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int seconds = scan.nextInt();
Using the scanner variable created before to take input from user.
We read the seconds by calling the nextInt() method because this input is an integer.
2
scan.close();
closing the scanner variable using the .close() method.
We close the scanner as we do not want to process any input from the user in the rest of the program.
3
int minutes = seconds / 60;
Converting the seconds to minutes by dividing by 60.
To obtain the minutes in seconds, we divide the seconds by 60 because there are 60 seconds in a minute.
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int minutes = seconds / 60;
Converting the seconds to minutes by dividing by 60.
Note that since both operands of division operator are integer, the fractional part of the result is truncated, if there is any.
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int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
The remaining seconds will be stored in integer variable by take modulus of 60.
This is because there are 60 seconds in a minute.
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int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
The remaining seconds will be stored in integer variable by take modulus of 60.
Note that the % operator returns the remainder of the division.
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int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
The remaining seconds will be stored in integer variable by take modulus of 60.
To obtain the remaining seconds after taking away the minutes, we have to take the remainder of the seconds divided by 60.
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System.out.println(seconds + " seconds is " + minutes + " minutes and " + remainingSeconds + " seconds.");
Printing the final statement which includes time in seconds converted to minutes and seconds.
This statement prints to the default standard output stream the minutes and remaining seconds from the input amount of time in seconds.
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System.out.println(seconds + " seconds is " + minutes + " minutes and " + remainingSeconds + " seconds.");
Printing the final statement which includes time in seconds converted to minutes and seconds.
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
int num = 15;
Creating int variable num and assigning the value 15 to it.
We define variable num to store the number that we want to find its smallest divisor.
3
int num = 15;
Creating int variable num and assigning the value 15 to it.
We could initialize it to any positive integer greater than 1.
3
int num = 15;
Creating int variable num and assigning the value 15 to it.
In this program, we initialize variable num to 15.
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int divisor = 2;
Creating int variable divisor and assigning value 2 to it.
We initialize variable divisor by 2 because we want to find the smallest divisor except 1.
3
int divisor = 2;
Creating int variable divisor and assigning value 2 to it.
We define variable divisor to store the smallest divisor of the number.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
Creating a while loop with the condition that while num modulus divisor is not equal to 0, the loop runs
Since we don't know ahead of time how many times the loop will be repeated, we need to use a while loop.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
Creating a while loop with the condition that while num modulus divisor is not equal to 0, the loop runs
We need to increment the divisor repeatedly as long as the divisor is not a factor of the number.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
Creating a while loop with the condition that while num modulus divisor is not equal to 0, the loop runs
Therefore, we need to use a loop structure.
1
while (num % divisor != 0) {
Creating a while loop with the condition that while num modulus divisor is not equal to 0, the loop runs
The condition in the while loop tests whether the body of the loop should be repeated, so it should test whether the divisor is not a factor of the number.
3
while (num % divisor != 0) {
Creating a while loop with the condition that while num modulus divisor is not equal to 0, the loop runs
We could check whether the divisor is not a factor of the number by computing the remainder of the division of the number by the divisor.
3
divisor += 1;
Incrementing the divisor by 1 each time the loop runs. It is the same as divisor = divisor + 1
When the divisor is not a factor of the number, we increment the variable divisor by 1.
2
System.out.println("The smallest divisor of " + num + " is " + divisor);
Printing out the final statement which prints the smallest divisor of the number.
This statement prints to the default standard output stream the smallest divisor of the number.
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Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Creating a scanner variable to take user input.
To read the input value from the user, we need to define a Scanner object.
5
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Creating a scanner variable to take user input.
We need to read and process the integer that the user enters.
3
System.out.println("Enter an integer: ");
Prompt for the user to enter an integer.
We prompt the user to enter an integer.
5
int num = scan.nextInt();
Storing the value entered by user in int variable num
We read the input integer by calling the nextInt() method because this input is an integer.
2
int num = scan.nextInt();
Storing the value entered by user in int variable num
We need to read the integer that the user enters and store it in a variable.
3
scan.close();
Closing the scanner variable.
We close the scanner as we do not want to process any input from the user in the rest of the program.
3
if ( num > 0 ) {
Creating an if condition which is fulfilled if num > 0
If the integer is neither positive nor negative, then we could conclude that the integer is zero.
1
if ( num > 0 ) {
Creating an if condition which is fulfilled if num > 0
The conditions that tests for the integer's sign are mutually exclusive (i.e., one and only one of the conditions can be true); therefore, their order does not matter.
1
if ( num > 0 ) {
Creating an if condition which is fulfilled if num > 0
To determine the sign of the integer, we need to perform two tests: one for determining whether the integer is positive and one for determining whether the integer is negative.
3
if ( num > 0 ) {
Creating an if condition which is fulfilled if num > 0
Also, it is better to use if-else if statements instead of sequential if statements because an integer has only one sign and once we find the sign, we don't need to perform more tests.
1
if ( num > 0 ) {
Creating an if condition which is fulfilled if num > 0
If both of these tests fail, then we could conclude that the integer is zero.
1
System.out.println("The integer is positivie.");
Printing a statement if the if condition is fulfilled.
This statement prints that the integer is positive.
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System.out.println("The integer is positivie.");
Printing a statement if the if condition is fulfilled.
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
} else if ( num < 0 ) {
creating an else if condition which runs if num < 0
If the first test fails (i.e., when the integer is not positive), we need to test if the integer is negative.
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System.out.println("The integer is negative.");
Printing a statement when the else if condition is fulfilled.
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
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System.out.println("The integer is negative.");
Printing a statement when the else if condition is fulfilled.
This statement prints that the integer is negative.
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} else {
Creating an else condition which is fulfilled if neither if, or the else if conditions are met.
We need to end the above if-else if statements with an else statement that its body is executed when none of the above tests are true, that is when the integer is zero.
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System.out.println("The integer is zero.");
Printing the statement if else condition is met.
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
System.out.println("The integer is zero.");
Printing the statement if else condition is met.
This statement prints that the integer is zero.
2
int [] arr = { 1, 2, 3};
Creating an array arr which contains 3 elements 1, 2 and 3.
We initialize the array of type int to hold the specified numbers.
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int [] arr = { 1, 2, 3};
Creating an array arr which contains 3 elements 1, 2 and 3.
We initialize the array by separating elements with a comma and enclosing the collection in braces { }.
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for ( int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++ ) {
Creating a for loop which runs the length of the array, in this case 3.
We want to iterate over the array and increment each element in the array by 1.
3
for ( int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++ ) {
Creating a for loop which runs the length of the array, in this case 3.
To really change the array as we march across it, we need to use indexes so we can assign an updated value to each position as we go.
2
for ( int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++ ) {
Creating a for loop which runs the length of the array, in this case 3.
We need the array indexes to start at 0 (array indexes start from 0) with every integer number up to but not including the array length.
2
arr[i] += 1;
The value of each number in the array is increased by 1.
This statement increments the element at the index i of the array by 1.
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arr[i] += 1;
For example, arr[0] = 1. But once the loop is run, it becomes arr[0] = arr[0] + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2.
This statement increments the element at the index i of the array by 1.
1
int num = 1234;
Creating int variable num with value 1234.
We need variable num to store the integer that we want to print its digits.
2
do {
Creating a do while loop
We need to process the digits of the integer from right to left and print them.
1
do {
Creating a do while loop
Therefore, we need to use a loop structure.
2
do {
Creating a do while loop
In this program, we do this by using a do loop.
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do {
Creating a do while loop
The do loop is more appropriate than a while loop because a positive integer always has at least one digit which results in the body of the loop performing at least once.
1
num = num / 10;
Then the value of num is changed to num divided by 10.
Therefore, this division will remove the digit that we processed (lastDigit) and we can move on to the next digit.
1
num = num / 10;
Then the value of num is changed to num divided by 10.
We truncate the extracted digit that we processed from the original integer by dividing the integer by 10.
3
num = num / 10;
Then the value of num is changed to num divided by 10.
Note that this statement performs an integer division because both operand of the / operator are integer.
3
System.out.println(num % 10);
Print num modulus 10
Each printed digit is followed by the line separator (e.g. '\n') at the end.
1
System.out.println(num % 10);
Print num modulus 10
We need to extract the last digit in the 1's position of the integer.
1
System.out.println(num % 10);
Print num modulus 10
For example, if the integer is 1234, we want to extract the digit 4 that is in 1's position of the integer.
1
System.out.println(num % 10);
Print num modulus 10
We do this by calculating the remainder of the division of the integer by 10.
3
System.out.println(num % 10);
Print num modulus 10
Then, this statement prints the last digit of the integer to the standard output stream.
2
} while (num > 0);
Complete the do while loop using the condition num > 0.
We need to check for termination conditions to avoid infinite loops.
2
} while (num > 0);
Complete the do while loop using the condition num > 0.
The loop should terminate when we run out of digits to process.
2
} while (num > 0);
Complete the do while loop using the condition num > 0.
We could check whether the are more digits left by checking whether the variable num, which gets updated in the body of the do loop, is greater than zero.
3
} while (num > 0);
Complete the do while loop using the condition num > 0.
If variable num is greater than zero, then it must have at least one digit, and in that case, the body of the do loop will be repeated again.
3
} while (num > 0);
Complete the do while loop using the condition num > 0.
The body of the while loop should repeat as long as there are more digits left that we have not processed yet.
2
} while (num > 0);
This means that apart from the first time, the loop will only run if the num > 0
We need to check for termination conditions to avoid infinite loops.
2
} while (num > 0);
This means that apart from the first time, the loop will only run if the num > 0
The loop should terminate when we run out of digits to process.
2
} while (num > 0);
This means that apart from the first time, the loop will only run if the num > 0
We could check whether the are more digits left by checking whether the variable num, which gets updated in the body of the do loop, is greater than zero.
3
} while (num > 0);
This means that apart from the first time, the loop will only run if the num > 0
If variable num is greater than zero, then it must have at least one digit, and in that case, the body of the do loop will be repeated again.
2
} while (num > 0);
This means that apart from the first time, the loop will only run if the num > 0
The body of the while loop should repeat as long as there are more digits left that we have not processed yet.
3
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Creating a scanner object called scan.
To read the input values from the user, we need to define a Scanner object.
2
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Creating a scanner object called scan.
We need to read and process the values that the user enters.
1
System.out.println("Enter the phone age in years:");
Printing a statement to ask the user to enter the phone age in years.
We prompt the user to enter the phone age in years.
4
int phoneAge = scan.nextInt();
Storing the value entered by user in int variable phoneAge.
We read the phone age by calling the nextInt() method because this input is an integer.
2
int phoneAge = scan.nextInt();
Storing the value entered by user in int variable phoneAge.
We need to read the phone age that the user enters and store it in a variable.
3
System.out.println("Enter whether the phone is broken (true or false):");
Asking the user to enter a true or false value about whether the phone is broken or not.
We prompt the user to enter whether the phone is broken.
4
boolean isBroken = scan.nextBoolean();
Storing the user input in a boolean variable isBroken.
We need to read whether the phone is broken and store it in a variable.
3
boolean isBroken = scan.nextBoolean();
Storing the user input in a boolean variable isBroken.
The variable isBroken is true when the phone is broken, and false otherwise.
2
boolean isBroken = scan.nextBoolean();
Storing the user input in a boolean variable isBroken.
We read whether the phone is broken by calling the nextBoolean() method because this input is a boolean.
2
scan.close();
Closing the scanner object.
We close the scanner as we do not want to process any input from the user in the rest of the program.
2
boolean needPhone = isBroken || phoneAge >= 3;
Creating a boolean variable needPhone which is true if either the phone is broken, or the phone is 3 or more years old.
We use the || operator (called or) to combine the two conditions.
1
boolean needPhone = isBroken || phoneAge >= 3;
Creating a boolean variable needPhone which is true if either the phone is broken, or the phone is 3 or more years old.
The first condition is to test if the phone is broken and the second condition is to test if the phone age is at least 3 years old.
3
boolean needPhone = isBroken || phoneAge >= 3;
Creating a boolean variable needPhone which is true if either the phone is broken, or the phone is 3 or more years old.
We need two conditions to determine if it is the time for a new phone.
2
System.out.println(needPhone);
Printing the value of needPhone variable.
This statement prints true/false depending on whether it is time to buy a new phone.
2
System.out.println(needPhone);
Printing the value of needPhone variable.
The printed value is followed by an end-of-line character in the end.
1
String fullName = "John Smith"
Create a string variable and store the value "John Smith" in it.
We define a string variable to hold the name.
3
String firstInitial = fullName.substring(0, 1);
Stores the value in the 1st position of the string fullName into another String firstInitial.
We need to extract the first letter from the first name.
2
String firstInitial = fullName.substring(0, 1);
Stores the value in the 1st position of the string fullName into another String firstInitial.
We do this by calling the substring(0,1) method.
3
String lastInitial = fullName.substring(5, 6);
Stores the value of 6th position of the string fullName into another string lastInitial.
We need to extract the first letter from the last name.
2
String lastInitial = fullName.substring(5, 6);
Stores the value of 6th position of the string fullName into another string lastInitial.
We do this by calling the substring(5,6) method.
1
String initials = firstInitial + lastInitial;
Creating a string initials which adds both the previous strings, firstInitial and lastinitial.
This statements concatenates the extracted initials and store the result in the string initials.
4
System.out.println(initials);
Prints out the string initials.
This statement prints the initials to the default standard output stream.
4
System.out.println(initials);
Prints out the string initials.
The printed value is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
int[] values = {5, 8, 4, 78, 95, 12, 1, 0, 6, 35, 46};
Creating an integer array with 5 values.
We define array values to hold the specified numbers.
3
int[] values = {5, 8, 4, 78, 95, 12, 1, 0, 6, 35, 46};
Creating an integer array with 5 values.
We initialize the array by separating elements with a comma and enclosing the collection in braces { }.
2
int maxValue = values[0];
Creating int variable maxValue and assigning the value of element in position 1 of the array values.
We need variable maxValue to store the maximum value of the array.
3
int maxValue = values[0];
Creating int variable maxValue and assigning the value of element in position 1 of the array values.
We initialize this variable by the first value in the array because we initially assume that the first value is the maximum.
3
for (int i = 1; i < values.length; i++) {
Creating a for loop which runs 1 less than the size of the array values. In this case, the value of values.length is 5, so the loop will run 4 times.
We use a for loop to iterate over the remaining array indexes and search for the maximum value.
3
for (int i = 1; i < values.length; i++) {
Creating a for loop which runs 1 less than the size of the array values. In this case, the value of values.length is 5, so the loop will run 4 times.
We need the array indexes to start at 1 with every integer number up to but not including the array length.
2
if (values[i] > maxValue) {
Creating if condition which is fulfilled if the values[i] is greated than the maxValue variable.
We need to compare the value at the index i of the array with the maximum value stored in variable maxValue.
2