over the internet using VoIP, but uses a private network instead of a public IP address, which allows Comcast to prioritize the voice data during heavy traffic. In technical terms, on Comcast's Hybrid Fiber Coaxial network, calls are placed into individual Unsolicited Grant Service flows, based on DOCSIS 1.1 Quality of service standards. For the customer, this has the benefit of preventing network congestion from interfering with call quality. However, this separation of traffic into separate flows, or Smart pipe, has been seen by some as a violation of net neutrality, who call instead for equal treatment of all data, or dumb pipe. Other, non-Comcast VoIP services on Comcast's network must use the lower priority public IP addresses. The practice was questioned by the FCC in 2009. In their response, Comcast stated that services that use telecommunications are not necessarily telecommunications services, and noted the FCC's current designation of Comcast Digital Voice as an information service exempted it from telecommunications service regulations. Comcast also said that because Comcast Voice was a separate service, it was unfair to directly compare the data for Comcast Voice with the data for other VoIP services.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29296208",
"title": "VenueGen",
"section": "Section::::Technology.:Audio.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 317,
"text": "Users with a headset and a broadband connection can communicate through VoIP or dial-in from a phone line using one of VenueGen's designated conference phone numbers. Voices of participants are heard in-world through 3D positional sound audio that enables users to locate and identify users speaking around the room.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12455177",
"title": "Telstra Corporate Centre",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 357,
"text": "Telstra Corporate Centre is an office skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia. Standing 218 m high with 47 floors (43 used as offices), it is in the top ten tallest in Melbourne. It is located at 242 Exhibition Street. It is the world headquarters for Telstra and includes a small retail precinct located on the ground floor towards the Little Lonsdale St side.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42663908",
"title": "Perrott Lyon Mathieson",
"section": "Section::::Notable projects.:Telstra Corporate Centre.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 1264,
"text": "The Telstra Corporate Centre is a sleek, black signature for a corporatised government monopoly, to some extent comfortable and very recognisable that sits well in the skyline. The design at the corporate scale is to accept a complicity with the value system of the city that is to accept the primary role of the other discourses such as the economic and speculative. The aerial view of the telecom building shows us the glazed tower wrapped around the core. The overall configuration of the tower, as an object, is sculptural rather than elevational with the smoked class curtain walls that cover the majority of the building's exterior facade, reflecting the city on its surface as well as keeping its interior private. Its glass curtain walls coil around the grey tilted lift core, offering the different aspects of its composition as the viewer circles the city. The telecom corporate building by Perrott Lyon Mathieson is an evolution of the tower type in Melbourne as it is able to reconfigure the tower as a response to the city in the round, or a reading of the city as an object. As part of the skyline, this view of the collective aspirations of a society is critical in placing that society within world culture, but also in designating its difference.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29580",
"title": "Set-top box",
"section": "Section::::TV signal sources.:IPTV receiver.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 503,
"text": "In IPTV networks, the set-top box is a small computer providing two-way communications on an IP network and decoding the video streaming media. IP set-top boxes have a built-in home network interface that can be Ethernet, Wireless (802.11 g,n,ac), or one of the existing wire home networking technologies such as HomePNA or the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1Gbit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines, and coaxial cables).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13522458",
"title": "British telephone socket",
"section": "Section::::Broadband.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 485,
"text": "In order to use Broadband Internet services simultaneously with voice telephony, it is necessary to use a DSL filter. This is a low pass filter in line with the phone outlet. This prevents high frequency data noise from affecting the lower frequency voice bandwidth and it also prevents the low impedance of the connected phone from attenuating or modulating the high speed DSL data Path. Enough bandwidth is retained for voice telephony and the majority is used for high speed data. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1ri9j9
|
why would the israelis and saudis lobby *against* an interim nuclear deal between the us and iran?
|
[
{
"answer": "A similar deal was given to North Korea in the 1990s with regard to their nuclear program. Now they have multiple nuclear weapons and have spread the technology to other countries like Pakistan, which have since built some nuclear weapons of their own.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "59482471",
"title": "Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action",
"section": "Section::::Continued criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "Israel and Saudi Arabia expressed concern about Iran's ability to use diplomatic cover and unfrozen money from the deal to strengthen its regional position and that of its allies. Critics in Washington accused the Obama administration of having been duped by Iran and Russia into accepting a deal that was antithetical to American interests.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48998216",
"title": "Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict",
"section": "Section::::History.:Arab Spring and Arab Winter.:2018.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 638,
"text": "Both Israel and Saudi Arabia supported the US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal. In anticipation of the withdrawal, Iran indicated it would continue to pursue closer ties to Russia and China, with Ayatollah Khamenei stating in February 2018: \"In foreign policy, the top priorities for us today include preferring East to West.\" The unilateral decision by the United States drew concerns of increased tensions with Russia and China, both of which are parties to the nuclear agreement. It also heightened tensions in the Middle East, raising the risk of a larger military conflict breaking out involving Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14787",
"title": "Iran–Contra affair",
"section": "Section::::Arms sales to Iran.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 1643,
"text": "Following the Israeli–U.S. meeting, Israel requested permission from the United States to sell a small number of BGM-71 TOW antitank missiles to Iran, claiming that this would aid the \"moderate\" Iranian faction, by demonstrating that the group actually had high-level connections to the U.S. government. Reagan initially rejected the plan, until Israel sent information to the United States showing that the \"moderate\" Iranians were opposed to terrorism and had fought against it. Now having a reason to trust the \"moderates\", Reagan approved the transaction, which was meant to be between Israel and the \"moderates\" in Iran, with the United States reimbursing Israel. In his 1990 autobiography \"An American Life\", Reagan claimed that he was deeply committed to securing the release of the hostages; it was this compassion that supposedly motivated his support for the arms initiatives. The president requested that the \"moderate\" Iranians do everything in their capability to free the hostages held by Hezbollah. Reagan always insisted in public after the scandal broke in late 1986 that purpose behind the arms-for-hostages trade was to establish a working relationship with the \"moderate\" faction associated with Rafsanjani to facilitate the reestablishment of the American–Iranian alliance after the soon to be expected death of Khomeini, to end the Iran–Iraq war and end Iranian support for Islamic terrorism while downplaying the importance of freeing the hostages in Lebanon as a secondary issue. By contrast, when testifying before the Tower Commission, Reagan declared that hostage issue was the main reason for selling arms to Iran.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10246099",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747",
"section": "Section::::Iran's proposed solution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 63,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 63,
"end_character": 526,
"text": "Iran has agreed to hold further talks, without the precondition to halt its uranium enrichment programme. The United States has opposed this, even though it has agreed to hold direct talks relating to other subjects like the war in Iraq. In 2003, Iran was known to have made a similar confidential proposal to the United States through the Swiss Embassy in Tehran. Switzerland is the US protecting power in Iran since the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The United States is said to have rejected those discussions, at that time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47243238",
"title": "Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action",
"section": "Section::::Non-negotiating countries' positions.:Saudi Arabia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 169,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 169,
"end_character": 456,
"text": "Saudi Arabia fears that a deal with Iran could come at expense of Sunni Arabs. U.S. President Barack Obama paid a visit to Riyadh in March 2014 and assured King Abdullah that he is determined to stop Iran from getting a nuclear weapon and that the United States would not accept a bad deal. However, an editorial in Al Riyadh newspaper claimed that the president did not know Iran as the Saudis did, and could not convince them that Iran will be peaceful.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34928360",
"title": "Views on the nuclear program of Iran",
"section": "Section::::Middle Eastern views.:Israeli views.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 848,
"text": "Despite of politicians talks, Israeli public does not seem to share the same concern about the Iranian nuclear deal. Or rather, they do acknowledge that nuclear capability in Iran is a threat and they do not believe that the new agreement proposed by Obama will solve the situation. However, in recent polls, when asked to rank what is the major threat to Israeli security, Iran's nuclear power figured only in second position. Hamas and Hezbollah's terrorism is what concerns the most. Also when asked about internal issues, what figured as the highest concern for Israel's stability was the relationship between Israelis and Palestinians, not the Iranian nuclear threat. So, eventhough the population shares with the politicians the same concern about the nuclear threat, they do not think that should be the countrie's first issue to deal with.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10246099",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 664,
"text": "Iran did not accept this offer because it was not attractive enough and because of its inalienable right to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes, it says. To justify its position, Iran made reference to previous accords concluded between the late Shah of Iran and the West regarding Eurodif and Bushehr. Iran has also referred to similar accords between the West and other countries like North Korea or Libya, where agreements reached and promises made have not been kept. In Resolution 1737, adopted by the Security Council in December 2006, an initial series of sanctions against Iran was implemented because it did not suspend its uranium enrichment programme.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
yi0hl
|
How close can stars get?
|
[
{
"answer": "You have binary star systems in which each member can retain its own planets in their respective ecospheres.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nasa found the first planet ever discovered in a binary star system about a year ago if 'I remember correctly. Found an article:[Nasa news link](_URL_0_). In it, it also mentions that binary star systems are actually the majority in our galaxy. I know this doesn't directly answer your question about how close exactly, but found it interesting and pertinent to the discussion.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are two types of planets in binary systems- one is \"circumbinary\" meaning the two stars orbit each other, and the planet orbits the pair. The other, I forget the name of at the moment, but it's more like what you're thinking of- the planet orbits one star in a binary system. There are many of these systems- although RV studies are biased against them, so we don't have a good idea on their exact number, but Kepler is finding some of these so we should have a good handle on their statistics soon.\n\nMost binary pairs are separated by ~500 AU, and there's no reason planets couldn't form there. You'd have to worry about dynamical effects (Kozai, etc), especially as you moved the stars closer together, but there's no reason to suggest you couldn't have planetary systems with another star just tens to 100 AU away. Then if you could travel 0.25c, it would only take you a few days to travel from one to the other.\n\nAt the most conservative, to avoid dynamical effects let's say you have to be at 1000 AU to avoid massive scattering incidents that are not conducive for life, and let's say you can only travel at 0.01 AU- you're still only a year and a half away from the other stellar system then. Not too shabby!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "26808",
"title": "Star",
"section": "Section::::Distribution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 76,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 76,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "The nearest star to the Earth, apart from the Sun, is Proxima Centauri, which is 39.9 trillion kilometres, or 4.2 light-years. Travelling at the orbital speed of the Space Shuttle (8 kilometres per second—almost 30,000 kilometres per hour), it would take about 150,000 years to arrive. This is typical of stellar separations in galactic discs. Stars can be much closer to each other in the centres of galaxies and in globular clusters, or much farther apart in galactic halos.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40087580",
"title": "NGC 44",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 309,
"text": "Due to their differing proper motions, the stars were originally further from each other at the time of discovery, ~8.7 arcseconds, compared to today's ~2.8 arcseconds. They will reach their closest apparent separation from each other around 2150, when they will only be separated by roughly 0.72 arcseconds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22669",
"title": "Open cluster",
"section": "Section::::Stellar composition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 596,
"text": "Because of their high density, close encounters between stars in an open cluster are common. For a typical cluster with 1,000 stars with a 0.5 parsec half-mass radius, on average a star will have an encounter with another member every 10 million years. The rate is even higher in denser clusters. These encounters can have a significant impact on the extended circumstellar disks of material that surround many young stars. Tidal perturbations of large disks may result in the formation of massive planets and brown dwarfs, producing companions at distances of 100 AU or more from the host star.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41559701",
"title": "68 Cygni",
"section": "Section::::Properties.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "According to the star's measured parallax of 0.70 milliarcseconds, it is located approximately distant, although such low parallax values are subject to low precision. With taking into account the error estimate of 0.23 milliarcseconds, the star's distance could be anywhere between and distant, although values close to the mean value are more likely.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "801330",
"title": "Gaia (spacecraft)",
"section": "Section::::Objectives.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "BULLET::::- The distance to about 20 million stars will thus be measured with a precision of 1% or better, and about 200 million distances will be measured to better than 10%. Distances accurate to 10% will be achieved as far away as the Galactic Centre, 30,000 light-years away.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2684812",
"title": "Alcyone (star)",
"section": "Section::::Star system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 303,
"text": "The closest companion has a very low mass and is less than 1 milli-arcsecond away, with a likely orbital period just over four days. The other star is about half the mass of the giant and they are separated by 0.031 arcseconds, or about the distance from the Sun to Jupiter, orbiting in about 830 days.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36601157",
"title": "Gliese 1062",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 334,
"text": "The star has a total proper motion of 3.033 \"/yr, making it the 25th-fastest-moving star in terms of angular position as seen from Earth, and its radial velocity is -18 km/s. At a distance of about 52 light years (16 parsecs) and with an absolute magnitude of 13.1, this star has an apparent magnitude of 14.6 when viewed from Earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2edsah
|
Was it always a rude thing to ask about salaries? For example, would somebody in 19th century London be offended if I asked how much they made?
|
[
{
"answer": "A lot of 18th century literature talks about money and how much a person had \"settled\" on them per year. Jane Austen and similar writers focused on this a lot. Jane's characters always knew how much every person made and how much they could expect to have if they married that person. \n\n\nI am not sure how accurately that translated into real life though. Or how much it happened in the middle and lower classes, since most literature focused on the richer classes.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "46187810",
"title": "Indentured servitude in the Americas",
"section": "Section::::North America.:Development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "In the 18th century, wages in Great Britain were low because of a surplus of labour. The average monetary wage was about 50 shillings (£2.50, ) a year for a plowman, and 40 shillings (£2) a year for an ordinary unskilled worker. Ships' captains negotiated prices for transporting and feeding a passenger on the seven- or eight-week journey across the ocean, averaging about £5 to £7, the equivalent of years of work back in England.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1536114",
"title": "Pay toilet",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 387,
"text": "Some of the earliest documented pay toilets were built around 74 AD in Rome. Emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus created this method to ease the financial hardships resulting from the many wars that had been fought. This was not a popular choice with his people, and he was ridiculed for the decision, to which he reacted with the famous quote, \"Pecunia non olet\", \"Money does not stink\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "527254",
"title": "Costermonger",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 1234,
"text": "During the 19th-century, costermongers gained an unsavoury reputation for their \"low habits, general improvidence, love of gambling, total want of education, disregard for lawful marriage ceremonies, and their use of a peculiar slang language.\" Mayhew was aware of this reputation, but exhibited an ambivalent attitude towards them. On the one hand, he described them as \"usurers\" and pointed out that cheating was widespread. Weights were flattened to make products look bigger and heavier, and measures were fitted with thick or false bottoms to give false readings. On the other hand, Mayhew also noted that in his own personal experience, \"they are far less dishonest than they are usually believed to be. James Greenwood, a Victorian journalist and social commentator, also used derogatory language to describe costermongers and their markets but was aware of the essential service they provided by noting that the poor would be the ultimate \"losers\" if they were denied access to the costermongering culture which supported them. The Methodist writer, Godfrey Holden Pike, argued that the Sabbath market was vulgar, but in later writings, he noted that \"influential newspapers have often misrepresented him [the costermonger].\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "705256",
"title": "Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 419,
"text": "The O-yatois were highly paid; in 1874, they numbered 520 men, at which time their salaries came to ¥2.272 million, or 33.7 percent of the national annual budget. The salary system was equivalent to the British India, for instance, the chief engineer of the British India's Public Works was paid 2,500 Rs/month which was almost same as 1,000 Yen, salary of Thomas William Kinder, superintend of the Osaka Mint in 1870.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34443670",
"title": "Moss Jernverk",
"section": "Section::::A small society.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 413,
"text": "In the 1730s there was a lack of skilled workers and the workers seemed to exploit that by striking and demanding higher wages during the auction in 1738. The conditions for most of the workers were all the same, poor. Carl Hübsch wrote in 1738 that Moss Jernverk did not keep any overview of the workers that built houses on their premises, as they anyway were so poor that no rent could be extracted from them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26954",
"title": "Stephen King",
"section": "Section::::Political views and activism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 98,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 98,
"end_character": 279,
"text": "On April 30, 2012, King published an article in \"The Daily Beast\" calling for rich Americans, including himself, to pay more taxes, citing it as \"a practical necessity and moral imperative that those who have received much should be obligated to pay ... in the same proportion\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6636696",
"title": "Robert W. Healy",
"section": "Section::::Cambridge city manager.:Criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 547,
"text": "In recent history, the media has highlighted the salary of the City Manager as being one of the highest in the State of Massachusetts. The salary is higher than that of the Mayor of the City of Boston, some opinion editorials claim his salary is double that of the Governor of Massachusetts, or in some instances, almost that of the President of the United States. In February 2011, City Councillor Leland Cheung pushed a policy order that would call for greater transparency in city council contracts for the Office of the City Manager's salary.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2g0mw1
|
Which events led to enforcing speed limits on vehicles?
|
[
{
"answer": "Speed limits are older than the \"horseless carriage\" itself; the Locomotive Act of 1861 in the UK limited steam-powered \"road locomotives\" (train engines designed to travel on roads instead of tracks) to a maximum speed of 10 mph. In 1865 the speed limit was lowered to 4 mph and a requirement was added for a man carrying a red flag to walk at least 60 yards in front of the vehicle to warn others of its passage. In 1896, following the development of the modern automobile concept, the red flag requirement was dropped and the speed limit was amended to 8 to 16 mph at the local authority's discretion.\n\nTwo examples of roads I'm aware of which previously did not have speed limits, but on which they were introduced:\n\nSpeed limits were introduced on the UK's M1 motorway after racing driver Jack Sears tested an AC Cobra coupe at 185 mph on it in 1964, instigating a moral panic that led to the implementation of a \"temporary\" 70 mph speed limit in 1965, made permanent in 1970.\n\nNumerical speed limits in Montana were implemented [in 1998](_URL_0_) after a man charged with speeding successfully argued before the state supreme court that the state's restriction to \"reasonable and proper\" speeds was unconstitutionally vague.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "27217976",
"title": "Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early years.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 205,
"text": "All speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930 because 'the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26341836",
"title": "Road Traffic Act 1934",
"section": "Section::::Context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 1352,
"text": "The Locomotive Acts of the late 1800s had placed heavy restrictions of speeds of \"locomotives\". Under pressure from an emerging motor industry and growing enthusiasm for motor cars the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 had reduced the restrictions and increased speed limits. Speed limits were again raised by the Motor Car Act 1903 which also introduced requirements for registration of vehicles and for driving licenses as well as new safety legislation. The Road Traffic Act 1930 had controversially removed all speed limits for motorcars in a year with record 7,305 road fatalities since which the levels of fatalities had increased to 7,343 deaths and 231,603 injuries. Half the deaths were of pedestrians, and of these three-quarters occurred in built-up areas. Hore-Belisha spoke of this as \"mass murder\" and he was nearly killed shortly after his appointment during a public-relations exercise to demonstrate how to use the new \"uncontrolled crossings\" when a car sped through the crossing without stopping. The Pedestrian's Association had been set up in 1929 to advocate on behalf of pedestrians with the Automobile Association and Royal Automobile Club resisting further legislation. The Salter Report which had been commissioned by the government was published in 1933 and recommended changes to the funding of both road and rail transport.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27141687",
"title": "Road speed limits in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early years.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 643,
"text": "The speed limit for motor cars was raised to by the Motor Car Act 1903 which stood until 1 January 1931 when all speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930. Lord Buckmaster's opinion at the time was that the speed limit was removed because \"the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt\". Between 1930 and 1935 the number of annual road fatalities dropped from 7,305 to 6,502. The same act also introduced a speed limits for UK coach services, UK bus services and most HGVs. Buses were not necessarily fitted with Speedometers at this stage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27217976",
"title": "Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early years.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 229,
"text": "The early Locomotive Acts between 1866 and 1896 effectively calmed self-propelled traffic by requiring that a man walked in front of each vehicle with a red flag, and so the imposed speed limits of and did not require enforcing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1140819",
"title": "Royal Automobile Club",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 714,
"text": "During 1902 the organisation, together with the recently formed Association of Motor Manufactures and Traders campaigned vigorously for the relaxation of speed limits claiming that the 14 mph speed limit imposed by the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 was 'absurd' and was seldom observed. The organisations, with support from the Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, had considerable influence over the forthcoming Motor Car Act 1903 which originally proposed to remove all speed limits for cars while introducing the offence of driving recklessly. In the face of considerable opposition a speed limit of 20 mph was retained in addition to the creation of the offence of driving recklessly, dangerously or negligently.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "78809",
"title": "Speed limit",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "A series of Locomotive Acts (in 1861, 1865 and 1878) created the first numeric speed limits for mechanically propelled vehicles in the UK; the 1861 Act introduced a UK speed limit of on open roads in town, which was reduced to in towns and in rural areas by the 1865 \"Red Flag Act.\" The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896, which raised the speed limit to is celebrated by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27141687",
"title": "Road speed limits in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early years.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 693,
"text": "The Road Traffic Act 1934, created by Leslie Hore-Belisha, the then Minister of Transport, introduced a speed limit of in built-up areas for cars and motorcycles which came into effect on 18 March 1935. The definition of a built-up area was based on the presence of street lighting, which had previously been mandated by the Public Health Act 1875. The re-introduction of a speed limit for cars was in response to concern at increased road casualties. The number of fatalities had increased to 7,343 deaths, half of the deaths were pedestrians and of three-quarters of these occurred in built-up areas. Between 1935 and 1940 the number of annual road fatalities increased from 6,502 to 8,609.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ly4kr
|
django and other web frameworks
|
[
{
"answer": "An ELI5 would require an entire chapter to cover the basics. I'm going to assume you understand certain concepts. If the explanation is still confusing, ask, and I'll post a more detailed response.\n\n**ELI20:** A framework is like an operating system. It provides libraries, as well as resource management and code architecture.\n\n\n[Django](_URL_1_) is a Python framework for creating web applications. [wxPython](_URL_3_) is a Python framework for creating desktop GUI applications. Let's look at both of them.\n\n\n## Libraries\nA library is like a small mini program that does something specific. Just like a Firefox add-on, except in source code form. You use this functionality to do stuff within your own application. So having access to a library allows you to implement features without having to code that functionality yourself.\n\n\nFor example Django provides [sitemaps](_URL_2_) and [geolocation](_URL_5_). So if you used Django, you don't need to write your own sitemap module. You simply use the one provided by Django.\n\n\nwxPython provides [wxODBC](_URL_0_) and [wxSound](_URL_4_). Both of these are tremendously useful when writing database frontends. \n\n\n## Resource Management\n\nThe most basic webapp needs a database to store data and session management to keep track of all the people connected to your webapp. \n\n\nDjango provides a means to link your Python classes to your database, so the data from the database is automatically read/written to the class variables. This is called an an ORM (Object Relational Mapper). Without it you would need to write CRUD code to read/write/delete information in the database. \n\n\nSo in effect it makes your app a lot simpler. The downside is that you have to do things the Django way. Create classes, variables, and structures that Django needs to provide all these features. this brings me to the final point which is Architecture\n\n\n## Architecture\n\nWeb frameworks, including Django, structure code using the Model-View-Controller design pattern. Django implements a hybrid version of MVC with templates. So if you used Django, your program would also have to be organized along MVC lines.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "An ELI5 would require an entire chapter to cover the basics. I'm going to assume you understand certain concepts. If the explanation is still confusing, ask, and I'll post a more detailed response.\n\n**ELI20:** A framework is like an operating system. It provides libraries, as well as resource management and code architecture.\n\n\n[Django](_URL_1_) is a Python framework for creating web applications. [wxPython](_URL_3_) is a Python framework for creating desktop GUI applications. Let's look at both of them.\n\n\n## Libraries\nA library is like a small mini program that does something specific. Just like a Firefox add-on, except in source code form. You use this functionality to do stuff within your own application. So having access to a library allows you to implement features without having to code that functionality yourself.\n\n\nFor example Django provides [sitemaps](_URL_2_) and [geolocation](_URL_5_). So if you used Django, you don't need to write your own sitemap module. You simply use the one provided by Django.\n\n\nwxPython provides [wxODBC](_URL_0_) and [wxSound](_URL_4_). Both of these are tremendously useful when writing database frontends. \n\n\n## Resource Management\n\nThe most basic webapp needs a database to store data and session management to keep track of all the people connected to your webapp. \n\n\nDjango provides a means to link your Python classes to your database, so the data from the database is automatically read/written to the class variables. This is called an an ORM (Object Relational Mapper). Without it you would need to write CRUD code to read/write/delete information in the database. \n\n\nSo in effect it makes your app a lot simpler. The downside is that you have to do things the Django way. Create classes, variables, and structures that Django needs to provide all these features. this brings me to the final point which is Architecture\n\n\n## Architecture\n\nWeb frameworks, including Django, structure code using the Model-View-Controller design pattern. Django implements a hybrid version of MVC with templates. So if you used Django, your program would also have to be organized along MVC lines.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2247376",
"title": "Django (web framework)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 277,
"text": "Django ( ; stylised as django) is a Python-based free and open-source web framework, which follows the model-template-view (MTV) architectural pattern. It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2247376",
"title": "Django (web framework)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 486,
"text": "Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. The framework emphasizes reusability and \"pluggability\" of components, less code, low coupling, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself. Python is used throughout, even for settings files and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2247376",
"title": "Django (web framework)",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 303,
"text": "Django was created in the fall of 2003, when the web programmers at the \"Lawrence Journal-World\" newspaper, Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison, began using Python to build applications. It was released publicly under a BSD license in July 2005. The framework was named after guitarist Django Reinhardt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14990331",
"title": "Simon Willison",
"section": "Section::::Career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "In 2003–2004, whilst working at the \"Lawrence Journal-World\" during an industrial placement year, he and other web developers (Adrian Holovaty, Jacob Kaplan-Moss and Wilson Miner) created Django, an open source web application framework for Python.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27118520",
"title": "Django (music software)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 343,
"text": "Django is a software program for engraving of tabulature for lutes, archlute, theorbo and other early plucked and bowed instruments. It may be an earlier or later version of \"Fandango\" software. It was created by the French composer, lutenist, and programmer Alain Veylit. It is currently the only program that produces tabulature in Braille.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7052260",
"title": "Adrian Holovaty",
"section": "Section::::Life and career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 369,
"text": "While working at the \"Lawrence Journal-World\" from 2002 to 2005, he and other web developers (Simon Willison, Jacob Kaplan-Moss and Wilson Miner) created Django, an open source web application framework for Python. He and Kaplan-Moss served as the framework's Benevolent Dictators for Life until January 2014. The pair wrote \"The Django Book\", first published in 2007.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2247376",
"title": "Django (web framework)",
"section": "Section::::Features.:Components.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 461,
"text": "Despite having its own nomenclature, such as naming the callable objects generating the HTTP responses \"views\", the core Django framework can be seen as an MVC architecture. It consists of an object-relational mapper (ORM) that mediates between data models (defined as Python classes) and a relational database (\"Model\"), a system for processing HTTP requests with a web templating system (\"View\"), and a regular-expression-based URL dispatcher (\"Controller\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3f9sz8
|
the chinese market crashes
|
[
{
"answer": "This crisis comes along with the GDP growth of China slowing down. Chinese people started to invest in the stocks because of China's central bank decision to lower rate (the idea was to keep the growth going).\n\nThis created a bubble as many businesses were overvalued. Fearing huge speculation, the Chinese authorities decided to correct it (some people were taking bankc loans only to invest) the bubble popped here. \n\nHowever the Chinese government panicked and invested back in the stock market and encourage shareholders to invest in the stocks, keeping the bubble growing back. \n\nThis crisis didn't have huge effects on the rest of world as some people feared, but this kind of crisis is going to happen. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "47189682",
"title": "2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 464,
"text": "By the end of December 2015 China's stock market had recovered from the shocks and had outperformed S&P for 2015, though still well below the 12 June highs. By the end of 2015 the Shanghai Composite Index was up 12.6 percent. In January 2016 the Chinese stock market experienced a steep sell-off and trading was halted on 4 and 7 January 2016 after the market fell 7%, the latter within 30 minutes of open. The market meltdown set off a global rout in early 2016.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48943512",
"title": "2010s oil glut",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Global Growth slowing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "The 2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence slowed the growth of the economy in China, restraining its demand for oil and other industrial commodities. China’s fast rising debt pile, especially since 2008, has also led to concerns about a Chinese financial crisis and/or Chinese recession, which led to significant volatility and loss of asset value in other world markets.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47189682",
"title": "2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence",
"section": "Section::::January 2016 global meltdown.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 259,
"text": "On both 4 January and 7 January 2016 the Chinese stock market experienced a sharp sell-off of about 8% that quickly sent stocks tumbling globally. From 4 January to 15 January, China’s stock market fell 18% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average was down 8.2%.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47189682",
"title": "2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 735,
"text": "The Chinese stock market turbulence began with the popping of the stock market bubble on 12 June 2015 and ended in early February 2016. A third of the value of A-shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange was lost within one month of the event. Major aftershocks occurred around 27 July and 24 August's \"Black Monday\". By 8–9 July 2015, the Shanghai stock market had fallen 30 percent over three weeks as 1,400 companies, or more than half listed, filed for a trading halt in an attempt to prevent further losses. Values of Chinese stock markets continued to drop despite efforts by the government to reduce the fall. After three stable weeks the Shanghai index fell again on 24 August by 8.48 percent, marking the largest fall since 2007.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5195",
"title": "Economy of Canada",
"section": "Section::::Bank of Canada.:Inflation targeting.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "The Chinese stock market had lost about US$3 trillion of wealth by July 2015 when panicked investors sold stocks, which created declines in the commodities markets, which in turn negatively impacted resource-producing countries like Canada.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47189682",
"title": "2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence",
"section": "Section::::Black Monday and Tuesday.:World finance response.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 632,
"text": "Global companies that relied on the Chinese market suffered from the turbulence. Stocks that they own were devalued . For example, French alcoholic beverage company, Rémy Cointreau, and British luxury-goods company, Burberry, saw their shares devalued and declining demand of their imports from Chinese distributors. Second-quarter sales of American fast food company, Yum! Brands, in China dropped 10 percent, resulting in revenue going under the company's estimate. South African ore mining company, Kumba Iron Ore, eliminated its dividends on 21 July as the 61 percent loss of profit in the first half of the year was announced.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "36397",
"title": "2010s",
"section": "Section::::Economics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 1061,
"text": "In 2010, China became the second largest global economy, surpassing Japan. Japan also saw a rating downgrade the following year due to debt burden. In August 2011, the S&P downgraded the United States' credit rating from triple AAA to AA-plus following a debt ceiling crisis. Also in 2011, a Gallup poll found that more than half of Americans believed the country was still in a recession. From 12 June 2015, the Shanghai Stock Exchange lost a third of the value of A-shares within one month, known as the 2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence. India became the fastest growing major economy of the world in 2015, surpassing China. In 2018, as the U.S. Federal Reserve raised interest rates, fears of a yield curve inversion preceding a potential U.S. recession sent inflation higher in several emerging markets, including Argentina, where interest rates hit 40% and an International Monetary Fund bail out was issued. In 2019, Singapore supplanted the United States as the world's most competitive economy, with the U.S. dropping to third, behind Hong Kong.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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]
}
] | null |
17q60u
|
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, was England (or the United Kingdom) ever a similarly significant internationally?
|
[
{
"answer": "Just drawing off the top of my own head here before a proper answer comes in, England always had a strong navy after the middle ages, henry viii leaving the catholic church made England pretty significant and then holding off the Spanish armada was no mean feat. ",
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
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"wikipedia_id": "152256",
"title": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland",
"section": "Section::::Victorian era.:Foreign policy.:Free trade imperialism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 72,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 72,
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"text": "After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as \"Pax Britannica\" (\"British Peace\"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914). By the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851, Britain was described as the \"workshop of the world\". Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe and the empire, especially in Latin America and Asia. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an informal one based on the British pound.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "160310",
"title": "New Imperialism",
"section": "Section::::Rise.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 541,
"text": "During this period, between the 1815 Congress of Vienna after the defeat of Napoleonic France and the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, Britain reaped the benefits of being the world's sole modern, industrial power. As the \"workshop of the world\", Britain could produce finished goods so efficiently that they could usually undersell comparable, locally manufactured goods in foreign markets, even supplying a large share of the manufactured goods consumed by such nations as the German states, France, Belgium, and the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46187275",
"title": "History of industrialisation",
"section": "Section::::Industrial revolution in Europe.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the UK experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as the British Agricultural Revolution, which enabled an unprecedented population growth, freeing a significant percentage of the workforce from farming, and helping to drive the Industrial Revolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31727",
"title": "Economy of the United Kingdom",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 577,
"text": "In the 18th century the UK was the first country to industrialise, and during the 19th century it had a dominant role in the global economy, accounting for 9.1% of the world's GDP in 1870. The Second Industrial Revolution was also taking place rapidly in the United States and the German Empire; this presented an increasing economic challenge for the UK. The costs of fighting World War I and World War II further weakened the UK's relative position. In the 21st century, however, the UK remains a great power with the ability to project power and influence around the world.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "9316",
"title": "England",
"section": "Section::::History.:Late modern and contemporary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 896,
"text": "Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth in British overseas trade protected by the Royal Navy paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development. The opening of Northwest England's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain. In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – the Stockton and Darlington Railway – opened to the public.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "760776",
"title": "History of the British Isles",
"section": "Section::::19th century.:Victorian era.:Free trade imperialism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 459,
"text": "The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain's dominance in engineering and industry; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s. Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe, especially in Latin America and Asia. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an informal one based on the British pound.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31723",
"title": "History of the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Victorian era.:Foreign policy.:Free trade imperialism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "The Great London Exhibition of 1851 clearly demonstrated Britain's dominance in engineering and industry; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s. Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe, especially in Latin America and Asia. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule and an informal one based on the British pound.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2kvl9x
|
Relation b/w speed of light and gravity?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is actually a pretty complicated question. In special relativity, for inertial frames, the speed of light is a pure global constant. In general relativity, the issue becomes more muddled, here's what Einstein said about it: \n\n > \"... according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity [...] cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position.\"\n\nIn essence, the speed of light constancy rule requires that you remain in an inertial frame, which involves two situations: Free falling into a gravitational source (ignorant non uniform, tidal effects) and being sufficiently far from any source of gravity thus replicating special relativity. The basic reason for this is in special relativity, Lorentz transformations take on a global usage, but on general relativity, you can only do these *locally* and as a result your speed of light measurement is only necessarily *c* when the light is near you.\n\nEdit: Here's some resource on the topic: \n_URL_1_ \n_URL_0_",
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"answer": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "1267762",
"title": "Variable speed of light",
"section": "Section::::Historical proposals.:Einstein's updated proposals (1905–1915).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 304,
"text": "Max Born agreed with Einstein and stated both speed and direction of light change in a gravity field first published 1923 in English, 1920 in German. Born expressed the magnitude of light speed as the square root of (−\"g\"/\"g\") gravity components in general relativity to leave no doubt about his intent.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "13478488",
"title": "Speed of gravity",
"section": "Section::::Introduction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 888,
"text": "The speed of gravitational waves in the general theory of relativity is equal to the \"speed of light\" in a vacuum, \"c\". Within the theory of special relativity, the constant \"c\" is not exclusively about light; instead it is the highest possible speed for any interaction in nature. Formally, \"c\" is a conversion factor for changing the unit of time to the unit of space. This makes it the only speed which does not depend either on the motion of an observer or a source of light and/or gravity. Thus, the speed of \"light\" is also the speed of gravitational waves and any massless particle. Such particles include the gluon (carrier of the strong force), the photons that make up light (hence carrier of electromagnetic force), and the hypothetical gravitons which make up the associated field particles of gravity (however, a theory of the graviton requires a theory of quantum gravity).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1267762",
"title": "Variable speed of light",
"section": "Section::::Historical proposals.:Einstein's updated proposals (1905–1915).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 421,
"text": "Albert Einstein went through several versions of light speed theory between 1905 and 1915, eventually concluding that light speed is constant when gravity does not have to be considered but that the speed of light cannot be constant in a gravitational field with variable strength. In the same book Einstein explained that he intended light speed to be a vector when it was described by coordinates in a reference frame.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17503609",
"title": "Test theories of special relativity",
"section": "Section::::Robertson–Mansouri–Sexl framework.:Experiments with RMS.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 322,
"text": "where formula_15 is the speed of light in the preferred frame, and formula_16 is the speed of light measured in the moving frame at an angle formula_17 from the direction in which the frame is moving. To verify that special relativity is correct, the expected values of the parameters are formula_18, and thus formula_19.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1411100",
"title": "Introduction to general relativity",
"section": "Section::::Geometry and gravitation.:Einstein's equations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 256,
"text": "i.e., up to a constant multiple, the quantity G (which measures curvature) is equated with the quantity T (which measures matter content). Here, \"G\" is the gravitational constant of Newtonian gravity, and \"c\" is the speed of light from special relativity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "894774",
"title": "Emission theory",
"section": "Section::::Refutations of emission theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 590,
"text": "where \"c\" is the speed of light, \"v\" that of the source, \"c' \" the resultant speed of light, and \"k\" a constant denoting the extent of source dependence which can attain values between 0 and 1. According to special relativity and the stationary aether, \"k\"=0, while emission theories allow values up to 1. Numerous terrestrial experiments have been performed, over very short distances, where no \"light dragging\" or extinction effects could come into play, and again the results confirm that light speed is independent of the speed of the source, conclusively ruling out emission theories.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20757063",
"title": "Hyperbolic law of cosines",
"section": "Section::::Relativistic velocity addition via hyperbolic law of cosines.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "In comparison, the velocity addition formulas of special relativity for the x and y-directions as well as under an arbitrary angle formula_19, where v is the relative velocity between two inertial frames, u the velocity of another object or frame, and c the speed of light, is given by\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
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}
] | null |
ay0a5e
|
When and why did militaries stop updating 'ceremonial' uniforms?
|
[
{
"answer": "as a side question, are they pieces of dress uniforms that actually do tend to be updated from this diversion point or are they pretty much unchanged?",
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"answer": "Many countries began fighting World War 1 with colorful uniforms typical of the one's you described. [Here] (_URL_0_) is an example of the change in French military uniforms from the beginning to the end of the war. \n\nIn a large formation with elaborate plans that required different units to move around in the Napoleonic and prior eras, observers and general officers needed the different pieces of their tactical puzzle to be easily discernable from afar. This necessity also built up the unit cultures over time, an important part of military esprit de corps which you see celebrated in the photo you linked.\n\nIn his history work, The First World War, John Keegan describes this process of change. According to him, uniforms started much like they had been at the time of the Franco-Prussian war with soft caps and often elaborate regalia (by modern standards). I imagine you don't need to have read his book to imagine what heavy shelling and trench warfare did to men in soft-caps and old bright uniforms--they were clearly not suitable for conditions in hindsight. \n\n[Here] (_URL_1_) is a large NSFW gallery of primary source documents, i.e. photos taken of some archealogical digs in Europe and some old phtos from multiple points throughout the war. Notice the uniform when the year is available. By the end, you might start to be able to make an educated guess on the year just by the uniforms and head coverings in the photo. \n\nTactically, while the fighting through no-mans land did involve some old time Battle Drill 1-A (everyone charge at the enemy, screaming with your bayonette out), for the most part, company and batallion sized maneuvers were replaced by squad sized maneuvers. This meant you had small groups of 4-10 maneuvering carefully through terrain to lay barbed wire, harrass a certain part of the enemy position and conduct small raids. For this type of activity, uniforms that blended in, were tidy (no giant coattails and feathers sticking up) and allowed you to move through difficult terrain were needed. \n\nBut that French image is merely a useful tool to show that if a single point in time must be chosen for your question, World War One is that time. The British, for example, had uniforms from the time of the Boer War that very much resembled their World War 1 uniforms, at least compared to the colorful French ones. That's because the Brits in South Africa were some of the first Europeans to see what facing modern weaponry and guerilla tactics required from uniforms. (Tactically, maybe they could, should have learned a bit more.) \n\nIf I'm not mistaken (searching for the section from Keegan, will update if I can find citation) even the English started the war with soft caps. The Boar War pith helmet was not steel and either way, was part of the hot-weather uniform, not their temperate weather uniform. \n\n*John Keegan's work (ISBN 13: 978-0375700453) is excellent and the best I have read on the early part of the war. \n\n[This] (_URL_2_) documentary series is also fantastic if you're not a bookish type. ",
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"answer": "/u/bacarruda has [a very interesting comment on dress uniforms](_URL_0_). It doesn't fully answer your question, but does add some background to it. ",
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"answer": "Good question! \n\n > It's my understanding that these were, previously, merely just... The uniforms, and at some point the 'field' and 'ceremonial' uniforms began to diverge. \n\nBroadly-speaking, in modern militaries, there are a few types of uniforms that soldiers wear during the time in service. \n\n* Utility uniform or fatigues: Usually camouflaged, this is what soldiers wear in combat or when on deployment. It's also what most soldiers wear day-to-day basis while on post. \n* PT uniform: Since dedicated physical training for soldiers became a more common practice in the early 20th century, armies began to issue a workout uniform. \n* Service uniform: Basically military versions of the business suit and business casual wear. Worn in similar circumstances. Soldier who work in places like the Pentagon often wear service uniforms on a daily basis. \n* Dress uniform: There are varying forms of this, including mess dress, which is a sort of military tuxedo and worn in similar circumstances. Some armies also have a dressier version of the service uniform.\n* Ceremonial uniform: These are usually only worn by full-time ceremonial units (e.g. the Fife and -Drum Corps of the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Regiment, which wears Revolutionary War-style uniforms) or by units with a ceremonial function (ex. the Guards regiments of the Household Division in the United Kingdom). These uniforms are often styled after 19th-century uniforms and they aren't worn by non-ceremonial units. \n\nToday, the distinctions between these uniforms is very clear. In the past, the lines were a bit blurrier. Dressier uniforms and everyday uniforms looked much more similar than they do now. \n\nStill, even during the 18th century and the first part of the 19th century, there was still some distinction between parade dress and what soldiers would actually wear on campaign or in camp. In other words, \"field\" and \"ceremonial\" uniforms have always been different, its just that the differences were once a bit smaller. \n\nSoldiers often had multiple uniforms for multiple different occasions. Consider [these Silesian soldiers](_URL_1_) from the Prussian army during the Napoleonic Wars, taken from Peter Hofschröer's *Prussian Line Infantry 1792–1815.* \n\nI'll use them to illustrate my points, but I'll try to speak as broadly as I can about uniform practices in this period. \n\n* The man on the left is wearing the simple **camp dress** soldiers generally wore while doing chores in the barracks or in camp. In this case, he's wearing a forage cap and jacket, both common items of camp dress worn by ordinary soldiers from most European nations in this period. \n* The soldier in the center is wearing the **campaign dress** soldiers would actually wear in combat and on the march. In cold weather, he'd wear a greatcoat, as shown. Underneath that would be his regular uniform, usually a wool coat, shirt, and trousers. Also note the oilskin shako cover he's wearing. Wearing a protective cover over your headgear was common practice on campaign in the early 1800s -- see this [French shako cover](_URL_0_) from the Napoleonic Wars. The yellow coat facings indicate he is from a Silesian regiment. \n* The soldier on the right is wearing **parade dress** \\-- generally speaking, parade dress could use elements of the campaign dress (for example, he's wearing the same shako he'd wear on campaign, just without the cover). Of course, the parade uniform also added different elements like boots, a different coat, etc. In some cases, elite units like grenadiers might also wear a bearskin or a miter cap on parade, etc. Plumes, feathers, and other ornamentation are also worn -- they'd be packed away or left behind while soldiers were on campaign. \n\nYou can see a more direct comparison between [these Prussian grenadiers from 1806](_URL_5_). The man on the left is wearing parade dress, while the man in the center has on his campaign dress. Note that the headgear and the coat are the same, but the footwear and trousers are quite different. \n\nThere's a similar trend in officers' uniforms. [These officers of the Foot Guards](_URL_2_) show off some of the differences. \n\n* The officer on the left is wearing the **undress** uniform. This is what officers would wear day-to-day around the barracks or in garrison. \n* The officer in the center is wearing the **service uniform**. In the Napoleonic period, it's what officers (and men, for that matter) would actually wear while serving on campaign. As a note: nowadays, \"service dress\" uniforms are essentially the military equivalent of a business suit, so they aren't worn in combat.\n\n**So how did we get to where we are today?** \n\nWe have soldiers fighting in Afghanistan wearing camouflaged fatigues, officer in the Pentagon wearing the military version of the suit and tie, and Grenadier Guards outside Buckingham Palace wearing bearskins and red coats. \n\nWell, there are a few things to look at.\n\n1. What soldiers wear in combat or while working. \n2. What soldiers wear on parade and for other more formal occasions.\n3. What soldiers wear while \"walking out\" from their posts or working at headquarters. \n4. What ceremonial units wear. \n\nIn the early 1800s, the uniforms for all these situations were often very similar. As we've seen from the Prussian examples, soldiers often on parade and on campaign wore uniforms of a very similar style. In some cases, they wore the same thing on parade and on campaign, just with minor variations, like the addition of plumes or new trousers.\n\nNow, here's the major change: from the late 1800s and to the mid 1900s, soldiers start wearing increasingly-different uniforms for these different occasions. WWI and WWII really accelerate this process. There isn't really one instant of change, but rather its a period of transition that takes place over several decades. **This gets to the WHEN of your question.** \n\nThe uniforms that soldiers wear in combat and while in garrison get a lot simpler for a variety of reasons. **This gets to the WHY of your question.** \n\n* Industrial warfare and mass-mobilization meant uniforms got simpler and simpler. Armies had to cloth millions and million of men, so issuing everyone with elaborate uniforms wasn't feasible, even with more industrialized clothing production. During WWI, for example, soldiers tended to get one style of uniform. On parade, you wore your service dress uniform. In battle, you wore your service dress uniform. Even in WWII, when soldiers might get a dress uniform for parades and fatigues for combat, the uniforms were pretty simple. \n* The Open Order Revolution of the mid- to late-1800s meant soldiers fought less and less in packed lines and more and more in loose formations. Individual mobility and camouflage became increasingly important, so campaigning uniforms became plainer, simpler, and less-restrictive. The bright blues, reds, and other colors disappear (except for the French, who keep their red trousers until 1915!) and they are replaced with more muted colors like khaki and *feldgrau.* \n* Civilian fashions became simpler and less-elaborate. The business suit and the lounge suit become popular for men around the turn of the century. Military service uniforms adopted similar cuts, especially for officer's uniforms. \n\nYou can see the resulting evolution of battlefield uniforms for the [U.S. Marine Corps](_URL_4_) and the [U.S. Army](_URL_3_).",
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"answer": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "3123693",
"title": "Full dress uniform",
"section": "Section::::Full dress uniform by country.:United Kingdom.:British Army.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
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"text": "After World War II the coloured, full dress uniforms were again reintroduced for ceremonial occasions by the Brigade of Guards and to a limited extent by regimental bands. Officers (and later senior non-commissioned officers) resumed wearing mess uniforms in traditional colours from about 1956 on. These are still worn, although regimental amalgamations have led to numerous changes from the pre-war models.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "6158957",
"title": "Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 525,
"text": "Sometime after World War I, the tradition of a \"uniform of the day\" designated by the unit commander was created to ensure uniformity of troops, now that there was a wide variety of uniforms available for wear. Also born was the tradition of reporting to a new duty station in the Service \"A\" uniform. In 1926, the standing collar on the service uniform was changed to a rolled-flat collar, but the dress uniform collar remained standing. A khaki version of the service uniform was adapted as well, for use in summer months.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "12311337",
"title": "Uniforms of the Royal Navy",
"section": "Section::::History.:Officers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
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"text": "Uniform regulations for officers were first issued by Lord Anson in 1748, and remained unchanged for nearly twenty years. Reportedly, the officers themselves advocated its adoption, as they \"wished to be recognised as being in the service of the Crown.\" The \"best uniform\", consisting of an embroidered blue coat with white facings, worn unbuttoned with white breeches and stockings, was worn for ceremonial occasions; the \"working rig\" was a simpler, less embroidered uniform for day-to-day use. In 1767 the best uniform was abolished and replaced by the working rig, with a simpler \"undress\" uniform for day-to-day use. By 1795, as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars, a plain blue \"undress\" coat had been introduced for everyday use, and epaulettes were officially introduced. By 1846, all officers wore epaulettes. The white facings came and went over the years, briefly becoming scarlet (1830-1843). Though stripes of lace on the cuffs had been used to distinguish the different ranks of admiral since 1795, the first version of current rank insignia, consisting of stripes with a \"curl\" in the top one, was introduced for all officers in 1856.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "32372211",
"title": "Uniforms of the American Civil War",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
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"text": "During the years 1860-1865 there were three distinct types of uniform in use by the United States Armed Forces. Styles used were traditional similar to those used in the Napoleonic Wars, a regimental dress such as used during the American Revolutionary War and a specialist dress similar to those worn by Lancers and Hussars or an ethnic dress such as Kilts With shortages in 1861 the federal government issued a regulation pattern uniform for all state regiments.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "12311337",
"title": "Uniforms of the Royal Navy",
"section": "Section::::History.:Ratings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
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"text": "A number of changes have been introduced since the introduction of the first rating uniform, notably the removal of the blue jacket in 1890, and the replacement of bell-bottoms by flared trousers in 1977. In 1997 there was a major standardisation programme, meaning that all ratings now wear the same ceremonial uniform for the first time in history.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "19400250",
"title": "Uniform of the Union Army",
"section": "Section::::Generalization.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
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"text": "During the war, enforcement of uniform regulations was imperfect. Uniforms were adapted to local conditions, the commander's preference, and what was available. For example, shoulder straps began replacing epaulets in dress occasions. As a result, almost any variation of the official uniform could be found as officers and men abandoned some items, adopted others and modified still others.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "7945090",
"title": "Service Dress (British Army)",
"section": "Section::::The Second World War.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
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"text": "The Service Dress uniform continued to be the field uniform of the British Army until shortly before the Second World War, although many units continued to wear it after the start of hostilities and many Home Guard personnel wore it throughout the War. Service Dress was officially replaced as the standard combat uniform of the British and Canadian Armies in 1939, with the introduction of Battle Dress. Service Dress continued to be used by officers throughout the war, as a walking out dress and for semi-formal functions. Senior officers might rarely be seen in any other uniform. The Sam Browne belt had been replaced as carrying equipment for officers by the '37 Pattern web equipment but continued to be worn with the Service Dress, usually reduced to the belt and one brace (worn as a cross strap), though a frog or pistol holster might be added as needed).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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3wig0u
|
How romanticised is the 50s USA in comparison to how it actually was?
|
[
{
"answer": "Could you be a little more specific with your question? Its not clear to me where, how, and why the 50's are being romanticized. There's a lot of dystopian views of the 50's in media - for example, lots of eerie post apocalyptic games and TV shows frequently have a 50's backdrop. Some famous examples include the Fallout series of video games. The concept of Mad Men, another dystopian TV show, also has its roots in the 50's advertising culture on Madison Avenue. So I would be interested in hearing where the 50's are being romanticized, because that may inform the answer.",
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"answer": "I'm not an expert on the 1950s, however, I'll take a stab at your question. To start, I think your question is framed in a dangerous way that could lead to a rather skewed representation of American history, and history in general. Describing a time period as a \"good time to live\", *except* (and this is a big modifier) for all the racial and gender based oppression is a scary way to look at America. The largely white communities ([\"little boxes on the hillside\"](_URL_4_)) which began to proliferate in the 1950s did not exist in isolation, they were dependent on a wide variety of factors in nearby cities and towns, and, in communities all across the nation, that were not so racially homogeneous. Looking at the life of the \"American white male\" in a vacuum is akin to celebrating the golden age of the Portuguese or achievements of the American south, while ignoring the significant role slavery had in the success of both. It skews the reality of the situation and, perhaps, also creates some of the romanticism (conservatives or similar types yearning for a \"whiter\", greater America) you mentioned. With this in mind, I'll still do my best to answer the question as asked. \n\nAlthough there were significant opportunities in the 1950s for white males, and other groups, these opportunities often required significant sacrifices or adjustments of one kind or another. The most obvious is the readjustment of returning veterans to civilian society, although the myriad benefits of the GI bill (largely restricted to whites) softened the blow to an extent. This bill allowed veterans to gain a academic or technical education and find a foothold a foothold in a changed society. The government also insured a certain number of mortgages for veterans, making home ownership far more accessible. As such, an overarching theme of the period was an emphasis on settling down, buying a nice, little home and raising a family in a safe (middle-class white), suburban environment. Removed from the terrors of the battlefield, this was an attractive prospect to many. However, societal critics like Sloan Wilson ([*The Man In The Gray Flannel Suit*](_URL_5_) )or William H. Whyte ([*The Organization Man*](_URL_1_)) decried the exchange of individual creativity for conformity, an empty suburban life and the all-powerful dollar. Other contemporary writers, such as the \"Beat generation\" and particularly Jack Kerouac, described the existence of \" a hidden America\", far removed from the technicolor glare of newly resurgent television- and ad-men. While shows like Mad Men have done a passable replication of the corporate culture in the 1950s, few have captured the spirit of the Beat generation and the grimy but vibrant spaces where they made their existences, for better or worse. \n\n In the higher reaches of Washington, [McCarthyism](_URL_2_) reached a fever pitch, eventually spilling out into American communities and encouraging suspicion of \"the communist other\", whoever that may be (ethnic characters, professors, artists, etc. [some examples](_URL_0_)). Lives, careers were ruined, all in the name of some sort of perverted form of statism. That communists had played a significant role in [defending the rights of African-Americans](_URL_3_) for the past half-century did them no favors. So, while there was great advancement and achievements in business, science, and technology for America and Americans, problems were still endemic in society, not least of all with the aforementioned racial-, poverty, and gender-related problems not discussed here. I'll leave it up to you as to whether the 1950s were necessarily a good time to live (my opinion: probably as good as any other) but, at the very least, I hope this acts as a intro of sorts to the time period and, perhaps, to a slightly fuller version of history. ",
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"answer": "I've been mulling on whether or not to attempt to answer this question and I think I'll take a stab at it.\n\nUltimately this very question highlights several core problems in the study of history. One is the sources problem, or the streetlamp problem. Being that it's always tempting to be drawn into studying what is available, and not being as conscious of the limitations of those sources as one should. This is a problem in all of science but history has it worse than most because often it's inordinately difficult to acquire other sources. And this isn't just a problem of \"the victors write the history\", it's much worse than that, it's a matter of only literate people writing history about the things that matter to them. There are great swaths of time where the only records we have from a few sources are a few myths, names of kings, and accounting documents, because that's what people felt important enough to write down. Much of more recent history tends to focus on the lives of the elite, since they led the most notable lives (at least by the standards of the time), were the most literate, the most able to dedicate time to writing, and so forth.\n\nBeyond that there's the preservation problem. History is a bit like a relay race, and if anyone along the way drops the baton for any reason, perhaps even intentionally, then those sources can become lost to future generations (namely, us). Worse yet, there is the potential for distortion and bias along the way either through selective filtering of which sources are carried forward or through editing or retelling. Looking at the past is thus a matter of looking through a long series of lenses, each applying its own distortions, some of which may be difficult to perceive. And then there's the matter of viewpoint, which colors not only the preservation and promulgation of sources and narratives but also how we in the present approach history. Often times people approach history with a preconceived notion of what they expect or want to find, sometimes people look at the history of a particular period with a desire to prove some aspect of it was a certain way, for example.\n\nSo all of that is the burden here *in addition to* the difficult problem of defining what a \"good time to live overall\" even means, per se. Of necessity any answer would have to be more or less subjective. That said, let me put forward some bits and pieces to \"paint a picture\", though it's not going to be any less influenced by all of the issues outlined above.\n\nFirstly, what was it like growing up? The school system had a disciplinarian bent, corporal punishment was common, both at home and in the class room. Bullying was common, as were regular fist fights in school. It was an environment that punished non-conformity. It was an environment that didn't appreciate diversity of any sort, not just of gender, race, or sexual orientation, but also of interests, passions, belief systems, intellectual pursuits, ideologies, etc. You could easily be ostracized for having musical interests outside of the mainstream, or for liking books outside the mainstream. And god help you if you decided you no longer believed in the religion your parents held or your family held a religion that was extremely uncommon in the area where you lived.\n\nIt was also an era where there was no appreciation for issues of learning disabilities, different ways of learning, the existence of ADHD, depression, bipolar, etc. If you needed to learn in a different way than the rest of the class you were out of luck. You would either be left behind or left to fend for yourself, resulting perhaps in becoming disaffected with the educational establishment (perhaps dropping out of school before finishing, which was extremely common) or being stuck on a remedial track. Also, other \"disorders\" such as autism were not well understood and were horribly stigmatized by society at large. Being significantly different from the norm was practically a death sentence. Consider, for example, the story of the sister of president John F. Kennedy, Rosemary. Due to poor care during the birth process she was born with an intellectual disability, in her early 20s she was given a lobotomy to make her more placid. There are numerous similar stories of tragedy for folks with autism, schizophrenia, bipolar, or other \"difficult\" mental disorders from that era. Many of them were treated poorly in mental institutions that were no better than prisons, most treatment concentrated on making them easier to control with little concern for their well-being, they had very little ability to re-enter society and they were typically ostracized by their communities and even their own families.\n\nThere were also very intense expectations on young boys to live up to the masculine ideal. Boys who loved books more than sports, boys who were awkward, shy, anxious, etc. were frequently (though not universally) mentally, emotionally, and physically abused by their parents. Meanwhile, it was not the innocent, crime-free era that many romanticized portrayals make it out to be. Sexual abuse, incest, and rape (by adults or by peers) was common though generally unreported because children and teens were often treated as second class citizens.\n\nSecondly, what was it like for adults? Like any era there was the good and the bad, I'm tending to focus on the bad here to highlight the issue of romanticization. One issue not to be missed is the draft. In the 1950s specifically around 1.5 million men were drafted in the US, many of them would serve in the Korean war. Tens of thousands of American men were killed, even more were wounded, and vastly more were forced to experience the horrors of war and had to live with those memories for the rest of their lives. In an era where war was glorified, \"weakness\" or sensitiveness in men was vilified, and PTSD was not widely appreciated or well-treated this left a lot of war-ravaged lives.\n\nA lot of smaller towns in that era were very insular and protective of their communities, to an almost paranoid degree. As a traveler making their way around the country if you were a stranger in a town and you were \"different\" in some way (say, with long hair) then there was a good chance the local police would hassle you and make it clear you weren't welcome. And again, it was not a crime free utopia, as homicide and violent crime rates were actually fairly similar to today.\n\nAnyway, I could go on, but this is probably enough. In short, no, it was not a period that was universally excellent even for straight white men.\n\n(I'll try to add some references tomorrow when I get a chance.)",
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"answer": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "1024952",
"title": "Responsible fatherhood",
"section": "Section::::The rise of single-parent homes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
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"text": "This shift is attributed to a variety of widely recognized social changes that occurred in American society in the 1960s and 1970s: changing sexual morals increased the prevalence of sexual activity outside of marriage and decreased the stigma surrounding out-of-wedlock births; American attitudes about marriage and divorce changed; and women made economic gains that increased their independence and ability to leave unhappy marriages.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "37056",
"title": "Sexual revolution",
"section": "Section::::Non-marital sex.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 85,
"start_character": 0,
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"text": "Central to the change was the development of relationships between unmarried adults, which resulted in earlier sexual experimentation reinforced by a later age of marriage. On average, Americans were gaining sexual experience before entering into monogamous relationships. The increasing divorce rate and the decreasing stigma attached to divorce during this era also contributed to sexual experimentation. By 1971, more than 75% of Americans thought that premarital sex was acceptable, a threefold increase from the 1950s, and the number of unmarried Americans aged twenty to twenty-four more than doubled from 1960 to 1976. Americans were becoming less and less interested in getting married and settling down and as well less interested in monogamous relationships. In 1971, 35% of the country said they thought marriage was obsolete.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "45231893",
"title": "Valentine's Day in India",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 500,
"text": "Following the economic liberalisation in the early 1996s, a new middle class emerged who could afford access to foreign TV channels and card shops. Valentine's Day became popular among this middle class, but not much in the lower economics classes. Many young and working Indians live away from their families. This gives, especially women, a choice in their relationships. The interest in dating sites has also increased. Commercial establishments have attempted to cash in on this new sub-culture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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"wikipedia_id": "789423",
"title": "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet",
"section": "Section::::Television series.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 902,
"text": "By the mid-1960s, America's social climate was changing, and the Nelsons, symbolizing the 1950s values and ideals, were beginning to seem dated. Ozzie, who wrote and directed all of the series's episodes, attempted to alter the series to fit the times, but most viewers associated the series with a bygone era. The series cracked the top thirty programs in the Nielsen ratings for the first and only time in its eleventh season (1963–1964), when it ranked in 29th place. It made the transition from black-and-white to color in the 1965–66 season. That year, Ozzie tried to recapture the series's early success by introducing 9-year-old Joel Davison and other young children to relate to younger families. Although Davison appeared in three episodes, the series' Nielsen ratings continued to decline. In January 1966, ABC moved the series to Saturdays where it completed its 14-season run that spring. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "336828",
"title": "Open marriage",
"section": "Section::::Incidence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 96,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 365,
"text": "\"Despite the vast attention given to these alternative lifestyles in the 1970s, and despite the more recent claims that Americans are 'returning to traditional models of monogamous marriage,' there is no scientific basis for concluding that these patterns increased in popularity earlier or that they have become less common in the 1980s and 1990s.\" (Weiss, 1997) \n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "1045028",
"title": "Gay Nineties",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"text": "The Gay Nineties is an American nostalgic term and a periodization of the history of the United States referring to the decade of the 1890s. It is known in the United Kingdom as the Naughty Nineties, and refers there to the decade of supposedly decadent art of Aubrey Beardsley, the witty plays and trial of Oscar Wilde, society scandals and the beginning of the suffragette movement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "26094",
"title": "Romanticism",
"section": "Section::::Literature.:United States.:Influence of European Romanticism on American writers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 458,
"text": "The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century. American Romanticism was just as multifaceted and individualistic as it was in Europe. Like the Europeans, the American Romantics demonstrated a high level of moral enthusiasm, commitment to individualism and the unfolding of the self, an emphasis on intuitive perception, and the assumption that the natural world was inherently good, while human society was filled with corruption.\n",
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1onfp1
|
can somebody explain ram for me?
|
[
{
"answer": "Computer processors are really, really fast. Hard drives are really, really slow in comparison. If computers handled and processed data by writing and reading directly from the hard drive, computers would be extremely slow too, because the hard drive couldn't keep up with the processor's speed.\n\nRAM is there to address this problem. It's a place where data is temporarly stored that is really really fast to read and write from.",
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"answer": "it's temporary memory in your computer, which it uses to remember what it's doing right at this moment. having more of it makes your computer more efficient, because if it runs out of RAM, it needs to use the harddisk for the same tasks, which is a Lot slower. if you want more technical details, just ask.",
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"answer": "Imagine you are sitting at your desk doing a project. You grab a few books or tools off the shelf that you need right now and start working. Eventually, you need more supplies or a different book and so you walk to the bookcase and grab what you need but to make room you have to put the original books back. After a while you have made several trips back and forth. If only you had a bigger desk you could put everything you need out at once which is much faster than going back and forth each time. RAM is the desk and the book case is the hard drive(ROM). The more RAM you have the less you have to go search for more materials which makes your work faster. ",
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"answer": "I'm going to take a different approach than the people who already posted.\n\nComputers have a CPU. CPU's follow instructions. Computer programmers write these instructions in a text editor in a human readable form. They then use a program called a \"compiler\" which changes human readable computer instructions into something the computer can under stand (which is numbers). The compiler also saves those numbers (list of instructions) to a hard disk as an executable file (a program).\n\nWhen a program is opened to be executed, the instructions in the executable file are copied from the hard disk into memory. So basically there is a list of instructions in memory now; each instruction is stored one after the other. The CPU then just goes down the list and performs each instruction.\n\nAt this point you're probably asking, \"why can't that be accomplished without RAM and just read the instructions from the hard drive?\". Well, that's theoretically possible, but it would be ridiculously slow (hard drives are mechanical; RAM is electrical). Also, I lied. The CPU doesn't \"simply\" go down a list of instructions. It does do that, until it's instructed to jump somewhere else in the instruction list. And this jumping around is the need for RAM...\n\nThere is a mechanical arm on hard disks that has to move back and forth to read data. This is a very slow process compared to RAM which has no moving parts. And it's even slower when the arm has to \"jump\" around (as opposed to reading files sequentially). So instead of having the CPU jump around reading stuff from the hard drive, the instructions are copied into memory, because RAM is much faster at Randomly Accessing data.\n\n\nedit: I know what your next question will be. \"well, don't you have to wait for the hard drive anyway when it loads into memory\". Yes you do... but consider that large amounts of the instructions will be repeated over and over again (but it only need to be read from the disk once)",
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"answer": "Your processor is a desk and RAM is the amount of space on the desk you have to do work. More RAM = More space to do work without having to take each project off the desk to start a new one",
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"answer": "You might find this useful too. _URL_0_\n\n\n^(Yeah, I know... I'm going to hell)",
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"answer": "I've just started my road to the IT crew but ill try and explain it with my own words! :-) \n\nWhen the CPU is processing data is distributes this data down a front bus between the Northbridge and Southbridge chip set. We will only focus on the Northbridge chipset, as it deals with memory and storage. When the CPU processes data it needs quick storage, so it distributes the data to RAM through the Northbridge. This can be accomplished because the Northbridge runs at the same clock speed as the CPU in turn distributing data as fast as it receives it. The data from the Northbridge is then sent to RAM and stored while the data is relevant. The reason RAM is not a permanent source of storage is because it is DRAM which is dynamic RAM (I may have to edit for the correct name, the information on it is still the same however.) With DRAM the memory is only stored while they are supplied with power, once the computer is turned off it can no longer keep the data relevant and active inside the chips that are placed on the sticks of RAM. \n\nI hope I was able to help! I saw that you wanted a more technical explanation so I tryed to provide one! \n:-)",
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"answer": "Rom is like a library. Theres tons of information if you know where to look. You are the processor, too fast to work at the slow speed of checking every book for the information you want. \n\nRam is the desk in the library where you put the books you want / need to read. The more ram you have, the bigger the table space.",
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"answer": "Here's the most thorough explanation I can offer, with some other stuff thrown in. If I make a mistake feel free to comment and I'll edit I'm not an expert by any means, but I've take a few classes on computer architecture\n\n**What is RAM (conceptually):**\n\nRam is a form of memory. In a computer you typically have a hierarchy of memory depending on how physically close to the CPU you are. For illustration let's take a new processor, a Core i7 running at 3.5 GHz. One clock cycle happens in 277 pico seconds (1/3.5 GHz) . Speed of light being 3x10^8 m/s that means an electrical signal can travel .085m in once clock cycle (for anything on your computer to work, this can't be exceeded)\n\nThat gives you (very, very roughly) about this much space to travel in one clock cycle:\n\n < -------------------------------------------- > \n\nA memory heirarchy typically looks like this (I added a fairy typical cycle time comparison on a read to highlight the magnitudes of difference):\n\n* CPU -- > Registers (1-2 cycles) \n* Registers -- > L1 (level 1) cache (2-5 cycles) \n* L1 cache -- > L2 (level 2) cache (3 - 7 cycles) \n* L2 Cache -- > (so on pending how many caches you have) \n* Cache -- > RAM (~20 cycles) \n* Ram -- > Hard Drive (~ > 100 000 cycles, lower with an SSD)\n\nObviously, there is a massive gap in access times between the CPU and Hard Drive, which ram aims to reduce. Here's how it typically works:\n\nWhen your CPU needs a certain part of memory to do work on, it issues a read to a certain **address** of memory. The memory management unit then figures out whether or not that address line is in the cache. It propagates through the memory hierarchy, and if it is not in the RAM then it searches the Hard Drive.\n\nMost programs feature *spatial* and *temporal* locality. Spatial locality refers to the fact that instructions and data are usually near one another in an address space. This means when a block of (for example) instructions are in the cache, the next sequential instruction is usually close by. For example, the instruction at address 1000 is usually followed by the instruction at address 1001.\n\n*Temporal* locality refers to the fact that a program tends to spend most of its time in a small portion of code doing the same thing over and over again. This means that if we put most of the data that a program needs in the RAM our program will run a lot faster, as it needs to make less and less reads from the hard drive. If your RAM is used up by many processes it noticeably slows down your computer as more hard drive accesses must be made (this is usually referred to as *thrashing* which sounds cooler than it really is).\n\n**How does RAM *actually* work?**\n\nBasically think of a giant excel spreadsheet - each cell has some data in it as a series of ones and zeroes (represented by a voltage level). When you ask the ram for a certain cell (column 1, row 1 for example) the RAM controller connects the contents of that cell to the output pins of the RAM. This explains why you see CAS (Column Address Strobe) specs on RAM: this is the time it takes for the RAM controller to put the contents of a cell onto the output pins from the moment you ask for it (a strobe is essentially an 'enable' signal).\n\nTake a look at this :\n\n\n 2.5V\n |\n |--- Control Signal\n 0V\n\nThat is one bit of data in a ram cell. When the control signal is sent, the 2.5 volt point becomes 0V.\n\nThis is 1 bit of data. Now copy this picture over and over again into a giant array and you essentially have RAM. The control signal *writes* the data to the cell. It's also worth noting that the 2.5 volts is constantly leaking current to ground, so it slowly (with respect to the clock cycles) is tending towards 0. RAM needs to be *refreshed* to keep the voltage levels consistent. If a cell is at 0V, the refresh does nothing to it.\n\nIf you want any more info feel free to ask, I might add to this as time goes on. (As it stands it may not be at an ELI5 level...)\n\nEdit: Added to spatial/temporal locality Thanks andybmcc, also formatting\nEdit 2: expanded on some things",
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"answer": "Think of it like this:\n\nYour a chef at a restaurant and to keep track of your orders, you have a whiteboard. You write down the order and the table it goes to on the whiteboard and you erase it when your done.",
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"answer": "Simile: \nThe hard drive is like the filing cabinet. Its slow to locate what you need but stores a lot of stuff . The RAM is like the top of your desk not much space but everything is quick and easy to access. But everything needs to go back in the cabinet when you are done so you can use your desk for other files.",
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"answer": "I heard it explained like a library once. Imagine your hard drive as the entire library of books. If you needed 1,000 of those books, you'd need a cart to carry them all out the door. \n\nThe size of your RAM is like the size of that cart. \n\n528mb of RAM will get you 100 books at a time. So it would take 10 trips to get the books you need. \n1GB of RAM would get 200 hundred books and only take 5 trips.\n4GB would handle 600 and only take 1.5 trips etc. etc. \n\nRAM = throughput to the CPU. It takes data from the hard drive and makes it readily available to the CPU. The more it can hold, the CPU can access quickly. If we're talking about a gaming, the more RAM you have, the more data can be processed quickly, so more characters, more enemies, more textures, etc.\n\nThis example would make a lot more sense if people knew what libraries were :(",
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"answer": "The way I like to think about it is suppose you have a giant box of parts and are trying to make something. The box of parts in the HD, the CPU is you. You take parts out of the box (HD) and place them on the table (RAM). You pick up parts from the table(RAM) with your hands (internal cache) and assemble.",
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"answer": "The way it was explained to me is that your hard drive is like your refrigerator, and your RAM is your counter. You don't have enough room on your counter for everything in your refrigerator, but when you need to use stuff from your refrigerator it's much faster to do so from your counter. So you computer will take the bits of information that it is likely to need in the next few minutes and store them on your RAM to be used more quickly. It is essentially like others have said. It's a way to use information more quickly. ",
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
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"wikipedia_id": "2491336",
"title": "RAMIS (software)",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
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"text": "RAMIS was initially developed in the mid 1960s by the company Mathematica on a consulting contract for a marketing study by a team headed by Gerald Cohen and subsequently further developed and marketed as a general purpose data management and analysis tool. In the late 1960s Cohen fell out with the management of Mathematica and left to form his own company. Shortly thereafter his new company released a new product called FOCUS which was very similar to RAMIS: \"the same bugs and the same misspelled error messages.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "55978612",
"title": "Word RAM",
"section": "Section::::Model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
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"text": "The word RAM model is an abstract machine similar to a random access machine, but with additional capabilities. It works with words of size up to bits, meaning it can store integers up to size formula_1. Because the model assumes that the word size matches the problem size, that is, for a problem of size , formula_2, the word RAM model is a transdichotomous model. The model allows bitwise operations such as arithmetic and logical shifts to be done in constant time. The number of possible values is , where formula_3.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "55978612",
"title": "Word RAM",
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"text": "In theoretical computer science, the word RAM (word random access machine) model is a model of computation that is a random access machine able to do bitwise operations on a single word of bits. The model was created by Michael Fredman and Dan Willard in 1990 to simulate programming languages like C.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "20748371",
"title": "Real RAM",
"section": "Section::::Model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
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"text": "The \"RAM\" part of the real RAM model name stands for \"random access machine\". This is a model of computing that resembles a simplified version of a standard computer architecture. It consists of a stored program, a computer memory unit consisting of an array of cells, and a central processing unit with a bounded number of registers. Each memory cell or register can store a real number. Under the control of the program, the real RAM can transfer real numbers between memory and registers, and perform arithmetic operations on the values stored in the registers.\n",
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"wikipedia_id": "1691461",
"title": "Ramism",
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"text": "Ramism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic, and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher, and Huguenot convert, who was murdered during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20748371",
"title": "Real RAM",
"section": "Section::::Related models.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 674,
"text": "An alternative to the real RAM is the word RAM, in which both the inputs to a problem and the values stored in memory and registers are assumed to be integers with a fixed number of bits. The word RAM model can perform some operations more quickly than the real RAM; for instance, it allows fast integer sorting algorithms, while sorting on the real RAM must be done with slower comparison sorting algorithms. However, some computational geometry problems have inputs or outputs that cannot be represented exactly using integer coordinates; see for instance the Perles configuration, an arrangement of points and line segments that has no integer-coordinate representation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2491336",
"title": "RAMIS (software)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 797,
"text": "RAMIS (\"Random Access Management Information System\") is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) capable of creating and maintaining databases consisting of named files containing both numeric and alphabetic fields and subsequently producing detailed simple or complex reports using a very simple English like language. As such it is easily mastered by non-programmers. A typical program - either to create or maintain a database or to create quite complex reports - would normally consist of a handful of lines of code which could be written or understood by non-professional programmers. \"End users\" as they became known. Such end users could be trained to use RAMIS in a matter of days and so large companies would often have several hundred such users scattered throughout the company.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4zwnbo
|
At what point in history did the average person have access to clocks?
|
[
{
"answer": "There are a couple ways to talk about this topic. One is a straightforward survey, such that is is possible, of what I guess I'd call clock density. I'm not sure such a precise study exists, but we do know that in the 14th and 15th centuries mechanical clocks started to be more present in Europe. Certainly by the 18th century they were becoming far more common, but I really don't have any idea how I'd measure how many people could find a clock within 5 minutes of their home.\n\nThe other way to approach this question is at what point in history did *measuring time precisely* start to be something the average person either did or had to care about. This is an interesting question and is largely tied to economic life. There is some good work on this topic. It's a topic that has interested historians since at least the 1960s, which has a lot to do with the rise of interest in social history.\n\nE.P Thompson's work is probably the standard on this topic and is definitely a classic. His article \"Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism\" published in *Past & Present* No. 38 (Dec. 1967) 56-97. Thompson contrasts a notion of time that revolves around time-of-day dependent work with the more rigidly scheduled work of industrial capitalism as it arose in the 19th century. Thompson calls this \"task-orientation\" and he says it has 3 key features:\n\n > \"First, there is a sense that it is more humanely comprehensible than timed labor. The peasant or laborer appears to attend upon what is observed necessity. Second, a community in which task-orientation is common appears to show least demarcation between \"work\" and \"life.\" Social intercourse and labor are intermingled - the working-day lengthens and contracts according to the task - and there is no great tension between work and 'passing the time of day.' Third, to men accustomed to labor timed by the clock, this attitude appears wasteful and lacking in urgency.\" (60)\n\nOf course, there is a relationship between \"labor timed by the clock\" and the actually presence of clocks in peoples' lives is relevant here, but the relevant location there is not the clock at home, but rather the clock at work. This is due to another observation that Thompson makes: \"Those who are employed experience a distinction between their employer's time and and their 'own' time. And the employer must use the time of his labour, and see it is not wasted: not that task but the value of time when reduced to money is dominant.\" (61). With that relationship in mind, clocks dominated and structured time in the context of early industrial capitalism precisely because of the needs of employers hiring laborers in a capitalist system. Insofar as time spent at home was less \"valuable\" when reduced to money, clocks were less relevant even when present. Thompson admits the difficulty in tracking the spread and prevalence of clocks, but notes that their spread did increase not just incidentally alongside labor under industrial capitalism. Clocks were needed to enforce labor-discipline and Thompson argues that this was not merely an artifact of a particular historical moment but actually changed peoples' relationship to time. \"In all these ways\" he argues \"by the division of labor; the supervision of labor; fines; bells and clocks; money incentives; preachings and schoolings; the suppression of fairs and sports - new labor habits were formed and a new time-discipline was imposed.\" (90).\n\nNotice here that Thompson argues that new *habits* were formed. This transcended the imposition of employers and bosses and actually changed the way people habitually related to time. Consider how you yourself consider time - it is not merely the presence of clocks that makes pay attention to it. Indeed, you might even feel apprehensive when you're not near a clock, watch, cellphone or the like because you don't know what time it is. You might feel this even when you have no particular reason to need to know the time right at that moment. \n\nOf course, this is all very classic Marxian analysis for which Thompson is known and is a great example of why historical theory helps shape analysis for people who are interested in that kind of thing. According to Thompson have the material, economic conditions of life influence society, culture and habits in the population. This kind of historical materialism is central to Marxian analysis and this is a case where that theory really shows its worth. Perhaps in what appears a bit too on-the-nose, in light of my comments, Thompson ends the article thus:\n\n > For there is no such thing as economic growth which is not, at the same time, growth or change of a culture; and the growth of social consciousness, like the growth of a poet's mind, can never, in the last analysis, be planned.\" (97)\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "982540",
"title": "Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf",
"section": "Section::::Contributions.:Clock Mechanics.:Rise of Clock use in the Ottoman Empire.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "Before the sixteenth century European mechanical clocks were not in high demand. This lack of demand was brought on by the extremely high prices and the lack of preciseness needed by the population who had to calculate when they would have to have the prayer. The use of hourglasses, water clocks, and sundials was more than enough to meet their needs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14449116",
"title": "History of timekeeping devices",
"section": "Section::::Timekeeping innovations in medieval and pre-modern periods.:Early mechanical clocks and watches.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 615,
"text": "During the Middle Ages, clocks primarily served religious purposes; the first employed for secular timekeeping emerged around the 15th century. In Dublin, the official measurement of time became a local custom, and by 1466 a public clock stood on top of the Tholsel (the city court and council chamber). It was the first of its kind to be clearly recorded in Ireland, and would only have had an hour hand. The increasing lavishness of castles led to the introduction of turret clocks. A 1435 example survives from Leeds castle; its face is decorated with the images of the Crucifixion of Jesus, Mary and St George.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19595664",
"title": "Time in physics",
"section": "Section::::Conceptions of time.:Regularities in nature.:Mechanical clocks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 627,
"text": "By the time of Richard of Wallingford, the use of ratchets and gears allowed the towns of Europe to create mechanisms to display the time on their respective town clocks; by the time of the scientific revolution, the clocks became miniaturized enough for families to share a personal clock, or perhaps a pocket watch. At first, only kings could afford them. Pendulum clocks were widely used in the 18th and 19th century. They have largely been replaced in general use by quartz and digital clocks. Atomic clocks can theoretically keep accurate time for millions of years. They are appropriate for standards and scientific use.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1822111",
"title": "Time discipline",
"section": "Section::::Towards time-keeping.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 541,
"text": "The earliest reasonably accurate mechanical clocks are the 13th century tower clocks probably developed for (and perhaps by) monks in Northern Italy. Using gears and gradually falling weights, these were adjusted to conform with canonical hours—which varied with the length of the day. As these were used primarily to ring bells for prayer, the clock dial likely only came later. When dials were eventually incorporated into clocks, they were analogous to the dials on sundials, and, like a sundial, the clocks themselves had only one hand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1822111",
"title": "Time discipline",
"section": "Section::::In Western societies.:Standard, synchronous, public time.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 581,
"text": "The mass production of clocks and watches further tightened time discipline in the Western world; before these machines were made, and made to be more accurate, it would be pointless to complain about someone's being fifteen, or five, minutes late. For many employees, the time clock was the clock that told the time that mattered: it was the clock that recorded their hours of work. By the time that time clocks became commonplace, public, synchronized clock time was considered a fact of life. Uniform, synchronized, public clock time did not exist until the nineteenth century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9184841",
"title": "Turret clock",
"section": "Section::::History.:Verge and foliot clocks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 642,
"text": "The first all-mechanical clocks which emerged in the 14th century kept time with a verge escapement and foliot. In the second half of the 14th century, over 500 striking turret clocks were installed in public buildings all over Europe. This was the first time public clocks became easy to maintain, as water clocks needed more or less constant attention, so only wealthy institutions with enough manpower could maintain them. The verge and foliot mechanical clocks were relatively easy to maintain and so found their way into many churches, bell towers and town halls. This new technology spread quite fast (within a decade all over Europe).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14449116",
"title": "History of timekeeping devices",
"section": "Section::::Timekeeping innovations in medieval and pre-modern periods.:Early mechanical clocks and watches.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 63,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 63,
"end_character": 694,
"text": "The appearance of clocks in writings of the 11th century implies that they were well known in Europe in that period. In the early 14th-century, the Florentine poet Dante Alighieri referred to a clock in his \"Paradiso\"; the first known literary reference to a clock that struck the hours. Giovanni da Dondi, Professor of Astronomy at Padua, presented the earliest detailed description of clockwork in his 1364 treatise \"Il Tractatus Astrarii\". This has inspired several modern replicas, including some in London's Science Museum and the Smithsonian Institution. Other notable examples from this period were built in Milan (1335), Strasbourg (1354), Lund (1380), Rouen (1389), and Prague (1462).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
f5iclc
|
why does bacteria in our mouth become harmful to our teeth, while bacteria inside our body is usually kept in check and co-exists within us?
|
[
{
"answer": "When bacteria in the mouth eat food they poop acid. That acid mixes with food and saliva to make 'plaque'. The plaque sticks to your teeth. The acid in the plaque dissolves the surface of your tooth (enamel), creating holes (cavities).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's the foods we eat. All the sugar. Our ancestors ate the diet we evolved to eat and it was much nicer on the teeth.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Strep Mutans is a specific bacteria that has evolved the ability to infect tooth structure. It converts carbs into acid that dissolve tooth structure.... as they destroy the tooth they create their own microenvironment to thrive in. There are hundreds of other bacteria in your mouth that are harmless. Kind of like most of the bacteria in your gut is helpful but Salmonella will make you sick.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because our modern diets are particularly bacteria friendly. Refined sugars stick to the teeth and are easy for bacteria to consume.\n\nIt's only in the last couple of centuries that sugar's become so available, so we're not evolved to deal with it at all.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Dentist here so you’re in my wheelhouse. The top commenter did a solid job of an ELI5 but I’m going to make a couple of additions. The acids produced by the bacteria in our mouths are indeed what dissolve our teeth and create “cavities”. The bacteria eat and break down carbohydrates - chips, crackers, candy, soda, Gatorade, energy drinks, fruit juice, etc. Everytime the bacteria are given food, they eat and produce their acidic byproducts, usually lasting 20-60min after the last bite/drink. This drops the pH balance of our mouths, which usually hovers around neutral (neither acidic nor basic). Upon constant replenishing of bacterial food products with each bite or sip, the acid eventually builds up enough that our saliva (which protects our teeth) gets overpowered and the pH drops past 5.5, THIS is when demineralization (decay) begins, and will continue UNTIL the pH is brought back above 5.5. \n\nThis is why constant snacking/sipping sugary foods and beverages is so bad for our teeth - the bacteria are in a constant state of nutrient intake and acid production which then leads to extended periods of low pH and subsequent tooth decay.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "20630639",
"title": "Oral ecology",
"section": "Section::::Ecology and types.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 841,
"text": "Oral bacteria work with our immune system to keep our bodies disease free by fighting disease-producing germs that try to come in through the mouth. For example, some of these bacteria produce organic acids that kill the organisms that cause intestinal problems. Without these good bacteria, our immune systems would be constantly bombarded by airborne and saliva-transferred germs. Bacteria are also needed to control the growth of fungus. “Balance between all the different bacteria and fungus are critical” or else the “fungus overgrows and takes over.” So, ironically, though bacteria have the potential to harm us, our mouth and the good bacteria in it are the body's first line of defense. These bacteria are transmitted to a human early in their childhood through their contact with their caretakers by kisses or food premastication.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20630639",
"title": "Oral ecology",
"section": "Section::::Diseases.:Diseases transmitted through saliva.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "Each day numerous bacteria grow in a person's mouth. Though bacteria and saliva can be beneficial to one's health, both can also cause problems. Many diseases are related to oral bacteria. Proper oral care and habits can protect against and reduce the effects of some harmful bacteria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16159527",
"title": "Mouth infection",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 1170,
"text": "The bacteria of the oral microbiome consist of a wide variety of gram positive cocci and rods, gram negative cocci and rods, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes. The most common bacteria that causes mouth infections are \"Streptococcus\" species. Poor dental hygiene promotes the accumulation of these bacteria at the tooth root, eventually causing a cavity or dental caries. The decaying tooth root provides bacteria with an enclosed environment with low oxygen content. Consequently, the obligate and facultative anaerobes present within the oral cavity flourish and outcompete the other bacteria at the site of tooth decay, causing the dental caries to escalate into a mouth infection. The corrosive enzymes released by the anaerobes erode the surrounding bone and enable the infection to invade surrounding structures. Given the natural history of a mouth infection, the vast majority of clinically-treated oral infections are polymicrobial, or caused by multiple different species of bacteria at the same time. Until the source of the infection is controlled with some form of drainage and antibiotics, a mouth infection will likely not resolve on its own.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "782",
"title": "Mouthwash",
"section": "Section::::Research.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "Research in the field of microbiotas shows that only a limited set of microbes cause tooth decay, with most of the bacteria in the human mouth being harmless. Focused attention on cavity-causing bacteria such as \"Streptococcus mutans\" has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these bacteria from initially growing. While current mouthwash treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing, future treatments could provide a viable long-term solution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16159527",
"title": "Mouth infection",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 843,
"text": "Mouth infections are most commonly caused by an overgrowth of bacteria that normally populate the oral cavity. In a healthy adult, billions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi reside within the oral cavity and represent more than 500 different species. They are collectively known as the oral microbiome. When healthy, the oral microbiome is in dynamic equilibrium such that no one bacteria or group of organisms dominates. However, certain situations, like a decaying tooth root or a penetrating puncture wound from a fish bone, can generate an environment that disrupts the normal oral microbiome and promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Although sore throats (pharyngitis) are caused by viruses and oral yeast infections (candidiasis) are caused by fungi, most mouth infections that lead to swelling and abscesses are caused by bacteria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20630639",
"title": "Oral ecology",
"section": "Section::::Ecology and types.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 607,
"text": "The human mouth contains around 500 to 1,000 different types of bacteria with various functions as part of the human flora and oral microbiology. About 100 to 200 species may live in them at any given time. Individuals that practice oral hygiene have 1,000 to 100,000 bacteria living on each tooth surface, while less clean mouths can have between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria on each tooth. While some of the bacteria in our mouths are harmful and can cause serious illness, much of our oral bacteria are actually beneficial in preventing disease. Streptococci make up a large part of oral bacteria.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20630639",
"title": "Oral ecology",
"section": "Section::::Diseases.:Diseases transmitted through saliva.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 588,
"text": "Because of the amount of bacteria in each person's mouth, there is a transfer of bacteria through saliva when lip balm, drinks, toothbrushes, or anything else is shared. Some of these viruses that result are relatively inconsequential while others could potentially have a serious impact on one's life. Some examples of the milder diseases passed through saliva include herpes simple virus (cold sores or canker sores), flu virus, cold virus, and various bacteria that cause periodontal disease (inflammation or infection of gum tissue), venereal diseases, and candida albicans (fungus).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2mubez
|
why are juggalos so hated on reddit (and in general), when female prostitution is viewed as for the most part completely acceptable?
|
[
{
"answer": "Juggalo != gigolo.\n\nHeck, I really have no idea whether male prostitutes even *like* Insane Clown Posse as a group. Anything's possible, I suppose.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'd much rather hang out with a prostitute rather than a juggalo.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm going with \"Deuce Buggalo\" as my juggalo pseudonym from now on. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A Juggalo is a member of the fan group for the \"band\" the Insane Clown Posse. They are typically hated due to their general habits of being annoying and \"whooping\". Additionally they can be violent with a subculture which encourages aggression. A gigolo on the other hand, is a male prostitute or escort and as far as I know, they garner no hate from Reddit. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "So if a prostitute is also a Juggalette, does that make her snatch insane clown pussy?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My reaction to this question was something like, but...how is that...those two things aren't....ohhahahahaha.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Rob Schneider was an animal. Then he was a woman. And now, Rob Schneider is -- a Juggalo! And he's about to find out -- that being a Juggalo -- is harder than it looks! Rob Schneider is -- Deuce Bigalow - Male Juggalo! Rated PG-13.\" ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Oy, I think you might have some terminology confused. Gigolos are the dudes who put their dicks in people for money. Juggalos, the ones that most of Reddit hates, are weirdos who like a group called the Insane Clown Posse and wear makeup and stuff to look like the ICP. They are an interesting mix of trashy and scary. They look like [this](_URL_1_) [this](_URL_2_) and my personal favorite, [this](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Water, Fire, Air and Dirt...\n\nFUCKING MAGNETS. HOW DO THEY WORK?!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A wild JUGGALOS appeared!\n\nWhat will BRAIN ANUS RHYTHM do?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Prostitution is viewed as acceptable??? News to me!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You are not being serious? Belongs is /r/shittyexplainlikeim5 ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "these are juggalo's: _URL_0_\n\n^ interesting documentary if you've never seen it, only 22 minutes long.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "\"I totally did not spell Gigolo wrong to jump on the recent 'funny misspells' karma train.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Upvoted just to make sure you never live this down",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "And while you're at it…who the hell is Billy?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I don't think anybody would pay to sleep with a Juggalo. In fact, I'm pretty sure Juggalos get an increased rate when paying for prostitutes.\n\nPS. This post was the highlight of my day",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I was trying to figure out the connection, then wondered if it was some /r/metacanada or /r/badphilosophy in joke I'd missed, then the page of comments finally loaded and /u/APRSNerd cleared up my confusion. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Prostitites have higher morals. And probably have a higher level of education... And more teeth. And better hygiene. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It was like...\"did they mean?...\" ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I thought this was /r/circlejerk for a second. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Prostitutes are just women trying to make money. Juggalos are the trash of the trash and offer little to nothing to society.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because Juggalos are fucking assholes and prostitutes get their assholes fucked.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This is the best thing I have ever read on reddit.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Juggalos as male prostitutes... damn, there's a mental image I do not want.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I would think the common prostitute wouldn't just call magnets magic if they didn't know how magnets worked.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "While we're on the subject: Magnets man, how do they work?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My life goal has changed to get paid for sex in clown makeup. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Oh my thank you for this. Seriously don't feel stupid!!! [You're one of the lucky 10,000!]( _URL_0_) I wish I was you. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "holy shit, this is probably the greatest moment i've had on reddit.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It took me a bit to figure out how you connected those two, but then I laughed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A juggalo is the equivalent of a gigolo. Think of emu kids wearing clown paint. It's very dramatic. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Attempts to spark gender equality debate, ends up being the guy that doesn't know what jiggly ball is. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Cuz most women wouldn't have sex with the average redditor let alone pay for it and that piss them off. Now most women wouldn't have sex with anyone into ICP cuz do you know how hard it is to get out the Faygo stains? ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Ladies and gentlemen, we may have this sub's top post of all time on our hands.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I like Juggalos.\n\nI love that I live in a world where somewhere out there are cops who have to deal with unruly criminal clowns. They're basically living lives produced by Tim Burton, and I think that's awesome. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This is too good to be true. If I had ever once seen a post about a gigolo on reddit, then mayyyyybe I'd believe it was an honest mistake.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I\"m having trouble figuring out any line that would connect those two things....It's like....I dunno, what's the difference between a duck? ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Fuckin magnets, how do they work?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Reddit, where a simple typo is the difference between a deep, meaningful conversation and a hilarious shitstorm. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because juggalos are filthy annoying retards, whereas a prostitute is a woman that loves you no matter who you are or what you look like?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I think this was meant to be posted in r/shittyadvice",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I was so confused. Initially coming here to say \"what the fuck do juggalo's and female prostitution have to do with each other?\" And then I laughed. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Juggalos represent everything Idiocracy warned us about. \n\nHookers pretty much just want to do business behind closed doors. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I only came here to bash on juggalos. \nIm very disappointed now",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm just going to assume this title was mistaken on purpose to garner karma.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We're intimidated by their mystery and magnetism.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I was under the impression that female prostitution is hardly viewed as acceptable by most.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Holy fucking shit I'm dying. If this doesn't become the top post of all time on this sub I'll pissed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Whelp. this is unintentionally the best ELI5 question i can ever remember.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I know 5 girls into ICP. 3 of them have uncurable STDS. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Oh man, I was really confused until I started reading the comments. Yeah, definitely two very different things... bless your heart.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm going to go with most of the commenters in saying that juggalos are not gigolos. You were probably thinking of gigolos. I don't know about everyone thinking prostitution of either gender is completely acceptable- that's a pretty sticky subject.\n\nHowever, if I am to go by your original question, the short answer is, no one wants to be fucked by a clown let alone someone who are fans of clowns.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Best ELI5 question I've ever read, especially picturing it asked by a 5-year-old.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "wow. just wow. I can't believe this thread exists",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "“Yeah, good one Jerry, 2003 called, it wants its easy target back”\n-Rick",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A prostitute *might* give you syphilis, a juggalo **will** give you syphilis.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Prostitution is simply a transaction between consenting adults. Juggalos are ass-clowns who can't figure out magnets. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Hey, I'm down with the clown and I'm down for life",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Is this a serious question?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "not as top tier as anal rhythm, but up there. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "this is the greatest reddit post of all time. OP is either a genius, or the complete opposite of a genius but this is the greatest thing i've ever seen on reddit.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "OP has been thinking we were talking about male prostitutes all these years. Too funny.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This man needs as much gold as he can get. GET ON IT, REDDIT!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "the fuck does ICP have to do with hookers? *opens comments* ohhhhh, nvm...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I need you to watch this, you will understand.\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The correct answer is male prostitutes are hated for not understand how a magnet works.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This is my favourite question because it's legitimately the kind of thing a five year old might ask.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Why are KKK members so hated in the world, when potatoes lack so much flavour? ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There's logic in being a prostitute. Not so much in being a Juggalo...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Someone else mooching on the successful of \"ignorance\" on reddit.\n\nfake zzzzzzzzzzzzz",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Lol, that is a question a 5 year old would ask",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Thank you OP for this, even if it's a troll. I needed a laugh and I had many from this thread.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "OP's username doesnt match, not so wise now are you?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Posts like this are why I check Reddit before bed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Also, why can't they give birth to puppies?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Apparently, there is an /r/juggalo. Prepare for cringe.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "\"I'm just a juggalo and everywhere I go, people know the part I'm playin'\nPaid for every dance, selling each romance, every night some heart betrayin'...\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Since your question is based on, [by your own admission](_URL_0_), a misunderstanding of what the term \"juggalo\" refers to, there's nothing here to actually be explained in simplified terms, and thus your post has been removed.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Yes, and why do rainbows appear in the sky when we all know Ebola is generally accepted as being really really bad?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "New spin on an old film: Deuce Biggalow Male Juggalo. Seems legit.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "*And when the end comes I know \nThey'll say 'just a juggalo' \n[Life goes on without me](_URL_0_)* \n\n * < :o) 'cause...\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "oh yeea gigalo juggalo in jeggings, this is where this goes \n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The gathering of the Juggalos is just a male prostitute convention...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "\"What's with male prostitutes and faygo?\"...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Apparently this is a common mistake according to [wiki](_URL_0_) \"Not to be confused with gigolo\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Is female prostitution viewed for the most part as completely acceptable?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "37209664",
"title": "Feminist views on sexuality",
"section": "Section::::Feminist sex wars.:Feminism and prostitution.:Anti-prostitution feminism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 1050,
"text": "These feminists argue that, in most cases, prostitution is not a conscious and calculated choice. They say that most women who become prostitutes do so because they were forced or coerced by a pimp or by human trafficking, or, when it is an independent decision, it is generally the result of extreme poverty and lack of opportunity, or of serious underlying problems, such as drug addiction, past trauma (such as child sexual abuse) and other unfortunate circumstances. These feminists point out that women from the lowest socioeconomic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are overrepresented in prostitution all over the world. \"If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?\" (MacKinnon, 1993). A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives and most wanted to leave the occupation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55551931",
"title": "Me Too movement",
"section": "Section::::Impact.:Pornography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 347,
"text": "Several groups of Christians, conservative women, and radical feminists have argued that #MeToo demonstrates pornography causes women to be viewed as sexual objects and contributes to the prevalence of sexual harassment. As a result, these groups believe the production and consumption of pornography should be greatly restricted or made illegal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23845151",
"title": "Feminist views on prostitution",
"section": "Section::::Arguments against prostitution.:Male dominance over women.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 986,
"text": "Prostitution is seen by these feminists as the result of a patriarchal societal order which subordinates women to men and where the inequality between genders is present in all aspects of life. These feminists believe that prostitution is very harmful to society as it reinforces the idea that women are sex objects which exist for men's enjoyment, which can be \"bought\" and which can be \"used\" solely for men's sexual gratification. Anti-prostitution feminists argue that when a society accepts prostitution it sends the message that it is irrelevant how the woman feels during sex or what the consequences of sex will be for her, and that it is acceptable for a man to engage in sexual activity with a woman who does not enjoy it and who could be mentally and emotionally forcing herself in order to be able to cope; the normalization of such one sided sexual encounters might negatively affect the way men relate to women in general and might increase sexual violence against women.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23845151",
"title": "Feminist views on prostitution",
"section": "Section::::Arguments against prostitution.:Coercion and poverty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 474,
"text": "These feminists do argue that, in most cases, prostitution is not a conscious and calculated choice. They say that most women who become prostitutes do so because they were forced or coerced by a pimp or by human trafficking, or, when it is an independent decision, it is generally the result of extreme poverty and lack of opportunity, or of serious underlying problems, such as drug addiction, past trauma (such as child sexual abuse) and other unfortunate circumstances.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27165",
"title": "Sexism",
"section": "Section::::Objectification.:Prostitution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 112,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 112,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "Various authors have argued that female prostitution is based on male sexism that condones the idea that unwanted sex with a woman is acceptable, that men's desires must be satisfied, and that women are coerced into and exist to serve men sexually. The European Women's Lobby condemned prostitution as \"an intolerable form of male violence\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15157915",
"title": "Prostitution",
"section": "Section::::Laws.:Attitudes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 84,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 84,
"end_character": 812,
"text": "Prostitution is a significant issue in feminist thought and activism. Many feminists are opposed to prostitution, which they see as a form of exploitation of women and male dominance over women, and as a practice which is the result of the existing patriarchal societal order. These feminists argue that prostitution has a very negative effect, both on the prostitutes themselves and on society as a whole, as it reinforces stereotypical views about women, who are seen as sex objects which can be used and abused by men. Other feminists hold that prostitution can be a valid choice for the women who choose to engage in it; in this view, prostitution must be differentiated from forced prostitution, and feminists should support sex worker activism against abuses by both the sex industry and the legal system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55551931",
"title": "Me Too movement",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.:Exclusion of sex workers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 122,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 122,
"end_character": 819,
"text": "There have been many calls for the #MeToo movement to include sex workers and sex trafficking victims. Although these women experience a higher rate of sexual harassment and assault than any other group of people, they are often seen in society as legitimate targets that deserve such acts against them. Autumn Burris stated that prostitution is like \"#MeToo on steroids\" because the sexual harassment and assault described in #MeToo stories are frequent for women in prostitution. Melissa Farley argues that prostitution, even when consensual, can be a form of sexual assault, as it can be for money for food or similar items, thus, at least according to Farley, making prostitution a forced lifestyle relying on coercions for food. Many sex workers disagree with her stance, saying that she stigmatizes prostitution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2oj3nk
|
in golf/baseball/hockey, why does a follow through matter? since the ball has already made contact with the club/bat, why does it matter if the swing is continued or not?
|
[
{
"answer": "The advice is not given out as a way of influencing the ball after it's lost contact with the bat/stick/etc.\n\nThe advice is a way of mentally and physiologically improving the motion of the swing while it is still in contact.\n\nI'm not a psychologist or kinesiologist, but I would guess that mentally if you prepare and train to swing a bat, planning to simply stop the swing at the moment of contact, you probably get a very different swing than if you prepare for and train to perform a full through swing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I can speak for baseball, but my guess is the same applies to the others. Basically, its not about the follow-through per-se. It is about creating a strong, fluid, constant motion to maximize the amount of force transferred from the bat to the ball. \n\nIf do not want to read, feel free to watch [this](_URL_0_)\n\nIf you try to stop the bat at the point of contact with the ball, the bat will have no velocity to transfer to the ball. In essence, that is what a bunt is: giving a (relatively) stationary target for the ball to hit. Balls do not go far on a bunt. \n\nAnd since a baseball game consisting entirely of bunts would probably be boring, we encourage hitters to swing hard and fluidly. For hitting balls hard, the speed of the bat when it makes contact with the ball is the most important thing. \n\nAlso, much of the power in a baseball hitter's swing comes from torsion in the body; from the hammys and quads through your abs and up to the pecs/shoulders. The best hitters can time the unleash of their swing to make contact with the ball when the bat is travelling fastest (and therefore hit the ball harder and farther). \n\nFor golf, the formula changes a bit, as the ball is stationary. But golf also has to include the shape of the club. I have nowhere near enough knowledge about the different clubs to explain how the different heads matter. Same for hockey--though I imagine the cylinder-shape of the puck changes the dynamic a bit too. \n\nHope this helps! \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It is to ensure the athlete doesn't try to let up on they swing before contact is made.\n\nAn athlete worried about trying to stop their swing isn't going to hit the ball with full power.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7099893",
"title": "Field hockey stick",
"section": "Section::::Permitted bow.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 79,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 79,
"end_character": 376,
"text": "The detail illustration shows that when the handle is angled away from the ball both the position of contact with the ball on the ball and the part of the face of the stick making contact will be altered. The greater the bow the greater the degree of adjustment the player must make to his swing and to the hitting position of the ball to achieve a hit flat along the ground.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7099893",
"title": "Field hockey stick",
"section": "Section::::The forehand striking position.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 109,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 109,
"end_character": 320,
"text": "It is also necessary to avoid unintentionally turning the handle during a hit at the ball so that the ball is \"sliced\" (to the right) or hooked (to the left), this is achieved by gripping the stick firmly, generally with one hand locked against the other at the top of the handle, at the moment of impact with the ball.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2227569",
"title": "Crud (game)",
"section": "Section::::Rules.:Other Rules.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 485,
"text": "\"Ball off the Table\" – When the Shooter Ball is shot so vigorously that it causes the object ball to leave the playing surface the shooter loses a life. Exception - if the object ball bounces off anything, including a player, and returns to the table, play continues. No player may intentionally knock the object ball back into play (penalty is a life). Contact with a player must be accidental. In cases of doubt the referee will decide whether contact was accidental or intentional.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4440505",
"title": "Backspin",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 363,
"text": "In golf, a well-struck shot will result in a large amount of backspin that will carry the ball higher into the air and farther. Backspin also helps with distance control, as if there is enough backspin, the ball will \"check\" if it lands on the putting surface, and sometimes even creep backwards (in the opposite direction that the ball was flying) upon landing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3626877",
"title": "Beer pong (paddle game)",
"section": "Section::::Variants.:Bucknell variant.:Defense.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 113,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 113,
"end_character": 544,
"text": "If the one team hits the ball and it hits the other team’s defense in the air, that will be considered a hit if it would have hit the cup were the defense not there. However, this is a difficult thing to ascertain. Ultimately, the team that shot the ball gets to make the decision of whether the shot is a Hit or not. However, the arguments of the bystanders and the other team should be listened to and respected. For this reason, playing defense can sometimes increase the risk both of the other team calling a hit and the ensuing arguments.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25980691",
"title": "Buschball",
"section": "Section::::Rules and Aim of the Game.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 239,
"text": "Note: While playing, no-one is allowed to touch the ball while it is still moving. Before a shot, any loose object behind the ball (sticks, stones, etc.) can be removed to ensure safety. Any object in front of the ball may not be removed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39321452",
"title": "Roundnet",
"section": "Section::::Rules.:Contacting the ball.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 1405,
"text": "Rules and regulations exist when the ball is in play. When a team has possession, they must alternate touches, so no double hits happen. The ball must be hit; it cannot be lifted, caught or thrown. Players must use one hand to hit the ball; two-hand hits result in an infraction and loss of point. Any part of the body may be used to hit the ball. However, if the ball hits any part of the body (even if not the hands), then it may not be hit a second time. In other words, you cannot hit the ball twice in a row no matter what part of the body the ball touches, including if the ball touches elsewhere than the hands. If the ball hits the ground or the rim at any point during the turn the play ends and a point given. If the teams could not determine whether the ball hit the rim or a pocket, the play is replayed. When the ball hits the net, it must clear the rim for the play to be continued. If the ball hits the net again, a double bounce is called and point given to the assuming receiving team. If during a rally the ball hits the pocket, the rally continues. Pockets are only a fault during serves. If the ball makes contact with the net and then proceeds to roll up into the rim, this is known as a \"roll-up\". If this occurs during a serve, the receiving team may call a fault and the serve is tried again. If a roll-up occurs during a rally, it is treated as a pocket, and the rally continues.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4hbm4t
|
when did female breasts become a body part of sexual nature and why?
|
[
{
"answer": "There's a theory that suggests breasts were evolved to attract male mates since they're jiggly and eye catching. Females with breasts could have just as easily had large flat male-like nipples for milk production since the fat in the breast does nothing but add mass. Some women with small breast sizes already do, and it doesn't make a difference for breast feeding.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Tens of thousands of years ago, as otherwise women would not have the large breasts that they do today. It is called sexual selection, human males seemed to have preferred larger breasts over smaller ones, and over time because of this, they selected to mate with females with larger breasts over those with smaller breasts. There is really no other benefit or evolutionary explanation for such large breasts. History seems to also agree with this in that we found figurines thousands of years old with hypersexualized breasts. As for why, this isn't really known, could be a mutation in DNA as the idea of breasts being sexual has lasted for so long, meaning it could be found in DNA most likely.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's pretty well observed that gender specific traits are used to signal to potential mates when we are able to breed. Same answer as to why women will find facial hair and broad shoulders attractive on men. Women develop round fatty tissue in the hips and chest. Though these traits have no bearing on an individual's ability to create healthy offspring, they do appear after puberty and as such are signs of sexual maturity.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "One theory I've heard is that it is related to human's and human ancestors walking upright.\n\nOther male primates walk on all fours, are visually stimulated by the female's round posterior, and generally copulate in the doggystyle postion.\n\nBut, since humans walk upright and can copulate in the missionary position, the breasts evolved to be enlarged and provide visual stimulation similar to that of the posterior.\n\nAnother thing is, breasts, especially bigger ones, are an obvious sign of fertility. Prepubescent (infertile) girls don't have them, and elderly women (infertile) have saggy ones. Big full natural breasts = fertility.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I believe on a Joe Rogan Podcast with the great Dr. Christopher Ryan (Sex Anthropologist) he talked about it being related to the idea that visually whenever you see large breasts, you imagine they'd be a great mother to your children and could feed them adequately. \n\nThen over the years as food became less and less of an issue, this sort of stayed along.\n\nBut lets be real, straight men, gay men and women and babies all love titties. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Does anyone know when the because sexualized in society though? This may apply for all \"private parts\", but when did men and women start covering up? And adding to that, when and why did female breast become sexualized when men's didnt?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Desmond Morris is a zoologist who has written books about the evolution of human sexuality. You should read some if his stuff, it's quite interesting. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm going to disagree with all the evolutionary explanations others have suggested.\nI think it is just down to the simple fact that in society today, women always keep their breasts hidden unless they are naked, so we associate them with sex, and are therefore attracted to them.\nIn some tribes women have their breasts constantly exposed and are not a body part of sexual nature.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I've always seen it coincide with our hiding of them? We made them taboo and now we long to see them. It's just a theory but does anyone know if African tribes that walk around topless have this same sexualization of breasts?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I don't really buy into the theory that there was a time when they weren't. You can read the Kama Sutra if you wanna know how much ancient dead people liked titties.\n\nI'm no evo psych expert and I don't claim to know a damn thing, but it seems sensible to me that one of the defining traits of a female body would be valued by men. Sexual dimorphism has a purpose in signalling proper hormone development. Breasts are a signal that a woman is indeed a woman, not a male or a girl. Not only that, women require a higher percentage of body fat than men to be healthy and fertile. Low body fat can be a result of famine, stress, injury, eating disorders, parasites, and a host of other things. So not only is there too little fat to support a baby, there is likely a reason there is too little fat which will also injure the parents or the baby in some other way.\n\nThe argument that they are sexualized because they are taboo or hidden isn't quite accurate either. Women's backs are usually hidden. While people may recognize the shape of a woman's back or her complexion as attractive or even sexy, it's not a sexualized area like breasts or genitals. Armpits, thighs, feet are usually hidden. An attraction to any of those would be so rare that it would be considered a specific fetish.\n___________________________________________________\nThis part is more my opinion. I think it's a pointless argument feminists use to support a goal. There's nothing wrong with the goal, but appeals to nature like this are only attempts to circumvent political argument rather than actual scientific conclusions. Another example is homosexuality. Homosexuals and heterosexuals should absolutely have equal rights in society. But the argument which is often used to support that--that sexuality is defined at birth--is only half true and leads to some unfortunate side effects including identity issues and bi erasure. We can have an egalitarian society by using political arguments. We don't need to use hastily-prepared and inaccurate appeals to nature to do that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I once read it as we evolved round, full breasts because of the shape of our faces. Other primates have mouths that stick out significantly farther than that of humans, especially in babies. [Here](_URL_2_) is an orangutan profile vs a [human baby](_URL_1_). \n\nNotice how close the mouth an nose are on a human. For other primates, flat-chested females aren't a problem because the nose and mouth are far apart, but for humans, a flat chest could mean suffocation for a baby. But with a round breast, a baby can feed without its nose being squashed against something. [See here--nsfw](_URL_0_). \n\nNow, if a female could possibly suffocate offspring trying to feed it, either her baby will die or be malnourished, neither of which are desirable from an evolutionary standpoint. So, a female with round breasts can feed a baby successfully and therefore appears more fertile. \n\ntl;dr round breasts keep our flat-faced babies from suffocating",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are a lot of unsupported claims here. OP you would be better off going to a sub like /r/AskHistorians or /r/askscience for more factually supported arguments. Also there are more stances besides evolutionary ones, mostly because throughout history many non-western societies did not see female breasts as sexually enticing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I always thought it had something to do with babies- human babies mouths are in, don't stick past their nose so the breast is out far enough for them to be able to suck. Monkey mouths are farther out than their nose, and don't need that extra help. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Bigger breast generally implies having more body fat which equals to a higher chance of survival in times of famine, and therefore males attracted to big breasts had a higher chance of transmitting their genes to the next generation.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Unlike what many are saying in this thread, the shape and size of breasts do signal reproductive health. They are deposits of gynoid fat, which is a reflection of developmental stability, lack of parasites, and abundance of nutrition. Gynoid fat is not like the fat that men get, because it tends to only be mobilized during pregnancy and nursing, relating directly to the formation and development of the infant's brain. All humans have psychological adaptations to notice and respond to (in different ways) gynoid fat, which is reflected in the waist-to-hip ratio as well as the shape of breasts. \n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Going by the majority of answers I would have to say that the \"When\" you are looking for pre-dates homo-sapiens, and thus is poorly documented. \n\nWe were probably motor-boating long before our shrinking jowls allowed us to kiss.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Don't forget, a huge part of the stigma/arousal is social. In many parts of the world and places in time, folks wouldn't bat an eye at a bare breast. I've read that in imperial China a woman would have covered her bare feet before considering covering her breasts if a stranger walked in on her. Culture counts for a lot.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It has to do with the social development as well as different cultures views on sexuality and woman's body parts. Some places see the naked female breast and female body parts as something that shouldn't be hidden. Covering up woman's body parts in western media only makes a stronger stigma against publically showing the female breast or body parts. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I Asked my anthropology professor about this topic and she told me they're not biologically sexually arousing: if you look at other cultures around the world, female breasts are not sexually arousing to the population and breasts are viewed the same way we view elbows when talking about something sexually arousing.\n\n\nWestern culture has sexualized female breasts and it is so widespread in our culture that we view it as a biological norm; which it is not.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Hm, well just so you know, in a lot of parts of the world, breasts aren't sexual. It's a primarily 'westernized' thing to see them as sexual. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "7364325",
"title": "Erotic lactation",
"section": "Section::::Physiology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 899,
"text": "Breasts, and especially nipples, are highly erogenous zones, for both men and women. Nipple and breast stimulation of women are a near-universal aspect of human sexuality, though nipples in males are not as sexualized. Humans are the only primates whose female members have permanently enlarged breasts after the onset of puberty; the breasts of other primate species are enlarged only during pregnancy and nursing. One hypothesis postulates that the breasts grew as a frontal counterpart to the buttocks as primates became upright to attracting mates, a model first developed in 1967. Other hypotheses include that by chance breasts act as a cushion for infant heads, are a signal of fertility, or elevate the infant's head in breastfeeding to prevent suffocation. Paradoxically, there is even a school that believes that they are an evolutionary flaw, and can actually suffocate a nursing infant.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1243208",
"title": "Toplessness",
"section": "Section::::In religion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 84,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 84,
"end_character": 1147,
"text": "In European pre-historic societies, sculptures of female figures with pronounced or highly exaggerated breasts were common. A typical example is the so-called Venus of Willendorf, one of many Venus figurines from the Paleolithic era with ample hips and bosom. Artifacts such as bowls, rock carvings and sacred statues with breasts have been recorded from 15,000 BC up to late antiquity all across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Many female deities representing love and fertility were associated with breasts and breast milk. Figures of the Phoenician goddess Astarte were represented as pillars studded with breasts. Isis, an Egyptian goddess who represented, among many other things, ideal motherhood, was often portrayed as suckling pharaohs, thereby confirming their divine status as rulers. Even certain male deities representing regeneration and fertility were occasionally depicted with breast-like appendices, such as the river god Hapy who was considered to be responsible for the annual overflowing of the Nile. Female breasts were also prominent in the Minoan civilization in the form of the famous Snake Goddess statuettes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1045845",
"title": "Breast fetishism",
"section": "Section::::Scientific explanation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "In clinical literature of the 19th century, the sexual focus on breasts was considered a form of paraphilia, but, in modern times, this attraction is considered normal unless it is highly atypical and is therefore a form of partialism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1890951",
"title": "Cleavage (breasts)",
"section": "Section::::Western history.:Modern period.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 807,
"text": "During the French Enlightenment, there was a debate as to whether a woman's breasts were merely a sensual enticement or rather a natural gift to be offered from mother to child. In Alexandre Guillaume Mouslier de Moissy's 1771 play \"The True Mother\" (\"La Vraie Mère\"), the title character rebukes her husband for treating her as merely an object for his sexual gratification: \"Are your senses so gross as to look on these breasts – the respectable treasures of nature – as merely an embellishment, destined to ornament the chest of women?\" Nearly a century later, also in France, a man from the provinces who attended a Court ball at the Tuileries in Paris in 1855 was deeply shocked by the décolleté dresses and is said to have exclaimed in disgust: \"I haven't seen anything like that since I was weaned!\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31627440",
"title": "Biohistory",
"section": "Section::::Biohistorical Studies.:Biohistory and gender studies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 439,
"text": "Robert S. McElvaine, author of Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and Human History, explains the relationship between men and women through a biological framework. His research focuses on the idea that instead of women having penis envy, men have breast and/or womb envy. This can be attributed to the fact that “[p]regnancy, birthing, and nursing have always constituted a ‘no man’s land.’” With these areas that men were not allowed, they\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1045845",
"title": "Breast fetishism",
"section": "Section::::Scientific explanation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "The reverence and theorizing shown to breasts also appears in the science of modern civilization. Breast fetishism is claimed to be an example of a contagious thought (or meme) spreading throughout society, and that breasts are features that have evolved to influence human sexuality rather than serve an exclusive maternal function. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "155202",
"title": "Female ejaculation",
"section": "Section::::Reports.:Western literature.:16th to 18th century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 485,
"text": "In the 16th century, the Dutch physician Laevinius Lemnius, referred to how a woman \"draws forth the man's seed and casts her own with it\". In the 17th century, François Mauriceau described glands at the female urethral meatus that \"pour out great quantities of saline liquor during coition, which increases the heat and enjoyment of women\". This century saw an increasing understanding of female sexual anatomy and function, in particular the work of the Bartholin family in Denmark.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3ezr6a
|
Was the War of the World's broadcast the first instance of an entire nation being trolled? Have there been other similar events?
|
[
{
"answer": "Here are some precedents you may find interesting:\n\nIn the 12th century, legends began to promulgate throughout Christian Europe of a figure named \"Prestor John\", rumored to be the ruler of a rich and powerful kingdom in \"the East\" (at first, legend places him somewhere in India -- specifically the Three Indies -- but over time, his location would shift to various other favored exotic places which reappear in the Medieval imagination, such as Ethiopia). \n\nAround 1165, a forged letter began to circulate Europe, purportedly from Prestor John himself. The crux of the letter centered around the fact that a remnant Nestorian Christian kingdom was holding out in the East, at the head of which was this Prestor John, and that he wished to vanquish the enemies of Christ. This was VERY popular in Europe at the time, the more recent Crusades not having gone well, and the letter with its surrounding legend \"went viral\" over the continent. Pope Alexander III attempted to make contact. Marco Polo discusses him in depth.\n\nIn 1862, Mark Twain fabricated a story wherein he claimed a petrified man had been discovered preserved in the side of a cliff. The story caused a sensation, and the small town where this petrified man was supposedly located was flooded with inquiries. Twain had reported in great detail the exact positions of limbs:\n\n > “the right thumb rested against the side of the nose; the left thumb partially supported the chin, the fore-finger pressed the inner corner of the left eye, drawing it partly open; the right eye was closed, and the fingers of the right hand spread apart.”\n\nA careful reading would have revealed that this unearthed man was literally \"thumbing his nose\" at his credulous readers.\n\nMark Twain was a bit of a \"troll\" in his day: he would also fabricate the story of the Empire City Massacre, wherein a man, losing everything in a bad investment, committed a murder/suicide on his wife and seven children. Twain wrote the piece in protest of contemporary bad business practices. \n\nIn June, 1899, newspapers across the US ran a story about American businessmen vying with one another for the right to tear down the Great Wall of China for the purpose of using its stone to build roads. However, this turned out to be a hoax, perpetrated by four Denver newspapermen who had deadlines due and no stories to fill them. The story caught on, and in days even the New York Times succumbed to the hoax, running this headline: \"WILL CHINA'S WALL COME DOWN?\" As various newspapers across the country picked up the story, the occasional embellishment would find its way in. In the end, this hoax would spawn a daughter-hoax: that of news of the Great Wall Hoax made its way to China and wound up being responsible for a popular uprising that would be known as the Boxer Rebellion. \n\n[Source](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "An early and enormous example is the bat men of the moon hoax perpetrated by the New York Sun in August 1835. In a series of six articles written by Richard Locke, the New York Sun saw a dramatic increase in its circulation. These articles decribed a large telescope, which used a new scientific principal. It also described the large cities and curious bat men that lived on the moon. The intention was not to frighten the people of New York with an imminent attack from the moon. More than half of the readers of the New York Sun did not believe the story anyway. After just six instalments of this series, the New York Sun revealed it was a hoax, yet it continued to maintain its increased circulation. \nSource: \"The Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists and Lunar Man-bats in Nineteenth Century New York City.\" by Matthew Goodman (2008) ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Is it even true that the entire nation was hoaxed? Wasn't the panic itself exaggerated by the press?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Add to these the Piltdown man, the fake pre-historic man found in England (it was carved stone), the fake diaries of Adolf Hitler and the fake biography of Howard Hughes--all of which were believed by a fairly large number of people.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1031607",
"title": "Squidgygate",
"section": "Section::::Government reaction.:Chance interceptions?\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 365,
"text": "Chance interception of high-level communication is not unknown: during the 1982 Falklands conflict, a radio ham in London had intercepted and taped a conversation between the then-Prime Minister's press secretary Sir Bernard Ingham and the Assistant Director-General of the BBC, in which the BBC was pressurised into sharing war footage with commercial rivals ITN.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33667921",
"title": "Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia",
"section": "Section::::Stalinist repression of Catholicism.:Splinter trials.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 454,
"text": "A wave of propaganda spin-offs called the \"splinter trials\" was launched against the people associated with the \"Rada Polityczna\" (Political Council) in Western Europe, composed of members of the National Party active during World War II. All captives were accused of espionage, and sentenced to long prison terms. Fr. Józef Fudali who corresponded with former NOW partisan Jan Szponder, was sentenced by the court to 13 years in prison on May 13, 1953.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "409213",
"title": "Great Hacker War",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 839,
"text": "The Great Hacker War was a purported 1990–1992 (perhaps 1997) conflict between the Masters of Deception (MOD) and an unsanctioned splinter faction of the older guard hacker group Legion of Doom (LOD), amongst several smaller subsidiary groups. Both of the primary groups involved made attempts to hack into the opposing group's networks, across Internet, X.25, and telephone networks. In a panel debate of The Next HOPE conference, 2010, Phiber Optik re-iterated that the rumoured \"gang war in cyberspace\" between LOD and MOD never happened, and that it was \"a complete fabrication\" by the U.S attorney's office and some sensationalist media. Furthermore, two other high-ranking members of the LOD confirmed that the \"Great Hacker War\" never occurred, reinforcing the idea that this was just a competition of one-upsmanship and not a war.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "198802",
"title": "Phoney War",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1031,
"text": "The Phoney War (; ) was an eight-month period at the start of World War II, during which there was only one limited military land operation on the Western Front, when French troops invaded Germany's Saar district. The Phoney period began with the declaration of war by the United Kingdom and France against Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, and ended with the German invasion of France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940. Although there was no large-scale military action by Britain and France, they did begin economic warfare, especially with the naval blockade, and shut down German surface raiders. They created elaborate plans for numerous large-scale operations designed to swiftly and decisively cripple the German war effort. These included opening an Anglo-French front in the Balkans, invading Norway to seize control of Germany's main source of iron ore and a strike against the Soviet Union, to cut off its supply of oil to Germany. Only the Norway plan came to fruition, and it was too little too late in April 1940.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47869633",
"title": "October 1938",
"section": "Section::::October 30, 1938 (Sunday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 127,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 127,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "BULLET::::- A radio drama performance of \"The War of the Worlds\" directed and narrated by Orson Welles aired over the CBS radio network. It became famous for allegedly causing a nationwide panic among people who thought the drama about an alien invasion by Martians was a real news broadcast, but such accounts have been wildly exaggerated.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1905375",
"title": "Operation Unthinkable",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 291,
"text": "Operation Unthinkable was a code name of two related, unrealised plans by the Western Allies against the Soviet Union. They were ordered by British prime minister Winston Churchill in 1945 and developed by the British Armed Forces' Joint Planning Staff at the end of World War II in Europe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1667781",
"title": "Robert Trout",
"section": "Section::::Early broadcast career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 486,
"text": "On Sunday night, March 13, 1938, after Adolf Hitler's Germany had annexed Austria in the \"Anschluss\", Trout hosted a shortwave \"roundup\" of reaction from multiple cities in Europe—the first such multi-point live broadcast on network radio. The broadcast included reports from correspondent William L. Shirer in London (on the annexation, which he had witnessed firsthand in Vienna) and Murrow, who filled in for Shirer in Vienna so that Shirer could report without Austrian censorship.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
ar3yji
|
why can't you get an electrical shock from the neutral
|
[
{
"answer": "In a balanced 3 phase system, neutral should carry little to no current. Ground is actually fail safe. Ground is there in case the equipment becomes electrically charged. It will discharge to ground through the conductor, instead of you.\n\nIn an unbalanced system, neutral will carry a current, and could shock you. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "As someone who regularly wires things up while they are hot saying the word “can’t “ is a problem. Will you get lit up like you would with the hot, probably not. Will you get a little tickle, maybe. It happens more than you think due to leaky appliances and some fixtures. It’s this imperfect world that caused the building codes to split the neutral and ground at the disconnecting means and later to require arc fault in some instances. \n\nRemember voltage is the potential to do work and most neutral wires will have a few to up to 15 bolts on it. As long as your body completes the circuit it’s possible to get shocked. \n\nIn other words I wouldn’t use my tongue to try it out.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You need to think of voltage *differences*. Voltage itself doesn't move charge, voltage differences do. It's the same way air pressure moves air: you need a high pressure place next to a low pressure place in order to move air. A balloon under pressure doesn't move any air until you puncture it and let high pressure come in contact with low pressure. \n\nNeutral is 0 V relative to you. Same as touching the door of your breaker box. Then you have another wire at +110 V in the US and another at -110 V.\n\nWire a 110 to a neutral? That's a 110 V difference. There's a wall outlet for you. Wire a +110 to a -110? Congratulations you've got a 220V outlet for your clothes dryer.\n\nNeutral is just the same voltage as you and the ground and the wall and the air and the ham sandwich. Unless equipment fails. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The circuit is still complete, the electricity is still moving. Neutral though is your baseline zero volts. If the voltage drop happens over the load, and you touch the neutral line then you still are putting yourself in parallel with the circuit. However, your resistance is way higher than that of the cable connecting the load to neutral so there will be no current flow through you. Google resisters in parallel for more. Electricity takes the path of least resistance, and in this case that's not you.\n\nIf someone then cuts the neutral cord at the socket, you'd now be in series with the load, and bad luck as now to complete the circuit the electricity has to flow through you, at that point you become an unhappy resister in series.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > what happens to the electricity after it passes through the load \n\nLook at it this way. You have a \"hot\" wire which has the voltage (ie energy) and a return wire often called the neutral. According to Kirchoff's Second Law all voltage in a circuit is \"dropped\" across all the loads. So for example you might have 110 volts going into a load but there will be zero volts coming out, ie flowing back on the neutral. The same amount of current (amps) is flowing on both wires ( Kirchoff's First Law) but there is zero voltage on the neutral. So you don't get shocked with zero volts.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11513302",
"title": "Stray voltage",
"section": "Section::::Origins.:Capacitive leakage through insulation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 428,
"text": "In power transmission systems, one side of the circuit, known as the neutral, is grounded to dissipate static electricity and to reduce hazardous voltages caused by insulation failure and other electrical faults. It is possible to get a shock by only touching the \"hot\" wire, due to the person's body being capacitively coupled to the ground upon which the person stands, even if the person is standing on an insulated surface.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54427200",
"title": "Body contact (electricity)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 232,
"text": "There is a risk of electric shock when touching the parts of the system under voltage by the body joint. As a countermeasure, so-called protective conductors and residual current circuit breakers are used in electrical engineering.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41215",
"title": "Ground (electricity)",
"section": "Section::::Isolation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 547,
"text": "For an isolated device, touching a single powered conductor does not cause a severe shock, because there is no path back to the other conductor through the ground. However, shocks and electrocution may still occur if both poles of the transformer are contacted by bare skin. Previously it was suggested that repairmen \"work with one hand behind their back\" to avoid touching two parts of the device under test at the same time, thereby preventing a circuit from crossing through the chest and interrupting cardiac rhythms/ causing cardiac arrest.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8000087",
"title": "Migma",
"section": "Section::::Problems.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 571,
"text": "One could offset this effect by injecting electrons as well as ions, so that the macroscopic volume is neutralized. However, this leads to two new effects that cause energy to be lost from the reactor. One is that the electrons will randomly impact the ions, causing them to neutralize, meaning they are no longer subject to the magnetic field and free to leave the reaction chamber. Even when such neutralization did not occur, the impacts between the electrons and ions would cause the electrons to release energy through both bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "530715",
"title": "Residual-current device",
"section": "Section::::Limitations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 88,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 88,
"end_character": 599,
"text": "An RCD helps to protect against electric shock when current flows through a person from a phase (live / line / hot) to earth. It cannot protect against electric shock when current flows through a person from phase to neutral or from phase to phase, for example where a finger touches both live and neutral contacts in a light fitting; a device cannot differentiate between current flow through an intended load from flow through a person, though the RCD may still trip if the person is in contact with the ground (earth), as some current may still pass through the persons finger and body to earth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20587582",
"title": "Live-line working",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Electrical hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 597,
"text": "At high voltages, it is unnecessary to come into direct contact with charged equipment to be shocked. An electric field surrounds all charged devices. Bringing a conducting object such as a human body into that field can intensify the field enough for electrical breakdown of the air and an arc to jump from the equipment to earth via that person. In the U.S., the Occupational Safety and Health Administration establishes clearance guidelines. Solid materials such as rubber, while excellent insulators at low voltages, are also subject to electrical failure if subjected to a high enough field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14453424",
"title": "Pinning points",
"section": "Section::::Types of pinning points.:Point defects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "Point defects (as well as stationary dislocations, jogs, and kinks) present in a material create stress fields within a material that disallow traveling dislocations to come into direct contact. Much like two particles of the same electric charge feel a repulsion to one another when brought together, the dislocation is pushed away from the already present stress field.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
cp2ry3
|
how do passwords work. specifically passwords to unlock devices such as smartphones or laptops
|
[
{
"answer": "A iphone have a [Secure\\_Enclave](_URL_0_) that is a dedicated hardware for the password/fingerprint. It is not accessible to the general CPU except for calls that send it the passcode/fingerprint to it to unlock the system or conferme that it is correct. It also manage the part that encrypt the storage and send it the key. It is all built in a way so you never can read it.\n\nSo if there is not password it the CPU can set one but to change it you first need to send the current password and then you can update it. You can never read back the password because the hardware part that handle and store it do not allow that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "At a high level, typically most services (including a login to a device/computer) take what you type as a password (numbers, letters etc)\nand run a mathematical transformation on it called a “hash”\n\nThe advantages of this are \n1) you get the same “hash” output value every time for the same input (password)\n2) the hash itself cannot easily be reversed, so that you can’t get the plain text password just by stealing (or looking at) it\n\nWhen you type the password, the hash is generated and then compared to the hash stored somewhere on the system.\nIf they match, you gain access. \n\nWhere this hash is stored depends on the device or operating system (iOS, Mac, Windows , Linux etc)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > how do iPhones ... know which password is correct and unencrypt your data for access without having what your password is stored to be checked against.\n\nThis is actually due to a very clever process called a \"hash\". This is a complicated mathematical function that is easy to do one way but extremely difficult to do in reverse. A common example is finding prime numbers; it is pretty easy to check if a specific number is prime, but finding the next prime number after a really big prime requires a bunch of calculations that take a very long time.\n\nSo the password is run through this hashing algorithm and it spits out this big number called the \"hash\" of the password. This big number is **not unique** to the password, there are other possible inputs which could produce that result called \"collisions\". However those other options are absurdly unlikely to run across by chance, like one in many trillions.\n\nThe device only stores the hash of the password, not the password itself. If you tell the device your password it runs the hash function again and checks to see if the results match. If they do it unlocks the device because evidently you know what the password is. However even if someone steals the hash they still don't know what to tell your device in order to unlock it, until they can calculate backwards from the hash to find one of the inputs that would yield that result (either your password or one of the collisions). But calculating backwards might take tens of thousands of years with current computing technology, at which point you certainly don't care.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Storing passwords themselves isn't particularly secure, because any good hacker will be able to find it, extract it, and take advantage of it.\n\nBut this poses a problem, if it isn't secure to store a password in plain text, what can the program use to check if the password you input is correct?\n\nThe method typically used for this is hashing.\n\nA hash is a mathematical algorithm that has two main features.\n\n1. Regardless of what value you input, it always gives an output of the same length.\n\n2. The algorithm is not reversible. You can't perform the equation backwards to turn the hash back into the original password.\n\nWhen you type in your password the algorithm turns it into a hash, and that is compared to what is stored on the device.\n\nSo what is the upside of doing this?\n\nA database of hashes are all the same length, so even if a hacker were to steal them they couldn't determine how long the original password was. Be it 1 character or 100.\n\nHashes themselves aren't useable, if you put the hash value into the application it will get hashed itself and therefore give a completely different value and not work.\n\nHashes can't be reversed, so having the hash doesn't mean you can easily determine what the original password was.\n\nHashes are complex and slow, meaning they need a lot of processing power to run. This is good from a security perspective because it slows hackers down. It's difficult to brute force hashes because you need a lot of CPU power to run hashing algorithms over and over again.\n\nBut that doesn't mean it's infallible. Hashing algorithms are public knowledge (ie the equations are standardized and easy to get) so what hackers do is create databases of hashes using pre-generated passwords. So they run a,b,c,d, etc and common passwords through the equation to make a database of known hashes... then they compare stolen hashes to the database to get people's passwords.\n\nThe catch is this requires a lot of effort, but it's becoming more and more common place as an attack as these databases are pre-generated (someone has done the hard work for you already) and are easily found on the internet.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "40084006",
"title": "Smart lock",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 320,
"text": "Smart locks allow users to grant access to a third party by means of a virtual key. This key can be sent to the recipient smartphone over standard messaging protocols such as e-mail or SMS. Once this key is received the recipient will be able to unlock the smart lock during the time previously specified by the sender.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40084006",
"title": "Smart lock",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "Smart locks, like the traditional locks, need two main parts to work: the lock and the key. In the case of these electronic locks, the key is not a physical key but a smartphone or a special key fob configured explicitly for this purpose which wirelessly performs the authentication needed to automatically unlock the door.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7156461",
"title": "Default password",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "Some devices (such as wireless routers) will come with unique default router username and passwords printed on a sticker, which is more secure option than a common default password. Some vendors will however derive the password from the device's MAC address using a known algorithm, in which case the password can be also easily reproduced by attackers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "525465",
"title": "Lock and key",
"section": "Section::::Types of lock.:With electronic keys.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 429,
"text": "A smart lock is an electromechanics lock that gets instructions to lock and unlock the door from an authorized device using a cryptographic key and wireless protocol. Smart locks have begun to be used more commonly in residential areas, often controlled with smartphones. Smart locks are used in coworking spaces and offices to enable keyless office entry. In addition, electronic locks cannot be picked with conventional tools.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "210476",
"title": "SIM lock",
"section": "Section::::Unlocking technology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 429,
"text": "A handset can be unlocked by entering a code provided by the network operator. Alternative mechanisms include software running on the handset or a computer attached to the handset, hardware devices that connect to the handset or over-the-air by the carrier. Usually the unlock process is permanent. The code required to remove all locks from a phone is referred to as the \"master code\", \"network code key\", or \"multilock code\". \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2778",
"title": "Parallel ATA",
"section": "Section::::Parallel ATA interface.:HDD passwords and security.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 106,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 106,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "A device can have two passwords: A User Password and a Master Password; either or both may be set. There is a Master Password identifier feature which, if supported and used, can identify without disclosing the current Master Password.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1135907",
"title": "HomePlug",
"section": "Section::::Security.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 299,
"text": "To simplify the process of configuring passwords on a HomePlug network, each device has a built-in master password, chosen at random by the manufacturer and hard-wired into the device, which is used only for setting the encryption passwords. A printed label on the device lists its master password.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1gv517
|
how sports venues paid for with tax payer money maintain a monopoly on crappy, overpriced food when there are obvious alternatives?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's not a monopoly, it's more of a convenience issue. A restaurant can charge whatever they want, and if people don't want to pay, they can leave and find another restaurant.\n\nSports venues charge so much for food simply because they can. Yes, you can go watch a game for just the price of the ticket, and eat before/after the game somewhere cheaper. But since people like to eat/drink while they watch a game, they're willing to pay a lot more for their food.\n\nThis is basically how movie theaters make their money, in fact. They make most of their money on food/drink sales, while the movie tickets are really just their to get people in the door.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are a limited number of stalls at a venue. The businesses there have to pay a premium on the real estate.\n\nA sports venue isn't open all the time. A baseball stadium or concert venue might be open for 3 games per week. A football stadium might have two games per month. You have to pay people more money to convince them to work part-time jobs with irregular schedules. The businesses also have to make a profit from a small number of days to be open.\n\nMaking 'good food' is hard when you have twenty thousand people all lining up to buy it at half time. Your standard game/fair food is stuff that can either be made very quickly or made ahead of time and held.\n\nOn top of that, there's an element of screwing people",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5550654",
"title": "Taxation in Russia",
"section": "Section::::Regional and local taxes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 518,
"text": "Tax on gambling businesses is paid by registered gambling outlets at a flat rate per each table, slot machine or bookmaker's cash desk. The Code provides both minimum and maximum rate limits (1:5 ratio), thus prohibits establishment of tax-free gambling. For example, one slot machine is taxed at 1,500–7,500 roubles a year, and one table at 25,000–125,000 roubles a year. From July 1, 2009 gambling in Russia is banned, except in four specially designated gambling areas in remote regions. Online gambling is banned.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2547114",
"title": "Bulk vending",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "In 1950, the United States Treasury Department attempted to impose gambling excise taxes on bulk vendors on the grounds that there was no way for consumers to know for sure which gumball or other product the machine would dispense. For a short time, manufacturers installed viewfinders in bulk vending machines to display the next item to be vended. Vendors organized to found the National Bulk Vendors Association (NBVA), which successfully lobbied against the taxes, arguing that the items vended were of approximate or equivalent value. The NBVA has since lobbied on behalf of bulk vendors on a variety of issues; for instance, it joined the Coin Coalition which pushed for elimination of the U.S. one dollar bill in favor of the United States dollar coin.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33530568",
"title": "Gambling in Italy",
"section": "Section::::Gambling law.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 329,
"text": "One of its most notable aspects was the new tax regime based on the profit rather than on the turnover. A flat rate of 20% was to be applied to all newly legalized games except the video lottery games. Operators organizing sports and horse betting, lotteries and skill games still had to pay 3% of total tournament buy-ins sold.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "260979",
"title": "Bribery",
"section": "Section::::Sport corruption.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 262,
"text": "Additionally, bribes may be offered by cities in order to secure athletic franchises, or even competitions, as happened with the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is common practice for cities to \"bid\" against each other with stadiums, tax benefits, and licensing deals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23094336",
"title": "Taxation in Indiana",
"section": "Section::::Other taxes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "The state and local government also receive revenue from a variety of other more minor sources. A gaming tax is imposed on winnings in state casinos, horse tracks, and from the Hoosier Lottery that provided $647 million in revenues in 2008.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18007901",
"title": "Centsports",
"section": "Section::::Legality.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 640,
"text": "In the United States, online gambling is illegal. Most states consider that \"gambling\" consists of three elements: prize, chance and \"consideration,\" or providing something of value to be eligible to participate. As Centsports did not allow users to fund their accounts with their own money, and instead funded betting accounts with revenue from its advertisers, \"consideration\" from the bettor was not involved, and therefore the games were considered legal. However, the NCAA's Agent, Gambling and Amateurism Activities division stated that engaging in Centsports-style gaming \"would be in violation of NCAA sports wagering legislation.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22489788",
"title": "Pinnacle Sports",
"section": "Section::::Exit from US market.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 709,
"text": "On January 11, 2007, in what was considered a controversial move, Pinnacle voluntarily announced that it would no longer accept wagers from customers based in the United States in accordance with the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, which was passed on September 30, 2006. The law, which was a last minute addition to Security and Accountability For Every Port Act, stipulates that \"“participants in designated payment systems to establish policies and procedures reasonably designed to identify and block or otherwise prevent or prohibit transactions in connection with unlawful Internet gambling.”\" At the time, Pinnacle Sports posted the following message to their U.S. based customers:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
61vy9e
|
Are reading and writing learned at the same time?
|
[
{
"answer": "As to whether it is possible to learn to read or write without learning the opposite, I would certainly think that both are possible. I don't have attested examples to cite, but I don't see why someone born without arms would not be able to learn to read. In general, we certainly teach children to read before they learn to write. The opposite seems also possible. I imagine there are blind individuals out there who have learned to write, but who obviously can't read their own writing. That would just take training with some type of feedback.\n\nAs to the bigger question of whether or not they rely on the same sets of skills, in psychology you might frame that in terms of what is known as \"modularity\". We sometimes think about different processes in the brain as modules, separate pieces which combine together to do a larger function. For instance, reading is not one skill, it's made up of many smaller skills. You could then ask how much overlap is there between reading/writing in terms of those modules. One way to look at this is to look for individuals who have suffered some sort of brain trauma. Oftentimes things like strokes result in the loss of various language-related skills, which we refer to generally as aphasia. There are many different types, and every individual's trauma can result in somewhat different symptoms. For this discussion, the most important are [agraphia](_URL_2_), the loss of the ability to write, and [alexia](_URL_1_), the loss of the ability to read. Oftentimes, these two disorders coincide, but they do not necessarily. For instance, in [pure alexia](_URL_3_) an individual retains the ability to write, but has lost the ability to read. You could ask them to write out a sentence and they would would be able to do so, but when shown their own writing they would be unable to read it. The opposite, pure agraphia, is also possible although it seems to be less common. [Here's one case study](_URL_0_) of a 62 year old man who lost the ability to write, but more or less retained all his other language functions, including the ability to read. It's important to note that pure agraphia is not caused by a motor disorder, the man retained the function of his arm/fingers and could use them to perform other tasks, just not writing.\n\nIt's cases like these which informed a great deal of early work in psychology/psycholinguistics. The idea of modularity is not without (deserved) criticism, but individual case studies help demonstrate what is possible when particular regions in the brain become damaged. I think many people would be somewhat shocked at the very particular types of behaviors which can be lost, as with the 62 year old man with pure agraphia, having retained the ability to do just about anything with his hand except to use it to form words and sentences.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Pre school children learn to write before they learn to read. For example, they learn to write their names but can't \"sound out\" the letters until later. They also learn to write letters and could be told \"write f-i-s-h\" without being able to tell what it says. I think what you're asking is can someone learn to write fluently, ie copy diction, without learning to read....to that, I don't know. But yes, you can learn to write before you read. I suspect children recognize their names in the same way they recognize a star or a circle shape...but still, they write them (draw them?).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4714724",
"title": "Audio-lingual method",
"section": "Section::::Techniques.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "Reading and writing are introduced in the next stage. The oral lesson learned in previous class is the reading material to establish a relationship between speech and writing. All reading material is introduced as orally first. Writing, in the early stages, is confined to transcriptions of the structures and dialogues learned earlier. Once learners mastered the basic structure, they were asked to write composition reports based on the oral lesson.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9144443",
"title": "Reading Like a Writer",
"section": "Section::::Summary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 340,
"text": "Prose discusses the question of whether writing can be taught. She answers the question by suggesting that although writing workshops can be helpful, the best way to learn to write is to read. Closely reading books, Prose studied word choice and sentence construction. Close reading helped her solve difficult obstacles in her own writing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4660679",
"title": "Seodang",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "The course of study typically began with the Thousand Character Classic, and proceeded to independent reading of the Three Books and Five Classics. The teaching method emphasized rote learning by reading and memorizing an assigned passage each day; after reading the passage more than 100 times over, students would recite it to the \"hunjang\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40752586",
"title": "Dedham Public Schools",
"section": "Section::::History.:Early curriculum.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 340,
"text": "Early students studied reading, writing, and arithmetic, and as much Latin as the teacher could manage. In the arithmetic book used, one or two problems were shown as examples under each rule, and the teachers provided the rest. There were no problems for students to solve. Reading was taught using the English primer and then a Psalter. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13773619",
"title": "Rudolf Steiner School Kings Langley",
"section": "Section::::The three stages of Steiner education at the school.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 439,
"text": "Writing and reading skills are developed during classes 1 and 2. French and German are also introduced at this time through songs and games. Creativity is still being developed in the children at this stage. They start handwork where they learn to knit, perform a play during the course of the year, and work outside in the gardening lesson. Another subject they start is Eurythmy, which is a way of telling stories through body movement.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "188961",
"title": "Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood",
"section": "Section::::History.:1606–1633.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 591,
"text": "BULLET::::- Children frequently went to \"Writing-schooles\" at the end of the school day, the purpose of which was to \"learn a good hand\". Good handwriting was supposed to be a condition of entry to a school like MTS but Hayne for one tended to ignore it and was eventually dismissed for, among other things, low standards of hand writing. In Germany at this time there were writing schools too and many children attended only these in order to learn sufficient skills for commerce and trade; English businessmen founded schools which encouraged an academic curriculum based on the classics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49783",
"title": "Reading education in the United States",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 347,
"text": "Reading education is the process by which individuals are taught to derive meaning from text. Schoolchildren not capable of reading competently by the end of third grade can face obstacles to success in education. The third grade marks a crucial point in reading because students start to encounter broader variety of texts in their fourth grade.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3ch6lr
|
why is 300 parts per million for particulate matter in the atmosphere significant enough to cause health issues?
|
[
{
"answer": "A couple of nanograms (10^-9 grams) of botulinum (the toxin that causes botulism) can be deadly. Everything can be lethal if you have enough of it, and some things are just really, really good at disrupting your body and preventing it from doing the business of staying alive.\n\nA single molecule of carbon monoxide from fire smoke, for example, can pretty much pretty much permanently break a red blood cell. We have a ton of them, and replace them all the time, so losing a couple of red blood cells isn't the end of the world. However, it doesn't take a whole lot of carbon monoxide before that problem starts to get really big and out of hand.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "518740",
"title": "Soot",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "Among these diesel emission components, particulate matter has been a serious concern for human health due to its direct and broad impact on the respiratory organs. In earlier times, health professionals associated PM10 (diameter < 10 μm) with chronic lung disease, lung cancer, influenza, asthma, and increased mortality rate. However, recent scientific studies suggest that these correlations be more closely linked with fine particles (PM2.5) and ultra-fine particles (PM0.1).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59691283",
"title": "Transportation and health",
"section": "Section::::Air quality and emissions production.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 1603,
"text": "The six main pollutants monitored by the EPA that can have serious health consequences are particulate matter, ground-level ozone, lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Particulate matter consists of a mix of solid and liquid matter such as dust, dirt, or smoke that makes up two categories, PM and PM, the former being anything smaller than 10 micrometers and the latter being anything smaller than 2.5 micrometers. PM can get deep within your lungs while PM is so small it can get into your blood stream both of which cause damage and is overall harmful for your health. When nitrogen oxides interact with volatile organic compounds near the surface of the Earth, ground-level ozone is formed which can cause a variety of respiratory issues and exacerbate existing conditions like COPD and asthma which is common in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and children. Lead is a soft metal that when introduced to the human body, can cause damage throughout many body systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and renal systems. Carbon monoxide is introduced into the air through combustion reactions, and when inhaled, the carbon monoxide mimics oxygen molecules and binds to hemoglobin, not allowing for proper oxygenation, which can exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as asthma and COPD. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide both are synthesized through combustion reactions and have negative impacts on the respiratory systems. All six of the criteria air pollutants are created either directly or indirectly from combustion reactions of fossil fuels. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30876688",
"title": "Particulates",
"section": "Section::::Health effects.:Health problems.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 659,
"text": "Increased levels of fine particles in the air as a result of \"anthropogenic\" particulate air pollution \"is consistently and independently related to the most serious effects, including lung cancer and other cardiopulmonary mortality.\" A large number of deaths and other health problems associated with particulate pollution was first demonstrated in the early 1970s and has been reproduced many times since. PM pollution is estimated to cause 22,000–52,000 deaths per year in the United States (from 2000) contributed to ~370,000 premature deaths in Europe during 2005. and 3.22 million deaths globally in 2010 per the global burden of disease collaboration.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "71617",
"title": "Infant mortality",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Environmental.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 1272,
"text": "People who live in areas where particulate matter (PM) air pollution is higher tend to have more health problems across the board. Short-term and long-term effects of ambient air pollution are associated with an increased mortality rate, including infant mortality. Air pollution is consistently associated with post neonatal mortality due to respiratory effects and sudden infant death syndrome. Specifically, air pollution is highly associated with SIDs in the United States during the post-neonatal stage. High infant mortality is exacerbated because newborns are a vulnerable subgroup that is affected by air pollution. Newborns who were born into these environments are no exception. Women who are exposed to greater air pollution on a daily basis who are pregnant should be closely watched by their doctors, as well as after the baby is born. Babies who live in areas with less air pollution have a greater chance of living until their first birthday. As expected, babies who live in environments with more air pollution are at greater risk for infant mortality. Areas that have higher air pollution also have a greater chance of having a higher population density, higher crime rates and lower income levels, all of which can lead to higher infant mortality rates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30876688",
"title": "Particulates",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 898,
"text": "The IARC and WHO designate airborne particulates a Group 1 carcinogen. Particulates are the most harmful form of air pollution due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and blood streams unfiltered, causing permanent DNA mutations, heart attacks, respiratory disease, and premature death. In 2013, a study involving 312,944 people in nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of 10 μg/m in PM, the lung cancer rate rose 22%. The smaller PM were particularly deadly, with a 36% increase in lung cancer per 10 μg/m as it can penetrate deeper into the lungs. Worldwide exposure to PM contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. Overall, ambient particulate matter ranks as the sixth leading risk factor for premature death globally.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30876688",
"title": "Particulates",
"section": "Section::::Health effects.:Health problems.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 309,
"text": "A study In 2000 conducted in the U.S. explored how fine particulate matter may be more harmful than coarse particulate matter. The study was based on six different cities. They found that deaths and hospital visits that were caused by particulate matter in the air were primarily due fine particulate matter.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30876688",
"title": "Particulates",
"section": "Section::::Regulation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 947,
"text": "Due to the highly toxic health effects of particulate matter, most governments have created regulations both for the emissions allowed from certain types of pollution sources (motor vehicles, industrial emissions etc.) and for the ambient concentration of particulates. The IARC and WHO designate particulates a Group 1 carcinogen. Particulates are the deadliest form of air pollution due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and blood streams unfiltered, causing permanent DNA mutations, heart attacks and premature death. In 2013, the ESCAPE study involving 312,944 people in nine European countries revealed that there was no safe level of particulates and that for every increase of 10 μg/m in PM, the lung cancer rate rose 22%. For PM there was a 36% increase in lung cancer per 10 μg/m. In a 2014 meta-analysis of 18 studies globally including the ESCAPE data, for every increase of 10 μg/m in PM, the lung cancer rate rose 9%.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2skig0
|
why does the us order the day and month of a date differently to other countries? i.e. today to me (in europe) it is the 15/01/15 not the 01/15/15. how did this slight, but significant, difference come about?
|
[
{
"answer": "IIRC in the UK we do **day - > month - > year** as its the smallest in time to largest.\n\nThe US does **month - > day - > year** as there are fewer months than there are days, and there are fewer days that there will be years.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "dd/mm/yyyy - keeps magnitude and is more natural.\n\nmm/dd/yyyy - bit weird it is like if somebody used hh:ss:mm but you can alphabetically order it if you have dates from just one year.\n\nyyyy-mm-dd - can be alphabetically ordered and keeps magnitude and is actual international format.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This has come up in /r/askhistorians a few times, but no conclusive answer has ever been proposed as far as I'm aware. [Here](_URL_0_) is a good answer, though.\n\nBasic summary: Month/Day/Year became, at some point, the preferred form for all English speakers in non-formal language, including in England proper. In the 19th century England started to switch back over to Day/Month/Year, which mimicked the more formal form of writing it out (On the 15th day of January in the year 2015). The US never made that switch.\n\nAs noted in the thread there isn't a good consensus on why the switches occurred in England, but given the timing it's probably related to the printing press and how newspapers were made.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This doesn't answer the question *why* but it's interesting nonetheless:\n\nApparently Britain used to do it the American way, but they began gradually switching over sometime around 1920. \n\nHere are some Google Ngrams for frequently-mentioned dates:\n\n[January 1,1 January](_URL_1_)\n\n[November 5,5 November](_URL_2_)\n\n[November 11,11 November](_URL_0_)\n\n[December 25,25 December](_URL_3_)\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30443897",
"title": "Date and time notation in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Date.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 849,
"text": "In the United States, dates are traditionally written in the \"month-day-year\" order, with neither increasing nor decreasing order of significance. This order is used in both the traditional all-numeric date (e.g., \"1/21/16\" or \"01/21/2016\") and the expanded form (e.g., \"January 21, 2016\"—usually spoken with the year as a cardinal number and the day as an ordinal number, e.g., \"January twenty-first, twenty sixteen\"), with the historical rationale that the year was often of lesser importance. The most commonly used separator in the all-numeric form is the slash (/), although the hyphen (-) and period (.) have also emerged in the all-numeric format recently due to globalization. The Chicago Manual of Style discourages writers from writing all-numeric dates in this format, since it is not comprehensible to readers outside the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2011",
"title": "Comparison of American and British English",
"section": "Section::::Numerical expressions.:Dates.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 144,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 144,
"end_character": 1018,
"text": "When using the name of the month rather than the number to write a date in the UK, the recent standard style is for the day to precede the month, e. g., 21 April. Month preceding date is almost invariably the style in the US, and was common in the UK until the late twentieth century. British usage often changes the day from an integer to an ordinal, i.e., 21st instead of 21. In speech, \"of\" and \"the\" are used in the UK, as in \"the 21st of April\". In written language, the words \"the\" and \"of\" may be and are usually dropped, i.e., 21 April. The US would say this as \"April 21st\", and this form is still common in the UK. One of the few exceptions in American English is saying \"the Fourth of July\" as a shorthand for the United States Independence Day. In the US military the British forms are used, but the day is read cardinally, while among some speakers of New England and Southern American English varieties and who come from those regions but live elsewhere, those forms are common, even in formal contexts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30443505",
"title": "Date and time notation in Canada",
"section": "Section::::Date.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "When writing the full date, English speakers vacillate between the forms inherited from the United Kingdom (day first, 7 January) and United States (month first, January 7), depending on the region and context. French speakers consistently write the date with the day first (). The government endorses all these forms when using words, but only recommends the ISO format for all-numeric dates to avoid error.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30443897",
"title": "Date and time notation in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Time.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 922,
"text": "While most countries use the 24-hour clock, the United States differs in that it uses the 12-hour clock almost exclusively, not only in spoken language, but also in writing, even on timetables, for airline tickets, and computer software. The suffixes \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.\" (often represented as AM and PM) are appended universally in written language. Alternatively, people might specify \"noon\" or \"midnight\", after or instead of 12:00. (Business events, which are increasingly scheduled using groupware calendar applications, are less vulnerable to such ambiguity, since the software itself can be modified to take care of the naming conventions.) Where the a.m.–p.m. convention is inconvenient typographically (e.g., in dense tables), different fonts or colors are sometimes used instead. The most common usage in transport timetables for air, rail, bus, etc. is to use lightface for a.m. times and boldface for p.m. times.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23306251",
"title": "Gregorian calendar",
"section": "Section::::Dual dating.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, \"10/21 February 1750/51\", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers \"customarily\" used \"two dates\" on their letters, one OS and one NS.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53871851",
"title": "American and British English grammatical differences",
"section": "Section::::Presence (or absence) of syntactic elements.:Definite article.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 52,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 52,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "BULLET::::- Dates often include a definite article in UK spoken English, such as \"\"the\" eleventh of July\", or \"July \"the\" eleventh\"; American speakers most commonly say \"July eleventh\", and the form \"July eleven\" is now occasionally used by American speakers. However, the UK variants are also found in the US, even in formal contexts and especially among some speakers from rural New England and the Deep South, perhaps influenced by other English variants, one example being \"the Fourth of July\", Independence Day in the US.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7123",
"title": "Calendar date",
"section": "Section::::Date format.:Usage overloading.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 599,
"text": "For example, \"07/08/06\" could refer to either 7 August 1006-2006 or July 8 1006-2006. In the [[United States]], dates are rarely written in purely numerical forms in formal writing, although they are very common elsewhere; when numerical forms are used, the month appears first. In the United Kingdom, while it is regarded as acceptable albeit less common to write \"month-name day, year\", this order is never used when written numerically. However, as an exception, the American shorthand \"9/11\" is widely understood as referring to the [[September 11 attacks|11 September 2001 terrorist attacks]].\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2dw3jc
|
when i sometimes go to sleep with my eyes closed and not moving, i know i'm not asleep. do i get any good quality rest compared if i'm sleeping?
|
[
{
"answer": "If you're not asleep, then you're not getting the same quality rest as if you were sleeping. Your brain may appreciate the decrease in stimulation, and your muscles the rest, but if you're not asleep, then you're not... sleeping.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I agree with the other comments in saying no, but I remember reading something about when we go to bed and get random itches and such, it's our brains way of making sure we're still awake. But when we fall asleep, our brain takes this time to heal our body (hence why people tell you to rest when you're ill/injured), so technically you won't get the same amount of rest laying in bed than you would being asleep. I may be wrong but I remember reading something along those lines about sleep.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Research has shown that if someone does not enter R.E.M sleep (deep sleep), they will not rest fully (this is done by waking people when they enter deep sleep). Apparently we do need deep sleep to fully rest, so just resting with eyes closed is not sufficient.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If you're aware of not being asleep, then you didn't \"go to sleep.\" You're just lying still with your eyes closed. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1007171",
"title": "Nightlight",
"section": "Section::::Potential health issues and benefits.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "Another study has indicated that sleeping with the light on may protect the eyes of diabetics from retinopathy, a condition that can lead to blindness. However, the initial study is still inconclusive.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1692702",
"title": "On Dreams",
"section": "Section::::Content.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 766,
"text": "Aristotle explains that during sleep there is an absence of external sensory stimulation. While sleeping with our eyes closed, the eyes are unable to see, and so in this respect we perceive nothing while asleep. He compares hallucinations to dreams, saying \"...the faculty by which, in waking hours, we are subject to illusion when affected by disease, is identical with that which produces illusory effects in sleep.\" When awake and perceiving, to see or hear something incorrectly only occurs when one \"actually\" sees or hears something, thinking it to be something else. But in sleep, if it is still true that one does not see, hear, or experience sense perception in the normal way, then the faculty of sense, he reasons, must be affected in some different way.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "790999",
"title": "Hypersomnia",
"section": "Section::::Treatment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "In general, patients with hypersomnia or excessive sleepiness should only go to bed to sleep or for sexual activity. All other activities such as eating or watching television should be done elsewhere. For those patients, it is also important to go to bed only when they feel tired, than trying to fall asleep for hours. In that case, they probably should get out of bed and read or watch television until they get sleepy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "236449",
"title": "Sleep paralysis",
"section": "Section::::Prevention.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 493,
"text": "Sleeping in the supine position is believed to make the sleeper more vulnerable to episodes of sleep paralysis because in this sleeping position it is possible for the soft palate to collapse and obstruct the airway. This is a possibility regardless of whether the individual has been diagnosed with sleep apnea or not. There may also be a greater rate of microarousals while sleeping in the supine position because there is a greater amount of pressure being exerted on the lungs by gravity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5607447",
"title": "Space medicine",
"section": "Section::::Effects of space-travel.:Sleep disorders.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 890,
"text": "BULLET::::- Practice good sleep hygiene. In other words, the bed is for sleeping only; get out of bed within a few moments of waking up. \"Do not\" sit in bed watching TV or using a laptop. When one is acclimated to spending many hours \"awake\" in bed, it can disrupt the body's natural set of daily cycles, called the circadian rhythm. While this is less of an issue for astronauts who have very limited entertainment options in their sleeping areas, another aspect of sleep hygiene is adhering to a specific pre-sleep routine (shower, brush teeth, fold up clothing, spend 20 minutes with a trashy novel, for example); observing this sort of routine regularly can significantly improve one's sleep quality. Of course, sleep hygiene studies have all been conducted at 1G, but it seems possible (if not likely) that observing sleep hygiene would retain at least some efficacy in micro-gravity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1268981",
"title": "Sleep hygiene",
"section": "Section::::Recommendations.:Activities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 240,
"text": "Generally, for people experiencing difficulties with sleep, spending less time in bed results in deeper and more continuous sleep, so clinicians will frequently recommend eliminating use of the bed for any activities except sleep (or sex).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18936256",
"title": "Sundowning",
"section": "Section::::Treatment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "BULLET::::- Caregivers could try letting patients choose their own sleeping arrangements each night, wherever they feel most comfortable sleeping, as well as allow for a dim light to occupy room to alleviate confusion associated with an unfamiliar place.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5p3j4i
|
some jobs are unpleasant but fundamental to society (eg: janitor, bus driver). why aren't these the best paid jobs?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because anyone can do them. They are low skill and lots of people can fill that role.\n\nSometimes they do get better pay because the job is undesirable (I think trash collectors get paid decent, at least compared to minimum wage). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Jobs are categorized by amount of skills you need to have to perform the job or amount of profit that you produce per period of time. Also, supply and demand curve of labor. How many people are available on the market to do some particular job. Being a janitor doesn't require a much of skills or bachelors degree, a lot of people can do this job, and the outcome is just a clean place you work/ live.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because they don't need to. Simple as that. The market doesn't require it. At the current pay, they can find qualified people to fill those positions. A brain surgeon would make $10/hr if they could hire good people at that amount. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The most highly paid jobs require some combination of: a) exceptional intelligence/skill/education/training; and/or b) an unwillingness on the part of most people to perform the job.\n\nExample (A AND B): patent attorney. A patent attorney must have an outstanding technical background (undergrad degree (4 years) plus at least a master's degree (2yrs), and frequently a PhD (5-6 years)), must have a law degree (3 years), and then must want (or at least agree) to write patents consisting of scores/hundred of pages of highly detailed technical/legal jargon. It's insufferable, and most people (including me) find it incredibly boring.\n\nAt a large law firm, a patent attorney can start at $160-180K per year and in 10 years make anywhere from $500K to a few million dollars per year. \n\nOther examples (A and B) include: neurosurgeon, heart surgeon.\n\nExample (A NOT B): Movie actor. While many people may *want* the job, few have the skill to be able to perform adequately. Same for NFL player, etc. Result = high salary.\n\nExample (B NOT A): Garbageman. While few people *want* the job, it doesn't take much skill to perform. Result: higher salary than other low skilled positions, but not anywhere near as high as, say, a patent attorney.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Jobs aren't paid by how \"tough\" or \"important\" they are. They are (imperfectly) paid by how replaceable the skill is of the person doing the job.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's basically supply and demand. More people are able and willing to become janitors, bus drivers, social workers, etc (massive supply) than there are positions available (limited demand), which drives down the price of the labor.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Supply and demand. Most people can be janitors or, with the proper training, drive buses. This large labor pool puts downward pressure on the wages for these occupations.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "37007714",
"title": "Work Programme",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.:Payment-by-results.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 1029,
"text": "It has been argued that payment-by-results whereby companies only get paid for finding people work meant that they focussed on the \"easiest\" cases among the long-term unemployed with the most \"difficult\" effectively sidelined. The term \"creaming and parking\" has been used to describe this process. The Department for Work and Pensions denied that \"parking\" was an issue. A study by the Third Sector Research Centre at Birmingham University found widespread \"gaming\" of the Work Programme by private sector providers. They argue that because providers were not paid until an unemployed person had been in work for two years it made little economic sense to concentrate on the most \"difficult cases\". The study also found that the largest private sector providers known as \"primes\" were guilty of passing more difficult cases onto sub-contractors. Furthermore, \"parking\" meant that charities were not getting referrals under the Work Programme as such customers were not considered likely to result in a payment for the provider.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22241545",
"title": "Bristol Bus Boycott",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "The bus workers' concern, apart from racism, was that a new competitive source of labour could reduce their earnings. Pay was low and workers relied on overtime to get a good wage. One shop steward said, \"people were fearful of an influx of people from elsewhere (on the grounds it) would be reducing their earnings potential.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53706",
"title": "Wage slavery",
"section": "Section::::Psychological effects.:Psychological control.:Lower wages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 283,
"text": "At the same time, employers in the service industry have justified unstable, part-time employment and low wages by playing down the importance of service jobs for the lives of the wage laborers (e.g. just temporary before finding something better, student summer jobs and the like).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "786944",
"title": "Working poor",
"section": "Section::::Obstacles to uplift.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 659,
"text": "Given the fact that many working poor people do not own a car or cannot afford to drive their car, where they live can significantly limit where they are able to work, and vice versa. Given the fact that public transportation in many US cities is sparse, expensive, or non-existent, this is a particularly salient obstacle. Some working poor people are able to use their social networks—if they have them—to meet their transportation needs. In a study on low-income single mothers, Edin and Lein found that single mothers who had someone to drive them to and from work were much more likely to be able to support themselves without relying on government aid.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51114",
"title": "Transport economics",
"section": "Section::::Social effects on poverty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 865,
"text": "In the US those with low income living in cities face a problem called “poverty transportation.” The problem arises because many of the entry level jobs which are sought out by those with little education are typically located in suburban areas. Those jobs are also not very accessible by public transportation because the transportation was often designed to move people around cities, which becomes a problem when the jobs are no longer located in the cities. Those who cannot afford cars inevitably suffer the worst, because they have no choice but to rely on public transport. The problem is illustrated by an estimation that 70% of entry level jobs are located in the suburbs, while only 32% of those jobs are within a quarter mile of public transportation. More difficult (or more expensive) access to jobs and other goods & services can act as a ghetto tax.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "786944",
"title": "Working poor",
"section": "Section::::Obstacles to uplift.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 651,
"text": "Like the unemployed poor, the working poor struggle to pay for basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, and transportation. In some cases, however, the working poor's basic expenses can be higher than the unemployed poor's. For instance, the working poor's clothing expenses may be higher than the unemployed poor's because they must purchase specific clothes or uniforms for their jobs. Also, because the working poor are spending much of their time at work, they may not have the time to prepare their own food. In this case, they may frequently resort to eating fast food, which is less healthful and more expensive than home-prepared food.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "511068",
"title": "Self-serving bias",
"section": "Section::::Real-world implications.:Workplace.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 1259,
"text": "The self-serving bias can be found in several aspects of the workplace. Research shows that the self-serving bias is used to explain employment: being hired for a job is attributed to personal factors, whereas failure to obtain a job is attributed to external factors. Experimental investigation of the explanations for unemployment through asking participants to imagine particular job opportunities and likelihood of getting those jobs, however, did not show such a self-serving bias. Researchers claim that this may be due to the actor-observer role differences in the self-serving bias. Within the workplace, victims of serious occupational accidents tend to attribute their accidents to external factors, whereas their coworkers and management tend to attribute the accidents to the victims' own actions. Interpersonal dynamics of the self-serving bias in the previous section have implications for attributions for outcomes in the workplace. In an investigation of group dynamics, virtual group members had to complete a decision-making task via computer-mediated communication. Results showed that the self-serving bias was present in negative outcomes, and that greater interpersonal distance from group members increased blame for negative outcomes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6iyx3e
|
if you have good credit, and pay your bills off every month, how do credit card companies make money off you? wouldn't they prefer customers with bad credit?
|
[
{
"answer": "You almost hit the nail on the head. It's not that credit card companies prefer customers with bad credit, but they do prefer customers that carry a balance on their accounts from month to month. They can't charge interest on a $0.00 balance, so in cases like that they make money from everyone else.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They prefer low risk, which is what a good credit score indicates, and they still make money even if you pay all your bills in full. Every time you use your card, the merchant has to pay a fee. A portion goes to the network (Visa, etc.), though the biggest share goes to the issuing bank. As long as you keep using your card, the bank keeps making money off of you. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Credit card processors make processing fees for every transaction you make, which is a set fee plus a percentage of the total. So while they make more off you running up a balance and charging you exorbitant interest, they still do make money off you even if you pay your bill every month. Additionally, they have tons of consumer data on purchases/purchasing patterns, etc. they can sell.\n\nIt's sort of like the \"freemium\" model in other businesses, where access to a certain level of the product is free but for higher level access you have to pay. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Credit card companies take a small percentage from the retailer on every sale. Retailers don't mind so much because people tend to spend more when they can put things on credit. When you buy a $1,000 TV at Best Buy with your MasterCard, MC gets about $25 from Best Buy right off the bat. American Express charges a higher percentage which is why it's less common to see retailers who accept their cards.\n\nLike /u/JenusPrist said, credit card companies like people who carry a bit of a balance but keep making regular payments, but someone who owes more money than they can realistically pay back becomes a high risk of defaulting. The credit card company may have to sell a $10,000 debt to a collections agency for pennies on the dollar to let them try to recover whatever they can.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They charge a little from the retailer, too. This is why some stores offer cheaper prices when paid in cash.\n\nIf you keep unpaid balance, it's double income for the card company.\n\nIn Thai we use a phrase like \"gain both up and down\" to describe this situation.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4368067",
"title": "Cashback reward program",
"section": "Section::::Details.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 463,
"text": "Rewards based credit card products like cash back are more beneficial to consumers who pay their credit card statement off every month. Rewards based products generally have higher Annual percentage rate. If the balance were not paid in full every month the extra interest would eclipse any rewards earned. Most consumers do not know that their rewards-based credit cards charge higher fees to the vendors who accept them without vendors having any notification.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17182301",
"title": "Credit card",
"section": "Section::::Benefits and drawbacks.:Detriments to society.:Inflated pricing for all consumers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 116,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 116,
"end_character": 981,
"text": "Merchants that accept credit cards must pay interchange fees and discount fees on all credit-card transactions. In some cases merchants are barred by their credit agreements from passing these fees directly to credit card customers, or from setting a minimum transaction amount (no longer prohibited in the United States, United Kingdom or Australia). The result is that merchants are induced to charge all customers (including those who do not use credit cards) higher prices to cover the fees on credit card transactions. The inducement can be strong because the merchant's fee is a percentage of the sale price, which has a disproportionate effect on the profitability of businesses that have predominantly credit card transactions, unless compensated for by raising prices generally. In the United States in 2008 credit card companies collected a total of $48 billion in interchange fees, or an average of $427 per family, with an average fee rate of about 2% per transaction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17182301",
"title": "Credit card",
"section": "Section::::Credit cards in ATMs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 191,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 191,
"end_character": 456,
"text": "Many credit card companies will also, when applying payments to a card, do so, for the matter at hand, at the end of a billing cycle, and apply those payments to everything before cash advances. For this reason, many consumers have large cash balances, which have no grace period and incur interest at a rate that is (usually) higher than the purchase rate, and will carry those balances for years, even if they pay off their statement balance each month.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4368067",
"title": "Cashback reward program",
"section": "Section::::Details.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 497,
"text": "When accepting payment by credit card, merchants typically pay a percentage of the transaction amount in commission to their bank or merchant services provider. Merchants are often not allowed to charge a higher price when a credit card is used as opposed to other methods of payment, so there is no penalty for a card holder to use their credit card. The credit card issuer is sharing some of this commission with the card holder to incentivise them to use the credit card when making a payment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9008",
"title": "Debit card",
"section": "Section::::Debit cards around the world.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 222,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 222,
"end_character": 595,
"text": "Some consumers prefer \"credit\" transactions because of the lack of a fee charged to the consumer/purchaser. A few debit cards in the U.S. offer rewards for using \"credit\". However, since \"credit\" transactions cost more for merchants, many terminals at PIN-accepting merchant locations now make the \"credit\" function more difficult to access. For example, if you swipe a debit card at Wal-Mart or Ross in the U.S., you are immediately presented with the PIN screen for online debit. To use offline debit you must press \"cancel\" to exit the PIN screen, and then press \"credit\" on the next screen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17182301",
"title": "Credit card",
"section": "Section::::Benefits and drawbacks.:Costs to merchants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 123,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 123,
"end_character": 1045,
"text": "Merchants are charged several fees for accepting credit cards. The merchant is usually charged a commission of around 1 to 4 percent of the value of each transaction paid for by credit card. The merchant may also pay a variable charge, called a merchant discount rate, for each transaction. In some instances of very low-value transactions, use of credit cards will significantly reduce the profit margin or cause the merchant to lose money on the transaction. Merchants with very low average transaction prices or very high average transaction prices are more averse to accepting credit cards. In some cases merchants may charge users a \"credit card supplement\" (or surcharge), either a fixed amount or a percentage, for payment by credit card. This practice was prohibited by most credit card contracts in the United States until 2013, when a major settlement between merchants and credit card companies allowed merchants to levy surcharges. Most retailers have not started using credit card surcharges, however, for fear of losing customers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22538340",
"title": "Credit CARD Act of 2009",
"section": "Section::::Provisions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 577,
"text": "BULLET::::- Giving consumers enough time to pay their bills. Credit card companies have to give consumers at least 21 days to pay from the time the bill is mailed. Credit card companies can not \"trap\" consumers by setting payment deadlines on the weekend or in the middle of the day, or changing their payment deadlines each month. Creditors may not charge late fees if debtor shows proof of payment by close of business on the due date. If the established due date falls upon a Saturday, Sunday, or legal banking holiday, the due date is pushed back to the next business day.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
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